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# 1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
| No. 16 Mississippi State $ | 4 | – | 0 | – | 1 | | | 8 | – | 1 | – | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 18 Tennessee | 3 | – | 1 | – | 0 | | | 8 | – | 2 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 20 Alabama | 5 | – | 2 | – | 0 | | | 9 | – | 2 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 14 Georgia | 3 | – | 1 | – | 1 | | | 9 | – | 1 | – | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 17 Ole Miss | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1 | | | 6 | – | 2 | – | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Vanderbilt | 3 | – | 2 | – | 0 | | | 8 | – | 2 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| LSU | 2 | – | 2 | – | 2 | | | 4 | – | 4 | – | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tulane | 2 | – | 3 | – | 0 | | | 5 | – | 4 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Georgia Tech | 2 | – | 4 | – | 0 | | | 3 | – | 6 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Florida | 1 | – | 3 | – | 0 | | | 4 | – | 6 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Kentucky | 0 | – | 4 | – | 0 | | | 5 | – | 4 | – | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Auburn | 0 | – | 4 | – | 1 | | | 4 | – | 5 | – | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| - $ – Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The 1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1941 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 48th overall and 9th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Frank Thomas, in his 11th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of nine wins and two losses (9–2 overall, 5–2 in the SEC) and with a victory in the Cotton Bowl Classic over Texas A&M. Alabama also claims a share of the 1941 national championship due to its selection as national champion by the Houlgate System.
The Crimson Tide opened the 1941 season with a non-conference victory over Southwestern Louisiana but lost to Mississippi State in the second game of the season. Alabama rebounded with six consecutive victories over Howard, Tennessee, Georgia, Kentucky, Tulane and Georgia Tech. As they entered their game against Vanderbilt, the Crimson Tide was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll, but were upset 7–0 in Nashville. Alabama then closed the regular season with a road victory over Miami and defeated Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Alabama was ranked at No. 6 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.
## Schedule
| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ---------- |
| September 27 | Southwestern Louisiana* | | Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa, AL | W 47–6 | 6,000 |
| October 4 | Mississippi State | | Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa, AL ( rivalry ) | L 0–14 | 18,000 |
| October 11 | Howard (AL)* | | Legion Field Birmingham, AL | W 61–0 | 6,000 |
| October 18 | at Tennessee | | Shields-Watkins Field Knoxville, TN ( Third Saturday in October ) | W 9–2 | 35,000 |
| October 25 | Georgia | | Legion Field Birmingham, AL ( rivalry ) | W 27–14 | 23,000 |
| November 1 | Kentucky | No. 15 | Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa, AL | W 30–0 | 11,000 |
| November 8 | at No. 14 Tulane | No. 13 | Tulane Stadium New Orleans, LA | W 19–14 | 50,000 |
| November 15 | Georgia Tech | No. 9 | Legion Field Birmingham, AL ( rivalry ) | W 20–0 | 25,000 |
| November 22 | at Vanderbilt | No. 7 | Dudley Field Nashville, TN | L 0–7 | 12,000 |
| November 28 | at Miami (FL)* | No. 18 | Burdine Stadium Miami, FL | W 21–7 | 26,000 |
| January 1, 1942 | vs. No. 9 Texas A&M* | No. 20 | Cotton Bowl Dallas, TX ( Cotton Bowl Classic ) | W 29–21 | 38,000 |
| *Non-conference game Homecoming Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game Source: [ 3 ] | | | | | |
## Game summaries
### Southwestern Louisiana
To open the 1941 season, Alabama defeated the Southwestern Louisiana Institute Bulldogs (now known as the Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns) 47–6 at Denny Stadium. Alabama took a 13–0 first quarter lead after touchdowns were scored on a short Paul Spencer run and on a 9-yard Jimmy Nelson run. The Bulldogs then responded early in the second quarter with their only points on an 11-yard Bobby Voitier touchdown pass to William Bernhard. The Crimson Tide then played their second line and Don Salls scored their third touchdown of the afternoon on a 6-yard run to give Alabama a 20–6 halftime lead. In the second half, Louisiana was shut out and the Crimson Tide added two touchdowns in each of the final two quarters for the 47–6 win. Third-quarter touchdowns were scored by Dave Brown on a 6-yard run and by Spencer on a 7-yard run; fourth-quarter touchdowns were scored after Wheeler Leeth blocked a Bulldogs punt that was returned 15-yards by Joe Chorba and on a short Louie Scales run. The victory was Alabama's first against the Bulldogs and also marked the return of former Crimson Tide All-American Johnny Cain to Tuscaloosa as head coach of Southwestern Louisiana.
### Mississippi State
In the first conference game of the season, Alabama was shut out 14–0 by the Mississippi State Maroons on homecoming at Denny Stadium for the second consecutive year. After a scoreless first half, the Maroons scored a touchdown in each of the final two quarters. Touchdowns were scored on a 19-yard Bill Murphy pass to Robert Patterson in the third and on a short Bruce run in the fourth. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 19–7–2.
### Howard
In the first Legion Field game of the season, Alabama defeated Howard (now Samford University) 61–0. The Crimson Tide took a 13–0 halftime lead after touchdowns were scored on a 1-yard Don Salls run in the first and on an 8-yard reverse by Dave Brown in the second. Alabama extended their lead further to 27–0 in the third with touchdowns by Jimmy Nelson on a 95-yard kickoff return and then on a 13-yard run. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with five fourth-quarter touchdowns for the 61–0 win. Touchdowns in the fourth were scored by Carl Mims on runs of 26, 6 and 18-yards, Ted McKosky on a 37-yard run and on a Ted Cook touchdown reception. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Howard to 19–0–1.
### Tennessee
At Knoxville, Alabama defeated rival Tennessee 9–2 to end a three-game losing streak against the Volunteers. Alabama scored all of their points in the first half for a 9–0 lead on a 21-yard George Hecht field goal in the first and on a 2-yard Don Salls touchdown run in the second. Tennessee scored their only points in the third quarter on a safety to prevent a shutout. Jimmy Nelson starred on defense with his three interceptions during the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 14–8–2.
### Georgia
At Legion Field, Alabama defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 27–14 in what was their first meeting since the 1935 season. The Crimson Tide took a 13–0 first quarter lead on a Jimmy Nelson touchdown pass to Holt Rast and on a 1-yard Nelson run. The Bulldogs responded in the first two minutes of the second quarter with a Heyward Allen to Lamar Davis touchdown pass. However, Alabama responded to make the halftime lead 20–7 after Paul Spencer scored on a 1-yard run late in the second quarter. Alabama then scored their final points late in the third when Nelson intercepted a Frank Sinkwich pass and returned it 54 yards for a 27–7 lead. A late Allen to Jerry Nunnally touchdown pass made the final score 27–14. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 14–11–3.
### Kentucky
After their victory over Georgia, Alabama entered the polls for the first time of the season at the No. 15 position. On what was homecoming in Tuscaloosa, the Crimson Tide shutout Kentucky 30–0, and scored at least one touchdown in all four quarters. First half touchdowns were scored by Jimmy Nelson on a 20-yard run in the first and on a 22-yard pass from Russ Mosley to George Weeks in the second. Second half touchdowns were scored on a Nelson to Holt Rast reception in the third and on both a 25-yard Howard Hughes to Carl Mims pass and on a 23-yard Frank Martin run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky 19–1–1.
### Tulane
The Crimson Tide defeated the Green Wave 19–14 with a fourth-quarter touchdown to take the lead before a crowd of 50,000 at Tulane Stadium. Alabama scored first when Jimmy Nelson took a Bob Glass punt and then handed it to Dave Brown who returned it 60 yards for a touchdown. Tulane then took a 7–6 lead later in the first on a 25-yard Lou Thomas touchdown pass to Gordon English, and extended it to 14–6 at halftime when Thomas threw his second touchdown of the afternoon to Bob Grush. Alabama responded in the third with a 3-yard Nelson to Holt Rast touchdown pass and with the game-winning points on a 2-yard Don Salls touchdown run in the fourth. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tulane to 14–4–1.
### Georgia Tech
Prior to their final home game of the season against Georgia Tech, Alabama moved up from the No. 13 position to the No. 9 position in the AP Poll. Against the Yellow Jackets, the Crimson Tide won with a 20–0 shutout at Legion Field. After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama scored one touchdown in each of the three remaining quarters in the victory. Howard Hughes scored in the second on a 2-yard run, Jimmy Nelson scored on a 68-yard punt return in the third and Nelson threw a 4-yard touchdown pass to Russ Craft in the fourth. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia Tech to 13–11–3.
### Vanderbilt
After their victory over Georgia Tech, Alabama moved up two spots to the No. 7 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. In their game against the Commodores, Alabama lost 7–0 in rainy and muddy conditions on the road at Dudley Field. The only points of the game came in the third quarter when Art Rebrovich threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Jack Jenkins. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 13–10.
### Miami
After their loss to Vanderbilt, Alabama moved down eleven spots to the No. 18 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Miami. In their game against the Hurricanes on a Friday evening, Alabama won 21–7 in what was the first all-time meeting between the schools. After an 85-yard punt return by Jimmy Nelson brought the ball to the Miami 5-yard line, Russ Craft scored on a 5-yard reverse for a 7–0 Alabama lead. Howard Plasman tied the game at 7–7 on the ensuing possession with his 2-yard touchdown run. The Crimson Tide retook the lead in the second on a 28-yard Dave Brown touchdown run and then scored again in the third quarter on a Nelson run for the 21–7 victory.
### Texas A&M
In the 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M, Alabama was outgained 309 yards to 75 and earned just one official first down, but were able to win the game 29–21. In the game, Alabama's defense forced 12 turnovers (seven interceptions and five fumbles). The Crimson Tide scored a touchdown on a 72-yard punt return, a 12-yard interception return, scored two touchdowns after recovering A&M fumbles on the A&M 21 and 24-yard lines and kicked a field goal after they intercepted a pass on the Texas A&M 17.
## National championship claim
In the 1980s, Alabama claimed the 1941 championship as awarded by the Houlgate System. The Houlgate System was a mathematical ranking system devised by Dale Houlgate that was syndicated in newspapers between 1927 and 1958 to determine the national champion and is recognized by the NCAA as a "major selector" of national championships. The claim is shared with Minnesota, who was selected by the other eleven major selectors of the time.
## Personnel
| Player | Hometown | Position |
| ---------------- | --------------------------- | ----------- |
| Sumpter Blackmon | Columbus, Georgia | Quarterback |
| Dave Brown | Birmingham, Alabama | Halfback |
| Russ Craft | Beach Bottom, West Virginia | Halfback |
| Joe Domnanovich | South Bend, Indiana | Center |
| Leon Fichman | Los Angeles, California | Tackle |
| George Gammon | Cullman, Alabama | Halfback |
| Cliff Hansen | Gary, Indiana | Tackle |
| George Hecht | Chicago Heights, Illinois | Guard |
| Howard Hughes | Little Rock, Arkansas | Tackle |
| Morton Kimball | South Bend, Indiana | Guard |
| Noah Langdale | Valdosta, Georgia | Tackle |
| Wheeler Leeth | Boaz, Alabama | End |
| Tony Leon | Follansbee, West Virginia | Guard |
| Jack McKewen | Birmingham, Alabama | Tackle |
| Ted McKosky | Monessen, Pennsylvania | Guard |
| Carl Mims | Sylacauga, Alabama | Halfback |
| Russ Mosley | Blytheville, Arkansas | Halfback |
| Jimmy Nelson | Live Oak, Florida | Halfback |
| Julius Papias | Hammond, Indiana | Halfback |
| Holt Rast | Birmingham, Alabama | End |
| Al Sabo | Los Angeles, California | Quarterback |
| Don Salls | White Plains, New York | Fullback |
| Lou Scales | Glencoe, Alabama | Fullback |
| Sam Sharpe | Birmingham, Alabama | End |
| Vaughn Stewart | Anniston, Alabama | Center |
| George Weeks | Dothan, Alabama | End |
| Don Whitmire | Decatur, Alabama | Guard |
| John Wyhonic | Connorville, Ohio | Guard |
| Reference: | | |
| Name | Position | Seasons at Alabama | Alma Mater |
| --------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ----------------- |
| Frank Thomas | Head coach | 11 | Notre Dame (1923) |
| Paul Burnum | Assistant coach | 12 | Alabama (1922) |
| Tilden Campbell | Assistant coach | 6 | Alabama (1935) |
| Hank Crisp | Assistant coach | 21 | VPI (1920) |
| Harold Drew | Assistant coach | 11 | Bates (1916) |
| Reference: | | | |
## After the season
### NFL draft
Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1941 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) between the 1942 and 1944 drafts. These players included the following:
| Year | Round | Overall | Player name | Position | NFL team |
| ---- | ----- | ------- | --------------- | -------- | ------------------- |
| 1942 | 9 | 79 | Noah Langdale | Tackle | Green Bay Packers |
| 1942 | 14 | 123 | John Wyhonic | Guard | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 1942 | 18 | 170 | Holt Rast | End | Chicago Bears |
| 1942 | 19 | 174 | Jimmy Nelson | Back | Chicago Cardinals |
| 1943 | 4 | 28 | Joe Domnanovich | Center | Brooklyn Dodgers |
| 1943 | 5 | 33 | George Hecht | Guard | Chicago Cardinals |
| 1943 | 8 | 70 | Tony Leon | Guard | Washington Redskins |
| 1943 | 14 | 122 | George Weeks | End | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 1943 | 14 | 125 | Sam Sharpe | End | Cleveland Rams |
| 1943 | 15 | 132 | Russ Craft | Back | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 1943 | 25 | 236 | Dave Brown | Back | New York Giants |
| 1943 | 29 | 274 | Al Sabo | Back | Brooklyn Dodgers |
| 1944 | 9 | 82 | Don Whitmire | Tackle | Green Bay Packers |
| 1944 | 13 | 126 | Bill Baughman | Center | Green Bay Packers |
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{{short description|American college football season}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox college sports team season
| year = 1941
| team = Alabama Crimson Tide
| sport = football
| image =
| image_size =
| conference = [[Southeastern Conference]]
| short_conf = SEC
| APRank = 20
| record = 9–2
| conf_record = 5–2
| head_coach = [[Frank Thomas (American football)|Frank Thomas]]
| hc_year = 11th
| captain = [[John Wyhonic]]
| stadium = [[Bryant–Denny Stadium|Denny Stadium]]<br />[[Legion Field]]
| champion = National champion ([[Houlgate System|Houlgate]])<br>Cotton Bowl champion
| bowl = [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]]
| bowl_result = {{Tooltip|W|Won}} 29–21 vs. [[1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]]
}}
{{1941 Southeastern Conference football standings}}
The '''1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team''' (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the [[University of Alabama]] in the [[1941 college football season]]. It was the Crimson Tide's 48th overall and 9th season as a member of the [[Southeastern Conference]] (SEC). The team was led by head coach [[Frank Thomas (American football)|Frank Thomas]], in his 11th year, and played their home games at [[Bryant–Denny Stadium|Denny Stadium]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] and [[Legion Field]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. They finished the season with a record of nine wins and two losses (9–2 overall, 5–2 in the SEC) and with a victory in the [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] over [[1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]]. Alabama also claims a share of the 1941 [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championship]] due to its selection as national champion by the [[Houlgate System]].<ref name="NCAANC">{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/FBS.pdf |title=National Poll Champions |page=73 |author=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) |work=2011 NCAA Division I Football Records |publisher=NCAA.org |access-date=June 9, 2012 }}</ref>
The Crimson Tide opened the 1941 season with a non-conference victory over [[1941 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team|Southwestern Louisiana]] but lost to [[1941 Mississippi State Maroons football team|Mississippi State]] in the second game of the season. Alabama rebounded with six consecutive victories over [[1941 Howard Bulldogs football team|Howard]], [[1941 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]], [[1941 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]], [[1941 Kentucky Wildcats football team|Kentucky]], [[1941 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]] and [[1941 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|Georgia Tech]]. As they entered their game against [[1941 Vanderbilt Commodores football team|Vanderbilt]], the Crimson Tide was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll, but were upset 7–0 in Nashville. Alabama then closed the regular season with a road victory over [[1941 Miami Hurricanes football team|Miami]] and defeated [[1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]] in the [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]]. Alabama was ranked at No. 6 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the [[Litkenhous Ratings|Litkenhous Difference by Score System]] for 1941.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gophers Grid Kings Over 6-Year Span: Tennessee 2d, Pitt 3d Over Period Litkenhous Ratins Are Published|newspaper=The Courier-Journal|author=Dr. E. E. Litkenhous|date=December 26, 1941|page=Sports 4|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123088221/gophers-grid-kings-over-6-year-span/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
==Schedule==
{{CFB schedule
| rankyear = 1941
| poll = AP
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = September 27
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| opponent = [[1941 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team|Southwestern Louisiana]]
| site_stadium = [[Bryant–Denny Stadium|Denny Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa, AL]]
| score = 47–6
| attend = 6,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 4
| w/l = l
| opponent = [[1941 Mississippi State Maroons football team|Mississippi State]]
| site_stadium = Denny Stadium
| site_cityst = Tuscaloosa, AL
| gamename = [[Alabama–Mississippi State football rivalry|rivalry]]
| score = 0–14
| attend = 18,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 11
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| opponent = [[1941 Howard Bulldogs football team|Howard (AL)]]
| site_stadium = [[Legion Field]]
| site_cityst = [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham, AL]]
| score = 61–0
| attend = 6,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 18
| w/l = w
| away = y
| opponent = [[1941 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]]
| site_stadium = [[Neyland Stadium|Shields-Watkins Field]]
| site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]]
| gamename = [[Third Saturday in October]]
| score = 9–2
| attend = 35,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 25
| w/l = w
| opponent = [[1941 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]]
| site_stadium = Legion Field
| site_cityst = Birmingham, AL
| gamename = [[Alabama–Georgia football rivalry|rivalry]]
| score = 27–14
| attend = 23,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 1
| w/l = w
| homecoming = y
| rank = 15
| opponent = [[1941 Kentucky Wildcats football team|Kentucky]]
| site_stadium = Denny Stadium
| site_cityst = Tuscaloosa, AL
| score = 30–0
| attend = 11,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 8
| w/l = w
| away = y
| rank = 13
| opponent = [[1941 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]]
| opprank = 14
| site_stadium = [[Tulane Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]]
| score = 19–14
| attend = 50,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 15
| w/l = w
| rank = 9
| opponent = [[1941 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|Georgia Tech]]
| site_stadium = Legion Field
| site_cityst = Birmingham, AL
| gamename = [[Alabama–Georgia Tech football rivalry|rivalry]]
| score = 20–0
| attend = 25,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 22
| w/l = l
| away = y
| rank = 7
| opponent = [[1941 Vanderbilt Commodores football team|Vanderbilt]]
| site_stadium = [[Vanderbilt Stadium|Dudley Field]]
| site_cityst = [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville, TN]]
| score = 0–7
| attend = 12,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 28
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| away = y
| rank = 18
| opponent = [[1941 Miami Hurricanes football team|Miami (FL)]]
| site_stadium = [[Miami Orange Bowl|Burdine Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Miami|Miami, FL]]
| score = 21–7
| attend = 26,000
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = January 1, 1942
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| neutral = y
| rank = 20
| opponent = [[1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]]
| opprank = 9
| site_stadium = [[Cotton Bowl (stadium)|Cotton Bowl]]
| site_cityst = [[Dallas|Dallas, TX]]
| gamename = [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]]
| score = 29–21
| attend = 38,000
}}
| seasonsource = <ref name="1941schedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html#1941 |title=1941 Alabama football schedule |work=RollTide.com |publisher=University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics |access-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125000700/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html |archive-date=November 25, 2011 }}</ref>
}}
==Game summaries==
===Southwestern Louisiana===
{{See also-text|[[1941 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team]]}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=SW Louisiana
|V1=0 |V2=6 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host='''Alabama'''
|H1=13 |H2=7 |H3=14 |H4=13
|Date=September 27
|Location=Denny Stadium<br/>Tuscaloosa, AL
|Attendance=6,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="SWL1">{{cite news |title=Tide shows running form in 47–6 triumph over Louisiana Bulldogs |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=etQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6353%2C1270001 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=September 28, 1941 |page=6 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
To open the 1941 season, Alabama defeated the Southwestern Louisiana Institute Bulldogs (now known as the [[Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns football|Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns]]) 47–6 at Denny Stadium.<ref name="SWL1"/><ref name=a1>1941 Season Recap</ref> Alabama took a 13–0 first quarter lead after touchdowns were scored on a short Paul Spencer run and on a 9-yard [[Jimmy Nelson (American football)|Jimmy Nelson]] run.<ref name="SWL1"/> The Bulldogs then responded early in the second quarter with their only points on an 11-yard Bobby Voitier touchdown pass to William Bernhard. The Crimson Tide then played their second line and Don Salls scored their third touchdown of the afternoon on a 6-yard run to give Alabama a 20–6 halftime lead.<ref name="SWL1"/> In the second half, Louisiana was shut out and the Crimson Tide added two touchdowns in each of the final two quarters for the 47–6 win. Third-quarter touchdowns were scored by Dave Brown on a 6-yard run and by Spencer on a 7-yard run; fourth-quarter touchdowns were scored after Wheeler Leeth blocked a Bulldogs [[Punt (gridiron football)|punt]] that was returned 15-yards by Joe Chorba and on a short Louie Scales run.<ref name="SWL1"/> The victory was Alabama's first against the Bulldogs and also marked the return of former Crimson Tide [[List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans|All-American]] [[Johnny Cain]] to Tuscaloosa as head coach of Southwestern Louisiana.<ref name="SWAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Louisiana–Lafayette |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1801 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023111250/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1801 |archive-date=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SWL2">{{cite news |title=Bulldogs sweep into city, set to test Alabama's Tide Saturday |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=edQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6403%2C1235249 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=September 26, 1941 |page=11 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Mississippi State===
{{see also|1941 Mississippi State Maroons football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor='''Mississippi State'''
|V1=0 |V2=0 |V3=7 |V4=7
|Host=Alabama
|H1=0 |H2=0 |H3=0 |H4=0
|Date=October 4
|Location=Denny Stadium<br/>Tuscaloosa, AL
|Attendance=18,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="MSS1">{{cite news |title=Fast Maroon eleven out-plays Alabama Tide for 14–0 victory |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ftQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6279%2C1632923 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |page=6 |date=October 5, 1941 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
In the first conference game of the season, Alabama was shut out 14–0 by the [[Mississippi State University|Mississippi State]] [[Mississippi State Maroons football|Maroons]] on [[homecoming]] at Denny Stadium for the second consecutive year.<ref name=a1/><ref name="MSS1"/> After a scoreless first half, the Maroons scored a touchdown in each of the final two quarters. Touchdowns were scored on a 19-yard Bill Murphy pass to Robert Patterson in the third and on a short Bruce run in the fourth.<ref name="MSS1"/> The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 19–7–2.<ref name="MSSAT">{{Cite web|last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Mississippi State |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=2049 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023093940/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=2049 |archive-date=October 23, 2011 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Howard===
{{See also-text|[[1941 Howard Bulldogs football team]]}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=Howard
|V1=0 |V2=0 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host='''Alabama'''
|H1=6 |H2=7 |H3=14 |H4=34
|Date=October 11
|Location=Legion Field<br/>Birmingham, AL
|Attendance=6,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="How1">{{cite news |title=Alabama rolls over Howard in display of power, 61–0 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hNQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6378%2C1936945 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=October 12, 1941 |page=6 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
In the first Legion Field game of the season, Alabama defeated Howard (now [[Samford University]]) 61–0.<ref name=a1/><ref name="How1"/> The Crimson Tide took a 13–0 halftime lead after touchdowns were scored on a 1-yard Don Salls run in the first and on an 8-yard [[Reverse (American football)|reverse]] by Dave Brown in the second.<ref name="How1"/> Alabama extended their lead further to 27–0 in the third with touchdowns by [[Jimmy Nelson (American football)|Jimmy Nelson]] on a 95-yard [[Kickoff (American football)|kickoff]] return and then on a 13-yard run.<ref name="How1"/> The Crimson Tide then closed the game with five fourth-quarter touchdowns for the 61–0 win. Touchdowns in the fourth were scored by Carl Mims on runs of 26, 6 and 18-yards, Ted McKosky on a 37-yard run and on a [[Ted Cook (American football)|Ted Cook]] touchdown reception.<ref name="How1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Howard to 19–0–1.<ref name="HAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Samford |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=2867 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023092903/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=2867 |archive-date=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Tennessee===
{{See also|1941 Tennessee Volunteers football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Title=[[Third Saturday in October]]
|Visitor='''Alabama'''
|V1=3 |V2=6 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host=Tennessee
|H1=0 |H2=0 |H3=2 |H4=0
|Date=October 18
|Location=Shields-Watkins Field <br/>Knoxville, TN
|Attendance=35,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="UT1">{{cite news |title=Tide pounds out 9–2 victory over Vols |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=itQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344%2C2270412 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=October 19, 1941 |page=10 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
At Knoxville, Alabama defeated [[Third Saturday in October|rival]] [[University of Tennessee|Tennessee]] 9–2 to end a three-game losing streak against the [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Volunteers]].<ref name=a1/><ref name="UT1"/> Alabama scored all of their points in the first half for a 9–0 lead on a 21-yard George Hecht [[Field goal (American and Canadian football)|field goal]] in the first and on a 2-yard Don Salls touchdown run in the second.<ref name="UT1"/> Tennessee scored their only points in the third quarter on a [[Safety (American and Canadian football score)|safety]] to prevent a shutout.<ref name="UT1"/> [[Jimmy Nelson (American football)|Jimmy Nelson]] starred on defense with his three [[interception]]s during the game.<ref name="UT1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 14–8–2.<ref name="TNAT">{{Cite web|last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Tennessee |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3180 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173115/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3180 |archive-date=October 14, 2013 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Georgia===
{{See also|1941 Georgia Bulldogs football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=Georgia
|V1=0 |V2=7 |V3=0 |V4=7
|Host='''Alabama'''
|H1=13 |H2=7 |H3=7 |H4=0
|Date=October 25
|Location=Legion Field<br/>Birmingham, AL
|Attendance=23,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="GA1">{{cite news |title=Crimson Tide drops Georgia with air attack, 27 to 14 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kNQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6426%2C2594551 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=October 26, 1941 |page=10 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
At Legion Field, Alabama defeated the [[University of Georgia|Georgia]] [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Bulldogs]] 27–14 in what was their first meeting since the [[1935 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|1935 season]].<ref name=a1/><ref name="GA1"/> The Crimson Tide took a 13–0 first quarter lead on a Jimmy Nelson touchdown pass to [[Holt Rast]] and on a 1-yard Nelson run.<ref name="GA1"/> The Bulldogs responded in the first two minutes of the second quarter with a Heyward Allen to Lamar Davis touchdown pass. However, Alabama responded to make the halftime lead 20–7 after Paul Spencer scored on a 1-yard run late in the second quarter.<ref name="GA1"/> Alabama then scored their final points late in the third when Nelson [[Interception|intercepted]] a [[Frank Sinkwich]] pass and returned it 54 yards for a 27–7 lead.<ref name="GA1"/> A late Allen to Jerry Nunnally touchdown pass made the final score 27–14.<ref name="GA1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 14–11–3.<ref name="GAAT">{{Cite web|last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Georgia |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1265 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216010856/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1265 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Kentucky===
{{see also|1941 Kentucky Wildcats football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=Kentucky
|V1=0 |V2=0 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host=#15 '''Alabama'''
|H1=6 |H2=6 |H3=6 |H4=12
|Date=November 1
|Location=Denny Stadium<br>Tuscaloosa, AL
|Attendance=11,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="KY1">{{cite news |title=Tide strides through Wildcats in offensive display, 30 to 0 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ltQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6276%2C2908087 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 2, 1941 |page=6 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
After their victory over Georgia, Alabama entered the polls for the first time of the season at the No. 15 position.<ref name="KY2">{{cite news |title=Two teams tie in ranking poll |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ktQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6395%2C2698260 |first=Bill |last=Boni |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=October 28, 1941 |page=9 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> On what was [[homecoming]] in Tuscaloosa, the Crimson Tide shutout [[University of Kentucky|Kentucky]] 30–0, and scored at least one touchdown in all four quarters.<ref name=a1/><ref name="KY1"/> First half touchdowns were scored by Jimmy Nelson on a 20-yard run in the first and on a 22-yard pass from [[Russ Mosley]] to [[George Weeks (American football)|George Weeks]] in the second.<ref name="KY1"/> Second half touchdowns were scored on a Nelson to [[Holt Rast]] reception in the third and on both a 25-yard Howard Hughes to Carl Mims pass and on a 23-yard Frank Martin run.<ref name="KY1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky 19–1–1.<ref name="KYAT">{{Cite web|last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Kentucky |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1628 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172413/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1628 |archive-date=October 14, 2013 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Tulane===
{{see also|1941 Tulane Green Wave football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=#13 '''Alabama'''
|V1=6 |V2=0 |V3=7 |V4=6
|Host=#14 Tulane
|H1=7 |H2=7 |H3=0 |H4=0
|Date=November 8
|Location=Tulane Stadium<br/>New Orleans, LA
|Attendance=50,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="TU1">{{cite news |title=Tide outwits Tulane, 19–14 with last half comeback |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nNQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6335%2C3237048 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 9, 1941 |page=7 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
The Crimson Tide defeated the [[Tulane Green Wave football|Green Wave]] 19–14 with a fourth-quarter touchdown to take the lead before a crowd of 50,000 at Tulane Stadium.<ref name=a1/><ref name="TU1"/> Alabama scored first when Jimmy Nelson took a Bob Glass [[Punt (gridiron football)|punt]] and then handed it to Dave Brown who returned it 60 yards for a touchdown.<ref name="TU1"/> Tulane then took a 7–6 lead later in the first on a 25-yard Lou Thomas touchdown pass to Gordon English, and extended it to 14–6 at halftime when Thomas threw his second touchdown of the afternoon to Bob Grush.<ref name="TU1"/> Alabama responded in the third with a 3-yard Nelson to [[Holt Rast]] touchdown pass and with the game-winning points on a 2-yard Don Salls touchdown run in the fourth.<ref name="TU1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tulane to 14–4–1.<ref name="TUAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Tulane |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3267 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227093118/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3267 |archive-date=2013-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Georgia Tech===
{{see also|1941 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=Georgia Tech
|V1=0 |V2=0 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host=#9 '''Alabama'''
|H1=0 |H2=6 |H3=7 |H4=7
|Date=November 15
|Location=Legion Field<br>Birmingham, AL
|Attendance=25,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="GT1">{{cite news |title=Tide throttles Tech Tornado with 3-touchdown parade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=otQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6361%2C3655717 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 16, 1941 |page=6 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
Prior to their final home game of the season against [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]], Alabama moved up from the No. 13 position to the No. 9 position in the AP Poll.<ref name="GT2">{{cite news |title=Tide advances in AP Poll |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ntQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5014%2C3366814 |first=Bill |last=Boni |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 11, 1941 |page=7 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> Against the [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Yellow Jackets]], the Crimson Tide won with a 20–0 shutout at Legion Field.<ref name=a1/><ref name="GT1"/> After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama scored one touchdown in each of the three remaining quarters in the victory. Howard Hughes scored in the second on a 2-yard run, Jimmy Nelson scored on a 68-yard punt return in the third and Nelson threw a 4-yard touchdown pass to [[Russ Craft]] in the fourth.<ref name="GT1"/> The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia Tech to 13–11–3.<ref name="GTAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Georgia Tech |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1273 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023092823/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1273 |archive-date=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Vanderbilt===
{{see also|1941 Vanderbilt Commodores football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=#7 Alabama
|V1=0 |V2=0 |V3=0 |V4=0
|Host='''Vanderbilt'''
|H1=0 |H2=0 |H3=7 |H4=0
|Date=November 22
|Location=Dudley Field<br>Nashville, TN
|Attendance=12,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="VU1">{{cite news |title=Commodores best Tide for muddy 7 to 0 victory |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qNQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6366%2C3969599 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 23, 1941 |page=6 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
After their victory over Georgia Tech, Alabama moved up two spots to the No. 7 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]].<ref name="VU2">{{cite news |title=Tide rated 7th in nation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pdQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4946%2C3793235 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 18, 1941 |page=10 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> In their game against the [[Vanderbilt Commodores football|Commodores]], Alabama lost 7–0 in rainy and muddy conditions on the road at Dudley Field.<ref name=a1/><ref name="VU1"/> The only points of the game came in the third quarter when Art Rebrovich threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to [[Jack Jenkins (American football)|Jack Jenkins]].<ref name="VU1"/> The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 13–10.<ref name="VUAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Vanderbilt |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3363 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231175231/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=3363 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Miami===
{{see also|1941 Miami Hurricanes football team}}
{{AFB game box start
|Visitor=#18 '''Alabama'''
|V1=7 |V2=7 |V3=7 |V4=0
|Host=Miami
|H1=7 |H2=0 |H3=0 |H4=0
|Date=November 28
|Location=Burdine Stadium<br>Miami, FL
|Attendance=26,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="MIA1">{{cite news |title=Hurricane gives Tide battle but great Nelson nets margin |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CVAtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ndMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4543%2C6257922 |first=Guy |last=Butler |newspaper=The Miami Daily News |date=November 29, 1941 |page=9 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
After their loss to Vanderbilt, Alabama moved down eleven spots to the No. 18 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against [[University of Miami|Miami]].<ref name="MIA2">{{cite news |title=Gophers voted top in nation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qtQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=uUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5746%2C4093283 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=November 25, 1941 |page=7 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> In their game against the [[Miami Hurricanes football|Hurricanes]] on a Friday evening, Alabama won 21–7 in what was the first all-time meeting between the schools.<ref name=a1/><ref name="MIA1"/><ref name="MIAAT">{{Cite web |last=DeLassus |first=David |title=Alabama vs Miami (FL) |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1968 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214083742/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/opponents_records.php?teamid=1968 |archive-date=2015-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After an 85-yard punt return by Jimmy Nelson brought the ball to the Miami 5-yard line, [[Russ Craft]] scored on a 5-yard [[Reverse (American football)|reverse]] for a 7–0 Alabama lead.<ref name="MIA1"/> Howard Plasman tied the game at 7–7 on the ensuing possession with his 2-yard touchdown run.<ref name="MIA1"/> The Crimson Tide retook the lead in the second on a 28-yard Dave Brown touchdown run and then scored again in the third quarter on a Nelson run for the 21–7 victory.<ref name="MIA1"/>
{{clear}}
===Texas A&M===
{{See also|1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team|1942 Cotton Bowl Classic}}
{{AFB game box start
|Title=[[Cotton Bowl Classic]]
|Visitor=#20 '''Alabama'''
|V1=0 |V2=7 |V3=13 |V4=9
|Host=#9 Texas A&M
|H1=0 |H2=7 |H3=0 |H4=14
|Date=January 1, 1942
|Location=Cotton Bowl<br/>Dallas, TX
|Attendance=38,000
}}
*'''Source:'''<ref name="TX1">{{cite news |title=Alabama outscores Texas Aggies in touchdown race, 29 to 21 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1OdYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z00MAAAAIBAJ&pg=6474%2C75291 |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |date=January 2, 1942 |page=7 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>
{{AFB game box end}}
In the [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic]] against Texas A&M, Alabama was outgained 309 yards to 75 and earned just one official first down, but were able to win the game 29–21.<ref name="TX1"/> In the game, Alabama's defense forced 12 turnovers (seven interceptions and five fumbles). The Crimson Tide scored a touchdown on a 72-yard punt return, a 12-yard interception return, scored two touchdowns after recovering A&M fumbles on the A&M 21 and 24-yard lines and kicked a field goal after they intercepted a pass on the Texas A&M 17.<ref name="TX1"/>
{{clear}}
==National championship claim==
In the 1980s, Alabama claimed the 1941 championship as awarded by the [[Houlgate System]]. The Houlgate System was a mathematical ranking system devised by Dale Houlgate that was syndicated in newspapers between 1927 and 1958 to determine the national champion<ref name="NCAANC3">{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/FBS.pdf |title=Poll systems history |page=71 |author=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) |work=2011 NCAA Division I Football Records |publisher=NCAA.org |access-date=June 9, 2012 }}</ref> and is recognized by the NCAA as a "[[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS#Major selectors|major selector]]" of national championships.<ref name="NCAANC"/><ref name="NCAANC2">{{cite news |title=Got 12? Here's how Alabama bumped up its claim to a dozen national titles |url=http://blog.al.com/solomon/2010/01/got_12.html |first=Jon |last=Solomon |newspaper=The Birmingham News |date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=AL.com |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> The claim is shared with [[1941 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team|Minnesota]], who was selected by the other eleven major selectors of the time.<ref name="NCAANC"/>
==Personnel==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
===Varsity letter winners===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-;
! Player
! Hometown
! Position
|-
| Sumpter Blackmon
| [[Columbus, Georgia]]
| [[Quarterback]]
|-
| Dave Brown
| [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| [[Russ Craft]]
| [[Beach Bottom, West Virginia]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| [[Joe Domnanovich]]
| [[South Bend, Indiana]]
| [[Center (American football)|Center]]
|-
| Leon Fichman
| [[Los Angeles, California]]
| [[Tackle (American football)|Tackle]]
|-
| George Gammon
| [[Cullman, Alabama]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| Cliff Hansen
| [[Gary, Indiana]]
| [[Tackle (American football)|Tackle]]
|-
| George Hecht
| [[Chicago Heights, Illinois]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
| Howard Hughes
| [[Little Rock, Arkansas]]
| [[Tackle (American football)|Tackle]]
|-
| Morton Kimball
| [[South Bend, Indiana]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
| Noah Langdale
| [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
| [[Tackle (American football)|Tackle]]
|-
| Wheeler Leeth
| [[Boaz, Alabama]]
| [[End (American football)|End]]
|-
| [[Tony Leon (American football)|Tony Leon]]
| [[Follansbee, West Virginia]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
| Jack McKewen
| [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| [[Tackle (American football)|Tackle]]
|-
| Ted McKosky
| [[Monessen, Pennsylvania]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
| Carl Mims
| [[Sylacauga, Alabama]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| [[Russ Mosley]]
| [[Blytheville, Arkansas]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| [[Jimmy Nelson (American football)|Jimmy Nelson]]
| [[Live Oak, Florida]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| Julius Papias
| [[Hammond, Indiana]]
| [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
|-
| [[Holt Rast]]
| [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| [[End (American football)|End]]
|-
| Al Sabo
| [[Los Angeles, California]]
| [[Quarterback]]
|-
| [[Don Salls]]
| [[White Plains, New York]]
| [[Fullback (American football)|Fullback]]
|-
| Lou Scales
| [[Glencoe, Alabama]]
| [[Fullback (American football)|Fullback]]
|-
| Sam Sharpe
| [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| [[End (American football)|End]]
|-
| [[Vaughn Stewart]]
| [[Anniston, Alabama]]
| [[Center (American football)|Center]]
|-
| [[George Weeks (American football)|George Weeks]]
| [[Dothan, Alabama]]
| [[End (American football)|End]]
|-
| [[Don Whitmire]]
| [[Decatur, Alabama]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
| [[John Wyhonic]]
| [[Connorville, Ohio]]
| [[Guard (American football)|Guard]]
|-
|colspan="3" style="font-size: 8pt" align="center"|'''Reference:'''<ref>{{cite book |title=2011 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book |year=2011 |chapter=All-Time Tide Football Lettermen |publisher=University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |pages=127–141}}</ref>
|}
{{Col-2}}
===Coaching staff===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Name !! Position !! Seasons at<br />Alabama !! Alma Mater
|-
| [[Frank Thomas (American football)|Frank Thomas]] || [[Head coach]] ||align=center| 11 || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] (1923)
|-
| [[Paul Burnum]] || Assistant coach ||align=center| 12 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] (1922)
|-
| [[Tilden Campbell]] || Assistant coach ||align=center| 6 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] (1935)
|-
| [[Hank Crisp]] || Assistant coach ||align=center| 21 || [[Virginia Tech Hokies football|VPI]] (1920)
|-
| [[Harold Drew]] || Assistant coach ||align=center| 11 || [[Bates Bobcats football|Bates]] (1916)
|-
|colspan="4" style="font-size: 8pt" align="center"|'''Reference:'''<ref>{{cite book |title=2011 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book |year=2011 |chapter=All-Time Assistant Coaches |publisher=University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |pages=142–143}}</ref>
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-end}}
==After the season==
===NFL draft===
Several players that were [[Letterman (sports)|varsity lettermen]] from the 1941 squad were drafted into the [[National Football League Draft|National Football League (NFL)]] between the 1942 and 1944 drafts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/colleges/alabama/drafted.htm |title=Alabama Drafted Players/Alumni |access-date=April 7, 2012 |work=Sports Reference, LLC |publisher=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref><ref name="NFLDraft">{{cite web |publisher=National Football League |url=http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?abbr=A&collegeName=Alabama&abbrFlag=0&type=school |title=Draft History by School–Alabama |access-date=March 16, 2013 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084011/http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?abbr=A&collegeName=Alabama&abbrFlag=0&type=school |url-status=dead }}</ref> These players included the following:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Round
! scope="col" | Overall
! scope="col" | Player name
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" | NFL team
|-
| rowspan=4|[[1942 NFL Draft|1942]]
| 9
| 79
! {{Sortname|Noah|Langdale|nolink=1}}
| Tackle
| [[1942 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]]
|-
| 14
| 123
! {{Sortname|John|Wyhonic}}
| Guard
| [[1942 Philadelphia Eagles season|Philadelphia Eagles]]
|-
| 18
| 170
! {{Sortname|Holt|Rast}}
| End
| [[1942 Chicago Bears season|Chicago Bears]]
|-
| 19
| 174
! {{Sortname|Jimmy|Nelson|Jimmy Nelson (American football)}}
| Back
| [[1942 Chicago Cardinals season|Chicago Cardinals]]
|-
| rowspan=8|[[1943 NFL Draft|1943]]
| 4
| 28
! {{Sortname|Joe|Domnanovich}}
| Center
| [[1943 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season|Brooklyn Dodgers]]
|-
| 5
| 33
! {{Sortname|George|Hecht|nolink=1}}
| Guard
| [[1943 Chicago Cardinals season|Chicago Cardinals]]
|-
| 8
| 70
! {{Sortname|Tony|Leon|Tony Leon (American football)}}
| Guard
| [[1943 Washington Redskins season|Washington Redskins]]
|-
| 14
| 122
! {{Sortname|George|Weeks|George Weeks (American football)}}
| End
| [[1943 Philadelphia Eagles season|Philadelphia Eagles]]
|-
| 14
| 125
! {{Sortname|Sam|Sharpe|nolink=1}}
| End
| Cleveland Rams
|-
| 15
| 132
! {{Sortname|Russ|Craft}}
| Back
| Philadelphia Eagles
|-
| 25
| 236
! {{Sortname|Dave|Brown|nolink=1}}
| Back
| [[1943 New York Giants season|New York Giants]]
|-
| 29
| 274
! {{Sortname|Al|Sabo|nolink=1}}
| Back
| Brooklyn Dodgers
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1944 NFL Draft|1944]]
| 9
| 82
! {{Sortname|Don|Whitmire}}
| Tackle
| [[1944 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]]
|-
| 13
| 126
! {{Sortname|Bill|Baughman|nolink=1}}
| Center
| [[1944 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]]
|}
==References==
'''General'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/41-m-footbl-recap.pdf |title=1941 Season Recap |work=RollTide.com |publisher=University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425164522/http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/41-m-footbl-recap.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}
'''Specific'''
{{Reflist}}
{{1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football navbox}}
{{Alabama Crimson Tide football navbox}}
{{College Football National Champion navbox}}
[[Category:1941 Southeastern Conference football season|Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons]]
[[Category:College football national champions]]
[[Category:Cotton Bowl Classic champion seasons]]
[[Category:1941 in sports in Alabama|Alabama Crimson Tide football]]
| 1,279,993,201 |
[{"title": "Cotton Bowl Classic, W 29\u201321 vs. Texas A&M", "data": {"Conference": "Southeastern Conference"}}, {"title": "Ranking", "data": {"AP": "No. 20", "Record": "9\u20132 (5\u20132 SEC)", "Head coach": "- Frank Thomas (11th season)", "Captain": "John Wyhonic", "Home stadium": "Denny Stadium \u00b7 Legion Field"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"SW Louisiana": "0 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 6", "\u2022 Alabama": "13 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 14 \u00b7 13 \u00b7 47"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 Mississippi State": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 14", "Alabama": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Howard": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0", "\u2022 Alabama": "6 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 14 \u00b7 34 \u00b7 61"}}, {"title": "Third Saturday in October", "data": {"\u2022 Alabama": "3 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 9", "Tennessee": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 2 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 2"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Georgia": "0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 14", "\u2022 Alabama": "13 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 27"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Kentucky": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0", "\u2022 #15 Alabama": "6 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 12 \u00b7 30"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 #13 Alabama": "6 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 19", "#14 Tulane": "7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 14"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Georgia Tech": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0", "\u2022 #9 Alabama": "0 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 20"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"#7 Alabama": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0", "\u2022 Vanderbilt": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 #18 Alabama": "7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 21", "Miami": "7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 7"}}, {"title": "Cotton Bowl Classic", "data": {"\u2022 #20 Alabama": "0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 13 \u00b7 9 \u00b7 29", "#9 Texas A&M": "0 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 14 \u00b7 21"}}]
| false |
# (+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.161, (+)-camphor 6-hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-camphor,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-exo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(+)-camphor + NADPH + H+ + O2 {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } (+)-6-exo-hydroxycamphor + NADP+ + H2O
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase isolated from Salvia officinalis.
|
enwiki/38393160
|
enwiki
| 38,393,160 |
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(%2B)-Camphor_6-exo-hydroxylase
|
2023-08-26T12:15:04Z
|
en
|
Q4113221
| 51,959 |
{{Short description|Class of enzymes}}
{{Infobox enzyme
| Name = (+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase
| EC_number = 1.14.13.161
| CAS_number =
| GO_code =
| image =
| width =
| caption =
}}
'''(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase''' ({{EC number|1.14.13.161}}, ''(+)-camphor 6-hydroxylase'') is an [[enzyme]] with [[List of enzymes|systematic name]] ''(+)-camphor,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-exo-hydroxylating)''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Funk C, Koepp AE, Croteau R | title = Catabolism of camphor in tissue cultures and leaf disks of common sage (Salvia officinalis) | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 294 | issue = 1 | pages = 306–13 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1550356 | doi = 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90173-t }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Funk C, Croteau R | title = Induction and Characterization of a Cytochrome P-450-Dependent Camphor Hydroxylase in Tissue Cultures of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) | journal = Plant Physiology | volume = 101 | issue = 4 | pages = 1231–1237 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 12231778 | pmc = 160644 | doi = 10.1104/pp.101.4.1231 }}</ref> This enzyme [[catalysis|catalyses]] the following [[chemical reaction]]
: (+)-camphor + NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> (+)-6-exo-hydroxycamphor + NADP<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase is a [[cytochrome P-450]] [[monooxygenase]] isolated from ''[[Salvia officinalis]]''.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|(+)-camphor+6-exo-hydroxylase}}
{{Dioxygenases}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Biology|border=no}}
[[Category:EC 1.14.13]]
| 1,172,333,378 |
[{"title": "Identifiers", "data": {"EC no.": "1.14.13.161"}}, {"title": "Databases", "data": {"IntEnz": "IntEnz view", "BRENDA": "BRENDA entry", "ExPASy": "NiceZyme view", "KEGG": "KEGG entry", "MetaCyc": "metabolic pathway", "PRIAM": "profile", "PDB structures": "RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum", "PMC": "articles", "PubMed": "articles", "NCBI": "proteins"}}]
| true |
# 11/9 (American Horror Story)
"11/9" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. It aired on September 26, 2017, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by John J. Gray, and directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton. Adina Porter was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for this episode.
## Plot
### November 2016
At the local polling place for the election, Ivy with her wife Ally, Winter and her friends, Dr. Vincent, the Wiltons, Beverly Hope, her cameraman R.J., and Beverly's rival Serena Belinda cast their vote. Kai carries Gary, whose hand appears recently amputated, to the polling booths. After both he and Kai vote for Trump, Gary emerges from the booth and raises his freshly severed stump in exclamation.
The day after the election, Harrison, a fitness trainer at a gym, is maltreated by his boss Vincenzo "Vinny" Ravoli. He then returns home and discovers from a despondent Meadow that the bank has foreclosed on their house. The next day, Harrison's frequent client Kai consoles him after he divulges his financial dilemma. In the midst of more verbal abuse by Vinny, Harrison is urged by Kai to stand up for himself and pins Vinny under barbells, crushing his chest before killing him with a dumbbell to the head. Meadow catches Harrison and Kai dismembering Vinny's body. Harrison introduces Kai to Meadow as "someone to believe in".
### December 2016
Kai turns his attention to Beverly, who was sent to a psychiatric rehabilitation center thirty days earlier for attacking a teenager after being humiliated in her live broadcasts by male hecklers. Kai finds her slashing the tires of Bob Thompson's car, after the latter trimmed her reports in favor of Serena's. Kai outlines his plan for world domination and offers her "equal power". To convince the reporter, Kai and the Wiltons murder Serena and her cameraman Cole. Beverly confronts them at his house, but she declares her allegiance to Kai's cult afterwards as well as R.J., allowing the reporter to republish her live broadcast on Vinny's murder.
### November 2016
On Election night, Ivy handcuffs Gary in the grocery's basement with the help of Winter after he groped her during the Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton presidential rally earlier that day. Ivy's retaliation costs Gary his chance to vote in the election. Upon discovering his sister's involvement with Ivy, Kai finds Gary in the basement and offers him a hacksaw to sever his chained hand, leading to the events at the beginning of the episode.
## Reception
"11/9" was watched by 2.13 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 1.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49.
The episode has been critically acclaimed. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "11/9" holds a 100% approval rating, based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 8.19 out of 10.
Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 out of 5, saying "The episode may not be enough to convert new fans to American Horror Story: Cult, but to those preaching to the choir, the Kool-Aid is refreshing." He particularly praised the presence and the development of Peters' Kai Anderson; but also Lourd's performance as Winter, describing her as a "master mind manipulator".
Kat Rosenfield from Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a B+, and appreciated that it was a break from the character of Ally and her "hysterical screaming breakdowns". Moreover, she praised Adina Porter and her acting skills, saying "she's the best thing to happen to this cast since we lost La Lange"." Vulture's Brian Moylan gave the episode a 4 out of 5, indicating a positive review. Like Rosenfield, he praised Adina Porter, calling her a "genius", but also the plot twist of the third act of the episode.
Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 8.3 out of 10, with a positive review. He said "[this episode] revealed crucial backstory and a fun twist that could greatly alter the story going forward. It was staged nicely, separated into three acts—with the third providing a new element that helps add texture to the entire season. It was also fun to watch the "cult" of Cult actually form, and to see some of the side characters be real(ish) people outside of the facade they put on for the sake of Ally and Ivy."
|
enwiki/55100784
|
enwiki
| 55,100,784 |
11/9 (American Horror Story)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11/9_(American_Horror_Story)
|
2025-01-02T06:00:25Z
|
en
|
Q41278648
| 72,439 |
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[American Horror Story]]
| image =
| caption =
| season = 7
| episode = 4
| airdate = {{start date|2017|9|26}}
| production = 7ATS04
| guests =
*[[Billy Eichner]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Harrison Wilton|Harrison Wilton]]
*[[Emma Roberts]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Serena Belinda|Serena Belinda]]
*[[Adina Porter]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Beverly Hope|Beverly Hope]]
*[[Leslie Grossman]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Meadow Wilton|Meadow Wilton]]
*[[Dermot Mulroney]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Bob Thompson|Bob Thompson]]
*[[James Morosini]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#R.J.|R.J.]]
*[[Chaz Bono]] as [[List of American Horror Story: Cult characters#Gary Longstreet|Gary Longstreet]]
*T.J. Hoban as Vincenzo Ravoli
*Bill Parks as Cole
| writer = [[John J. Gray]]
| director = [[Gwyneth Horder-Payton]]
| music =
| runtime = 51 minutes
| season_article = ''[[American Horror Story: Cult]]''
| episode_list = List of American Horror Story episodes
| prev = [[Neighbors from Hell (American Horror Story)|Neighbors from Hell]]
| next =[[Holes (American Horror Story)|Holes]]
}}
"'''11/9'''" is the fourth episode of the [[American Horror Story: Cult|seventh season]] of the [[anthology series|anthology]] television series ''[[American Horror Story]]''. It aired on September 26, 2017, on the [[Cable television|cable]] network [[FX (TV channel)|FX]]. The episode was written by [[John J. Gray]], and directed by [[Gwyneth Horder-Payton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20170828fx01/|title=AMERICAN HORROR STORY - (#704) "11/9"|website=TheFutonCritic|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> Adina Porter was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie]] for this episode.
==Plot==
===November 2016===
At the local [[polling place]] for the [[2016 United States presidential election|election]], Ivy with her wife Ally, Winter and her friends, Dr. Vincent, the Wiltons, Beverly Hope, her cameraman R.J., and Beverly's rival Serena Belinda cast their vote. Kai carries Gary, whose hand appears recently amputated, to the polling booths. After both he and Kai vote for Trump, Gary emerges from the booth and raises his freshly severed stump in exclamation.
The day after the election, Harrison, a fitness trainer at a gym, is maltreated by his boss Vincenzo "Vinny" Ravoli. He then returns home and discovers from a despondent Meadow that the bank has foreclosed on their house. The next day, Harrison's frequent client Kai consoles him after he divulges his financial dilemma. In the midst of more verbal abuse by Vinny, Harrison is urged by Kai to stand up for himself and pins Vinny under barbells, crushing his chest before killing him with a dumbbell to the head. Meadow catches Harrison and Kai dismembering Vinny's body. Harrison introduces Kai to Meadow as "someone to believe in".
===December 2016===
Kai turns his attention to Beverly, who was sent to a psychiatric rehabilitation center thirty days earlier for attacking a teenager after being humiliated in her live broadcasts by male [[heckler]]s. Kai finds her slashing the tires of Bob Thompson's car, after the latter trimmed her reports in favor of Serena's. Kai outlines his plan for world domination and offers her "equal power". To convince the reporter, Kai and the Wiltons murder Serena and her cameraman Cole. Beverly confronts them at his house, but she declares her allegiance to Kai's cult afterwards as well as R.J., allowing the reporter to republish her live broadcast on Vinny's murder.
===November 2016===
On Election night, Ivy handcuffs Gary in the grocery's basement with the help of Winter after he groped her during the [[Donald Trump]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] presidential rally earlier that day. Ivy's retaliation costs Gary his chance to vote in the election. Upon discovering his sister's involvement with Ivy, Kai finds Gary in the basement and offers him a hacksaw to sever his chained hand, leading to the events at the beginning of the episode.
==Reception==
"11/9" was watched by 2.13 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 1.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-26-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927230124/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-26-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2017|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.26.2017|website=ShowBuzzDaily|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=September 27, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}</ref>
The episode has been critically acclaimed. On the review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], "11/9" holds a 100% approval rating, based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 8.19 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Horror Story: Cult - "11/9"|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/american_horror_story/s07/e04|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017}}</ref>
[[Tony Sokol]] of ''[[Den of Geek]]'' gave the episode a 4 out of 5, saying "The episode may not be enough to convert new fans to ''American Horror Story: Cult'', but to those preaching to the choir, the Kool-Aid is refreshing." He particularly praised the presence and the development of Peters' Kai Anderson; but also Lourd's performance as Winter, describing her as a "master mind manipulator".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/american-horror-story-cult/267794/american-horror-story-season-7-episode-3-review-119|title=American Horror Story Season 7 Episode 4 Review: 11/9|last=Sokol|first=Tony|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Kat Rosenfield from ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the episode a B+, and appreciated that it was a break from the character of Ally and her "hysterical screaming breakdowns". Moreover, she praised Adina Porter and her acting skills, saying "she's the best thing to happen to this cast since we lost La Lange"."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/recap/american-horror-story-season-7-episode-4/|title=American Horror Story: Cult recap: '11/9'|last=Rosenfield|first=Kat|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]'''s Brian Moylan gave the episode a 4 out of 5, indicating a positive review. Like Rosenfield, he praised Adina Porter, calling her a "genius", but also the plot twist of the third act of the episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2017/09/american-horror-story-cult-recap-season-7-episode-4.html|title=American Horror Story Recap: Fake News|last=Moylan|first=Brian|work=[[Vulture.com]]|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}</ref>
Matt Fowler of ''[[IGN]]'' gave the episode a 8.3 out of 10, with a positive review. He said "[this episode] revealed crucial backstory and a fun twist that could greatly alter the story going forward. It was staged nicely, separated into three acts—with the third providing a new element that helps add texture to the entire season. It was also fun to watch the "cult" of ''Cult'' actually form, and to see some of the side characters be real(ish) people outside of the facade they put on for the sake of Ally and Ivy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/09/27/american-horror-story-cult-119-review|title=American Horror Story: Cult - "11/9" Review|last=Fowler|first=Matt|work=[[IGN]]|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction/Horror|Television|United States}}
* {{IMDb episode|6710692}}
{{American Horror Story episodes|7}}
[[Category:2017 American television episodes]]
[[Category:American Horror Story: Cult episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 2016]]
| 1,266,785,778 |
[{"title": "\"11/9\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 7 \u00b7 Episode 4", "Directed by": "Gwyneth Horder-Payton", "Written by": "John J. Gray", "Production code": "7ATS04", "Original air date": "September 26, 2017", "Running time": "51 minutes"}}, {"title": "Guest appearances", "data": {"Guest appearances": "- Billy Eichner as Harrison Wilton - Emma Roberts as Serena Belinda - Adina Porter as Beverly Hope - Leslie Grossman as Meadow Wilton - Dermot Mulroney as Bob Thompson - James Morosini as R.J. - Chaz Bono as Gary Longstreet - T.J. Hoban as Vincenzo Ravoli - Bill Parks as Cole"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \"Neighbors from Hell\"": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Holes\""}}]
| false |
# 1440s
The 1440s decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449
## Events
### 1440
#### January–December
- February - June – Praguerie: The French nobility rises up against King Charles VII.
- February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
- April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
- April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.
- September 12 – Eton College is founded by Henry VI of England.
- September 13 – Breton knight Gilles de Rais is taken into custody, upon an accusation of murdering children brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.
- September – The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends, as newly elected king of Denmark Christopher of Bavaria is also elected king of Sweden.
- October 22 – Gilles de Rais confesses, and is sentenced to death.
#### Date unknown
- Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).
- Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery.
- Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England.
- The Ming dynasty government of China begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine silver, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (kuangzei), a trend begun in 1438. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market, as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (baojia), who ensure that illegal mining activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.
- Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin, is killed by his brother, the Prince Ogun, who succeeds him as Ewuare I.
- Zhu Quan writes the Cha Pu ("Tea Manual") in China.
### 1441
#### January–December
- February – The Republic of Venice annexes the seigniory of Ravenna, ending the da Polenta Dynasty.
- February 12 – King's College, Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI of England.[1]
- March 1 – Battle of Samobor: The army of Ulrich II, Count of Celje, defeats the army of Stjepan Banić at Samobor, Croatia in union with Hungary.
- September – The Dutch–Hanseatic War concludes with the Treaty of Copenhagen.[2]
- November 10 – Alfonso V of Aragon lays siege to Naples.
- November 20 – The Peace of Cremona (1441) ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan.[3]
#### Date unknown
- Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms.
- Two subjects of the Ethiopian Empire attend a Christian ecclesiastical council at Florence as part of negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic Orthodoxy and the Latin Church. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe.
- A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.
- With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
- Nuno Tristão reaches the Ras Nouadhibou (Cabo Branco) on the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a caravel is used for maritime exploration.
- The first enslaved black Africans are brought to Europe at Lagos in the Kingdom of Portugal.
### 1442
#### January–December
- March 18–25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire (80,000 strong), led by Mesid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in Transylvania.
- June 2 – Alfonso of Aragon proclaims himself King of Naples.
- September – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.
#### Date unknown
- The community of Rauma, Finland is granted its town rights.
- The municipality of Juva, Finland is founded.
- The national law of Kristofers landslag is introduced in Sweden.
- After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced, as ruler of Wallachia, by his son Mircea II.
- A fourth tower is added to Liverpool Castle in England.
- Jelena Balšić completes writing the Gorički zbornik manuscripts at her church of St. Mary, on the island of Beška in the Serbian Despotate.
- Portuguese sailors first arrive at the Senegal River.[4]
### 1443
#### January–December
- July 22 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (Old Zürich War): The forces of the city of Zürich are defeated, but the Swiss Confederacy have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city.
- November 8 – Battle of Niš: John Hunyadi and the army of the Crusade of Varna defeat three armies of the Ottoman Empire, and capture the city of Niš in modern-day Serbia; Skanderbeg deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to Albania.
- November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag.
#### Date unknown
- In Moldavia, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers Iliaș and Stephen II reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.
- Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão penetrates the Arguin Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.
- King Sejong the Great starts to create Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language, with his scholars.
- Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.
- The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of Ming Dynasty China.
- A powerful earthquake destroys the Timișoara Fortress in the Kingdom of Hungary
### 1444
#### January–December
- March 2 – The League of Lezhë, an alliance of Albanian principalities, is established in Lezhë; George Kastrioti Skanderbeg is proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance.
- May 22 – The Treaty of Tours, signed between England and France, secures a truce in the Hundred Years' War for five years.
- June 15 – Cosimo de' Medici founds a public library at San Marco, Florence.[5]
- June 29 – Battle of Torvioll: Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman army.
- August 6 – A Portuguese fleet of caravels, led by Lançarote de Freitas, lands 235 slaves at Algarve, Portugal.[6]
- August 15 – The Peace of Szeged is signed between the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Hungary.
- August 26 – Old Zürich War – Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs: Charles VII of France, seeking to send away troublesome troops made idle by the truce with England, sends his son (the Dauphin Louis) with a large army into Switzerland, to support the claims of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The massively outnumbered Swiss force is destroyed in this battle, but inflict such casualties on the French that they withdraw.
- August – After making peace with the Karamanids, Ottoman Sultan Murad II abdicates in favor of his son Mehmed II.
- November 10 – Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary are defeated by the Turks, under Sultan Murad II. Władysław is killed, ending the Jagiellonian Union of Hungary and Poland.
#### Date unknown
- Constantine XI Palaiologos, as ruler of the Despotate of the Morea, invades the Duchy of Athens (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return Thebes to the Byzantine Empire.
- Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.
- Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the rivers Senegal and Gambia.
- The first European slave market for the sale of African slaves, the Mercado de Escravos, opens in Lagos, Portugal.
- A serious fire occurs at Old St Paul's Cathedral in London.
- The Iguvine Tablets are discovered at Gubbio, Italy.
- Stephen II of Moldavia takes as co-ruler his step brother Petru, also brother-in-law to John Hunyadi.
### 1445
#### January–December
- April – Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou.
- October 10 – Battle of Mokra: The Albanian forces under Skanderbeg defeat the Ottoman forces (Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).[7]
#### Date unknown
- The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin.
- Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa.
- Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay, of Adal.
- Vlad II Dracul, aided by a crusaders' fleet from Burgundy, attacks Giurgiu, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender.
- Stephen II remains sole ruler of Moldavia.
### 1446
#### January–December
- March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs. 1,200 Confederates defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhard V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.[8]
- June 6 – John Hunyadi is proclaimed regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him. His election is primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi has by this time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains cover an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres).[9] Hunyadi is one of the few contemporaneous barons who has spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.[10]
- June 12 – An armistice between Duchy of Austria and the Swiss Confederation comes into force.[8]
- June 21 – Lidköping gets its charter, and thus qualifies as one of the now defunct Cities of Sweden.
- August – Christopher of Bavaria undertakes a fruitless military campaign against Gotland to end Eric of Pomerania's piracy.[11][12]
- August 24 – After many years of fruitless negotiations between Christopher of Bavaria and Eric of Pomerania, a Swedish war march to Gotland is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in Västergarn with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.[11][13]
- September 27 – Battle of Otonetë: Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans.[14][15]
- Before October – Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate, in favor of his father Murad II, by the Janissaries.[16]
- October 9 – The hangul alphabet is proclaimed in Korea, by King Sejong the Great. The Hunmin Jeongeum, published during the year, is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system.[17]
- October – Murad II invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens,[18] and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.
- December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.[19]
#### Date unknown
- Nuno Tristão is killed by natives on the coast of Senegal.[20]
- Portuguese navigator Álvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.[21]
- The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.[22]
- In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.[23]
- The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.[24]
### 1447
#### January–December
- March 6 – Pope Nicholas V succeeds Pope Eugene IV, to become the 208th pope.[25]
- March 16 – A major fire destroys the centre of Valencia.
- September 15 – Roman II seizes the throne of Moldavia after killing his uncle, Stephen II, and will have his other uncle, Petru as co-ruler.
- December
- Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi.
- The Albanian–Venetian War of 1447–48 begins.
#### Date unknown
- The Siege of Soest, Germany, occurs, in the course of the Soest Feud.
- Tashi Lhunpo Monastery is founded by the 1st Dalai Lama at its original location in Shigatse, Tibet.[26]
- Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese koryū martial art, that will still be extant in modern times.[27]
### 1448
#### January–December
- January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.
- April 15 – Queens' College, Cambridge is founded by Margaret of Anjou.[28]
- June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde, as King Charles VIII of Sweden.
- June 28 – Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones, and is crowned in Uppsala Cathedral the following day.
- August 14 – Battle of Oronichea: Albania is victorious over Venice.
- September 28 – Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to Queen Dowager Dorothea of Brandenburg, becomes King Christian I of Denmark.
- October 4 – Peace between Albania and Venice is established.
- October 17 – Battle of Kosovo: Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the Turks, due to Ottoman superiority.
- October – November – Vlad III the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed by Vladislav II of Wallachia.
- December 20 – Pope Nicholas V appoints Rudolf of Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, as cardinal.
- December – Jonas, a Russian bishop, is installed by the Council of Russian Bishops in Moscow, as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus;[29] as this is without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it signifies the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
#### Date unknown
- Roman II flees to Poland, when an army sent by John Hunyadi, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put Petru on the throne of Moldavia. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as Ciubăr Vodă.
- After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation and famine in Ming dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflictions finally wane, and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality.
- The Vatican Library is founded by Pope Nicholas V.
### 1449
#### January–December
- January 6 – Constantine XI Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra; he will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
- February – Alexăndrel seizes the throne of Moldavia, with the support of the boyars.
- March 24 – Hundred Years' War: English forces capture Fougères in Brittany.[30]
- April 7 – The last Antipope, Felix V, abdicates.
- April 19 – Pope Nicholas V is elected by the Council of Basel.[31]
- April 25 – The Council of Basel dissolves itself.
- May – An English privateering fleet led by Robert Wennington challenges ships of the Hanseatic League.[32]
- May 14 – Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449): The Albanian garrison surrenders and the Ottomans seize the fortress.
- May 20 – Battle of Alfarrobeira: King Afonso V of Portugal defeats the forces of Peter, Duke of Coimbra.
- July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy.[30]
- August 13 – First Margrave War: Margrave Albrecht takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg.
- September 1 – Battle of Tumu Fortress: The Oirat Mongols defeat the Ming dynasty army, and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China; the latter is officially deposed, while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year.
- October – Bogdan II of Moldavia enters the country with troops from John Hunyadi, and takes the throne after Alexăndrel flees.
- October 29 – The French recapture Rouen from the English.[30]
## Births
1440
- January 22: Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
- February 13: Hartmann Schedel, German physician (d. 1514)
- date unknown: Clara Tott, German court singer (d. 1520)
1441
- February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, Central Asian poet, politician and writer (d. 1501)
- March 24 – Ernest, Elector of Saxony, German ruler of Saxony (d. 1486)
- June 25 – Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (1478–1484) (d. 1484)
- June 27 – John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, German nobleman (d. 1480)
- July 23 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1457)
- November 11 – Charlotte of Savoy, French queen (d. 1483)
1442
- April 13 – Henry IV of Neuhaus, High Treasurer of Bohemia (1485–1503), Burgrave of Prague Castle (1503–1507) (d. 1507)
- April 15 – John Paston, English noble (d. 1479)[33]
- April 28 – King Edward IV of England, King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 to 3 October 1480 (d. 1483)[34]
- July 3 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1500)
- July 15 – Boček IV of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman, eldest son of King George of Podebrady (d. 1496)
- September 8 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (d. 1513)
- September 27 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1492)
- date unknown
- Ahmad Zarruq, Moroccan scholar and Sufi sheikh (d. 1493)
- Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian archbishop (d. 1521)
- Vannozza dei Cattanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI
1443
- January 27 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)
- February 2 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony (d. 1484)
- February 12 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble (d. 1508)
- February 23 – Matthias Corvinus, of Hungary (d. 1490)
- May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1460)
- May 29 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg, Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (d. 1500)
- May 31 or 1441 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, English noble, mother of King Henry VII, grandmother of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1509)[35]
- June 29 – Anthony Browne, English knight (d. 1506)
- September 9 – Muhammad Jaunpuri (d. 1505)
- November 10 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (d. 1511)
- December 1 – Magdalena of France, French princess and regent of Navarre (d. 1495)
- December 5 – Pope Julius II (d. 1513)[36]
- probable
- Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (d. 1496)
- Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and freedom fighting rebel (d. 1492)
1444
- January 24 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
- March 15 – Francesco Gonzaga, Catholic cardinal (d. 1483)
- April 22 – Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503)
- May 29 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (d. 1464)
- June 14 – Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian astronomer-mathematician (d. 1544)
- June 28 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
- October 18 – John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1476)
- date unknown – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (d. 1514)[37]
1445
- March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510)
- April 4 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. 1517)
- October 25 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (d. 1479)
- October 31 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1511)
- December 11 – Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1496)
- date unknown – Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (d. 1497)
- probable – Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician
- approximate – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (d. 1510)[38]
1446
- April 18 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484)
- May 3
- Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488)
- Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503)[39]
- August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493)
- December 26 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (d. 1472)
- date unknown – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1508)
- probable
- Alexander Agricola, Flemish composer (d. 1506)
- William Grocyn, English scholar (d. 1519)
- Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (d. 1524)
1447
- February 1 – Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1504)
- February 4 – Lodovico Lazzarelli, Italian poet (d. 1500)
- April 5 – Catherine of Genoa, Italian author and nurse (d. 1510)
- April 17 – Baptista Mantuanus, poet and carmelite (d. 1516)
- June 27 – Jean IV de Rieux, Breton noble and Marshal (d. 1518)
- July 5 – Costanzo I Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1483)
- September 10 – Paolo da San Leocadio, Italian painter in Spain (d. 1520)
- October 30 – Lucas Watzenrode, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1512)
- December 3 – Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1512)
- December 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (d. 1487)
- December 15 – Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1508)
- date unknown
- Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (d. 1496)
- Philippe de Commines, Flemish historian (d. 1511)[40]
- Catherine of Genoa, Catholic mystic (d. 1510)
- probable
- Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor (d. 1522)
1448
- February 14 – Nannina de' Medici, Florentine member of the de' Medici family (d. 1493)
- March 20 – Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Luxembourgish noble (d. 1475)
- July 14 – Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1508)
- September 7 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (d. 1519)
- October 31 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (d. 1462)
- November 4 – King Alphonso II of Naples (d. 1495)
- December 12 – John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, English Earl (d. 1473)
- date unknown
- Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (d. 1478)
- Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1473)
- Suor Barbara Ragnoni, Italian painter (d. 1533)
1449
- January 1 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian statesman (d. 1492)[41]
- January 17 – Osanna of Mantua, Italian Dominican tertiary (d. 1505)
- February 7 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen, consort of Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1477)
- April 27 – Asakura Ujikage, 8th head of the Asakura clan of Japan (d. 1486)
- August 10 – Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1503)
- September 20 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (d. 1500)
- October 21 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1478)
- November 11 – Catherine of Poděbrady, Hungarian Queen (d. 1464)
- November 14 – Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (d. 1510)
- December 6 – Dorotea Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1467)
- date unknown
- Aldus Manutius, Italian printer
- Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus (d. 1513)
- Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan (d. 1481)[42]
- Domenico Gagini, Italian sculptor (d. 1492)
- Domenico Ghirlandaio, Italian artist (d. 1494)
- Magnus Hundt, German physician and theologian (d. 1519)
- Margaret of Thuringia, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d. 1501)
- probable
- Ilham Ghali khan of Kazan Khanate, (d. 1490)
- Srimanta Sankardeva, Assamese scholar and religious figure (d. c. 1568)
- Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen
## Deaths
1440
- March 9: Frances of Rome, Italian Benedictine nun and saint (b. 1384)
- March 20: Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1365)
- April 2: Giovanni Vitelleschi, Italian Roman Catholic bishop and soldier
- April 6: Henry Wardlaw, Scottish church leader
- September 20: Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1371)
- September 30: Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
- October 12: Ginevra d'Este (b. 1419)
- October 26: Gilles de Rais, French soldier (b. 1404)
- November 13: Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland
- date unknown:
- Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan[43]
- Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin
- Saint Frances of Rome
- Sigismund Kęstutaitis
- Giovanni Vitelleschi
1441
- March 8 – Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria
- April 1 – Blanche I of Navarre, Queen of Navarre (1425–1441) and Regent of Sicily (1404–1405 and 1408–1415)
- June 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
- July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter[44]
- July 12 – Kyōgoku Takakazu, Japanese noble and vassal of Ashikaga Yoshinori
- July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (b. 1394)
- September 25 – Akamatsu Mitsusuke, Japanese samurai
- October 24 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1434)
- October 27 – Margery Jourdemayne, Englishwoman executed for treasonable witchcraft
- November 18 – Roger Bolingbroke, English cleric, astronomer, astrologer, magister and alleged necromancer[45]
- December 26 – Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (b. 1383)
1442
- August 29 – John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
- September 25 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (b. 1418)
- October 18 – Infante João of Portugal (b. 1400)
- November 14 – Yolande of Aragon, politically active French noblewoman (b. 1384)
- December 18 – Pierre Cauchon, French Catholic bishop (b. 1371)
- December 19 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (b. 1409)
- date unknown
- Al-Maqrizi, Egyptian Arab historian
- Ahmed Shah, Sultan of Gujarat
- Nguyễn Trãi, Vietnamese Confucian scholar.
1443
- January 16 – Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (b. 1370)
- January 28 – Robert le Maçon, Chancellor of France
- February – Guidantonio da Montefeltro, count of Urbino (b. 1377)
- March 24 – James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (b. 1371)
- April 12 – Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury[46]
- May – John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen[47]
- May 9 – Niccolò Albergati, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)
- June 5 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (b. 1402)
- August 16 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)
- September 18 – Lewis of Luxembourg, Archbishop of Rouen
- date unknown – Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
- Jelena Balšić, Serbian duchess (b. 1366)
- probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)
1444
- January 8 – Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (b. 1415)
- February 14 – Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard, regent of Württemberg (b. 1387)
- March 9 – Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (b. 1374)
- April 26 – Robert Campin, Flemish painter (b. 1378)
- May 20 – Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (b. 1380)
- May 27 – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (b. 1404)[48]
- October 15 – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (b. 1386)[49]
- November 10 – King Władysław III of Poland (in battle) (b. 1424)[50]
- November 25 – Martin Gouge, French chancellor
- date unknown – Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder, Italian humanist, statesman, and canon lawyer
1445
- January 19 – Antonio Correr, Venetian cardinal (b. 1359)[51]
- February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, queen of Portugal (b. 1402)
- April 7 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (b. 1403)
- May 15 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1392)
- June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
- July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland[52]
- August 2 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (b. 1377)
- date unknown – Olug Moxammat of Kazan, Khan of Kazan
1446
- April 15 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)[53]
- May 9 – Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (b. 1367)
- May 24 – Ambroise de Loré, Baron of Ivry (b. 1396)
- June 11 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (b. 1425)
- December 28 – Antipope Clement VIII
- February 2 – Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (b. 1378)
- date unknown – Nuno Tristão, Portuguese explorer
1447
- February 23
- Pope Eugene IV (b. 1383)[54]
- Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)
- March 6 – Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (b. 1381)[55]
- March 13 – Shahrukh Mirza, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (b. 1377)
- March 31 – Robert Long, English politician (b. 1390)
- April 11 – Henry Beaufort, Cardinal, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1377)
- April 22 – Yaqub al-Charkhi, Sufism (b. 1359)
- May 1 – Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (b. 1368)
- May 12 – Hein Hoyer, German politician (b. 1380)
- July 6 – António Martins de Chaves, Catholic cardinal (b. 1390)
- July 9 – Gruffudd Vychan, Welsh knight (b. 1390)
- July 13 – Stephen II of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia (b. 1410)
- August 5 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English nobleman and military commander (b. 1395)
- August 9 – Konrad IV the Elder, Polish priest (b. 1380)
- August 13 – Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1392)
- October 31 – Tommaso Bellacci, Italian Roman Catholic professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis (b. 1370)
- November 17 – Euphemia of Münsterberg, German sovereign (b. 1385)[56]
- November 21 – Biagio Molino, Roman Catholic patriarch (b. 1380)
- December – Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia, and his son Mircea II[57]
1448
- January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1418)
- June 18 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (b. 1415)
- September 23 – Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (b. 1373)
- October – Carlo II Tocco, ruler of Epirus
- October 12 – Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (b. 1378)
- October 31 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390)
- date unknown
- Petru III of Moldavia
1449
- January 4 – Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. c.1405)
- January 21 – Giovanni Berardi, Archbishop of Taranto (b. 1380)
- February 2 – Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Islamic scholar (b. 1372)
- March – Dolce dell'Anguillara, Italian condottiero (b. 1401)
- May – Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross, Lord of the Isles
- May 20 (at the Battle of Alfarrobeira)
- Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches
- Peter, Duke of Coimbra (b. 1392)
- June 1 – Polissena Sforza, Lady of Rimini (b. 1428)[58]
- August 13 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (b. 1424)
- October 27 – Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (b. 1394)[59]
- October 31 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (b. 1403)
- November 19 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of the King George of Podebrady (b. 1425)
- December 24 – Walter Bower, Scottish chronicler (b. 1385)[60]
|
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{{Short description|Decade}}
{{Decadebox|144}}
The '''1440s''' decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449
{{Events by year for decade|144}}
==Significant people==
{{empty section|date=March 2016}}
{{Births and deaths by year for decade|144}}
==References==
{{Commons category|position=left}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1440s}}
[[Category:1440s| ]]
| 1,219,933,624 |
[]
| false |
# 1941–42 AS Roma season
During the 1941–42 season Associazione Sportiva Roma competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia.
## Summary
The 1941–42 Serie A campaign started with a delay of one month. Actually Roma was non favourite to win the title due to last season results with an 11th spot. Igino Betti left the club leadership to Edgardo Bazzini. The team grab the transferred in Edmondo Mornese from Novara, winger Renato Cappellini from Napoli, known as "Il barone" by giallorossi fans, defender Sergio Andreoli and, nearby closure of the transfers market, goalkeeper Fosco Risorti. The squad showed a competitive style of play clinching the leader spot of the table from the very first round. On 1 February 1942 clinched the Winter championship and on 14 June won its first Italian title ever, thanks to the victory 2–0 against Modena scoring Renato Cappellini. and Ermes Borsetti: the club broke the Northern Supremacy on scudetto winning champions ending the trophy to a squad from center-south of Italy.
## Squad
Source:
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | ----------------------- |
| — | GK | ITA | Ippolito Ippoliti |
| — | GK | ITA | Guido Masetti (Captain) |
| — | GK | ITA | Fosco Risorti |
| — | DF | ITA | Mario Acerbi |
| — | DF | ITA | Sergio Andreoli |
| — | DF | ITA | Luigi Brunella |
| — | DF | ITA | Luigi Nobile |
| — | MF | ITA | Giuseppe Bonomi |
| — | MF | ITA | Renato Cappellini |
| — | MF | ITA | Aristide Coscia |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | ------------------ |
| — | MF | ITA | Mario De Grassi |
| — | MF | ITA | Luigi Di Pasquale |
| — | MF | ITA | Aldo Donati |
| — | MF | ITA | Paolo Jacobini |
| — | MF | ALB | Naim Krieziu |
| — | MF | ITA | Edmondo Mornese |
| — | FW | ITA | Amedeo Amadei |
| — | FW | ITA | Cesare BenedettiI |
| — | FW | ITA | Ermes Borsetti |
| — | FW | ARG | Miguel Ángel Pantó |
### Transfers
| In | In | In | In |
| Pos. | Name | from | Type |
| ---- | -------------------- | ----------- | ---------------------- |
| GK | Fosco Risorti | Savoia | |
| DF | Sergio Andreoli | Perugia | (25,000 £) |
| MF | Renato Cappellini | Napoli | (140,000 £) |
| MF | Luigi Di Pasquale | Padova | |
| MF | Edmondo Mornese | Novara | definitivo (120,000 £) |
| FW | Cesare Benedetti (I) | Ilva Savona | |
| Out | Out | Out | Out |
| Pos. | Name | To | Type |
| ---- | -------------------- | ------------------- | -------- |
| GK | Ugo Ceresa | Ferrara | |
| GK | Amedeo Rega | Lazio | |
| DF | Pietro Acquarone | Venezia | |
| DF | Romolo Alzani | Calcio Ala Italiana | |
| DF | Erminio Asin | - | released |
| MF | Cataldo Spitale | Gimnasia La Plata | |
| FW | Trentino Bui | Vis Pesaro | |
| FW | Omero Carmellini | Alba Motor | |
| FW | Francisco Providente | Calcio Velez | |
## Competitions
### Serie A
#### League table
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| --- | ----------- | --- | -- | -- | - | -- | -- | ----- | --- |
| 1 | Roma (C) | 30 | 16 | 10 | 4 | 55 | 21 | 2.619 | 42 |
| 2 | Torino | 30 | 16 | 7 | 7 | 60 | 39 | 1.538 | 39 |
| 3 | Venezia | 30 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 40 | 25 | 1.600 | 38 |
| 4 | Genova 1893 | 30 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 53 | 35 | 1.514 | 37 |
| 5 | Lazio | 30 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 55 | 37 | 1.486 | 37 |
#### Matches
Win
Draw
Loss
| 25 October 1941 1 | Roma | 5–1 | Napoli | Roma |
| 15:30 | Di Pasquale 13' · Coscia 20' (pen.) · Amadei 42', 85', 88' | Report | 37' Dugini | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 15 000 Referee: Giuseppe Scarpi |
| 2 November 1941 2 | Bologna | 1–2 | Roma | Bologna |
| | Andreoli 79' | Report | 55' Donati · 82' Krieziu | Stadium: Stadio del Littoriale Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina |
| 9 November 1941 3 | Roma | 2–0 | Juventus | Roma |
| 15:30 | Krieziu 16' · Pantó 52' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 28 000 Referee: Raffaele Scorzoni |
| 16 November 1941 4 | Genoa 1941 | 2–0 | Roma | Genova |
| | Conti 44', 60' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Luigi Ferraris Referee: Achille Pizziolo |
| 23 November 1941 5 | Fiorentina | 2–2 | Roma | Firenze |
| | Penzo 19' · Valcareggi 51' (pen.) | Report | 24' Pantó · 47' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio Giovanni Berta Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina |
| 30 November 1941 6 | Roma | 2–0 | Milano | Roma |
| | Di Pasquale 29' · Donati 45' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 28.000 circa Referee: Bertolio |
| 7 December 1941 7 | Atalanta | 2–2 | Roma | Bergamo |
| | Corbelli 15', 48' | Report | 38' Pantó · 69' (pen.) Mornese | Stadium: Stadio Mario Brumana Attendance: 8 000 Referee: Giovanni Galeati |
| 14 December 1941 8 | Roma | 0–0 | Venezia | Roma |
| 15:30 | | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 25,000 Referee: Renzo Curradi |
| 21 December 1941 9 | Triestina | 0–0 | Roma | Trieste |
| | | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Littorio Attendance: 14,000 Referee: Raffaele Scorzoni |
| 28 December 1941 10 | Roma | 0–0 | Torino | Roma |
| 15:30 | | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 20 000 Referee: Mario Scotto |
| 4 January 1942 11 | Liguria | 0–3 | Roma | Genova |
| | | Report | 46' Coscia · 62' Cappellini · 74' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio del Littorio Attendance: 9 000 Referee: Giacomo Bertolio |
| 11 January 1942 12 | Roma | 2–1 | Lazio | Roma |
| 15:30 | Amadei 17' · Faotto 90+2' (o.g.) | Report | 26' Piola | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 30 000 Referee: Raffele Scorzoni |
| 18 January 1942 13 | Ambrosiana-Inter | 0–2 | Roma | Milan |
| | | Report | 45', 86' Krieziu | Stadium: Arena Civica Attendance: 20.000 circa Referee: Giovanni Galeati |
| 25 January 1942 14 | Roma | 4–0 | Livorno | Roma |
| 15:30 | Del Bianco 51' (o.g.) · Pantó 55' · Amadei 70', 77' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 10 000 Referee: Giorgio Bernardi |
| 1 February 1942 15 | Modena | 0–0 | Roma | Modena |
| | | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Cesare Marzari Attendance: 10 000 Referee: Mario Ciamberlini |
| 15 February 1942 16 | Napoli | 1–1 | Roma | Napoli |
| | Verrina 67' | Report | 30' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio Partenopeo Attendance: 15 000 Referee: Giuseppe Zelocchi |
| 22 February 1942 17 | Roma | 1–0 | Bologna | Roma |
| 15:30 | Renato Cappellini 80' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 29 000 Referee: Giacomo Bertolio |
| 1 March 1942 18 | Juventus | 2–0 | Roma | Torino |
| | Colaneri 24' · Sentimenti III 77' (rig.) | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Benito Mussolini Attendance: 35 000 Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina |
| 8 March 1942 19 | Roma | 1–2 | Genoa 1941 | Roma |
| 15:30 | Krieziu 82' | Report | 46' Bertoni I · 57' Ispiro | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Giuseppe Zelocchi |
| 15 March 1942 20 | Roma | 1–0 | Fiorentina | Roma |
| 15:30 | Pantó 80' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 25 000 Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina |
| 22 March 1942 21 | Milano | 4–2 | Roma | Milan |
| | Meazza 6' · Boffi 49' · Bollano 64', 86' | Report | 41' Amadei · 82' Krieziu | Stadium: Arena Civica Referee: Raffaele Scorzoni |
| 29 March 1942 22 | Roma | 2–0 | Atalanta | Roma |
| 15:30 | Pantó 40', 56' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Attendance: 13 000 Referee: Achille Pizziolo |
| 26 April 1942 23 | Venezia | 0–1 | Roma | Venezia |
| | | Report | 62' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo Attendance: 10 000 Referee: Mario Ciamberlini |
| 3 May 1942 24 | Roma | 0–0 | Triestina | Roma |
| | | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Giorgio Bernardi |
| 10 May 1942 25 | Torino | 2–2 | Roma | Torino |
| | Baldi 9' · Petron 76' | Report | 6', 24' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio Filadelfia Attendance: 30 000 Referee: Giovanni Galeati |
| 17 May 1942 26 | Roma | 7–0 | Liguria | Roma |
| | Borsetti 2' · Cappellini 52' · Amadei 57', 70', 73' · Coscia 63' · Pantó 83' | | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Raffaele Scorzon |
| 24 May 1942 27 | Lazio | 1–1 | Roma | Roma |
| | Puccinelli 68' | Report | 5' Pantó | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina |
| 31 May 1942 28 | Roma | 6–0 | Ambrosiana-Inter | Roma |
| | Pantó 5', 82' · Amadei 8' · Borsetti 38', 59' · Coscia 84' | | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Mario Ciamberlini |
| 7 June 1942 29 | Livorno | 0–2 | Roma | Livorno |
| | | | 24' Pantó · 81' Amadei | Stadium: Stadio Edda Ciano Mussolini Referee: Giovanni Galeati |
| 14 June 1942 30 | Roma | 2–0 | Modena | Roma |
| | Cappellini 21' · Borsetti 35' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Nazionale del PNF Referee: Mario Ciamberlini |
### Coppa Italia
#### Round of 32
| 12 October 1941 | Novara | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Roma | Novara |
| | Calzolai 113' | Report | | Stadium: Stadio Littorio Referee: Renzo Curradi |
## Statistics
### Squad statistics
Source:
| Competition | Points | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home | Away | Away | Away | Away | Away | Away | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | GD |
| Competition | Points | G | W | D | L | Gs | Ga | G | W | D | L | Gs | Ga | G | W | D | L | Gs | Ga | GD |
| ------------ | ------ | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | --- |
| Serie A | 42 | 15 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 15 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 17 | 30 | 16 | 10 | 4 | 55 | 21 | +34 |
| Coppa Italia | | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -1 |
| Total | | 15 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 16 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 18 | 31 | 16 | 10 | 5 | 55 | 22 | +33 |
### Players statistics
#### Appearances
- 0.Ippolito Ippoliti
- 30.Guido Masetti
- 1.Fosco Risorti
- 10.Mario Acerbi
- 20.Sergio Andreoli
- 31.Luigi Brunella
- 1.Luigi Nobile
- 25.Giuseppe Bonomi
- 18.Renato Cappellini
- 31.Aristide Coscia
- 1.Mario De Grassi
- 9.Luigi Di Pasquale
- 29.Aldo Donati
- 7.Paolo Jacobini
- 24.Naim Krieziu
- 30.Edmondo Mornese
- 31.Amedeo Amadei
- 3.Cesare Benedetti
- 9.Ermes Borsetti
- 31.Miguel Ángel Pantó
#### Goalscorers
- 18.Amedeo Amadei
- 12.Miguel Ángel Pantó
- 6.Naim Krieziu
- 4.Renato Cappellini
- 4.Aristide Coscia
- 2.Luigi Di Pasquale
- 2.Aldo Donati
- 6.Naim Krieziu
- 1.Edmondo Mornese
- 4.Ermes Borsetti
## Bibliography
- Paolo Castellani, Massimilano Ceci and Riccardo de Conciliis, Roma (2012). La maglia che ci unisce. Storia delle divise dell'AS Roma dalla nascita ai giorni nostri. Goalbook Edizioni,2012. ISBN 978-88-908115-0-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
## Videography
- Manuela Romano (a cura di). "La storia della A.S. Roma". Corriere dello Sport, Rai Trade, 2006, 10 DVD-Video.
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1941–42 AS Roma season
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{{Infobox football club season
|club = [[AS Roma|Roma]]
|season= 1941–42
| image = 1941–42 Associazione Sportiva Roma.jpg
| size = 280px
|manager = [[Alfréd Schaffer]]
|chairman = [[Edgardo Bazzini]]
|league = [[Serie A]]
|league result = [[1941–42 Serie A|1º]]
|cup1= [[Coppa Italia]]
|cup1 result = [[1941–42 Coppa Italia|Round of 32]]
|league topscorer = [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] (18)
|season topscorer = [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] (18)
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
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}}
During the 1941–42 season '''Associazione Sportiva Roma''' competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia.
== Summary ==
The [[1941–42 Serie A]] campaign started with a delay of one month.<ref>{{cite book|author=Romano|publisher=Panini|title=1927-1942 Dalla fondazione al primo scudetto}}.</ref> Actually [[AS Roma|Roma]] was non favourite to win the title due to last season results with an 11th spot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asrtalenti.altervista.org/index.php?a=campionato4142.htm |title=Storia della stagione |publisher=asrtalenti.altervista.it}}</ref> Igino Betti left the club leadership to [[Edgardo Bazzini]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Basalei-Beiliardi.aspx?idMostra=38&idNode=227#bazzini%20edgardo |publisher=Gazzetta di Parma |date=18 March 1969 |title=Non Cavaliere |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124727/http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Basalei-Beiliardi.aspx?idMostra=38&idNode=227#bazzini%20edgardo |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The team grab the transferred in [[Edmondo Mornese]] from Novara, winger [[Renato Cappellini]] from [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]], known as "Il barone" by giallorossi fans, defender [[Sergio Andreoli]] and, nearby closure of the transfers market, goalkeeper [[Fosco Risorti]]. The squad showed a competitive style of play clinching the leader spot of the table from the very first round. On 1 February 1942 clinched the Winter championship and on 14 June won its first Italian title ever, thanks to the victory 2–0 against [[Modena Football Club 2018|Modena]] scoring [[Renato Cappellini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=5500&p=2#page/2/mode/2up|title= Liste di trasferimento|publisher= Il Corriere dello Sport|date= 28 August 1946}}</ref> and [[Ermes Borsetti]]: the club broke the Northern Supremacy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Miti.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313084513/http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Miti.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 13, 2011 |title=Mussolini e lo scudetto della Roma |publisher=enciclopediadelcalcio.it }}</ref> on scudetto winning champions ending the trophy to a squad from center-south of Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Romano|title=1927-1942 Dalla fondazione al primo scudetto|publisher=La Stampa}}.</ref>
== Squad ==
Source:{{cn|date=April 2020}}
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Ippolito Ippoliti]]|pos=GK}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Guido Masetti]]|pos=GK}} (Captain)
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Fosco Risorti]]|pos=GK}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Mario Acerbi]]|pos=DF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Sergio Andreoli]]|pos=DF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Luigi Brunella]]|pos=DF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Luigi Nobile]]|pos=DF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Giuseppe Bonomi]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Renato Cappellini]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Aristide Coscia]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Mario De Grassi (footballer, born 1919)|Mario De Grassi]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer, born 1919)|Luigi Di Pasquale]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Aldo Donati (footballer)|Aldo Donati]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Paolo Jacobini]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ALB|name=[[Naim Krieziu]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Edmondo Mornese]]|pos=MF}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Amedeo Amadei]]|pos=FW}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Cesare Benedetti]]I|pos=FW}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ITA|name=[[Ermes Borsetti]]|pos=FW}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=ARG|name=[[Miguel Ángel Pantó]]|pos=FW}}
{{fs end}}
=== Transfers ===
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:99%;"
! colspan="4" | In
|-
! width=3% | Pos.
! width=32% | Name
! width=30% | from
! width=35% | Type
|-
| GK ||[[Fosco Risorti]]|| Savoia ||
|-
| DF ||[[Sergio Andreoli]]|| [[A.C. Perugia|Perugia]] || (25,000 £)
|-
| MF ||[[Renato Cappellini]]|| [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] || (140,000 £)
|-
| MF ||[[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer, born 1919)|Luigi Di Pasquale]]|| [[Padova Calcio|Padova]] ||
|-
| MF ||[[Edmondo Mornese]]|| Novara ||''definitivo'' (120,000 £)
|-
| FW ||[[Cesare Benedetti]] (I)||[[Ilva Savona]]||
|}
</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:99%;"
! colspan="4" | Out
|-
! width=3% | Pos.
! width=32% | Name
! width=30% | To
! width=35% | Type
|-
| GK ||[[Ugo Ceresa]]|| Ferrara ||
|-
| GK ||[[Amedeo Rega]]|| [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] ||
|-
| DF ||[[Pietro Acquarone]]|| [[Venezia F.C.|Venezia]] ||
|-
| DF ||[[Romolo Alzani]]|| Calcio Ala Italiana ||
|-
| DF ||[[Erminio Asin]]|| - ||released
|-
| MF ||[[Cataldo Spitale]]|| [[Gimnasia La Plata]] ||
|-
| FW ||[[Trentino Bui]]|| Vis Pesaro ||
|-
| FW ||[[Omero Carmellini]]|| Alba Motor ||
|-
| FW ||[[Francisco Providente]]|| Calcio Velez ||
|}
</div>
{{clear}}
== Competitions ==
=== Serie A ===
{{main|1941–42 Serie A }}
====League table====
{{:1941–42 Serie A|showteam=ROM}}
==== Matches ====
{{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 October 1941
|time= 15:30
|round = [[Derby del Sole|1]]
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]
|score = 5–1
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaNapoli_Littoriale_05_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 15 000
|referee = Giuseppe Scarpi
|goals1 = [[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer, born 1919)|Di Pasquale]] {{Goal|13}}<br />[[Aristide Coscia|Coscia]] {{Goal|20|pen}}<br />[[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] {{Goal|42||85||88}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|37}} [[Ottorino Dugini|Dugini]]
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 November 1941
|time =
|round = 2
|team1 = [[Bologna F.C.|Bologna]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142BolognaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Bologna]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara|Stadio del Littoriale]]
|referee = Rinaldo Barlassina
|goals1 = [[Piero Andreoli|Andreoli]] {{Goal|79}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|55}} [[Aldo Donati (footballer)|Donati]]<br />{{Goal|82}} [[Naim Krieziu|Krieziu]]
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 November 1941
|time = 15:30
|round = 3
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Juventus]]
|score = 2–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaJuventus_Littoriale_05_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 28 000
|referee = Raffaele Scorzoni
|goals1 = [[Naim Krieziu|Krieziu]] {{Goal|16}}<br />[[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|52}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 November 1941
|time =
|round = 4
|team1 = [[Genoa Cricket and Football Club|Genoa 1941]]
|team2 = Roma
|score= 2–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142GenoaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = Genova
|stadium = [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]]
|referee = Achille Pizziolo
|goals1 = [[Ugo Conti (footballer)|Conti]] {{Goal|44||60}}
|goals2 =
|result =L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 23 November 1941
|time =
|round = 5
|team1 = [[Fiorentina]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 2–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142FiorentinaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = Firenze
|stadium = [[Stadio Artemio Franchi|Stadio Giovanni Berta]]
|referee = Rinaldo Barlassina
|goals1 = [[Romano Penzo|Penzo]] {{Goal|19}}<br />[[Ferruccio Valcareggi|Valcareggi]] {{Goal|51|pen}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|24}} [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]]<br />{{Goal|47}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result =D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 30 November 1941
|time =
|round = 6
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[A.C. Milan|Milano]]
|score = 2–0
|attendance = 28.000 circa
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaMilan_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = [[Giacomo Bertolio|Bertolio]]
|goals1 = [[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer born 1919)|Di Pasquale]] {{Goal|29}}<br />[[Aldo Donati (footballer)|Donati]] {{Goal|45}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 December 1941
|time=
|round = 7
|team1 = [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 2–2
|attendance = 8 000
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142AtalantaRoma_Littoriale_05_af.JPG
|location = [[Bergamo]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia|Stadio Mario Brumana]]
|referee = Giovanni Galeati
|goals1 = [[Guido Corbelli|Corbelli]] {{Goal|15||48}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|38}} [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]]<br />{{Goal|69|pen}} [[Edmondo Mornese|Mornese]]
|result =D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 December 1941
|time = 15:30
|round = 8
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Venezia F.C.|Venezia]]
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaVenezia_Littoriale_05_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 25,000
|referee =Renzo Curradi
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 21 December 1941
|time =
|round = 9
|team1 = Triestina
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142TriestinaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Trieste]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Giuseppe Grezar|Stadio Littorio]]
|attendance = 14,000
|referee = Raffaele Scorzoni
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 December 1941
|time = 15:30
|round = 10
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaTorino_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 20 000
|referee = Mario Scotto
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 January 1942
|time =
|round = 11
|team1 = Liguria
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–3
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142LiguriaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Genova]]
|stadium = [[Stadio del Littorio]]
|attendance = 9 000
|referee = Giacomo Bertolio
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{Goal|46}} [[Aristide Coscia|Coscia]]<br />{{Goal|62}} [[Renato Cappellini|Cappellini]]<br />{{Goal|74}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 January 1942
|time = 15:30
|round = [[Derby della Capitale|12]]
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
|score = 2–1
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaLazie_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 30 000
|referee = Raffele Scorzoni
|goals1 = [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] {{Goal|17}}<br />[[Maximiliano Faotto|Faotto]] {{Goal|90+2|o.g.}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|26}} [[Silvio Piola|Piola]]
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 January 1942
|time =
|round = 13
|team1 = [[Inter Milan|Ambrosiana-Inter]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142InterRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Milan]]
|stadium = [[Arena Civica]]
|attendance = 20.000 circa
|referee = Giovanni Galeati
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{Goal|45||86}} [[Naim Krieziu|Krieziu]]
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 January 1942
|time = 15:30
|round = 14
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = Livorno
|score = 4–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaLivorno_Littoriale_05_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 10 000
|referee = Giorgio Bernardi
|goals1 = [[Fabio Del Bianco|Del Bianco]] {{Goal|51|o.g.}}<br />[[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|55}}<br />[[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] {{Goal|70||77}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 February 1942
|time =
|round = 15
|team1 = Modena
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142ModenaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Modena]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Alberto Braglia|Stadio Cesare Marzari]]
|attendance = 10 000
|referee = Mario Ciamberlini
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 February 1942
|time =
|round = [[Derby del Sole|16]]
|team1 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 1–1
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142NapoliRoma_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Napoli]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Partenopeo]]
|attendance = 15 000
|referee =Giuseppe Zelocchi
|goals1 = [[Andrea Verrina|Verrina]] {{Goal|67}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|30}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result =D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 February 1942
|time= 15:30
|round = 17
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Bologna F.C.|Bologna]]
|score = 1–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaBologna_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 29 000
|referee = Giacomo Bertolio
|goals1 = [[Renato Cappellini]] {{Goal|80}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 March 1942
|time =
|round = 18
|team1 = [[Juventus]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 2–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142JuventusRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Torino]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino|Stadio Benito Mussolini]]
|attendance = 35 000
|referee = Rinaldo Barlassina
|goals1 = [[Lelio Colaneri|Colaneri]] {{Goal|24}}<br />[[Vittorio Sentimenti|Sentimenti III]] {{Goal|77|rig.}}
|goals2 =
|result =L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 March 1942
|time = 15:30
|round = 19
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Genoa Cricket and Football Club|Genoa 1941]]
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/roma%20genoa%2041-42_la_Stampa_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Giuseppe Zelocchi
|goals1 = [[Naim Krieziu|Krieziu]] {{Goal|82}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|46}} [[Sergio Bertoni|Bertoni I]]<br />{{Goal|57}} [[Bruno Ispiro|Ispiro]]
|result =L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 March 1942
|time = 15:30
|round = 20
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Fiorentina]]
|score = 1–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaFiorentina_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 25 000
|referee = Rinaldo Barlassina
|goals1 = [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|80}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 March 1942
|time =
|round = 21
|team1 = [[A.C. Milan|Milano]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 4–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/milan%20roma%2041-42%20d.jpg
|location = [[Milan]]
|stadium= [[Arena Civica]]
|referee = Raffaele Scorzoni
|goals1 = [[Giuseppe Meazza|Meazza]] {{Goal|6}}<br />[[Aldo Boffi|Boffi]] {{Goal|49}}<br />[[Angelo Bollano|Bollano]] {{Goal|64||86}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|41}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]<br />{{Goal|82}} [[Naim Krieziu|Krieziu]]
|result =L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 29 March 1942
|time = 15:30
|round = 22
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]]
|score = 2–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142RomaAtalanta_Littoriale_04_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|attendance = 13 000
|referee = Achille Pizziolo
|goals1 = [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|40||56}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 April 1942
|time =
|round = 23
|team1 = [[Venezia F.C.|Venezia]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–1
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142VeneziaRoma_Littoriale_03_af.JPG
|location = [[Venezia]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo]]
|attendance = 10 000
|referee = Mario Ciamberlini
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{Goal|62}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 May 1942
|time =
|round = 24
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = Triestina
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/roma%20triestina%2041-42_la_Stampa_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Giorgio Bernardi
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 May 1942
|time =
|round = 25
|team1 = [[Torino F.C.|Torino]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 2–2
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/4142torinoroma_giornali.JPG
|location = [[Torino]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Filadelfia]]
|referee= Giovanni Galeati
|attendance = 30 000
|goals1 = [[Fioravante Baldi|Baldi]] {{Goal|9}}<br />[[Walter Petron|Petron]] {{Goal|76}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|6||24}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result =D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 May 1942
|time =
|round = 26
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = Liguria
|score = 7–0
|report =
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Raffaele Scorzon
|goals1 = [[Ermes Borsetti|Borsetti]] {{Goal|2}}<br />[[Renato Cappellini|Cappellini]] {{Goal|52}}<br />[[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] {{Goal|57||70||73}}<br />[[Aristide Coscia|Coscia]] {{Goal|63}}<br />[[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|83}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 May 1942
|time =
|round = [[Derby della Capitale|27]]
|team1 = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
|team2 = Roma
|score= 1–1
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/lazio%20roma%2041-42_la_Stampa_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Rinaldo Barlassina
|goals1 = [[Aldo Puccinelli|Puccinelli]] {{Goal|68}}
|goals2 = {{Goal|5}} [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]]
|result =D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 31 May 1942
|time =
|round = 28
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = [[Inter Milan|Ambrosiana-Inter]]
|score = 6–0
|report =
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Mario Ciamberlini
|goals1 = [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]] {{Goal|5||82}}<br />[[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]] {{Goal|8}}<br />[[Ermes Borsetti|Borsetti]] {{Goal|38||59}}<br />[[Aristide Coscia|Coscia]] {{Goal|84}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 June 1942
|time =
|round = 29
|team1 = Livorno
|team2 = Roma
|score = 0–2
|report =
|location = [[Livorno]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Armando Picchi|Stadio Edda Ciano Mussolini]]
|referee = Giovanni Galeati
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{Goal|24}} [[Miguel Ángel Pantó|Pantó]]<br />{{Goal|81}} [[Amedeo Amadei|Amadei]]
|result =W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 June 1942
|time =
|round = 30
|team1 = Roma
|team2 = Modena
|score = 2–0
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/roma%20modena%2041-42_la_Stampa_af.JPG
|location = [[Rome|Roma]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Nazionale PNF|Stadio Nazionale del PNF]]
|referee = Mario Ciamberlini
|goals1 = [[Renato Cappellini|Cappellini]] {{Goal|21}}<br />[[Ermes Borsetti|Borsetti]] {{Goal|35}}
|goals2 =
|result =W
}}
=== Coppa Italia ===
{{main|1941–42 Coppa Italia}}
==== Round of 32 ====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 October 1941
|round =
|time =
|team1 = [[Novara Calcio|Novara]]
|team2 = Roma
|score = 1–0
|aet = yes
|report = http://www.asromaultras.org/novara%20roma%20c%20italia%2041-42_la_Stampa_af.JPG
|location = [[Novara]]
|stadium = [[Stadio Enrico Patti|Stadio Littorio]]
|referee = Renzo Curradi
|goals1 = [[Renato Calzolai|Calzolai]] {{Goal|113}}
|goals2 =
|result = L
}}
== Statistics ==
=== Squad statistics ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital42.html |website=[[RSSSF]] |title=Serie A 1941-42 }}</ref>
<div style="font-size:90%">
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;margin:auto;clear:both;text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Competition
! rowspan="2" | Points
! colspan="6" | Home
! colspan="6" | Away
! colspan="6" | Total
! rowspan="2" | [[Goal average|GD]]
|-
! {{Descrizione comando|G|Games}}
! {{Descrizione comando|W|Won}}
! {{Descrizione comando|D|Draw}}
! {{Descrizione comando|L|Lost}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Gs|Goals scored}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Ga|Goals against}}
! {{Descrizione comando|G|Games}}
! {{Descrizione comando|W|Won}}
! {{Descrizione comando|D|Draw}}
! {{Descrizione comando|L|Lost}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Gs|Goals scored}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Ga|Goals against}}
! {{Descrizione comando|G|Games}}
! {{Descrizione comando|W|Won}}
! {{Descrizione comando|D|Draw}}
! {{Descrizione comando|L|Lost}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Gs|Goals scored}}
! {{Descrizione comando|Ga|Goals against}}
|-
| [[1941–42 Serie A|Serie A]] || 42 || 15 || 11 || 3 || 1 || 35 || 4 || 15 || 5 || 7 || 3 || 20 || 17 || 30 || 16 || 10 || 4 || 55 || 21 || +34
|-
| [[1941–42 Coppa Italia|Coppa Italia]] |||| - || - || - || - || - || - || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || -1
|-
! Total |||| 15 || 11 || 3 || 1 || 35 || 4 || 16 || 5 || 7 || 4 || 20 || 18 || 31 || 16 || 10 || 5 || 55 || 22 || +33
|}
</div>
=== Players statistics ===
<ref>Included two own goals in championship</ref>
====Appearances====
*0.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Ippolito Ippoliti]]
*30.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Guido Masetti]]
*1.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Fosco Risorti]]
*10.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Mario Acerbi]]
*20.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Sergio Andreoli]]
*31.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Luigi Brunella]]
*1.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Luigi Nobile]]
*25.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Giuseppe Bonomi]]
*18.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Renato Cappellini]]
*31.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Aristide Coscia]]
*1.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Mario De Grassi (footballer, born 1919)|Mario De Grassi]]
*9.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer, born 1919)|Luigi Di Pasquale]]
*29.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Aldo Donati (footballer)|Aldo Donati]]
*7.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Paolo Jacobini]]
*24.{{flagicon|ALB |1939}}[[Naim Krieziu]]
*30.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Edmondo Mornese]]
*31.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Amedeo Amadei]]
*3.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Cesare Benedetti]]
*9.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Ermes Borsetti]]
*31.{{flagicon|ARG}}[[Miguel Ángel Pantó]]
====Goalscorers====
*18.{{flagicon|ITA |1861}}[[Amedeo Amadei]]
*12.{{flagicon|ARG}}[[Miguel Ángel Pantó]]
*6.{{flagicon|ALB|1939}}[[Naim Krieziu]]
*4.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Renato Cappellini]]
*4.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Aristide Coscia]]
*2.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Luigi Di Pasquale (footballer, born 1919)|Luigi Di Pasquale]]
*2.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Aldo Donati (footballer)|Aldo Donati]]
*6.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Naim Krieziu]]
*1.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Edmondo Mornese]]
*4.{{flagicon|ITA| 1861}}[[Ermes Borsetti]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Paolo Castellani, Massimilano Ceci and Riccardo de Conciliis, Roma|title=La maglia che ci unisce. Storia delle divise dell'AS Roma dalla nascita ai giorni nostri|year=2012 |publisher=Goalbook Edizioni,2012|isbn=978-88-908115-0-0}}
== Videography ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uyd7H6cbWXs|author=Manuela Romano (a cura di)|title=La storia della A.S. Roma|publisher=Corriere dello Sport, Rai Trade, 2006, 10 DVD-Video}}
== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.asroma.it/|title=Sito ufficiale}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital42.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|title=Serie A 1941-1942 }}
{{A.S. Roma}}
{{A.S. Roma seasons}}
{{1941–42 in Italian football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1941-42 A.S. Roma season}}
[[Category:AS Roma seasons]]
[[Category:Italian football clubs 1941–42 season|Roma]]
[[Category:Italian football championship–winning seasons]]
| 1,268,169,428 |
[{"title": "Roma", "data": {"Chairman": "Edgardo Bazzini", "Manager": "Alfr\u00e9d Schaffer", "Stadium": "Stadio Nazionale del PNF", "Serie A": "1\u00ba", "Coppa Italia": "Round of 32", "Top goalscorer": "League: Amadei (18) \u00b7 All: Amadei (18)", "Home colours": "Away colours \u00b7 Third colours"}}]
| false |
# 'Til I Die
"'Til I Die" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1971 album Surf's Up, subsequently issued as the B-side of the single "Long Promised Road". With autobiographical lyrics about death and hopelessness, it is one of the few songs in which both the words and music were written solely by Brian Wilson. An extended mix of the original recording, created by engineer Stephen Desper, was included on the 1998 Endless Harmony Soundtrack.
## Background and composition
Brian Wilson reportedly wrote "'Til I Die" while suffering from an existential crisis, having recently threatened to drive his car off the Santa Monica pier and ordered his gardener to dig a grave in his backyard. According to biographer David Leaf, these episodes were treated as jokes by Wilson's family and friends. In a November 1970 interview, Wilson discussed his daily routine of "go[ing] to bed in the early hours of the morning and sleep[ing] until the early afternoon". He added: "I'm not unhappy with life; in fact I'm quite happy living at home." According to Wilson's (since-discredited) 1991 autobiography Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, the song was inspired by a late night trip to the beach:
Lately, I'd been depressed and preoccupied with death...Looking out toward the ocean, my mind, as it did almost every hour of every day, worked to explain the inconsistencies that dominated my life; the pain, torment, and confusion and the beautiful music I was able to make. Was there an answer? Did I have no control? Had I ever? Feeling shipwrecked on an existential island, I lost myself in the balance of darkness that stretched beyond the breaking waves to the other side of the earth. The ocean was so incredibly vast, the universe was so large, and suddenly I saw myself in proportion to that, a little pebble of sand, a jellyfish floating on top of the water; traveling with the current I felt dwarfed, temporary. The next day I began writing "Til I Die", perhaps the most personal song I ever wrote for The Beach Boys...In doing so, I wanted to re-create the swell of emotions that I'd felt at the beach the previous night.
The song was written over the course of several weeks as Wilson tried to express the feelings he had experienced on that night he had spent alone at the beach. As he explains, "I struggled at the piano, experimenting with rhythms and chord changes, trying to emulate in sound the ocean's shifting tides and moods as well as its sheer enormity. I wanted the music to reflect the loneliness of floating a raft in the middle of the Pacific. I wanted each note to sound as if it was disappearing into the hugeness of the universe.
Explaining how Wilson came up with the chords, Don Was recalled, "he told me that he was sitting at a piano, creating geometric patterns with his fingers, trying not to move the fingers on the outside of the patterns, but limiting changes to internal movements. When he landed on a shape that both looked cool and sounded good, he wrote it down. So, essentially he created this masterpiece by contorting his fingers into really groovy shapes." However, Was said, "I've absolutely no idea whether this story has any basis in truth or whether he was just making it up on the spot to entertain me."
Asked how he came up with the song in a 2007 interview, Wilson answered, "Well, I put a b note in g major 7th chord and it was a 3rd in the chord, and the note in the key of g resonates pretty well. Lyrically, I tried to put nature in there. Earth, water, rocks and leaves." He stated that the line "I'm a cork on the ocean" was the first thing lyrically that came to him. In the lyrics, Wilson compares himself to a cork on the ocean, a rock in a landslide, and a leaf on a windy day—seeing himself as a small, helpless object, being moved inconceivable distances by forces beyond his comprehension. "How deep is the ocean? How long will the wind blow?" The hopeless conclusion is given in the song's title.
## Recording
Wilson recorded a solo piano demo of the song on November 4, 1969. According to some sources, when he presented the song to the band, one member initially voiced criticisms. Bruce Johnston remembered Brian "playing it for the band and one member of the band didn't understand it and put it down, and Brian just decided not to show it to us for a few months. He just put it away. I mean, he was absolutely crushed. This other person just didn't like it." Various sources state that Mike Love had called the song a "downer". Engineer Stephen Desper wrote that "the guys often thought the original lyrics to ['Til I Die] were drug derived." At one stage, to address the criticism, Wilson changed the lyrics from "It kills my soul" to "It holds me up" or "It fills my soul" and "I lost my way" to "I found my way". Ultimately, the rest of the group insisted that the original lyrics be kept as the new lyrics contradicted the lyrics in the verses. A recording of the song with these alternate lyrics still exists, and was released on the 2021 compilation Feel Flows.
The first dated session for the song was at Beach Boys Studio on August 15, 1970. Brian recorded five takes of the song although the song would be left only partially completed. Dennis Wilson was not present during this session due to filming dates for Two-Lane Blacktop, which resulted in a Maestro Rhythm King drum machine being used on the basic track. On August 26, the partially completed track was mixed although very little work was done on the recording until later the following year. The last dated session occurred on July 30, 1971. In Desper's recollection, Wilson played Hammond B3 organ while touring musician Daryl Dragon played vibraphone.
"Til I Die" was more or less an achievement in sound. ... After it was done I took a certain part of where I was singing and I made a mono tape loop and put my voice on the tape loop. I sent the loop into an echo chamber. I went into the echo chamber and listened to my voice in a circle and walked out of there in another world.
Al Jardine said of the song, "it's really a good vocal sound, I think Desper deserves all the credit on that one, I mean we just had the best microphones, the best microphone technique and engineering on that particular piece and that particular time." Johnston expressed similar feelings towards the song as he states that "the track is very simple...and the great, great vocal arrangement that he wrote. Really, a great piece of work."
An extended mix of the original recording, created by Desper, was included on the 1998 Endless Harmony Soundtrack. It is notable for having each instrumental layer come in after the other as an introduction and features more prominent vibraphone and organ throughout. The mix was reportedly done only for the engineer's self-interest. As Desper explains, the band "went out for lunch or something like that and since the song was already mounted and a mix up, I put together what I thought was a structure that better showcased the harmonic beauty of Brian's writing. Somewhere thereafter I did play the track for Carl, but only in the interest of disclosure, not to sway him to change the structure that Brian intended."
## Release
The song was first released on the band's album Surf's Up on August 30, 1971. On October 11, 1971, the song was released in the United States as the flip-side of the "Long Promised Road" single, which had also been released earlier that year in May with a different B-side. The single entered the Billboard charts on October 30 in the No. 93 position. It peaked three weeks later at No. 89 on the Billboard charts, where it remained for one more week until the single dropped off the charts altogether. It was the first single by the group in 19 months to chart. However, at the time it was the lowest charting single in the group's history and it remained so for a further eighteen years.
## Legacy and recognition
Bruce Johnston praised it as the last great Brian Wilson song as well as describing it as Wilson's "heaviest song." Johnston has also stated that "the words absolutely fit his mindset". Wilson also felt this was the case when he stated that "the song summed up everything I had to say at the time." In 2015, Love named the lyrics of "'Til I Die" his favorite of any written solely by Wilson, although he admitted, "I don't like the line 'it kills my soul' but I understand what he's saying." Biographer Jon Stebbins wrote: "'Til I Die' proves that Brian could not only write beautiful music, but that he had the ability to communicate honestly and artfully with his lyrics as well. The track is decorated with a haunting vibraphone and organ bed, which frames the strong harmony vocal arrangement perfectly."
As a solo artist, a remake of the song was recorded – along with an accompanying video – by Brian Wilson for inclusion in the 1995 documentary I Just Wasn't Made for These Times and it would later appear on the film's soundtrack. This version, produced by Brian and Don Was, is much more sparse than the original. Brian's re-recording of the song was released as the second track on a relatively rare UK single in 1995. However, the single failed to make any impact on the charts. In 2000, over a period of two days on April 7 and 8, Brian and his band recorded a live version of the song—based on Desper's extended mix—for inclusion on Brian's 2000 live album Live at the Roxy Theatre.
A sample of the song appears as part of the soundtrack to the 2014 film Love & Mercy on the track "The Bed Montage", composed by Atticus Ross.
## Personnel
Credits from Craig Slowinski
The Beach Boys
- Al Jardine - backing vocals
- Bruce Johnston - backing vocals, Hammond organ
- Mike Love - lead and backing vocals
- Brian Wilson - lead and backing vocals, Hammond organ, Rocksichord, snare drum, Maestro Rhythm King MRK-2 drum machine
- Carl Wilson - lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar
Additional musicians
- Daryl Dragon - bass guitar, vibraphone
- Stephen W. Desper - Moog synthesizer
## Cover versions
- 1992 – Downy Mildew, "Elevator" EP
- 1993 – Medicine, "Never Click" single
- 1996 – The Josephine Wiggs Experience, Bon Bon Lifestyle
- 1997 – The Wilsons, The Wilsons (co-produced by Brian)
- 1997 – The Elements, Wouldn't It Be Nice: A Jazz Portrait of Brian Wilson
- 1997 – Clark Burroughs Group, Wouldn't It Be Nice: A Jazz Portrait of Brian Wilson
- 2000 – Christy McWilson, The Lucky One.
- 2002 – Doug Powell, Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson.
- 2005 – Barenaked Ladies, performing an acoustic version of the song at a MusiCares concert honoring Brian Wilson. This performance was later released on DVD.
- 2006 – Marty Rudnick, More Songs About Cars and Girls.
- 2010 – Lightspeed Champion, Bye Bye EP
- 2013 – Chris Schlarb, Psychic Temple II (features Sufjan Stevens and Ikey Owens)[29]
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{{other uses|Til I Die (disambiguation)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = {{-'}}Til I Die
| cover = 'Til I Die single.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[the Beach Boys]]
| album = [[Surf's Up (album)|Surf's Up]]
| A-side = [[Long Promised Road]]
| released = {{startdate|1971|10|11}}
| recorded = {{startdate|1970|8|15}}{{snd}}{{startdate|1971|7|30}}
| studio = [[Beach Boys Studio|Beach Boys]], Los Angeles
| genre = [[Progressive pop]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaines|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Gaines|title=Heroes and Villains: The True Story of The Beach Boys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qkJvajmU4EC|year=1986|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-45300-519-7|page=242}}</ref> [[dark pop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicalyst.com/genre/dark-pop |title=Dark Pop artists and listeners — Musicalyst }}</ref>
| length = 2:29
| label = [[Brother Records|Brother]]/[[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
| writer = [[Brian Wilson]]
| producer = The Beach Boys
| chronology = [[The Beach Boys]]
| prev_title = [[Long Promised Road]]
| prev_title2 = [[Deirdre (song)|Deirdre]]
| prev_year = 1971
| title = [[Long Promised Road]]
| title2 = {{-'}}Til I Die
| next_title = [[Student Demonstration Time]]
| next_title2 = [[Don't Go Near the Water (The Beach Boys song)|Don't Go Near the Water]]
| next_year = 1971
| misc =
}}
"'''{{-'}}Til I Die'''" is a song by American [[rock music|rock]] band [[the Beach Boys]] from their 1971 album ''[[Surf's Up (album)|Surf's Up]]'', subsequently issued as the B-side of the single "[[Long Promised Road]]". With autobiographical lyrics about death and hopelessness, it is one of the few songs in which both the words and music were written solely by [[Brian Wilson]]. An extended mix of the original recording, created by engineer [[Stephen Desper]], was included on the 1998 ''[[Endless Harmony Soundtrack]]''.
== Background and composition ==
{{Listen
| title = "Till I Die"
| filename = Til I Die Beach Boys.ogg
| description =
}}
Brian Wilson reportedly wrote {{"'}}Til I Die" while suffering from an [[existential crisis]], having recently threatened to drive his car off the [[Santa Monica]] pier and ordered his gardener to dig a grave in his backyard.<ref name="badman288"/> According to biographer [[David Leaf]], these episodes were treated as jokes by Wilson's family and friends.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=147}} In a November 1970 interview, Wilson discussed his daily routine of "go[ing] to bed in the early hours of the morning and sleep[ing] until the early afternoon". He added: "I'm not unhappy with life; in fact I'm quite happy living at home."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=279}} According to Wilson's (since-discredited) 1991 autobiography ''[[Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story]]'', the song was inspired by a late night trip to the beach:
{{quotation|Lately, I'd been depressed and preoccupied with death...Looking out toward the ocean, my mind, as it did almost every hour of every day, worked to explain the inconsistencies that dominated my life; the pain, torment, and confusion and the beautiful music I was able to make. Was there an answer? Did I have no control? Had I ever? Feeling shipwrecked on an existential island, I lost myself in the balance of darkness that stretched beyond the breaking waves to the other side of the earth. The ocean was so incredibly vast, the universe was so large, and suddenly I saw myself in proportion to that, a little pebble of sand, a jellyfish floating on top of the water; traveling with the current I felt dwarfed, temporary. The next day I began writing "Til I Die", perhaps the most personal song I ever wrote for The Beach Boys...In doing so, I wanted to re-create the swell of emotions that I'd felt at the beach the previous night.<ref name="wilson194">{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Wilson |title=Wouldn't It Be Nice: My own Story|url=https://archive.org/details/wouldntitbenicem00wils |url-access=registration |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wouldntitbenicem00wils/page/194 194]|publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780060183134 }}</ref>}}
The song was written over the course of several weeks as Wilson tried to express the feelings he had experienced on that night he had spent alone at the beach. As he explains, "I struggled at the piano, experimenting with rhythms and chord changes, trying to emulate in sound the ocean's shifting tides and moods as well as its sheer enormity. I wanted the music to reflect the loneliness of floating a raft in the middle of the Pacific. I wanted each note to sound as if it was disappearing into the hugeness of the universe.<ref name="badman288">{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Badman |title=The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band on Stage and in the Studio |url=https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm |url-access=registration |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm/page/288 288]|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |isbn=9780879308186 }}</ref>
Explaining how Wilson came up with the chords, [[Don Was]] recalled, "he told me that he was sitting at a piano, creating geometric patterns with his fingers, trying not to move the fingers on the outside of the patterns, but limiting changes to internal movements. When he landed on a shape that both looked cool and sounded good, he wrote it down. So, essentially he created this masterpiece by contorting his fingers into really groovy shapes."<ref name="williams212-13"/> However, Was said, "I've absolutely no idea whether this story has any basis in truth or whether he was just making it up on the spot to entertain me."<ref name="williams212-13">{{cite book |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Williams |title=How Deep is the Ocean? |year=2003 |pages=212–213}}</ref>
Asked how he came up with the song in a 2007 interview, Wilson answered, "Well, I put a b note in g major 7th chord and it was a 3rd in the chord, and the note in the key of g resonates pretty well. Lyrically, I tried to put nature in there. Earth, water, rocks and leaves."<ref name="Kub07">{{cite web |last1=Kubernick |first1=Harvey |author1-link=Harvey Kubernick |title=Kubernick: Beach Boys "Feel Flows" Box Set |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/kubernik-beach-boys-feel-flows-box-set/ |website=Music Connection |date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> He stated that the line "I'm a cork on the ocean" was the first thing lyrically that came to him.<ref name="podcast" /> In the lyrics, Wilson compares himself to a cork on the ocean, a rock in a landslide, and a leaf on a windy day—seeing himself as a small, helpless object, being moved inconceivable distances by forces beyond his comprehension. "How deep is the ocean? How long will the wind blow?" The hopeless conclusion is given in the song's title.<ref name="carlin172"/>
== Recording ==
Wilson recorded a solo piano demo of the song on November 4, 1969.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=257}} According to some sources, when he presented the song to the band, one member initially voiced criticisms.<ref name="white286">{{cite book |first=Timothy |last=White |title=The Nearest Faraway Place |year=1996 |page=286}}</ref><ref name="granata211">{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Granata |title=I Just Wasn't Made For These Times |year=2003 |page=211}}</ref> [[Bruce Johnston]] remembered Brian "playing it for the band and one member of the band didn't understand it and put it down, and Brian just decided not to show it to us for a few months. He just put it away. I mean, he was absolutely crushed. This other person just didn't like it."<ref name="leaf144">{{cite book |first=David |last=Leaf |title=The Beach Boys And The California Myth |url=https://archive.org/details/beachboyscalifor00leaf |url-access=registration |year=1978 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beachboyscalifor00leaf/page/144 144]|publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |isbn=9780448146256 }}</ref> Various sources state that [[Mike Love]] had called the song a "downer".<ref name="carlin172"/><ref name=mojo2009>{{cite book|editor1-last=Irvin|editor1-first=Jim|title=The Mojo Collection|date=2009|publisher=Canongate|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781847676436|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVQbF9lTBwgC&pg=PA245}}</ref> Engineer [[Stephen Desper]] wrote that "the guys often thought the original lyrics to ['Til I Die] were drug derived."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desper |first1=Stephen |title=Re: Beach Boys studio disasters and screwups? |url=http://smileysmile.net/board/index.php/topic,26134.msg641253/topicseen.html#msg641253 |website=smileysmile.net |access-date=October 24, 2020 |date=September 23, 2018}}</ref> At one stage, to address the criticism, Wilson changed the lyrics from "It kills my soul" to "It holds me up" or "It fills my soul" and "I lost my way" to "I found my way". Ultimately, the rest of the group insisted that the original lyrics be kept as the new lyrics contradicted the lyrics in the verses.<ref name="carlin172">{{cite book |first=Peter Ames |last=Carlin |title=Catch A Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/catchwaverise00carl |url-access=registration |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/catchwaverise00carl/page/172 172]|publisher=Rodale |isbn=9781594863202 }}</ref> A recording of the song with these alternate lyrics still exists, and was released on the 2021 compilation [[Feel Flows (album)|Feel Flows]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Chidester |first1=Brian |title=Busy Doin' Somethin': Uncovering Brian Wilson's Lost Bedroom Tapes |url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/03/busy-doin-somethin-uncovering-brian-wilsons-lost-b.html?a=1 |magazine=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=December 11, 2014 |date=March 7, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211033306/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/03/busy-doin-somethin-uncovering-brian-wilsons-lost-b.html?a=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The first dated session for the song was at [[Beach Boys Studio]] on August 15, 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Andrew G. |title=GIGS70 |url=http://bellagio10452.com/gigs70.html |website=Bellagio 10452}}</ref> {{citation span|text=Brian recorded five takes of the song although the song would be left only partially completed. Dennis Wilson was not present during this session due to filming dates for ''[[Two-Lane Blacktop]]'', which resulted in a Maestro Rhythm King [[drum machine]] being used on the basic track. On August 26, the partially completed track was mixed although very little work was done on the recording until later the following year.|date=June 2014}} The last dated session occurred on July 30, 1971.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Andrew G. |title=GIGS71 |url=http://bellagio10452.com/gigs71.html |website=Bellagio 10452}}</ref> In Desper's recollection, Wilson played [[Hammond B3 organ]] while touring musician [[Daryl Dragon]] played vibraphone.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desper |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Desper |title=Re: Brian Wilson's instrumental contributions to the Surf's Up album |url=http://smileysmile.net/board/index.php/topic,21314.msg516754/topicseen.html#msg516754 |website=smileysmile.net |access-date=October 24, 2020 |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref>
{{Quote box
| quote = "Til I Die" was more or less an achievement in sound. ... After it was done I took a certain part of where I was singing and I made a mono tape loop and put my voice on the tape loop. I sent the loop into an echo chamber. I went into the echo chamber and listened to my voice in a circle and walked out of there in another world.
| source = —Brian Wilson<ref name="Sharp09">{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Ken |title=Brian Wilson: God's Messenger |url=https://americansongwriter.com/brian-wilson-gods-messenger/5/ |website=[[American Songwriter]] |date=January 2, 2009}}</ref>
| width = 25%
| align = right
}}
[[Al Jardine]] said of the song, "it's really a good vocal sound, I think Desper deserves all the credit on that one, I mean we just had the best microphones, the best microphone technique and engineering on that particular piece and that particular time."<ref name="podcast">{{Cite web|url=http://filmeekeeda.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329005044/http://filmeekeeda.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 29, 2018|title=Filmee Keeda - Hollywood & Bollywood Movie review{{pipe}} TV Shows{{pipe}}|date=March 29, 2018}}</ref> Johnston expressed similar feelings towards the song as he states that "the track is very simple...and the great, great vocal arrangement that he wrote. Really, a great piece of work."<ref name="podcast"/>
An extended mix of the original recording, created by Desper, was included on the 1998 ''[[Endless Harmony Soundtrack]]''. It is notable for having each instrumental layer come in after the other as an introduction and features more prominent vibraphone and organ throughout. The mix was reportedly done only for the engineer's self-interest. As Desper explains, the band "went out for lunch or something like that and since the song was already mounted and a mix up, I put together what I thought was a structure that better showcased the harmonic beauty of Brian's writing. Somewhere thereafter I did play the track for Carl, but only in the interest of disclosure, not to sway him to change the structure that Brian intended."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desper |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Desper |title=Re: The Stephen Desper Thread |url=https://smileysmile.net/board/index.php/topic,1203.msg56851.html#msg56851 |website=smileysmile.com |access-date=October 24, 2020 |date=December 31, 2006}}</ref>
== Release ==
The song was first released on the band's album ''Surf's Up'' on August 30, 1971. On October 11, 1971, the song was released in the United States as the flip-side of the "Long Promised Road" single, which had also been released earlier that year in May with a different B-side. The single entered the ''Billboard'' charts on October 30 in the No. 93 position. It peaked three weeks later at No. 89 on the ''Billboard'' charts, where it remained for one more week until the single dropped off the charts altogether.<ref>{{cite book |first=Brad |last=Elliott |title=Surf's Up: The Beach Boys On Record 1961-1981 |year=2003 |page=421}}</ref> It was the first single by the group in 19 months to chart. However, at the time it was the lowest charting single in the group's history and it remained so for a further eighteen years.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm/page/300 300]}}
==Legacy and recognition==
Bruce Johnston praised it as the last great Brian Wilson song<ref name="leaf144"/><ref>{{cite AV media | people = Boyd, Alan (Director) | title = Endless Harmony: The Beach Boys Story | medium = Documentary | publisher = Eagle Eye Media |date = 1998}}</ref> as well as describing it as Wilson's "heaviest song."<ref name="leaf144"/> Johnston has also stated that "the words absolutely fit his mindset".<ref name="podcast"/> Wilson also felt this was the case when he stated that "the song summed up everything I had to say at the time."<ref name="badman288"/> In 2015, Love named the lyrics of {{"'}}Til I Die" his favorite of any written solely by Wilson, although he admitted, "I don't like the line 'it kills my soul' but I understand what he's saying."<ref name=Sharp1on1>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Ken|title=Mike Love of the Beach Boys: One-On-One (The Interview Part 1)|url=http://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2015/09/09/mike-love-of-the-beach-boys-one-on-one-the-interview-part-1/2/#sthash.om8yj2AB.dpbs|publisher=[[Rock Cellar Magazine]]|date=September 9, 2015|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612170213/https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2015/09/09/mike-love-of-the-beach-boys-one-on-one-the-interview-part-1/2/#sthash.om8yj2AB.dpbs|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biographer [[Jon Stebbins]] wrote: {{"'}}Til I Die' proves that Brian could not only write beautiful music, but that he had the ability to communicate honestly and artfully with his lyrics as well. The track is decorated with a haunting vibraphone and organ bed, which frames the strong harmony vocal arrangement perfectly."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stebbins|first1=Jon|author-link=Jon Stebbins|title=The Beach Boys FAQ: All That's Left to Know About America's Band|date=2011|isbn=9781458429148|page=124|publisher=Backbeat Books }}</ref>
As a solo artist, a remake of the song was recorded – along with an accompanying video – by Brian Wilson for inclusion in the 1995 documentary ''[[Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made for These Times|I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]'' and it would later appear on the film's soundtrack. This version, produced by Brian and [[Don Was]], is much more sparse than the original. Brian's re-recording of the song was released as the second track on a relatively rare UK single in 1995. However, the single failed to make any impact on the charts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} In 2000, over a period of two days on April 7 and 8, Brian and his band recorded a live version of the song—based on Desper's extended mix—for inclusion on Brian's 2000 live album ''[[Live at the Roxy Theatre]]''.
A sample of the song appears as part of the [[Music from Love & Mercy|soundtrack]] to the 2014 film ''[[Love & Mercy (film)|Love & Mercy]]'' on the track "The Bed Montage", composed by [[Atticus Ross]].
==Personnel==
Credits from Craig Slowinski<ref name="Slowinski2021">{{cite magazine |last=Slowinski|first=Craig |date=Summer 2021 |title=Surf's Up: 50th Anniversary Edition|issue=134|volume=34|magazine=Endless Summer Quarterly Magazine |location=Charlotte, North Carolina|editor-first=David|editor-last=Beard}}</ref>
'''The Beach Boys'''
*[[Al Jardine]] - backing vocals
*[[Bruce Johnston]] - backing vocals, Hammond organ
*[[Mike Love]] - lead and backing vocals
*[[Brian Wilson]] - lead and backing vocals, Hammond organ, [[Rocky Mount Instruments|Rocksichord]], snare drum, Maestro Rhythm King MRK-2 [[drum machine]]
*[[Carl Wilson]] - lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar
'''Additional musicians'''
*[[Daryl Dragon]] - bass guitar, vibraphone
*[[Stephen Desper|Stephen W. Desper]] - [[Moog synthesizer]]
== Cover versions ==
{{see also|List of cover versions of Beach Boys songs}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{div col}}
*1992 – [[Downy Mildew]], "Elevator" EP
*1993 – [[Medicine (band)|Medicine]], "Never Click" single
*1996 – [[Josephine Wiggs|The Josephine Wiggs Experience]], ''Bon Bon Lifestyle''
*1997 – The Wilsons, ''[[The Wilsons (album)|The Wilsons]]'' (co-produced by Brian)
*1997 – The Elements, ''Wouldn't It Be Nice: A Jazz Portrait of Brian Wilson''
*1997 – [[Clark Burroughs Group]], ''Wouldn't It Be Nice: A Jazz Portrait of Brian Wilson''
*2000 – [[Christy McWilson]], ''The Lucky One''.
*2002 – [[Doug Powell (musician, apologist)|Doug Powell]], ''[[Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson]]''.
*2005 – [[Barenaked Ladies]], performing an acoustic version of the song at a MusiCares concert honoring Brian Wilson. This performance was later released on DVD.
*2006 – [[Marty Rudnick]], ''More Songs About Cars and Girls''.
*2010 – [[Lightspeed Champion]], ''Bye Bye EP''
*2013 – [[Chris Schlarb]], ''Psychic Temple II'' (features [[Sufjan Stevens]] and [[Ikey Owens]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/50644-listen-sufjan-stevens-sings-on-chris-schlarbs-cover-of-the-beach-boys-til-i-die/ |title=Listen: Sufjan Stevens Sings on Chris Schlarb's Cover of the Beach Boys' {{"'}}Til I Die" |first=Jenn |last=Pelly |date=May 7, 2013 |website=Pitchfork |access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Surf's Up}}
{{The Beach Boys singles}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Til I Die}}
[[Category:1971 singles]]
[[Category:The Beach Boys songs]]
[[Category:Brian Wilson songs]]
[[Category:Songs about death]]
[[Category:Songs about loneliness]]
[[Category:Songs written by Brian Wilson]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Brian Wilson]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by the Beach Boys]]
[[Category:1971 songs]]
| 1,276,497,702 |
[{"title": "from the album Surf's Up", "data": {"A-side": "\"Long Promised Road\"", "Released": "October 11, 1971", "Recorded": "August 15, 1970 \u2013 July 30, 1971", "Studio": "Beach Boys, Los Angeles", "Genre": "Progressive pop, dark pop", "Length": "2:29", "Label": "Brother/Reprise", "Songwriter(s)": "Brian Wilson", "Producer(s)": "The Beach Boys"}}, {"title": "The Beach Boys singles chronology", "data": {"\"Long Promised Road\" / \"Deirdre\" \u00b7 (1971)": "\"Long Promised Road\" / \"'Til I Die\" \u00b7 (1971) \u00b7 \"Student Demonstration Time\" / \"Don't Go Near the Water\" \u00b7 (1971)"}}, {"title": "The Beach Boys singles", "data": {"1960s": "1961 \" Surfin' \" / \"Luau\" 1962 \" Surfin' Safari \" / \" 409 \" \" Ten Little Indians \" / \" County Fair \" 1963 \" Surfin' U.S.A. \" / \" Shut Down \" \" Surfer Girl \" / \" Little Deuce Coupe \" \" Be True to Your School \" / \" In My Room \" \" Little Saint Nick \" / \" The Lord's Prayer \" 1964 \" Fun, Fun, Fun \" / \" Why Do Fools Fall in Love \" \" I Get Around \" / \" Don't Worry Baby \" \" When I Grow Up (To Be a Man) \" / \" She Knows Me Too Well \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \" / \" The Warmth of the Sun \" \" The Man with All the Toys \" / \" Blue Christmas \" 1965 \" Do You Wanna Dance? \" / \" Please Let Me Wonder \" \" Help Me, Rhonda \" / \" Kiss Me, Baby \" \" California Girls \"/ \" Let Him Run Wild \" \" The Little Girl I Once Knew \" / \" There's No Other (Like My Baby) \" \" Barbara Ann \" / \" Girl Don't Tell Me \" 1966 \" Sloop John B \" / \" You're So Good to Me \" \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" / \" God Only Knows \" \" Good Vibrations \" / \" Let's Go Away for Awhile \" 1967 \" Then I Kissed Her \" / \" Mountain of Love \" \" Heroes and Villains \" / \" You're Welcome \" \" Wild Honey \" / \" Wind Chimes \" \" Darlin' \" / \" Here Today \" 1968 \" Friends \" / \" Little Bird \" \" Do It Again \" / \" Wake the World \" \" Bluebirds over the Mountain \" / \" Never Learn Not to Love \" 1969 \" I Can Hear Music \" / \" All I Want to Do \" \" Break Away \" / \"Celebrate the News\"", "1970s": "1970 \" Add Some Music to Your Day \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \" \" Cottonfields \" / \"The Nearest Faraway Place\" \" Slip On Through \" / \" This Whole World \" \" Tears in the Morning \" / \" It's About Time \" 1971 \" Cool, Cool Water \" / \" Forever \" \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" (live) / \" The Times They Are a-Changin' \" (by Merry Clayton) \" Long Promised Road \" / \" Deirdre \" \" Long Promised Road \" / \" 'Til I Die \" \" Student Demonstration Time \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \" \" Surf's Up \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \" 1972 \" You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone \" / \" Cuddle Up \" \" Marcella \" / \"Hold On Dear Brother\" 1973 \" Sail On, Sailor \" / \"Only with You\" \" California Saga/California \" / \" Funky Pretty \" 1974 \" Surfin' U.S.A. \" / \" The Warmth of the Sun \" \" Child of Winter (Christmas Song) \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \" 1975 \" Sail On, Sailor \" / \"Only with You\" 1976 \" Rock and Roll Music \" / \"T M Song\" \" It's O.K. \" / \" Had to Phone Ya \" \" Everyone's in Love with You \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \" 1977 \" Honkin' Down the Highway \" / \" Solar System \" 1978 \" Peggy Sue \" / \" Hey Little Tomboy \" 1979 \" Here Comes the Night \" / \"Baby Blue\" \" Good Timin' \" / \"Love Surrounds Me\" \" Lady Lynda \" / \"Full Sail\" \" It's a Beautiful Day \" / \" Sumahama \"", "1980s": "1980 \" Goin' On \" / \"Endless Harmony\" \" Livin' with a Heartache \" / \"Santa Ana Winds\" 1981 \" The Beach Boys Medley \" / \" God Only Knows \" \" Come Go with Me \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \" 1985 \" Getcha Back \" / \"Male Ego\" \" It's Gettin' Late \" / \" It's O.K. \" \" She Believes in Love Again \" / \"It's Just a Matter of Time\" 1986 \" Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue \" / \" Good Vibrations \" (live) \" California Dreamin' \" / \" Lady Liberty \" 1987 \"Happy Endings\" ( with Little Richard ) / \" California Girls \" (live) 1988 \" Kokomo \" / \" Tutti Frutti \" (Little Richard) 1989 \" Still Cruisin' \" / \" Kokomo \"", "1990s": "1990 \" Somewhere Near Japan \" / \" Kokomo \" \" Problem Child \" / \"Problem Child (Instrumental)\" 1992 \" Hot Fun in the Summertime \" / \"Summer of Love\" 1996 \" I Just Wasn't Made for These Times \" / \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" / \" Here Today \"", "2010s": "2011 \" Good Vibrations \" / \" Heroes and Villains \" \" Don't Fight the Sea \" / \" Friends \" 2012 \" That's Why God Made the Radio \" / \" That's Why God Made the Radio \" (instrumental) \" Isn't It Time \" / Live in Chicago"}}, {"title": "1961", "data": {"1961": "\" Surfin' \" / \"Luau\"", "1962": "\" Surfin' Safari \" / \" 409 \" \" Ten Little Indians \" / \" County Fair \"", "1963": "\" Surfin' U.S.A. \" / \" Shut Down \" \" Surfer Girl \" / \" Little Deuce Coupe \" \" Be True to Your School \" / \" In My Room \" \" Little Saint Nick \" / \" The Lord's Prayer \"", "1964": "\" Fun, Fun, Fun \" / \" Why Do Fools Fall in Love \" \" I Get Around \" / \" Don't Worry Baby \" \" When I Grow Up (To Be a Man) \" / \" She Knows Me Too Well \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \" / \" The Warmth of the Sun \" \" The Man with All the Toys \" / \" Blue Christmas \"", "1965": "\" Do You Wanna Dance? \" / \" Please Let Me Wonder \" \" Help Me, Rhonda \" / \" Kiss Me, Baby \" \" California Girls \"/ \" Let Him Run Wild \" \" The Little Girl I Once Knew \" / \" There's No Other (Like My Baby) \" \" Barbara Ann \" / \" Girl Don't Tell Me \"", "1966": "\" Sloop John B \" / \" You're So Good to Me \" \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" / \" God Only Knows \" \" Good Vibrations \" / \" Let's Go Away for Awhile \"", "1967": "\" Then I Kissed Her \" / \" Mountain of Love \" \" Heroes and Villains \" / \" You're Welcome \" \" Wild Honey \" / \" Wind Chimes \" \" Darlin' \" / \" Here Today \"", "1968": "\" Friends \" / \" Little Bird \" \" Do It Again \" / \" Wake the World \" \" Bluebirds over the Mountain \" / \" Never Learn Not to Love \"", "1969": "\" I Can Hear Music \" / \" All I Want to Do \" \" Break Away \" / \"Celebrate the News\""}}, {"title": "1970", "data": {"1970": "\" Add Some Music to Your Day \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \" \" Cottonfields \" / \"The Nearest Faraway Place\" \" Slip On Through \" / \" This Whole World \" \" Tears in the Morning \" / \" It's About Time \"", "1971": "\" Cool, Cool Water \" / \" Forever \" \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" (live) / \" The Times They Are a-Changin' \" (by Merry Clayton) \" Long Promised Road \" / \" Deirdre \" \" Long Promised Road \" / \" 'Til I Die \" \" Student Demonstration Time \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \" \" Surf's Up \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \"", "1972": "\" You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone \" / \" Cuddle Up \" \" Marcella \" / \"Hold On Dear Brother\"", "1973": "\" Sail On, Sailor \" / \"Only with You\" \" California Saga/California \" / \" Funky Pretty \"", "1974": "\" Surfin' U.S.A. \" / \" The Warmth of the Sun \" \" Child of Winter (Christmas Song) \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \"", "1975": "\" Sail On, Sailor \" / \"Only with You\"", "1976": "\" Rock and Roll Music \" / \"T M Song\" \" It's O.K. \" / \" Had to Phone Ya \" \" Everyone's in Love with You \" / \" Susie Cincinnati \"", "1977": "\" Honkin' Down the Highway \" / \" Solar System \"", "1978": "\" Peggy Sue \" / \" Hey Little Tomboy \"", "1979": "\" Here Comes the Night \" / \"Baby Blue\" \" Good Timin' \" / \"Love Surrounds Me\" \" Lady Lynda \" / \"Full Sail\" \" It's a Beautiful Day \" / \" Sumahama \""}}, {"title": "1980", "data": {"1980": "\" Goin' On \" / \"Endless Harmony\" \" Livin' with a Heartache \" / \"Santa Ana Winds\"", "1981": "\" The Beach Boys Medley \" / \" God Only Knows \" \" Come Go with Me \" / \" Don't Go Near the Water \"", "1985": "\" Getcha Back \" / \"Male Ego\" \" It's Gettin' Late \" / \" It's O.K. \" \" She Believes in Love Again \" / \"It's Just a Matter of Time\"", "1986": "\" Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue \" / \" Good Vibrations \" (live) \" California Dreamin' \" / \" Lady Liberty \"", "1987": "\"Happy Endings\" ( with Little Richard ) / \" California Girls \" (live)", "1988": "\" Kokomo \" / \" Tutti Frutti \" (Little Richard)", "1989": "\" Still Cruisin' \" / \" Kokomo \""}}, {"title": "1990", "data": {"1990": "\" Somewhere Near Japan \" / \" Kokomo \" \" Problem Child \" / \"Problem Child (Instrumental)\"", "1992": "\" Hot Fun in the Summertime \" / \"Summer of Love\"", "1996": "\" I Just Wasn't Made for These Times \" / \" Wouldn't It Be Nice \" / \" Here Today \""}}, {"title": "2011", "data": {"2011": "\" Good Vibrations \" / \" Heroes and Villains \" \" Don't Fight the Sea \" / \" Friends \"", "2012": "\" That's Why God Made the Radio \" / \" That's Why God Made the Radio \" (instrumental) \" Isn't It Time \" / Live in Chicago"}}]
| false |
# 11th Corps (People's Republic of China)
The 11th Corps (later the 11th Army Corps) (Chinese: 第11军) was a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. It was active from 1949 to 1952, with a six month break; and from 1969 to the end of 1985. It is currently inactive. In 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. In 1984 it again fought in Vietnam. It was stationed in the Kunming Military Region.
## First Formation
The 11th Corps was activated on March 1, 1949, from the 3rd Column, Zhongyuan Field Army. In March–December 1949 it was part of Ch'en Tsi-Lien's 3rd Army of the Second Field Army. The Corps was composed of the 31st Division, 32nd Division and 33rd Division. During the Chinese Civil War its commander was Chen Jiagui, and its political commissar was Zhang Qi.
In early 1950 the corps was stationed in eastern Sichuan Province. During its deployment in Sichuan, the corps supported 18th Corps' invasion of Tibet. As the Civil War wound down, the corps was inactivated in July 1950. Its headquarters was transferred to the Navy's control and converted at Qingdao Naval Base into what is now the North Sea Fleet.
## 2nd Formation
In January 1951, the 31st Division was detached and transferred to 12th Corps control, which later moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army to support North Korea during the Korean War.
In March, the 32nd and 33rd Divisions moved to Langfang, Hebei. In July, 11th Corps was reactivated from 32nd, 33rd and 182nd Divisions.
The unit was a reserve formation for the People's Volunteer Army, but it never deployed into the Korean Peninsula. In October 1952 the corps was inactivated. The corps' headquarters was transferred to the Air Force's control and converted to Headquarters, 5th Air Force Corps. The 32nd Division was transferred to 16th Corps' control. The 33rd Division was deployed into Korea; after 1954 the division was attached to 26th Corps. The 182nd Division was converted into the 8th Railway Engineer Division.
## 3rd Formation
On November 14, 1969, the 11th Army Corps (Chinese: 陆军第11军) was activated in Dali, Yunnan. The corps was composed of the 31st and 32nd Army Divisions, making it a rare example of a "Reduced Army Corps", which was composed of two, instead of three, divisions. An artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft artillery regiment were also attached.
In May 1976, the Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region, formerly the 4th Independent Tank Regiment of Beijing Military Region, was attached to the corps.
### Sino-Vietnamese War
In 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the conflict the corps was strengthened by taking the Independent Division of Yunnan Provincial Military Region under command; in May 1979, this division was renamed 33rd Army Division. 32nd Army Division was temporarily detached from the corps to form the reserve force of Kunming Military Region.
The main force of 11th Army Corps, without its 32nd Army Division and its tank regiment, thrust 34 kilometres (21 mi) into Vietnamese territory in the 55-day-long campaign. The division spent 22 days outside China and claimed to have destroyed one Vietnamese regiment and three battalions and captured Phong Thổ. The corps also claimed to have inflicted 2,899 casualties and taken 58 prisoners
From April 4–29, 1984, 11th Army Corps was again in Vietnam and took part in the Battle of Zheyinshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on the Vietnamese forces and to have captured 18 prisoners of war and 19 artillery pieces.
From August 4 to December 9, 1984, 11th Army Corps took part in the Battle of Laoshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed 1,698 killed and one captured.
### Disbandment
In December 1985 the corps was disbanded. 31st Army Division was transferred to 14th Army's control as 31st Motorized Infantry Division, a 'southern motorized infantry division'. 32nd Army Division was converted to 2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region, which was disbanded in 1992. 33rd Army Division was disbanded and merged with 65th Artillery Division as the anti-aircraft artillery brigade attached to 14th Army. The corps' tank regiment was merged with 14th Army Corps existing tank brigade.
## Components
Before its disbandment the army corps was composed of:
- 31st Army Division
- 91st Infantry Regiment
- 92nd Infantry Regiment
- 93rd Infantry Regiment
- Artillery Regiment
- 32nd Army Division
- 94th Infantry Regiment
- 95th Infantry Regiment
- 96th Infantry Regiment
- Artillery Regiment
- 33rd Army Division
- 97th Infantry Regiment
- 98th Infantry Regiment
- 99th Infantry Regiment
- Artillery Regiment
- Tank Regiment
- Artillery Regiment
- Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
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enwiki
| 51,837,283 |
11th Corps (People's Republic of China)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Corps_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)
|
2021-07-23T05:20:07Z
|
en
|
Q28223914
| 75,375 |
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Former Chinese military unit}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = {{ublist|11th Corps (1949–52)|11th Army Corps (1969–85)}}
| image =
| caption =
| dates = {{ublist|1949.3–1950.7 |1951.1–1952.10 |1969.11–1985.12}}
| country = {{PRC}}
| allegiance = {{CPC flag}}
| branch = {{Army|China}}
| command_structure = [[Kunming Military Region]]
| garrison = [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]], [[Yunnan]]
| battles = {{ulist|[[Chinese Civil War]]|[[Sino-Vietnamese War]]}}
}}
The '''11th Corps''' (later the '''11th Army Corps''') ({{zh|第11军}}) was a military formation of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]]. It was active from 1949 to 1952, with a six month break; and from 1969 to the end of 1985. It is currently inactive. In 1979 the corps took part in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]. In 1984 it again [[Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991|fought in Vietnam]]. It was stationed in the [[Kunming Military Region]].
==First Formation==
The 11th Corps was activated on March 1, 1949, from the 3rd Column, Zhongyuan Field Army. In March–December 1949 it was part of Ch'en Tsi-Lien's 3rd Army of the [[Second Field Army]].<ref>Witson, 1972, 187.</ref> The Corps was composed of the [[36th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)|31st Division]], [[48th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)|32nd Division]] and [[76th Reserve Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|33rd Division]].<ref>Witson, 1972, 187</ref> During the [[Chinese Civil War]] its commander was [[Chen Jiagui]], and its [[political commissar]] was Zhang Qi.
In early 1950 the corps was stationed in eastern [[Sichuan Province]]. During its deployment in Sichuan, the corps supported [[18th Corps (People's Republic of China)|18th Corps]]' [[Battle of Chamdo|invasion of Tibet]]. As the Civil War wound down, the corps was inactivated in July 1950. Its headquarters was transferred to the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]]'s control and converted at Qingdao Naval Base into what is now the [[North Sea Fleet]].
==2nd Formation==
In January 1951, the 31st Division was detached and transferred to [[12th Group Army|12th Corps]] control, which later moved into Korea as a part of the [[People's Volunteer Army]] to support [[North Korea]] during the [[Korean War]].
In March, the 32nd and 33rd Divisions moved to [[Langfang]], [[Hebei]]. In July, 11th Corps was reactivated from 32nd, 33rd and [[182nd Division (People's Republic of China)|182nd]] Divisions.
The unit was a reserve formation for the [[People's Volunteer Army]], but it never deployed into the Korean Peninsula. In October 1952 the corps was inactivated. The corps' headquarters was transferred to the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]]'s control and converted to Headquarters, [[5th Air Force Corps (People's Liberation Army Air Force)|5th Air Force Corps]]. The 32nd Division was transferred to [[16th Group Army|16th Corps]]' control. The 33rd Division was deployed into Korea; after 1954 the division was attached to [[26th Army (People's Republic of China)|26th Corps]]. The 182nd Division was converted into the [[8th Railway Division (People's Republic of China)|8th Railway Engineer Division]].
==3rd Formation==
On November{{nbs}}14, 1969, the 11th Army Corps ({{zh|陆军第11军}}) was activated in [[Dali City|Dali]], [[Yunnan]]. The corps was composed of the [[31st Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|31st]] and [[2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region|32nd]] Army Divisions, making it a rare example of a "Reduced Army Corps", which was composed of two, instead of three, divisions. An artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft artillery regiment were also attached.
In May 1976, the Independent Tank Regiment of [[Kunming Military Region]], formerly the 4th Independent Tank Regiment of [[Beijing Military Region]], was attached to the corps.
===Sino-Vietnamese War===
In 1979 the corps took part in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]. During the conflict the corps was strengthened by taking the [[33rd Army Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)|Independent Division of Yunnan Provincial Military Region]] under command; in May 1979, this division was renamed 33rd Army Division. [[2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region|32nd Army Division]] was temporarily detached from the corps to form the reserve force of [[Kunming Military Region]].
The main force of 11th Army Corps, without its 32nd Army Division and its tank regiment, thrust {{convert|34|km|mi}} into Vietnamese territory in the 55-day-long campaign. The division spent 22 days outside China and claimed to have destroyed one Vietnamese regiment and three battalions and captured [[Phong Thổ District|Phong Thổ]]. The corps also claimed to have inflicted 2,899 casualties and taken 58 prisoners
From April 4–29, 1984, 11th Army Corps was again in Vietnam and took part in the [[Battle of Zheyinshan]]. During its deployment, the corps claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on the Vietnamese forces and to have captured 18 prisoners of war and 19 artillery pieces.
From August 4 to December 9, 1984, 11th Army Corps took part in the [[Battle of Laoshan]]. During its deployment, the corps claimed 1,698 killed and one captured.
===Disbandment===
In December 1985 the corps was disbanded. 31st Army Division was transferred to [[14th Group Army|14th Army]]'s control as [[31st Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|31st Motorized Infantry Division]], a 'southern motorized infantry division'. 32nd Army Division was converted to [[2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region]], which was disbanded in 1992. 33rd Army Division was disbanded and merged with [[65th Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|65th Artillery Division]] as the anti-aircraft artillery brigade attached to [[14th Group Army|14th Army]]. The corps' tank regiment was merged with 14th Army Corps existing tank brigade.
==Components==
Before its disbandment the army corps was composed of:
*[[31st Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|31st Army Division]]
**91st Infantry Regiment
**92nd Infantry Regiment
**93rd Infantry Regiment
**Artillery Regiment
*[[2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region|32nd Army Division]]
**94th Infantry Regiment
**95th Infantry Regiment
**96th Infantry Regiment
**Artillery Regiment
*[[33rd Army Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)|33rd Army Division]]
**97th Infantry Regiment
**98th Infantry Regiment
**99th Infantry Regiment
**Artillery Regiment
*Tank Regiment
*Artillery Regiment
*Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
==References==
{{reflist}}
*William W. Whitson, with Chen-hsia Huang. (1973) ''The Chinese high command; a history of Communist military politics, 1927-71''. Foreword by Lucian W. Pye.
{{Corps and Armies of the People's Liberation Army}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:11th Army (People's Republic Of China)}}
[[Category:Field armies of the People's Liberation Army|11]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1949]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1985]]
| 1,035,017,562 |
[{"title": "- 11th Corps (1949\u201352) - 11th Army Corps (1969\u201385)", "data": {"Active": "- 1949.3\u20131950.7 - 1951.1\u20131952.10 - 1969.11\u20131985.12", "Country": "People's Republic of China", "Allegiance": "Chinese Communist Party", "Branch": "People's Liberation Army Ground Force", "Part of": "Kunming Military Region", "Garrison/HQ": "Dali, Yunnan", "Engagements": "- Chinese Civil War - Sino-Vietnamese War"}}]
| false |
# 1440 imperial election
The imperial election of 1440 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 2.
## Background
Albert II of Germany, King-elect of Germany, died on October 27, 1439. The prince-electors convened to replace him were:
- Dietrich Schenk von Erbach, elector of Mainz
- James of Sierk, elector of Trier
- Dietrich II of Moers, elector of Cologne
- Louis IV, elector of the Electoral Palatinate
- Frederick II, elector of Saxony
- Frederick I, elector of Brandenburg
The throne of Bohemia was vacant. Albert was king of Bohemia and his firstborn son Ladislaus the Posthumous would not be born until February 22.
## Elected
Frederick, duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and regent of Austria, was elected.
## Aftermath
Frederick III was crowned in Rome by the pope on March 19, 1452. He was the lineal ancestor of all subsequent emperors of the House of Habsburg.
|
enwiki/55856061
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enwiki
| 55,856,061 |
1440 imperial election
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_imperial_election
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2024-11-10T13:01:21Z
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en
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Q48841679
| 22,862 |
[[File:Hans_Burgkmair_d._Ä._005.jpg|thumb|right|Burgkmair the Empire]]
The '''imperial election of 1440''' was an [[imperial election]] held to select the [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. It took place in [[Frankfurt]] on February 2.
== Background ==
[[Albert II of Germany]], King-elect of Germany, died on October 27, 1439. The [[prince-elector]]s convened to replace him were:
* [[Dietrich Schenk von Erbach]], elector of [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]]
* James of Sierk, elector of [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]]
* Dietrich II of Moers, elector of [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]]
* [[Louis IV, Elector Palatine|Louis IV]], elector of the [[Electoral Palatinate]]
* [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony|Frederick II]], elector of [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]]
* [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick I]], elector of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
The throne of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] was vacant. Albert was [[king]] of Bohemia and his firstborn son [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] would not be born until February 22.
== Elected ==
[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]], [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]] and [[regent]] of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]], was elected.
== Aftermath ==
Frederick III was crowned in [[Rome]] by the [[pope]] on March 19, 1452. He was the lineal ancestor of all subsequent emperors of the [[House of Habsburg]].
{{Holy Roman Empire elections}}
[[Category:Imperial election (Holy Roman Empire)]]
[[Category:1440 in Europe]]
[[Category:1440s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:15th-century elections]]
[[Category:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 1,256,548,509 |
[]
| false |
# (612600) 2003 SM84
(612600) 2003 SM84 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group orbiting between Earth and Mars. It was first observed by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at the Lincoln Laboratory ETS on 20 September 2003. As of 2020, this minor planet has neither been nor named.
2003 SM84 is an Amor asteroid – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0–1.2 AU once every 14 months (436 days; semi-major axis of 1.13 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation by LINEAR in 2003.
The object's spectral type remains unknown. Using a magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2003 SM84 measures 86 and 160 meters in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 22.7 and an assumed albedo of 0.20 (S-type) and 0.057 (C-type), respectively. 2003 SM84 was being considered by the European Space Agency as a candidate target for the Don Quijote mission to study the effects of impacting a spacecraft into an asteroid.
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enwiki/24964033
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enwiki
| 24,964,033 |
(612600) 2003 SM84
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(612600)_2003_SM84
|
2024-11-04T21:12:36Z
|
en
|
Q440499
| 62,673 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|612600|2003 SM|84}}}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = {{mp|(612600) 2003 SM|84}}
| background = #FFC2E0
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]]
| discovery_site = [[Lincoln Laboratory ETS]]
| discovered = 20 September 2003<br />{{small|(first observed only)}}
| mpc_name = {{mp|2003 SM|84}}
| alt_names =
| pronounced =
| named_after =
| mp_category = [[Near-Earth object|NEO]]{{·}}[[Amor asteroid|Amor]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 27 April 2019 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
| uncertainty = 1
| observation_arc = 12.21 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (4,459 d)
| aphelion = 1.2176 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 1.0331 AU
| semimajor = 1.1254 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0819
| period = 1.19 yr (436 d)
| mean_anomaly = 97.681[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.8256|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 2.7956°
| asc_node = 186.68°
| arg_peri = 87.374°
| moid = 0.0516 AU<br />(20.1022 [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|LD]])
| mean_diameter = {{val|86|ul=m}} {{small|(est. at [[Geometric albedo|0.20]])}}<ref name="h" /><br />{{val|160|ul=m}} {{small|(est. at [[Geometric albedo|0.057]])}}<ref name="h" />
| rotation =
| albedo =
| spectral_type =
| abs_magnitude = 22.7<ref name="jpldata" />
}}
'''{{mp|(612600) 2003 SM|84}}''' is a sub-kilometer [[asteroid]], classified as [[near-Earth object]] of the [[Amor asteroid|Amor group]] orbiting between [[Earth]] and [[Mars]]. It was first observed by the [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research]] (LINEAR) at the [[Lincoln Laboratory ETS]] on 20 September 2003.<ref name="MPC-object" /> As of 2020, this [[minor planet]] has neither been nor [[List of named minor planets|named]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
{{mp|2003 SM|84}} is an [[Amor asteroid]] – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0–1.2 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 14 months (436 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 1.13 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.08 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 3[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its first observation by LINEAR in 2003.<ref name="MPC-object" />
The object's [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]] remains unknown.<ref name="jpldata" /> Using a magnitude-to-diameter conversion, {{mp|2003 SM|84}} measures 86 and 160 meters in diameter, based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 22.7 and an assumed [[Geometric albedo|albedo]] of 0.20 ([[S-type asteroid|S-type]]) and 0.057 ([[C-type asteroid|C-type]]), respectively.<ref name="h" /> {{mp|2003 SM|84}} was being considered by the [[European Space Agency]] as a candidate target for the ''[[Don Quijote (space probe)|Don Quijote]]'' mission to study the effects of impacting a spacecraft into an asteroid.<ref name="universetoday" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2015-12-05 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SM84)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3160738
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200902071049/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3160738
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2 September 2020
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 20 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 2003 SM84
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2003+SM84
|accessdate = 20 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="universetoday">{{cite web
|title = Astronomy Without A Telescope – Impact Mitigation
|first = Steve |last = Nerlich
|date = 13 August 2011
|website = www.universetoday
|url = https://www.universetoday.com/88145/astronomy-without-a-telescope-impact-mitigation/
|accessdate = 20 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="h">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid Size Estimator
|publisher = CNEOS NASA/JPL
|url = https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/ast_size_est.html
|accessdate = 20 December 2019}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/NEO/SEMVXVB1S6F_0.html ESA Don Quijote mission]
* {{NeoDys|2003SM84}}
* {{JPL Small Body}}
{{Minor planets navigator | |number=612600 |PageName={{mp|(612600) 2003 SM|84}} | }}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2003 SM84}}
[[Category:Amor asteroids|612600]]
[[Category:Discoveries by LINEAR|612600]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2003|20030920]]
| 1,255,416,180 |
[{"title": "(612600) 2003 SM84", "data": {"Discovered by": "LINEAR", "Discovery site": "Lincoln Laboratory ETS", "Discovery date": "20 September 2003 \u00b7 (first observed only)"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "2003 SM84", "Minor planet category": "NEO \u00b7 Amor"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 1"], "Observation arc": "12.21 yr (4,459 d)", "Aphelion": "1.2176 AU", "Perihelion": "1.0331 AU", "Semi-major axis": "1.1254 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.0819", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "1.19 yr (436 d)", "Mean anomaly": "97.681\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 49m 32.16s / day", "Inclination": "2.7956\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "186.68\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "87.374\u00b0", "Earth MOID": "0.0516 AU \u00b7 (20.1022 LD)"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "86 m (est. at 0.20) \u00b7 160 m (est. at 0.057)", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "22.7"}}]
| false |
# 1271 Isergina
1271 Isergina, provisional designation 1931 TN, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Crimean physician and friend of the discoverer, Pyotr Isergin.
## Orbit and classification
Isergina is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days; semi-major axis of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid was first identified as A906 HD at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz with its official discovery observation in 1931.
## Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Isergina is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as both an X- and L-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.
### Rotation period
During 2016–2017, three rotational lightcurves of Isergina were obtained from photometric observations (U=3-/3-/2+). Lightcurve analysis of the adopted result gave a rotation period of 7.59932 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.25 and 0.36 magnitude (U=3-).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Isergina measures between 39.58 and 52.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.08.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0677 and a diameter of 44.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Crimean physician Pyotr Vasilyevich Isergin (1870–1936), a friend of the discoverer who was treated by him. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers I. I. Neyachenko and Galina Kastelʹ (see 3982 Kastelʹ). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).
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enwiki
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1271 Isergina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1271_Isergina
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2023-12-25T15:20:10Z
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en
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Q137464
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{{Short description|Asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1271 Isergina
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discoverer = [[Grigory Neujmin|G. Neujmin]]
| discovery_site = [[Simeiz Observatory|Simeiz Obs.]]
| discovered = 10 October 1931
| mpc_name = (1271) Isergina
| alt_names = 1931 TN{{·}}1930 MK<br />{{mp|1932 CK|1}}{{·}}{{mp|2003 RV|22}}<br />A906 HD
| pronounced =
| named_after = Pyotr Vasilyevich Isergin<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(Crimean physician)}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Background asteroid|background]]<ref name="AstDys-object" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 111.22 yr (40,622 days)
| aphelion = 3.5228 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.7708 AU
| semimajor = 3.1468 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1195
| period = 5.58 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (2,039 days)
| mean_anomaly = 160.82[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1766|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 6.6687°
| asc_node = 127.22°
| arg_peri = 269.37°
| dimensions = {{val|39.58|12.78}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|42.32|14.32}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />44.47 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|47.52|0.38}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|47.524|0.383}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|50.897|0.464}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|52.15|0.76}} km<ref name="AKARI" />
| rotation = {{val|7.59932|0.00009}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Benishek-2016f" /><br />{{val|7.829|0.002}} h<ref name="Aznar-2016c" /><br />{{val|9.864|0.004}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = {{val|0.031|0.003}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|0.038|0.001}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.0392|0.0102}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.06|0.06}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|0.065|0.009}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />0.0677 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.08|0.08}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" />
| spectral_type = [[SMASS classification|SMASS]] {{=}} [[C-type asteroid|C]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}[[X-type asteroid|X]]/[[L-type asteroid|L]]<ref name="Veres-2015" />
| abs_magnitude = 10.20<ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}10.30<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" />{{·}}{{val|10.39|0.20}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}10.4<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}10.42<ref name="Nugent-2016" />{{·}}10.60<ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" />
}}
'''1271 Isergina''', provisional designation {{mp|1931 TN}}, is a carbonaceous background [[asteroid]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 45 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by Soviet astronomer [[Grigory Neujmin]] at the [[Simeiz Observatory]] on the Crimean peninsula.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was named after Crimean physician and friend of the discoverer, Pyotr Isergin.<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Isergina'' is a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid from the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]].<ref name="AstDys-object" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.12 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 7[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />
The asteroid was first identified as {{mp|A906 HD}} at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in April 1906. The body's [[observation arc]] begins at Simeiz with its official discovery observation in 1931.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the [[SMASS classification]], ''Isergina'' is a carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]].<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /> It has also been characterized as both an [[X-type asteroid|X-]] and [[L-type asteroid|L-type]] by [[Pan-STARRS]] photometric survey.<ref name="Veres-2015" />
=== Rotation period ===
During 2016–2017, three rotational [[lightcurve]]s of ''Isergina'' were obtained from photometric observations ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-/3-/2+]]}}).<ref name="Benishek-2016f" /><ref name="Aznar-2016c" /><ref name="geneva-obs" /> Lightcurve analysis of the adopted result gave a [[rotation period]] of 7.59932 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.25 and 0.36 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Isergina'' measures between 39.58 and 52.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.031 and 0.08.<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0677 and a diameter of 44.47 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.3.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after Crimean physician Pyotr Vasilyevich Isergin (1870–1936), a friend of the discoverer who was treated by him. The author of the ''Dictionary of Minor Planet Names'' learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers I. I. Neyachenko and [[Galina Ričardovna Kastelʹ|Galina Kastelʹ]] ''(see [[3982 Kastelʹ]])''. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' by [[Paul Herget]] in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 117]]}}).<ref name="springer" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-07-05 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1271 Isergina (1931 TN)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001271
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1271) Isergina
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 105
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1272 |chapter = (1271) Isergina }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 1271 Isergina (1931 TN)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1271
|accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1271) Isergina
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = Geneva Observatory
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page3cou.html#001271
|accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson
|first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett
|date = August 2014
|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 791
|issue = 2
|page = 11
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121
|arxiv = 1406.6645|s2cid = 119293330 }}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 1271 Isergina – Proper Elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1271
|access-date= 29 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1271) Isergina
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1271%7CIsergina
|accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = J. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = E. |last7 = Kramer
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = R. |last9 = Stevenson
|first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright
|date = December 2015
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015ApJ...814..117N
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 814
|issue = 2
|page = 13
|bibcode = 2015ApJ...814..117N
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117
|arxiv = 1509.02522
|s2cid = 9341381 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access=
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1271 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer
|first4 = R. M. |last4 = Cutri
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = J. |last7 = Masiero
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = E. L. |last9 = Wright
|date = September 2016
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 152
|issue = 3
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2016AJ....152...63N
|doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63
|arxiv = 1606.08923
|doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|s2cid = 46350317 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407|s2cid = 35447010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Benishek-2016f">{{Cite journal
|author = Benishek, Vladimir
|date = October 2016
|title = Lightcurves and Rotation Periods for 14 Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2016MPBu...43..339B
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 43
|issue = 4
|pages = 339–342
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2016MPBu...43..339B
|access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Aznar-2016c">{{Cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Amadeo |last1 = Aznar Macias
|first2 = Alfonso |last2 = Carreno Garcerain
|first3 = Enrique |last3 = Arce Masego
|first4 = Pedro |last4 = Brines Rodriguez
|first5 = Juan |last5 = Lozano de Haro
|first6 = Alvaro |last6 = Fornas Silva
|first7 = Gonzalo |last7 = Fornas Silva
|first8 = Vicente |last8 = Mas Martinez
|first9 = Onofre |last9 = Rodrigo Chiner
|first10 = David |last10 = Herrero Porta
|date = July 2016
|title = Twenty-one Asteroid Lightcurves at Group Observadores de Asteroides (OBAS): Late 2015 to Early 2016
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2016MPBu...43..257A
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 43
|issue = 3
|pages = 257–263
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2016MPBu...43..257A
|access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1271}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1270 Datura |number=1271 |1272 Gefion}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isergina}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|001271]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Grigory Neujmin]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:C-type asteroids (SMASS)|001271]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1931|19311010]]
| 1,191,753,421 |
[{"title": "1271 Isergina", "data": {"Discovered by": "G. Neujmin", "Discovery site": "Simeiz Obs.", "Discovery date": "10 October 1931"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1271) Isergina", "Named after": "Pyotr Vasilyevich Isergin \u00b7 (Crimean physician)", "Alternative designations": "1931 TN \u00b7 1930 MK \u00b7 1932 CK1 \u00b7 2003 RV22 \u00b7 A906 HD", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 background"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "111.22 yr (40,622 days)", "Aphelion": "3.5228 AU", "Perihelion": "2.7708 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.1468 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.1195", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.58 yr (2,039 days)", "Mean anomaly": "160.82\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 10m 35.76s / day", "Inclination": "6.6687\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "127.22\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "269.37\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "39.58\u00b112.78 km \u00b7 42.32\u00b114.32 km \u00b7 44.47 km (derived) \u00b7 47.52\u00b10.38 km \u00b7 47.524\u00b10.383 km \u00b7 50.897\u00b10.464 km \u00b7 52.15\u00b10.76 km", "Synodic rotation period": "7.59932\u00b10.00009 h \u00b7 7.829\u00b10.002 h \u00b7 9.864\u00b10.004 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.031\u00b10.003 \u00b7 0.038\u00b10.001 \u00b7 0.0392\u00b10.0102 \u00b7 0.06\u00b10.06 \u00b7 0.065\u00b10.009 \u00b7 0.0677 (derived) \u00b7 0.08\u00b10.08", "Spectral type": "SMASS = C \u00b7 X/L", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "10.20 \u00b7 10.30 \u00b7 10.39\u00b10.20 \u00b7 10.4 \u00b7 10.42 \u00b7 10.60"}}]
| false |
# 1941–42 AHL season
The 1941–42 AHL season was the sixth season of the American Hockey League. Ten teams played 56 games each in the schedule. The Indianapolis Capitals won the F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy as the Western Division champions, and the Calder Cup as league champions.
## Team changes
- The Philadelphia Ramblers are renamed the Philadelphia Rockets.
- The Washington Lions join the AHL as an expansion team, based in Washington, D.C., playing in the East Division.
## Final standings
Notes: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;
| East | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |
| ---------------------------------- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | --- | --- |
| Springfield Indians (BRK) | 56 | 31 | 20 | 5 | 67 | 213 | 167 |
| New Haven Eagles (NYR) | 56 | 26 | 26 | 4 | 56 | 182 | 219 |
| Washington Lions (MTL) | 56 | 20 | 30 | 6 | 46 | 160 | 172 |
| Providence Reds (independent) | 56 | 17 | 32 | 7 | 41 | 205 | 237 |
| Philadelphia Rockets (independent) | 56 | 11 | 41 | 4 | 26 | 157 | 254 |
| West | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |
| -------------------------------- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | --- | --- |
| Indianapolis Capitals (DET) | 56 | 34 | 15 | 7 | 75 | 204 | 144 |
| Hershey Bears (BOS) | 56 | 33 | 17 | 6 | 72 | 207 | 169 |
| Cleveland Barons (independent) | 56 | 33 | 19 | 4 | 70 | 174 | 152 |
| Buffalo Bisons (independent) | 56 | 25 | 25 | 6 | 56 | 182 | 157 |
| Pittsburgh Hornets (independent) | 56 | 23 | 28 | 5 | 51 | 210 | 223 |
## Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes
| Player | Team | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --------------- | ------------------- | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- |
| Pete Kelly | Springfield Indians | 46 | 33 | 44 | 77 | 11 |
| Louis Trudel | Washington Lions | 54 | 37 | 29 | 66 | 11 |
| John O'Flaherty | Springfield Indians | 42 | 18 | 44 | 62 | 24 |
| Ab DeMarco | Providence Reds | 39 | 27 | 39 | 61 | 9 |
| Norman Schultz | Pittsburgh Hornets | 56 | 27 | 34 | 61 | 16 |
| Les Cunningham | Cleveland Barons | 56 | 25 | 35 | 60 | 23 |
| Norm Burns | New Haven Eagles | 35 | 27 | 32 | 59 | 13 |
| James MacDonald | Hershey / Buffalo | 58 | 28 | 30 | 58 | 18 |
| John Sherf | Pittsburgh Hornets | 56 | 19 | 37 | 56 | 10 |
| Norm Calladine | Providence Reds | 56 | 32 | 33 | 54 | 6 |
- complete list
## Calder Cup playoffs
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Preliminary Round | Preliminary Round | Preliminary Round | | | League Semi-Final | League Semi-Final | League Semi-Final | | | Calder Cup Final | Calder Cup Final | Calder Cup Final |
| | Preliminary Round | Preliminary Round | Preliminary Round | | | League Semi-Final | League Semi-Final | League Semi-Final | | | Calder Cup Final | Calder Cup Final | Calder Cup Final |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E1 | Springfield | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E1 | Springfield | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | W1 | Indianapolis | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | W1 | Indianapolis | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | W1 | Indianapolis | 3 | | | | | | | |
| | E2 | New Haven | 0 | W1 | Indianapolis | 3 | | | | | | | |
| | E2 | New Haven | 0 | | | | | W2 | Hershey | 2 | | | |
| | W2 | Hershey | 2 | | | | | | Hershey | 2 | | | |
| | W2 | Hershey | 2 | | | W2 | Hershey | 2 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | W2 | Hershey | 2 | | | | | |
| | | | W3 | Cleveland | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| | E3 | Washington | W3 | Cleveland | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | |
| | E3 | Washington | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | W3 | Cleveland | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | W3 | Cleveland | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
## All Star Classic
The first AHL All-Star game was played on February 3, 1942, at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. The East division All-Stars defeated the West division All-Stars 5–4.
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox sports season
| title = 1941–42 AHL season
| league = [[American Hockey League]]
| sport = [[Ice hockey]]
| duration =
| attendance =
| season = Regular season
| season_champ_name = [[F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy]]
| season_champs = [[Indianapolis Capitals]]
| top_scorer =
| top_scorer_link = Carl Liscombe Trophy
| playoffs =
| playoffs_link =
| finals = Playoffs
| finals_link = 1942 Calder Cup playoffs
| finals_champ = [[Indianapolis Capitals]]
| finals_runner-up = [[Hershey Bears]]
|prevseason_year = [[1940–41 AHL season|1940–41]]
|nextseason_year = [[1942–43 AHL season|1942–43]]
| seasonslist = List of AHL seasons
| seasonslistnames = AHL
}}
The '''1941–42 AHL season''' was the [[List of AHL seasons|sixth]] season of the [[American Hockey League]]. Ten teams played 56 games each in the schedule. The [[Indianapolis Capitals]] won the [[F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy]] as the Western Division champions, and the [[Calder Cup]] as league champions.
==Team changes==
*The [[Philadelphia Ramblers]] are renamed the [[Philadelphia Rockets]].
* The [[Washington Lions (AHL)|Washington Lions]] join the AHL as an expansion team, based in [[Washington, D.C.]], playing in the East Division.
== Final standings ==
''Notes: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | East
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | W
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | L
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | T
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | GF
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | GA
|-
|[[Springfield Indians]] ([[Brooklyn Americans|BRK]]) ||56|| 31|| 20|| 5||67|| 213|| 167
|-
|[[New Haven Eagles]] ([[New York Rangers|NYR]]) ||56|| 26|| 26|| 4||56|| 182|| 219
|-
|[[Washington Lions (AHL)|Washington Lions]] ([[Montreal Canadiens|MTL]]) ||56|| 20|| 30|| 6||46|| 160|| 172
|-
|[[Providence Reds]] (independent) ||56|| 17|| 32|| 7||41|| 205|| 237
|-
|[[Philadelphia Rockets]] (independent) ||56|| 11|| 41|| 4||26|| 157|| 254
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | West
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | W
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | L
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | T
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | GF
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | GA
|-
|[[Indianapolis Capitals]] ([[Detroit Red Wings|DET]]) ||56|| 34|| 15|| 7||75|| 204|| 144
|-
|[[Hershey Bears]] ([[Boston Bruins|BOS]]) ||56|| 33|| 17|| 6||72|| 207|| 169
|-
|[[Cleveland Barons (1937-1973)|Cleveland Barons]] (independent) ||56|| 33|| 19|| 4||70|| 174|| 152
|-
|[[Buffalo Bisons (AHL)|Buffalo Bisons]] (independent) ||56|| 25|| 25|| 6||56|| 182|| 157
|-
|[[Pittsburgh Hornets]] (independent) ||56|| 23|| 28|| 5||51|| 210|| 223
|}
==Scoring leaders==
''Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Player
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Team
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | G
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | A
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%" | PIM
|-
| [[Pete Kelly (ice hockey)|Pete Kelly]] || [[Springfield Indians]] ||46||33||44||77||11
|-
| [[Louis Trudel]] || [[Washington Lions (AHL)|Washington Lions]] ||54||37||29||66||11
|-
| [[Peanuts O'Flaherty|John O'Flaherty]] || [[Springfield Indians]] ||42||18||44||62||24
|-
| [[Ab DeMarco]] || [[Providence Reds]] ||39||27||39||61|| 9
|-
| [[Norman Schultz]] || [[Pittsburgh Hornets]] ||56||27||34||61||16
|-
| [[Les Cunningham]] || [[Cleveland Barons (1937-1973)|Cleveland Barons]] ||56||25||35||60||23
|-
| [[Norm Burns]] || [[New Haven Eagles]] ||35||27||32||59||13
|-
| [[Kilby MacDonald|James MacDonald]] || [[Hershey Bears|Hershey]] / [[Buffalo Bisons (AHL)|Buffalo]] ||58||28||30||58||18
|-
| [[John Sherf]] || [[Pittsburgh Hornets]] ||56||19||37||56||10
|-
| [[Norm Calladine]] || [[Providence Reds]] ||56||32||33||54|| 6
|}
* [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/leaders/ahl19411942.html complete list]
==Calder Cup playoffs==
{{6TeamBracket-Info |style=2
| RD1=Preliminary Round
| RD2=League Semi-Final
| RD3=Calder Cup Final
| RD1-seed1=E2
| RD1-team1=[[New Haven Eagles|New Haven]]
| RD1-score1=0
| RD1-seed2=W2
| RD1-team2='''[[Hershey Bears|Hershey]]'''
| RD1-score2='''2'''
| RD1-seed3=E3
| RD1-team3=[[Washington Lions (AHL)|Washington]]
| RD1-score3=0
| RD1-seed4=W3
| RD1-team4='''[[Cleveland Barons (1937–1973)|Cleveland]]'''
| RD1-score4='''2'''
| RD2-seed1=E1
| RD2-team1=[[Springfield Indians|Springfield]]
| RD2-score1=2
| RD2-seed2=W1
| RD2-team2='''[[Indianapolis Capitals|Indianapolis]]'''
| RD2-score2='''3'''
| RD2-seed3=W2
| RD2-team3='''[[Hershey Bears|Hershey]]'''
| RD2-score3='''2'''
| RD2-seed4=W3
| RD2-team4=[[Cleveland Barons (1937–1973)|Cleveland]]
| RD2-score4=1
| RD3-seed1=W1
| RD3-team1='''[[Indianapolis Capitals|Indianapolis]]'''
| RD3-score1='''3'''
| RD3-seed2=W2
| RD3-team2=[[Hershey Bears|Hershey]]
| RD3-score2=2
}}
==All Star Classic==
The first AHL All-Star game was played on February 3, 1942, at the [[Cleveland Arena]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. The East division All-Stars defeated the West division All-Stars 5–4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090819073132/http://www.theahl.com/allstar/events/]
==See also==
*[[List of AHL seasons]]
==References==
*[http://www.theahl.com/ AHL official site]
*[http://www.ahlhalloffame.com/ AHL Hall of Fame]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516110244/http://www.hockeydb.com/ HockeyDB]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before = [[1940–41 AHL season]] |
after = [[1942–43 AHL season]] |
title = [[List of AHL seasons|AHL seasons]] |
years = |
}}
{{s-end}}
{{AHL}}
{{Defunct AHL}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1941-42 AHL season}}
[[Category:American Hockey League seasons]]
[[Category:1941–42 in American ice hockey by league|2]]
| 1,268,184,180 |
[{"title": "1941\u201342 AHL season", "data": {"League": "American Hockey League", "Sport": "Ice hockey"}}, {"title": "Regular season", "data": {"F. G. \"Teddy\" Oke Trophy": "Indianapolis Capitals"}}, {"title": "Playoffs", "data": {"Champions": "Indianapolis Capitals", "Runners-up": "Hershey Bears"}}]
| false |
# 15th Infantry Division (France)
The 15th Infantry Division (French: 15e division d'infanterie (15e DI)) was an infantry division of the French Army originally formed after the end of the Franco-Prussian War that fought in World War I. It fought in World War II as the 15th Motorized Infantry Division, under the command of Alphonse Juin, surrendering during the Battle of France.
Reestablished on 1 March 1951, it was disbanded in 1962. The division was reformed again during the French Army reorganization of 1977. In the 1980s it was part of the 2nd Army Corps; it was shifted into the 3rd Army Corps after the 2nd Army Corps was disestablished, and finally disbanded in 1994.
## First World War
It was commanded by General Léon Bajolle upon mobilization. General Gaston d'Armau de Pouydraguin became commander on 14 October 1914. General Ferdinand Blazer was appointed commander on 24 March 1915, General François Collas on 15 July of that year, and General Louis Achille Arbanere on 9 March 1917.
The division was assigned to the 8th Army Corps for the duration of the war. It included the 29th Brigade with the 56th and 134th Infantry Regiments and the 30th Brigade with the 10th and 27th Infantry Regiments. Organic artillery support was provided by the 48th Field Artillery Regiment with three groupes of 75mm guns, while reconnaissance was provided by a cavalry squadron of the 16th Chasseur Regiment; in November 1915 it transferred to the 73rd Infantry Division. In January 1917, the 27th Regiment was transferred to the 16th Infantry Division. At the same time the division was reorganized to form a triangular structure, eliminating the brigade headquarters to include the 10th, 56th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, and was again assigned two squadrons from the 16th Chasseurs. In August 1918, the pioneer battalion of the 106th Reserve Infantry Regiment was attached to the division after being transferred from the 20th Army Corps.
## Interwar period
The 15th Motorized Infantry Division, a unit of the Northeast type, was stationed at Dijon during the interwar period. It included the 4th, 27th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, the 4th Infantry Division Reconnaissance Group with armored cars (French: 4e Groupe de reconnaissance de division d'infanterie (4e GRDI)), the 1st Motorized Divisional Artillery Regiment, the 201st Motorized Divisional Light Artillery Regiment with two groups of 155mm howitzers, in addition to smaller support units.
## Second World War
### Mobilization and Phoney War
On 23 August 1939, when the French Army began its mobilization for World War II, the division was at the disposal of the Minister of Defense and its first echelon was alerted in the 8th Military Region. Under the mobilization plan it was located in the area of Gray, under the command of Général de division Henri Parisot from 2 September. The second echelon arrived on 26 August, when the division was assigned to the covering reserve in the 8th Army sector. On 5 September it was transferred by road to the area southwest of Sarrebourg, with headquarters in Blamont as part of the 5th Army. Three days later the division headquarters relocated east to Lemberg when it became part of the 8th Army Corps of the 5th Army.
Between 9 and 12 September the division advanced into the Ohrenthal (part of Rolbing) salient with the 23rd Infantry Division of the 5th Army Corps of the 4th Army on the left and the 4th Colonial Infantry Division of its corps on the right in front of the Maginot Line as part of the Saar Offensive, with its headquarters at Schorbach. This advance, which became known as the Saar Offensive, resulted in the division occupying positions from the German border at Hornbach to the outskirts of Stausteinerwald, west of the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach, on 13 September. As the French units began retreating towards the Maginot Line, the division sector was modified to run from Height 326 west of Hornbach to Height 354 west of Riedelberg between 24 and 25 September.
Relieved by the 35th Infantry Division in its left sector and the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division in its right sector between 2 and 3 October, the division retreated behind the Maginot Line. It reconcentrated in the area of Baerenthal on 4 October. Transferred to the 5th Army reserve with headquarters at Bouxwiller on 9 October, the 15e DIM moved by road to the area of Sarrebourg and Cirey on the next day, where it became part of the reserve of the 2nd Army Group with headquarters at the latter. It was further moved by rail and road to the area of Chauny, Guiscard, Ham, and Coucy for rest, reorganization, and training on 23 October. There, it was placed in the reserve of the Grand Quartier Général while headquartered at Chauny, where it spent the rest of the Phoney War. Général de division Alphonse Juin became division commander on 1 December.
### Battle of Belgium
When the German invasion of Belgium began on 10 May 1940, the division was alerted for movement into Belgium under the Dyle Plan. Assigned to the 4th Army Corps of the 1st Army, the 15e DIM recalled the 27th Infantry Regiment, which was at Sissonne on maneuvers. The 134th Infantry Regiment was sent ahead to Saint-Quentin, while the 4e GRDI was detached to the corps headquarters as part of Groupement Arlabosse, led by its commander. On the next day the division moved by road from Chauny to Gembloux through Tergnier, Saint-Quentin, Le Cateau, Binche, La Louvière, Gosselies, and Tongrinne, setting up its headquarters at Tongrinne. The 4th and 134th Infantry Regiments began moving into positions on 12 May, with a battalion from each regiment occupying the sector of the 1st Moroccan Division, which had not yet arrived, from Ernage to the northern part of Gembloux. Groupement Arlabosse was briefly transferred back to the division that day but again detached to the 1st Moroccan Division at noon.
The 27th Infantry Regiment arrived at the division positions on 13 May and at the end of that day the division was relieved by the newly arrived 1st Moroccan Division. Its positions shifted to a sector between the 1st Moroccan Division on the southern edge of Gembloux and the 12th Motorized Infantry Division at Beuzet; the 134th Infantry held the northernmost part of the line, the 27th Infantry the middle, and the 4th Infantry the southernmost. At noon on the same day the 4e GRDI was placed under direct corps command between Geest and Noville to the north of Grande-Rosiére.
The division engaged German forces along its front on 14 May, while being forced to retreat in what became known as the Battle of Gembloux. Its artillery targeted German tank concentrations in the area of Grandleez and Baudeset in support of the 1st Moroccan Division. German tank attacks were repulsed by the 27th Infantry Regiment to the south of Gembloux and the 4th Infantry Regiment at Beuzet on 15 May. On that day the 13e Battalion de Chars de Combat with Hotchkiss H35 light tanks of 515e Groupe de battalions de Chars de Combat was attached to the division, while the 1st Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment was detached to Groupement Bougrain. During the night it retreated under orders by rail to Wavre and Charleroi. The division headquarters shifted to Thiméon on 16 May, when it held defensive positions on the line of Brye, Saint-Amand, and Fleurus. The 4th and 27th Infantry Regiments repulsed German tank attacks, and retreated under orders covered by the 134th Infantry Regiment to a bridgehead at Luttre on the Charleroi Canal from Seneffe to Godarville where it relieved elements of the corps.
Juin was captured with much of the division at Lille on 29 May 1940.
## Cold War
The 15th Infantry Division was reestablished on 1 March 1951, and disbanded on 1 July 1962.
The division was again reestablished during the 1977 reorganization of the French Army, with its headquarters at Limoges as part of the Strategic Reserve. In event of war, elements of it would be used as cadres for the reserve 115th Infantry Division. Under the 1983 reorganization of the French Army, the division was assigned to the 2nd Army Corps. It included the 92nd Infantry Regiment (92e RI); equipped with VAB armoured personnel carriers) at Clermont-Ferrand and the 99th Infantry Regiment (VAB) at Salhonay, both formerly part of the 14th Infantry Division, and the 126th Infantry Regiment (VAB) at Brive-la-Gaillarde. The AML-equipped 5e Regiment de Chasseurs at Périgueux provided reconnaissance capability, the 20th Artillery Regiment (155mm towed) at Poitiers artillery, the 65e compaigne de genie at Castelsarrasin engineers, and the 15 RCS at Limoges support.
Before its disbandment the division became part of the 3rd Army Corps.
Général de brigade M. Zeisser (Michel, Maurice) was named commander of the division and of the 43e division militaire territoriale in 1991.
As of a decree of 6 July 1992, M. le général de division Genest (Claude, Jean, Maclou) was naméd commander of the division and of the circonscription militaire de défense de Limoges as of 1 September 1992.
As part of the reduction in the strength of the French Army during the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, the division was disbanded in a process concluding in 1994. Elements of the division were merged into the 27th Alpine Division to form the 27th Mountain Infantry Division on 1 July of that year. The division headquarters, the 15e RCS, and the 5th Chasseur Regiment were disbanded, while the Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé-equipped 92nd Infantry Regiment joined the 27th Mountain Infantry Division.
### Citations
1. 1 2 Isby & Kamps 1985, p. 128.
2. 1 2 Historical Service of the General Staff 1923, p. 119.
3. ↑ Historical Service of the General Staff 1923, pp. 120–121.
4. ↑ Historical Service of the French Army 1967, p. 203.
5. 1 2 3 Historical Service of the French Army 1967, p. 212.
6. 1 2 3 Historical Service of the French Army 1967, pp. 204–205.
7. 1 2 3 Historical Service of the French Army 1967, pp. 206–207.
8. ↑ "Sous-série GR 5 U Archives des divisions et brigades" [Sub-series GR 5 U: Archives of divisions and brigades] (PDF) (in French). Defense Historical Service. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
9. ↑ Ruiz Palmer 1988, pp. 290–292.
10. ↑ "Tanaka-World.net - Ordre de bataille 1964-".
11. ↑ de Lespinois 2001, p. 740.
### Bibliography
- Historical Service of the French Army (1967). Les grandes unités françaises: historiques succincts [Large French Units: Brief Histories] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. OCLC 496270598.
- Historical Service of the General Staff (1923). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. X: I. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
- de Lespinois, Jerome (2001). L'armée de terre française: 1981-1996 [The French Army, 1981–1996] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782747514156.
- Isby, David; Kamps, Charles (1985). Armies of NATO's Central Front. Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7106-0341-X.
- Ruiz Palmer, Diego A. (1988). "France". In Simon, Jeffrey (ed.). NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. pp. 269–316. OCLC 246786702. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2019.
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{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 15th Infantry Division<br>15th Motorized Infantry Division (1940)
| image = Insigne de la 15e Division d'infanterie..jpg
| caption = Division insignia 1977–1994
| dates = {{plainlist|
*1875–1940
*1951–1962
*1977–1994
}}
| country = France
| branch = [[French Army]]
| type = [[Infantry]], later [[Motorized infantry]]
| garrison = {{plainlist|
*[[Dijon]] (1875–1940)
*[[Limoges]] (1977–1994)
}}
| motto =
| battles = {{plainlist|
*[[World War I]]
*[[World War II]]
}}
| notable_commanders = [[Alphonse Juin]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
}}
The '''15th Infantry Division''' ({{Langx|fr|15<sup>e</sup> division d'infanterie (15<sup>e</sup> DI)}}) was an infantry division of the [[French Army]] originally formed after the end of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] that fought in [[World War I]]. It fought in [[World War II]] as the '''15th Motorized Infantry Division''', under the command of [[Alphonse Juin]], surrendering during the [[Battle of France]].
Reestablished on 1 March 1951, it was disbanded in 1962. The division was reformed again during the French Army reorganization of 1977. In the 1980s it was part of the [[2nd Army Corps (France)|2nd Army Corps]];{{Sfn|Isby|Kamps|1985|p=128}} it was shifted into the [[3rd Army Corps (France)|3rd Army Corps]] after the 2nd Army Corps was disestablished, and finally disbanded in 1994.
== First World War ==
It was commanded by General [[Léon Bajolle]] upon mobilization. General [[Gaston d'Armau de Pouydraguin]] became commander on 14 October 1914. General [[Ferdinand Blazer]] was appointed commander on 24 March 1915, General [[François Collas]] on 15 July of that year, and General [[Louis Achille Arbanere]] on 9 March 1917.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the General Staff|1923|p=119}}
The division was assigned to the [[8th Army Corps (France)|8th Army Corps]] for the duration of the war.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the General Staff|1923|p=119}} It included the 29th Brigade with the 56th and 134th Infantry Regiments and the 30th Brigade with the 10th and 27th Infantry Regiments. Organic artillery support was provided by the 48th Field Artillery Regiment with three ''groupes'' of [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897|75mm guns]], while reconnaissance was provided by a cavalry squadron of the [[16th Chasseur Regiment]]; in November 1915 it transferred to the [[73rd Infantry Division (France)|73rd Infantry Division]]. In January 1917, the 27th Regiment was transferred to the [[16th Infantry Division (France)|16th Infantry Division]]. At the same time the division was reorganized to form a triangular structure, eliminating the brigade headquarters to include the 10th, 56th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, and was again assigned two squadrons from the 16th Chasseurs. In August 1918, the pioneer battalion of the [[106th Reserve Infantry Regiment (France)|106th Reserve Infantry Regiment]] was attached to the division after being transferred from the [[20th Army Corps (France)|20th Army Corps]].{{Sfn|Historical Service of the General Staff|1923|p=|pp=120–121}}
== Interwar period ==
The 15th Motorized Infantry Division, a unit of the Northeast type, was stationed at [[Dijon]] during the interwar period. It included the 4th, 27th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, the 4th Infantry Division Reconnaissance Group with armored cars ({{Langx|fr|4<sup>e</sup> Groupe de reconnaissance de division d'infanterie (4<sup>e</sup> GRDI)}}), the [[1st Artillery Regiment (France)|1st Motorized Divisional Artillery Regiment]], the 201st Motorized Divisional Light Artillery Regiment with two groups of 155mm howitzers, in addition to smaller support units.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=203|pp=}}
== Second World War ==
=== Mobilization and Phoney War ===
On 23 August 1939, when the French Army began its mobilization for [[World War II]], the division was at the disposal of the Minister of Defense and its first echelon was alerted in the 8th Military Region. Under the mobilization plan it was located in the area of [[Gray, Haute-Saône|Gray]], under the command of ''[[Général de division]]'' [[Henri Parisot]] from 2 September.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=212|pp=}} The second echelon arrived on 26 August, when the division was assigned to the covering reserve in the [[8th Army (France)|8th Army]] sector. On 5 September it was transferred by road to the area southwest of [[Sarrebourg]], with headquarters in [[Blamont]] as part of the [[5th Army (France)|5th Army]]. Three days later the division headquarters relocated east to [[Lemberg, Moselle|Lemberg]] when it became part of the 8th Army Corps of the 5th Army.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=204–205}}
Between 9 and 12 September the division advanced into the Ohrenthal (part of [[Rolbing]]) salient with the [[23rd Infantry Division (France)|23rd Infantry Division]] of the [[5th Army Corps (France)|5th Army Corps]] of the [[4th Army (France)|4th Army]] on the left and the [[4th Colonial Infantry Division (France)|4th Colonial Infantry Division]] of its corps on the right in front of the [[Maginot Line]] as part of the [[Saar Offensive]], with its headquarters at [[Schorbach]]. This advance, which became known as the [[Saar Offensive]], resulted in the division occupying positions from the German border at [[Hornbach, Germany|Hornbach]] to the outskirts of Stausteinerwald, west of the [[Fortified Sector of Rohrbach]], on 13 September. As the French units began retreating towards the Maginot Line, the division sector was modified to run from Height 326 west of Hornbach to Height 354 west of [[Riedelberg]] between 24 and 25 September.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=204–205}}
Relieved by the [[35th Infantry Division (France)|35th Infantry Division]] in its left sector and the [[3rd Colonial Infantry Division (France)|3rd Colonial Infantry Division]] in its right sector between 2 and 3 October, the division retreated behind the Maginot Line. It reconcentrated in the area of [[Baerenthal]] on 4 October. Transferred to the 5th Army reserve with headquarters at [[Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin|Bouxwiller]] on 9 October, the ''15<sup>e</sup> DIM'' moved by road to the area of Sarrebourg and [[Cirey]] on the next day, where it became part of the reserve of the [[2nd Army Group (France)|2nd Army Group]] with headquarters at the latter. It was further moved by rail and road to the area of [[Chauny]], [[Guiscard]], [[Ham, Somme|Ham]], and [[Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique|Coucy]] for rest, reorganization, and training on 23 October. There, it was placed in the reserve of the [[Grand Quartier Général (1939–1940)|''Grand Quartier Général'']] while headquartered at Chauny, where it spent the rest of the [[Phoney War]].{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=204–205}} ''Général de division'' [[Alphonse Juin]] became division commander on 1 December.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=212|pp=}}
=== Battle of Belgium ===
When the [[German invasion of Belgium (1940)|German invasion of Belgium]] began on 10 May 1940, the division was alerted for movement into Belgium under the [[Dyle Plan]]. Assigned to the [[4th Army Corps (France)|4th Army Corps]] of the [[1st Army (France)|1st Army]], the ''15<sup>e</sup> DIM'' recalled the 27th Infantry Regiment, which was at [[Sissonne]] on maneuvers. The 134th Infantry Regiment was sent ahead to [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], while the ''4<sup>e</sup> GRDI'' was detached to the corps headquarters as part of ''Groupement Arlabosse'', led by its commander. On the next day the division moved by road from Chauny to [[Gembloux]] through [[Tergnier]], Saint-Quentin, [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis|Le Cateau]], [[Binche]], [[La Louvière]], [[Gosselies]], and [[Tongrinne]], setting up its headquarters at Tongrinne. The 4th and 134th Infantry Regiments began moving into positions on 12 May, with a battalion from each regiment occupying the sector of the [[1st Moroccan Division (1939)|1st Moroccan Division]], which had not yet arrived, from Ernage to the northern part of Gembloux. ''Groupement Arlabosse'' was briefly transferred back to the division that day but again detached to the 1st Moroccan Division at noon.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=206–207}}
The 27th Infantry Regiment arrived at the division positions on 13 May and at the end of that day the division was relieved by the newly arrived 1st Moroccan Division. Its positions shifted to a sector between the 1st Moroccan Division on the southern edge of Gembloux and the [[12th Motorized Infantry Division (France)|12th Motorized Infantry Division]] at Beuzet; the 134th Infantry held the northernmost part of the line, the 27th Infantry the middle, and the 4th Infantry the southernmost. At noon on the same day the ''4<sup>e</sup> GRDI'' was placed under direct corps command between Geest and [[Noville-sur-Mehaigne|Noville]] to the north of Grande-Rosiére.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=206–207}}
The division engaged German forces along its front on 14 May, while being forced to retreat in what became known as the [[Battle of Gembloux (1940)|Battle of Gembloux]]. Its artillery targeted German tank concentrations in the area of Grandleez and Baudeset in support of the 1st Moroccan Division. German tank attacks were repulsed by the 27th Infantry Regiment to the south of Gembloux and the 4th Infantry Regiment at Beuzet on 15 May. On that day the ''13<sup>e</sup> Battalion de Chars de Combat'' with [[Hotchkiss H35]] light tanks of ''515<sup>e</sup> Groupe de battalions de Chars de Combat'' was attached to the division, while the 1st Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment was detached to ''Groupement Bougrain''. During the night it retreated under orders by rail to [[Wavre]] and [[Charleroi]]. The division headquarters shifted to Thiméon on 16 May, when it held defensive positions on the line of [[Brye]], [[Saint-Amand, Fleurus|Saint-Amand]], and [[Fleurus]]. The 4th and 27th Infantry Regiments repulsed German tank attacks, and retreated under orders covered by the 134th Infantry Regiment to a bridgehead at [[Luttre]] on the [[Charleroi Canal]] from [[Seneffe]] to Godarville where it relieved elements of the corps.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=|pp=206–207}}
Juin was captured with much of the division at [[Lille]] on 29 May 1940.{{Sfn|Historical Service of the French Army|1967|p=212|pp=}}
== Cold War ==
The 15th Infantry Division was reestablished on 1 March 1951, and disbanded on 1 July 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/SHDGR_REP_5U.pdf|title=Sous-série GR 5 U Archives des divisions et brigades|publisher=Defense Historical Service|page=11|language=fr|trans-title=Sub-series GR 5 U: Archives of divisions and brigades|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210015602/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/SHDGR_REP_5U.pdf|archive-date=10 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The division was again reestablished during the 1977 reorganization of the French Army, with its headquarters at [[Limoges]] as part of the Strategic Reserve. In event of war, elements of it would be used as cadres for the reserve 115th Infantry Division. Under the 1983 reorganization of the French Army, the division was assigned to the [[2nd Army Corps (France)|2nd Army Corps]].{{Sfn|Ruiz Palmer|1988|p=|pp=290–292}} It included the [[92nd Infantry Regiment (France)|92nd Infantry Regiment]] (92e RI); equipped with [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] armoured personnel carriers) at [[Clermont-Ferrand]] and the [[99th Infantry Regiment (France)|99th Infantry Regiment]] (VAB) at Salhonay, both formerly part of the [[14th Infantry Division (France)|14th Infantry Division]], and the [[126th Infantry Regiment (France)|126th Infantry Regiment]] (VAB) at [[Brive-la-Gaillarde]]. The [[Panhard AML|AML]]-equipped ''5e Regiment de Chasseurs'' at [[Périgueux]] provided reconnaissance capability, the [[20th Artillery Regiment (France)|20th Artillery Regiment]] (155mm towed) at [[Poitiers]] artillery, the ''65e compaigne de genie'' at [[Castelsarrasin]] engineers, and the 15 RCS at [[Limoges]] support.{{Sfn|Isby|Kamps|1985|p=128}}
Before its disbandment the division became part of the [[3rd Army Corps (France)|3rd Army Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanaka-world.net/?cat=7&annee=1990|title=Tanaka-World.net - Ordre de bataille 1964-}}</ref>
Général de brigade M. Zeisser (Michel, Maurice) was named commander of the division and of the ''43e division militaire territoriale'' in 1991.
As of a decree of 6 July 1992, M. le général de division Genest (Claude, Jean, Maclou) was naméd commander of the division and of the ''circonscription militaire de défense de Limoges'' as of 1 September 1992.
As part of the reduction in the strength of the French Army during the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, the division was disbanded in a process concluding in 1994. Elements of the division were merged into the 27th Alpine Division to form the [[27th Mountain Infantry Brigade (France)|27th Mountain Infantry Division]] on 1 July of that year. The division headquarters, the ''15<sup>e</sup> RCS'', and the 5th Chasseur Regiment were disbanded, while the ''[[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]]''-equipped 92nd Infantry Regiment joined the 27th Mountain Infantry Division.{{Sfn|de Lespinois|2001|p=740}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
*{{Cite book|title=Les grandes unités françaises: historiques succincts|title-link=Grandes Unités Françaises|last=Historical Service of the French Army|publisher=Imprimerie nationale|year=1967|volume=2|location=Paris|language=fr|trans-title=Large French Units: Brief Histories|oclc=496270598}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63495098/f135.image|title=Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre|last=Historical Service of the General Staff|publisher=Imprimerie nationale|year=1923|volume=X: I|location=Paris|language=fr|trans-title=French armies in the Great War}}
*{{Cite book|title=L'armée de terre française: 1981-1996|last=de Lespinois|first=Jerome|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2001|isbn=9782747514156|location=Paris|language=fr|trans-title=The French Army, 1981–1996}}
*{{cite book|author=Isby|first=David|title=Armies of NATO's Central Front|last2=Kamps|first2=Charles|date=1985|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company|isbn=0-7106-0341-X}}
*{{Cite book|title=NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization|last=Ruiz Palmer|first=Diego A.|publisher=National Defense University Press|year=1988|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=269–316|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a229656.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719183558/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a229656.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=July 19, 2019|chapter=France|editor-last=Simon|editor-first=Jeffrey|oclc=246786702}}
{{French Army Divisions}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of France]]
[[Category:French World War I divisions]]
[[Category:French Infantry divisions during World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1994]]
| 1,280,316,552 |
[{"title": "15th Infantry Division \u00b7 15th Motorized Infantry Division (1940)", "data": {"Active": "- 1875\u20131940 - 1951\u20131962 - 1977\u20131994", "Country": "France", "Branch": "French Army", "Type": "Infantry, later Motorized infantry", "Garrison/HQ": "- Dijon (1875\u20131940) - Limoges (1977\u20131994)", "Engagements": "- World War I - World War II"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Notable \u00b7 commanders": "Alphonse Juin"}}]
| false |
# 1643 in art
Events from the year 1643 in art.
## Events
- Painter Peter Lely moves from Haarlem to London at about this date.
## Works
- Sébastien Bourdon – A Brawl in a Guard-room (Dulwich Picture Gallery; approximate date)
- Alonzo Cano – Ideal portrait of a Spanish King
- William Dobson – Portrait of an Old and a Younger Man (John Taylor and John Denham)[1]
- Jan van Goyen – An Evening River Landscape with a Ferry
- Cornelius Johnson – Major-General Sir William Waller
- Rembrandt
- The Artist's Wife, Saskia (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin)[2][3]
- Landscape with a Castle (Musée du Louvre)
- Portrait of an Old Man (or The Old Rabbi; Woburn Abbey, England)[2][3]
- The Three Trees (etching)
- Diego Velázquez – Self-portrait (Uffizi; approximate date)
## Births
- 7 December – Giovanni Battista Falda, Italian engraver especially of contemporary and antique structures in Rome (died 1678)
- date unknown
- Juan de Alfaro y Gamez, Spanish painter of the Baroque (died 1680)
- Giovanni Battista Buonocore, Italian painter (died 1699)
- Filippo Gherardi – Italian painter of frescoes (died 1704)
- Ludovico Gimignani, Italian painter, active mainly in Rome, during the Baroque period (died 1697)
- Luigi Quaini, Italian painter of landscapes and architecture (died 1717)
- Pandolfo Reschi, Polish-born Italian painter of battle scenes and landscapes (died 1699)
- Orazio Marinali, Italian late-baroque sculptor, active mainly in Veneto (died 1720)
- Gottfried Schalken, Dutch painter (died 1706)
## Deaths
- April – Abraham Bosschaert, Dutch painter (born 1612)
- December 30 – Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (born 1566)
- date unknown
- Jean Chalette, French miniature and portrait painter (born 1581)
- Belisario Corenzio, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1558)
- Guillaume Dupré, French sculptor and medallist (born 1574)
- Cornelis Jacobsz Delff, Dutch painter (born 1570)
- probable
- Cheng Jiasui, Chinese landscape painter and poet during the Ming Dynasty (born 1565)
- Ottavio Vannini, Italian painter of altarpieces and churches, active mainly in Florence (born 1585)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1643|art}}
Events from the year '''1643 in art'''.
==Events==
* Painter [[Peter Lely]] moves from [[Haarlem]] to [[London]] at about this date.
==Works==
[[Image:Alonso Cano 003.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alonzo Cano|Cano]], ''Ideal portrait of a Spanish King'']]
*[[Sébastien Bourdon]] – ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140303095808/http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/a-brawl-in-a-guard-room/2gGFh2zO9SoxkQ?projectId=art-project&hl=en-gb A Brawl in a Guard-room]'' ([[Dulwich Picture Gallery]]; approximate date)
*[[Alonzo Cano]] – ''Ideal portrait of a Spanish King''
*[[William Dobson]] – ''Portrait of an Old and a Younger Man ([[John Taylor (poet)|John Taylor]] and [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]])''<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/portrait-of-an-old-and-a-younger-man-john-taylor-and-john-denham-207124 |title=Portrait of an Old and a Younger Man (John Taylor and John Denham)
|place=The Courtauld, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust)
|author=((William Dobson (1611–1646)))
|website=artuk.org |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
*[[Jan van Goyen]] – ''[[An Evening River Landscape with a Ferry]]''
*[[Cornelius Johnson (artist)|Cornelius Johnson]] – ''[[:File:WilliamWaller.jpg|Major-General Sir William Waller]]''
*[[Rembrandt]]
**''[[The Artist's Wife, Saskia]]'' ([[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]])<ref name=Woburn/><ref name=BBC/>
**''[[Landscape with a Castle]]'' ([[Musée du Louvre]])
**''[[Portrait of an Old Man]]'' (or ''[[The Old Rabbi]]''; [[Woburn Abbey]], England)<ref name=Woburn>{{cite web|title=Woburn Abbey unveils Rembrandt Masterpiece|url=http://www.woburn.co.uk/news/article/woburn-abbey-unveils-rembrandt-masterpiece/|publisher=Woburn Abbey|date=2012-03-28|accessdate=2012-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504132820/http://www.woburn.co.uk/news/article/woburn-abbey-unveils-rembrandt-masterpiece/|archive-date=2012-05-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite web|title='New' Rembrandt portrait to be unveiled at Woburn Abbey|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17534156|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2012-03-28|accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref>
**''[[The Three Trees]]'' (etching)
*[[Diego Velázquez]] – ''[[:File:Self-portrait by Diego Velázquez.jpg|Self-portrait]]'' ([[Uffizi]]; approximate date)
==Births==
*[[7 December]] – [[Giovanni Battista Falda]], Italian engraver especially of contemporary and antique structures in [[Rome]] (died [[1678 in art|1678]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Juan de Alfaro y Gamez]], Spanish painter of the Baroque (died [[1680 in art|1680]])
**[[Giovanni Battista Buonocore]], [[Italy|Italian]] painter (died [[1699 in art|1699]])
**[[Filippo Gherardi]] – [[Italy|Italian]] painter of [[fresco]]es (died [[1704 in art|1704]])
**[[Ludovico Gimignani]], Italian painter, active mainly in [[Rome]], during the [[Baroque]] period (died [[1697 in art|1697]])
**[[Luigi Quaini]], Italian painter of landscapes and architecture (died [[1717 in art|1717]])
**[[Pandolfo Reschi]], [[Poland|Polish]]-born Italian painter of battle scenes and landscapes (died [[1699 in art|1699]])
**[[Orazio Marinali]], Italian late-[[baroque]] sculptor, active mainly in [[Veneto]] (died [[1720 in art|1720]])
**[[Gottfried Schalken]], Dutch painter (died [[1706 in art|1706]])
==Deaths==
*April – [[Abraham Bosschaert]], Dutch painter (born [[1612 in art|1612]])
*[[December 30]] – [[Giovanni Baglione]], Italian painter and historian of art (born [[1566 in art|1566]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Jean Chalette]], French miniature and portrait painter (born [[1581 in art|1581]])
**[[Belisario Corenzio]], Italian [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] painter (born [[1558 in art|1558]])
**[[Guillaume Dupré]], French sculptor and medallist (born [[1574 in art|1574]])
**[[Cornelis Jacobsz Delff]], Dutch painter (born [[1570 in art|1570]])
*''probable''
**[[Cheng Jiasui]], [[China|Chinese]] [[Landscape painting|landscape painter]] and [[poet]] during the [[Ming Dynasty]] (born [[1565 in art|1565]])
**[[Ottavio Vannini]], Italian painter of [[altarpiece]]s and churches, active mainly in [[Florence]] (born [[1585 in art|1585]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1643 in art| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in art]]
[[Category:1640s in art]]
| 1,255,758,552 |
[]
| false |
# 12714 Alkimos
12714 Alkimos /ˈælkɪmɒs/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 April 1991, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 28.5 hours. It was named from Greek mythology after Alcimus, son of Ares and companion of Achilles.
## Orbit and classification
Alkimos is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit . It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 AU once every 12 years (4,370 days; semi-major axis of 5.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at the La Silla Observatory in February 1990, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.
## Physical characteristics
Alkimos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.
### Rotation period
In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Alkimos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 28.48±0.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Alkimos measures between 47.82 and 61.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.036 and 0.070. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0431 and a diameter of 61.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.
| Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A) (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) |
| Designation | H | WISE | IRAS | Akari | Ln | RP | V–I | YoD | Ref |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 624 Hektor | 7.2 | 225 | 233 | 230.99 | L4 | 6.92 | 0.930 | 1907 | list |
| 617 Patroclus | 8.19 | 140.362 | 140.92 | 140.85 | L5 | 102.80 | 0.830 | 1906 | list |
| 911 Agamemnon | 7.89 | 131.038 | 166.66 | 185.30 | L4 | 6.59 | 0.980 | 1919 | list |
| 588 Achilles | 8.67 | 130.099 | 135.47 | 133.22 | L4 | 7.31 | 0.940 | 1906 | list |
| 3451 Mentor | 8.4 | 126.288 | 116.30 | 117.91 | L5 | 7.70 | 0.770 | 1984 | list |
| 3317 Paris | 8.3 | 118.790 | 116.26 | 120.45 | L5 | 7.09 | 0.950 | 1984 | list |
| 1867 Deiphobus | 8.3 | 118.220 | 122.67 | 131.31 | L5 | 58.66 | 0.930 | 1971 | list |
| 1172 Äneas | 8.33 | 118.020 | 142.82 | 148.66 | L5 | 8.71 | 0.950 | 1930 | list |
| 1437 Diomedes | 8.3 | 117.786 | 164.31 | 172.60 | L4 | 24.49 | 0.810 | 1937 | list |
| 1143 Odysseus | 7.93 | 114.624 | 125.64 | 130.81 | L4 | 10.11 | 0.860 | 1930 | list |
| 2241 Alcathous | 8.64 | 113.682 | 114.63 | 118.87 | L5 | 7.69 | 0.940 | 1979 | list |
| 659 Nestor | 8.99 | 112.320 | 108.87 | 107.06 | L4 | 15.98 | 0.790 | 1908 | list |
| 3793 Leonteus | 8.7 | 112.046 | 86.26 | 87.58 | L4 | 5.62 | 0.780 | 1985 | list |
| 3063 Makhaon | 8.4 | 111.655 | 116.14 | 114.34 | L4 | 8.64 | 0.830 | 1983 | list |
| 1583 Antilochus | 8.6 | 108.842 | 101.62 | 111.69 | L4 | 31.54 | 0.950 | 1950 | list |
| 884 Priamus | 8.81 | 101.093 | 96.29 | 119.99 | L5 | 6.86 | 0.900 | 1917 | list |
| 1208 Troilus | 8.99 | 100.477 | 103.34 | 111.36 | L5 | 56.17 | 0.740 | 1931 | list |
| 1173 Anchises | 8.89 | 99.549 | 126.27 | 120.49 | L5 | 11.60 | 0.780 | 1930 | list |
| 2207 Antenor | 8.89 | 97.658 | 85.11 | 91.32 | L5 | 7.97 | 0.950 | 1977 | list |
| 2363 Cebriones | 9.11 | 95.976 | 81.84 | 84.61 | L5 | 20.05 | 0.910 | 1977 | list |
| 4063 Euforbo | 8.7 | 95.619 | 102.46 | 106.38 | L4 | 8.85 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 2357 Phereclos | 8.94 | 94.625 | 94.90 | 98.45 | L5 | 14.39 | 0.960 | 1981 | list |
| 4709 Ennomos | 8.5 | 91.433 | 80.85 | 80.03 | L5 | 12.28 | 0.690 | 1988 | list |
| 2797 Teucer | 8.7 | 89.430 | 111.14 | 113.99 | L4 | 10.15 | 0.920 | 1981 | list |
| 2920 Automedon | 8.8 | 88.574 | 111.01 | 113.11 | L4 | 10.21 | 0.950 | 1981 | list |
| 15436 Dexius | 9.1 | 87.646 | 85.71 | 78.63 | L4 | 8.97 | 0.870 | 1998 | list |
| 3596 Meriones | 9.2 | 87.380 | 75.09 | 73.28 | L4 | 12.96 | 0.830 | 1985 | list |
| 2893 Peiroos | 9.23 | 86.884 | 87.46 | 86.76 | L5 | 8.96 | 0.950 | 1975 | list |
| 4086 Podalirius | 9.1 | 85.495 | 86.89 | 85.98 | L4 | 10.43 | 0.870 | 1985 | list |
| 4060 Deipylos | 9.3 | 84.043 | 79.21 | 86.79 | L4 | 9.30 | 0.760 | 1987 | list |
| 1404 Ajax | 9.3 | 83.990 | 81.69 | 96.34 | L4 | 29.38 | 0.960 | 1936 | list |
| 4348 Poulydamas | 9.5 | 82.032 | 70.08 | 87.51 | L5 | 9.91 | 0.840 | 1988 | list |
| 5144 Achates | 9.0 | 80.958 | 91.91 | 89.85 | L5 | 5.96 | 0.920 | 1991 | list |
| 4833 Meges | 8.9 | 80.165 | 87.33 | 89.39 | L4 | 14.25 | 0.940 | 1989 | list |
| 2223 Sarpedon | 9.41 | 77.480 | 94.63 | 108.21 | L5 | 22.74 | 0.880 | 1977 | list |
| 4489 Dracius | 9.0 | 76.595 | 92.93 | 95.02 | L4 | 12.58 | 0.950 | 1988 | list |
| 2260 Neoptolemus | 9.31 | 76.435 | 71.65 | 81.28 | L4 | 8.18 | 0.950 | 1975 | list |
| 5254 Ulysses | 9.2 | 76.147 | 78.34 | 80.00 | L4 | 28.72 | 0.970 | 1986 | list |
| 3708 Socus | 9.3 | 75.661 | 79.59 | 76.75 | L5 | 6.55 | 0.980 | 1974 | list |
| 2674 Pandarus | 9.1 | 74.267 | 98.10 | 101.72 | L5 | 8.48 | 1.000 | 1982 | list |
| 3564 Talthybius | 9.4 | 73.730 | 68.92 | 74.11 | L4 | 40.59 | 0.900 | 1985 | list |
| 4834 Thoas | 9.1 | 72.331 | 86.82 | 96.21 | L4 | 18.19 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 7641 Cteatus | 9.4 | 71.839 | 68.97 | 75.28 | L4 | 27.77 | 0.980 | 1986 | list |
| 3540 Protesilaos | 9.3 | 70.225 | 76.84 | 87.66 | L4 | 8.95 | 0.940 | 1973 | list |
| 11395 Iphinous | 9.8 | 68.977 | 64.71 | 67.78 | L4 | 17.38 | – | 1998 | list |
| 4035 Thestor | 9.6 | 68.733 | 68.23 | 66.99 | L4 | 13.47 | 0.970 | 1986 | list |
| 5264 Telephus | 9.4 | 68.472 | 73.26 | 81.38 | L4 | 9.53 | 0.970 | 1991 | list |
| 1868 Thersites | 9.5 | 68.163 | 70.08 | 78.89 | L4 | 10.48 | 0.960 | 1960 | list |
| 9799 Thronium | 9.6 | 68.033 | 64.87 | 72.42 | L4 | 21.52 | 0.910 | 1996 | list |
| 4068 Menestheus | 9.5 | 67.625 | 62.37 | 68.46 | L4 | 14.40 | 0.950 | 1973 | list |
| 23135 Pheidas | 9.9 | 66.230 | 58.29 | 68.50 | L4 | 8.69 | 0.860 | 2000 | list |
| 2456 Palamedes | 9.3 | 65.916 | 91.66 | 99.60 | L4 | 7.24 | 0.920 | 1966 | list |
| 3709 Polypoites | 9.1 | 65.297 | 99.09 | 85.23 | L4 | 10.04 | 1.000 | 1985 | list |
| 1749 Telamon | 9.5 | 64.898 | 81.06 | 69.14 | L4 | 16.98 | 0.970 | 1949 | list |
| 3548 Eurybates | 9.6 | 63.885 | 72.14 | 68.40 | L4 | 8.71 | 0.730 | 1973 | list |
| 4543 Phoinix | 9.7 | 63.836 | 62.79 | 69.54 | L4 | 38.87 | 1.200 | 1989 | list |
| 12444 Prothoon | 9.8 | 63.835 | 64.31 | 62.41 | L5 | 15.82 | – | 1996 | list |
| 4836 Medon | 9.5 | 63.277 | 67.73 | 78.70 | L4 | 9.82 | 0.920 | 1989 | list |
| 16070 Charops | 9.7 | 63.191 | 64.13 | 68.98 | L5 | 20.24 | 0.960 | 1999 | list |
| 15440 Eioneus | 9.6 | 62.519 | 66.48 | 71.88 | L4 | 21.43 | 0.970 | 1998 | list |
| 4715 Medesicaste | 9.7 | 62.097 | 63.91 | 65.93 | L5 | 8.81 | 0.850 | 1989 | list |
| 34746 Thoon | 9.8 | 61.684 | 60.51 | 63.63 | L5 | 19.63 | 0.950 | 2001 | list |
| 38050 Bias | 9.8 | 61.603 | 61.04 | 50.44 | L4 | 18.85 | 0.990 | 1998 | list |
| 5130 Ilioneus | 9.7 | 60.711 | 59.40 | 52.49 | L5 | 14.77 | 0.960 | 1989 | list |
| 5027 Androgeos | 9.6 | 59.786 | 57.86 | n.a. | L4 | 11.38 | 0.910 | 1988 | list |
| 6090 Aulis | 9.4 | 59.568 | 74.53 | 81.92 | L4 | 18.48 | 0.980 | 1989 | list |
| 5648 Axius | 9.7 | 59.295 | 63.91 | n.a. | L5 | 37.56 | 0.900 | 1990 | list |
| 7119 Hiera | 9.7 | 59.150 | 76.40 | 77.29 | L4 | 400 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 4805 Asteropaios | 10.0 | 57.647 | 53.16 | 43.44 | L5 | 12.37 | – | 1990 | list |
| 16974 Iphthime | 9.8 | 57.341 | 55.43 | 57.15 | L4 | 78.9 | 0.960 | 1998 | list |
| 4867 Polites | 9.8 | 57.251 | 58.29 | 64.29 | L5 | 11.24 | 1.010 | 1989 | list |
| 2895 Memnon | 10.0 | 56.706 | 55.67 | n.a. | L5 | 7.50 | 0.710 | 1981 | list |
| 4708 Polydoros | 9.9 | 54.964 | 55.67 | n.a. | L5 | 7.52 | 0.960 | 1988 | list |
| (21601) 1998 XO89 | 10.0 | 54.909 | 55.67 | 56.08 | L4 | 12.65 | 0.970 | 1998 | list |
| 12929 Periboea | 9.9 | 54.077 | 61.04 | 55.34 | L5 | 9.27 | 0.880 | 1999 | list |
| 17492 Hippasos | 10.0 | 53.975 | 55.67 | n.a. | L5 | 17.75 | – | 1991 | list |
| 5652 Amphimachus | 10.1 | 53.921 | 53.16 | 52.48 | L4 | 8.37 | 1.050 | 1992 | list |
| 2759 Idomeneus | 9.9 | 53.676 | 61.01 | 52.55 | L4 | 32.38 | 0.910 | 1980 | list |
| 5258 Rhoeo | 10.2 | 53.275 | 50.77 | n.a. | L4 | 19.85 | 1.010 | 1989 | list |
| (12126) 1999 RM11 | 10.1 | 53.202 | n.a. | n.a. | L5 | n.a. | ? | 1999 | list |
| (15502) 1999 NV27 | 10.0 | 53.100 | 55.67 | 50.86 | L5 | 15.13 | 0.875 | 1999 | list |
| 4754 Panthoos | 10.0 | 53.025 | 53.15 | 56.96 | L5 | 27.68 | – | 1977 | list |
| 4832 Palinurus | 10.0 | 52.058 | 53.16 | n.a. | L5 | 5.32 | 1.000 | 1988 | list |
| 5126 Achaemenides | 10.5 | 51.922 | 44.22 | 48.57 | L4 | 53.02 | – | 1989 | list |
| 3240 Laocoon | 10.2 | 51.695 | 50.77 | n.a. | L5 | 11.31 | 0.880 | 1978 | list |
| 4902 Thessandrus | 9.8 | 51.263 | 61.04 | 71.79 | L4 | 738 | 0.960 | 1989 | list |
| 11552 Boucolion | 10.1 | 51.136 | 53.16 | 53.91 | L5 | 32.44 | – | 1993 | list |
| (20729) 1999 XS143 | 10.4 | 50.961 | 46.30 | n.a. | L4 | 5.72 | 1.000 | 1999 | list |
| 6545 Leitus | 10.1 | 50.951 | 53.16 | n.a. | L4 | 16.26 | 0.910 | 1986 | list |
| 4792 Lykaon | 10.1 | 50.870 | 53.16 | n.a. | L5 | 40.09 | 0.960 | 1988 | list |
| 21900 Orus | 10.0 | 50.810 | 55.67 | 53.87 | L4 | 13.45 | 0.950 | 1999 | list |
| 1873 Agenor | 10.1 | 50.799 | 53.76 | 54.38 | L5 | 20.60 | – | 1971 | list |
| 5028 Halaesus | 10.2 | 50.770 | 50.77 | n.a. | L4 | 24.94 | 0.900 | 1988 | list |
| 2146 Stentor | 9.9 | 50.755 | 58.29 | n.a. | L4 | 16.40 | – | 1976 | list |
| 4722 Agelaos | 10.0 | 50.378 | 53.16 | 59.47 | L5 | 18.44 | 0.910 | 1977 | list |
| 5284 Orsilocus | 10.1 | 50.159 | 53.16 | n.a. | L4 | 10.31 | 0.970 | 1989 | list |
| 11509 Thersilochos | 10.1 | 49.960 | 53.16 | 56.23 | L5 | 17.37 | – | 1990 | list |
| 5285 Krethon | 10.1 | 49.606 | 58.53 | 52.61 | L4 | 12.04 | 1.090 | 1989 | list |
| 4791 Iphidamas | 10.1 | 49.528 | 57.85 | 59.96 | L5 | 9.70 | 1.030 | 1988 | list |
| 9023 Mnesthus | 10.1 | 49.151 | 50.77 | 60.80 | L5 | 30.66 | – | 1988 | list |
| 5283 Pyrrhus | 9.7 | 48.356 | 64.58 | 69.93 | L4 | 7.32 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 4946 Askalaphus | 10.2 | 48.209 | 52.71 | 66.10 | L4 | 22.73 | 0.940 | 1988 | list |
| (22149) 2000 WD49 | 10.2 | 48.190 | 50.77 | 50.37 | L4 | 7.84 | 1.090 | 2000 | list |
| (32496) 2000 WX182 | 10.2 | 48.017 | 50.77 | 51.63 | L5 | 23.34 | 0.950 | 2000 | list |
| 5120 Bitias | 10.2 | 47.987 | 50.77 | n.a. | L5 | 15.21 | 0.780 | 1988 | list |
| 12714 Alkimos | 10.1 | 47.819 | 61.04 | 54.62 | L4 | 28.48 | – | 1991 | list |
| 7352 Hypsenor | 9.9 | 47.731 | 55.67 | 47.07 | L5 | 648 | 0.850 | 1994 | list |
| 1870 Glaukos | 10.6 | 47.649 | 42.23 | n.a. | L5 | 5.99 | — | 1971 | list |
| 4138 Kalchas | 10.1 | 46.462 | 53.16 | 61.04 | L4 | 29.2 | 0.810 | 1973 | list |
| (23958) 1998 VD30 | 10.2 | 46.001 | 50.77 | 47.91 | L4 | 562 | 0.990 | 1998 | list |
| 4828 Misenus | 10.4 | 45.954 | 46.30 | 43.22 | L5 | 12.87 | 0.920 | 1988 | list |
| 4057 Demophon | 10.1 | 45.683 | 53.16 | n.a. | L4 | 29.82 | 1.060 | 1985 | list |
| 4501 Eurypylos | 10.4 | 45.524 | 46.30 | n.a. | L4 | 6.05 | – | 1989 | list |
| 4007 Euryalos | 10.3 | 45.515 | 48.48 | 53.89 | L4 | 6.39 | – | 1973 | list |
| 5259 Epeigeus | 10.3 | 44.741 | 42.59 | 44.42 | L4 | 18.42 | – | 1989 | list |
| 30705 Idaios | 10.4 | 44.546 | 46.30 | n.a. | L5 | 15.74 | – | 1977 | list |
| 16560 Daitor | 10.7 | 43.861 | 51.42 | 43.38 | L5 | – | – | 1991 | list |
| (15977) 1998 MA11 | 10.4 | 43.530 | 46.30 | 51.53 | L5 | 250 | 0.906 | 1998 | list |
| 7543 Prylis | 10.6 | 42.893 | 42.23 | n.a. | L4 | 17.80 | – | 1973 | list |
| 4827 Dares | 10.5 | 42.770 | 44.22 | n.a. | L5 | 19.00 | – | 1988 | list |
| 1647 Menelaus | 10.5 | 42.716 | 44.22 | n.a. | L4 | 17.74 | 0.866 | 1957 | list |
| (A) Used sources: WISE/NEOWISE catalog (NEOWISE_DIAM_V1 PDS, Grav, 2012); IRAS data (SIMPS v.6 catalog); and Akari catalog (Usui, 2011); RP: rotation period and V–I (color index) taken from the LCDB Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB (query) and from the LCDB (query form) for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100. | | | | | | | | | |
## Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the hero Alcimus, son of Ares. After Patroclus had died, he and Automedon were the two most favored by Achilles. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41386).
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12714 Alkimos
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 12714 Alkimos
| background = #C2FFFF
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Carolyn Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]]<br />[[Eugene Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]]
| discovery_site = [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar Obs.]]
| discovered = 15 April 1991
| mpc_name = (12714) Alkimos
| alt_names = {{mp|1991 GX|1}}{{·}}{{mp|1990 EY|1}}
| adjective = Alkimian
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|k|ᵻ|m|ɒ|s|,_|-|ə|s}}<ref>'Alcimus' in Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| named_after = [[Alcimus (mythology)|Alcimus]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><br />{{small|(Greek mythology)}}
| mp_category = [[Jupiter trojan]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" /><br />{{nowrap|[[Greek camp|Greek]]<ref name="MPC-Jupiter-Trojans" />{{·}}[[Background asteroid|background]]<ref name="AstDys-object" />}}
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 23 March 2018 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458200.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 26.36 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (9,629 d)
| aphelion = 5.4180 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 5.0443 AU
| semimajor = 5.2312 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0357
| period = 11.96 yr (4,370 d)
| mean_anomaly = 197.17[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.0824|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 9.5083°
| asc_node = 298.90°
| arg_peri = 164.29°
| jupiter_moid = 0.1981 AU
| tisserand = 2.9710
| mean_diameter = {{val|47.82|1.16|ul=km}}<ref name="Grav-2012" /><br />{{val|54.62|4.20|u=km}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|61.04|5.4|u=km}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| rotation = {{val|28.48|0.01|ul=h}}<ref name="French-2012" />
| albedo = {{val|0.036|0.007}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|0.045|0.007}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.070|0.014}}<ref name="Grav-2012" />
| spectral_type = [[C-type asteroid|C]] {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 10.1<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="Grav-2012" /><br />10.30<ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="SIMPS" />
}}
'''12714 Alkimos''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|k|ᵻ|m|ɒ|s}} is a large [[Jupiter trojan]] from the [[Greek camp]], approximately {{convert|54|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 15 April 1991, by American astronomer couple [[Carolyn Shoemaker|Carolyn]] and [[Eugene Shoemaker]] at the [[Palomar Observatory]] in California.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The dark Jovian [[asteroid]] has a [[rotation period]] of 28.5 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named from Greek mythology after [[Alcimus (mythology)|Alcimus]], son of [[Ares]] and companion of [[Achilles]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Alkimos'' is a dark Jovian [[asteroid]] in a 1:1 [[orbital resonance]] with Jupiter. It is located in the leading [[Greek camp]] at the Gas Giant's {{L4}} [[Lagrangian point]], 60[[degree (angle)|°]] ahead of its orbit {{crossreference|(see [[Trojans in astronomy]])}}. It is also a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid in the [[background asteroid|Jovian background population]].<ref name="AstDys-object" />
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 12 years (4,370 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 5.23 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.04 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 10[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its first observation at the [[La Silla Observatory]] in February 1990, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
''Alkimos'' is an assumed [[C-type asteroid]], while larger Jupiter trojans are [[D-type asteroid|D-types]].<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Rotation period ===
In January 2012, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Alkimos'' was obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations by [[Robert D. Stephens|Robert Stephens]] at GMARS {{Obscode|G79}} in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a [[rotation period]] of {{val|28.48|0.01}} hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="French-2012" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], ''Alkimos'' measures between 47.82 and 61.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.036 and 0.070.<ref name="Grav-2012" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="SIMPS" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0431 and a diameter of 61.13 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.1.<ref name="lcdb" />
{{Largest Jupiter trojans}}
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named from [[Greek mythology]] after the hero [[Alcimus (mythology)|Alcimus]], son of [[Ares]]. After [[Patroclus]] had died, he and [[Automedon]] were the two most favored by [[Achilles]].<ref name="MPC-object" /> The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 13 October 2000 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 41386}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2016-07-06 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12714 Alkimos (1991 GX1)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2012714
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 12714 Alkimos (1991 GX1)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=12714
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Jupiter-Trojans">{{cite web
|title = List of Jupiter Trojans
|work = Minor Planet Center
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = 1 June 2018
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/JupiterTrojans.html
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Grav-2012">{{cite journal
|first1 = T. |last1 = Grav
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. M. |last3 = Bauer
|first4 = J. R. |last4 = Masiero
|first5 = C. R. |last5 = Nugent
|date = November 2012
|title = WISE/NEOWISE Observations of the Jovian Trojan Population: Taxonomy
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759...49G
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 10
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759...49G
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/49
|arxiv = 1209.1549
|s2cid = 119101711
|access-date= 23 June 2018}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-6?-source=J/ApJ/759/49/table1&MPC=12714 online catalog])</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid (12714) Alkimos – Proper Elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=12714&pc=1.1.6
|access-date= 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System – IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (12714) Alkimos
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=12714%7CAlkimos
|access-date = 23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access=
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=12714 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="French-2012">{{Cite journal
|first1 = Linda M. |last1 = French
|first2 = Robert D. |last2 = Stephens
|first3 = Daniel R. |last3 = Coley
|first4 = Ralph |last4 = Megna
|first5 = Lawrence H. |last5 = Wasserman
|date = July 2012
|title = Photometry of 17 Jovian Trojan Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012MPBu...39..183F
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 39
|issue = 3
|pages = 183–187
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2012MPBu...39..183F
|access-date= 23 June 2018}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs010001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000)] – Minor Planet Center
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180623033025/https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=12714+Alkimos Asteroid 12714 Alkimos] at the Small Bodies Data Ferret
* {{AstDys|12714}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |(12713) 1991 FY3 |number=12714 |12715 Godin }}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alkimos}}
[[Category:Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)|012714]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Carolyn S. Shoemaker]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1991|19910415]]
| 1,271,883,761 |
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# 1941 October Revolution Parade
The 1941 October Revolution Parade of November 7, 1941 was a parade in honor of the October Revolution 24 years earlier. It is most famous for taking place during the Battle of Moscow. The Communist Party General Secretary, Joseph Stalin, delivered a speech to the soldiers on the parade on Red Square, who would go to battle immediately after the parade. Many of the soldiers on the parade would be killed in battle. Every year in modern Russia, November 7th is a holiday in honor of the 1941 parade as a substitute for celebration of the October Revolution, as a Day of Military Honour.
Parades held on that year that are more memorable are the parades in Moscow's Red Square and in Kuybyshev Square, Samara (formerly Kuybyshev in the Soviet period). Both are marked today by commemorative parades to honor their historical importance.
## Order of the Moscow parade march past
The parade was inspected by the commander of the Reserve Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Budyonny, with musical accompaniment by a combined band made up of the Central Military Band of the People's Commissariat of Defence, the Band of the Dzerzhinsky Division, and the Staff Band of the Moscow Military District, both under the baton of Colonel Vasily Agapkin, then the Director of Music, Staff Band of the Moscow Military District.
### Ground column
Following Colonel General Pavel Artemyev riding on horseback, the parade marched past in the following order:
- Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College
- Moscow Artillery School
- Combined Regiment from the 336th Naval Infantry Brigade and Navy Headquarters Detachment Moscow (1st Naval Task Group)
- 332nd Rifle Division
- ODON
- NKVD Internal Troops stationed in Moscow
- 2nd Rifle (People's Militia) Division
- Regiment from the Military Council of the Moscow Military District
- Vsevobuch Regiment (two battalions)
- Veteran Red Guards battalion
## Stalin's speech
Before the parade commenced the then General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) and Premier of the USSR Joseph Stalin delivered the following address to the nation:
"Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political commissioners, working men and working women, collective farmers-men and women, workers in the intellectual professions, brothers and sisters in the rear of our enemy who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German brigands, and to our valiant men and women guerillas who are destroying the rear of the German invaders!
On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I am greeting you and congratulating you on the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Comrades, it is in strenuous circumstances that we are to-day celebrating the twenty-fourth anniversary of the October Revolution. The perfidious attack of the German brigands and the war which has been forced upon us have created a threat to our country. We have temporarily lost a number of regions, the enemy has appeared at the gates of Leningrad and Moscow. The enemy reckoned that after the very first blow our army would be dispersed, and our country would be forced to her knees. But the enemy gravely miscalculated. In spite of temporary reverses, our Army and Navy are heroically repulsing the enemy’s attacks along the entire front and inflicting heavy losses upon him, while our country—our entire country—has organized itself into one fighting camp in order, together with our Army and our Navy, to encompass the rout of the German invaders.
There were times when our country was in a still more difficult position. Remember the year 1918, when we celebrated the first anniversary of the October Revolution. Three-quarters of our country was at that time in the hands of foreign interventionists. The Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East were temporarily lost to us. We had no allies, we had no Red Army—we had only just begun to create it; there was a shortage of food, of armaments, of clothing for the Army. Fourteen states were pressing against our country. But we did not become despondent, we did not lose heart. In the fire of war we forged the Red Army and converted our country into a military camp. The spirit of the great Lenin animated us at that time for the war against the interventionists. And what happened? We routed the interventionists, recovered all our lost territory, and achieved victory.
To-day the position of our country is far better than twenty-three years ago. Our country is now many times richer than it was twenty-three years ago as regards industry, food and raw materials. We now have allies, who together with us are maintaining a united front against the German invaders. We now enjoy the sympathy and support of all the nations of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of Hitler’s tyranny. We now have a splendid Army and a splendid Navy, who are defending with their lives the liberty and independence of our country. We experience no serious shortage of either food, or armaments or army clothing. Our entire country, all the peoples of our country, support our Army and our Navy, helping them to smash the invading hordes of German fascists. Our reserves of man-power are inexhaustible. The spirit of the great Lenin and his victorious banner animate us now in this patriotic war just as they did twenty-three years ago.
Can there be any doubt that we can, and are bound to, defeat the German invaders?
The enemy is not so strong as some frightened little intellectuals picture him. The devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Who can deny that our Red Army has more than once put the vaunted German troops to panic flight? If one judges, not by the boastful assertions of the German propagandists, but by the actual position of Germany, it will not be difficult to understand that the German-fascist invaders are facing disaster. Hunger and impoverishment reign in Germany to-day; in four months of war Germany has lost four and a half million men; Germany is bleeding, her reserves of man-power are giving out, the spirit of indignation is spreading not only among the peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders but also among the German people themselves, who see no end to war. The German invaders are straining their last efforts. There is no doubt that Germany cannot sustain such a strain for long. Another few months, another half-year, perhaps another year, and Hitlerite Germany must burst under the pressure of her crimes.
Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerillas, the whole world is looking to you as the force capable of destroying the plundering hordes of German invaders. The enslaved peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders look to you as their liberators. A great liberating mission has fallen to your lot. Be worthy of this mission! The war you are waging is a war of liberation, a just war. Let the manly images of our great ancestors—Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov—inspire you in this war! May the victorious banner of the great Lenin be your lodestar!
For the complete destruction of the German invaders! Death to the German invaders!
Long live our glorious Motherland, her liberty and her independence!
Under the banner of Lenin, forward to victory!"
## Parade in Kuybyshev
The other national parade held was at Kuybyshev (today Samara), at the grounds of Kuybyshev Square, attended by officials of the All-Union Communist Party, the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Soviet, high-ranking officers of the Soviet Armed Forces and the diplomatic corps, on the grounds of the city being a wartime national capital in the case of Moscow having fallen into Axis hands. The parade commander was then-Lieutenant General Maksim Purkayev, commanding general of the 60th Army, while it was inspected by the former People's Commissar of Defense, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, who later gave the national holiday message following the inspection. It was his final inspection of an October Revolution parade and the only one he inspected outside the capital. An estimated 15,000 military servicemen took part, alongside more than 140 military vehicles and equipment and 217 aircraft, followed by a civilian demonstration of citizens from the city as well as refugees from the western cities. A 360-man massed bands contingent of the Volga Military District provided the ceremonial music.
### Full order of the Kuybyshev Parade
- Corps of Drums
- Corps of Cadets, Military Medical Academy
- Brigade from the 65th Rifle Division
- Brigade from the 239th Rifle Division
- Air defense battalion
- Naval battalion
- Battalion of Internal Troops of the NKVD
## Parade in Voronezh
In Voronezh, the parade of the troops of the Southwestern Front took place on October Square (currently Lenin Square), and was presided over by Marshal Semyon Timoshenko. The rostrum was filled with the leaders of regional party organizations, among other guests such as Polish communist writer Wanda Wasilewska, the Ukrainian literary figure Oleksandr Korniychuk, and future Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. At 11:30 am, to the sounds of a 300-member military band led by the famous Voronezh composer Konstantin Massalitinov, the parade of the Voronezh Garrison began. Tanks marched in white camouflage to the sound of the Cavalry Trot by Semyon Tchernetsky. The parade lasted no more than an hour and a half. After the war, the parade took a backseat in historical importance.
### Full order of the Voronezh parade
- Massed Bands
- Personnel of the 327th Rifle Division
- Infantry
- Artillery
- Mechanized columns equipped with[9]
- BA-64 armored cars
- ZIS-5 trucks
- M-72 motorcycles
- GAZ-67 jeeps
- Willys MB jeeps
- Katyusha rocket launchers
## Legacy of the parades of 1941
Today, the legacy of the twin parades held during the first year of the Great Patriotic War in the cities of Moscow and Samara serves as a reminder of the resistance of the Russian people and her armed forces, as part of the wider Soviet Union, against the aggression brought upon by Nazi Germany, in the Eastern Front of the Second World War. Millions of Russians who live in the wider areas of these two cities have or had family members and relatives who marched in these parades and/or fought during the conflict and consider these parades part of the wider history of Russia and of their families. Thus, the anniversaries of the parades of 1941 are for many Russians held in high esteem as a show of force against the fascist enemy and of Russia's determination to defeat any form of international aggression, as well as for the country to show to her people and the young the values of patriotism, remembrance of the fallen, love of country, and service in the armed forces. Every year, on 7 November, the two cities hold commemorative parades not just to remember the hundreds of thousands of their residents who fought and died in the Second World War, but to forever maintain the memories that these two parades had on their cities' long history.
### Military memorial parade in Moscow's Red Square
Commemorative parades have since the late 1990s marked the more memorable and famous 1941 parade on Moscow's Red Square with personnel of the Moscow Garrison, cadets of armed forces academies, servicemen of military units, the Young Army Cadets National Movement, cadets of military cadet schools and young men and women under youth uniformed and volunteer organizations within the capital city and its environs, with over 5,800 taking part. The march of veterans of the 1941 parade was first held in Russia in 2000. In 2003, the City Government of Moscow revamped that event as a parade of youth organizations and cadet schools. Two years later, the parade's anniversary was marked with a demonstration of wartime equipment and vehicles. A nationally televised event, it is attended by the few living veterans of the war, families of deceased servicemen and veterans, the diplomatic corps, cadets of the armed forces, and veterans of recent conflicts, with the Mayor of Moscow as the guest of honor. The parade commander, since 2014, has been a Colonel in active service of the armed forces. The ceremonial music for the parade is provided by the massed military bands of the Moscow Capital Garrison, under the baton of the Senior Director of Music of the Military Band Service. Since 2015, the parade begins with the march on in slow time of the Flag of Russia and the Victory Banner, imitating that of the Victory Day Parade earlier in the year. The 2012 parade was also marked as the final event concluding a year of celebrations of the bicentennial jubilee of the French invasion of Russia and the historic Battle of Borodino.
The 2020 parade, earmarked as the final event in a year of celebrations of the diamond jubilee of the victory in the Second World War in Europe, was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. Alternative small celebrations are slated to take its place as a local kick-off to the celebrations of the 80th anniversary of the parade slated in 2021, which by itself represent the end of a year of national commemorations of the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the war in the territories of the former Soviet Union.
Following the order to commence the march past in quick time, the order of the parade is as follows:
- Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison[14]
- Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment,
- Band of the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
- Band of the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
- Band of the Moscow Higher Combined Arms Command School
- Band of the 147th Automobile Base
- Band of the 27th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade
- Band of the 1st Semyonovsky Independent Rifle Regiment
- Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College
- 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment Colour Guard
- Combined color guard and color guard of front standards
- 1st Honour Guard Company of the 3rd Honor Guard Battalion, 154th PICR
- Historical battalion made up of:
- Military University of the Ministry of Defense
- Moscow Higher Military Command School
- 27th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade
- Gagarin-Zhukovsky Air Force Academy
- Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces
- Engineering Forces, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence and Control Military Academy "Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko"
- Separate Operational Purpose Division, National Guard Forces Command
- Suvorov Military School
- Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadet School
- Moscow Cadet Corps of the Investigative Committee of Russia
- Moscow Cadet Fire Corps of the Civil Defense Academy, Ministry of Emergency Situations
- Moscow Young Army Patriotic Cadets Unit (on behalf of the Young Army Cadets National Movement)
- Moscow University of Maritime Transportation
- Moscow Unit of the Labor Reserves All-Russia Volunteer Sports Association
- Composite battalion of Moscow units of DOSAAF
- Combined cadet regiment of Moscow area cadet schools and courses
- Moscow National Pensions School Cadet Corps
- 1st Moscow Cadet Corps
- Boarding School for Girls of the Ministry of Defense of Russia
- Moscow Sea Cadet Corps of the Navigation and Mathematics School
- Moscow Sea Cadet Corps "Heroes of Sevastopol"
- Moscow Cadet Corps "Heroes of Stalingrad"
- Moscow Cadet Corps "Space Heroes"
- Moscow Military Music Cadet Corps
- Moscow 1st Cadet Corps of the Border Service of the Federal Security Service
- Moscow Justice Cadet Corps
- Moscow Diplomatic Cadet Corps
- Moscow Cossack Cadets
- Preobrazhensky Cadet Corps
- Petrovsky Cadet Corps
- St. George Cadet Corps
- Moscow Chemical Cadet Corps
- Tagansky Cadet Corps
- Moscow Police Cadet Corps
### Civil-military memorial parade in Kuybyshev Square, Samara
The Samara parade of 1941 has been remembered more recently beginning in 2011; the city government hosts a large civil-military parade at Kuybyshev Square in the city proper to honor the thousands who marched before state, political, and military leaders on that square in the winter of 1941. Also a televised event, the Mayor of Samara is the parade's guest of honor, reviewing more than 10,000 marchers from the armed forces, civil services, veterans, and students of cadet schools in Samara and neighboring regions of the country, making it far larger than the Moscow parade. Beginning in 2014, the parade has also included a civil march of students, professionals, athletes, and distinguished citizens in memory of the civilian marchers of the memorable 1941 parade. Since the city became the de facto wartime capital of the Soviet Union when the Axis forces approached Moscow, the Samara parade is a chance for the city's people to recall one of the more famous chapters of its long history. Since its commencement in 2011, it has adopted the march in the slow time of the Moscow parade. After a two-year break due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the commemorative parade resumed in 2022.
Starting with the parade of 2017, the city garrison's massed bands play The Internationale as the colour guard, including the naval ensign of the Amur Military Flotilla and the flags of the two infantry divisions which took part in the original parade, marches into the square to take its place of honor in the lead of the formation.
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{{Short description|Military parade during the Battle of Moscow}}
{{POV|date=September 2022}}[[File:Parade on Red Square on November, 7th, 1941.ogv|thumb|Footage of the parade.]]
[[File:Stamp of USSR 0973.jpg|thumb|250px|A stamp in honor of the parade.]]
[[File:RIAN archive 669659 Soviet troops head to front lines after 1941 Red Square parade.jpg|thumb|250px|Vehicles on parade.]]
The '''1941 October Revolution Parade''' of November 7, 1941 was a parade in honor of the [[October Revolution]] 24 years earlier.<ref group=note>Russia and later the Soviet Union [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|adopted the Gregorian calendar after the October Revolution]], so that the anniversary now fell on 7 November.</ref> It is most famous for taking place during the [[Battle of Moscow]]. The [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]], [[Joseph Stalin]], delivered a speech to the soldiers on the parade on [[Red Square]], who would go to battle immediately after the parade. Many of the soldiers on the parade would be killed in battle.<ref>{{Citation|last=RedSamurai84|title=Soviet October Revolution Parade, 1941 Парад 7 Ноября|date=2016-05-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kkIJ9DuCE4&list=PL0g-YW_Z9IPCaYXm13-jBZ8ohjSHgCO5_|accessdate=2016-10-23}}</ref> Every year in modern [[Russia]], November 7th is a holiday in honor of the 1941 parade as a substitute for celebration of the October Revolution,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/349|title=Anniversary of the 1941 October Revolution Day Parade in Russia / November 7, 2016|last=AnydayGuide|newspaper=AnydayGuide|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> as a [[Days of Military Honour|Day of Military Honour]].
Parades held on that year that are more memorable are the parades in Moscow's Red Square and in Kuybyshev Square, [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]<ref>{{Citation|last=RedSamurai84|title=Soviet October Revolution Parade 1941, Kuybyshev Парад 7 Ноября|date=2016-11-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rCqdx-hS6U&t=1s|accessdate=2017-01-27}}</ref> (formerly Kuybyshev in the Soviet period). Both are marked today by commemorative parades to honor their historical importance.
== Order of the Moscow parade march past ==
The parade was inspected by the commander of the [[Reserve Front]], [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Semyon Budyonny]], with musical accompaniment by a combined band made up of the Central Military Band of the [[People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union|People's Commissariat of Defence]], the [[Band of the Dzerzhinsky Division]], and the Staff Band of the [[Moscow Military District]], both under the baton of Colonel [[Vasily Agapkin]], then the Director of Music, Staff Band of the Moscow Military District.
=== Ground column ===
Following Colonel General Pavel Artemyev riding on [[Equestrianism|horseback]], the parade marched past in the following order:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=10769032@cmsArticle|title = Военный парад на Красной площади в Москве 7 ноября 1941 г. стал великолепным примером мужества и отваги : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации}}</ref>
* Corps of Drums of the [[Moscow Military Music College]]
* Moscow Artillery School
* Combined Regiment from the 336th Naval Infantry Brigade and Navy Headquarters Detachment Moscow (1st Naval Task Group)
* [[332nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|332nd Rifle Division]]
* [[ODON]]
* [[NKVD]] [[Internal Troops]] stationed in Moscow
* 2nd Rifle (People's Militia) Division
* Regiment from the Military Council of the Moscow Military District
* [[Vsevobuch]] Regiment (two battalions)
* Veteran [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guards]] battalion
== Stalin's speech ==
[[File:Stalin Speech 1941 Red Army Parade 7 November (English Subtitles).webm|thumb|Video of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s speech to the Red Army.]]
[[File:Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade,_bayonets_fixed.jpg|thumb|Soldiers cheering on Stalin.]]
Before the parade commenced the then General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) and Premier of the USSR Joseph Stalin delivered the following address to the nation:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1941/11/07.htm|title=Speech at the Red Army Parade on the Red Square, Moscow|last=Stalin|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2017-03-21}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political commissioners, working men and working women, collective farmers-men and women, workers in the intellectual professions, brothers and sisters in the rear of our enemy who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German brigands, and to our valiant men and women guerillas who are destroying the rear of the German invaders!
On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I am greeting you and congratulating you on the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Comrades, it is in strenuous circumstances that we are to-day celebrating the twenty-fourth anniversary of the October Revolution. The perfidious attack of the German brigands and the war which has been forced upon us have created a threat to our country. We have temporarily lost a number of regions, the enemy has appeared at the gates of Leningrad and Moscow. The enemy reckoned that after the very first blow our army would be dispersed, and our country would be forced to her knees. But the enemy gravely miscalculated. In spite of temporary reverses, our Army and Navy are heroically repulsing the enemy’s attacks along the entire front and inflicting heavy losses upon him, while our country—our entire country—has organized itself into one fighting camp in order, together with our Army and our Navy, to encompass the rout of the German invaders.
There were times when our country was in a still more difficult position. Remember the year 1918, when we celebrated the first anniversary of the October Revolution. Three-quarters of our country was at that time in the hands of foreign interventionists. The Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East were temporarily lost to us. We had no allies, we had no Red Army—we had only just begun to create it; there was a shortage of food, of armaments, of clothing for the Army. Fourteen states were pressing against our country. But we did not become despondent, we did not lose heart. In the fire of war we forged the Red Army and converted our country into a military camp. The spirit of the great Lenin animated us at that time for the war against the interventionists. And what happened? We routed the interventionists, recovered all our lost territory, and achieved victory.
To-day the position of our country is far better than twenty-three years ago. Our country is now many times richer than it was twenty-three years ago as regards industry, food and raw materials. We now have allies, who together with us are maintaining a united front against the German invaders. We now enjoy the sympathy and support of all the nations of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of Hitler’s tyranny. We now have a splendid Army and a splendid Navy, who are defending with their lives the liberty and independence of our country. We experience no serious shortage of either food, or armaments or army clothing. Our entire country, all the peoples of our country, support our Army and our Navy, helping them to smash the invading hordes of German fascists. Our reserves of man-power are inexhaustible. The spirit of the great Lenin and his victorious banner animate us now in this patriotic war just as they did twenty-three years ago.
Can there be any doubt that we can, and are bound to, defeat the German invaders?
The enemy is not so strong as some frightened little intellectuals picture him. The devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Who can deny that our Red Army has more than once put the vaunted German troops to panic flight? If one judges, not by the boastful assertions of the German propagandists, but by the actual position of Germany, it will not be difficult to understand that the German-fascist invaders are facing disaster. Hunger and impoverishment reign in Germany to-day; in four months of war Germany has lost four and a half million men; Germany is bleeding, her reserves of man-power are giving out, the spirit of indignation is spreading not only among the peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders but also among the German people themselves, who see no end to war. The German invaders are straining their last efforts. There is no doubt that Germany cannot sustain such a strain for long. Another few months, another half-year, perhaps another year, and Hitlerite Germany must burst under the pressure of her crimes.
Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerillas, the whole world is looking to you as the force capable of destroying the plundering hordes of German invaders. The enslaved peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders look to you as their liberators. A great liberating mission has fallen to your lot. Be worthy of this mission! The war you are waging is a war of liberation, a just war. Let the manly images of our great ancestors—[[Alexander Nevsky]], [[Dmitry Donskoy]], [[Kuzma Minin]], [[Dmitry Pozharsky]], [[Alexander Suvorov]] and [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]—inspire you in this war! May the victorious banner of the great Lenin be your lodestar!
For the complete destruction of the German invaders! Death to the German invaders!
Long live our glorious Motherland, her liberty and her independence!
Under the banner of Lenin, forward to victory!"}}
== Parade in Kuybyshev ==
[[image:Kuybyshev battle parade 1941 05.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The parade in [[Kuybyshev Square]], [[Samara]]]]
The other national parade held was at Kuybyshev (today [[Samara]]), at the grounds of [[Kuybyshev Square]], attended by officials of the All-Union Communist Party, the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Soviet, high-ranking officers of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] and the diplomatic corps, on the grounds of the city being a wartime national capital in the case of Moscow having fallen into [[Axis powers|Axis hands]]. The parade commander was then-Lieutenant General [[Maksim Purkayev]], commanding general of the [[60th Army (Soviet Union)|60th Army]], while it was inspected by the former [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|People's Commissar of Defense]], [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]] [[Kliment Voroshilov]], who later gave the national holiday message following the inspection. It was his final inspection of an October Revolution parade and the only one he inspected outside the capital. An estimated 15,000 military servicemen took part, alongside more than 140 military vehicles and equipment and 217 aircraft, followed by a civilian demonstration of citizens from the city as well as refugees from the [[European Russia|western cities]]. A 360-man massed bands contingent of the [[Volga Military District]] provided the ceremonial music.
=== Full order of the Kuybyshev Parade ===
* Corps of Drums
* Corps of Cadets, Military Medical Academy
* Brigade from the [[65th Rifle Division]]
* Brigade from the 239th Rifle Division
* Air defense battalion
* Naval battalion
* Battalion of [[Internal Troops]] of the [[NKVD]]
== Parade in Voronezh ==
In [[Voronezh]], the parade of the troops of the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] took place on October Square (currently Lenin Square), and was presided over by Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-07|title=Календарь событий: 7 ноября 1941 года в Воронеже прошёл парад в честь годовщины Октябрьской революции|url=https://vestivrn.ru/tv/2016/11/07/kalendar-sobyitiy-7-noyabrya-1941-goda-v-voronezhe-proshl-parad-v-chest-godovschinyi-oktyabrskoy-revolyutsii_2016-11-7_11-25/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Вести Воронеж|language=ru-RU}}</ref> The rostrum was filled with the leaders of regional party organizations, among other guests such as Polish communist writer [[Wanda Wasilewska]], the Ukrainian literary figure [[Oleksandr Korniychuk]], and future Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. At 11:30 am, to the sounds of a 300-member military band led by the famous Voronezh composer Konstantin Massalitinov, the parade of the Voronezh Garrison began. Tanks marched in white camouflage to the sound of the ''Cavalry Trot'' by [[Semyon Tchernetsky]]. The parade lasted no more than an hour and a half.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Незаслуженно забытый. Как прошел парад 7 ноября 1941 года в Воронеже|url=https://riavrn.ru/news/nezasluzhenno-zabytyy-kak-proshel-parad-7-noyabrya-1941-goda-v-voronezhe/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=РИА Воронеж|date=6 November 2016|language=ru}}</ref> After the war, the parade took a backseat in historical importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.riavrn.ru/news/rekonstruktsiya-voronezhskogo-parada-1941-goda-sobrala-bolee-500-chelovek/|title = Historic reenactment of 1941 Voronezh Parade gathered over 500 people|date = 7 November 2016}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=September 2022}}
=== Full order of the Voronezh parade ===
* Massed Bands
* Personnel of the [[327th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|327th Rifle Division]]
** Infantry
** Artillery
** Mechanized columns equipped with<ref>{{Cite web|title=В Воронеже реконструировали незаслуженно забытый парад 7 ноября 1941 года|url=https://gorcom36.ru/content/v-voronezhe-rekonstruirovali-nezasluzhenno-zabytyy-parad-7-noyabrya-1941-goda/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=gorcom36.ru}}</ref>
*** [[BA-64]] armored cars
*** [[ZIS-5 (truck)|ZIS-5]] trucks
*** [[Dnepr M-72|M-72]] motorcycles
*** [[GAZ-67]] jeeps
*** [[Willys MB]] jeeps
*** [[Katyusha rocket launcher]]s
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Парад 7 ноября 1941 года в Воронеже - Конкурс молодых историков "Наследие предков - молодым"|url=https://ist-konkurs.ru/raboty/2014/1717-parad-7-noyabrya-1941-goda-v-voronezhe|access-date=2020-07-23|website=ist-konkurs.ru}}</ref>
== Legacy of the parades of 1941 ==
Today, the legacy of the twin parades held during the first year of the Great Patriotic War in the cities of Moscow and Samara serves as a reminder of the resistance of the Russian people and her armed forces, as part of the wider Soviet Union, against the aggression brought upon by Nazi Germany, in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of the Second World War. Millions of Russians who live in the wider areas of these two cities have or had family members and relatives who marched in these parades and/or fought during the conflict and consider these parades part of the wider history of Russia and of their families. Thus, the anniversaries of the parades of 1941 are for many Russians held in high esteem as a show of force against the fascist enemy and of Russia's determination to defeat any form of international aggression, as well as for the country to show to her people and the young the values of patriotism, remembrance of the fallen, love of country, and service in the armed forces. Every year, on 7 November, the two cities hold commemorative parades not just to remember the hundreds of thousands of their residents who fought and died in the Second World War, but to forever maintain the memories that these two parades had on their cities' long history.
=== Military memorial parade in Moscow's Red Square ===
Commemorative parades have since the late 1990s marked the more memorable and famous 1941 parade on Moscow's Red Square with personnel of the Moscow Garrison, cadets of armed forces academies, servicemen of military units, the [[Young Army Cadets National Movement]], cadets of military cadet schools and young men and women under youth uniformed and volunteer organizations within the capital city and its environs, with over 5,800 taking part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/Travel/wireStory/russia-enacts-legendary-world-war-ii-parade-moscow-66816886|title = Russia re-enacts legendary World War II parade in Moscow| website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] }}</ref> The march of veterans of the 1941 parade was first held in Russia in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-10-03|title=На Красной площади 7 ноября пройдет реконструкция парада 1941 года|url=https://www.interfax.ru/moscow/631667|accessdate=2018-12-11|publisher=[[Интерфакс]]|language=ru}}</ref> In 2003, the City Government of Moscow revamped that event as a parade of youth organizations and cadet schools. Two years later, the parade's anniversary was marked with a demonstration of wartime equipment and vehicles. A [[Television in Russia|nationally televised event]], it is attended by the few living veterans of the war, families of deceased servicemen and veterans, the diplomatic corps, cadets of the armed forces, and veterans of recent conflicts, with the [[Mayor of Moscow]] as the guest of honor. The parade commander, since 2014, has been a Colonel in active service of the armed forces. The ceremonial music for the parade is provided by the massed military bands of the Moscow Capital Garrison, under the baton of the Senior Director of Music of the [[Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia|Military Band Service]]. Since 2015, the parade begins with the march on in slow time of the [[Flag of Russia]] and the [[Victory Banner]], imitating that of the [[Moscow Victory Day Parade|Victory Day Parade]] earlier in the year. The 2012 parade was also marked as the final event concluding a year of celebrations of the bicentennial jubilee of the [[French invasion of Russia]] and the historic [[Battle of Borodino]].
The 2020 parade, earmarked as the final event in a year of celebrations of the diamond jubilee of the victory in the Second World War in Europe, was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/1081222/2020-10-31/vlasti-moskvy-otmenili-marsh-v-chest-parada-na-krasnoi-ploshchadi-7-noiabria-1941-goda|title = Власти Москвы отменили марш в честь парада на Красной площади 7 ноября 1941 года|date = 31 October 2020}}</ref> Alternative small celebrations are slated to take its place as a local kick-off to the celebrations of the 80th anniversary of the parade slated in 2021, which by itself represent the end of a year of national commemorations of the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the war in the territories of the former Soviet Union.
Following the order to commence the march past in quick time, the order of the parade is as follows:
* Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison<ref>{{Cite web|title=Торжественным маршем под музыку военного оркестра — Спасская башня|url=https://spasstower.ru/news/torzhestvennym-marshem-pod-muzyku-voennogo-orkestra-20191107/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=spasstower.ru}}</ref>
**[[Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment]],
** Band of the [[Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
** Band of the [[Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation]]
** Band of the [[Moscow Higher Military Command School|Moscow Higher Combined Arms Command School]]
** Band of the [[147th Automobile Base]]
** Band of the [[27th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade|27th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade]]
** Band of the [[1st Semyonovsky Independent Rifle Regiment]]
* Corps of Drums of the [[Moscow Military Music College]]
*[[154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment]] Colour Guard
* Combined color guard and color guard of front standards
* 1st Honour Guard Company of the 3rd Honor Guard Battalion, 154th PICR
* Historical battalion made up of:
**[[Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation|Military University of the Ministry of Defense]]
**[[Moscow Higher Military Command School]]
**[[27th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade|27th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade]]
**[[Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy|Gagarin-Zhukovsky Air Force Academy]]
**[[Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces]]
**[[NBC Protection Military Academy|Engineering Forces, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence and Control Military Academy "Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko"]]
**[[Separate Operational Purpose Division]], [[National Guard Forces Command]]
* [[Suvorov Military School]]
* [[Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School|Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadet School]]
* Moscow Cadet Corps of the [[Investigative Committee of Russia]]
* Moscow Cadet Fire Corps of the Civil Defense Academy, [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]]
* Moscow Young Army Patriotic Cadets Unit (''on behalf of the [[Young Army Cadets National Movement]]'')
* Moscow University of Maritime Transportation
* Moscow Unit of the [[Trudovye Rezervy|Labor Reserves All-Russia Volunteer Sports Association]]
* Composite battalion of Moscow units of [[DOSAAF]]
* Combined cadet regiment of Moscow area cadet schools and courses
** Moscow National Pensions School Cadet Corps
** 1st Moscow Cadet Corps
**[[Boarding School for Girls of the Ministry of Defense of Russia]]
** Moscow Sea Cadet Corps of the Navigation and Mathematics School
** Moscow Sea Cadet Corps "Heroes of Sevastopol"
** Moscow Cadet Corps "Heroes of Stalingrad"
** Moscow Cadet Corps "Space Heroes"
** Moscow Military Music Cadet Corps
** Moscow 1st Cadet Corps of the [[Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|Border Service of the Federal Security Service]]
** Moscow Justice Cadet Corps
** Moscow Diplomatic Cadet Corps
** Moscow Cossack Cadets
** Preobrazhensky Cadet Corps
** Petrovsky Cadet Corps
** St. George Cadet Corps
** Moscow Chemical Cadet Corps
** Tagansky Cadet Corps
** Moscow Police Cadet Corps
=== Civil-military memorial parade in Kuybyshev Square, Samara ===
The [[Samara]] parade of 1941 has been remembered more recently beginning in 2011; the city government hosts a large civil-military parade at [[Kuybyshev Square]] in the city proper to honor the thousands who marched before state, political, and military leaders on that square in the winter of 1941. Also a televised event, the Mayor of Samara is the parade's guest of honor, reviewing more than 10,000 marchers from the armed forces, civil services, veterans, and students of cadet schools in Samara and neighboring regions of the country, making it far larger than the Moscow parade. Beginning in 2014, the parade has also included a civil march of students, professionals, athletes, and distinguished citizens in memory of the civilian marchers of the memorable 1941 parade. Since the city became the ''de facto'' wartime capital of the Soviet Union when the Axis forces approached Moscow, the Samara parade is a chance for the city's people to recall one of the more famous chapters of its long history. Since its commencement in 2011, it has adopted the march in the slow time of the Moscow parade. After a two-year break due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the commemorative parade resumed in 2022.
Starting with the parade of 2017, the city garrison's massed bands play ''[[The Internationale]]'' as the colour guard, including the naval ensign of the [[Amur Military Flotilla]] and the flags of the two infantry divisions which took part in the original parade, marches into the square to take its place of honor in the lead of the formation.
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Annual Great October Socialist Revolution Parade}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:1941 in Russia|October Revolution Parade]]
[[Category:October Revolution parades]]
[[Category:1941 in Moscow|October Revolution Parade]]
[[Category:November 1941 in Europe|October Revolution Parade]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Moscow in World War II]]
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# 1657 in art
Events from the year 1657 in art.
## Events
- July - The outbreak of plague in Genoa reaches its height; it results in the deaths of many artists, as well as both the parents of 19-year-old painter Giovanni Battista Gaulli and two of the three sons of Luciano Borzone.
- Nicolaes van Verendael becomes a member of the Guild of St Luke at Antwerp.
## Paintings
- Nicolaes Maes – Portrait of Four Children
- Nicolas Poussin – The Flight into Egypt
- Salomon van Ruysdael – View of Deventer Seen from the North-West
- Diego Velázquez – Las Hilanderas (c.1657)
- Jan Vermeer – A Girl Asleep
## Births
- January - Pieter van Bloemen, Flemish painter (died 1720)
- May 8 – Martino Altomonte, Italian painter of frescoes (died 1745)
- October 4 - Francesco Solimena, Italian painter and draughtsman (died 1747)
- October 8 - Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch seascape painter (died 1725)
- date unknown
- Gioseffo Maria Bartolini, Italian painter (died 1725)
- Michiel Carree, Dutch painter (died 1727)
- Louis de Boullogne, French painter and brother of Bon Boullogne (died 1733)
- Giovanni Evangelista Draghi, Italian painter (died 1712)
- Gregorio Lazzarini, Italian painter of religious, historical and mythological subjects (died 1730)
- Pârvu Mutul, Romanian muralist and church painter (died 1735)
- Giuseppe Nicola Nasini, Italian painter of frescoes, director of Grand-Ducal Academy for the Arts (died 1736)
- Joseph Vivien, French painter (died 1735)
## Deaths
- February 7 - Cesare Dandini, Italian painter (born 1596)
- February 19 - Evert van Aelst, Dutch still life painter (born 1602)
- March 7 - Balthasar van der Ast, Dutch Golden Age painter who specialized in still lifes of flowers and fruit (born 1593/1594)
- April 29 - Jacques Stella, French painter (born 1596)
- June - Jan Antonisz van Ravesteyn, Dutch painter to the Dutch court in The Hague (born 1572)
- July - Luigi Baccio del Bianco, Italian architect, engineer, scenic designer and painter (born 1604)
- August 16 - Pieter Soutman, Dutch Golden Age painter (born 1580)
- August 19 - Frans Snyders, Flemish still-life master, apprenticed to Pieter II Brueghel (born 1579)
- September 13 - Jacob van Campen, Dutch artist and architect of the Golden Age (born 1597)
- October
- David Bailly, Leiden artist (born 1584)
- Hendrik Gerritsz Pot, Dutch painter (born 1580)
- November 29 - Raffaello Vanni, Italian painter for churches of the Baroque period (born 1590)
- date unknown
- Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Dutch painter (born 1598)
- Carlo Bozzoni, Italian painter of the Baroque period (born 1605)
- Giovanni Paolo Oderico, Italian painter mainly active in Genoa (born 1613)
- Clara Peeters, Flemish still life painter (born 1594)
- Pieter van Schaeyenborgh, Dutch painter of fish still lifes (born 1600)
- victims of the Genoa plague
- Giuseppe Badaracco, Italian painter (born 1588)
- Bartolomeo Biscaino, Italian painter, active in his native Genoa (born 1632)
- Giovanni Andrea Biscaino (father of Bartolomeo), Italian painter of landscapes (date of birth unknown)
- Silvestro Chiesa, Italian painter (b. unknown)
- Giovanni Battista Mainero, Italian painter from Genoa (born 1600)
- Francesco Merano, Italian painter mainly active in his native Genoa (born 1619)
- Giovanni Battista Monti, Italian painter of portraits (date of birth unknown)
- Giovanni Battista Primi, Italian marine landscapes and portrait painter (date of birth unknown)
- Giovanni Stefano Verdura, Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Genoa (date of birth unknown)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1657|art}}
Events from the year '''1657 in art'''.
==Events==
*July - The outbreak of plague in [[Genoa]] reaches its height; it results in the deaths of many artists, as well as both the parents of 19-year-old painter [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli]] and two of the three sons of [[Luciano Borzone]].
*[[Nicolaes van Verendael]] becomes a member of the Guild of St Luke at Antwerp.
==Paintings==
[[Image:Salomon van Ruisdael Deventer.jpg|thumb|[[Salomon van Ruysdael|van Ruysdael]] – ''View of Deventer'']]
* [[Nicolaes Maes]] – ''[[:File:Nicolaes Maes - Portrait of Four Children - WGA13813.jpg|Portrait of Four Children]]''
* [[Nicolas Poussin]] – ''[[The Flight into Egypt (Poussin painting)|The Flight into Egypt]]''
* [[Salomon van Ruysdael]] – ''View of Deventer Seen from the North-West''
* [[Diego Velázquez]] – ''[[Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)|Las Hilanderas]]'' (c.1657)
* [[Jan Vermeer]] – ''[[A Girl Asleep (Vermeer)|A Girl Asleep]]''
==Births==
*January - [[Pieter van Bloemen]], Flemish painter (died [[1720 in art|1720]])
*[[May 8]] – [[Martino Altomonte]], Italian painter of [[fresco]]es (died [[1745 in art|1745]])<!--born 8 May 1657 -->
*[[October 4]] - [[Francesco Solimena]], Italian painter and [[drawing|draughtsman]] (died [[1747 in art|1747]])
*[[October 8]] - [[Wigerus Vitringa]], Dutch seascape painter (died [[1725 in art|1725]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Gioseffo Maria Bartolini]], Italian painter (died [[1725 in art|1725]])
**[[Michiel Carree]], Dutch painter (died [[1727 in art|1727]])
**[[Louis de Boullogne]], French painter and brother of [[Bon Boullogne]] (died [[1733 in art|1733]])
**[[Giovanni Evangelista Draghi]], Italian painter (died [[1712 in art|1712]])
**[[Gregorio Lazzarini]], Italian painter of religious, historical and mythological subjects (died [[1730 in art|1730]])
**[[Pârvu Mutul]], Romanian muralist and church painter (died [[1735 in art|1735]])
**[[Giuseppe Nicola Nasini]], Italian painter of frescoes, director of Grand-Ducal Academy for the Arts (died [[1736 in art|1736]])
**[[Joseph Vivien]], French painter (died [[1735 in art|1735]])
==Deaths==
*[[February 7]] - [[Cesare Dandini]], Italian painter (born [[1596 in art|1596]])
*[[February 19]] - [[Evert van Aelst]], Dutch still life painter (born [[1602 in art|1602]])
*[[March 7]] - [[Balthasar van der Ast]], Dutch Golden Age painter who specialized in still lifes of flowers and fruit (born [[1593 in art|1593/1594]])
*[[April 29]] - [[Jacques Stella]], French painter (born [[1596 in art|1596]])
*June - [[Jan Antonisz van Ravesteyn]], Dutch painter to the Dutch court in The Hague (born [[1572 in art|1572]])
*July - [[Luigi Baccio del Bianco]], Italian architect, engineer, scenic designer and painter (born [[1604 in art|1604]])
*[[August 16]] - [[Pieter Soutman]], Dutch Golden Age painter (born [[1580 in art|1580]])
*[[August 19]] - [[Frans Snyders]], Flemish still-life master, apprenticed to Pieter II Brueghel (born [[1579 in art|1579]])
*[[September 13]] - [[Jacob van Campen]], Dutch artist and architect of the [[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age]] (born [[1597 in art|1597]])
*October
**[[David Bailly]], [[Leiden]] artist (born [[1584 in art|1584]])
**[[Hendrik Gerritsz Pot]], Dutch painter (born [[1580 in art|1580]])
*[[November 29]] - [[Raffaello Vanni]], Italian painter for churches of the Baroque period (born [[1590 in art|1590]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Bartholomeus Breenbergh]], Dutch painter (born [[1598 in art|1598]])
**[[Carlo Bozzoni]], Italian painter of the Baroque period (born [[1605 in art|1605]])
**[[Giovanni Paolo Oderico]], Italian painter mainly active in Genoa (born [[1613 in art|1613]])
**[[Clara Peeters]], [[Flemish people|Flemish]] still life painter (born [[1594 in art|1594]])
**[[Pieter van Schaeyenborgh]], Dutch painter of fish still lifes (born [[1600 in art|1600]])
*''victims of the Genoa plague''
**[[Giuseppe Badaracco]], Italian painter (born [[1588 in art|1588]])
**[[Bartolomeo Biscaino]], Italian painter, active in his native Genoa (born [[1632 in art|1632]])
**[[Giovanni Andrea Biscaino]] (father of Bartolomeo), Italian painter of landscapes (date of birth ''unknown'')
**[[Silvestro Chiesa]], Italian painter (b. ''unknown'')
**[[Giovanni Battista Mainero]], Italian painter from Genoa (born [[1600 in art|1600]])
**[[Francesco Merano]], Italian painter mainly active in his native Genoa (born [[1619 in art|1619]])
**[[Giovanni Battista Monti]], Italian painter of portraits (date of birth ''unknown'')
**[[Giovanni Battista Primi]], Italian marine landscapes and portrait painter (date of birth ''unknown'')
**[[Giovanni Stefano Verdura]], Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in [[Genoa]] (date of birth ''unknown'')
[[Category:1657 in art| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in art]]
[[Category:1650s in art]]
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# 1942 Svenska Cupen
The 1942 Svenska Cupen was the second season of the main Swedish football Cup. The competition was concluded on 18 October 1942 with the final, held at Råsunda Stadium, Solna in Stockholms län. GAIS won the final 2–1 against IF Elfsborg before an attendance of 10,013 spectators.
## Preliminary round
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| ------ | ---------------------- | ----- | --------------- | ---------- |
| 1 | Hallstahammars SK (D2) | 0–1 | Avesta AIK (D3) | 575 |
For other results see SFS-Bolletinen - Matcher i Svenska Cupen.
## First round
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| ------ | --------------- | --------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| 1 | IF Elfsborg (A) | 3–1 | IFK Norrköping (A) | 3,076 |
| 2 | Avesta AIK (D3) | 2–0 (aet) | Västerås IK (D3) | 1,252 |
For other results see SFS-Bolletinen - Matcher i Svenska Cupen.
## Second round
The 8 matches in this round were played on 10 and 12 July 1942.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| ------ | -------------------- | --------- | ------------------- | ---------- |
| 1 | GAIS (A) | 2–1 (aet) | Avesta AIK (D3) | 2,333 |
| 2 | IK Sleipner (D2) | 3–2 (aet) | Ludvika FfI (D2) | 3,549 |
| 3 | Degerfors IF (A) | 4–1 (aet) | Helsingborgs IF (A) | 3,582 |
| 4 | IFK Eskilstuna (D2) | 4–1 | Malmö FF (A) | 5,211 |
| 5 | Domsjö IF (D3) | 2–5 (aet) | IF Elfsborg (A) | 3,000 |
| 6 | Ljusne AIK (D2) | 3–2 | Olofströms IF (D2) | 1,500 |
| 7 | Billingsfors IK (D2) | 2–0 | Lundby IF (D2) | 800 |
| 8 | Reymersholms IK (A) | 1–5 | Halmstads BK (D2) | 4,094 |
## Quarter-finals
The 4 matches in this round were played between 17 July and 19 July 1942.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| ------ | ------------------- | ----- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| 1 | GAIS (A) | 6–1 | Degerfors IF' (A) | 6,951 |
| 2 | IF Elfsborg (A) | 8–1 | Billingsfors IK (D2) | 3,268 |
| 3 | Halmstads BK (D2) | 4–1 | IK Sleipner (D2) | 4,379 |
| 4 | IFK Eskilstuna (D2) | 3–1 | Ljusne AIK (D2) | 3,342 |
## Semi-finals
The semi-finals in this round were played on 23 August 1942.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| ------ | ------------------- | ----- | ----------------- | ---------- |
| 1 | IFK Eskilstuna (D2) | 1–2 | IF Elfsborg (A) | 6,761 |
| 2 | GAIS (A) | 3–1 | Halmstads BK (D2) | 6,557 |
## Final
The final was played on 18 October 1942 at the Råsunda Stadium.
| Tie no | Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Attendance |
| ------ | -------- | ----- | --------------- | ---------- |
| 1 | GAIS (A) | 2–1 | IF Elfsborg (A) | 10,013 |
## Footnotes
1. ↑ "Svensk Fotboll - Historia - Svenska Cupens finaler 1941 - Svenskfotboll.se". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
2. ↑ "BornYellow: Fakta och Statistik för IF Elfsborg, Svenska Cupen 1942 - www.bornyellow.com". Retrieved 17 October 2011.
3. ↑ "Svensk Fotboll - Historia - Svenska Cupens finaler 1941 - Svenskfotboll.se". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = Svenska Cupen
| year = 1942
| other_titles =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = Sweden
| num_teams = 48
| defending_champions =
| winners = [[GAIS]]
| second = [[IF Elfsborg]]
| matches = 48
| goals =
| scoring_leader =
| award =
| prev_season = [[1941 Svenska Cupen|1941]]
| next_season = [[1943 Svenska Cupen|1943]]
}}
{{1942–43 football in Sweden}}
The '''1942 [[Svenska Cupen]]''' was the second season of the main [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Association football|football]] Cup. The competition was concluded on 18 October 1942 with the [[1942 Svenska Cupen final|final]], held at [[Råsunda Stadium]], [[Solna Municipality|Solna]] in [[Stockholms län]]. [[GAIS]] won the final 2–1 against [[IF Elfsborg]] before an attendance of 10,013 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/historik-herrar/svenska-cupen/ |title=Svensk Fotboll - Historia - Svenska Cupens finaler 1941 - Svenskfotboll.se |access-date=2011-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814041638/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/historik-herrar/svenska-cupen/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>
==Preliminary round==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Home team
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Away team
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1
| [[Hallstahammars SK]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 0–1
| '''[[Avesta AIK]]''' ''<small>(D3)</small>''
| 575
|}
For other results see [http://www.bolletinen.se/ SFS-Bolletinen] - [http://www.bolletinen.se/sfs/java/svcup.htm Matcher i Svenska Cupen].
==First round==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Home team
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Away team
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bornyellow.com/html/historia_statistik/sasongsfakta/1942_svcup.htm |title= BornYellow: Fakta och Statistik för IF Elfsborg, Svenska Cupen 1942 - www.bornyellow.com |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref>
| '''[[IF Elfsborg]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 3–1
| [[IFK Norrköping]] ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 3,076
|-
| 2
| '''[[Avesta AIK]]''' ''<small>(D3)</small>''
| 2–0 ([[Extra time|aet]])
| [[Västerås IK Fotboll|Västerås IK]] ''<small>(D3)</small>''
| 1,252
|}
{{Col-end}}
For other results see [http://www.bolletinen.se/ SFS-Bolletinen] - [http://www.bolletinen.se/sfs/java/svcup.htm Matcher i Svenska Cupen].
==Second round==
The 8 matches in this round were played on 10 and 12 July 1942.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Home team
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Away team
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1
| '''[[GAIS]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 2–1 ([[Extra time|aet]])
| [[Avesta AIK]] ''<small>(D3)</small>''
| 2,333
|-
| 2
| '''[[IK Sleipner]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3–2 ([[Extra time|aet]])
| [[Ludvika FfI]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3,549
|-
| 3
| '''[[Degerfors IF]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 4–1 ([[Extra time|aet]])
| [[Helsingborgs IF]] ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 3,582
|-
| 4
| '''[[IFK Eskilstuna]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 4–1
| [[Malmö FF]] ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 5,211
|-
| 5
| [[Domsjö IF]] ''<small>(D3)</small>''
| 2–5 ([[Extra time|aet]])
| '''[[IF Elfsborg]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 3,000
|-
| 6
| '''[[Ljusne AIK]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3–2
| [[Olofströms IF]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 1,500
|-
| 7
| '''[[Billingsfors IK]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 2–0
| [[Lundby IF]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 800
|-
| 8
| [[Reymersholms IK]] ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 1–5
| '''[[Halmstads BK]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 4,094
|}
{{Col-end}}
==Quarter-finals==
The 4 matches in this round were played between 17 July and 19 July 1942.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Home team
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Away team
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1
| '''[[GAIS]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 6–1
| [[Degerfors IF]]' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 6,951
|-
| 2
| '''[[IF Elfsborg]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 8–1
| [[Billingsfors IK]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3,268
|-
| 3
| '''[[Halmstads BK]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 4–1
| [[IK Sleipner]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 4,379
|-
| 4
| '''[[IFK Eskilstuna]]''' ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3–1
| [[Ljusne AIK]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 3,342
|}
{{Col-end}}
==Semi-finals==
The semi-finals in this round were played on 23 August 1942.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Home team
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Away team
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1
| [[IFK Eskilstuna]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 1–2
| '''[[IF Elfsborg]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 6,761
|-
| 2
| '''[[GAIS]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 3–1
| [[Halmstads BK]] ''<small>(D2)</small>''
| 6,557
|}
{{Col-end}}
==Final==
The [[1942 Svenska Cupen final|final]] was played on 18 October 1942 at the [[Råsunda Stadium]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style= width="40px" |Tie no
! style= width="150px" |Team 1
! style= width="60px" |Score
! style= width="150px" |Team 2
! style= width="30px" |Attendance
|-
| 1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/historik-herrar/svenska-cupen/ |title=Svensk Fotboll - Historia - Svenska Cupens finaler 1941 - Svenskfotboll.se |access-date=2011-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814041638/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/historik-herrar/svenska-cupen/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>
| '''[[GAIS]]''' ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 2–1
| [[IF Elfsborg]] ''<small>(A)</small>''
| 10,013
|}
{{Col-end}}
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Alsiö |editor-first=Martin |editor-last2=Frantz |editor-first2=Alf |editor-last3=Lindahl |editor-first3=Jimmy |editor-last4=Persson |editor-first4=Gunnar |title=100 år: Svenska fotbollförbundets jubileumsbok 1904-2004, del 2: statistiken |publisher=Stroemberg Media Group |year=2004 |location=Vällingby |language=sv |trans-title=100 years: Swedish Football Association's centenary 1904-2004, part 2: statistics |isbn=91-86184-59-8}}
*{{cite book |title=Fotbollboken 1943-44 - Svenska fotbollsförbundets officiella kalender |year=1943 }}
*{{cite web |title=SFS-Bolletinen |publisher=Sveriges Fotbollshistoriker och Statistiker |year=2011 |url=http://www.bolletinen.se/ |access-date=2011-10-17}}
*{{cite web |title=svenskfotboll.se |publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.svenskfotboll.se/ |access-date=2011-10-17}}
{{refend}}
{{Svenska Cupen}}
{{1941–42 in European football (UEFA)}}
{{1942–43 in European football (UEFA)}}
[[Category:Svenska Cupen seasons|1942]]
[[Category:1942–43 in Swedish football|Cup]]
[[Category:1942 domestic association football cups|Sweden]]
| 1,228,209,107 |
[{"title": "1942 Svenska Cupen", "data": {"Country": "Sweden", "Teams": "48"}}, {"title": "Final positions", "data": {"Champions": "GAIS", "Runner-up": "IF Elfsborg"}}, {"title": "Tournament statistics", "data": {"Matches played": "48"}}]
| false |
# 1657 in music
The year 1657 in music involved some significant events.
## Events
- March 11 – Johann Adam Reincken becomes organist of the Bergkerk at Deventer.
- July 17 – Following the death of Tobias Michael in June, Sebastian Knüpfer is appointed Thomaskantor at Leipzig.
- Maurizio Cazzati becomes the Maestro di Cappella at San Petronio in Bologna and opens his violin school in Bologna.[1]
- King Louis XIV of France engages Étienne Richard as royal harpsichord teacher, in place of Jacques Champion de Chambonnières.
## Popular music
- Gaspar de Verlit – Anthology of Christmas carols
## Classical music
- Henri Dumont – Meslanges à 2, 3, 4 et 5 parties
- Joannes Florentius a Kempis – Cantiones Natalitiae
- Giovanni Legrenzi – Salmi a cinque
- Heinrich Schütz
- 12 Geistliche Gesänge, Op.13
- Herr, nun lässest du deinen Diener, SWV 432-433
- Barbara Strozzi – Ariette a voce sola, Op.6
## Opera
- Francesco Cavalli – Artemisia
- Michel de La Guerre – Triomphe de l'Amour sur les Bergers et les Bergères (sung in 1655, but first staged as an opera in 1657)[2]
## Births
- March 18 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, organist and composer (died 1743)
- July 25 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, composer (died 1714)
- December 15 – Michel Richard Delalande, French composer and organist (died 1726)
- probable – Gaetano Greco, composer (died c.1728)
## Deaths
- March – John Hilton the younger, lutenist and composer (born c.1599)
- March 26 – Jacob van Eyck, nobleman and musician (born c.1590)
- June 26 – Tobias Michael (born 1592)
- October 21 – Alessandro Costantini (born c. 1581)
- October 23 – Domenico Massenzio, Italian composer (born 1586)
- date unknown
- Franciszek Lilius, composer (born c. 1600)
- Pietro Paolo Sabbatini, composer (born 1600)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1657|music}}
The year '''1657 in [[music]]''' involved some significant events.
== Events ==
*[[March 11]] – [[Johann Adam Reincken]] becomes organist of the Bergkerk at [[Deventer]].
*[[July 17]] – Following the death of [[Tobias Michael]] in June, [[Sebastian Knüpfer]] is appointed [[Thomaskantor]] at Leipzig.
*Maurizio Cazzati becomes the Maestro di Cappella at San Petronio in Bologna and opens his violin school in [[Bologna]].<ref>Palisca, Claude V. ''Baroque Music'' (1991), [[Prentice Hall]]:[[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]], page 152</ref>
*King [[Louis XIV of France]] engages [[Étienne Richard]] as royal harpsichord teacher, in place of [[Jacques Champion de Chambonnières]].
==Popular music==
*[[Gaspar de Verlit]] – Anthology of Christmas carols
== Classical music ==
*[[Henri Dumont]] – ''Meslanges à 2, 3, 4 et 5 parties''
*[[Joannes Florentius a Kempis]] – ''Cantiones Natalitiae''
*[[Giovanni Legrenzi]] – ''Salmi a cinque''
*[[Heinrich Schütz]]
**''12 Geistliche Gesänge'', Op.13
**''Herr, nun lässest du deinen Diener,'' SWV 432-433
*[[Barbara Strozzi]] – ''Ariette a voce sola'', Op.6
==[[Opera]]==
*[[Francesco Cavalli]] – ''[[Artemisia (Cavalli)|Artemisia]]''
*[[Michel de La Guerre]] – ''Triomphe de l'Amour sur les Bergers et les Bergères'' (sung in 1655, but first staged as an opera in 1657)<ref>''Authors and their Centuries'', Page 116 'This abbreviated summary necessarily disregards other proto-operatic productions, such as the Triomphe de l'Amour sur les Bergers et les Bergères, of Michel de La Guerre and Charles de Beys (first sung in 1655, staged in 1657)...</ref>
== Births ==
*[[March 18]] – [[Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni]], organist and composer (died 1743)
*[[July 25]] – [[Philipp Heinrich Erlebach]], composer (died 1714)
*[[December 15]] – [[Michel Richard Delalande]], French composer and organist (died 1726)
*''probable'' – [[Gaetano Greco]], composer (died c.1728)
== Deaths ==
*March – [[John Hilton the younger]], lutenist and composer (born c.1599)
*[[March 26]] – [[Jacob van Eyck]], nobleman and musician (born c.1590)
*[[June 26]] – [[Tobias Michael]] (born 1592)
*[[October 21]] – [[Alessandro Costantini]] (born c. 1581)
*[[October 23]] – [[Domenico Massenzio]], Italian composer (born 1586)
*''date unknown''
**[[Franciszek Lilius]], composer (born c. 1600)
**[[Pietro Paolo Sabbatini]], composer (born [[1600]])
== References ==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:1657 In Music}}
[[Category:1657 in music| ]]
[[Category:17th century in music]]
[[Category:Music by year]]
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| false |
# 101st Rifle Division
The 101st Rifle Division was a unit of the Soviet Red Army initially formed as a mountain rifle division on 28 August 1938 within the 2nd Separate Red Banner Army in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city.
## History
Initially the division included the 138th Rifle Regiment formed in 1938 from the 292nd Rifle Regiment of the Pacific Ocean Fleet, which had been created in 1937 from the 10th Separate Territorial Rifle Battalion of the 4th Bashkir Regiment. In 1940, the division was removed from the roll of first line formations. According to the Soviet General Staff order of battle study it was converted to a regular rifle division in December 1941 but the Personnel Department's list of commanders shows it as a rifle division from October 1940 to the end of the war. It remained on Sakhalin Island for the duration of the war, apart from the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
In 1943 the HQ of the 101st division included: the 128th Mixed Aviation Division, Petropavlovsk Military Naval Base, border security detachment, the 428th howitzer artillery regiment, the 302nd Separate Rifle Regiment, three separate artillery divisions (battalions), the 5th Separate Rifle Battalion, and a number of storage facilities. From 15 January 1945 the division was included in the composition of the Northern Group of Forces of the Far Eastern Front and subordinated to the Kamchatka Defense Area of the Front (Russian: Камчатский Оборонительный район (КОР) ДВФ). It was still in this formation as of 3 September.
For exemplary fulfillment of assignments and displaying combat mastery during the taking of the islands Shumshu and Paramushir in the course of the Kuril Landing operation, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, declared by order of NKO No. 0164, the division was awarded the Order of Lenin on 14 September 1945.
The division became part of the 137th Rifle Corps postwar at Paramushir. In 1948 it was converted into the 6th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The division was disbanded in 1953, following the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami.
## August 1945 Order of Battle
In August 1945 the composition of the 101st rifle division was:
Headquarters and Staff
- KAD (Commander of artillery division) command platoon
- SMERSH detachment
- Infantry training battalion
- 169th Anti-Tank Battalion
- 119th Sapper Battalion
- 103rd Signals Battalion
- 131st Medical Battalion
- 38th Chemical Defence Company
- 70th Field post office
- Divisional sewing repair shop
- Anti-aircraft machine gun company
- 13th Mobile field hospital
- 178th Divisional veterinary infirmary
- 9th Field Bakery
- Armored train, 19th cavalry squadron
- 138th Rifle Regiment
- 302nd Rifle Regiment
- 373rd Rifle Regiment
- 279th Artillery Regiment(Light)
## Commanders
The following officers commanded the division.
- Major (from 21 September 1940 brigade commander) Aksenty Gorodnyansky (August 1938 – 25 October 1940)
- Colonel (from 2 January 1942 Major General) Ivan Pichugin (25 October 1940 – 27 June 1942)
- Major General Semyon Mozhaev (27 June 1942 – 22 September 1943)
- Major General Porfiry Dyakov (22 September 1943 – 4 November 1945).
## Awards
Order of Lenin – Awarded on 14 September 1945.
### Citations
1. ↑ Sakhalin and Kurile islands in the Second World War
2. ↑ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Legions", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed Before June 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. VIII, Nafziger, 1996, p. 53
3. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, p. 73
4. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, p. 209
5. ↑ Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union 1967, p. 417.
6. ↑ Feskov et al. 2013, p. 597
7. ↑ Feskov et al. 2013, p. 156
8. ↑ "101-я стрелковая дивизия" [101st Rifle Division]. rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 13 February 2016.
### Bibliography
- Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1964). Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941 – 1945 гг [Commanders of Corps and Divisions in the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945] (in Russian). Moscow: Frunze Military Academy. p. 149.
- Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1967). Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 - 1966 гг [Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS USSR and NKO on awarding orders to units, formations and establishments of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Part II. 1945–1966] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=September 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 101st Rifle Division
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1938–1948
| country = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| allegiance =
| branch = [[File:Red Army flag.svg|22px]] [[Red Army]]
| type = Infantry <br> Mountain Infantry
| role =
| size = Division
| command_structure = [[2nd Red Banner Army]]
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Invasion of the Kuril Islands]]
*[[Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations = {{Order of Lenin Decoration}}
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders = Col. Ivan Pavlovich Pichugin<br>Maj. Gen. Semyon Fyodorovich Mozhaev<br>Maj. Gen. Porfirii Ivanovich Dyakov
}}
The '''101st Rifle Division''' was a unit of the Soviet [[Red Army]] initially formed as a mountain rifle division on 28 August 1938 within the [[2nd Red Banner Army|2nd Separate Red Banner Army]] in [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] city.<ref>[http://www.sakhalin.ru/Region/WORLDWAR2/perstext.htm#r36 Sakhalin and Kurile islands in the Second World War]</ref>
==History==
Initially the division included the 138th Rifle Regiment formed in 1938 from the 292nd Rifle Regiment of the [[Pacific Ocean Fleet]], which had been created in 1937 from the 10th Separate Territorial Rifle Battalion of the 4th [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] Regiment. In 1940, the division was removed from the roll of first line formations. According to the Soviet General Staff order of battle study it was converted to a regular rifle division in December 1941 but the Personnel Department's list of commanders shows it as a rifle division from October 1940 to the end of the war. It remained on [[Sakhalin Island]] for the duration of the war, apart from the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]].<ref>Charles C. Sharp, ''"Red Legions", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed Before June 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. VIII'', Nafziger, 1996, p. 53</ref>
In 1943 the HQ of the 101st division included: the 128th Mixed [[Aviation Division]], [[Petropavlovsk Military Naval Base]], border security detachment, the 428th [[howitzer artillery regiment]], the 302nd Separate Rifle Regiment, three separate artillery divisions (battalions), the 5th Separate Rifle Battalion, and a number of storage facilities. From 15 January 1945 the division was included in the composition of the [[Northern Group of Forces of the Far Eastern Front]] and subordinated to the [[Kamchatka Defense Area]]<ref>[http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945], p. 73</ref> of the Front ({{langx|ru|link=no| Камчатский Оборонительный район (КОР) ДВФ}}). It was still in this formation as of 3 September.<ref>[http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945], p. 209</ref>
For exemplary fulfillment of assignments and displaying combat mastery during the taking of the islands [[Shumshu]] and [[Paramushir]] in the course of the [[Invasion of the Kuril Islands|Kuril Landing operation]], the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, declared by order of NKO No. 0164, the division was awarded the [[Order of Lenin]] on 14 September 1945.{{Sfn|Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union|1967|p=417}}
The division became part of the [[137th Rifle Corps]] postwar at [[Paramushir]]. In 1948 it was converted into the 6th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The division was disbanded in 1953,<ref>Feskov et al. 2013, p. 597</ref> following the [[1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami]].<ref>Feskov et al. 2013, p. 156</ref>
==August 1945 Order of Battle==
In August 1945 the composition of the 101st rifle division was:
;Headquarters and Staff{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
;* KAD (Commander of artillery division) command platoon
;* SMERSH detachment
;* Infantry training battalion
;* 169th Anti-Tank Battalion
;* 119th Sapper Battalion
;* 103rd Signals Battalion
;* 131st Medical Battalion
;* 38th Chemical Defence Company
;* 70th Field post office
;* Divisional sewing repair shop
;* Anti-aircraft machine gun company
;* 13th Mobile field hospital
;* 178th Divisional veterinary infirmary
;* 9th Field Bakery
;* Armored train, 19th cavalry squadron
;* 138th Rifle Regiment
;* 302nd Rifle Regiment
;* 373rd Rifle Regiment
;* 279th Artillery Regiment(Light)
==Commanders==
The following officers commanded the division.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.rkka.ru/handbook/reg/101sd38.htm|title = 101-я стрелковая дивизия|access-date = 13 February 2016|website = rkka.ru|language = ru|trans-title = 101st Rifle Division}}</ref>
* Major (from 21 September 1940 brigade commander) [[Aksenty Gorodnyansky]] (August 1938 – 25 October 1940)
* Colonel (from 2 January 1942 Major General) [[Ivan Pichugin]] (25 October 1940 – 27 June 1942)
* Major General [[Semyon Mozhaev]] (27 June 1942 – 22 September 1943)
* Major General [[Porfiry Dyakov]] (22 September 1943 – 4 November 1945).
== Awards ==
[[Order of Lenin]] – Awarded on 14 September 1945.
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
*{{Cite book|title=Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941 – 1945 гг.|last=Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union|publisher=Frunze Military Academy|year=1964|location=Moscow|language=ru|trans-title=Commanders of Corps and Divisions in the Great Patriotic War, 1941{{endash}}1945|page=149|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://cloud.mail.ru/public/941dbb9fa2e7/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%202%20(1945–1966).pdf|title=Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 - 1966 гг.|last=Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union|year=1967|location=Moscow|language=ru|trans-title=Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS USSR and NKO on awarding orders to units, formations and establishments of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Part II. 1945–1966}}
* {{Cite book|title=Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской|last1=Feskov|first1=V.I.|last2=Golikov|first2=V.I.|last3=Kalashnikov|first3=K.A.|last4=Slugin|first4=S.A.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9785895035306|location=Tomsk|language=ru|trans-title=The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces}}
== External links ==
*[http://samsv.narod.ru/Div/Sd/sd101/default.html Division history] (Russian)
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Gorodnianskii/Avksentii_Mikhailovich/Soviet_Union.html Avksentii Mikhailovich Gorodnianskii]
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Pichugin/Ivan_Pavlovich/Soviet_Union.html Ivan Pavlovich Pichugin]
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Mozhaev/Semen_Fedorovich/Soviet_Union.html Semyon Fyodorovich Mozhaev]
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Diakov/Porfirii_Ivanovich/Soviet_Union.html Porfirii Ivanovich Dyakov]
{{Soviet Union divisions before 1945}}
{{Soviet Union divisions 1945-1957}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of the Soviet Union in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1938]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1948]]
| 1,252,301,504 |
[{"title": "101st Rifle Division", "data": {"Active": "1938\u20131948", "Country": "Soviet Union", "Branch": "Red Army", "Type": "Infantry \u00b7 Mountain Infantry", "Size": "Division", "Part of": "2nd Red Banner Army", "Engagements": "World War II - Invasion of the Kuril Islands - Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido", "Decorations": "Order of Lenin"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Notable \u00b7 commanders": "Col. Ivan Pavlovich Pichugin \u00b7 Maj. Gen. Semyon Fyodorovich Mozhaev \u00b7 Maj. Gen. Porfirii Ivanovich Dyakov"}}]
| false |
# 140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers
140 Corps Engineer Regiment was a short-lived Territorial Army (TA) unit of the Royal Engineers based in the North Midlands of England during the 1960s.
## Organisation
The regiment was formed on 1 May 1961 from individual batteries of TA Royal Artillery regiments that were being broken up. Three of these batteries were transferred to the Royal Engineers (RE) and redesignated as squadrons, giving the regiment the following composition:
140 Corps Engineer Regiment
- Regimental Headquarters at Nottingham
- 438 (Derbyshire Artillery) Field Squadron at Derby – former P (North Midland) Battery from 438 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, continuing the traditions of 4th North Midland Brigade, Royal Field Artillery[2][3][4]
- 575 (Sherwood Foresters) Field Squadron at Chesterfield – former 575 (Sherwood Foresters) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, continuing the traditions of 6th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters[2][3][5]
- 115 (Leicestershire) Field Park Squadron at Leicester – former R Battery from 350 (The Robin Hood Foresters) Light Regiment, continuing the traditions of the Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery[6][7][8]
## Disbandment
140 Corps Engineer Rgt was disbanded in 1967 when the TA was reduced to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve. RHQ was converted into RHQ for 73 Engineer Rgt at Nottingham, while elements of 438 and 575 Sqns went as infantry to the Derbyshire Battalion, Sherwood Foresters and 115 Sqn to the TAVR III contingent of the Leicestershire Regiment. In 1969 the Derbyshire Battalion was reduced to a cadre (later C (Derbyshire Foresters) Company in 3rd (Volunteer) Bn Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment) and 575 (The Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn at Chesterfield and Derby was reformed in 73 Engineer Regiment.
575 Field Squadron was withdrawn from the army's order of battle under the 2020 Army Reserve structure changes and was disbanded in 2014, two troops and the Chesterfield TA Centre (Wallis Barracks) being transferred to 350 (Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn in 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD).
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140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers
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Q55099305
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 140 Corps Engineer Regiment, RE
|image= Royal Engineers badge.png
|caption= [[Cap badge]] of the Corps of Royal Engineers
|dates= 1 May 1961–1 April 1967
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|allegiance=
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)]]
|type=
|role= Corps Engineers
|size= Regiment
|command_structure= [[Royal Engineers]]
|current_commander=
|garrison=[[Nottingham]]
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}
'''140 Corps Engineer Regiment''' was a short-lived [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) unit of the [[Royal Engineers]] based in the [[North Midlands]] of England during the 1960s.
==Organisation==
The regiment was formed on 1 May 1961 from individual batteries of TA [[Royal Artillery]] regiments that were being broken up. Three of these batteries were transferred to the Royal Engineers (RE) and redesignated as squadrons, giving the regiment the following composition:<ref name = 140on>[http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/regiments-118-432-territorial-army.html 118–432 RE Rgts at British Army 1945 on.]</ref>
'''140 Corps Engineer Regiment'''
* Regimental Headquarters at [[Nottingham]]
* 438 (Derbyshire Artillery) Field Squadron at [[Derby]] – ''former [[4th North Midland Brigade, Royal Field Artillery|P (North Midland) Battery]] from [[Leicester Town Rifles|438 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment]], continuing the traditions of [[4th North Midland Brigade, Royal Field Artillery]]''<ref name = Litchfield39>Litchfield, pp. 39–41.</ref><ref name = 337on>[http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/squadrons-337-to-575.html 337–575 Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.]</ref><ref name = 438on>[http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/414-443-regiments.html 414–443 RA Rgts at British Army 1945 on.]</ref>
* 575 (Sherwood Foresters) Field Squadron at [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]] – ''former [[High Peak Rifles|575 (Sherwood Foresters) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment]], continuing the traditions of [[High Peak Rifles|6th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters]]''<ref name = Litchfield39/><ref name = 337on/><ref>[http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/564-591-regiments.html 564–591 RA Rgts at British Army 1945 on.]</ref>
* 115 (Leicestershire) Field Park Squadron at [[Leicester]] – ''former R Battery from [[Robin Hood Battalion|350 (The Robin Hood Foresters) Light Regiment]], continuing the traditions of the [[Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery]]''<ref>Litchfield, pp. 138–9, 142, 199–200.</ref><ref>[http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/squadrons-100-225.html 100–225 Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-mi/drnt-7.htm |title=Robin Hood Bn at Regiments.org Robin Hood Bn at Regiments.org. |access-date=2005-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227051946/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-mi/drnt-7.htm |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Disbandment==
140 Corps Engineer Rgt was disbanded in 1967 when the TA was reduced to the [[Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve]]. RHQ was converted into RHQ for [[73 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom)|73 Engineer Rgt]] at Nottingham, while elements of 438 and 575 Sqns went as infantry to the Derbyshire Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters]] and 115 Sqn to the TAVR III contingent of the [[Leicestershire Regiment]]. In 1969 the Derbyshire Battalion was reduced to a [[Cadre (military)|cadre]] (later C (Derbyshire Foresters) Company in 3rd (Volunteer) Bn [[Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment]]) and 575 (The Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn at Chesterfield and Derby was reformed in 73 Engineer Regiment.<ref name = Litchfield39/><ref name = 337on/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/vols-tavr/art-eng-sig/engr73.htm |title=73 Engineer Rgt at Regiments.org. |access-date=2005-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227044404/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/vols-tavr/art-eng-sig/engr73.htm |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-mi/drnt-5.htm |title=5th Bn Sherwood Foresters at Regiments.org. |access-date=2005-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227051917/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-mi/drnt-5.htm |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
575 Field Squadron was withdrawn from the army's order of battle under the 2020 Army Reserve structure changes and was disbanded in 2014, two troops and the Chesterfield TA Centre (Wallis Barracks) being transferred to 350 (Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn in [[33 Engineer Regiment (EOD)]].<ref>''Army 2020''.</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* ''Summary of Army 2020 Reserve Structure and Basing'', Ministry of Defence, 2013.
* Norman E.H. Litchfield, ''The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-9508205-2-0}}.
==External sources==
* [http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk British Army units from 1945 on]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)]
[[Category:Regiments of the Royal Engineers]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1961]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1967]]
| 1,006,651,367 |
[{"title": "140 Corps Engineer Regiment, RE", "data": {"Active": "1 May 1961\u20131 April 1967", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Branch": "Territorial Army (United Kingdom)", "Role": "Corps Engineers", "Size": "Regiment", "Part of": "Royal Engineers", "Garrison/HQ": "Nottingham"}}]
| false |
# 1944 All-Eastern football team
The 1944 All-Eastern football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors as the best players at each position among the Eastern colleges and universities during the 1944 college football season.
## All-Eastern selections
### Backs
- Harold Hamburg, Navy (AP-1 [qb])
- Glenn Davis, Army (AP-1 [hb])
- Bob Jenkins, Navy (AP-1 [hb])
- Doc Blanchard, Army (AP-1 [fb])
- Doug Kenna, Army (AP-2)
- Clyde Scott, Navy (AP-2)
- Skip Minisi, Penn (AP-2)
- Al Dekdebrun, Cornell (AP-2)
### Ends
- Leon Bramlett, Navy (AP-1)
- Barney Poole, Army (AP-1)
- Paul Walker, Yale (AP-2)
- George Gilbert, Columbia (AP-2)
### Tackles
- Don Whitmire, Navy (AP-1)
- George Savitsky, Penn (AP-1)
- George Kochins, Bucknell (AP-2)
- Dan Boon, Coast Guard (AP-2)
### Guards
- John Green, Army (AP-1)
- Tom Smith, Yale (AP-1)
- Ben Chase, Navy (AP-2)
- Joe Stanowicz, Army (AP-2)
### Centers
- Robert St. Onge, Army (AP-1)
- Jack Martin, Navy (AP-2)
## Key
- AP = Associated Press[1]
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{{short description|American all-star college football team}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{sidebar
| width = 25em
| title = 1944 All-Eastern football team
| headingstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid
| content1style = border-top:1px #aaa solid
| content1 = All-Eastern football team
| heading2 =
| content2 = [[1944 college football season]]
| heading3 =
| content3 =
| content4style = border-top:1px #aaa solid
| content4 = [[1942 All-Eastern football team|1942]] [[1943 All-Eastern football team|1943]] ← → [[1945 All-Eastern football team|1945]] [[1946 All-Eastern football team|1946]]
}}
The '''1944 All-Eastern football team''' consists of [[American football]] players chosen by various selectors as the best players at each position among the Eastern colleges and universities during the [[1944 college football season]].
==All-Eastern selections==
===Backs===
* Harold Hamburg, Navy (AP-1 [qb])
* [[Glenn Davis (halfback)|Glenn Davis]], Army (AP-1 [hb])
* [[Bob Jenkins (American football)|Bob Jenkins]], Navy (AP-1 [hb])
* [[Doc Blanchard]], Army (AP-1 [fb])
* [[Doug Kenna]], Army (AP-2)
* [[Clyde Scott]], Navy (AP-2)
* [[Skip Minisi]], Penn (AP-2)
* [[Al Dekdebrun]], Cornell (AP-2)
===Ends===
* [[Leon Bramlett]], Navy (AP-1)
* [[Barney Poole]], Army (AP-1)
* [[Paul Walker (American football)|Paul Walker]], Yale (AP-2)
* George Gilbert, Columbia (AP-2)
===Tackles===
* [[Don Whitmire]], Navy (AP-1)
* [[George Savitsky]], Penn (AP-1)
* George Kochins, Bucknell (AP-2)
* Dan Boon, Coast Guard (AP-2)
===Guards===
* [[John Green (guard)|John Green]], Army (AP-1)
* Tom Smith, Yale (AP-1)
* [[Ben Chase]], Navy (AP-2)
* [[Joe Stanowicz]], Army (AP-2)
===Centers===
* Robert St. Onge, Army (AP-1)
* [[Jack Martin (American football)|Jack Martin]], Navy (AP-2)
==Key==
* AP = [[Associated Press]]<ref>{{cite news|title=All-Eastern Grid Team Is Named|newspaper=The Kingston Daily Freeman|date=November 29, 1944|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106035492/all-eastern-grid-team-is-named/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[1944 College Football All-America Team]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{All-Eastern football teams}}
[[Category:1944 college football season|All-Eastern]]
[[Category:All-Eastern college football teams]]
| 1,266,200,145 |
[]
| false |
# 1657 in science
The year 1657 in science and technology involved some significant events.
## Geography
- Peter Heylin publishes his Cosmographie, one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English and the first known description of Australia.
## Mathematics
- Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory,[1] De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").[2]
## Medicine
- Walter Rumsey invents the provang, a baleen instrument which he describes in his Organon Salutis: an instrument to cleanse the stomach.[3][4]
## Technology
- Christiaan Huygens patents his 1656 design for a pendulum clock and the first example is made for him by Salomon Coster at The Hague.[5]
- approx. date – The anchor escapement for clocks is probably invented by Robert Hooke.[6][7][8][9]
## Institutions
- Accademia del Cimento established in Florence.[10]
## Births
- February 11 – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientific populariser (died 1757)
- approx. date – Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French fur trader and explorer (died 1704)
## Deaths
- June 3 – William Harvey, English physician who discovered the circulation of blood (born 1578)
- June 16 – Fortunio Liceti, Italian Aristotelian scientific polymath (born 1577)
- September 23 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician, logician and philosopher of science (born 1587)
- October 22 – Cassiano dal Pozzo, Italian scholar and patron (born 1588)
- November – John French, English physician and chemist (born c. 1616)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1657|science}}
{{Science year nav|1657}}
The year '''1657 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events.
==Geography==
* [[Peter Heylin]] publishes his ''Cosmographie'', one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English and the first known description of Australia.
==Mathematics==
* [[Christiaan Huygens]] writes the first book to be published on [[probability theory]],<ref>"I believe that we do not know anything for certain, but everything probably." —Christiaan Huygens, Letter to Pierre Perrault, 'Sur la préface de M. Perrault de son traité del'Origine des fontaines' [1763], ''Oeuvres Complétes de Christiaan Huygens'' (1897), Vol. '''7''', 298. Quoted in Jacques Roger, ''The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought'', ed. Keith R. Benson and trans. Robert Ellrich (1997), 163. Quotation selected by W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds., 2005), ''Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations'' {{ISBN|0-19-858409-1}} p. 317 quotation 4.</ref> ''De ratiociniis in ludo aleae'' ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").<ref>{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull/page/963 963–965]|authorlink=Jan Gullberg|first=Jan|last=Gullberg|title=Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-04002-9|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull/page/963}}</ref>
==Medicine==
* [[Walter Rumsey]] invents the provang, a [[baleen]] instrument which he describes in his ''Organon Salutis: an instrument to cleanse the stomach.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/coffee_houses_of_old_london.htm|title=The Coffee Houses of Old London|accessdate=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225232747/http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/coffee_houses_of_old_london.htm|archive-date=2012-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/james-cornelius-morrice/wales-in-the-seventeenth-century--its-literature-and-men-of-letters-and-action-ala/page-26-wales-in-the-seventeenth-century--its-literature-and-men-of-letters-and-action-ala.shtml|first=J. C.|last=Morrice|title=Wales in the Seventeenth Century: its literature and men of letters and action|location=Bangor|publisher=Jarvis & Foster|year=1918|page=26|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref>
==Technology==
* [[Christiaan Huygens]] [[patent]]s his [[1656 in science|1656]] design for a [[pendulum clock]] and the first example is made for him by [[Salomon Coster]] at [[The Hague]].<ref>{{cite book|author=van den Ende, Hans|title=Huygens's Legacy: The Golden Age of the Pendulum Clock|publisher=Fromanteel Ltd|year=2004|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* ''approx. date'' – The [[anchor escapement]] for [[clock]]s is probably invented by [[Robert Hooke]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Milham|first= Willis I.|title=Time and Timekeepers|year=1945|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7808-0008-3|page=146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Glasgow|first=David|title=Watch and Clock Making|year=1885|publisher=Cassell|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/watchandclockma00glasgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/watchandclockma00glasgoog/page/n279 293]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Headrick |first=Michael |year=2002 |title=Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement |journal=Control Systems Magazine |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |volume=22 |issue=2 |url=http://www.geocities.com/mvhw/anchor.html |accessdate=2007-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025120920/http://geocities.com/mvhw/anchor.html |archivedate=October 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Thomas|title=Treatise on Clock and Watch-making, Theoretical and Practical|publisher=Carey & Lea|year=1832|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonclock01reidgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatiseonclock01reidgoog/page/n198 184]}}</ref>
==Institutions==
* [[Accademia del Cimento]] established in [[Florence]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panzanelli|first1=Roberta|title=Ephemeral Bodies:Wax Sculpture and the Human Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmVkL49nvDgC&pg=PA102|publisher=Getty Research Institute|page=102|date=2008|isbn=9780892368778}}</ref>
==Births==
* February 11 – [[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle]], French scientific populariser (died [[1757 in science|1757]])
* ''approx. date'' – [[Pierre-Charles Le Sueur]], French fur trader and explorer (died [[1704 in science|1704]])
==Deaths==
* June 3 – [[William Harvey]], English [[physician]] who discovered the circulation of blood (born [[1578 in science|1578]])
* June 16 – [[Fortunio Liceti]], Italian [[Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian]] scientific [[polymath]] (born [[1577 in science|1577]])
* September 23 – [[Joachim Jungius]], German [[mathematician]], [[logician]] and philosopher of science (born [[1587 in science|1587]])
* October 22 – [[Cassiano dal Pozzo]], Italian scholar and patron (born [[1588 in science|1588]])
* November – [[John French (physician)|John French]], English physician and [[chemist]] (born c. [[1616 in science|1616]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1657 in science| ]]
[[Category:17th century in science]]
[[Category:1650s in science]]
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[]
| false |
# 101st Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)
The 101st Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Bagani Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.
The AOR of the 101st TAS Group covers the entirety of Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.
## Mission
- Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion within its AOP.
- Assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters.[3]
- Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns.[4]
- Assist in the operation & maintenance of essential government and private utilities (e.g. power, telecommunications, water).
## The Commissioned Officer Corps
Officers of the 101TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:
- Lawyers and Paralegal Specialists (Judge Advocate General Service)
- Medical Doctors (Medical Corps)
- Nurses (Nurse Corps)
- Dentists (Dental Service)
- Veterinarians (Veterinary Corps)
- Licensed Teachers (Corps of Professors)
- Allied Medical, Business, and Mass Communication Specialists (Medical Administrative Corps)
- Licensed Engineers (Corps of Engineers)
- Ordained Chaplains (Chaplain Service)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Technical_%26_Administrative_Services_Group_(Reserve)
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Q28453254
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{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 101 Technical & Administrative Services Group
| image = File:101TASGA.jpg| image_size = 175px
| caption = Unit Seal of the 101st Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)
| dates =
| country = {{flagicon|Philippines}} Philippines
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Republic of the Philippines]]
| branch = [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
| type = [[File:Laang Kawal Seal.jpg|30px]] [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command|Technical Services Reserve]]<br /> [[File:AFP Technical and Administrative Service BC.jpg|30px]] Technical Services
| role = [[Combat Support]] and [[Combat Service Support]], [[Search and rescue|SAR]] and [[Combat search and rescue|CSAR]], [[Emergency management|Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation Operations]], [[Civil-military operations|Civil-Military Operations]] and [[Civil-military co-operation|Civil-military Co-operations]], [[Special operations|Spec-Ops]]
| size = 1 Headquarters & Headquarters Service [[Company (military unit)|Company]], and 4 Technical & Administrative Services (Reserve) Units [[Company (military unit)|Companies]]
| command_structure = Under the [[1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve)|1st Technical & Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve)]]
| current_commander = [[File:AFP Lieutenant Colonel Rank Insignia.jpg|45px]] [[Lieutenant Colonel|LTC]] JASMINE N DE MESA, NC (RES)
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| garrison = [[Camp Aguinaldo|AFPRESCOM Cpd, CGEA, Quezon City]]
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| nickname = ''"Bagani"''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = None
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries =
| decorations = [[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines) Streamer.png|250px]] <br /> [[Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines)|Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation Badge]]
| battle_honours =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_3_label = ''Laang Kawal'' Seal
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Laang Kawal Seal.jpg|150px|center]]
| identification_symbol_4_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
}}
The '''101st Technical & Administrative Services Group''',<ref name="RF2001">{{cite web|url=http://afprescomhqs.webs.com/techadminservices.htm |title=Tech & Admin Services - |publisher=afprescomhqs.webs.com |accessdate=2014-05-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310143803/http://afprescomhqs.webs.com/techadminservices.htm |archivedate=10 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="timawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.timawa.net/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=7snmac6djf9lmhmd0mgs8ih213&topic=15182.msg138789#msg138789|title=WHAT IS TECHNICALS SERVICE?|publisher=timawa.net|accessdate=2014-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624092900/http://www.timawa.net/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=7snmac6djf9lmhmd0mgs8ih213&topic=15182.msg138789#msg138789#msg138789|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> known officially as '''Bagani Group''', is one of five TAS units of the [[1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve)]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command|AFP Reserve Command]], and is based in [[Quezon City]].
The AOR of the 101st TAS Group covers the entirety of Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.
==Mission==
* Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion within its AOP.
* Assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters.<ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/afp-reservists-help-lgus-disaster-response|title=AFP reservists to help LGUs in disaster response - Philippines {{pipe}} ReliefWeb|publisher=reliefweb.int|accessdate=2014-05-12}}</ref>
* Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns.<ref name="groundreport">{{cite web|url=http://groundreport.com/philippines-dellosa-directs-afp-tap-reservists-in-bayanihan-plan/|title=Philippines: Dellosa directs AFP Tap reservists in Bayanihan plan {{pipe}} Media & Tech, World {{pipe}} GroundReport.com – Latest World News & Opinions|publisher=groundreport.com|accessdate=2014-05-12}}</ref>
* Assist in the operation & maintenance of essential government and private utilities (e.g. power, telecommunications, water).
==The Commissioned Officer Corps==
Officers of the 101TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:<ref name="RF2001"/>
* Lawyers and Paralegal Specialists ([[Judge Advocate General Corps|Judge Advocate General Service]])
* Medical Doctors ([[Medical Corps]])
* Nurses ([[Nurse Corps]])
* Dentists ([[Dental Corps|Dental Service]])
* Veterinarians ([[List of Military Veterinary Services|Veterinary Corps]])
* Licensed Teachers (Corps of Professors)
* Allied Medical, Business, and Mass Communication Specialists ([[Army Medical Department (United States)#Medical special branches|Medical Administrative Corps]])
* Licensed Engineers ([[Military engineering|Corps of Engineers]])
* Ordained Chaplains ([[Military chaplain|Chaplain Service]])
==See also==
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command|AFP Reserve Command]]
* [[105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)]]
==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|1}}
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
* General Orders activating 101TASG of the 1TASBDE, AFPRESCOM.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141112113625/http://afprescomhqs.webs.com/ AFPRESCOM Official Site]
* The AFPRESCOM Training Group, ''AFP-MOT Manual'', 2001, AFPRESCOM.
{{Refend}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:101st Technical and Administrative Services Group (Reserve)}}
[[Category:Battalions of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Reserve and Auxiliary Units of the Philippine Military]]
{{Philippines-mil-unit-stub}}
| 1,194,083,738 |
[{"title": "101 Technical & Administrative Services Group", "data": {"Country": "Philippines", "Allegiance": "Republic of the Philippines", "Branch": "Armed Forces of the Philippines", "Type": "Technical Services Reserve \u00b7 Technical Services", "Role": "Combat Support and Combat Service Support, SAR and CSAR, Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, Civil-Military Operations and Civil-military Co-operations, Spec-Ops", "Size": "1 Headquarters & Headquarters Service Company, and 4 Technical & Administrative Services (Reserve) Units Companies", "Part of": "Under the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve)", "Garrison/HQ": "AFPRESCOM Cpd, CGEA, Quezon City", "Nickname(s)": "\"Bagani\"", "Engagements": "None", "Decorations": "\u00b7 Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation Badge"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Current \u00b7 commander": "LTC JASMINE N DE MESA, NC (RES)"}}]
| false |
# 1944 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1944 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 58th staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition.
Roscommon won their second title in a row and, so far, their last. Kilkenny's final year in the Leinster championship until 1961.
## Results
### Connacht Senior Football Championship
| Leitrim | 4-5 – 4-10 | Sligo |
| ------- | ---------- | ----- |
| | | |
| Galway | 1-3 – 1-11 | Mayo |
| ------ | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | H Kenny (0-2), T Langan (0-2), J Munnelly (Castlebar, 0-2), J Gilvarry (1-1), T Hoban (0-4). |
| Roscommon | 1-5 – 0-8 | Sligo |
| --------- | --------- | ----- |
| | | |
| Roscommon | 0-13 – 1-6 | Sligo |
| --------- | ---------- | ----- |
| | | |
| Roscommon | 2-11 – 1-6 | Mayo |
| --------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| | | T Langan (0-1), T Hoban (1-5, one point a free). |
### Leinster Senior Football Championship
| Wexford | 4-12 – 0-2 | Kilkenny |
| ------- | ---------- | -------- |
| | | |
| Carlow | 1-10 – 2-7 | Kildare |
| ------ | ---------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| | | J.Martin 1-4, F.Dowling, R.Martin, P.Heavey 0-1. |
| Offaly | 3-9 – 2-8 | Westmeath |
| ------ | --------- | --------- |
| | | |
| Carlow | 3-11 – 2-5 | Kildare |
| ------ | ---------- | --------------------------------------- |
| | | D.Fox 1-1, F.Dowling 0-3, J.Martin 0-1. |
| Dublin | 1-8 – 1-6 | Meath |
| ------ | --------- | ----- |
| | | |
| Longford | 4-3 – 1-4 | Offaly |
| -------- | --------- | ------ |
| | | |
| Wexford | 2-7 – 1-4 | Wicklow |
| ------- | --------- | ------- |
| | | |
| Carlow | 2-8 – 2-3 | Laois |
| ------ | --------- | ----- |
| | | |
| Dublin | 2-10 – 3-6 | Louth |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| JJ Maher 0-5 (0-4f), B Maguire 1-1, Paddy O'Connor 1-0, Mick Culhane 0-2, Mick Falvey and Paddy Bermingham 0-1 each | | Peter Corr 1-3 (1-0 pen, 0-3f), Kevin Connolly and Paddy Kelly 1-0 each, Oliver Halpin 0-2, Mick Hardy 0-1f |
| Dublin | 2-2 – 1-4 | Longford |
| ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Mick Falvey 1-1 (0-1f), Paddy O'Connor 1-0, Mick Culhane 0-1 | | R Fagan o.g. 1-0, J O'Brien 0-2, F Doris and Jimmy Hannify Sr 0-1 each |
| Carlow | 5-7 – 3-6 | Wexford |
| ------ | --------- | ------- |
| | | |
| Carlow | 2-6 – 1-6 | Dublin |
| ----------------------------------------- | --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Johnny Doyle 1-4 (0-4f) and Jimma Rea 1-2 | Report | J Counihan 1-0, JJ Maher and B Maguire 0-2 each, Mick Culhane (0-1f) and Paddy Bermingham 0-1 each |
### Munster Senior Football Championship
| Kerry | 4-8 – 1-4 | Clare |
| --------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ----- |
| Jackie Lyne (0-2), Johnny Clifford (1-0) & Phil McCarthy (1-0). | | |
| Tipperary | 1-10 – 0-5 | Waterford |
| --------- | ---------- | --------- |
| | | |
| Kerry | 3-9 – 1-4 | Limerick |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | -------- |
| Joe Fitzgerald (0-2), Willie O'Donnell (0-3), Gus Cremin (1-2), Paddy O'Donoghue(2-1) & Paddy Bawn Brosnan (0-1). | | |
| Tipperary | 1-9 – 1-3 | Cork |
| --------- | --------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| | | F. Gowen (0-1), J. Cronin (0-1) & J. Aherne (1-1). |
| Kerry | 1-6 – 0-5 | Tipperary |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | --------- |
| Paddy Kennedy (1-0), Sean Brosnan (0-2), Murt Kelly (0-3) & Eddie Dunne (0-1). | | |
### Ulster Senior Football Championship
| Monaghan | 3-7 – 3-3 | Armagh |
| -------- | --------- | ------ |
| | | |
| Down | 3-4 – 0-4 | Tyrone |
| ---- | --------- | ------ |
| | | |
| Cavan | 1-4 – 0-2 | Antrim |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | --------------------------------- |
| T Tighe (0-1), M Cully (1-0), J Boylan (0-1), L Murphy (0-1), JJ O Reilly (0-1) | | K Armstrong (0-1), J Morgan (0-1) |
| Monaghan | 1-5 – 1-4 | Down |
| -------- | --------- | ---- |
| | | |
| Cavan | 5-9 – 2-3 | Donegal |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| T O Reilly (1-1), T Tighe (1-0), Cully(0-4), P Donohoe (1-1), Murphy (2-1), Boylan (0-2) | | J Gallagher (0-1), Goane (0-1), M Slevin (1-0), J Forde (1-0), H Gallagher (0-1) |
| Cavan | 1-9 – 1-6 | Monaghan |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| G Smith (0-2), M Cully (0-1) M Higgins (0-2), T Tighe (0-1), L Murphy (1-2), | | P Mc Carney (0-4),C Mc Grath (1-0), P Mc Carville (0-1), C Brennan (0-1) |
### All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
| Roscommon | 5-8 – 1-3 | Cavan |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | --------------------------------- |
| D Keenan (0-4), F Kinlough (1-2), H Gibbons (2-0), J Nerney (1-1), J Mc Quillan (1-0) | | T O Reilly (1-1), M Higgins (0-2) |
| Kerry | 3-3 – 0-10 | Carlow |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ------ |
| Johnny Clifford (0-1), Bill Dillon (1-0), Willie O'Donnell(0-1), Paddy Bawn Brosnan (1-0) & Murt Kelly (1-1). | | |
| Roscommon | 1-9 – 2-4 | Kerry |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| D. Keenan (0-6), F. Kinlough (1-1), J. Murray & L. Gilmatin (0-1). | | Bill Dillon (0-1), Paddy Kennedy (0-2), Murt Kelly (1-1) & Eddie Dunne (1-0). |
## Championship statistics
### Miscellaneous
- The Kilkenny vs Wexford game was Kilkenny's last championship game until 1961 final game to be played at New Ross until 1997.
- The Clones pitch becomes St Tiernach's Park.
- Tralee's pitch becomes known as Austin Stack Park which is named after Austin Stack.
- Carlow win their first ever Leinster title.
- The All Ireland semi final meeting of Kerry and Carlow was their first championship meeting.
- Roscommon are All Ireland Champions for 2 in a row.
|
enwiki/32498771
|
enwiki
| 32,498,771 |
1944 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship
|
2024-08-18T16:13:45Z
|
en
|
Q3611973
| 148,034 |
{{Short description|Football championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Football All-Ireland
|image=
|year=1944
|team= Roscommon
|titles=2nd
|captain= [[Jimmy Murray (Gaelic footballer)|Jimmy Murray]]
|manager=
|team2= Kerry
|captain2= [[Paddy Bawn Brosnan]]
|manager2=
|top scorer=
|leinster=Carlow
|munster=Kerry
|ulster=Cavan
|connacht=Roscommon
|poty=
|matches=
|previous=[[1943 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|1943]]
|next=[[1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|1945]]
}}
The '''1944 [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]]''' was the 58th staging of Ireland's premier [[Gaelic football]] knock-out competition.
Roscommon won their second title in a row and, so far, their last.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gaaweb.sitesuite.cn/page/football_results_1941_1970.html |title=Football Results 1941 - 1970 | the Official Website of the GAA |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321030727/http://gaaweb.sitesuite.cn/page/football_results_1941_1970.html |archive-date=2012-03-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104405/http://hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leinster.gaa.ie/archive/pdf/P130_134_Senior_FootChamp.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061017/http://leinster.gaa.ie/archive/pdf/P130_134_Senior_FootChamp.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> Kilkenny's final year in the Leinster championship until 1961.
==Results==
===[[Connacht Senior Football Championship]]===
{{football box
|date=25 June 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Leitrim|football}}
|score = 4-5 – 4-10
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Sligo|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=18 June 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Galway|football}}
|score = 1-3 – 1-11
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Mayo|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =H Kenny (0-2), T Langan (0-2), J Munnelly (Castlebar, 0-2), J Gilvarry (1-1), T Hoban (0-4).
|stadium = [[McHale Park]], [[Castlebar]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=2 July 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Roscommon|football}}
|score = 1-5 – 0-8
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Sligo|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=9 July 1944<br />Semi-Final Replay
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Roscommon|football}}
|score = 0-13 – 1-6
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Sligo|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]]
|attendance = 10,000
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=6 August 1944<br />Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Roscommon|football}}
|score = 2-11 – 1-6
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Mayo|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =T Langan (0-1), T Hoban (1-5, one point a free).
|stadium = [[Tuam]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
===[[Leinster Senior Football Championship]]===
{{football box
|date=14 May 1944<br />Preliminary Round
|time =
|team1 = [[Wexford GAA|Wexford]]
|score = 4-12 – 0-2
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Kilkenny|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Barrett's Park]], [[New Ross]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=14 May 1944<br />Preliminary Round
|time =
|team1 = [[Carlow GAA|Carlow]]
|score = 1-10 – 2-7
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Kildare|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = J.Martin 1-4, F.Dowling, R.Martin, P.Heavey 0-1.
|stadium = [[Geraldine Park]], [[Athy]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=21 May 1944<br />Preliminary Round
|time =
|team1 = [[Offaly GAA|Offaly]]
|score = 3-9 – 2-8
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Westmeath|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[O'Connor Park]], [[Tullamore]]
|attendance =
|referee = J Dowling (Kildare)
}}
----
{{football box
|date=28 May 1944<br />Preliminary Round Replay
|time =
|team1 = [[Carlow GAA|Carlow]]
|score = 3-11 – 2-5
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Kildare|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = D.Fox 1-1, F.Dowling 0-3, J.Martin 0-1.
|stadium = [[Dr. Cullen Park]], [[Carlow]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=28 May 1944<br />Preliminary Round
|time =
|team1 = [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]]
|score = 1-8 – 1-6
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Meath|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Drogheda Park]], [[Drogheda]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=4 June 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Longford|football}}
|score = 4-3 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = [[Offaly GAA|Offaly]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Pearse Park (Longford)|Pearse Park]], [[Longford]]
|attendance =
|referee = J Geraghty
}}
----
{{football box
|date=11 June 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Wexford|football}}
|score = 2-7 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = [[Wicklow GAA|Wicklow]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Aughrim Park]], [[Aughrim, County Wicklow|Aughrim]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=18 June 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Carlow|football}}
|score = 2-8 – 2-3
|report =
|team2 = [[Laois GAA|Laois]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Geraldine Park]], [[Athy]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=18 June 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Dublin|football}}
|score = 2-10 – 3-6
|report =
|team2 = [[Louth GAA|Louth]]
|goals1 = JJ Maher 0-5 (0-4f), B Maguire 1-1, {{nowrap|Paddy O'Connor 1-0}}, Mick Culhane 0-2, {{nowrap|Mick Falvey and Paddy Bermingham}} 0-1 each
|goals2 = Peter Corr 1-3 (1-0 pen, 0-3f), Kevin Connolly and Paddy Kelly 1-0 each, Oliver Halpin 0-2, Mick Hardy 0-1f
|stadium = [[Croke Park]], [[Dublin]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=9 July 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]]
|score = 2-2 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Longford|football}}
|goals1 = Mick Falvey 1-1 (0-1f), Paddy O'Connor 1-0, {{nowrap|Mick Culhane}} 0-1
|goals2 = R Fagan o.g. 1-0, J O'Brien 0-2, {{nowrap|F Doris and Jimmy Hannify Sr}} 0-1 each
|stadium = [[Cusack Park (Mullingar)|Cusack Park]], [[Mullingar]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=16 July 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = [[Carlow GAA|Carlow]]
|score = 5-7 – 3-6
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Wexford|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Nowlan Park]], [[Kilkenny]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=30 July 1944<br />Final
|time =
|team1 = [[Carlow GAA|Carlow]]
|score = 2-6 – 1-6
|report = [http://carlow.gaa.ie/carlow-gaa-history/1944---carlow-crowned-leinster-champions Report]
|team2 = {{GG|Dublin|football}}
|goals1 = Johnny Doyle 1-4 (0-4f) and Jimma Rea 1-2
|goals2 = J Counihan 1-0, JJ Maher and B Maguire 0-2 each, Mick Culhane (0-1f) and Paddy Bermingham 0-1 each
|stadium = [[Geraldine Park]], [[Athy]]
|attendance = 15,000
|referee = J. Dowling (Kildare)
}}
===[[Munster Senior Football Championship]]===
{{football box
|date=14 May 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Kerry|football}}
|score = 4-8 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Clare|football}}
|goals1 = Jackie Lyne (0-2), Johnny Clifford (1-0) & Phil McCarthy (1-0).
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Austin Stack Park]], [[Tralee]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=14 May 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Tipperary|football}}
|score = 1-10 – 0-5
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Waterford|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Walsh Park]], [[Waterford]]
|attendance =
|referee = P. J. O'Sullivan ( T )
}}
----
{{football box
|date=18 June 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Kerry|football}}
|score = 3-9 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Limerick|football}}
|goals1 = Joe Fitzgerald (0-2), Willie O'Donnell (0-3), Gus Cremin (1-2), Paddy O'Donoghue(2-1) & Paddy Bawn Brosnan (0-1).
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Listowel Emmets|Frank Sheehy Park]], [[Listowel]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=18 June 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Tipperary|football}}
|score = 1-9 – 1-3
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Cork|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =F. Gowen (0-1), J. Cronin (0-1) & J. Aherne (1-1).
|stadium = [[Clonmel GAA Ground|Ned Hall Park]], [[Clonmel]]
|attendance = 5,000
|referee = P. McKenna (Limerick)
}}
----
{{football box
|date=9 July 1944<br />Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Kerry|football}}
|score = 1-6 – 0-5
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Tipperary|football}}
|goals1 = Paddy Kennedy (1-0), Sean Brosnan (0-2), Murt Kelly (0-3) & Eddie Dunne (0-1).
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Gaelic Grounds]], [[Limerick]]
|attendance =
|referee = P. McKenna (Limerick)
}}
===[[Ulster Senior Football Championship]]===
{{football box
|date= 2 July 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Monaghan|football}}
|score = 3-7 – 3-3
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Armagh|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Athletic Grounds (Armagh)|Athletic Grounds]], [[Armagh]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 2 July 1944<br />Quarter-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Down|football}}
|score = 3-4 – 0-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Tyrone|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Corrigan Park]], [[Belfast]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 2 July 1944<br />Quarter-Final
| time =
| team1 = {{GG|Cavan|football}}
| score = 1-4 – 0-2
| report =
| team2 = {{GG|Antrim|football}}
| goals1 = T Tighe (0-1), M Cully (1-0), J Boylan (0-1), L Murphy (0-1), JJ O Reilly (0-1)
| goals2 = K Armstrong (0-1), J Morgan (0-1)
| stadium = [[Corrigan Park]], [[Belfast]]
| attendance =
| referee = Mr J Murtagh (Down)
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 July 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Monaghan|football}}
|score = 1-5 – 1-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Down|football}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Corrigan Park]], [[Belfast]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 16 July 1944<br />Semi-Final
| time =
| team1 = {{GG|Cavan|football}}
| score = 5-9 – 2-3
| report =
| team2 = {{GG|Donegal|football}}
| goals1 = T O Reilly (1-1), T Tighe (1-0), Cully(0-4), P Donohoe (1-1), Murphy (2-1), Boylan (0-2)
| goals2 = J Gallagher (0-1), Goane (0-1), M Slevin (1-0), J Forde (1-0), H Gallagher (0-1)
| stadium = [[Omagh]]
| attendance =
| referee = Mr J Murtagh (Down)
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 30 July 1944<br />Final
| time =
| team1 = {{GG|Cavan|football}}
| score = 1-9 – 1-6
| report =
| team2 = {{GG|Monaghan|football}}
| goals1 = G Smith (0-2), M Cully (0-1) M Higgins (0-2), T Tighe (0-1), L Murphy (1-2),
| goals2 = P Mc Carney (0-4),C Mc Grath (1-0), P Mc Carville (0-1), C Brennan (0-1)
| stadium = [[St. Tiernach's Park]], [[Clones, County Monaghan|Clones]]
| attendance = 13,000
| referee = Mr J Murtagh (Down)
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
===[[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]]===
{{football box
| date = 20 August 1944<br />Semi-Final
| time =
| team1 = {{GG|Roscommon|football}}
| score = 5-8 – 1-3
| report =
| team2 = {{GG|Cavan|football}}
| goals1 = D Keenan (0-4), F Kinlough (1-2), H Gibbons (2-0), J Nerney (1-1), J Mc Quillan (1-0)
| goals2 = T O Reilly (1-1), M Higgins (0-2)
| stadium = [[Croke Park]], [[Dublin]]
| attendance = 33,290
| referee = Sgt P Mc Kenna (Limerick)
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
----
{{football box
|date=27 August 1944<br />Semi-Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Kerry|football}}
|score = 3-3 – 0-10
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Carlow|football}}
|goals1 = Johnny Clifford (0-1), Bill Dillon (1-0), Willie O'Donnell(0-1), Paddy Bawn Brosnan (1-0) & Murt Kelly (1-1).
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Croke Park]], [[Dublin]]
|attendance = 40,727
|referee =
}}
----
{{main|1944 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final}}
{{football box
|date=24 September 1944<br />Final
|time =
|team1 = {{GG|Roscommon|football}}
|score = 1-9 – 2-4
|report =
|team2 = {{GG|Kerry|football}}
|goals1 = D. Keenan (0-6), F. Kinlough (1-1), J. Murray & L. Gilmatin (0-1).
|goals2 = Bill Dillon (0-1), Paddy Kennedy (0-2), Murt Kelly (1-1) & Eddie Dunne (1-0).
|stadium = [[Croke Park]], [[Dublin]]
|attendance = 79,245
|referee = Paddy Mythen (Wexford)
}}
==Championship statistics==
===Miscellaneous===
* The Kilkenny vs Wexford game was Kilkenny's last championship game until 1961 final game to be played at [[New Ross]] until 1997.
* The [[Clones, County Monaghan|Clones]] pitch becomes [[St Tiernach's Park]].
* Tralee's pitch becomes known as [[Austin Stack Park]] which is named after [[Austin Stack]].
* [[Carlow]] win their first ever Leinster title.
* The All Ireland semi final meeting of [[Kerry GAA|Kerry]] and [[Carlow GAA|Carlow]] was their first championship meeting.
* [[Roscommon]] are All Ireland Champions for 2 in a row.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{All-Ireland Senior Football Championship}}
| 1,240,975,180 |
[{"title": "1944 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "data": {"Winning team": "Roscommon (2nd win)", "Captain": "Jimmy Murray"}}, {"title": "All-Ireland Finalists", "data": {"Losing team": "Kerry", "Captain": "Paddy Bawn Brosnan"}}, {"title": "Provincial Champions", "data": {"Munster": "Kerry", "Leinster": "Carlow", "Ulster": "Cavan", "Connacht": "Roscommon"}}]
| false |
# 15α-Hydroxy-DHEA
15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, abbreviated as 15α-hydroxy-DHEA or 15α-OH-DHEA, is an endogenous metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Both 15α-OH-DHEA and its 3β-sulfate ester, 15α-OH-DHEA-S, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of estetrol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
|
enwiki/54181182
|
enwiki
| 54,181,182 |
15α-Hydroxy-DHEA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA
|
2023-04-25T23:28:30Z
|
en
|
Q30682138
| 69,272 |
{{Chembox
| ImageFile = 15-Hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone.svg
| ImageSize = 250
| IUPACName = 3β,15α-Dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
| SystematicName = (3''S'',3a''S'',3b''R'',7''S'',9a''R'',9b''S'',11a''S'')-3,7-Dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,6,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1''H''-cyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-1-one
| OtherNames = 15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone; 15α-Hydroxy-DHEA; 15α-OH-DHEA
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 38391-29-6
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 262794D86L
| PubChem = 193284
| ChemSpiderID = 167725
| SMILES = C[C@]12CC[C@@H](CC1=CC[C@@H]3[C@@H]2CC[C@]4([C@H]3[C@H](CC4=O)O)C)O
| InChI = 1/C19H28O3/c1-18-7-5-12(20)9-11(18)3-4-13-14(18)6-8-19(2)16(22)10-15(21)17(13)19/h3,12-15,17,20-21H,4-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1
| InChIKey = SWXQUEHVFFSZOW-CRYRVXFVBS
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H28O3/c1-18-7-5-12(20)9-11(18)3-4-13-14(18)6-8-19(2)16(22)10-15(21)17(13)19/h3,12-15,17,20-21H,4-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey = SWXQUEHVFFSZOW-CRYRVXFVSA-N
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=19|H=28|O=3
| Appearance =
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility =
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| Autoignition =
}}
}}
'''15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone''', abbreviated as '''15α-hydroxy-DHEA''' or '''15α-OH-DHEA''', is an [[endogenous]] [[metabolite]] of [[dehydroepiandrosterone]] (DHEA).<ref name="(Prof.)2001">{{cite book|author=Roger Smith (Prof.)|title=The Endocrinology of Parturition: Basic Science and Clinical Application|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0N6Ua0O8gWwC&pg=PA91|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-8055-7195-1|pages=91–}}</ref><ref name="Josimovich2013">{{cite book|author=J.B. Josimovich|title=Gynecologic Endocrinology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|date=11 November 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6|pages=32–}}</ref><ref name="IIIBarbieri2013">{{cite book|author1=Jerome F. Strauss, III|author2=Robert L. Barbieri|title=Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ95AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2|pages=257–}}</ref> Both 15α-OH-DHEA and its 3β-[[sulfate]] [[ester]], [[15α-OH-DHEA-S]], are [[metabolic intermediate|intermediate]]s in the [[biosynthesis]] of [[estetrol]] from [[dehydroepiandrosterone]] (DHEA).<ref name="(Prof.)2001" /><ref name="Josimovich2013" /><ref name="IIIBarbieri2013" />
==See also==
* [[16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone]]
* [[16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione]]
* [[16α-Hydroxyestrone]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Steroid hormones}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 15α-}}
[[Category:Androstanes]]
{{steroid-stub}}
| 1,151,738,723 |
[{"title": "Names", "data": {"Names": ["IUPAC name 3\u03b2,15\u03b1-Dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one", "Systematic IUPAC name (3S,3aS,3bR,7S,9aR,9bS,11aS)-3,7-Dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,6,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-one", "Other names 15\u03b1-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone; 15\u03b1-Hydroxy-DHEA; 15\u03b1-OH-DHEA"]}}, {"title": "Identifiers", "data": {"CAS Number": "- 38391-29-6", "3D model (JSmol)": "- Interactive image", "ChemSpider": "- 167725", "PubChem CID": "- 193284", "UNII": "- 262794D86L", "CompTox Dashboard (EPA)": "- DTXSID90959311", "Identifiers": ["InChI - InChI=1S/C19H28O3/c1-18-7-5-12(20)9-11(18)3-4-13-14(18)6-8-19(2)16(22)10-15(21)17(13)19/h3,12-15,17,20-21H,4-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1Key: SWXQUEHVFFSZOW-CRYRVXFVSA-N - InChI=1/C19H28O3/c1-18-7-5-12(20)9-11(18)3-4-13-14(18)6-8-19(2)16(22)10-15(21)17(13)19/h3,12-15,17,20-21H,4-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1Key: SWXQUEHVFFSZOW-CRYRVXFVBS", "SMILES - C[C@]12CC[C@@H](CC1=CC[C@@H]3[C@@H]2CC[C@]4([C@H]3[C@H](CC4=O)O)C)O"]}}, {"title": "Properties", "data": {"Chemical formula": "C19H28O3", "Molar mass": "304.430 g\u00b7mol\u22121", "Properties": "Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 \u00b0C [77 \u00b0F], 100 kPa). Infobox references"}}]
| false |
# 1423 Jose
1423 Jose, provisional designation 1936 QM, is a stony asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 August 1936, by Belgian astronomer Joseph Hunaerts at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.3 hours. It was named for Giuseppina, daughter of Italian astronomer Giuseppe Bianchi.
## Orbit and classification
Jose is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a prominent asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,767 days; semi-major axis of 2.86 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in June 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1936.
## Naming
This minor planet was named by Cesare Lombardi after Giuseppina Bianchi, a daughter of Giuseppe Bianchi who died young. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128). Lombardi published several studies on the orbit of this asteroid.
## Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, as well as in the SMASS classification, Jose is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for the members of the Koronis family.: 23
### Rotation period and pole
In November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Jose was obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomers Rui Goncalves (938) and Laurent Bernasconi (A14) in Portugal and France, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.307±0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.68 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.
During an extensive lightcurve survey of Koronian asteroids by visiting American astronomers using the 0.6-m telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory of the Institute for Astronomy in Hawaii during 1997–2005, another period of 12.313±0.003 with an amplitude of 0.80 magnitude was determined (U=3). French amateur astronomer René Roy and the team at the Palomar Transient Factory in California also measured as period of 12.28±0.01 and 12.294±0.0146 with an amplitude of 0.82 and 0.96, respectively (U=2/2). A modeled lightcurve derived from combined dense and sparse photometric data was published in 2013. It gave a concurring period of 12.3127±0.0005 hours and a spin axis at (78.0°, −82.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jose measures between 15.8 and 26.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.16 and 0.34. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1151 and a diameter of 25.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.
|
enwiki/16453041
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enwiki
| 16,453,041 |
1423 Jose
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1423_Jose
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2024-01-14T21:38:16Z
|
en
|
Q139022
| 157,331 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1423 Jose
| background = #D6D6D6
| image = 1423Jose (Lightcurve Inversion).png
| image_scale =
| caption = [[Lightcurve]]-based 3D-model of ''Jose''
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Joseph Hunaerts|J. Hunaerts]]
| discovery_site = [[Royal Observatory of Belgium|Uccle Obs.]]
| discovered = 28 August 1936
| mpc_name = (1423) Jose
| alt_names = 1936 QM{{·}}{{mp|1931 TM|2}}<br />1934 EE{{·}}1936 SC<br />1937 YE{{·}}1946 UF<br />1950 PW{{·}}1968 HL
| pronounced =
| named_after = Giuseppina, daughter of [[Giuseppe Bianchi (astronomer)|Giuseppe Bianchi]]<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(Italian astronomer)}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<br />[[Koronis family|Koronis]]<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="AstDys-object" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 27 April 2019 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 112.39 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (41,051 d)
| aphelion = 3.0890 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.6318 AU
| semimajor = 2.8604 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0799
| period = 4.84 yr (1,767 d)
| mean_anomaly = 13.592[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2037|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 2.9071°
| asc_node = 58.469°
| arg_peri = 321.66°
| mean_diameter = {{val|15.81|1.02|ul=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|19.580|0.243|u=km}}<ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|20.046|0.117|u=km}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|26.14|2.5|u=km}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| rotation = {{val|12.307|0.002|ul=h}}<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = {{val|0.1632}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|0.2814}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.291}}<ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><br />{{val|0.338}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| spectral_type = [[SMASS classification|SMASS]] {{=}} [[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[S-type asteroid|S]] {{small|([[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]-MOC)}}<ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy" />
| abs_magnitude = 10.50<ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><br />10.80<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />10.9<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />
}}
'''1423 Jose''', provisional designation {{mp|1936 QM}}, is a stony [[asteroid]] of the [[Koronis family]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 28 August 1936, by Belgian astronomer [[Joseph Hunaerts]] at the [[Royal Observatory of Belgium]] in Uccle.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The elongated [[S-type asteroid]] has a [[rotation period]] of 12.3 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named for Giuseppina, daughter of Italian astronomer [[Giuseppe Bianchi (astronomer)|Giuseppe Bianchi]].<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Jose'' is a core member of the [[Koronis family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#605|605]]}}),<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="AstDys-object" /> a prominent [[asteroid family]] with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits.<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Nesvorny-2014" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.1 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 10 months (1,767 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.86 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.08 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 3[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The asteroid was first imaged on a [[precovery]] taken at the [[Lowell Observatory]] in June 1906. The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1936.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named by Cesare Lombardi after Giuseppina Bianchi, a daughter of [[Giuseppe Bianchi (astronomer)|Giuseppe Bianchi]] who died young. The official {{MoMP|1423|naming citation}} was mentioned in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' by [[Paul Herget]] in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 128]]}}).<ref name="springer" /> Lombardi published several studies on the orbit of this asteroid.<ref name="Lombardi-1938" /><ref name="Lombardi-1949" /><ref name="Lombardi-1950" /><ref name="Lombardi-1951" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]-based taxonomy, as well as in the [[SMASS classification]], ''Jose'' is a common, stony [[S-type asteroid]],<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy" /> which is also the overall [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]] for the members of the [[Koronis family]].<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}}
=== Rotation period and pole ===
In November 2004, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Jose'' was obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations by amateur astronomers Rui Goncalves {{Obscode|938}} and [[Laurent Bernasconi]] {{Obscode|A14}} in Portugal and France, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined [[rotation period]] of {{val|12.307|0.002}} hours and a brightness variation of 0.68 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.<ref name="geneva-obs" />
During an extensive lightcurve survey of Koronian asteroids by visiting American astronomers using the 0.6-m telescope at [[Mauna Kea Observatory]] of the [[Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)|Institute for Astronomy]] in Hawaii during 1997–2005, another period of {{val|12.313|0.003}} with an amplitude of 0.80 magnitude was determined ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="Slivan-2008" /> French amateur astronomer [[René Roy (astronomer)|René Roy]] and the team at the [[Palomar Transient Factory]] in California also measured as period of {{val|12.28|0.01}} and {{val|12.294|0.0146}} with an amplitude of 0.82 and 0.96, respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2/2]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" /><ref name="Waszczak-2015" /> A modeled lightcurve derived from combined dense and sparse photometric data was published in 2013. It gave a concurring period of {{val|12.3127|0.0005}} hours and a [[Poles of astronomical bodies|spin axis]] at (78.0°, −82.0°) in [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (λ, β).<ref name="Hanus-2013c" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Jose'' measures between 15.8 and 26.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.16 and 0.34.<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.1151 and a diameter of 25.88 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.9.<ref name="lcdb" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2018-10-22 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1423 Jose (1936 QM)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001423
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|pages = 114 |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1424 |chapter = (1423) Jose }}</ref>
<ref name="Lombardi-1938">{{Cite journal
|last = Lombardi | first = C.
|date = August 1938
|title = Orbita ellittica del piccolo pianeta 1936 QM=(1423) Jose
|journal = Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana
|volume = 11
|page = 173
|bibcode = 1938MmSAI..11..173L}}</ref>
<ref name="Lombardi-1949">{{Cite journal
|last = Lombardi | first = C.
|date = December 1948
|title = Nuovi elementi dei piccoli pianeti (25) Phocaea e (1423) Jose
|journal = Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana
|volume = 20
|page = 237
|bibcode = 1949MmSAI..20..237L}}</ref>
<ref name="Lombardi-1950">{{Cite journal
|last = Lombardi | first = C.
|date = December 1949
|title = Effemeridi per l' opposizione del 1951 di tre piccoli pianeti
|journal = Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana
|volume = 21
|page = 355
|bibcode = 1950MmSAI..21..355L}}</ref>
<ref name="Lombardi-1951">{{Cite journal
|last = Lombardi | first = C.
|date = December 1950
|title = Perturbazioni generali approssimate di (1423) Jose
|journal = Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana
|volume = 22
|page = 169
|bibcode = 1951MmSAI..22..169L}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 1423 Jose (1936 QM)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1423
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1423) Jose
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = Geneva Observatory
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001423
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid (1423) Jose – Proper elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1423&pc=1.1.6
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 1423 Jose
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=1423+Jose
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book
|first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = December 2014
|chapter = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
|title = Asteroids IV
|pages = 297–321
|bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N
|doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
|arxiv = 1502.01628
|isbn = 9780816532131|s2cid = 119280014
}}</ref>
<ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy">{{Cite journal
|first1 = J. M. |last1 = Carvano
|first2 = P. H. |last2 = Hasselmann
|first3 = D. |last3 = Lazzaro
|first4 = T. |last4 = Mothé-Diniz
|date = February 2010
|title = SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/non_mission/EAR_A_I0035_5_SDSSTAX_V1_1/data/sdsstax_ast_table.tab
|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics
|volume = 510
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2010A&A...510A..43C
|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/200913322
|access-date= 30 October 2019|doi-access= free
}} [https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/sdsstax.html (PDS data set)]</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson
|first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett
|date = August 2014
|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 791
|issue = 2
|page = 11
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121
|arxiv = 1406.6645|s2cid = 119293330 }}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1423) Jose
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1423%7CJose
|accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794|s2cid = 46350317 }}</ref>
<ref name="Mainzer-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. K. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = J. M. |last2 = Bauer
|first3 = R. M. |last3 = Cutri
|first4 = T. |last4 = Grav
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer
|first6 = J. R. |last6 = Masiero
|first7 = C. R. |last7 = Nugent
|first8 = S. M. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = R. A. |last9 = Stevenson
|first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright
|date = June 2016
|title = NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/non_mission/EAR_A_COMPIL_5_NEOWISEDIAM_V1_0/data/neowise_mainbelt.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|pages = EAR–A–COMPIL–5–NEOWISEDIAM–V1.0 |bibcode = 2016PDSS..247.....M
|access-date= 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System – IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|pages = IRAS–A–FPA–3–RDR–IMPS–V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|access-date= 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407
|s2cid = 118700974 }} ([http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/741/2/68/fulltext/apj398969t1_mrt.txt catalog])</ref>
<ref name="Slivan-2008">{{Cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Stephen M. |last1 = Slivan
|first2 = Richard P. |last2 = Binzel
|first3 = Shaida C. |last3 = Boroumand
|first4 = Margaret W. |last4 = Pan
|first5 = Christine M. |last5 = Simpson
|first6 = James T. |last6 = Tanabe
|first7 = Rosalinda M. |last7 = Villastrigo
|first8 = Lesley L. |last8 = Yen
|first9 = Richard P. |last9 = Ditteon
|first10 = Donald P. |last10 = Pray
|first11 = Robert D. |last11 = Stephens
|date = May 2008
|title = Rotation rates in the Koronis family, complete to H≈11.2
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 195
|issue = 1
|pages = 226–276
|bibcode = 2008Icar..195..226S
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.019}}</ref>
<ref name="Hanus-2013c">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = J. |last1 = Hanus
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = J. |last3 = Durech
|first4 = B. D. |last4 = Warner
|first5 = James W. |last5 = Brinsfield
|first6 = R. |last6 = Durkee
|first7 = D. |last7 = Higgins
|first8 = R. A. |last8 = Koff
|first9 = J. |last9 = Oey
|first10 = F. |last10 = Pilcher
|first11 = R. |last11 = Stephens
|first12 = L. P. |last12 = Strabla
|first13 = Q. |last13 = Ulisse
|first14 = R. |last14 = Girelli
|date = November 2013
|title = An anisotropic distribution of spin vectors in asteroid families
|url = https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2013/11/aa21993-13.pdf
|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics
|volume = 559
|page = 19
|bibcode = 2013A&A...559A.134H
|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201321993
|arxiv = 1309.4296
|s2cid = 119214895 |access-date= 11 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak
|first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
|first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
|first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher
|first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci
|first6 = David |last6 = Levitan
|first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace
|first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
|first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
|first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
|first11 = George |last11 = Helou
|first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
|first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
|date = September 2015
|title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 150
|issue = 3
|page = 35
|bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W
|doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
|arxiv = 1504.04041|s2cid = 8342929 }}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1423}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1422 Strömgrenia |number=1423 |1424 Sundmania}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose}}
[[Category:Koronis asteroids|001423]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Joseph Hunaerts]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (SMASS)|001423]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1936|19360828]]
| 1,195,682,121 |
[{"title": "Discovery", "data": {"Discovered by": "J. Hunaerts", "Discovery site": "Uccle Obs.", "Discovery date": "28 August 1936"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1423) Jose", "Named after": "Giuseppina, daughter of Giuseppe Bianchi \u00b7 (Italian astronomer)", "Alternative designations": "1936 QM \u00b7 1931 TM2 \u00b7 1934 EE \u00b7 1936 SC \u00b7 1937 YE \u00b7 1946 UF \u00b7 1950 PW \u00b7 1968 HL", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 Koronis"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "112.39 yr (41,051 d)", "Aphelion": "3.0890 AU", "Perihelion": "2.6318 AU", "Semi-major axis": "2.8604 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.0799", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "4.84 yr (1,767 d)", "Mean anomaly": "13.592\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 12m 13.32s / day", "Inclination": "2.9071\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "58.469\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "321.66\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "15.81\u00b11.02 km \u00b7 19.580\u00b10.243 km \u00b7 20.046\u00b10.117 km \u00b7 26.14\u00b12.5 km", "Synodic rotation period": "12.307\u00b10.002 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.1632 \u00b7 0.2814 \u00b7 0.291 \u00b7 0.338", "Spectral type": "SMASS = S \u00b7 S (SDSS-MOC)", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "10.50 \u00b7 10.80 \u00b7 10.9"}}]
| false |
# 1945 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia in February 1945 to elect the Chamber of Representatives. The result was a victory for the Colombian Liberal Party, which won 80 of the 131 seats.
## Results
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| ------------------------- | ---------------------------- | --------- | ------ | ----- |
| | Colombian Liberal Party | 551,224 | 62.95 | 80 |
| | Colombian Conservative Party | 294,237 | 33.60 | 47 |
| | Social Democratic Party | 27,696 | 3.16 | 4 |
| | Other parties | 2,522 | 0.29 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 875,679 | 100.00 | 131 |
| | | | | |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 875,679 | 99.98 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 177 | 0.02 | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 875,856 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 2,279,510 | 38.42 | |
| Source: Nohlen | | | | |
|
enwiki/39499951
|
enwiki
| 39,499,951 |
1945 Colombian parliamentary election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Colombian_parliamentary_election
|
2025-01-27T09:40:11Z
|
en
|
Q14624925
| 73,169 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Politics of Colombia}}
Parliamentary elections were held in [[Colombia]] in February 1945 to elect the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]].<ref name=N1>[[Dieter Nohlen]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II'', p305 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928358-3}}</ref> The result was a victory for the [[Colombian Liberal Party]], which won 80 of the 131 seats.<ref>Nohlen, p339</ref>
==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Chamber of Representatives of Colombia 1945-1947.svg]]
|party1=[[Colombian Liberal Party]]|votes1=551224|seats1=80
|party2=[[Colombian Conservative Party]]|votes2=294237|seats2=47
|party3=[[Colombian Communist Party|Social Democratic Party]]|votes3=27696|seats3=4
|party4=Other parties|votes4=2522|seats4=0
|invalid=177
|electorate=2279510
|source=Nohlen
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Colombian elections}}
[[Category:Parliamentary elections in Colombia]]
[[Category:1945 elections in South America|Colombia]]
[[Category:1945 in Colombia|Parliamentary]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]
[[Category:February 1945 in South America|Colombia]]
{{Colombia-election-stub}}
| 1,272,142,902 |
[]
| false |
# 1643 in Ireland
Events from the year 1643 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles I
## Events
- March 18 – Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross: James Butler, Earl of Ormonde, defeats Thomas Preston and a numerically superior Irish Confederate army north of the town of New Ross.
- June 4 – Confederate Wars: Battle of Funcheon Ford: Catholic Confederation commander James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven's horsemen surprise and rout hundreds of Baron Inchiquin's men near Castlelyons in County Cork.[1][2][3]
- September – Confederate Wars: "Cessation" (i.e. ceasefire) arranged by Ormond places the greater part of Ireland into the hands of the Catholic Confederation.
- An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as King.
## Deaths
- September 15 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland (b. 1566)
- Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, chronicler and chief author of the Annals of the Four Masters (b. c. 1590)
|
enwiki/12514871
|
enwiki
| 12,514,871 |
1643 in Ireland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1643_in_Ireland
|
2024-09-24T02:24:49Z
|
en
|
Q4551456
| 146,770 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{YearInIrelandNav | 1643 }}
Events from the year '''1643 in Ireland'''.
==Incumbent==
*[[Irish monarch|Monarch]]: [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]
==Events==
*[[March 18]] – [[Irish Confederate Wars]]: [[Battle of New Ross (1643)|Battle of New Ross]]: [[James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde|James Butler, Earl of Ormonde]], defeats [[Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara|Thomas Preston]] and a numerically superior [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederate]] army north of the town of [[New Ross]].
*[[June 4]] – Confederate Wars: Battle of Funcheon Ford: Catholic Confederation commander [[James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven]]'s horsemen surprise and rout hundreds of [[Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin|Baron Inchiquin]]'s men near [[Castlelyons]] in [[County Cork]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Richard Bagwell|first=Richard|last=Bagwell|chapter=O'Brien, Murrough (1614–1674)|title=Dictionary of National Biography|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati41stepuoft#page/320/mode/2up|location=London|publisher=Smith, Elder|volume=XVI|page=321}} Cites Castlehaven's ''Memoirs'', p. 40.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Charles|year=1815|title=The Ancient and Present State of the County and City of Cork|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z9IAAAAMAAJ&q=Castlelyons%20on%204%20June&pg=PA146|volume=III|pages=146–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Battles of the Eleven Years War|url=http://inchiquin.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/battles-of-eleven-years-war.html|work=Inchiquin|access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref>
*September – Confederate Wars: "Cessation" (i.e. ceasefire) arranged by [[James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde|Ormond]] places the greater part of Ireland into the hands of the Catholic Confederation.
*An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The [[Ó Conchubhair Donn]], [[Chief of the Name]] of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as King.
==Births==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Deaths==
*[[September 15]] – [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]], Lord High Treasurer of Ireland (b. [[1566 in Ireland|1566]])
*[[Mícheál Ó Cléirigh]], chronicler and chief author of the [[Annals of the Four Masters]] (b. c. [[1590 in Ireland|1590]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Ireland}}
{{Year in Europe|1643}}
[[Category:1643 in Ireland| ]]
[[Category:1640s in Ireland]]
[[Category:1643 by country|Ireland]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in Ireland]]
{{Ireland-stub}}
| 1,247,387,776 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1642 - 1641 - 1640 - 1639 - 1638": "1643 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Ireland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1644 - 1645 - 1646 - 1647 - 1648", "Centuries": "15th 16th 17th 18th 19th", "Decades": "1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s", "See also": "Other events of 1643 \u00b7 List of years in Ireland"}}]
| false |
# 10 Years Younger (British TV series)
10 Years Younger in 10 Days, previously called 10 Years Younger (and sometimes called 10 Years Younger: The Challenge), is a make over show aired on Channel 5 in Britain and repeated on its 5Star network. As 10 Years Younger, the series debuted as a Channel 4 programme in 2004, before being relaunched and rebranded by Channel 5 in 2020.
Presented for its first five series by Nicky Hambleton-Jones, who was replaced by Myleene Klass for series six, with Cherry Healey hosting the show for Channel 5, with the programme's full name also being used in Australia.
## About the show
With the help of experts the participant of the show is given a complete make over in an attempt to make them look 10 Years Younger, partially through plastic surgery. At the start of the programme the person's age is guessed by 100 people on the street and an average is taken. From this average the target image is set. At the end of the show this happens again to see the results.
The programme regularly makes use of cosmetic surgery, which has attracted criticism from some quarters. However, in his book 10 Years Younger: Cosmetic Surgery Bible, the show's resident consultant surgeon Jan Stanek says: "I decided to take part in the series because I felt that it offered an opportunity to shine an honest light on what was involved in cosmetic surgery and to address some of the common misconceptions about it."
## Experts
- Presenter:
- Series 1–5: Nicky Hambleton-Jones (and clothing stylist)
- Series 6: Myleene Klass
- Series 6: Denise Welch (Narrator)
- Series 7-8: Cherry Healey (Channel 5, Series 1-2)[6][7]
- Jan Stanek - Cosmetic surgery
- Dr Uchenna Okoye - Dentistry
- John Vial - Hair
- Andrew Barton - Hair
- Guy Parsons - Hair
- Karen Melvin - Hair Colour
- Ruby Hammer - Make-up (Series 1–5)
- Lisa Eldridge - Make-up
- Gemma Sheppard - Style and fashion
- Kat Byrne - Behind the scenes assistance with clothing
- Dan Reinstein - Specialist Laser Eye Surgery Ophthalmic Surgeon
## Books
There are currently three books which accompany the series. The first two are both written by former presenter Nicky Hambleton-Jones. The third book is written by Jan Stanek with Hayley Treacy.
- 10 Years Younger in 10 Days (Paperback - 17 January 2005)
- 10 Years Younger Nutrition Bible (Paperback - 2 February 2006)
- 10 Years Younger Cosmetic Surgery Bible (Paperback - 1 February 2007)
## International versions
| Country | Name | Host | Network | Premiere |
| -------------- | --------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Australia | 10 Years Younger In 10 Days | Sonia Kruger | Channel Seven | 21 April 2009 |
| Brazil | 10 Anos Mais Jovem | Ligia Mendes | SBT | 6 March 2009 – 2 October 2009 |
| Czech Republic | Mladší o pár let | Sabina Laurinová | Prima televize | 14 January 2010 |
| Czech Republic | O 10 let mladší | Monika Absolonová | TV Nova | 24 October 2018 |
| Czech Republic | O 10 let mladší | Martina Randová | TV Nova | 23 October 2019 |
| Finland | Vuosia nuoremmaksi | Anne Kukkohovi | AVA | 7 October 2015 |
| New Zealand | 10 Years Younger | Fiona McDonald | TV One | Unknown |
| Russia | На 10 лет моложе | Svetlana Abramova | Channel One | 4 April 2015 |
| Slovakia | O 10 rokov mladší | Mirka Kalisová and Martin Šmahel | Markíza | 10 January 2017 |
| Slovakia | O 10 rokov mladší | Mária Čírová | Markíza | 10 January 2017 |
| Ukraine | на 10 років молодше | Alexey Vertinsky | Ukraine | 4 October 2008 |
| United States | 10 Years Younger | Kyan Douglas | TLC network | 1 December 2004 |
|
enwiki/4253071
|
enwiki
| 4,253,071 |
10 Years Younger (British TV series)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Years_Younger_(British_TV_series)
|
2024-10-03T01:12:15Z
|
en
|
Q3032555
| 48,197 |
{{about|the British programme|the American version|10 Years Younger (American TV series){{!}}''10 Years Younger'' (American TV series)|the Australian version|10 Years Younger in 10 Days{{!}}''10 Years Younger in 10 Days''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 60 mins
| creator = [[Maverick Television]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cherry Healey]] (2020-)
* [[Nicky Hambleton-Jones]] (2004-2008)
* [[Myleene Klass]] (2010)
}}
| narrated = [[Denise Welch]]
| producer = [[Melissa Feather]] (series 6)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| network = *[[Channel 4]]
*[[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2004|04|28|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes =
| company = [[Maverick Television]]
}}
'''''10 Years Younger in 10 Days''''', previously called ''10 Years Younger'' (and sometimes called ''10 Years Younger: The Challenge''), is a make over show aired on [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]] in Britain and repeated on its [[5Star]] network.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-u4n8qu/10-years-younger-in-10-days-season-2/?episode=b-pj6ybb|title = 10 Years Younger in 10 Days Season 2}}</ref> As ''10 Years Younger'', the series debuted as a [[Channel 4]] programme in 2004, before being relaunched and rebranded by Channel 5 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Years Younger|url=https://www.all3mediainternational.com/catalogue/1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.all3mediainternational.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609145007/https://www.all3mediainternational.com/catalogue/1 |archive-date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
Presented for its first five series by [[Nicky Hambleton-Jones]], who was replaced by [[Myleene Klass]] for series six,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3384437/Myleene-Klass-replaces-Nicky-Hambleton-Jones-to-present-10-Years-Younger.html|title=Myleene Klass replaces Nicky Hambleton-Jones to present 10 Years Younger|last=Leach|first=Ben|journal=The Daily Telegraph|date=2008-11-05|access-date=2019-11-08|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> with [[Cherry Healey]]<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel5.com/show/10-years-younger-in-10-days|title = My5}}</ref> hosting the show for Channel 5, with the programme's [[10 Years Younger in 10 Days|full name also being used in Australia]].
==About the show==
With the help of experts the participant of the show is given a complete make over in an attempt to make them look ''10 Years Younger'', partially through plastic surgery. At the start of the programme the person's age is guessed by 100 people on the street and an average is taken. From this average the target image is set. At the end of the show this happens again to see the results.
The programme regularly makes use of cosmetic surgery, which has attracted criticism from some quarters. However, in his book 10 Years Younger: Cosmetic Surgery Bible, the show's resident consultant surgeon [[Jan Stanek]] says: "I decided to take part in the series because I felt that it offered an opportunity to shine an honest light on what was involved in cosmetic surgery and to address some of the common misconceptions about it."<ref>10 Years Younger: Cosmetic Surgery Bible (Transworld, 2007)</ref>
==Experts==
*Presenter:
**Series 1–5: [[Nicky Hambleton-Jones]] (and clothing stylist)
**Series 6: [[Myleene Klass]]
**Series 6: [[Denise Welch]] (Narrator)
**Series 7-8: [[Cherry Healey]] (Channel 5, Series 1-2)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel5.com/show/10-years-younger-in-10-days/season-1|title = My5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel5.com/show/10-years-younger-in-10-days/season-2|title = My5}}</ref>
*[[Jan Stanek]] - Cosmetic surgery
*Dr Uchenna Okoye - Dentistry
*John Vial - Hair
*Andrew Barton - Hair
*Guy Parsons - Hair
*Karen Melvin - Hair Colour
*[[Ruby Hammer]] - Make-up (Series 1–5)
*[[Lisa Eldridge]] - Make-up
*[[Gemma Sheppard]] - Style and fashion
*Kat Byrne - Behind the scenes assistance with clothing
*[[Dan Reinstein]] - Specialist Laser Eye Surgery Ophthalmic Surgeon
==Books==
There are currently three books which accompany the series. The first two are both written by former presenter Nicky Hambleton-Jones. The third book is written by [[Jan Stanek]] with Hayley Treacy.
*''10 Years Younger in 10 Days (Paperback - 17 January 2005)''
*''10 Years Younger Nutrition Bible (Paperback - 2 February 2006)''
*''10 Years Younger Cosmetic Surgery Bible (Paperback - 1 February 2007)''
==International versions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Name
! Host
! Network
! Premiere
|-
| {{Flagu|Australia}}
| ''[[10 Years Younger In 10 Days]]''
| [[Sonia Kruger]]
| [[Seven Network|Channel Seven]]
| 21 April 2009
|-
| {{Flagu|Brazil}}
| ''10 Anos Mais Jovem''
| Ligia Mendes
| [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]]
| 6 March 2009 – 2 October 2009
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| ''Mladší o pár let''
| Sabina Laurinová
| [[Prima televize]]
| 14 January 2010
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''O 10 let mladší''
| [[Monika Absolonová]]
| rowspan="2" | [[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]]
| 24 October 2018
|-
| Martina Randová
| 23 October 2019
|-
| {{Flagu|Finland}}
| ''Vuosia nuoremmaksi''
| [[Anne Kukkohovi]]
| [[AVA (TV channel)|AVA]]
| 7 October 2015
|-
| {{Flagu|New Zealand}}
| ''10 Years Younger''
| [[Fiona McDonald]]
| [[TVNZ 1|TV One]]
| {{Unknown}}
|-
|{{Flagu|Russia}}
|На 10 лет моложе
|Svetlana Abramova
|[[Channel One Russia|Channel One]]
|4 April 2015
|-
| rowspan=2|{{Flagu|Slovakia}}
| rowspan=2|''O 10 rokov mladší''
| Mirka Kalisová and Martin Šmahel
| rowspan=2|[[Markíza]]
| rowspan=2|10 January 2017
|-
| [[Mária Čírová]]
|-
|{{Flagu|Ukraine}}
|на 10 років молодше
|Alexey Vertinsky
|[[Ukraine (TV channel)|Ukraine]]
|4 October 2008
|-
| {{Flagu|United States}}
| ''[[10 Years Younger (US)|10 Years Younger]]''
| [[Kyan Douglas]]
| [[TLC (TV network)|TLC network]]
| 1 December 2004
|-
|}
==See also==
* [[London Welbeck Hospital]] - a hospital used in the show
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.channel4.com/10yearsyounger ''10 Years Younger''] at [[Channel 4#Channel4.com|Channel4.com]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926154614/http://www.mavericktv.co.uk/default.php?id=313 ''10 Years Younger''] Top pick on [[Maverick Television]] site
*{{IMDb title|id=0448946|title=10 Years Younger}}
*[http://www.hecklerspray.com/tv-review-10-years-younger-channel-4/20062095.php ''10 Years Younger'' Review]
* [https://archive.today/20130505111407/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/theweek/TV-Review-10-Years-Younger/article-676555-detail/article.html Review, Leicester Mercury]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090623052250/http://www.10yearsyoungerlive.co.uk/ Live Show]
{{DEFAULTSORT:10 Years Younger (Uk)}}
[[Category:Channel 4 original programming]]
[[Category:2004 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000s British reality television series]]
[[Category:2010s British reality television series]]
[[Category:2020s British reality television series]]
[[Category:British English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by All3Media]]
[[Category:Television series about plastic surgery]]
| 1,249,076,280 |
[{"title": "10 Years Younger", "data": {"Created by": "Maverick Television", "Starring": "- Cherry Healey (2020-) - Nicky Hambleton-Jones (2004-2008) - Myleene Klass (2010)", "Narrated by": "Denise Welch", "Country of origin": "United Kingdom", "Original language": "English"}}, {"title": "Production", "data": {"Producer": "Melissa Feather (series 6)", "Running time": "60 mins", "Production company": "Maverick Television"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "- Channel 4 - Channel 5", "Release": "28 April 2004 \u2013 \u00b7 present"}}]
| false |
# 1709 Zhongwei earthquake
The region of Ningxia (then part of Shaanxi, ruled by the Viceroy of Shan-Shaan) was struck by a major earthquake on the morning of 14 October 1709. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 Ms and a maximum felt intensity of X (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The city of Zhongwei was badly damaged, including a section of the Great Wall. A total of 2,032 people were killed.
## Tectonic setting
Zhongwei lies close to the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The plateau is a large region of thickened crust created by the ongoing collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The thickened crust is spreading laterally towards the east, accommodate by a series of mainly sinistral (left lateral) strike-slip faults, such as the Kunlun Fault and Haiyuan Fault. A major splay of the Haiyuan Fault is the Tianjingshan Fault, which is also a sinistral strike-slip fault in its western part, where it runs close to Zhongwei, passing into a mainly thrust fault section to the east, where it accommodates shortening between the Tibetan Plateau and the Ordos Block.
## Earthquake
The earthquake is known to have ruptured the central segment of the Tianjingshan Fault and part of the eastern segment. There is a clear surface rupture of 53 km and trenching across the fault zone has confirmed that this resulted from the 1709 earthquake. An average sinistral displacement of 4.8 ±0.8 m has been estimated for this event, with a maximum offset of about 7.4 m.
Aftershocks affected the area several times a day for the first 50 days, dying out completely about a year later.
## Damage
In Zhongwei, the earthquake caused the collapse of many walls, including about three-quarters of the city walls. Many buildings were destroyed, including houses, schools, county offices, government buildings and the Temple of Confucius. Flooding was reported in areas south of the Yellow River. A 5 km section of the Great Wall collapsed at Jingyuan.
|
enwiki/70438210
|
enwiki
| 70,438,210 |
1709 Zhongwei earthquake
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1709_Zhongwei_earthquake
|
2025-01-28T18:18:11Z
|
en
|
Q111942577
| 66,354 |
{{Short description|Earthquake in China}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title = 1709 Zhongwei earthquake
|image =
|image alt =
|imagecaption =
|map =
|map alt =
|image name =
|map2 = {{Location map | China Ningxia#China
| label=
| relief= yes
| lat=37.4
| long=105.3
| mark=Bullseye1.png
| marksize=40
| position=top
| width= 250
| float=right
| caption=
}}
|pre-1900 = yes
|local-date = {{Start date|1709|10|14}}
|local-time = morning
|magnitude = 7.5 {{M|s|link=y}}<ref name="NCEI">{{Cite web |last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Significant Earthquake Information |date=1972 |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1180 |access-date=31 March 2022 |doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
|depth = <!-- {{convert|NNN|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} -->
|location = {{coord|37.4|105.3|region:ID_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name="NCEI"/>
|type = [[Strike-slip]]
|fault = [[Tianjingshan Fault]]
|countries affected =[[Zhongwei]], [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan|Viceroy of Shan-Shaan]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
|damage =
|intensity = {{MMI|X}}<ref name="NCEI"/>
|PGA = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
|tsunami =
|landslide =
|foreshocks =
|aftershocks =
|casualties = 2,032 dead<ref name="NCEI"/>
}}
The region of [[Ningxia]] (then part of [[Shaanxi]], ruled by the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan|Viceroy of Shan-Shaan]]) was struck by a major earthquake on the morning of 14 October 1709. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 {{M|s|link=yes}} and a maximum felt intensity of X (''extreme'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]]. The city of [[Zhongwei]] was badly damaged, including a section of the [[Great Wall]]. A total of 2,032 people were killed.<ref name="NCEI"/>
==Tectonic setting==
Zhongwei lies close to the northern edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The plateau is a large region of thickened [[Crust (geology)|crust]] created by the ongoing [[continental collision|collision]] between the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]]. The thickened crust is spreading laterally towards the east, accommodate by a series of mainly sinistral (left lateral) [[strike-slip fault]]s, such as the [[Kunlun Fault]] and [[Haiyuan Fault]]. A major [[fault splay|splay]] of the Haiyuan Fault is the [[Zhongwei-Tongxin fault|Tianjingshan Fault]], which is also a sinistral strike-slip fault in its western part, where it runs close to Zhongwei, passing into a mainly [[thrust fault]] section to the east, where it accommodates shortening between the Tibetan Plateau and the [[Ordos Block]].<ref name="Li_etal_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=LI |first1=X. |last2=Li |first2=C. |last3=Pierce |first3=I.K.D. |last4=Zhang |first4=P. |last5=Dong |first5=J. |last6=Chen |first6=G |last7=Ai |first7=M. |last8=Ren |first8=G. |last9=Luo |first9=Q. |date=2019 |title=New slip rates for the Tianjingshan fault using optically stimulated luminescence, GPS, and paleoseismic data, NE Tibet, China |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=755 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2019.02.007|bibcode=2019Tectp.755...64L }}</ref>
==Earthquake==
The earthquake is known to have ruptured the central segment of the Tianjingshan Fault and part of the eastern segment. There is a clear surface rupture of 53 km and trenching across the fault zone has confirmed that this resulted from the 1709 earthquake. An average sinistral displacement of 4.8 ±0.8 m has been estimated for this event,<ref name="Li_etal_2019"/> with a maximum offset of about 7.4 m.<ref name="Liu-Jeng_etal_2015">{{Cite journal |last1=LIu-Jeng |first1=J. |last2=Shao |first2=Y. |last3=Klinger |first3=Y. |last4=Xie |first4=K. |last5=Yuan |first5=D. |last6=Lei |first6=Z. |date=2015 |title=Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan Fault, China |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=120 |issue=12 |pages=8304–8333 |doi=10.1002/2015JB012163|bibcode=2015JGRB..120.8304L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Aftershocks affected the area several times a day for the first 50 days, dying out completely about a year later.<ref name="NCEI"/>
==Damage==
In Zhongwei, the earthquake caused the collapse of many walls, including about three-quarters of the city walls. Many buildings were destroyed, including houses, schools, county offices, government buildings and the [[Temple of Confucius]]. Flooding was reported in areas south of the [[Yellow River]]. A 5 km section of the Great Wall collapsed at [[Jingyuan County, Ningxia|Jingyuan]].<ref name="NCEI"/>
==See also==
*[[List of historical earthquakes]]
*[[List of earthquakes in China]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Earthquakes in China}}
[[Category:Earthquakes in Ningxia]]
[[Category:1700s earthquakes]]
[[Category:1709 in China]]
[[Category:18th-century disasters in China]]
[[Category:1709 disasters]]
| 1,272,452,114 |
[{"title": "1709 Zhongwei earthquake", "data": {"Local date": "October 14, 1709", "Local time": "morning", "Magnitude": "7.5 Ms", "Epicenter": "37\u00b024\u2032N 105\u00b018\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff37.4\u00b0N 105.3\u00b0E", "Fault": "Tianjingshan Fault", "Type": "Strike-slip", "Areas affected": "Zhongwei, Viceroy of Shan-Shaan, Qing Dynasty", "Max. intensity": "MMI X (Extreme)", "Casualties": "2,032 dead"}}]
| false |
# 1643 in music
The year 1643 in music involved some significant events.
## Events
- Composer Johann Crüger meets hymn-writer Paul Gerhardt, resulting in a collaboration.
- Johann von Rist publishes his Himmlische Lieder, later set to music by Johann Sebastian Bach.
- Pierre Robert becomes master of music at Senlis Cathedral.
## Publications
- Marco Scacchi – Cribrum musicum
## Classical music
- Carlo Milanuzzi
- Ninth book of ariose vaghezze for one and two voices with accompaniment, Op. 20 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
- Concerto sacro de salmi intieri for two and three voices, book 2, Op. 21 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
- Cornelis Thymanszoon Padbrué
- Eere-krans..., written for the wedding of Constantin Sohier and Catharina Koymans
- 't Lof van Jubal..., Op. 3, a collection of madrigals and motets
## Opera
- L'Incoronazione di Poppea – Claudio Monteverdi
- Egisto (opera) – Francesco Cavalli
## Births
- July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, composer (died 1722)
- December – Johann Adam Reincken, organist and composer (died 1722)
- date unknown – Marc-Antoine Charpentier, composer (died 1704)
## Deaths
- February 25 – Marco da Gagliano, composer (born 1582)
- March 1 – Girolamo Frescobaldi, composer and organist (born 1583)
- April 20 – Christoph Demantius, composer (born 1567)
- May 17 – Giovanni Picchi, organist and composer (born c.1571)
- November 29 – Claudio Monteverdi, composer (born 1567)
- December 8 – Antoine Boësset, French court musician and composer (born 1586)
- probable – Guillaume Bouzignac, French composer (born c.1587)
|
enwiki/5598538
|
enwiki
| 5,598,538 |
1643 in music
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1643_in_music
|
2024-06-16T20:27:27Z
|
en
|
Q3408849
| 30,020 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1643|music}}
{{Popular music}}
The year '''1643 in [[music]]''' involved some significant events.
==Events==
*Composer [[Johann Crüger]] meets hymn-writer [[Paul Gerhardt]], resulting in a collaboration.
*[[Johann von Rist]] publishes his ''Himmlische Lieder'', later set to music by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]].
*[[Pierre Robert (composer)|Pierre Robert]] becomes master of music at Senlis Cathedral.
==Publications==
*[[Marco Scacchi]] – ''Cribrum musicum''
==Classical music==
*[[Carlo Milanuzzi]]
**Ninth book of {{lang|it|ariose vaghezze}} for one and two voices with accompaniment, Op. 20 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
**{{lang|it|Concerto sacro de salmi intieri}} for two and three voices, book 2, Op. 21 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
*[[Cornelis Thymanszoon Padbrué]]
**''Eere-krans...'', written for the wedding of Constantin Sohier and Catharina Koymans
**'' 't Lof van Jubal...'', Op. 3, a collection of madrigals and motets
==Opera==
*''[[L'Incoronazione di Poppea]]'' – [[Claudio Monteverdi]]
*''[[Egisto (opera)]]'' – [[Francesco Cavalli]]
==Births==
*[[July 28]] – [[Antonio Tarsia (composer)|Antonio Tarsia]], composer (died [[1722 in music|1722]])
*December – [[Johann Adam Reincken]], organist and composer (died [[1722 in music|1722]])
*''date unknown'' – [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], composer (died [[1704]])
==Deaths==
*[[February 25]] – [[Marco da Gagliano]], composer (born [[1582 in music|1582]])
*[[March 1]] – [[Girolamo Frescobaldi]], composer and organist (born [[1583]])
*[[April 20]] – [[Christoph Demantius]], composer (born [[1567]])
*[[May 17]] – [[Giovanni Picchi]], organist and composer (born c.1571)
*[[November 29]] – [[Claudio Monteverdi]], composer (born [[1567]])
*[[December 8]] – [[Antoine Boësset]], French court musician and composer (born [[1586 in music|1586]])
*''probable'' – [[Guillaume Bouzignac]], French composer (born c.1587)
[[Category:1643 in music| ]]
| 1,229,438,195 |
[]
| false |
# 11th Division (German Empire)
The 11th Division (11. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in November 1816 as a brigade, and became the 11th Division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VI Army Corps (VI. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia, mainly in the region of Lower Silesia.
## Combat chronicle
The 11th Division's 21st Infantry Brigade served in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864. The division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the division fought in several battles, including the Siege of Toul and the Siege of Paris.
In World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It spent most of the war in various parts of the trenches and fought in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Allied intelligence rated it a second class division.
## Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War
During wartime, the 11th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 11th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:
- 21. Infanterie Brigade
- Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 10
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 18
- 22. Infanterie Brigade
- Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 38
- Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 51
- Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 9
- Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 8
## Pre-World War I organization
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 11th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:
- 21. Infanterie-Brigade:
- Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 10
- Füsilier-Regiment General-Feldmarschall Graf Moltke (Schlesisches) Nr. 38
- 22. Infanterie-Brigade:
- Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 11
- 4. Niederschlesisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
- 11. Kavallerie-Brigade
- Leib-Kürassier-Regiment Großer Kurfürst (Schlesisches) Nr. 1
- Dragoner-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 8
- 11. Feldartillerie-Brigade:
- Feldartillerie-Regiment von Peucker (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 6
- 2. Schlesisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
- Landwehr-Inspektion Breslau
## Order of battle on mobilization
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 11th Division was again renamed the 11th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:
- 21. Infanterie-Brigade:
- Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 10
- Füsilier-Regiment General-Feldmarschall Graf Moltke (Schlesisches) Nr. 38
- 22. Infanterie-Brigade:
- Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 11
- 4. Niederschlesisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
- Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 11
- 11. Feldartillerie-Brigade:
- Feldartillerie-Regiment von Peucker (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 6
- 2. Schlesisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
- 1. Kompanie/Schlesisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 6
## Late World War I organization
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 11th Infantry Division's order of battle in 1918 was as follows:
- 21. Infanterie-Brigade
- Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 10
- Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 38
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
- 2. Eskadron/Ulanen-Regiment Nr. 2
- Artillerie-Kommandeur 11
- Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
- Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 131
- Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 122
- Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 11
|
enwiki/12573359
|
enwiki
| 12,573,359 |
11th Division (German Empire)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Division_(German_Empire)
|
2023-08-06T15:33:24Z
|
en
|
Q169396
| 53,778 |
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=11th Division (''11. Division''); in 1870-71 and from August 2, 1914, 11th Infantry Division (''11. Infanterie-Division'')
|dates=1818–1919
|country=[[Prussia]]/[[German Empire|Germany]]
|branch=Army
|type=Infantry (in peacetime included cavalry)
|size=Approx. 15,000
|command_structure=VI. Army Corps (''VI. Armeekorps'')
|garrison=[[Breslau]]
|battles=[[Austro-Prussian War]]: [[Battle of Königgrätz|Königgrätz]]<br/ >
[[Franco-Prussian War]]: [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Paris]]<br />
[[World War I]]: [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]]
}}
The '''11th Division''' (''11. Division'') was a unit of the [[Prussia]]n/[[German Empire|German]] [[German Army (German Empire)|Army]].<ref>From the late 1800s, the Prussian Army was effectively the German Army, as during the period of German unification (1866-1871) the states of the [[German Empire]] entered into conventions with Prussia regarding their armies and only the Bavarian Army remained fully autonomous.</ref> It was formed in [[Breslau]] (now Wrocław, Poland) in November 1816 as a brigade, and became the 11th Division on September 5, 1818.<ref>Günter Wegner, ''Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939.'' (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, p.105; Claus von Bredow, bearb., ''Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deuschen Heeres'' (1905), pp.420-421</ref> The division was subordinated in peacetime to the [[VI Corps (German Empire)|VI Army Corps]] (''VI. Armeekorps'').<ref>Wegner, p. 57.</ref> The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the [[Province of Silesia]], mainly in the region of [[Lower Silesia]].
==Combat chronicle==
The 11th Division's 21st Infantry Brigade served in the [[Second Schleswig War]] against Denmark in 1864. The division fought in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866, including the [[Battle of Königgrätz]].<ref>Hermann Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee'' (Berlin, 1935); Wegner, p.421</ref> In the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–71, the division fought in several battles, including the [[Siege of Toul]] and the [[Siege of Paris (1870-1871)|Siege of Paris]].<ref>Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle''; Wegner, p.421</ref>
In [[World War I]], the division served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. It spent most of the war in various parts of the trenches and fought in the 1916 [[Battle of the Somme]]. Allied intelligence rated it a second class division.<ref>[http://www.1914-18.info/erster-weltkrieg.php?u=141 11. Infanterie-Division]</ref><ref>''Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919'' (1920), pp. 197-200.</ref>
==Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War==
During wartime, the 11th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 11th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:<ref>A. Niemann, ''Der französische Feldzug 1870-1871'' (Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Hildburghausen, 1871), p. 46</ref>
*21. Infanterie Brigade
** Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 10
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 18
*22. Infanterie Brigade
** Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 38
** Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 51
*Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 9
*Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 8
==Pre-World War I organization==
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 11th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:<ref>''Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee'' (1914), pp. 71-72.</ref>
*21. Infanterie-Brigade:
**Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 10
**Füsilier-Regiment General-Feldmarschall Graf Moltke (Schlesisches) Nr. 38
*22. Infanterie-Brigade:
**Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 11
**4. Niederschlesisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
*11. Kavallerie-Brigade
**Leib-Kürassier-Regiment Großer Kurfürst (Schlesisches) Nr. 1
**Dragoner-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 8
*11. Feldartillerie-Brigade:
**Feldartillerie-Regiment [[von Peucker]] (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 6
**2. Schlesisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
*Landwehr-Inspektion Breslau
==Order of battle on mobilization==
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of [[World War I]], most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 11th Division was again renamed the 11th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:<ref name="Cron">Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle''</ref>
*21. Infanterie-Brigade:
**Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 10
**Füsilier-Regiment General-Feldmarschall Graf Moltke (Schlesisches) Nr. 38
*22. Infanterie-Brigade:
**Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich III. (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 11
**4. Niederschlesisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
*Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 11
*11. Feldartillerie-Brigade:
**Feldartillerie-Regiment von Peucker (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 6
**2. Schlesisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
*1. Kompanie/Schlesisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 6
==Late World War I organization==
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became [[Triangular division|triangular]] - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "[[square division]]"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 11th Infantry Division's order of battle in 1918 was as follows:<ref name="Cron"/>
*21. Infanterie-Brigade
**Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 10
**Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 38
**Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51
*2. Eskadron/Ulanen-Regiment Nr. 2
*Artillerie-Kommandeur 11
**Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 42
**Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 131
*Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 122
*Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 11
==References==
* [http://www.1914-18.info/erster-weltkrieg.php?u=141 11. Infanterie-Division - Der erste Weltkrieg]
* Claus von Bredow, {{lang|de|Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deutschen Heeres}} (1905)
* Hermann Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee'' (Berlin, 1935)
* Hermann Cron, ''Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918'' (Berlin, 1937)
* Günter Wegner, ''Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939.'' (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1
* ''Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919'' (1920)
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{German Empire Armies|4th=y|18th=y}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:11}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of Germany in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1818]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]
| 1,169,023,571 |
[{"title": "11th Division (11. Division); in 1870-71 and from August 2, 1914, 11th Infantry Division (11. Infanterie-Division)", "data": {"Active": "1818\u20131919", "Country": "Prussia/Germany", "Branch": "Army", "Type": "Infantry (in peacetime included cavalry)", "Size": "Approx. 15,000", "Part of": "VI. Army Corps (VI. Armeekorps)", "Garrison/HQ": "Breslau", "Engagements": "Austro-Prussian War: K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz \u00b7 Franco-Prussian War: Paris \u00b7 World War I: Somme"}}]
| false |
# 166th Airlift Wing
The 166th Airlift Wing (166th AW) of the Delaware Air National Guard (DANG) is stationed at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.
## Overview
The 166th Airlift Wing is based at the New Castle County Airport just outside Wilmington, Delaware. Operating eight permanently assigned, Lockheed C-130H2 Hercules transport aircraft, the wing provides the U.S. Air Force with tactical airlift, airdrop capability of paratroops and cargo, and aeromedical evacuation of patients anywhere in the world. Additionally, the wing has a civil engineer function and a network warfare unit (the 166th Network Warfare Squadron).
Under command of the Governor of Delaware, the wing is prepared to support the State of Delaware with trained personnel and equipment for various humanitarian missions to protect life and property and to preserve peace, order and public safety. The wing's gaining command is the Air Mobility Command, U.S. Air Force.
## Units
The 166th Airlift Wing consists of the following units:
- 166th Operations Group
142d Airlift Squadron
142d Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
166th Operations Support Squadron
166th Cyberspace Operations Squadron
- 166th Maintenance Group
166th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
166th Maintenance Squadron
166th Maintenance Operations Flight
- 166th Mission Support Group
166th Civil Engineer Squadron
166th Communications Flight
166th Force Support Squadron
166th Logistics Readiness Squadron
166th Security Forces Squadron
- 166th Medical Group
## History
On 7 April 1962 the Delaware Air National Guard, with the 142nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, enlarged to "group status" as the 166th Air Transport Group and then was reassigned from the Tactical Air Command to the Military Air Transport Service. The Delaware Air National Guard gave up its F-86 Sabrejets for the four engine C-97 Stratocruiser cargo planes.
Dr. Harold Brown, Secretary of the Air Force, announced that effective 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service would be redesignated as the Military Airlift Command. In addition to the name change certain Air National Guard units were also redesignated, including Delaware's. The unit was named the 166th Military Airlift Group.
During the period from 1969 to 1971 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to Vietnam.
On 9 April 1968, the Delaware Air National Guard was called to state duty to quell civil disturbance and violence in the city of Wilmington, Delaware. The unit was released from state duty after several weeks. However, many individuals remained on state duty through 20 January 1969.
On 12 May 1971 the Delaware ANG changed its name from the 166th Military Airlift Group to the 166th Tactical Airlift Group and replaced its C-97s with C-130A Hercules turboprop cargo plane, and began transition from the Military Airlift Command to the Tactical Air Command.
On 16 October 1985, the Delaware Air National Guard began replacing its aging, antiquated C-130A's with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H. The last new C-130H aircraft arrived in January 1986.
On 25 January 1991 selected units of the Delaware Air National Guard were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm. A majority of the unit was stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. Over 150 personnel deployed to six other locations in Europe and two stateside bases. The 166th Civil Engineer Squadron voluntarily deployed to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware and performed the monumental accomplishment of enlarging Dover's Mortuary capacity - the assignment was completed in a record 23 days. On 30 June 1991 the units/personnel were released from active duty performed in support of the Persian Gulf War.
Another name change occurred on 16 March 1992, with the 166th Tactical Airlift Group being redesignated the 166th Airlift Group. In 1993 an Air Force reorganization placed the 166th under Air Combat Command.
On 1 October 1995, the 166th Airlift Group was renamed the 166th Airlift Wing and was gained by the Air Mobility Command.
In 2021, the unit's 1984 C-130H2 aircraft departed and the wing received newer 1991 C-130H2.5 aircraft.
### Lineage
- Established as 166th Air Transport Group, and activated, 7 April 1962
Re-designated: 166th Military Airlift Group, 8 January 1966
Re-designated: 166th Tactical Airlift Group, 12 May 1971
Re-designated: 166th Airlift Group, 1 June 1992
Status changed from Group to Wing, 10 January 1995
Re-designated: 166th Airlift Wing, 10 January 1995
### Assignments
- Delaware Air National Guard, 7 April 1962
Gained by: Military Air Transport Service
Gained by: Military Airlift Command, 8 January 1966
- 118th Tactical Airlift Wing, 12 May 1971 – 10 January 1995
- Delaware Air National Guard, 10 January 1995
Gained by: Air Mobility Command
### Stations
- New Castle County Airport, Delaware, 7 April 1962
### Aircraft
- C-97 Stratocruiser, 1962-1971
- C-130 Hercules, 1971–Present
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166th Airlift Wing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/166th_Airlift_Wing
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2024-05-31T01:51:15Z
|
en
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Q4551709
| 144,726 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=166th Airlift Wing
| image= 166th Airlift Wing C-130 Hercules support for Hurricane Katrina victims.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption= Senior Master Sgt. Michael Forsyth and Airman 1st Class Jennifer Quigg, load an M-1083 Tactical Vehicle onto a C-130 Hercules for deployment to New Orleans in support of [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief efforts.
|dates= 7 April 1962-Present
|country={{Flag|United States|23px}}
|allegiance= {{Flag|Delaware}}
|branch= [[File:US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg|25px]] [[Air National Guard]]
|type= Wing
|role= Airlift
|command_structure= [[Delaware Air National Guard]]
|garrison= [[New Castle County Airport]], New Castle, Delaware
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment= "The First State" Blue Tail Stripe
|equipment_label= Tail Code
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=
|flying_hours=
|website=
<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|notable_commanders=
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=[[File:166th Airlift Wing.png|150px]]
|identification_symbol_label=166th Airlift Wing emblem
<!-- Aircraft -->
|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter=
|aircraft_helicopter=
|aircraft_helicopter_attack=
|aircraft_helicopter_cargo=
|aircraft_helicopter_multirole=
|aircraft_helicopter_observation=
|aircraft_helicopter_transport=
|aircraft_helicopter_trainer=
|aircraft_helicopter_utility=
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_trainer=
|aircraft_transport=
|aircraft_tanker=
}}
The '''166th Airlift Wing (166th AW)''' of the [[Delaware Air National Guard]] (DANG) is stationed at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the [[United States Air Force]] [[Air Mobility Command]].
==Overview==
The 166th Airlift Wing is based at the New Castle County Airport just outside Wilmington, Delaware. Operating eight permanently assigned, Lockheed C-130H2 Hercules transport aircraft, the wing provides the U.S. Air Force with tactical airlift, airdrop capability of paratroops and cargo, and aeromedical evacuation of patients anywhere in the world. Additionally, the wing has a civil engineer function and a network warfare unit (the 166th Network Warfare Squadron).
Under command of the Governor of Delaware, the wing is prepared to support the State of Delaware with trained personnel and equipment for various humanitarian missions to protect life and property and to preserve peace, order and public safety. The wing's gaining command is the Air Mobility Command, U.S. Air Force.
==Units==
The 166th Airlift Wing consists of the following units:
* '''166th Operations Group'''
: [[142d Airlift Squadron]]
: 142d Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
: 166th Operations Support Squadron
: 166th Cyberspace Operations Squadron
* '''166th Maintenance Group'''
: 166th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
: 166th Maintenance Squadron
: 166th Maintenance Operations Flight
* '''166th Mission Support Group'''
: 166th Civil Engineer Squadron
: 166th Communications Flight
: 166th Force Support Squadron
: 166th Logistics Readiness Squadron
: 166th Security Forces Squadron
* '''166th Medical Group'''
==History==
On 7 April 1962 the [[Delaware Air National Guard]], with the 142nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, enlarged to "group status" as the 166th Air Transport Group and then was reassigned from the [[Tactical Air Command]] to the [[Military Air Transport Service]]. The Delaware Air National Guard gave up its [[F-86 Sabrejet]]s for the four engine [[C-97 Stratofreighter|C-97 Stratocruiser]] cargo planes.
Dr. Harold Brown, [[Secretary of the Air Force]], announced that effective 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service would be redesignated as the [[Military Airlift Command]]. In addition to the name change certain Air National Guard units were also redesignated, including Delaware's. The unit was named the 166th Military Airlift Group.
During the period from 1969 to 1971 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to [[Vietnam]].
On 9 April 1968, the Delaware Air National Guard was called to state duty to quell civil disturbance and violence in the city of [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. The unit was released from state duty after several weeks. However, many individuals remained on state duty through 20 January 1969.
On 12 May 1971 the Delaware ANG changed its name from the 166th Military Airlift Group to the 166th Tactical Airlift Group and replaced its C-97s with [[C-130|C-130A Hercules]] turboprop cargo plane, and began transition from the Military Airlift Command to the [[Tactical Air Command]].
On 16 October 1985, the Delaware Air National Guard began replacing its aging, antiquated C-130A's with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H. The last new C-130H aircraft arrived in January 1986.
On 25 January 1991 selected units of the Delaware Air National Guard were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as [[Operation Desert Storm]]. A majority of the unit was stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, [[Saudi Arabia]]. Over 150 personnel deployed to six other locations in Europe and two stateside bases. The 166th Civil Engineer Squadron voluntarily deployed to [[Dover AFB|Dover Air Force Base]], Delaware and performed the monumental accomplishment of enlarging Dover's Mortuary capacity - the assignment was completed in a record 23 days. On 30 June 1991 the units/personnel were released from active duty performed in support of the Persian Gulf War.
Another name change occurred on 16 March 1992, with the 166th Tactical Airlift Group being redesignated the 166th Airlift Group. In 1993 an Air Force reorganization placed the 166th under Air Combat Command.
On 1 October 1995, the 166th Airlift Group was renamed the 166th Airlift Wing and was gained by the Air Mobility Command.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.denewc.ang.af.mil/HISTORY.HTM |title=History of the Delaware Air National Guard |access-date=3 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807165217/http://www.denewc.ang.af.mil/HISTORY.HTM |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2021, the unit's 1984 C-130H2 aircraft departed and the wing received newer 1991 C-130H2.5 aircraft.
===Lineage===
* Established as '''166th Air Transport Group''', and activated, 7 April 1962
: Re-designated: '''166th Military Airlift Group''', 8 January 1966
: Re-designated: '''166th Tactical Airlift Group''', 12 May 1971
: Re-designated: '''166th Airlift Group''', 1 June 1992
: Status changed from Group to Wing, 10 January 1995
: Re-designated: '''166th Airlift Wing''', 10 January 1995
===Assignments===
* [[Delaware Air National Guard]], 7 April 1962
: Gained by: [[Military Air Transport Service]]
: Gained by: [[Military Airlift Command]], 8 January 1966
* [[118th Tactical Airlift Wing]], 12 May 1971 – 10 January 1995
* [[Delaware Air National Guard]], 10 January 1995
: Gained by: [[Air Mobility Command]]
===Stations===
* [[New Castle County Airport]], [[Delaware]], 7 April 1962
===Aircraft===
* [[C-97 Stratocruiser]], 1962-1971
* [[C-130 Hercules]], 1971–Present
==See also==
* [[Delaware Air National Guard]]
* [[Hugh T. Broomall]]
* [[Francis D. Vavala]]
==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Air National Guard}}
{{US Air Force navbox}}
{{Delaware}}
[[Category:Wings of the United States Air National Guard]]
[[Category:Airlift wings of the United States Air Force|0166]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Delaware]]
[[Category:New Castle, Delaware]]
| 1,226,505,620 |
[{"title": "166th Airlift Wing", "data": {"Active": "7 April 1962-Present", "Country": "United States", "Allegiance": "Delaware", "Branch": "Air National Guard", "Type": "Wing", "Role": "Airlift", "Part of": "Delaware Air National Guard", "Garrison/HQ": "New Castle County Airport, New Castle, Delaware", "Tail Code": "\"The First State\" Blue Tail Stripe"}}]
| false |
# 1780 in Sweden
Events from the year 1780 in Sweden
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Gustav III
## Events
- 8 June – Henrik af Trolle is appointed general admiral and chief of the Swedish naval fleet.
- August – Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Russia conduct an alliance of neutrality against Great Britain's privateers.
## Births
- 3 April – Abraham Rydberg, shipowner and philanthropist (d. 1845)
- 4 July – Sofia Hjärne, baroness (d. 1860)
- 15 July – Emilie Petersen, philanthropist (d. 1859)
- Bror Cederström, minister of war (d. 1877)
- Anna Carlström, licensed brothel owner (d. 1850)
## Deaths
- April 5 – Ulrika Strömfelt, Swedish courtier (b. 1724)
- Martin Nürenbach, stage artist and theater director (year of birth unknown)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780_in_Sweden
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2025-03-09T06:52:48Z
|
en
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Q20312011
| 86,066 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year in region
| year = 1780
| region = Sweden
| error = '''Template:Year in Sweden''':
| image = Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg
| image_size = 90px
| see_also =
* [[1780|Other events of 1780]]
* [[Timeline of Swedish history]]
}}
[[File:Sevenbom, Kastellholmen.jpg|thumb|Sevenbom, Kastellholmen]]
[[File:Adolf Ludvig Stierneld by Ulrika Pasch.jpg|thumb|Adolf Ludvig Stierneld by Ulrika Pasch]]
Events from the year '''1780 in [[Sweden]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of Swedish monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav III]]
==Events==
{{Expand section|date=June 2015}}
*
* 8 June – [[Henrik af Trolle]] is appointed [[general admiral]] and chief of the Swedish naval fleet.
* August – Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Russia conduct [[First League of Armed Neutrality|an alliance of neutrality]] against Great Britain's privateers.
==Births==
{{Expand section|date=June 2015}}
*
* 3 April – [[:sv:Abraham_Rydberg|Abraham Rydberg]], shipowner and philanthropist (d. 1845)
* 4 July – [[Sofia Hjärne]], baroness (d. [[1860 in Finland|1860]])
* 15 July – [[Emilie Petersen]], philanthropist (d. [[1859]])
* [[Bror Cederström]], minister of war (d. [[1877 in Sweden|1877]])
* [[Anna Carlström]], licensed brothel owner (d. [[1850 in Sweden|1850]])
==Deaths==
{{Expand section|date=June 2015}}
* [[April 5]] – [[Ulrika Strömfelt]], Swedish courtier (b. [[1724]])
* [[Martin Nürenbach]], stage artist and theater director (year of birth unknown)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Year in Europe|1780}}
{{Years in Sweden}}
[[Category:1780 in Sweden| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Sweden]]
[[Category:1780 by country|Sweden]]
== Notes ==
{{Sweden-year-stub}}
| 1,279,556,999 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1779 - 1778 - 1777": "1780 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Sweden \u00b7 \u2192 - 1781 - 1782 - 1783", "Decades": "1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s", "See also": "Other events of 1780 Timeline of Swedish history"}}]
| false |
# 1238 in Ireland
Events from the year 1238 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Lord: Henry III
## Events
- Robert Luttrell was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1238_in_Ireland
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2024-09-24T07:40:31Z
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en
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Q28232354
| 136,282 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{YearInIrelandNav | 1238 }}
Events from the year '''1238 in Ireland'''.
==Incumbent==
*[[Lord of Ireland|Lord]]: [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]
==Events==
*[[Robert Luttrell]] was appointed [[Lord Chancellor of Ireland]]
==Births==
{{Empty section|date=October 2019}}
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=October 2019}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Ireland}}
{{Year in Europe|1238}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1238 In Ireland}}
[[Category:1230s in Ireland]]
[[Category:1238 by country|Ireland]]
[[Category:Years of the 13th century in Ireland]]
{{Ireland-year-stub}}
| 1,247,432,667 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1237 - 1236 - 1235 - 1234 - 1233": "1238 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Ireland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1239 - 1240 - 1241 - 1242 - 1243", "Centuries": "11th 12th 13th 14th 15th", "Decades": "1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s", "See also": "Other events of 1238 \u00b7 List of years in Ireland"}}]
| false |
# 16 Cygni Bb
16 Cygni Bb or HD 186427 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 69 light-years (21 parsecs) away in the constellation of Cygnus. The planet was discovered orbiting the Sun-like star 16 Cygni B, one of two solar-mass (M☉) components of the triple star system 16 Cygni in 1996. It orbits its star once every 799 days and was the first eccentric Jupiter and planet in a double star system to be discovered. The planet is abundant in lithium.
## Discovery
On the 22nd of October 1996, the discovery of a planetary-mass companion to the star 16 Cygni B was announced, with a mass at least 1.68 times that of Jupiter (MJ). At the time, it had the highest orbital eccentricity of any known planet. The discovery was made by measuring the star's radial velocity.
As the inclination of the orbit cannot be directly measured and as no dynamic model of the system was then published, only a lower limit on the mass could then be determined.
## Orbit
Unlike the planets in the Solar System, the planet's orbit is highly elliptical, and its distance varies from 0.54 AU (50 million mi; 81 million km) at periastron to 2.8 AU (260 million mi; 420 million km) at apastron. This high eccentricity may have been caused by tidal interactions in the binary star system, and the planet's orbit may vary chaotically between low and high-eccentricity states over a period of tens of millions of years.
Preliminary astrometric measurements in 2001 suggested the orbit of 16 Cygni Bb may be highly inclined with respect to our line of sight (at around 173°). This would mean the object's mass may be around 14 MJ; the dividing line between planets and brown dwarfs is at 13 MJ. However these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits.
## Physical characteristics
Because the planet has only been detected indirectly by measurements of its parent star, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown.
A mathematical study in 2012 showed that a mass of about 2.4 MJ would be most stable in this system. This would make the body a true planet.
The planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme seasonal effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an Earth-like moon, should it have formed in an orbit so close to the parent star, would be able to support liquid water at its surface for part of the year.
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16 Cygni Bb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Cygni_Bb
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2024-12-18T21:39:37Z
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en
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Q1193872
| 84,678 |
{{Short description|Extrasolar planet}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox planet
| name = 16 Cygni Bb
| symbol =
| image = File:16 Cygni B b.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 16 Cygni Bb rendered in [[Celestia]]
| background =
| bgcolour =
| label_width = <!-- DISCOVERY -->
| discoverer = [[William D. Cochran (astronomer)|William D. Cochran]], [[Artie P. Hatzes]], [[R. Paul Butler]], [[Geoff Marcy]]
| discovery_site = [[United States]]
| discovered = 22 October 1996<ref name="WaPo"/>
| discovery_method = [[Radial velocity]]
| discovery_ref = <!-- DESIGNATIONS -->
| exosolar planets =
| minorplanet = no
| extrasolarplanet =
| mpc_name =
| pronounced =
| named_after =
| alt_names =
| mp_category =
| adjectives = <!-- ORBITAL -->
| orbit_ref =
| orbit_diagram =
| epoch =
| uncertainty =
| observation_arc =
| earliest_precovery_date =
| apsis = astron
| aphelion =
| perihelion =
| semimajor = {{convert|1.681 ± 0.097|AU|km|abbr=on}}
| mean_orbit_radius =
| eccentricity = 0.689 ± 0.011<ref name="Plávalová2013"/>
| period = 798.5 ± 1.0 [[day|d]]
| synodic_period =
| avg_speed =
| mean_anomaly =
| mean_motion =
| inclination = 45 or 135<ref name="Plávalová2013"/>
| angular_dist =
| asc_node =
| long_periastron =
| time_periastron = 2,446,549.1 ± 6.6
| arg_peri = 83.4 ± 2.1<ref name="Plávalová2013"/>
| semi-amplitude = 50.5 ± 1.6
| satellite_of =
| satellites =
| star = [[16 Cygni B]]
| allsatellites =
| tisserand = <!-- PHYS CHARS -->
| physical_ref =
| dimensions =
| mean_diameter =
| mean_radius =
| equatorial_radius =
| polar_radius =
| flattening =
| circumference =
| surface_area =
| volume =
| mass = 2.38 ± 0.04<ref name="Plávalová2013"/> {{Jupiter mass|link=y}}
| density =
| surface_grav =
| moment_of_inertia_factor =
| escape_velocity =
| rotation =
| sidereal_day =
| rot_velocity =
| axial_tilt =
| right_asc_north_pole =
| declination =
| pole_ecliptic_lat =
| pole_ecliptic_lon =
| albedo =
| single_temperature =
| spectral_type =
| magnitude =
| abs_magnitude =
| angular_size =
| family = <!-- ATMOSPHERE -->
| atmosphere_ref =
| atmosphere =
| scale_height =
| surface_pressure =
| atmosphere_composition = <!-- NOTES -->
| note =
}}
'''16 Cygni Bb''' or '''HD 186427 b''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] approximately {{Convert|69|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} away in the [[constellation]] of [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]].<ref name="Cochran1997"/> The planet was discovered orbiting the [[Sun]]-like [[star]] [[16 Cygni|16 Cygni B]], one of two [[solar-mass]] ({{Solar mass|link=y}}) components of the [[triple star]] system 16 Cygni in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — 16 Cyg B b|url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/16_cyg_b_b--78/|work=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]|access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> It orbits its star once every 799 days and was the first [[eccentric Jupiter]] and planet in a double star system to be discovered. The planet is abundant in [[lithium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deal|first1=Morgan|last2=Richard|first2=Olivier|last3=Vauclair|first3=Sylvie |author-link3=Sylvie Vauclair|date=2015-12-01|title=Accretion of planetary matter and the lithium problem in the 16 Cygni stellar system|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2015/12/aa26917-15/aa26917-15.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=584|pages=A105|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201526917|arxiv=1509.06958 |bibcode=2015A&A...584A.105D |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Discovery==
On the 22nd of October 1996, the discovery of a [[planet]]ary-mass companion to the star 16 Cygni B was announced, with a [[mass]] at least 1.68 times that of [[Jupiter]] ({{Jupiter mass|link=y}}). At the time, it had the highest [[eccentricity (orbit)|orbital eccentricity]] of any known planet. The discovery was made by measuring the star's [[radial velocity]].<ref name="Cochran1997"/><ref name="WaPo"/>
As the inclination of the orbit cannot be directly measured and as no dynamic model of the system was then published, only a [[minimum mass|lower limit on the mass]] could then be determined.<ref name="Plávalová2013" /><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1997abos.conf..331B | first1=R. P. | last1=Butler | title=The Lick Observatory Planet Search | last2=Marcy | first2=G. W. | journal=IAU Colloq. 161: Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe | year=1997| page=331}}</ref>
==Orbit==
[[File:16CygBbOrbit.svg|thumb|left|The orbit of 16 Cygni Bb (black) compared to the inner planets in the [[Solar System]].]]
Unlike the planets in the [[Solar System]], the planet's orbit is highly [[ellipse|elliptical]], and its distance varies from {{Convert|0.54|AU|e6mi e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} at [[periastron]] to {{Convert|2.8|AU|e6mi e6km|abbr=unit|lk=off}} at [[apastron]].<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Butler |first=R. P.
|year=2006
|title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=646 |issue=1 |pages=505–522
|arxiv=astro-ph/0607493
|bibcode=2006ApJ...646..505B
|doi=10.1086/504701
|s2cid=119067572
|display-authors=etal}}</ref> This high eccentricity may have been caused by tidal interactions in the [[binary star]] system, and the planet's orbit may vary [[chaos theory|chaotically]] between low and high-eccentricity states over a period of tens of millions of years.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Holman |first1=M.
|last2=Touma |first2=J.
|last3=Tremaine |first3=S.
|year=1997
|title=Chaotic variations in the eccentricity of the planet orbiting 16 Cygni B
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|volume=386|issue=6622|pages=254–256
|bibcode=1997Natur.386..254H
|doi=10.1038/386254a0
|s2cid=4312547
}}</ref>
Preliminary [[astrometry|astrometric]] measurements in 2001 suggested the orbit of 16 Cygni Bb may be highly inclined with respect to our line of sight (at around 173°).<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Han |first1=I.
|last2=Black |first2=D. C.
|last3=Gatewood |first3=G.
|year=2001
|title=Preliminary Astrometric Masses for Proposed Extrasolar Planetary Companions
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]
|volume=548 |issue=1 |pages=L57–L60
|bibcode=2001ApJ...548L..57H
|doi=10.1086/318927
|doi-access=
}}</ref> This would mean the object's mass may be around {{Jupiter mass|14|link=y}}; the dividing line between planets and [[brown dwarf]]s is at {{Jupiter mass|13}}. However these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Pourbaix |first=D.
|last2=Arenou |first2=F.
|year=2001
|title=Screening the Hipparcos-based astrometric orbits of sub-stellar objects
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
|volume=372 |issue=3 |pages=935–944
|arxiv=astro-ph/0104412
|bibcode=2001A&A...372..935P
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010597
|s2cid=378792
}}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==
Because the planet has only been detected indirectly by measurements of its parent star, properties such as its [[radius]], composition, and [[temperature]] are unknown.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
A mathematical study in 2012 showed that a mass of about {{Jupiter mass|2.4}} would be most stable in this system.<ref name="Plávalová2013" /> This would make the body a true planet.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
The planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme [[season]]al effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an [[Earth]]-like [[extrasolar moon|moon]], should it have formed in an orbit so close to the parent star, would be able to support liquid water at its surface for part of the year.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Williams |first1=D. M.
|last2=Pollard |first2=D.
|year=2002
|title=Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]
|volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=61–69
|bibcode=2002IJAsB...1...61W
|doi=10.1017/S1473550402001064
|s2cid=37593615
}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[83 Leonis Bb]]
* [[HD 80606 b]]
* [[List of exoplanets discovered before 2000]]
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Cochran1997">{{cite journal | title=The Discovery of a Planetary Companion to 16 Cygni B | last1=Cochran | first1=William D. | last2=Hatzes | first2=Artie P. | last3=Butler | first3=R. Paul | last4=Marcy | first4=Geoffrey W. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=483 | issue=1 | pages=457–463 | year=1997 | arxiv=astro-ph/9611230 | bibcode=1997ApJ...483..457C | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1086/304245 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Plávalová2013">{{cite journal | title=Analysis of the motion of an extrasolar planet in a binary system | last1=Plávalová | first1=Eva |last2=Solovaya | first2=Nina A. | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=146 | issue=5 | page=<!-- to prevent citation bot adding nonexistent page number--> | article-number=108 | year=2013 | arxiv=1212.3843 | bibcode=2013AJ....146..108P | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-6256/146/5/108 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news | title=Astronomers Discover a Large World of Extremes Orbiting a ‘Solar Twin' | last=Sawyer | first=Kathy | date=October 23, 1996 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/10/24/astronomers-discover-a-large-world-of-extremes-orbiting-a-solar-twin | work=Washington Post | access-date=2024-12-18 | url-access=registration }}</ref>
}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/16_cyg_b_b--78/ |title=Notes for Planet 16 Cyg B b |author=Jean Schneider |year=2011 |work=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=30 September 2011}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars2/16cygni2.htm |title=16 Cygni 2? |access-date=2008-06-24 |website=SolStation}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/16cyg.html |title=16 Cygni-B |access-date=2008-06-24 |website=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |publisher=The Planet Project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518004546/http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/16cyg.html |archive-date=2008-05-18 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/base/etoile.php?nom=16+Cyg+B |title=16 Cyg B |website=Exoplanets |access-date=2009-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125002817/http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/base/etoile.php?nom=16+Cyg+B |archive-date=2009-11-25 |url-status=dead }}
{{Sky|19|41|51.9720|+|50|31|03.083|70.5}}
[[Category:Cygnus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 1996]]
[[Category:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity]]
[[Category:Giant planets]]
| 1,263,826,562 |
[{"title": "Discovery", "data": {"Discovered by": "William D. Cochran, Artie P. Hatzes, R. Paul Butler, Geoff Marcy", "Discovery site": "United States", "Discovery date": "22 October 1996", "Detection method": "Radial velocity"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Semi-major axis": "1.681 \u00b1 0.097 AU (251,500,000 \u00b1 14,500,000 km)", "Eccentricity": "0.689 \u00b1 0.011", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "798.5 \u00b1 1.0 d", "Inclination": "45 or 135", "Time of periastron": "2,446,549.1 \u00b1 6.6", "Argument of periastron": "83.4 \u00b1 2.1", "Semi-amplitude": "50.5 \u00b1 1.6", "Star": "16 Cygni B"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mass": "2.38 \u00b1 0.04 MJ"}}]
| false |
# 1801 in Iceland
Events in the year 1801 in Iceland.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Christian VII
- Governor of Iceland: Ólafur Stefánsson
## Events
- The Bishop of Iceland position is created, with Geir Vídalín being the first to hold the position.[1]
- 10 August: With the Althing being disbanded by royal decree in the year prior, a new High Court in Reykjavík took over the functions of Lögrétta. The three appointed judges convened in Hólavallarskóli.[2]
- A Census was held in Iceland, along with other parts of the Denmark-Norway.[3]
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Q127947429
| 61,921 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in region|year=1801|region=Iceland|image=Flag of Denmark.svg|image_size=90px|see_also=[[1801|Other events in 1801]]{{middot}}[[Timeline of Icelandic history]]}}
Events in the year '''1801 in [[Iceland]]'''.
== Incumbents ==
* Monarch: [[Christian VII of Denmark|Christian VII]]
* [[Governor of Iceland]]: Ólafur Stefánsson
== Events ==
* The [[Bishop of Iceland]] position is created, with [[Geir Vídalín]] being the first to hold the position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Háskólabókasafn |first=Landsbókasafn Íslands- |title=Tímarit.is |url=https://timarit.is/page/3287851 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=timarit.is |language=is}}</ref>
* 10 August: With the [[Althing]] being disbanded by royal [[decree]] in the year prior, a new High Court in [[Reykjavík]] took over the functions of [[Court of Legislature (Iceland)|Lögrétta]]. The three appointed judges convened in Hólavallarskóli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A LTHINGI |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/enska.pdf }}</ref>
* A [[Census]] was held in Iceland, along with other parts of the [[Denmark-Norway]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gunnlaugsson |first=Gísli Ágúst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BstlAAAAIAAJ&q=1801+iceland+census |title=Family and Household in Iceland 1801-1930: Studies in the Relationship Between Demographic and Socio-economic Development, Social Legislation and Family and Household Structures |date=1988 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |isbn=978-91-554-2278-3 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Geir Vídalín.jpg|thumb|Geir Vídalín Jónsson (27 October 1761 – 20 September 1823), the first [[Bishop of Iceland]].]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Iceland}}
{{Year in Europe|1801}}
[[Category:1800s in Iceland]]
[[Category:1801 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Iceland]]
[[Category:1801 in Europe|Iceland]]
[[Category:1801 by country|Iceland]]
{{Year-stub}}
| 1,267,265,819 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1800 - 1799 - 1798": "1801 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Iceland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1802 - 1803 - 1804", "Decades": "1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s", "See also": "Other events in 1801 \u00b7 Timeline of Icelandic history"}}]
| false |
# 16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece)
The 16th Mechanized Infantry Division "Didymoteicho" (Greek: XVI Μηχανοκίνητη Μεραρχία Πεζικού "ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ", romanized: XVI Mikhanokíniti Merarkhía Pezikoú "Didymótikho") is a mechanized infantry division of the Hellenic Army.
## History
### World War I
The 16th Infantry Division was formed for the first time in late 1915 or early 1916, following the Greek mobilization on 10 September 1915, in response to the mobilization of Bulgaria. It comprised the 46th, 47th, and 48th Infantry Regiments, and was part of the V Army Corps. In June 1916, it was transferred to Northern Epirus, with headquarters at Argyrokastron and the regiments based at Korytsa, Argyrokastron, and Premeti respectively. The division was withdrawn south following the Italian occupation of the area in autumn 1916. In April 1917, along with the rest of the Hellenic Army still loyal to the royal government in Athens, it was withdrawn to the Peloponnese at the insistence of the Entente powers. Its final base was at Pyrgos, Elis, where it was disbanded shortly after.
### World War II
At the commencement of the Greco-Italian War in October 1940, it was reactivated in Lamia as a brigade but was quickly expanded to a division-strength by the end of the year and placed under the command of the Western Macedonia Army Section (III Army Corps). The 16th Division took part in operations against Italian forces throughout the campaign, capturing Hill 601 near Tseritsa on 10 February 1941, holding the line against repeated Italian attacks in the Tomoritsa Sector, and capturing Teke Hill on 31 March 1941 by bayonet charge. The division was disbanded in Agrinio, for a second time, in May 1941, after the German invasion of Greece.
### Post-war period
In 1965, the 99th Military Command (Greek: 99 Στρατιωτική Διοίκηση, 99 ΣΔΙ, romanized: 99 Stratiotikí Diíkisi, 99 SDI) was formed in the town of Didymoteicho. It was expanded and renamed in 1975 to the 16th Infantry Division (Greek: XVI Μεραρχία Πεζικού, XVI ΜΠ, romanized: XVI Merarkhía Pezikoú, XVI MP). The division was reorganized in 2009 as a mechanized infantry division and given the title of "Didymoteicho" to honor its long association with the garrison town.
## Emblem and motto
The emblem of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division is the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire, standing guard on the walls of Constantinople.
The division's motto is "We Shall All Die Willingly" (Greek: πᾶντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν, romanized: pádes aftoproerétos apothanoúmen). The phrase is attributed to Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last reigning Byzantine Emperor. According to the historian Doukas, before the beginning of the siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II made an offer to Constantine XI. In exchange for the surrender of Constantinople, the emperor's life would be spared and he would continue to rule in Mistra. Constantine answered, "To surrender the city to you is neither my right, nor any of its inhabitants, because it is our decision that, in its defence, we shall all die willingly and we shall not lament our death" (Greek: "Το δέ τήν πόλιν σοί δοῦναι οὔτ' ἐμόν ἐστί οὔτ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ· κοινή γάρ γνώμη πᾶντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καί οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν").
## Organization
- Division HQ Company (ΛΣ/XVI Μ/Κ ΜΠ)
- 4th Armoured Cavalry Squadron (Δ' ΕΑΝ)
- 16th Support Battalion
- 16th Signal Company (16ο ΛΔΒ)
- 963th Military Police Company
- Tactical Command/21st Infantry Regiment "Drama" (ΤΔ/21ο ΣΠ "Δράμα"), based at Orestiada, Thrace
- HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
- 35th Signal Company (35 ΛΔΒ)
- 221st Armored Battalion (221 ΕΜΑ)
- 617th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (617 M/K ΤΠ)
- 618th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (618 M/K ΤΠ)
- 35th Medical Company (35 ΛΔΒ)
- Division Artillery Command (ΔΠΒ/XVI Μ/Κ ΜΠ)
- HQ Company
- 163rd Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (163 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
- 188th Observation Battery (188 ΠΠΑΡ)
- 3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade, based at Kavyli, Thrace
- HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
- 311th Armored Battalion (311 ΕΜΑ)
- 502nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (502 M/K ΤΠ)
- 503rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (503 M/K ΤΠ)
- 616th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (616 M/K ΤΠ)
- 105th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (105 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
- 3rd Antitank Company (3 ΛΑΤ)
- 3rd Engineer Company (3 ΛΜΧ)
- 3rd Signal Company (3 ΛΔΒ)
- 3rd Support Battalion (3 ΤΥΠ)
- 30th Mechanized Infantry Brigade "Tomoritsa", based at Lagos, Thrace
- HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
- 16th Armored Battalion (16 ΕΜΑ)
- 516th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (516 M/K ΤΠ)
- 565th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (565 M/K ΤΠ)
- 129th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (129 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
- 30th Antitank Company (30 ΛΑΤ)
- 30th Engineer Company (30 ΛΜΧ)
- 30th Signal Company (30 ΛΔΒ)
- 30th Support Battalion (30 ΤΥΠ)
- 21st Armoured Brigade, based at Komotini, Thrace
- HQ Company (ΙΣ/ΧΧΙ ΤΘΤ)
- 211 Medium Tank Battalion (211η ΕΜΑ)
- 212 Medium Tank Battalion (212η ΕΜΑ)
- 646th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (646ο M/K ΤΠ)
- 140th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (140η Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
- 21st Engineer Company (21 ΛΜΧ)
- 21st Signal Company (21 ΛΔΒ)
- 21st Support Battalion (21 ΤΥΠ)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Mechanized_Infantry_Division_(Greece)
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Q4552196
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 16th Mechanized Infantry Division "Didymoteicho"
| native_name = XVI Μηχανοκίνητη Μεραρχία Πεζικού "ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ"
| image = 16th_Mechanized_Division_Emblem_Greece.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Camp flag of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division
| dates = 1915/16-1917<br>1940-1941<br>1975-present
| country = {{flag|Greece}}
| branch = {{army|Greece}}
| type = [[Mechanized infantry]]
| role = [[Anti-tank warfare]]<br>[[Armoured warfare]]<br>[[Artillery observer]]<br>[[Bomb disposal]]<br>[[Close-quarters combat]]<br>[[Combined arms]]<br>[[Counter-battery fire]]<br>[[Demining]]<br>[[Desert warfare]]<br>[[Fire support]]<br>[[Force protection]]<br>[[Indirect fire]]<br>[[Maneuver warfare]]<br>[[Military engineering]]<br>[[Patrolling]]<br>[[Raid (military)|Raiding]]<br>[[Reconnaissance]]<br>[[Tactical communications]]<br>[[Urban warfare]]
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| command_structure = [[IV Army Corps (Greece)|IV Army Corps]]
| garrison = [[Didymoteicho]], [[Western Thrace]]
| patron =
| motto = '''We Shall All Die Willingly'''<br>{{lang|grc|πᾶντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν}}<br>''pantes aftoproeretos apothanoumen''
| battles = [[World War I]]
*[[Macedonian front]]
[[World War II]]
*[[Greco-Italian War]]
*[[Battle of Greece]]
| anniversaries =
}}
The '''16th Mechanized Infantry Division "Didymoteicho"''' ({{langx|el|XVI Μηχανοκίνητη Μεραρχία Πεζικού "ΔΙΔΥΜΟΤΕΙΧΟ" |translit=XVI Mikhanokíniti Merarkhía Pezikoú "Didymótikho"}}) is a [[mechanized infantry]] division of the [[Hellenic Army]].
==History==
===World War I===
The 16th Infantry Division was formed for the first time in late 1915 or early 1916, following the Greek mobilization on 10 September 1915, in response to the mobilization of Bulgaria. It comprised the [[46th Infantry Regiment (Greece)|46th]], [[47th Infantry Regiment (Greece)|47th]], and [[48th Infantry Regiment (Greece)|48th Infantry Regiment]]s, and was part of the [[V Army Corps (Greece)|V Army Corps]]. In June 1916, it was transferred to [[Northern Epirus]], with headquarters at [[Gjirokastër|Argyrokastron]] and the regiments based at [[Korytsa]], Argyrokastron, and [[Premeti]] respectively. The division was withdrawn south following the Italian occupation of the area in autumn 1916. In April 1917, along with the rest of the [[Hellenic Army]] still loyal to the royal government in Athens, it was withdrawn to the [[Peloponnese]] at the insistence of the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] powers. Its final base was at [[Pyrgos, Elis]], where it was disbanded shortly after.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://army.gr/files/Image/STRATOS_KAI_ENHMEROSH/images/20164101/pdf/mag.pdf | script-title = el:Στρατός και Ενημέρωση, ΙΟΥΛ-ΑΥΓ-ΣΕΠ 2016 Pg.25 | publisher = army.gr | language = Greek | date = September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===World War II===
At the commencement of the [[Greco-Italian War]] in October 1940, it was reactivated in [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]] as a brigade but was quickly expanded to a division-strength by the end of the year and placed under the command of the [[Western Macedonia Army Section]] ([[III Army Corps (Greece)|III Army Corps]]). The 16th Division took part in operations against Italian forces throughout the campaign, capturing Hill 601 near Tseritsa on 10 February 1941, holding the line against repeated Italian attacks in the Tomoritsa Sector, and capturing Teke Hill on 31 March 1941 by bayonet charge. The division was disbanded in [[Agrinio]], for a second time, in May 1941, after the [[German invasion of Greece]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://army.gr/files/Image/STRATOS_KAI_ENHMEROSH/images/20164101/pdf/mag.pdf | script-title = el:Στρατός και Ενημέρωση, ΙΟΥΛ-ΑΥΓ-ΣΕΠ 2016 Pg.25 | publisher = army.gr | language = Greek | date = September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===Post-war period===
In 1965, the '''99th Military Command''' ({{langx|el|99 Στρατιωτική Διοίκηση, 99 ΣΔΙ |translit=99 Stratiotikí Diíkisi, 99 SDI}}) was formed in the town of [[Didymoteicho]]. It was expanded and renamed in 1975 to the '''16th Infantry Division''' ({{langx|el|XVI Μεραρχία Πεζικού, XVI ΜΠ |translit=XVI Merarkhía Pezikoú, XVI MP}}). The division was reorganized in 2009 as a [[mechanized infantry]] division and given the title of "Didymoteicho" to honor its long association with the garrison town.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://army.gr/files/Image/STRATOS_KAI_ENHMEROSH/images/20164101/pdf/mag.pdf | script-title = el:Στρατός και Ενημέρωση, ΙΟΥΛ-ΑΥΓ-ΣΕΠ 2016 Pg.26 | publisher = army.gr | language = Greek | date = September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Emblem and motto==
The emblem of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division is the [[double-headed eagle]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]], standing guard on the [[walls of Constantinople]].
The division's motto is "We Shall All Die Willingly" ({{langx|el|italic=<yes>|πᾶντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν |translit=pádes aftoproerétos apothanoúmen}}). The phrase is attributed to [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], the last reigning Byzantine Emperor. According to the historian [[Doukas (historian)|Doukas]], before the beginning of the [[Fall of Constantinople|siege of Constantinople]] in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed II]] made an offer to Constantine XI. In exchange for the surrender of Constantinople, the emperor's life would be spared and he would continue to rule in [[Mistra]]. Constantine answered, "To surrender the city to you is neither my right, nor any of its inhabitants, because it is our decision that, in its defence, we shall all die willingly and we shall not lament our death" ({{langx|el|"Το δέ τήν πόλιν σοί δοῦναι οὔτ' ἐμόν ἐστί οὔτ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ· κοινή γάρ γνώμη πᾶντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καί οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν"}}).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://army.gr/files/Image/STRATOS_KAI_ENHMEROSH/images/20164101/pdf/mag.pdf | script-title = el:Στρατός και Ενημέρωση, ΙΟΥΛ-ΑΥΓ-ΣΕΠ 2016 Pg.25 | publisher = army.gr | language = Greek | date = September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
== Organization ==
{{Location map+ | Greece
| width = 360
| caption = {{center|Locations of 16th Mechanized Infantry Division units}}
| places =
{{Location map~ | Greece
| label = <small>[[Didymoteicho|16th Div.]]</small>
| position = bottom
| background = white
| marksize = 8
| mark = Green pog.svg
| lat_deg = 41 | lat_min = 21 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 26 | lon_min = 30 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Greece
| label = <small>[[Kavyli|3rd Mech.]]</small>
| position = left
| background = white
| marksize = 5
| mark = Green pog.svg
| lat_deg = 41 | lat_min = 34 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 26 | lon_min = 31 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Greece
| label = <small>[[Lagos, Evros|30th Mech.]]</small>
| position = right
| background = white
| marksize = 5
| mark = Green pog.svg
| lat_deg = 41 | lat_min = 27 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 26 | lon_min = 28 | lon_dir = E
}}
}}
[[Image:Hellenic Army 16 Mechanized Infantry Division.png|thumb|right|320px|Structure of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division]]
* Division HQ Company (ΛΣ/XVI Μ/Κ ΜΠ)
* 4th Armoured Cavalry Squadron (Δ' ΕΑΝ)
* 16th Support Battalion
* 16th Signal Company (16ο ΛΔΒ)
* 963th Military Police Company
* '''[[21st Infantry Regiment (Greece)|Tactical Command/21st Infantry Regiment "Drama"]]''' (ΤΔ/21ο ΣΠ "Δράμα"), based at [[Orestiada]], Thrace
** HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
** 35th Signal Company (35 ΛΔΒ)
** 221st Armored Battalion (221 ΕΜΑ)
** 617th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (617 M/K ΤΠ)
** 618th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (618 M/K ΤΠ)
** 35th Medical Company (35 ΛΔΒ)
* Division Artillery Command (ΔΠΒ/XVI Μ/Κ ΜΠ)
** HQ Company
** 163rd Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (163 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
** 188th Observation Battery (188 ΠΠΑΡ)
* '''[[3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)|3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade]]''', based at [[Kavyli]], [[Thrace]]
** HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
** 311th Armored Battalion (311 ΕΜΑ)
** 502nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (502 M/K ΤΠ)
** 503rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (503 M/K ΤΠ)
** 616th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (616 M/K ΤΠ)
** 105th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (105 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
** 3rd Antitank Company (3 ΛΑΤ)
** 3rd Engineer Company (3 ΛΜΧ)
** 3rd Signal Company (3 ΛΔΒ)
** 3rd Support Battalion (3 ΤΥΠ)
* '''[[30th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)|30th Mechanized Infantry Brigade "Tomoritsa"]]''', based at [[Lagos, Evros|Lagos]], [[Thrace]]
** HQ Company (ΙΣΤ)
** 16th Armored Battalion (16 ΕΜΑ)
** 516th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (516 M/K ΤΠ)
** 565th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (565 M/K ΤΠ)
** 129th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (129 Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
** 30th Antitank Company (30 ΛΑΤ)
** 30th Engineer Company (30 ΛΜΧ)
** 30th Signal Company (30 ΛΔΒ)
** 30th Support Battalion (30 ΤΥΠ)
*'''[[21st Armoured Brigade (Greece)|21st Armoured Brigade]]''', based at [[Komotini]], [[Thrace]]
** HQ Company (ΙΣ/ΧΧΙ ΤΘΤ)
** 211 Medium Tank Battalion (211η ΕΜΑ)
** 212 Medium Tank Battalion (212η ΕΜΑ)
** 646th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (646ο M/K ΤΠ)
** 140th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (140η Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
** 21st Engineer Company (21 ΛΜΧ)
** 21st Signal Company (21 ΛΔΒ)
** 21st Support Battalion (21 ΤΥΠ)
==References and links==
<references/>
{{Hellenic Army}}
{{Greece divisions}}
[[Category:Mechanized infantry divisions of Greece]]
[[Category:Didymoteicho]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Greece]]
| 1,253,148,887 |
[{"title": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division \"Didymoteicho\"", "data": {"Active": "1915/16-1917 \u00b7 1940-1941 \u00b7 1975-present", "Country": "Greece", "Branch": "Hellenic Army", "Type": "Mechanized infantry", "Role": "Anti-tank warfare \u00b7 Armoured warfare \u00b7 Artillery observer \u00b7 Bomb disposal \u00b7 Close-quarters combat \u00b7 Combined arms \u00b7 Counter-battery fire \u00b7 Demining \u00b7 Desert warfare \u00b7 Fire support \u00b7 Force protection \u00b7 Indirect fire \u00b7 Maneuver warfare \u00b7 Military engineering \u00b7 Patrolling \u00b7 Raiding \u00b7 Reconnaissance \u00b7 Tactical communications \u00b7 Urban warfare", "Size": "Division", "Part of": "IV Army Corps", "Garrison/HQ": "Didymoteicho, Western Thrace", "Motto(s)": "We Shall All Die Willingly \u00b7 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u00b7 pantes aftoproeretos apothanoumen", "Engagements": "World War I - Macedonian front World War II - Greco-Italian War - Battle of Greece"}}]
| false |
# 140 Grime St
140 Grime St is the third studio album by British rapper Kano, released on 29 September 2008 by Bigger Picture Music. The album features guest appearances from Ghetts, Skepta, Wiley and Mikey J, with the latter three all contributing production.
## Background
The album came a year after Kano's second studio album, London Town, and after being dropped from 679 Recordings, a record label under Warner Music Group. Kano formed his own label imprint, Bigger Picture Music, deciding to return to a wholly grime approach for 140 Grime St. The album title is a reference to the tempo of grime production and is a continuation of the 'address' theme of his previous albums.
## Release and promotion
The first single was the track "Hustler", which Kano described as "the perfect single (as it explains so much)". Other songs from the CD include "Anywhere We Go", "I Like It" and the autobiographical "Aim for the Sky", in which Kano describes his rise to commercial prominence.
As of 2020, the album is unavailable to consume on digital streaming platforms or for purchase via digital download.
## Track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| ------------- | --------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------- | ------ |
| 1. | "140 Grime St" | Kane Robinson Michael Asante | Mikey J | 2:14 |
| 2. | "Hustler" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 4:51 |
| 3. | "Paper" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 5:13 |
| 4. | "Hunting We Will Go" (featuring Ghetts) | Robinson Asante Justin Clarke | Mikey J | 4:31 |
| 5. | "These MC's" (featuring Skepta) | Robinson Joseph Adenuga | Skepta | 3:33 |
| 6. | "We Gangsta" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 4:11 |
| 7. | "Anywhere We Go" (featuring Wiley) | Robinson Richard Cowie | Wiley | 3:00 |
| 8. | "Missing Me" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 2:12 |
| 9. | "Seems Like Things Have Changed" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 1:54 |
| 10. | "Don't Come Around Here" | Robinson Chadley Chichester | DaVinChe | 4:41 |
| 11. | "I Stand by It" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 0:46 |
| 12. | "Soldier" (featuring Mikey J) | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 3:46 |
| 13. | "I Like It" | Robinson Asante | DaVinChe | 2:45 |
| 14. | "Off Licence" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 3:14 |
| 15. | "Too Advanced" | Robinson Asante | Mikey J | 1:51 |
| 16. | "Aim for the Sky" | Robinson Cowie | Wiley | 3:45 |
| Total length: | Total length: | Total length: | Total length: | 52:27 |
## Charts
| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| --------------------------- | ------------- |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 3 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 48 |
|
enwiki/18707087
|
enwiki
| 18,707,087 |
140 Grime St
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140_Grime_St
|
2022-05-01T17:23:14Z
|
en
|
Q4549608
| 59,798 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = 140 Grime St
| type = studio
| artist = [[Kano (rapper)|Kano]]
| cover = 140 Grime St.jpg
| alt =
| released = 29 September 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
* [[Grime (music)|Grime]]
| length = 52:27
| label = Bigger Picture Music
| producer =
* [[Wiley (rapper)|Wiley]]
* Mikey J
* Skepta
* [[DaVinChe]]
| prev_title = [[London Town (Kano album)|London Town]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Method to the Maadness]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{Singles
| name = 140 Grime St
| type = studio
| single1 = Hustler
| single1date = 21 September 2008
}}
}}
'''''140 Grime St''''' is the third studio album by British rapper [[Kano (rapper)|Kano]], released on 29 September 2008 by Bigger Picture Music. The album features guest appearances from [[Ghetts]], [[Skepta]], [[Wiley (rapper)|Wiley]] and Mikey J, with the latter three all contributing production.
==Background==
The album came a year after Kano's second studio album, ''London Town'', and after being dropped from [[679 Artists|679 Recordings]], a record label under [[Warner Music Group]]. Kano formed his own label imprint, Bigger Picture Music, deciding to return to a wholly grime approach for ''140 Grime St''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/04/kano-interview|title=Interview: Kano|publisher=Red Bull Academy|date=4 April 2016|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/complete-guide-kano|title=Complete Guide: Kano|publisher=Clash Music|date=24 July 2019|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> The album title is a reference to the tempo of grime production and is a continuation of the 'address' theme of his previous albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/04959-kano-interview-method-to-the-maadness|title=Refusing To Play The Short Game: Kano Interviewed|publisher=The Quietus|date=23 September 2010|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmpgroup.com/our-catalog/artist/kano|title= Kano at Downtown Music Publishing|website=Downtown Music Publishing|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/kane-robinson-aka-kano-grime-pays-6110515.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/kane-robinson-aka-kano-grime-pays-6110515.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Kane Robinson aka Kano: Grime pays|work=The Independent|date=29 January 2006|access-date=8 July 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
==Release and promotion==
The first single was the track "Hustler", which Kano described as "the perfect single (as it explains so much)". Other songs from the CD include "Anywhere We Go", "I Like It" and the autobiographical "Aim for the Sky", in which Kano describes his rise to commercial prominence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/7224/Hustler-Kano-Is-Back-On-140-Grime-Street.html|title=Hustler Kano Is Back On 140 Grime Street|publisher=RWD Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723183552/http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/7224/Hustler-Kano-Is-Back-On-140-Grime-Street.html|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=2008-07-23}}</ref>
As of 2020, the album is unavailable to consume on digital [[Streaming media|streaming platforms]] or for purchase via [[Music download|digital download]].
==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| total_length = 52:27
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title1 = 140 Grime St
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Kano (rapper)|Kane Robinson]]|Michael Asante}}
| extra1 = Mikey J
| length1 = 2:14
| title2 = Hustler
| writer2 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra2 = Mikey J
| length2 = 4:51
| title3 = Paper
| extra3 = Mikey J
| writer3 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Hunting We Will Go
| writer4 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante|[[Ghetts|Justin Clarke]]}}
| note4 = featuring [[Ghetts]]
| extra4 = Mikey J
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = These MC's
| writer5 = {{hlist|Robinson|[[Skepta|Joseph Adenuga]]}}
| note5 = featuring [[Skepta]]
| extra5 = Skepta
| length5 = 3:33
| title6 = We Gangsta
| writer6 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra6 = Mikey J
| length6 = 4:11
| title7 = Anywhere We Go
| writer7 = {{hlist|Robinson|[[Wiley (rapper)|Richard Cowie]]}}
| note7 = featuring [[Wiley (rapper)|Wiley]]
| extra7 = Wiley
| length7 = 3:00
| title8 = Missing Me
| writer8 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra8 = Mikey J
| length8 = 2:12
| title9 = Seems Like Things Have Changed
| writer9 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra9 = Mikey J
| length9 = 1:54
| title10 = Don't Come Around Here
| writer10 = {{hlist|Robinson|[[DaVinChe|Chadley Chichester]]}}
| extra10 = [[DaVinChe]]
| length10 = 4:41
| title11 = I Stand by It
| writer11 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra11 = Mikey J
| length11 = 0:46
| title12 = Soldier
| note12 = featuring Mikey J
| writer12 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra12 = Mikey J
| length12 = 3:46
| title13 = I Like It
| writer13 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra13 = DaVinChe
| length13 = 2:45
| title14 = Off Licence
| writer14 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra14 = Mikey J
| length14 = 3:14
| title15 = Too Advanced
| writer15 = {{hlist|Robinson|Asante}}
| extra15 = Mikey J
| length15 = 1:51
| title16 = Aim for the Sky
| writer16 = {{hlist|Robinson|Cowie}}
| extra16 = Wiley
| length16 = 3:45
}}
==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2008)
! scope="col"| Peak<br />position
|-
{{album chart|UKIndependent|3|date=20081005|rowheader=true|accessdate=8 July 2020}}
|-
{{album chart|UK2|48|date=20081005|rowheader=true|accessdate=8 July 2020}}
|}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Kano}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Kano (rapper) albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Wiley (rapper)]]
[[Category:Albums produced by DaVinChe]]
| 1,085,645,861 |
[{"title": "Studio album by Kano", "data": {"Released": "29 September 2008", "Recorded": "2008", "Genre": "Grime", "Length": "52:27", "Label": "Bigger Picture Music", "Producer": "Wiley Mikey J Skepta DaVinChe"}}, {"title": "Kano chronology", "data": {"London Town \u00b7 (2007)": "140 Grime St \u00b7 (2008) \u00b7 Method to the Maadness \u00b7 (2010)"}}, {"title": "Singles from 140 Grime St", "data": {"Singles from 140 Grime St": "1. \"Hustler\" \u00b7 Released: 21 September 2008"}}, {"title": "Kano", "data": {"Studio albums": "Home Sweet Home (2005) London Town (2007) 140 Grime St (2008) Method to the Maadness (2010) Made in the Manor (2016) Hoodies All Summer (2019)", "Singles": "\" Typical Me \" \" This Is the Girl \" \" 3 Wheel-Ups \"", "Featured singles": "\" Against All Odds \" \" Pow 2011 \" \" Worry About You \"", "Related": "Discography"}}]
| false |
# .45 Mars Long
The .45 Mars Long is an experimental centerfire pistol cartridge developed in the late 19th century. The similar .45 Mars Short used the same cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet in a case shortened to 0.66 inch. The bullet has two deep cannelures, and the case is crimped into both. The case mouth is chamfered on the outside to fit flush into the forward cannelure. The cartridge headspaces on this conical forward crimp. This elaborate bullet seating was necessary to withstand the violent feed mechanism of the Mars Automatic Pistol. The case has a thin rim and deep extractor groove in comparison to most rimless pistol cartridges. The Mars cartridges were publicized as the most powerful handgun cartridges through the early 20th century, but fewer than 100 pistols were made and manufacture ceased in 1907. Ballistically the cartridge falls between the .45 Super and .45 Winchester Magnum.
|
enwiki/26076140
|
enwiki
| 26,076,140 |
.45 Mars Long
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_Mars_Long
|
2023-11-21T14:34:52Z
|
en
|
Q4545364
| 28,554 |
{{Short description|Pistol cartridge}}
{{Notability|Product|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
|name=.45 Mars Long
|image=
|caption=
|origin=[[United Kingdom]]
|type=[[Pistol]]
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=1899
|manufacturer=[[Kynoch]]
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=yes
|parent=
|case_type=[[Rim (firearms)#Rimless|Rimless]], straight
|bullet=11.40
|neck=12.06
|shoulder=12.07
|base=12.65
|rim_dia=12.57
|rim_thick=1.07
|case_length=27.76
|length=35.66
|rifling=
|primer=
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics=
|bw1=220
|btype1=FMJ
|vel1=1200
|en1=700
|bw2=
|btype2=
|vel2=
|en2=
|bw3=
|btype3=
|vel3=
|en3=
|bw4=
|btype4=
|vel4=
|en4=
|test_barrel_length=
|balsrc= Textbook of Automatic Pistols <ref name="wilson">*Wilson, R. K. ''Textbook of Automatic Pistols'', pp.230-231. Plantersville, SC: Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, 1943.</ref><br />MUNICION.ORG<ref name="municion">[http://www.municion.org/mars/450MarsLong.htm .450 Mars Long Case / MUNICION.ORG]</ref>
}}
The '''.45 Mars Long''' is an experimental [[centerfire]] pistol cartridge developed in the late 19th century. The similar .45 Mars Short used the same cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet in a case shortened to 0.66 inch. The bullet has two deep cannelures, and the case is crimped into both. The case mouth is chamfered on the outside to fit flush into the forward cannelure. The cartridge [[Headspace (firearms)|headspaces]] on this conical forward crimp. This elaborate bullet seating was necessary to withstand the violent feed mechanism of the [[Mars Automatic Pistol]]. The case has a thin rim and deep extractor groove in comparison to most rimless pistol cartridges.<ref name="wilson"/> The Mars cartridges were publicized as the most powerful handgun cartridges through the early 20th century, but fewer than 100 pistols were made and manufacture ceased in 1907. Ballistically the cartridge falls between the [[.45 Super]] and [[.45 Winchester Magnum]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.municion.org/mars/450MarsLong.htm .450 Mars Long on MUNICION.ORG (Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120141156/http://www.municion.org/mars/450MarsLong.htm |date=2008-11-20 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:45 Mars Long}}
[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges|45 Mars Long]]
{{ammo-stub}}
| 1,186,193,018 |
[{"title": ".45 Mars Long", "data": {"Type": "Pistol", "Place of origin": "United Kingdom"}}, {"title": "Production history", "data": {"Designed": "1899", "Manufacturer": "Kynoch"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Case type": "Rimless, straight", "Bullet diameter": "11.40 mm (0.449 in)", "Neck diameter": "12.06 mm (0.475 in)", "Shoulder diameter": "12.07 mm (0.475 in)", "Base diameter": "12.65 mm (0.498 in)", "Rim diameter": "12.57 mm (0.495 in)", "Rim thickness": "1.07 mm (0.042 in)", "Case length": "27.76 mm (1.093 in)", "Overall length": "35.66 mm (1.404 in)"}}, {"title": "Ballistic performance", "data": {"Bullet mass/type": "Velocity \u00b7 Energy", "220 gr (14 g) FMJ": "1,200 ft/s (370 m/s) \u00b7 700 ft\u22c5lbf (950 J)"}}]
| false |
# 1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 29 to May 1, 1800, to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 7th United States Congress.
## Background
Ten U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1798 to a term in the 6th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1797. Jonathan N. Havens had died in October 1799, and John Smith was elected to fill the vacancy. Their term would end on March 3, 1801. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1801, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 7, 1801.
## Congressional districts
On March 27, 1797, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts. The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th D., Essex Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 10th D., Cayuga Co. was split from Onondaga Co.
- The 1st District comprising Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
- The 2nd District comprising the first six wards of New York County.
- The 3rd District comprising the 7th Ward of New York County, and Westchester and Rockland[1] counties.
- The 4th District comprising Orange, Ulster and Delaware counties.
- The 5th District comprising Dutchess County.
- The 6th District comprising Columbia and Rensselaer counties.
- The 7th District comprising Clinton, Saratoga, Washington and Essex counties.
- The 8th District comprising Albany and Schoharie counties.
- The 9th District comprising Herkimer, Montgomery, Chenango and Oneida counties.
- The 10th District comprising Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga, Steuben and Cayuga counties.
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.
## Result
6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. The incumbents Smith, Van Cortlandt, Elmendorf and Bird were re-elected.
| District | Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | Federalist | Federalist | Also ran | Also ran |
| -------- | ------------------------ | --------------------- | ------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------- | -------- |
| 1 | John Smith | 2,259 | Silas Wood | 1,774 | | |
| 2 | Samuel L. Mitchill | 2,180 | Jacob Morton | 2,091 | | |
| 3 | Philip Van Cortlandt | 2,070 | Samuel Bayard | 1,400 | | |
| 4 | Lucas Elmendorf | 3,305 | Leonard Bronk | 178 | John Hathorn (DR) | 2,026 |
| 5 | Thomas Tillotson | 1,991 | David Brooks | 1,244 | | |
| 6 | Henry W. Livingston (DR) | 2,085 | John Bird | 2,446 | John Woodworth (DR) | 52 |
| 7 | David Thomas | 2,987 | John Williams | 2,810 | John Thompson (DR) | 78 |
| 8 | George Tiffany | 1,093 | Killian K. Van Rensselaer | 1,350 | Henry Glen (Fed.) | 239 |
| 9 | Jacob Eaker | 2,274 | Benjamin Walker | 4,238 | | |
| 10 | William Stuart | 2,377 | Thomas Morris | 3,261 | John Paterson (DR) | 263 |
Note: The Anti-Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.
## Aftermath and special elections
Dem.-Rep. Thomas Tillotson, who had been elected in the 5th D., was appointed Secretary of State of New York on August 10, 1801, and resigned his seat before Congress met.
Fed. John Bird, who had been re-elected in the 6th D. to a second term, resigned his seat on July 25, 1801, before Congress met.
Special elections to fill the vacancies were held in October 1801, and were won by Theodorus Bailey and John P. Van Ness, both Dem.-Rep. Thus New York was represented by 7 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists in the House of the 7th Congress.
| District | Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | Federalist | Federalist |
| -------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| 5 | Theodorus Bailey | 915 | Samuel Mott | 650 |
| 6 | John P. Van Ness | 1,981 | Hezekiah L. Hosmer | 1,111 |
The House of Representatives of the 7th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 7, 1801, and all ten representatives from New York took their seats on this day.
John P. Van Ness was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson as a major in the militia of the Territory of Columbia and on January 17, 1803, his seat was declared vacant.
|
enwiki/27970195
|
enwiki
| 27,970,195 |
1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York
|
2025-01-22T14:17:41Z
|
en
|
Q7890487
| 332,720 |
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1800
| country = New York
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1798
| previous_year = 1798
| next_election = United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1802
| next_year = 1802
| seats_for_election = All 10 New York seats to the [[United States House of Representatives]]
| election_date = April 29-May 1, 1800
| party1 = Democratic-Republican Party
| last_election1 = 6
| seats1 = 6
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote1 = 25,040
| percentage1 = 54.4%
| swing1 =
| party2 = Federalist Party (United States)
| last_election2 = 4
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote2 = 21,031
| percentage2 = 45.6%
| swing2 =
}}
{{ElectionsNY}}
The '''1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York''' were held from April 29 to May 1, 1800, to elect ten [[U.S. Representatives]] to represent the State of [[New York (state)|New York]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] of the [[7th United States Congress]].
==Background==
Ten U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1798 to a term in the [[6th United States Congress]] beginning on March 4, 1797. [[Jonathan N. Havens]] had died in October 1799, and [[John Smith (New York politician born 1752)|John Smith]] was elected to fill the vacancy. Their term would end on March 3, 1801. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1801, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 7, 1801.
==Congressional districts==
On March 27, 1797, the [[New York State Legislature]] had re-apportioned the congressional districts. The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th D., Essex Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 10th D., Cayuga Co. was split from Onondaga Co.
*The [[New York's 1st congressional district|1st District]] comprising [[Kings County, New York|Kings]], [[Queens]], [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] and [[Richmond County, New York|Richmond]] counties.
*The [[New York's 2nd congressional district|2nd District]] comprising the first six wards of [[New York County]].
*The [[New York's 3rd congressional district|3rd District]] comprising the 7th Ward of New York County, and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] and [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]]<ref>In the Act of March 23, 1797, the Towns of [[Clarkstown, New York|Clarkstown]], [[Haverstraw (town), New York|Haverstraw]], [[Ramapo, New York|Hempsted]] and [[Orangetown, New York|Orangetown]] are mentioned. These towns were split from Orange County in 1798, before the election, to form Rockland County.</ref> counties.
*The [[New York's 4th congressional district|4th District]] comprising [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]] counties.
*The [[New York's 5th congressional district|5th District]] comprising [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]].
*The [[New York's 6th congressional district|6th District]] comprising [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]] and [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]] counties.
*The [[New York's 7th congressional district|7th District]] comprising [[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] and [[Essex County, New York|Essex]] counties.
*The [[New York's 8th congressional district|8th District]] comprising [[Albany County, New York|Albany]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties.
*The [[New York's 9th congressional district|9th District]] comprising [[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]] and [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] counties.
*The [[New York's 10th congressional district|10th District]] comprising [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]] and [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]] counties.
<small>'''Note:''' There are now 62 counties in the State of [[New York (state)|New York]]. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.</small>
==Result==
6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. The incumbents Smith, Van Cortlandt, Elmendorf and Bird were re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
|+1800 United States House election result
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! District
! {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} colspan="2" | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
! {{Party shading/Federalist}} colspan="2" | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
! colspan="2" | Also ran
|-
|[[New York's 1st congressional district|1]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[John Smith (New York politician born 1752)|John Smith]]'''
| align="right" | '''2,259'''
|[[Silas Wood]]
| align="right" | 1,774
|
|
|-
|[[New York's 2nd congressional district|2]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Samuel L. Mitchill]]'''
| align="right" | '''2,180'''
| [[Jacob Morton]]
| align="right" | 2,091
|
|
|-
|[[New York's 3rd congressional district|3]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[Philip Van Cortlandt]]'''
| align="right" | '''2,070'''
|Samuel Bayard
| align="right" | 1,400
|
|
|-
|[[New York's 4th congressional district|4]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[Lucas Conrad Elmendorf|Lucas Elmendorf]]'''
|align=right | '''3,305'''
|Leonard Bronk
|align=right|178
|[[John Hathorn]] (DR)
|align="right" | 2,026
|-
|[[New York's 5th congressional district|5]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[Thomas Tillotson]]'''
|align="right" | '''1,991'''
| [[David Brooks (American politician)|David Brooks]]
|align="right" | 1,244
|
|
|-
|[[New York's 6th congressional district|6]]
|[[Henry W. Livingston]] (DR)
| align="right" | 2,085
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} | '''[[John Bird (New York)|John Bird]]'''
| align="right" | '''2,446'''
|[[John Woodworth (lawyer)|John Woodworth]] (DR)
| align="right" | 52
|-
|[[New York's 7th congressional district|7]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[David Thomas (New York)|David Thomas]]'''
|align="right" | '''2,987'''
| John Williams
|align="right" | 2,810
| [[John Thompson (1749-1823)|John Thompson]] (DR)
|align="right" | 78
|-
|[[New York's 8th congressional district|8]]
|George Tiffany
| align="right" | 1,093
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} | '''[[Killian K. Van Rensselaer]]'''
| align="right" | '''1,350'''
|[[Henry Glen]] (Fed.)
| align="right" | 239
|-
|[[New York's 9th congressional district|9]]
| Jacob Eaker
| align=right|2,274
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} | '''[[Benjamin Walker (New York soldier)|Benjamin Walker]]'''
| align=right|'''4,238'''
|
|
|-
|[[New York's 10th congressional district|10]]
| William Stuart
| align="right" | 2,377
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} | '''[[Thomas Morris (New York)|Thomas Morris]]'''
| align=right|'''3,261'''
| [[John Paterson (New York politician)|John Paterson]] (DR)
|align="right" | 263
|-
|}
Note: The Anti-Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties.
==Aftermath and special elections==
Dem.-Rep. [[Thomas Tillotson]], who had been elected in the 5th D., was appointed [[Secretary of State of New York]] on August 10, 1801, and resigned his seat before Congress met.
Fed. [[John Bird (New York)|John Bird]], who had been re-elected in the 6th D. to a second term, resigned his seat on July 25, 1801, before Congress met.
Special elections to fill the vacancies were held in October 1801, and were won by Theodorus Bailey and John P. Van Ness, both Dem.-Rep. Thus New York was represented by 7 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists in the House of the 7th Congress.
{| class=wikitable
|+'''1801 United States House special election result'''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! District
! {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} colspan="2" | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
! {{Party shading/Federalist}} colspan="2" | [[Federalist]]
|-
|{{ushr|NY|5|5}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[Theodorus Bailey (senator)|Theodorus Bailey]]'''
| align="right" | '''915'''
|Samuel Mott
| align="right" | 650
|-
|{{ushr|NY|6|6}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | '''[[John P. Van Ness]]'''
| align="right" | '''1,981'''
|[[Hezekiah L. Hosmer]]
| align="right" | 1,111
|-
|}
The House of Representatives of the [[7th United States Congress]] met for the first time at the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], on December 7, 1801, and all ten representatives from New York took their seats on this day.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iVgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA569 ''Abridgment of the Debates in Congress from 1789 to 1856''] (Vol. II; page 569)</ref>
John P. Van Ness was appointed by President [[Thomas Jefferson]] as a major in the militia of the [[District of Columbia|Territory of Columbia]] and on January 17, 1803, his seat was declared vacant.<ref>Article I, Section 6, of the [[United States Constitution]] says that "...no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office." The question, if a militia appointment in the federal district is such an office, was put to the whole House and answered unanimously in the affirmative, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=H54FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA290 ''Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States''] (Vol. IV; page 290)</ref>
==Notes==
<references/>
==Sources==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68 ''The New York Civil List''] compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 65 for district apportionment; pg. 68 for Congressmen)
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/sn009z51x Election result 1st D.] at [[Tufts University]] Library project "A New Nation Votes", compiled by [[Phil Lampi]]
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/3j333287q Election result 2nd D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/h989r387g Election result 3rd D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/0r967494k Election result 4th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/n870zs04m Election result 5th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/fj2363188 Election result 6th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tq57nr90r Election result 7th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/8c97kq99v Election result 8th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/k930bx918 Election result 9th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/j098zc65h Election result 10th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/3484zh47k Special election result 5th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
*[https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/5d86p0577 Special election result 6th D.] at "A New Nation Votes"
{{1800 United States elections}}
{{New York elections}}
[[Category:United States House of Representatives elections in New York (state)|1800]]
[[Category:1800 United States House of Representatives elections|New York]]
[[Category:1800 New York (state) elections|United States House of Representatives elections]]
[[Category:April 1800|United States House of Representatives elections in New York]]
[[Category:May 1800|United States House of Representatives elections in New York]]
| 1,271,078,445 |
[{"title": "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1800", "data": {"\u2190 1798": "April 29-May 1, 1800 \u00b7 1802 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All 10 New York seats to the United States House of Representatives", "data": {"Party": "Democratic-Republican \u00b7 Federalist", "Last election": "6 \u00b7 4", "Seats won": "6 \u00b7 4", "Seat change": "Steady \u00b7 Steady", "Popular vote": "25,040 \u00b7 21,031", "Percentage": "54.4% \u00b7 45.6%"}}]
| false |
# 1700 in science
The year 1700 in science and technology involved some significant events.
## Exploration
- September 6 – Edmond Halley returns to England after a voyage of almost one year on HMS Paramour, from which he has observed the Antarctic Convergence,[1] and publishes his findings on terrestrial magnetism in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass.
## Geology
- January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later.
## Medicine
- Nicolas Andry publishes De la génération des vers dans les corps de l'homme, a pioneering text in the germ theory of disease.[2]
- Bernardino Ramazzini publishes De Morbis Artificum Diatriba in Modena, a pioneering text in occupational medicine.
## Technology
- approx. date – The clarinet might have been invented by the German flute maker Joseph Mamadski as a modification of the chalumeau, but it will not be until the late 18th century that composers include clarinets into their orchestrations.[3]
- The piano, newly invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori, is listed in an inventory of musical instruments owned by the Medici.
## Institutions
- July 11 – The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded with Leibniz as president.[4]
## Births
- February 8 – Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (died 1782)
- May 7 – Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (died 1772)
- November 19 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French clergyman and physicist (died 1770)
- November 28 – Nathaniel Bliss, English astronomer (died 1764)
- Undated
- William Braikenridge, Scottish clergyman and geometer (died 1762)[5]
- George Martine, Scottish physician and scientist (died 1741)[6]
## Deaths
- May 22 – Louis Jolliet, Canadian explorer (born 1645)
- June 1 – Willem ten Rhijne, Dutch doctor and botanist (born 1647)[7]
- August 8 – Joseph Moxon, English mathematician (born 1627)
- Undated – Kamalakara, Indian astronomer and mathematician (born 1616)
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{{Year nav topic5|1700|science}}
{{Science year nav|1700}}
The year '''1700 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events.
==Exploration==
* September 6 – [[Edmond Halley]] returns to England after a voyage of almost one year on [[HMS Paramour (1694)|HMS ''Paramour'']], from which he has observed the [[Antarctic Convergence]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Gurney|title=Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699-1839|publisher=Norton|location=New York|year=1997|isbn=0-393-03949-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/belowconvergence0000gurn}}</ref> and publishes his findings on terrestrial magnetism in ''General Chart of the Variation of the Compass''.
==Geology==
* January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the [[1700 Cascadia earthquake|Cascadia earthquake]] occurs in the [[Pacific Northwest]] with an estimated [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 8.7–9.2. This [[megathrust earthquake]] ruptures about {{convert|1000|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=off}} of the [[Cascadia Subduction Zone]] and causes a [[tsunami]] that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later.
==Medicine==
* [[Nicolas Andry]] publishes ''De la génération des vers dans les corps de l'homme'', a pioneering text in the [[germ theory of disease]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gee|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry Gee|title=Jacob's Ladder: the History of the Human Genome|url=https://archive.org/details/jacobsladderhist0000geeh|url-access=registration|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jacobsladderhist0000geeh/page/35 35–36]|isbn=978-0-393-05083-7}}</ref>
* [[Bernardino Ramazzini]] publishes ''De Morbis Artificum Diatriba'' in [[Modena]], a pioneering text in [[occupational medicine]].
==Technology==
* ''approx. date'' – The [[clarinet]] might have been invented by the German flute maker [[Joseph Mamadski]] as a modification of the [[chalumeau]], but it will not be until the late 18th century that composers include clarinets into their orchestrations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~mckinney/a_short_history.htm |title=A Short History|work=Clarinet Compendium|last=McKinney|first=Roger W| accessdate= 4 January 2008 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* The [[piano]], newly invented by [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]], is listed in an inventory of musical instruments owned by the [[Medici]].
==Institutions==
* July 11 – The [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] is founded with [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/Berlin.html|title=Berlin Academy of Science|last1=O'Connor|first1=John J.|first2=Edmund F.|last2=Robertson |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics| accessdate= 4 January 2008 <!--Added by DASHBot-->| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080112034735/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/Berlin.html| archivedate= 12 January 2008 <!--Added by DASHBot--> |date=August 2004}}</ref>
==Births==
* February 8 – [[Daniel Bernoulli]], Swiss [[mathematician]] (died [[1782 in science|1782]])
* May 7 – [[Gerard van Swieten]], Dutch-born [[physician]] (died [[1772 in science|1772]])
* November 19 – [[Jean-Antoine Nollet]], French clergyman and [[physicist]] (died [[1770 in science|1770]])
* November 28 – [[Nathaniel Bliss]], English [[astronomer]] (died [[1764 in science|1764]])
* Undated
** [[William Braikenridge]], Scottish clergyman and [[geometer]] (died [[1762 in science|1762]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Braikenridge.html|title=William Braikenridge|last1=O'Connor|first1=John J.|first2=Edmund F.|last2=Robertson|work=MacTutor History of Mathematics|accessdate=2008-01-04<!--Added by DASHBot-->|date=November 1999|archive-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827014808/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Braikenridge.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[George Martine (physician)|George Martine]], Scottish physician and scientist (died [[1741 in science|1741]])<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Anita|last=McConnell|title=Martine, George (1700–1741)|year=2004|edition=Online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18227|accessdate=2014-11-02|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18227}} </ref>
==Deaths==
* May 22 – [[Louis Jolliet]], Canadian [[explorer]] (born [[1645 in science|1645]])
* June 1 – [[Willem ten Rhijne]], Dutch doctor and botanist (born [[1647 in science|1647]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Galileo Project |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tenrhyne.html |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=galileo.rice.edu}}</ref>
* August 8 – [[Joseph Moxon]], English mathematician (born [[1627 in science|1627]])
* Undated – [[Kamalakara]], Indian astronomer and mathematician (born [[1616 in science|1616]])
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1700 In Science}}
[[Category:1700 in science| ]]
[[Category:17th century in science]]
[[Category:1700s in science]]
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# 15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 15th Infantry Division (German: 15. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army during the interwar period and World War II, active from 1934 to 1945.
The division was formed on 1 October 1934 in Würzburg under the cover name Artillerieführer V. With the announcement of German rearmament, the division was renamed on 15 October 1935. Mobilized on 25 August 1939, the division took part in the Invasion of Poland in the same year and the Battle of France in 1940. On 21 November 1940 one third of its personnel was used to create the 113th Infantry Division. The division was one of the units taking part in the Second Battle of Kharkov from February till March 1943. The division was destroyed in August 1944 during the Soviet Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive. In October 1944 a new 15. Infanterie-Division was raised near Cluj-Napoca using the remainders of the old division and new recruits. On 5 May 1945 the division surrendered to the Red Army at Brod.
## History
The division was formed on 2 October 1934 in Würzburg under the cover designation of Artillerieführer V to conceal the expansion of the German Army. With the announcement of German rearmament, it was renamed the 15th Infantry Division on 15 October 1935 before being relocated to Frankfurt in Wehrkreis IX on 1 October 1936. The 15th included the 81st Infantry Regiment at Frankfurt, the 88th Infantry Regiment at Hanau, the 106th Infantry Regiment at Aschaffenburg, and the 51st Artillery Regiment at Fulda. The division was mobilized for World War II on 25 August 1939 with the 81st, 88th, and 106th Infantry Regiments, the 51st Artillery Regiment, and support troops. By mobilization, the 81st and 106th Regiments both gained an additional battalion. The 51st included the three battalions of the 15th Artillery Regiment and one battalion of the 51st Artillery Regiment.
After being mobilized, the 15th was assigned to XII Army Corps of the 1st Army of Army Group C, and covered the Franco-German border on the Saar. It was transferred to the reserve of the 16th Army of Army Group A in December. The divisional replacement battalion was used to form the 3rd Battalion of the 392nd Infantry Regiment of the 169th Infantry Division in January 1940, and a month later the 2nd Battalion of the 81st Infantry Regiment was used to form the 1st Battalion of the 530th Infantry Regiment of the 299th Infantry Division. In early 1940 the division moved forward to Trier before advancing into Luxembourg when the Battle of France began on 10 May. In June the division fought at Reims and Nevers during Case Red as part of the VI Army Corps of the 2nd Army. After France surrendered, the 15th remained there as part of the occupation force, assigned to the XXVII Army Corps of the 12th Army (transferred to 1st Army in September). After a battalion from each infantry regiment went to the 134th Infantry Division at Grafenwöhr on 20 November, the division received new battalions to replace the transferred units, but these were soon used to form the 260th Infantry Regiment of the 113th Infantry Division. The headquarters of the 51st Artillery Regiment was renumbered as that of the 15th on 1 February 1941.
Transferred to the Eastern Front in July, the division joined XXXV Army Corps, under the direct control of Army Group Centre, to reduce the encircled Soviet troops around Minsk and participated in the Siege of Mogilev. The 15th went on to fight in the Battle of Smolensk during August as part of the XXXXVI Army Corps of the 2nd Panzer Group. It became part of the IX Army Corps of the 4th Army, facing the Soviet Yelnya Offensive in September. The division participated in the encirclement of Soviet forces around Vyazma when Operation Typhoon began the Battle of Moscow in October as part of the XX Army Corps of the army. The division was transferred to the XII Army Corps in November and December before returning to XX Corps in January 1942 for battles near Yukhnov. After fighting in the Gzhatsk sector from February as part of the XX, VII, and V Army Corps of the 4th Panzer Army, the division was withdrawn to France to rebuild in May after temporarily disbanded five battalions due to losses. In a propaganda move, the infantry regiments of the division were renamed grenadier regiments along with all German infantry regiments on 15 October 1942.
In France, the division was assigned to LXXX Army Corps of the 1st Army. After almost a year out of combat, the 15th returned to the Eastern Front during the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943, joining LVII Army Corps of the 4th Panzer Army of Army Group South. With LVII Army Corps, the division transferred to the 1st Panzer Army in April, fighting in the Donets and Izyum sectors for the next several months. It retreated from the Soviet advance beginning in August and was transferred to the XXX Army Corps of the army in October, fighting in the Krivoy Rog sector, returning to LVII Corps in December. As a result of losses, on 2 October the grenadier regiments were reduced to two battalions. The divisional alarm detachment also became its fusilier battalion. The division was shifted back to XXX Corps, now with the 6th Army, in January 1944, and retreated in the face of the Soviet Nikopol–Krivoi Rog Offensive in February, when it returned to LVII Corps, which also transferred to 6th Army. While countering the Uman–Botoșani Offensive, the division transferred to the army's XXIX Army Corps in March. Back with XXX Army Corps from April, the division fought in Romania and was destroyed in the Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive in August 1944.
The division was reformed on 4 October 1944 at Cluj-Napoca from the remnants of the division, which had fought as Kampfgruppe Winkler. Assigned to the Hungarian II Corps of 8th Army, the division fought in north Hungary for the rest of the year. It was in army reserve in November before returning to the XXIX Army Corps a month later. In December, the 1236th Grenadier (School) Regiment from Wiener Neustadt replaced the 81st Regiment, which was detached to the Hungarian 1st Army, and in March 1945 the 1236th was renumbered as the 81st. Retreating into the Tatra Mountains of Slovakia in January, the division fought with the corps, transferred to 1st Panzer Army of the reformed Army Group Centre, in April near Žilina. It retreated into Moravia in May, now with XXIV Army Corps, and surrendered to Soviet troops at Brod at the end of the war.
## Organization (1939)
- Infanterie-Regiment 81 (Stab, I.-III.)
- Infanterie-Regiment 88 (Stab, I.-III.)
- Infanterie-Regiment 106 (Stab, I.-III.)
- Artillerie-Regiment 15 (I.-III.)
- Artillerie-Regiment 51 (Stab., I.)
- Beobachtungs-Abteilung 15
- Aufklärungs-Abteilung 15
- Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 15
- Pionier-Bataillon 15
- Infanterie-Divisions-Nachrichten-Abteilung 15
- Feldersatz-Bataillon 15
- Infanterie-Divisions-Nachschubführer 15
## Commanders
- General der Artillerie Fritz Brandt 1 October 1934 - 31 March 1936
- Generalleutnant Emil Leeb 1 April 1936 - 1 April 1939
- Generalmajor Walter Behschnitt 1 April 1939 - 6 October 1939
- Generalleutnant Friedrich-Wilhelm von Chappuis 6 October 1939 - 12 August 1940
- Generalleutnant Ernst-Eberhard Hell 12 August 1940 - 8 January 1942
- Oberst Alfred Schreiber 8 January 1942 - 3 February 1942
- Generalmajor Bronislaw Pawel 3 February 1942 - 18 Juni 1942
- Generalleutnant Erich Buschenhagen 18 June 1942 - 20 November 1943
- Generalmajor Rudolf Sperl 20 November 1943 - August 1944
- Oberst Ottomar Babel 14 August - 5 September 1944 (missing)
### 2nd formation
- Generalmajor Siegfried von Rekowski (cancelled)
- Generalmajor Hanns Laengenfelder 17 October 1944 - 5 May 1945
### Citations
1. 1 2 3 4 5 Tessin 1970, pp. 5–7.
2. ↑ Liedtke 2016, p. 253.
### Bibliography
- Burkhard Müller-Hillebrand: Das Heer 1933-1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Vol.III: Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende. Mittler: Frankfurt am Main 1969, p. 286.
- Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943. Solihull: Helion and Company. ISBN 9781910777756.
- Tessin, Georg (1970). Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 [Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Frankfurt: E.S. Mittler & Sohn.
|
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15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)
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2024-10-21T10:39:36Z
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en
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Q166346
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{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 15th Infantry Division
| image = 15th Infanterie Division Logo 1.svg
| caption =
| dates = 1 October 1934 – 5 September 1944<br>17 October 1944 – 5 May 1945
| country = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| branch = [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army]]
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| garrison = [[Würzburg]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = {{plainlist|
*[[Battle of France]]
*[[Siege of Mogilev]]
*[[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|Battle of Smolensk]]
*[[Yelnya Offensive]]
*[[Battle of Moscow]]
*[[Third Battle of Kharkov]]
*[[Nikopol–Krivoi Rog Offensive]]
* [[Odessa Offensive]]
*[[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]]
}}
| disbanded = <!-- Commanders -->
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia -->
| identification_symbol = [[File:15th Infanterie Division Logo 2.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Early vehicle identifier
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}
The '''15th Infantry Division''' ({{Langx|de|15. Infanterie-Division|link=no}}) was an infantry division of the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German Army]] during the [[interwar period]] and [[World War II]], active from 1934 to 1945.
The division was formed on 1 October 1934 in [[Würzburg]] under the cover name ''[[Artillerieführer V]]''. With the announcement of [[German re-armament|German rearmament]], the division was renamed on 15 October 1935. Mobilized on 25 August 1939, the division took part in the [[Invasion of Poland]] in the same year and the [[Battle of France]] in 1940. On 21 November 1940 one third of its personnel was used to create the [[113th Infantry Division (Germany)|113th Infantry Division]]. The division was one of the units taking part in the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]] from February till March 1943. The division was destroyed in August 1944 during the Soviet [[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]]. In October 1944 a new ''15. Infanterie-Division'' was raised near [[Cluj-Napoca]] using the remainders of the old division and new recruits. On 5 May 1945 the division surrendered to the Red Army at [[Havlíčkův Brod|Brod]].
== History ==
{{command structure
|name=Order of battle, 15th Infantry Division
|date=1 October 1934 - 5 September 1944
|parent=[[Military district (Germany)|Wehrkreis IX]]
|subordinate=Infantry Regiment 81<br>Infantry Regiment 88<br>Infantry Regiment 106<br>Divisional units 15
}}
The division was formed on 2 October 1934 in [[Würzburg]] under the cover designation of ''[[Artillerieführer V]]'' to conceal the expansion of the German Army. With the announcement of [[German re-armament|German rearmament]], it was renamed the 15th Infantry Division on 15 October 1935 before being relocated to [[Frankfurt]] in [[Military district (Germany)|''Wehrkreis'' IX]] on 1 October 1936. The 15th included the 81st Infantry Regiment at Frankfurt, the 88th Infantry Regiment at [[Hanau]], the 106th Infantry Regiment at [[Aschaffenburg]], and the 51st Artillery Regiment at [[Fulda]]. The division was mobilized for [[World War II]] on 25 August 1939 with the 81st, 88th, and 106th Infantry Regiments, the 51st Artillery Regiment, and support troops. By mobilization, the 81st and 106th Regiments both gained an additional battalion. The 51st included the three battalions of the 15th Artillery Regiment and one battalion of the 51st Artillery Regiment.{{Sfn|Tessin|1970|p=|pp=5–7}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-258-1326-22, Südfrankreich, "Marder I".jpg|thumb|A [[Marder I]] tank destroyer of the division in southern France, 1942]]
After being mobilized, the 15th was assigned to [[XII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XII Army Corps]] of the [[1st Army (Wehrmacht)|1st Army]] of [[Army Group C]], and covered the Franco-German border on the [[Saar (river)|Saar]]. It was transferred to the reserve of the [[16th Army (Wehrmacht)|16th Army]] of [[Army Group A]] in December. The divisional replacement battalion was used to form the 3rd Battalion of the 392nd Infantry Regiment of the [[169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|169th Infantry Division]] in January 1940, and a month later the 2nd Battalion of the 81st Infantry Regiment was used to form the 1st Battalion of the 530th Infantry Regiment of the [[299th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|299th Infantry Division]]. In early 1940 the division moved forward to [[Trier]] before advancing into [[Luxembourg]] when the [[Battle of France]] began on 10 May. In June the division fought at [[Reims]] and [[Nevers]] during [[Case Red]] as part of the [[VI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|VI Army Corps]] of the [[2nd Army (Wehrmacht)|2nd Army]]. After France surrendered, the 15th remained there as part of the occupation force, assigned to the [[XXVII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXVII Army Corps]] of the [[12th Army (Wehrmacht)|12th Army]] (transferred to 1st Army in September). After a battalion from each infantry regiment went to the [[134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|134th Infantry Division]] at [[Grafenwöhr]] on 20 November, the division received new battalions to replace the transferred units, but these were soon used to form the 260th Infantry Regiment of the [[113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|113th Infantry Division]]. The headquarters of the 51st Artillery Regiment was renumbered as that of the 15th on 1 February 1941.{{Sfn|Tessin|1970|p=|pp=5–7}}
Transferred to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in July, the division joined [[XXXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXXV Army Corps]], under the direct control of [[Army Group Centre]], to reduce the encircled Soviet troops around [[Minsk]] and participated in the [[Siege of Mogilev]]. The 15th went on to fight in the [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|Battle of Smolensk]] during August as part of the [[XXXXVI Army Corps (Germany)|XXXXVI Army Corps]] of the [[2nd Panzer Group]]. It became part of the [[IX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|IX Army Corps]] of the [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|4th Army]], facing the Soviet [[Yelnya Offensive]] in September. The division participated in the encirclement of Soviet forces around [[Vyazma]] when Operation Typhoon began the [[Battle of Moscow]] in October as part of the [[XX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XX Army Corps]] of the army. The division was transferred to the [[XII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XII Army Corps]] in November and December before returning to XX Corps in January 1942 for battles near [[Yukhnov]]. After fighting in the [[Gzhatsk]] sector from February as part of the XX, [[VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|VII]], and [[V Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|V Army Corps]] of the [[4th Panzer Army]], the division was withdrawn to France to rebuild in May after temporarily disbanded five battalions due to losses.{{Sfn|Tessin|1970|p=|pp=5–7}} In a propaganda move, the infantry regiments of the division were renamed grenadier regiments along with all German infantry regiments on 15 October 1942.{{Sfn|Liedtke|2016|p=253}}
In France, the division was assigned to [[LXXX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|LXXX Army Corps]] of the 1st Army. After almost a year out of combat, the 15th returned to the Eastern Front during the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]] in March 1943, joining [[LVII Army Corps (Germany)|LVII Army Corps]] of the 4th Panzer Army of [[Army Group South]]. With LVII Army Corps, the division transferred to the [[1st Panzer Army]] in April, fighting in the [[Donets]] and [[Izyum]] sectors for the next several months. It retreated from the Soviet advance beginning in August and was transferred to the [[XXX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXX Army Corps]] of the army in October, fighting in the [[Krivoy Rog]] sector, returning to LVII Corps in December. As a result of losses, on 2 October the grenadier regiments were reduced to two battalions. The divisional alarm detachment also became its fusilier battalion. The division was shifted back to XXX Corps, now with the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]], in January 1944, and retreated in the face of the Soviet [[Nikopol–Krivoi Rog Offensive]] in February, when it returned to LVII Corps, which also transferred to 6th Army. While countering the [[Uman–Botoșani Offensive]], the division transferred to the army's [[XXIX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXIX Army Corps]] in March. Back with XXX Army Corps from April, the division fought in Romania and was destroyed in the [[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] in August 1944.{{Sfn|Tessin|1970|p=|pp=5–7}}
{{command structure
|name=Order of battle, 15th Infantry Division
|date=17 October 1944 - 5 May1945
|parent=[[Military district (Germany)|Wehrkreis VII]]
|subordinate=Grenadier Regiment 81<br>Grenadier Regiment 88<br>Grenadier Regiment
106<br>Artillery Regiment 15<br>Divisional units15
}}
The division was reformed on 4 October 1944 at [[Cluj-Napoca]] from the remnants of the division, which had fought as ''[[Kampfgruppe]] Winkler''. Assigned to the Hungarian [[II Corps (Hungary)|II Corps]] of [[8th Army (Wehrmacht)|8th Army]], the division fought in north Hungary for the rest of the year. It was in army reserve in November before returning to the XXIX Army Corps a month later. In December, the 1236th Grenadier (School) Regiment from [[Wiener Neustadt]] replaced the 81st Regiment, which was detached to the Hungarian [[1st Hungarian Army|1st Army]], and in March 1945 the 1236th was renumbered as the 81st. Retreating into the [[Tatra Mountains]] of Slovakia in January, the division fought with the corps, transferred to 1st Panzer Army of the reformed Army Group Centre, in April near [[Žilina]]. It retreated into [[Moravia]] in May, now with [[XXIV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXIV Army Corps]], and surrendered to Soviet troops at [[Havlíčkův Brod|Brod]] at the end of the war.{{Sfn|Tessin|1970|p=|pp=5–7}}
== Organization (1939) ==
* Infanterie-Regiment 81 (Stab, I.-III.)
* Infanterie-Regiment 88 (Stab, I.-III.)
* Infanterie-Regiment 106 (Stab, I.-III.)
* Artillerie-Regiment 15 (I.-III.)
* Artillerie-Regiment 51 (Stab., I.)
* Beobachtungs-Abteilung 15
* Aufklärungs-Abteilung 15
* Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 15
* Pionier-Bataillon 15
* Infanterie-Divisions-Nachrichten-Abteilung 15
* Feldersatz-Bataillon 15
* Infanterie-Divisions-Nachschubführer 15
==Commanders==
*General der Artillerie Fritz Brandt 1 October 1934 - 31 March 1936
*Generalleutnant [[Emil Leeb]] 1 April 1936 - 1 April 1939
*Generalmajor Walter Behschnitt 1 April 1939 - 6 October 1939
*Generalleutnant [[Friedrich-Wilhelm von Chappuis]] 6 October 1939 - 12 August 1940
*Generalleutnant [[Ernst-Eberhard Hell]] 12 August 1940 - 8 January 1942
*Oberst Alfred Schreiber 8 January 1942 - 3 February 1942
*Generalmajor Bronislaw Pawel 3 February 1942 - 18 Juni 1942
*Generalleutnant [[Erich Buschenhagen]] 18 June 1942 - 20 November 1943
*Generalmajor Rudolf Sperl 20 November 1943 - August 1944
*Oberst Ottomar Babel 14 August - 5 September 1944 (missing)
===2nd formation===
*Generalmajor Siegfried von Rekowski (cancelled)
*Generalmajor [[Hanns Laengenfelder]] 17 October 1944 - 5 May 1945
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
* Burkhard Müller-Hillebrand: ''Das Heer 1933-1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues.'' Vol.III: ''Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende''. Mittler: Frankfurt am Main 1969, p. 286.
*{{cite book|last=Liedtke|first=Gregory|title=Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943|publisher=Helion and Company|year=2016|isbn=9781910777756|location=Solihull}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tessin|first=Georg|title=Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945|publisher=E.S. Mittler & Sohn|year=1970|volume=IV|location=Frankfurt|language=de|trans-title=Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.15id.info/index.htm Division history website]
{{Numbered infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht}}{{Knight's Cross recipients of the 15th ID}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of Germany during World War II|0*015]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1934]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
| 1,252,439,187 |
[{"title": "15th Infantry Division", "data": {"Active": "1 October 1934 \u2013 5 September 1944 \u00b7 17 October 1944 \u2013 5 May 1945", "Country": "Nazi Germany", "Branch": "Army", "Type": "Infantry", "Size": "Division", "Garrison/HQ": "W\u00fcrzburg", "Engagements": "- Battle of France - Siege of Mogilev - Battle of Smolensk - Yelnya Offensive - Battle of Moscow - Third Battle of Kharkov - Nikopol\u2013Krivoi Rog Offensive - Odessa Offensive - Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive"}}]
| false |
# 1849 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1849.
## Arthropods
### Insects
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| ------------------------------ | ------- | ---------- | ------- | ----------- | -------- | -------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | ------ |
| Attopsis anthracina | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Oecophylla obesa | |
| Attopsis longipennis | Sp. nov | valid | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. | |
| Attopsis longipes | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Oecophylla obesa | |
| Attopsis nigra | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Oecophylla obesa | |
| Formica imhoffii | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Liometopum imhoffii | |
| Formica indurata | Sp nov | sr syn | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. synonym of Camponotus induratus | |
| Formica longiventris | Sp nov | sr syn | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | An Amblyoponin ant. synonym of Casaleia longiventris | |
| Formica ocella | Sp nov | Synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A dolichoderine ant. synonym of Emplastus (?) ocellus | |
| Formica ocella var paulo major | Sp nov | Synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A dolichoderine ant. synonym of Emplastus (?) ocellus | |
| Formica schmidtii | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Liometopum imhoffii | |
| Ponera affinis | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Liometopum imhoffii | |
| Ponera fuliginosa | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Liometopum imhoffii | |
| Ponera fuliginosa oeningensis | Sp. nov | valid? | Heer | Miocene | Oeningen | Germany | A formicine ant?' | |
| Ponera fuliginosa radobojana | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Heer | Burdigalian | Radoboj | Croatia | A formicine ant. jr synonym of Liometopum imhoffii | |
| Plecia bucklandi | Sp. nov | Valid | Heer | Chattian | | France | A bibionid | |
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1849 in paleontology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849_in_paleontology
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Q18160396
| 72,558 |
{{Year nav topic5|1849|paleontology|science}}
{{Year in paleontology header|1849}}
==Arthropods==
===Insects===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name
! Novelty
! Status
! Authors
! Age
! Unit
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Attopsis anthracina]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014">{{cite journal|last1=Dlussky |first1=G.M. |last2=Putyatina |first2=T.S. |year=2014 |title=Early Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Radoboj, Croatia |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=272 |issue=3 |pages=237–285 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0409|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.9292 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
[[Oswald Heer|Heer]]
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Oecophylla obesa]]''
|
|-
|
''[[Attopsis longipennis]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
valid
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant.
|
[[File:Attopsis longipennis UMJ210962 queen.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Attopsis longipennis]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Attopsis longipes]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Oecophylla obesa]]''
|
|-
|
''[[Attopsis nigra]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Oecophylla obesa]]''
|
|-
|
''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Formica imhoffii]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Liometopum imhoffii]]''
|
[[File:Liometopum imhoffii UMJ77491 Dorsal.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Formica imhoffii]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Camponotus induratus|Formica indurata]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp nov
|
sr syn
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[Formicinae|formicine]] ant. synonym of ''[[Camponotus induratus]]''
|
[[File:Camponotus induratus UMJ77632 queen.jpg|thumb|upright|center|''[[Camponotus induratus]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Casaleia longiventris|Formica longiventris]]''
|
Sp nov
|
sr syn
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
An [[Amblyoponinae|Amblyoponin]] ant. synonym of ''[[Casaleia longiventris]]''
|
[[File:Casaleia longiventris UMJ77584 impression side.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Casaleia longiventris]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Emplastus|Formica ocella]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp nov
|
Synonym
|
Heer
|
Burdigalian
|
Radoboj
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[Dolichoderinae|dolichoderine]] ant.<br/> synonym of ''[[Emplastus|Emplastus (?) ocellus]]''
|
|-
|
[[Emplastus|''Formica ocella'' var ''paulo major'']]<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp nov
|
Synonym
|
Heer
|
Burdigalian
|
Radoboj
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[Dolichoderinae|dolichoderine]] ant.<br/> synonym of ''[[Emplastus|Emplastus (?) ocellus]]''
|
[[File:Emplastus ocellus UMJ77646C lateral view.jpg|thumb|center|upright|[[Emplastus|''Formica ocella'' var ''paulo major'']]]]
|-
|
''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Formica schmidtii]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Liometopum imhoffii]]''
|
[[File:Liometopum imhoffii UMJ77491 Dorsal.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Formica imhoffii]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera affinis]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Liometopum imhoffii]]''
|
[[File:Liometopum imhoffii UMJ77638 dorsal.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera affinis]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera fuliginosa]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Liometopum imhoffii]]''
|
[[File:Liometopum imhoffii UMJ77592 dorsal.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera fuliginosa]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Ponera fuliginosa oeningensis]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
valid?
|
Heer
|
[[Miocene]]
|
[[Oeningen]]
|
{{Flag|Germany}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant?'
|
|-
|
''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera fuliginosa radobojana]]''<ref name="Dlussky2014"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
jr synonym
|
Heer
|
[[Burdigalian]]
|
[[Radoboj]]
|
{{Flag|Croatia}}
|
A [[formicinae|formicine]] ant. jr synonym of ''[[Liometopum imhoffii]]''
|
[[File:Liometopum imhoffii UMJ77592 dorsal.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Liometopum imhoffii|Ponera fuliginosa radobojana]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Plecia bucklandi]]''<ref name=Skartveit2017>{{Cite journal|last1=Skartveit |first1=J. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2017 |title=Revision of fossil Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) from French Oligocene deposits |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4225 |issue=1 |pages=1–83 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4225.1.1 |pmid=28187637 |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01471927/file/Skartveit_2017_Revision_of_fossil.pdf }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Heer
|
[[Chattian]]
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A [[Bibionidae|bibionid]]
|
[[File:Plecia bucklandi syntype B MNHN.F.R06669 direct lighting.jpg|thumb|center|upright|''[[Plecia bucklandi]]'']]
|-
|}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:1840s in paleontology]]
[[Category:1849 in science|Paleontology]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1849]]
| 1,195,021,426 |
[]
| false |
# 030 (magazine)
030 (also known as [030] Magazin Berlin), is a free ad-supported German magazine from Berlin. Its name refers to the dialing code of the city. It was founded on 6 October 1994 and provides information about movies, concerts, parties, sports, and new media. It is distributed in bars, pubs and restaurants and is published every two weeks. The print run is 52,000 pieces. The [030] has belonged to Zitty Verlag GmbH from 2008 - 2015.
Since January 2016, the [030] Magazin Homepage had an online relaunch. The publisher and editors have been located in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg.
|
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030 (magazine)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/030_(magazine)
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en
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Q11517
| 22,479 |
{{Short description|German magazine}}
{{Infobox Newspaper
|name = [030] Magazin Berlin
|logo = (030 MAGAZIN).jpg
|image =
|caption =
|type =
|format =
|frequency = Biweekly
|foundation = 6 October 1994
|political =
|owners = elroq entertainment
|editor =
|chiefeditor = Tim Schäfer
|headquarters = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
|website = {{official website|http://berlin030.de/}}
|ISSN =
}}
'''''030''''' (also known as '''''[030] Magazin Berlin'''''), is a free ad-supported [[Germany|German]] magazine from [[Berlin]].<ref>[http://www.berlin030.de Infos at 030 website]</ref> Its name refers to the [[List of dialling codes in Germany|dialing code]] of the city. It was founded on 6 October 1994 and provides information about movies, concerts, parties, sports, and new media. It is distributed in bars, pubs and restaurants<ref>{{cite book|author=Eva Apraku|title=Berlin and Potsdam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S46jylZCJcYC&pg=PA248|access-date=3 July 2015|date=January 2001|publisher=Nelles|isbn=978-3-88618-836-9|page=248}}</ref> and is published every two weeks. The print run is 52,000 pieces. The [030] has belonged to Zitty Verlag GmbH from 2008 - 2015.
Since January 2016, the [030] Magazin Homepage had an online relaunch. The publisher and editors have been located in [[Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{in lang|de}} [http://berlin030.de/ 030 official website]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in Germany]]
[[Category:City guides]]
[[Category:Free magazines]]
[[Category:German-language magazines]]
[[Category:Local interest magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1994]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Berlin]]
{{Europe-mag-stub}}
| 1,218,508,094 |
[{"title": "[030] Magazin Berlin", "data": {"Owner(s)": "elroq entertainment", "Editor-in-chief": "Tim Sch\u00e4fer", "Founded": "6 October 1994", "Headquarters": "Berlin, Germany", "Website": "Official website"}}]
| false |
# 1709 in France
Events from the year 1709 in France
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Louis XIV[1]
## Events
- 1 January – Battle of St. John's: French capture St. John's, capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.
- 6 January – Western Europe's Great Frost of 1709, the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.[2] In France, the Atlantic coast and Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the North Sea.
- 13 April – The Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of New France, legalizing slavery.
- 11 September – Battle of Malplaquet (War of the Spanish Succession) fought near the French border: French strategic victory but tactical victory for the opposing alliance.
## Births
- 7 February – Charles de Brosses, writer (died 1777)[3]
- 24 February – Jacques de Vaucanson, engineer and inventor (died 1782)
- 14 April – Charles Collé, dramatist (died 1783)
- 7 August – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan, polymath (died 1784)
- 29 August – Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset, poet and dramatist (died 1777)
- 3 September – Joan Claudi Peiròt, Occitan writer (died 1795)
- 23 November – Julien Offray de La Mettrie, physician and philosopher (died 1751)
- Full date missing – Jean Girardet, painter of portrait miniatures (died 1778)
## Deaths
- 20 January – François de la Chaise, confessor of Louis XIV (born 1624)
- 9 February – François Louis, Prince of Conti, general (born 1664)
- 5 April – Roger de Piles, painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat (born 1635)
- 17 July – Pascal Collasse, composer (baptized 1649)
- 4 September – Jean-François Regnard, comic poet (born 1655)
- 17 October – François Mauriceau, obstetrician (born 1637)
- 8 December – Thomas Corneille, dramatist (born 1625)[4]
- 13 December – Louis de Verjus, politician and diplomat (born 1629)
- 31 December – Pierre Cally, philosopher (born 1630)
- Full date missing
- Jean-Baptiste Boyer d’Éguilles, engraver, painter and collector (born 1650)
- Louise de Prie, royal governess (born 1624)
- Thierry Ruinart, monk (born 1657)
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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in France header}}
Events from the year '''1709 in [[France]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of French monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC - History - Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638-1715) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xiv.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
==Events==
*1 January – [[Battle of St. John's]]: French capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
*6 January – Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
*13 April – The [[Raudot Ordinance of 1709]] becomes law in the French colony of [[New France]], legalizing slavery.
*11 September – [[Battle of Malplaquet]] (War of the Spanish Succession) fought near the French border: French strategic victory but tactical victory for the opposing alliance.
==Births==
[[File:Charles de Brosses - Charles Nicolas Cochin II.jpeg |thumb |right |150 px |[[Charles de Brosses]] ]]
*7 February – [[Charles de Brosses]], writer (died 1777)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Brosses, Charles de|encyclopedia=[[Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon]]|volume=4|year=1916|edition=2|editor=Blangstrup, Chr.|editor-link=Christian Blangstrup|publisher=J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel|location=Copenhagen|language=da|url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/4/0111.html|access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref>
*24 February – [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], engineer and inventor (died 1782)
*14 April – [[Charles Collé]], dramatist (died 1783)
*7 August – [[Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan]], polymath (died 1784)
*29 August – [[Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset]], poet and dramatist (died 1777)
*3 September – [[Joan Claudi Peiròt]], Occitan writer (died 1795)
*23 November – [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]], physician and philosopher (died 1751)
*Full date missing – [[Jean Girardet]], painter of portrait miniatures (died 1778)
==Deaths==
*20 January – [[François de la Chaise]], confessor of Louis XIV (born 1624)
*9 February – [[François Louis, Prince of Conti]], general (born 1664)
*5 April – [[Roger de Piles]], painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat (born 1635)
*17 July – [[Pascal Collasse]], composer (baptized 1649)
*4 September – [[Jean-François Regnard]], comic poet (born 1655)
*17 October – [[François Mauriceau]], obstetrician (born 1637)
*8 December – [[Thomas Corneille]], dramatist (born 1625)<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Corneille {{!}} French dramatist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Corneille |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*13 December – [[Louis de Verjus]], politician and diplomat (born 1629)
*31 December – [[Pierre Cally]], philosopher (born 1630)
*Full date missing
**[[Jean-Baptiste Boyer d’Éguilles]], engraver, painter and collector (born 1650)
**[[Louise de Prie]], royal governess (born 1624)
**[[Thierry Ruinart]], monk (born 1657)
==See also==
{{Portal bar|France|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{France year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1709}}
[[Category:1700s in France]]
{{France-hist-stub}}
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[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1708 - 1707 - 1706 - 1705 - 1704": "1709 \u00b7 in \u00b7 France \u00b7 \u2192 - 1710 - 1711 - 1712 - 1713 - 1714", "Decades": "1680s 1690s 1700s 1710s 1720s", "See also": "Other events of 1709 \u00b7 History of France \u2022 Timeline \u2022 Years"}}]
| false |
# 1856 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1856.
## Events
### January events
- January – Opening throughout of first railroad in Africa and the Middle East, from Alexandria to Cairo, Egypt (208 km or 129 mi).[1][page needed][2]
- January 29 – The 223-mile North Carolina Railroad is completed from Goldsboro through Raleigh and Salisbury to Charlotte.[3]
### March events
- March 23 or 26 – Cambridge Railroad street railway opens in Boston (United States), giving the city the world's oldest continuously working streetcar system.
### April events
- April 19 – Death of American locomotive builder Thomas Rogers, following which his son, Jacob S. Rogers, reorganizes Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works.
- April 21 – The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River opens between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa.[4]
### May events
- May 1 – First section of Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway opens, between Ankleshwar and Utran.[5]
- May 6 – The newly constructed sidewheeler Effie Afton runs into one of the supports for the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River, causing a fire that destroys the bridge just two weeks after it had opened.[4]
### June events
- June 21 – The Illinois Central Railroad opens its Great Central Station in Chicago.[6]
### July events
- July 14 – The Rome and Frascati Rail Road opens for service.
- July 17 – The Great Train Wreck (the worst railroad calamity in the world up to this date) occurs near Philadelphia in the United States.
### September events
- September 16 – Tarragona–Reus line in Spain opens.
- September 21 – The Illinois Central Railroad connects Chicago to Cairo, Illinois, completing 700 miles (1,126 km) of track to become the longest railway in the United States.
- September 22 – The Oriental Railway Company is granted the concession to build the first railway in Turkey, from İzmir to Aydın.
### October events
- October 23 – The line that is now Belgian railway line 161 is completed and opened connecting Brussels-North and Namur stations.[7]
- October 28 – Opening of first railway in Portugal, from Lisbon to Carregado (37 km or 23 mi).[1][page needed]
### December events
- December 1 – Opening of first steam-operated passenger railways in Sweden, from Gothenburg to Jonsered (15 km or 9.3 mi) and Malmö to Lund (17 km or 11 mi).[1][page needed]
## Births
### February births
- February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, director of the New York Central system (d. 1938).
### December births
- December 30 – Sam Fay, General manager of the Great Central Railway of England, 1902–1922 (d. 1953).[8]
## Deaths
### January deaths
- January 8 – Charles "Joe" Baldwin, conductor on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad
### March deaths
- March 11 – James Beatty, Irish engineer who was involved in building the European and North American Railway and the Grand Crimean Central Railway (b. 1820).
### April deaths
- April 19 – Thomas Rogers, American steam locomotive builder, dies in New York (b. 1792).[9]
- April 20 – Robert L. Stevens, president of Camden and Amboy Railroad (b. 1787).[10]
### November deaths
- November 1 - John Urpeth Rastrick, English steam locomotive builder and partner in Foster, Rastrick and Company (b. 1780).[11]
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{{Short description|none}}
{{Year in rail transport|prev=1855|curr=1856|next=1857|decade=1850}}
==Events==
=== January events ===
* January – Opening throughout of first railroad in [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], from [[Alexandria]] to [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ({{convert|208|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Marshall - Guinness">{{Marshall-GuinnessRail}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2016}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Raafat |first=Jordan |work=Jordan Star |date=1998-03-05 |url=http://www.egy.com/community/98-03-05.shtml |accessdate=2007-03-18 |title=Desert Train Heralds Train Tourism In Egypt |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207064829/http://www.egy.com/community/98-03-05.shtml |archivedate=2006-12-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* January 29 – The 223-mile [[North Carolina Railroad]] is completed from [[Goldsboro, North Carolina|Goldsboro]] through [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] and [[Salisbury, North Carolina|Salisbury]] to [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historync.org/railroads.htm|title=Railroads — prior to the Civil War|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|accessdate=2011-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152211/http://historync.org/railroads.htm|archivedate=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== March events ===
* March 23 or 26 – [[Cambridge Railroad]] [[street railway]] opens in [[Boston]] ([[United States]]), giving the city the world's oldest continuously working streetcar system.
=== April events ===
* April 19 – Death of American locomotive builder [[Thomas Rogers (locomotive builder)|Thomas Rogers]], following which his son, [[Jacob S. Rogers]], reorganizes [[Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor]] as [[Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works]].
* April 21 – The first railroad bridge across the [[Mississippi River]] opens between [[Rock Island, Illinois]], and [[Davenport, Iowa]].<ref name="Willard - bridge">{{cite news|last=Willard|first=John|work=Quad City Times|date=2006-01-31|url=http://www.qctimes.net/articles/2006/01/31/features/celebrate/doc43dee8a37fa3d711745830.txt|title=Dinner marks 150th birthday of the first railroad crossing on the Mississippi|accessdate=2006-01-31}}</ref>
=== May events ===
* May 1 – First section of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] opens, between [[Ankleshwar]] and [[Utran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|last=Saxena|first=R. P.|title=Indian Railway History Time Line|year=2008|accessdate=2009-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=2012-02-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* May 6 – The newly constructed [[sidewheeler]] ''Effie Afton'' runs into one of the supports for the first railroad bridge across the [[Mississippi River]], causing a fire that destroys the bridge just two weeks after it had opened.<ref name="Willard - bridge" />
=== June events ===
* June 21 – The [[Illinois Central Railroad]] opens its [[Great Central Station]] in [[Chicago]].<ref name="lind">{{Lind-Limiteds|pages=5–7}}</ref>
=== July events ===
* July 14 – The [[Rome and Frascati Rail Road]] opens for service.
* July 17 – [[The Great Train Wreck of 1856|The Great Train Wreck]] (the worst railroad calamity in the world up to this date) occurs near [[Philadelphia]] in the [[United States]].
=== September events ===
* September 16 – [[Tarragona]]–[[Reus]] line in [[Spain]] opens.
* September 21 – The [[Illinois Central Railroad]] connects [[Chicago]] to [[Cairo, Illinois]], completing 700 miles (1,126 km) of [[rail tracks|track]] to become the longest railway in the United States.
* September 22 – The [[Oriental Railway Company]] is granted the concession to build the first railway in [[Turkey]], from [[İzmir]] to [[Aydın]].
=== October events ===
* October 23 – The line that is now [[Belgian railway line 161]] is completed and opened connecting [[Brussels-North railway station|Brussels-North]] and [[Namur railway station (Belgium)|Namur]] stations.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.belrail.be/F/infrastructure/lignes/161.html| title=Ligne 161: Bruxelles-Nord – Namur| website=Chemins de fer Belges| language=nl}}</ref>
* October 28 – Opening of first railway in [[Portugal]], from [[Lisbon]] to [[Carregado]] ({{convert|37|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Marshall - Guinness" />{{page needed|date=October 2016}}
=== December events ===
* December 1 – Opening of first steam-operated passenger railways in [[Sweden]], from [[Gothenburg]] to [[Jonsered]] ({{convert|15|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Malmö]] to [[Lund]] ({{convert|17|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Marshall - Guinness" />{{page needed|date=October 2016}}
==Accidents==
{{1856 railway accidents|state=uncollapsed}}
==Births==
===February births===
* February 2 – [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], director of the [[New York Central]] system (d. 1938).
===December births===
* December 30 – [[Sam Fay]], [[General manager]] of the [[Great Central Railway]] of [[England]], 1902–1922 (d. 1953).<ref>{{cite book|author =Dow, George|title=Great Central, Vol. 3: Fay sets the pace 1900–1922|publisher=Locomotive Publishing Co|location=London|year=1965}}</ref>
==Deaths==
===January deaths===
*January 8 – [[Charles Baldwin (conductor)|Charles "Joe" Baldwin]], conductor on the [[Wilmington and Manchester Railroad]]
===March deaths===
* March 11 – [[James Beatty (engineer)|James Beatty]], Irish engineer who was involved in building the [[European and North American Railway]] and the [[Grand Crimean Central Railway]] (b. 1820).
===April deaths===
* April 19 – [[Thomas Rogers (locomotive builder)|Thomas Rogers]], [[United States|American]] [[steam locomotive]] builder, dies in New York (b. 1792).<ref>{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=John|title=Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers|publisher=[[Railway and Canal Historical Society]]|location=Oxford|year=2003|isbn=0-901461-22-9}}</ref>
* April 20 – [[Robert L. Stevens]], president of [[Camden and Amboy Railroad]] (b. 1787).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steamindex.com/people/american.htm#stevensrl |title=American engineers |date=5 May 2020 |website=steamindex.com |at=Stevens, Robert Livingston |accessdate=4 April 2024 }}</ref>
===November deaths===
* November 1 - [[John Urpeth Rastrick]], [[England|English]] [[steam locomotive]] builder and partner in [[Foster, Rastrick and Company]] (b. 1780).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steamindex.com/people/rastrick.htm |title=John Urpeth Rastrick |date=12 August 2012 |website=steamindex.com |accessdate=4 April 2024 }}</ref>
==References==
* Rivanna Chapter National Railway Historical Society (2005), ''[http://avenue.org/nrhs/histsep.htm This month in railroad history: September]''. Retrieved September 21, 2005.
* {{White - History of the American locomotive}}
{{reflist}}
| 1,217,276,271 |
[]
| false |
# 15th Infantry Division (Philippines)
The 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve), Philippine Army, known as the Defender & Builder Division, is one of the Reserve Command's ready reserve infantry divisions.
The unit specializes in Urban Warfare, Urban Search and Rescue, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, and Civil-Military Operations. It operates in the National Capital Region.
## History
The Philippine Army felt the need to re-organize its reserve units in the National Capital Region (NCR) when the 9th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve) was deactivated and the newly created regular infantry division (9ID) took its numerical designation.
The Commission on Appointments, confirmed the promotion of Colonel Javier Jr to brigadier general on 21 September 2012.
On 3 December 2012, Colonel Javier Jr was sworn in as a brigadier general by President Benigno S. Aquino III, together with other newly promoted generals of the AFP at the Rizal Hall of Malacañang Palace.
The division, since its activation, has performed countless Civil-Military Operations, Search and Rescue Operations and directly assist then AFP National Capital Regional Command and now the AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region in fulfilling its mandate of ensuring peace and order within the National Capital Region.
## Mission
- Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion within its AOP.
- Assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters.[6]
- Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns.[7]
- Assist in the operation and maintenance of essential government and private utilities (e.g. power, telecommunications, water).
## Vision
A well disciplined, organized, trained and non-partisan citizen army, able to augment the regular force and respond to national disasters and threats to national security, during peacetime, war or rebellion mandated to perform tasks of Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW).
## Lineage of Commanding Officers
- COL RAFAEL M ALUNAN III (RES) PA (during operational term as 9th Infantry Division) (2002 – 10 Jul 06)[8]
- BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP – (10 Jul 06 – PRESENT)
## Organization
The following are the Base/Brigade units that are under the 15th Infantry Division (RR).
### Base Units
- Headquarters & Headquarters Service Battalion (HHSBn)
- Service Support Battalion (SSBn)
- Military Police Company (MP Coy)
- Engineering Combat Battalion (ECBn)
- Reconnaissance Battalion (Recon Bn)
- Military Intelligence Battalion (MIBn)
- Search and Rescue Unit (SARU)
- Mechanized Infantry Battalion (MBn) (Proposed)
### Line Units
- 1501st Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
- 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
- 1503rd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
- 1504th Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
- 1505th Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
## Trainings
The following are division-level special trainings undertaken by the unit soldiers:
- Basic Citizen Military Training
- Military Orientation Training
- Pre-Deployment Training
- Disaster Emergency Assistance and Rescue Training
- High Angle Rescue Training
- Mountain Search and Rescue Training
- Water Search and Rescue Training
- Urban Search and Rescue Training
- Civil Military Operations Orientation Training
- Special Forces Operations Orientation Training
- Field Artillery Orientation Training
- Combat Engineering Orientation Training
- Small Unit Tactics Training
- VIP Security Training
- Motorcycle Unit Training
- Combat Lifesaver Training
- Reservist Intelligence Collection Training
- Military Intelligence and Security Training
- Counterintelligence Refresher Course
- Military Intelligence Agent Training
- Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Agent cross-trained with Counter Improvised Explosive Device
Training is supervised and course-directed by reserve officers who are occupational specialty qualified, former active duty members, and already incorporated in the ready reserve force.
Unit soldiers also undertake regular courses from the AFP and regular Army TRADOC and special schools. There are reservists who are already authorized to don infantry, ordnance, civil military operations, psychological operations and airborne badges. The unit reservists also undertake specialized trainings from other government agencies.
Many unit officers and personnel have already served the fixed two-year called-to-active-duty tour in the regular force. As a modern reserve force, many possess advanced degrees, technical and professional certifications that fill skill gaps in the regular force. Most of the officers and personnel are also employed in local government administration and private and government security services. Reservists of the unit are considered excellent force multipliers in internal security and external defense operations.
## Operations
- Various Civil-Military Operations
- Various Internal Security Intelligence and Counterintelligence Operations
- Various National-level Disaster Field Demonstrations and Exercises
- Various Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation Operations
- Rescue and Relief Operations TS Ondoy & Pepeng (September – October 2010)
- Rescue and Relief Operations TS Sendong (October 2011)
- Rescue and Relief Operations West Monsoon HABAGAT (August 2012)
- Intelligence Support for Counter Narcotics Operations in various cities of Metro Manila
- Rescue and Relief Operations Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013)
- Rescue and Relief Operations (TF Glenda) (16 Jul 14 – 17 Jul 14)
- Rescue and Relief Operations (TF Mario) (19 Sep 14 – 21 Sep 14)
## Awards and decorations
### Campaign streamers
| Award Streamer | Streamer Name | Operation | Date Awarded | Reference |
| -------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| | Presidential Unit Citation Badge | SAR/DRR Ops, TS Ketsana & TS Parma | 4 February 2010 | General Orders No. 112, GHQ-AFP, dtd 4 Feb '10 |
| | Presidential Unit Citation Badge | General Elections, Philippines | 1 July 2010 | General Orders No. 641, GHQ-AFP, dtd 1 July '10 |
### Badges
| Military Badge | Badge Name | Operation | Date Awarded | Reference |
| -------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------- |
| | AFP Election Duty Badge | General Elections, Philippines | 21 May 2010 | General Orders No. 513, GHQ-AFP, dtd 21 May '10 |
## Gallery
- The 15th Infantry Division
- LTC HERBERT M BAUTISTA MNSA (GSC) RES PA together with LTC SAL G DUMABOK MNSA (RES) GSC PA, and then TSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA inspect the troops prior to deployment for Rehabilitation Operations on areas affected by TS Ketsana.
- TSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA; 20IB(RR) Sergeant Major, briefs the personnel assigned for deployment during Security Operations at Holy Cross Memorial Park, Quezon City (Undas 2009).
- Reservists from the HHC, 1502IBDE(RR) and 201IB(RR) staffed the Tactical Command Post at the Holy Cross Memorial Park in San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City during (Undas 2010) Security Operations.
- Reservists provide security and assist medical personnel during the conduct of Medical and Dental Civic-Action Program (MEDCAP) at Bgy Nagkaisang Nayon, QC.
- Army Reservists from the 201IB(RR) conduct Clean-up Drive (CMO) at Bgy Old Capitol Site, QC.
- QC Reservists conduct rescue operations at Bgy Bagong Silangan, QC during the height of torrential rains brought by Southwest Monsoon in June 2011.
- QC Reservists receive their certificates from COL Danilo P Gomez QMS (GSC) PA; 1302CDC Commanding Officer.
- Newly promoted CPT ROMEO C MENDOZA (RES) PA is awarded by BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP; commanding general.15th Infantry Division, ARESCOM with the Military Merit Medal for his contributions to TF Maring.
- Maj Guillermo "Butch" T Mabute (INF) PA; commanding officer, 1302CDC, NCRRCDG congratulates the awardees and thanks TF Maring for a job well done.
- Dr Mary Ruby M Palma of the Quezon City, Gender and Development Resource and Coordinating Office is donned with rank of lieutenant colonel in the reserve force, Philippine Army.
- UP Village Bgy Captain and Lawyer Virgilio S Ferrer II is promoted to the rank of major in the reserve force, Philippine Army.
- Deputy J9, Commodore George F Cataneo AFP and 15ID(RR) Commander, Brigadier General Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP inspects the DRRM Units of Quezon City.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve)
| image= 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve) Unit Seal.jpg
| image_size = 100
|caption= Unit Seal of the 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve)
|dates= 10 July 2006 – Present
|country= {{flagicon|Philippines}} Philippines
|allegiance= {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Republic of the Philippines]]
|branch= [[Philippine Army]]
|type= [[File:Laang Kawal Seal.jpg|30px]] [[Philippine Army Reserve Command|Army Reserve]]<br /> [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[Infantry|Light Infantry Division]]
|role= performs multiple military roles in Conventional and Unconventional Warfare, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HA/DR), and Civil-Military Operations (CMO)
|size= 5 [[Brigade]]s, 15 [[Battalion]]s. Total is 6,320 trained and operational citizen-soldiers
|command_structure= [[Philippine Army Reserve Command]] (Since 2006)
|current_commander= [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Brigadier general|BGen]] [[Marcelo B. Javier Jr.|Marcelo B Javier Jr]] (RES) AFP
|garrison= [[Fort Bonifacio|NCRRCDG Cpd, Fort Andres Bonifacio]], [[Taguig City]]
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= ''"Defender & Builder Division"''<br /> ''"Division Defensor y Constuctor"''
|patron=
|motto= ''"Defender & Builder"''<br />''"Defensor y Constuctor"''
|colors=
|march=
|mascot= Crossed Rifle & Shovel
|battles=
|notable_commanders= [[Marcelo B. Javier Jr.|BGen Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP]]
|anniversaries=10 July 2006
|decorations=[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines) Streamer.png|250px]] <br /> [[Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines)|Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation Badge]]
|battle_honours= None
|identification_symbol_label= Search and Rescue Tab
|identification_symbol= [[File:The AFP Search and Rescue Tab.jpg|150px|center]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= ''Laang Kawal'' Seal
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:Laang Kawal Seal.jpg|150px|center]]
|identification_symbol_3_label= Philippine Army Infantry Branch Insignia
|identification_symbol_3= [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|150px|center]]
|identification_symbol_4_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
}}
The '''15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve), Philippine Army''',<ref>https://www.facebook.com/pages/15th-Infantry-Division-Ready-Reserve-Philippine-Army/115078598526587 Official Facebook Page of the 15ID(RR) {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> known as the '''Defender & Builder Division''', is one of the [[Philippine Army Reserve Command|Reserve Command]]'s ready reserve [[infantry]] divisions.
The unit specializes in [[Urban warfare|Urban Warfare]], [[Urban search and rescue|Urban Search and Rescue]], [[Humanitarian aid|Humanitarian Assistance]] and [[Emergency management|Disaster Relief]], and [[Civil-military operations|Civil-Military Operations]]. It operates in the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]].
==History==
[[File:Brigadier General Marcelo B Javier Jr.jpg|left|thumb|Brigadier General Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP; the commanding general of the 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve).]]
The [[Philippine Army]] felt the need to re-organize its reserve units in the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region (NCR)]] when the 9th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve) was deactivated and the newly created regular infantry division ([[9th Infantry Division (Philippines)|9ID]]) took its numerical designation.
The [[Commission on Appointments]], confirmed the promotion of Colonel Javier Jr to brigadier general on 21 September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.remate.ph/2012/09/promosyon-ng-106-afp-officers-kinumpirma-ng-ca/ |title=Promosyon ng 106 AFP officers, kinumpirma ng CA – Remate | Remate |access-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317094449/http://www.remate.ph/2012/09/promosyon-ng-106-afp-officers-kinumpirma-ng-ca/ |archive-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 3 December 2012, Colonel Javier Jr was sworn in as a brigadier general by President [[Benigno S. Aquino III]], together with other newly promoted generals of the AFP at the Rizal Hall of [[Malacañang Palace]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://president.gov.ph/featured_stories/president-aquino-swears-in-military-officials-in-malacanang/ | title=President Aquino swears in military officials in Malacanang | date=3 December 2012 | publisher=Office of the President (Philippines) | accessdate=28 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317081227/http://www.president.gov.ph/featured_stories/president-aquino-swears-in-military-officials-in-malacanang/ | archive-date=17 March 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The division, since its activation, has performed countless [[Civil-military operations|Civil-Military Operations]], [[Search and rescue|Search and Rescue Operations]] and directly assist then [[National Capital Regional Command (Philippines)|AFP National Capital Regional Command]] and now the [[AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region]] in fulfilling its mandate of ensuring peace and order within the National Capital Region.<ref>[[National Capital Regional Command (Philippines)#Line Units]]</ref><ref>[[AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region#Line Units]]</ref>
==Mission==
* Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion within its AOP.
* Assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/afp-reservists-help-lgus-disaster-response|title = AFP reservists to help LGUs in disaster response – Philippines}}</ref>
* Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://groundreport.com/philippines-dellosa-directs-afp-tap-reservists-in-bayanihan-plan/|title = Philippines: Dellosa directs AFP Tap reservists in Bayanihan plan|date = 28 April 2012}}</ref>
* Assist in the operation and maintenance of essential government and private utilities (e.g. power, telecommunications, water).
==Vision==
A well disciplined, organized, trained and [[Nonpartisanism|non-partisan]] [[Militia|citizen army]], able to augment the [[Regular army|regular force]] and respond to national disasters and threats to [[national security]], during peacetime, [[war]] or [[rebellion]] mandated to perform tasks of [[Military operations other than war|Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)]].
==Lineage of Commanding Officers==
* [[File:AFP Colonel Rank Insignia.jpg|45px]] COL RAFAEL M ALUNAN III (RES) PA (during operational term as 9th Infantry Division) (2002 – 10 Jul 06)<ref>http://fsgo.ph/about-fsgo/fsgo-members/alunan-rafael-iii/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015449/http://fsgo.ph/about-fsgo/fsgo-members/alunan-rafael-iii/ |date=24 March 2014 }} SOI of COL RAFAEL ALUNAN III (RES) PA</ref>
* [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Marcelo B. Javier Jr.|BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP]] – (10 Jul 06 – PRESENT)
==Organization==
The following are the Base/Brigade units that are under the 15th Infantry Division (RR).
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Infantry Division (Reserve) TOE.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Table of Organization and Equipment of the 15ID(RR).]] -->
===Base Units===
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] Headquarters & Headquarters Service Battalion (HHSBn)
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] Service Support Battalion (SSBn)
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] Military Police Company (MP Coy)
* Engineering Combat Battalion (ECBn)
* [[File:Reconnaissance Scroll.jpg|30px]] [[Reconnaissance Battalion (Ready Reserve)|Reconnaissance Battalion (Recon Bn)]]
* [[File:Philippine Army Intelligence BC.jpg|30px]] Military Intelligence Battalion (MIBn)
* [[File:The AFP Search and Rescue Tab.jpg|30px]] [[15th Infantry Division Search and Rescue Unit (Philippines)|Search and Rescue Unit (SARU)]]
* [[File:The Philippine Army Cavalry Branch Class.jpg|30px]] Mechanized Infantry Battalion (MBn) (Proposed)
===Line Units===
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[1501st Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)]]
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[1502nd Quezon City Ready Reserve Brigade|1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)]]
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[1503rd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)]]
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[1504th Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)]]
* [[File:Philippine Army Infantry BC.jpg|30px]] [[1505th Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)]]
==Trainings==
The following are division-level special trainings undertaken by the unit soldiers:
* Basic Citizen Military Training
* Military Orientation Training
* Pre-Deployment Training
* Disaster Emergency Assistance and Rescue Training
* High Angle Rescue Training
* Mountain Search and Rescue Training
* Water Search and Rescue Training
* Urban Search and Rescue Training
* Civil Military Operations Orientation Training
* Special Forces Operations Orientation Training
* Field Artillery Orientation Training
* Combat Engineering Orientation Training
* Small Unit Tactics Training
* VIP Security Training
* Motorcycle Unit Training
* Combat Lifesaver Training
* Reservist Intelligence Collection Training
* Military Intelligence and Security Training
* Counterintelligence Refresher Course
* Military Intelligence Agent Training
* Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Agent cross-trained with Counter Improvised Explosive Device
Training is supervised and course-directed by reserve officers who are occupational specialty qualified, former active duty members, and already incorporated in the ready reserve force.
Unit soldiers also undertake regular courses from the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|AFP]] and regular [[Philippine Army Training and Doctrine Command|Army TRADOC]] and special schools. There are reservists who are already authorized to don infantry, ordnance, civil military operations, psychological operations and airborne badges. The unit reservists also undertake specialized trainings from other government agencies.
Many unit officers and personnel have already served the fixed two-year called-to-active-duty tour in the regular force. As a modern reserve force, many possess advanced degrees, technical and professional certifications that fill skill gaps in the regular force. Most of the officers and personnel are also employed in local government administration and private and government security services. Reservists of the unit are considered excellent force multipliers in internal security and external defense operations.
==Operations==
* Various Civil-Military Operations
* Various Internal Security Intelligence and Counterintelligence Operations
* Various National-level Disaster Field Demonstrations and Exercises
* Various Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation Operations
* Rescue and Relief Operations TS Ondoy & Pepeng (September – October 2010)
* Rescue and Relief Operations TS Sendong (October 2011)
* Rescue and Relief Operations West Monsoon HABAGAT (August 2012)
* Intelligence Support for Counter Narcotics Operations in various cities of Metro Manila
* Rescue and Relief Operations [[Tropical Storm Haiyan|Super Typhoon Yolanda]] (November 2013)
* Rescue and Relief Operations ([[Typhoon Rammasun (2014)|TF Glenda]]) (16 Jul 14 – 17 Jul 14)
* Rescue and Relief Operations ([[Tropical Storm Fung-wong (2014)|TF Mario]]) (19 Sep 14 – 21 Sep 14)
==Awards and decorations==
===Campaign streamers===
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Streamer
! Streamer Name
! Operation
! Date Awarded
! Reference
|-
|[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines) Streamer.png|200px]]||[[Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation|Presidential Unit Citation Badge]]||SAR/DRR Ops, [[Tropical Storm Ketsana|TS Ketsana]] & [[Typhoon Parma|TS Parma]]||4 February 2010 ||General Orders No. 112, GHQ-AFP, dtd 4 Feb '10
|-
|[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines) Streamer.png|200px]]||[[Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation|Presidential Unit Citation Badge]]||[[2010 Philippine general election|General Elections, Philippines]]||1 July 2010||General Orders No. 641, GHQ-AFP, dtd 1 July '10
|-
|}
===Badges===
{| class="wikitable"
! Military Badge
! Badge Name
! Operation
! Date Awarded
! Reference
|-
|[[File:AFP HOPE Badge.png|80px|center]]||[[AFP Election Duty Badge]]||[[2010 Philippine general election|General Elections, Philippines]]||21 May 2010 ||General Orders No. 513, GHQ-AFP, dtd 21 May '10
|-
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="220px" heights="160px" perrow="3" caption="The 15th Infantry Division">
File:1502IBDE Commander and staff.jpg|[[Herbert Bautista|LTC HERBERT M BAUTISTA MNSA (GSC) RES PA]] together with LTC SAL G DUMABOK MNSA (RES) GSC PA, and then TSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA inspect the troops prior to deployment for Rehabilitation Operations on areas affected by TS Ketsana.
File:QC Task Force CASPER 2009.jpg|TSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA; 20IB(RR) Sergeant Major, briefs the personnel assigned for deployment during Security Operations at Holy Cross Memorial Park, Quezon City (Undas 2009).
File:QC Task Force Casper 2010.jpg|Reservists from the HHC, 1502IBDE(RR) and 201IB(RR) staffed the Tactical Command Post at the Holy Cross Memorial Park in San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City during (Undas 2010) Security Operations.
File:QC Army Reserve - MEDCAP 2010.jpg|Reservists provide security and assist medical personnel during the conduct of Medical and Dental Civic-Action Program (MEDCAP) at Bgy Nagkaisang Nayon, QC.
File:Clean-Up Drive (CMO) Bgy Old Capitol Site.jpg|Army Reservists from the 201IB(RR) conduct Clean-up Drive (CMO) at Bgy Old Capitol Site, QC.
File:SAR Operations Bagong Silangan QC.jpg|QC Reservists conduct rescue operations at Bgy Bagong Silangan, QC during the height of torrential rains brought by Southwest Monsoon in June 2011.
File:Awarding of Certificates for completion of Pre-deployment Seminar.jpg|QC Reservists receive their certificates from COL Danilo P Gomez QMS (GSC) PA; 1302CDC Commanding Officer.
File:CPT Mendoza awarded the MMM.jpg|Newly promoted CPT ROMEO C MENDOZA (RES) PA is awarded by BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP; commanding general.15th Infantry Division, [[ARESCOM]] with the [[Military Merit Medal (Philippines)|Military Merit Medal]] for his contributions to TF Maring.
File:CDC Commander thanks troops.jpg|Maj Guillermo "Butch" T Mabute (INF) PA; commanding officer, 1302CDC, NCRRCDG congratulates the awardees and thanks TF Maring for a job well done.
File:Donning of LTC Mary Ruby M Palma.jpg|Dr Mary Ruby M Palma of the Quezon City, Gender and Development Resource and Coordinating Office is donned with rank of lieutenant colonel in the reserve force, Philippine Army.
File:Donning of Maj Virgilio S Ferrer II.jpg|UP Village Bgy Captain and Lawyer Virgilio S Ferrer II is promoted to the rank of major in the reserve force, Philippine Army.
File:Deputy J9 and 15ID Div Commander inspects QC DRRM Units.jpg|Deputy J9, Commodore George F Cataneo AFP and 15ID(RR) Commander, Brigadier General Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP inspects the DRRM Units of Quezon City.
</gallery>
==References==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* The Public Affairs Office, ''Philippine Army: The first 100 years'', 1998, Philippine Army.
* HPA GO Nr 290 dtd 16 June 2006.
* HARESCOM GO Nr 233 dtd 20 July 2006.
* The Training Committee, ''Basic Citizens Military Training Manual'', 2009, HARESCOM.
{{DEFAULTSORT:15th Infantry Division (Philippines)}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2006]]
[[Category:Reserve and Auxiliary Units of the Philippine Military]]
| 1,252,839,238 |
[{"title": "15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve)", "data": {"Active": "10 July 2006 \u2013 Present", "Country": "Philippines", "Allegiance": "Republic of the Philippines", "Branch": "Philippine Army", "Type": "Army Reserve \u00b7 Light Infantry Division", "Role": "performs multiple military roles in Conventional and Unconventional Warfare, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HA/DR), and Civil-Military Operations (CMO)", "Size": "5 Brigades, 15 Battalions. Total is 6,320 trained and operational citizen-soldiers", "Part of": "Philippine Army Reserve Command (Since 2006)", "Garrison/HQ": "NCRRCDG Cpd, Fort Andres Bonifacio, Taguig City", "Nickname(s)": "\"Defender & Builder Division\" \u00b7 \"Division Defensor y Constuctor\"", "Motto(s)": "\"Defender & Builder\" \u00b7 \"Defensor y Constuctor\"", "Mascot(s)": "Crossed Rifle & Shovel", "Anniversaries": "10 July 2006", "Decorations": "\u00b7 Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation Badge", "Battle honours": "None"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Current \u00b7 commander": "BGen Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP", "Notable \u00b7 commanders": "BGen Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP"}}]
| false |
# 1010 Midtown
1010 Midtown is a 35-story, 124 m (407 ft) skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia with 425 condominiums atop 38,000 sq ft (3,500 m2) of retail and dining space. The structure is part of the 12th & Midtown development, situated on approximately 2 acres (0.81 ha) on the block between 11th and 12th streets in Midtown Atlanta, the front of which follows the curve of Peachtree Street. The 1010 Midtown building also features a park-in-the-sky, which will be one of the largest environmentally green rooftops in the city.
Daniel Corporation, Selig Enterprises, the Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund (CJUF), and MetLife combined forces to make 1010 Midtown, a key piece in the Midtown Mile, a reality. The building was designed by the architecture firm Rule Joy Trammell + Rubio and built by Brasfield & Gorrie. Construction of this first phase of the 12th & Midtown development began in August 2006 and was completed in early 2009.
At the base of 1010 Midtown sit several restaurants, including Sugar Factory and Silverlake Ramen. It also houses a Bank of America branch and additional retail space fronting Peachtree Street.
## Incident
On March 9, 2012, a man jumped to his death from the 35th floor of the building.
## Midtown Mile
The Midtown Mile, a block that is expected to cover some 3,000,000 sq ft (280,000 m2) when completed, will run along Peachtree Street and will be the newest location for high-end retail and dining activities in Atlanta. It will host a variety of flagship storefronts, restaurants, hotels and high-rises, of which, 1010 Midtown will be the first to be fully completed.
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{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox building
| building_name = 1010 Midtown
| image = 1010 Midtown, Midtown Atlanta GA.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = 1010 Midtown (2010)
| alternate_names = 1010 Peachtree
| location = 1080 Peachtree Street NE<br />[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33.78376|-84.38385|region:US-GA_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| map_type = Midtown Atlanta#Atlanta#Georgia (U.S. state)#United States
| start_date = 2006
| completion_date = November 2008
| roof = {{convert|124|m|abbr=on}}
| unit_count = 425
| floor_count = 35
| elevator_count = 6
| architect = Joy Trammell + Rubio
| developer = Selig Enterprises, Inc.
| references = <ref>{{CTBUH|4693}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/272809 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024706/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/272809 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 272809 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{SkyscraperPage|54664}}</ref><ref>{{Structurae|20040145}}</ref>
}}
'''1010 Midtown''' is a 35-story, {{convert|124|m|abbr=on}} [[skyscraper]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] with 425 condominiums atop {{convert|38000|sqft|abbr=on}} of retail and dining space. The structure is part of the [[12th & Midtown]] development, situated on approximately {{convert|2|acre}} on the block between 11th and 12th streets in [[Midtown Atlanta]], the front of which follows the curve of [[Peachtree Street]]. The 1010 Midtown building also features a park-in-the-sky, which will be one of the largest environmentally [[Green building|green rooftops]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web | title=High-rise Buildings of Atlanta | url=http://myurbancity.com/category/atlanta/condos/1010-midtown | work=MyUrbanCity | date=2011 | access-date=11 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000434/http://myurbancity.com/category/atlanta/condos/1010-midtown/ | archive-date=2011-10-07 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Daniel Corporation, Selig Enterprises, the Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund (CJUF), and [[MetLife]] combined forces to make 1010 Midtown, a key piece in the [[Midtown Mile]], a reality. The building was designed by the architecture firm Rule Joy Trammell + Rubio and built by [[Brasfield & Gorrie]]. Construction of this first phase of the [[12th & Midtown]] development began in August 2006 and was completed in early 2009.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
At the base of 1010 Midtown sit several restaurants, including Sugar Factory and Silverlake Ramen. It also houses a Bank of America branch and additional retail space fronting Peachtree Street.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
==Incident==
On March 9, 2012, a man jumped to his death from the 35th floor of the building.<ref>{{cite news | author=Hunt Archbold | title=Man leaps to death in Midtown | url=http://midtown.patch.com/articles/man-leaps-to-death-in-midtown | work=Midtown Patch | date=March 10, 2012 | access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
== Midtown Mile ==
The Midtown Mile, a block that is expected to cover some {{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on}} when completed, will run along Peachtree Street and will be the newest location for high-end retail and dining activities in Atlanta. It will host a variety of flagship storefronts, restaurants, hotels and high-rises, of which, 1010 Midtown will be the first to be fully completed.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.1010midtown.com/ 1010 Midtown official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622121237/http://www.1010midtowncondosupdate.com/ 1010 Midtown official blog]
{{Atlanta landmarks}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Midtown Atlanta]]
[[Category:Residential condominiums in the United States]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2009]]
| 1,242,369,066 |
[{"title": "1010 Midtown", "data": {"Alternative names": "1010 Peachtree"}}, {"title": "General information", "data": {"Location": "1080 Peachtree Street NE \u00b7 Atlanta, Georgia", "Coordinates": "33\u00b047\u203202\u2033N 84\u00b023\u203202\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff33.78376\u00b0N 84.38385\u00b0W", "Construction started": "2006", "Completed": "November 2008"}}, {"title": "Height", "data": {"Roof": "124 m (407 ft)"}}, {"title": "Technical details", "data": {"Floor count": "35", "Lifts/elevators": "6"}}, {"title": "Design and construction", "data": {"Architect(s)": "Joy Trammell + Rubio", "Developer": "Selig Enterprises, Inc."}}, {"title": "Other information", "data": {"Number of units": "425"}}]
| false |
# 1709 in Sweden
Events from the year 1709 in Sweden
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Charles XII
## Events
- June 27 (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; July 8 New Style) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava: In Ukraine, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, defeats Charles XII of Sweden, thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
- The deposed Polish monarch Stanisław I of Poland is given refuge in Kristianstad in Sweden with his family, including Queen Catherine Opalińska and Marie Leszczyńska.[1]
## Births
- 14 March - Sten Carl Bielke, official, scientist (died 1753)
- 11 July - Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, chemist and mineralogist (died 1785)
- Carl Johan Cronstedt, architect, inventor, Earl, noble, civil servant, scientist and bibliophile (died 1779)
- Henrika Juliana von Liewen, politically active baroness (died 1779)
## Deaths
- 17 February - Erik Benzelius the Elder, theologian and Archbishop of Uppsala (born 1632)
- 9 April - Israel Kolmodin, hymnwriter and Lutheran priest (born 1643)
- 24 May - Nils Gyldenstolpe (1642–1709), count, official and diplomat (born 1642)
- 28 June - Gustaf Adlerfelt, historical writer (born 1671)
- September 7 - Gunno Dahlstierna, poet (born 1661)
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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{yearbox|
in?= in Sweden|
}}
[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|350px|Marten's Poltava]]
Events from the year '''1709 in [[Sweden]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of Swedish monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]]
==Events==
* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) – [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]]: In [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in [[Europe]].
* The deposed Polish monarch [[Stanisław I|Stanisław I of Poland]] is given refuge in Kristianstad in Sweden with his family, including Queen [[Catherine Opalińska]] and [[Marie Leszczyńska]].<ref>Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (1947). ''Hedvig Eleonora''. Wahlström & Widstrand. {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
==Births==
* 14 March - [[Sten Carl Bielke]], official, scientist (died [[1753 in Sweden |1753]])
* 11 July - [[Johan Gottschalk Wallerius]], chemist and mineralogist (died [[1785 in Sweden |1785]])
* [[Carl Johan Cronstedt]], architect, inventor, Earl, noble, civil servant, scientist and bibliophile (died [[1779 in Sweden |1779]])
* [[Henrika Juliana von Liewen]], politically active baroness (died [[1779 in Sweden |1779]])
==Deaths==
* 17 February - [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]], theologian and Archbishop of Uppsala (born [[1632 in Sweden |1632]])
* 9 April - [[Israel Kolmodin]], hymnwriter and Lutheran priest (born [[1643 in Sweden |1643]])
* 24 May - [[Nils Gyldenstolpe (1642–1709)]], count, official and diplomat (born [[1642 in Sweden |1642]])
* 28 June - [[Gustaf Adlerfelt]], historical writer (born [[1671 in Sweden |1671]])
* September 7 - [[Gunno Dahlstierna]], poet (born [[1661 in Sweden |1661]])
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
{{Year in Europe|1709}}
{{Years in Sweden}}
[[Category:1709 in Sweden| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Sweden]]
[[Category:1709 by country|Sweden]]
{{Sweden-year-stub}}
| 1,279,556,187 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"Years in Sweden": "1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712", "Centuries": "17th century \u00b7 18th century \u00b7 19th century", "Decades": "1670s 1680s 1690s 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s", "Years": "1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712"}}]
| false |
# 1856 in birding and ornithology
- John Cassin publishes Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America.
- Léon Olphe-Galliard takes part in the second congress of Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft at Gothen in Germany, where he meets Prince Lucien Bonaparte, and other scientists.
- Johan August Wahlberg killed by a wounded elephant while exploring the headwaters of the Limpopo River.
- Birds described in 1856 include kea, Brewer's sparrow, western bronze-naped pigeon, yellow-spotted barbet, barred parakeet,
- In October the red-necked nightjar occurred in Britain.
- Marc Athanase Parfait Oeillet Des Murs publishes the ornithological section of Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate la Vénus in collaboration with Florent Prévost.
- Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen joins the Great Trigonometric Survey of India .
- Robert Swinhoe makes an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of Formosa
Ongoing events
- John Gould The birds of Australia; Supplement 1851–69. 1 vol. 81 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter
- John Gould The birds of Asia; 1850-83 7 vols. 530 plates, Artists: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Lithographers:H. C. Richter and W. Hart
|
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Q16820319
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{{short description|none}}
{{Year box|decade prefix=Bird species new to science described in the}}
[[Image:Pachyornis Fenton.jpg|thumb|[[Heavy-footed moa]] described by [[Richard Owen]] in 1856]]
*[[John Cassin]] publishes ''Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America.''
*[[Léon Olphe-Galliard]] takes part in the second congress of [[Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft]] at Gothen in Germany, where he meets [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Prince Lucien Bonaparte]], and other scientists.
*[[Johan August Wahlberg]] killed by a wounded elephant while exploring the headwaters of the [[Limpopo River]].
* Birds described in 1856 include [[kea]], [[Brewer's sparrow]], [[western bronze-naped pigeon]], [[yellow-spotted barbet]], [[barred parakeet]],
*In October the [[red-necked nightjar]] occurred in Britain.
*[[Marc Athanase Parfait Oeillet Des Murs]] publishes the ornithological section of ''Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate la Vénus'' in collaboration with [[Florent Prévost]].
*[[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen]] joins the [[Great Trigonometric Survey|Great Trigonometric Survey of India]] .
*[[Robert Swinhoe]] makes an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of [[Formosa]]
'''Ongoing events'''
*[[John Gould]] ''The birds of Australia''; Supplement 1851–69. 1 vol. 81 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter
*John Gould ''The birds of Asia''; 1850-83 7 vols. 530 plates, Artists: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Lithographers:H. C. Richter and W. Hart
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1856 in science|Bird]]
[[Category:Birding and ornithology by year]]
{{ornithology-stub}}
| 1,218,112,129 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"Years in birding and ornithology": "1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859", "Centuries": "18th century \u00b7 19th century \u00b7 20th century", "Decades": "1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s", "Years": "1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859"}}]
| false |
# 1657 in France
Events from the year 1657 in France
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Louis XIV[1]
## Events
- March – The Treaty of Paris allied the English Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell with King Louis XIV of France against King Philip IV of Spain.
- The 54th Infantry Regiment was formed.
## Births
- 11 February – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, writer (d. 1757)[2]
- 25 May – Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, bishop and cardinal (d. 1737)
- 16 June – Louis Ellies Dupin, ecclesiastical historian (d. 1719)[3]
- 24 July – Jean Mathieu de Chazelles, hydrographer (d. 1710)
- 7 August – Henri Basnage de Beauval, Huguenot historian, lexicographer and journal editor (d. 1710)
- 9 August – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, sculptor (d. 1733)
- 15 December – Michel Richard Delalande, composer and organist (d. 1726)
### Full date missing
- Jean-François de Chamillart, churchman (d. 1714)
- Anne Ferrand, writer (d. 1740)
- Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, fur trader and explorer (d. 1704)
- Jean-Baptiste Nolin, cartographer and engraver (d. 1708)
- Jacques Savary des Brûlons, lexicographer (d. 1716)
- Sébastien Truchet, Dominican priest, scientist and inventor (d. 1729)[4]
## Deaths
- 19 February – Jean Riolan the Younger, anatomist (b. 1577 or 1580)
- 24 March – Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, count and marshal (b. 1605)[5]
- 24 December – Philippe Le Sueur de Petiville, poet (b. 1607)
### Full date missing
- Pompone de Bellièvre, magistrate, ambassador and statesman (b. 1606)
- Françoise de Lansac, courtier (b. 1582)
|
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|
en
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Q2808632
| 159,239 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in France header}}
Events from the year '''1657 in [[France]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of French monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC - History - Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638-1715) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xiv.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
==Events==
*March – The [[Treaty of Paris (1657)|Treaty of Paris]] allied the English Protectorate of [[Oliver Cromwell]] with [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] of France against [[Philip IV of Spain|King Philip IV]] of Spain.
*The [[54th Infantry Regiment (France)|54th Infantry Regiment]] was formed.
==Births==
[[File:Delalande after an engraving by Charles Deblois ca. 1872, itself after his portrait in oils by Jean-Baptiste Santerre, ca 1705.jpg |thumb|right |100 px | [[Michel Richard Delalande]] ]]
[[File:Sebastien truchet.jpg |thumb|right |100 px | [[Sébastien Truchet]] ]]
*11 February – [[Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle]], writer (d. 1757)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fontenelle.html |title=Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle |website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
*25 May – [[Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy]], bishop and cardinal (d. 1737)
*16 June – [[Louis Ellies Dupin]], ecclesiastical historian (d. 1719)<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Du Pin, Louis Ellies|volume=8|page=687}}</ref>
*24 July – [[Jean Mathieu de Chazelles]], hydrographer (d. 1710)
*7 August – [[Henri Basnage de Beauval]], Huguenot historian, lexicographer and journal editor (d. 1710)
*9 August – [[Pierre-Étienne Monnot]], sculptor (d. 1733)
*15 December – [[Michel Richard Delalande]], composer and organist (d. 1726)
===Full date missing===
*[[Jean-François de Chamillart]], churchman (d. 1714)
*[[Anne Ferrand]], writer (d. 1740)
*[[Pierre-Charles Le Sueur]], fur trader and explorer (d. 1704)
*[[Jean-Baptiste Nolin]], cartographer and engraver (d. 1708)
*[[Jacques Savary des Brûlons]], lexicographer (d. 1716)
*[[Sébastien Truchet]], Dominican priest, scientist and inventor (d. 1729)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA177 |title=Jean-Sebastien Truchet, né à Lyon l'an 1657, mort en 1729|last1=Raynal|first1=Guillaume Thomas François|year=1766}}</ref>
==Deaths==
[[File:La-motte-houdancourt.jpg |thumb|right |100 px | [[Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt]] ]]
*19 February – [[Jean Riolan the Younger]], anatomist (b. 1577 or 1580)
*24 March – [[Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt]], count and marshal (b. 1605)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/nouvellebiograph29hoef#page/n133/mode/2up |title=La Mothe-Houdancourt }}</ref>
*24 December – [[Philippe Le Sueur de Petiville]], poet (b. 1607)
===Full date missing===
*[[Pompone de Bellièvre]], magistrate, ambassador and statesman (b. 1606)
*[[Françoise de Lansac]], courtier (b. 1582)
==See also==
{{Portal bar|France|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{France year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1657}}
[[Category:1650s in France]]
{{France-hist-stub}}
| 1,245,312,018 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1656 - 1655 - 1654 - 1653 - 1652": "1657 \u00b7 in \u00b7 France \u00b7 \u2192 - 1658 - 1659 - 1660 - 1661 - 1662", "Decades": "1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s", "See also": "Other events of 1657 \u00b7 History of France \u2022 Timeline \u2022 Years"}}]
| false |
# 101 Cars You Must Drive
101 Cars you Must Drive was a Speed TV program hosted by actor and comedian Alonzo Bodden. The premise of the program is that there will be (at least) 101 cars, and that all 5 cars within a particular episode can be linked to one another in some fashion.
## Description
The first season consisted of 10 half-hour-long episodes. Bodden drove each of the five described vehicles, with the exceptions of the Chevrolet Nova, 1951 Aerocar, Chrysler K-Car, Ford Bronco, Chevrolet Corvette Mk IV prototype, and the 1955 Chevrolet Bel-Air. Although he did not drive one, Bodden did ride in a Renault R5. 50 vehicles were reviewed by Bodden.
## Cancellation
Alonzo Bodden has stated the show has been cancelled by Speed.
## Episode list
| Ep. # | Episode Name | Original Air Date | Cars included in episode |
| ----- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1-1 | "The Bird is the Word" | June 30, 2008 | 1 - 1956-1958 Studebaker Golden Hawk 2 - 1970 Plymouth Superbird 3 - 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird 4 - 1951 Aerocar 5 - 1964 Chrysler Turbine |
| 1-2 | "I'm Just Here for the Sex" | July 7, 2008 | 1 - 1966-1968 Alfa Romeo Duetto Spider 2 - 1957-1977 Fiat 500 3 - 1948-1990 Citroen 2CV 4 - 1985 Renault R5 Turbo 2 5 - 1981-1983 DeLorean Motor Company DeLorean |
| 1-3 | "A Lot of Pulp - But No Fiction" | July 14, 2008 | 1 - 1990-2005 Acura NSX 2 - 1971-1977 Chevrolet Nova 3 - 1960-1969 Chevrolet Corvair 4 - 1949-1980 Volkswagen Beetle 5 - 1955-1965 Porsche Speedster D |
| 1-4 | "A Bit of All Right" | July 21, 2008 | 1 - 1958-1960 MG-A 2 - 1964-1967 Sunbeam Tiger 3 - 1981-1989 Dodge Aries 4 - 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 5 - 1955-1962 BMW Isetta |
| 1-5 | "Bond, Blowers, Buicks, ETC.." | July 28, 2008 | 1 - 1963-1965 Aston Martin 2 - 1930-1931 Bentley Blower 4½ Litre 3 - 1987 Buick GNX 4 - 1951 Buick LeSabre Concept 5 - 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 |
| 1-6 | "Party Over Where? Party Right Here! " | August 4, 2008 | 1 - 1975-1980 AMC Pacer 2 - 2006 Hummer H1 Alpha 3 - 1942-1945 Jeep 4 - 1961-1968 Amphicar Model 770 5 - 1968-1976 BMW 2002 |
| 1-7 | "Keeping It in the Family" | August 11, 2008 | 1 - 1958 Edsel Pacer 2 - 1972-1974 Ferrari Dino 246GTS 3 - 1954 Porsche Spyder 4 - 1949-1951 Mercury Coupe 5 - 1940-1971 Lincoln Continental |
| 1-8 | "Playin’ in the Dirt" | August 18, 2008 | 1 - 1966-1970 Meyers Manx 2 - 1966-1977 Ford Bronco 3 - 1909-1927 Ford Model T 4 - 1997-2006 Jeep Wrangler 5 - 1957-1962 Fiat Jolly |
| 1-9 | "Wankels and Wankers" | August 25, 2008 | 1 - 2006-2008 Mazda RX-8 2 - 1967-1977 NSU Ro80 3 - 1970 Chevrolet Corvette Mark IV 4 - 1960-1982 Checker Superba-Marathon 5 - 1936-1940 Austin FX4 |
| 1-10 | "Street Racing Then and Now" | September 1, 2008 | 1 - 1932 Ford Hot Rod 2 - 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air 3 - 1975 Honda 600 4 - 1998–present smart fortwo 5 - 1953–present Mercedes-Benz Unimog |
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Q4546296
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
'''''101 Cars you Must Drive''''' was<ref name="acp">[[The Adam Carolla Podcast]], 3/11/2009</ref> a [[Speed TV]] program hosted by actor and comedian [[Alonzo Bodden]]. The premise of the program is that there will be (at least) 101 cars, and that all 5 cars within a particular episode can be linked to one another in some fashion.
{{Infobox television
| image = 101carslogo.jpg
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| creator =
| starring = [[Alonzo Bodden]]
| narrated = [[Alonzo Bodden]]
| country = United States
| network = [[Speed TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2008|6|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2008|9|1}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10 <!-- as of September 1, 2008 -->
| list_episodes =
}}
==Description==
The first season consisted of 10 half-hour-long episodes. Bodden drove each of the five described vehicles, with the exceptions of the [[Chevrolet Nova]], 1951 [[Aerocar]], [[Chrysler K platform|Chrysler K-Car]], [[Ford Bronco]], [[Chevrolet Corvette Mk IV prototype]], and the 1955 [[Chevrolet Bel-Air]].{{Why|date=April 2009}} Although he did not drive one, Bodden did ride in a [[Renault R5]]. 50 vehicles were reviewed by Bodden.
==Cancellation==
Alonzo Bodden has stated the show has been cancelled by Speed.<ref name="acp" />
==Episode list==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Ep. #
! Episode Name
! Original Air Date
! Cars included in episode
|-
| 1-1
| "The Bird is the Word"
| June 30, 2008
|
1 - 1956-1958 [[Studebaker]] [[Studebaker Golden Hawk|Golden Hawk]]<br />
2 - 1970 [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] [[Plymouth Superbird|Superbird]]<br />
3 - 1955-1957 [[Ford Thunderbird]]<br />
4 - 1951 [[Aerocar]]<br />
5 - 1964 [[Chrysler]] [[Chrysler Turbine Car|Turbine]]<br />
|-
| 1-2
| "I'm Just Here for the Sex"
| July 7, 2008
|
1 - 1966-1968 [[Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo Spider|Duetto Spider]]<br />
2 - 1957-1977 [[Fiat]] [[Fiat 500|500]]<br />
3 - 1948-1990 [[Citroen]] [[2CV]]<br />
4 - 1985 [[Renault]] [[Renault 5 Turbo|R5 Turbo 2]]<br />
5 - 1981-1983 [[DeLorean Motor Company]] [[DMC DeLorean|DeLorean]]<br />
|-
| 1-3
| "A Lot of Pulp - But No Fiction"
| July 14, 2008
|
1 - 1990-2005 [[Acura]] [[Honda NSX|NSX]]<br />
2 - 1971-1977 [[Chevrolet]] [[Chevrolet Nova|Nova]]<br />
3 - 1960-1969 [[Chevrolet]] [[Chevrolet Corvair|Corvair]]<br />
4 - 1949-1980 [[Volkswagen]] [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]]<br />
5 - 1955-1965 [[Porsche]] [[Porsche 956|Speedster D]]
|-
| 1-4
| "A Bit of All Right"
| July 21, 2008
|
1 - 1958-1960 [[MG Cars|MG]]-[[MG MGA|A]]<br />
2 - 1964-1967 [[Sunbeam Motor Car Company|Sunbeam]] [[Sunbeam Tiger|Tiger]]<br />
3 - 1981-1989 [[Dodge]] [[Dodge Aries|Aries]]<br />
4 - 2006 [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Lancer Evo]]<br />
5 - 1955-1962 [[BMW]] [[Isetta]]
|-
| 1-5
| "Bond, Blowers, Buicks, ETC.."
| July 28, 2008
|
1 - 1963-1965 [[Aston Martin]]<br />
2 - 1930-1931 [[Bentley]] [[Bentley 4½ Litre|Blower 4½ Litre]]<br />
3 - 1987 [[Buick]] [[GNX]]<br />
4 - 1951 [[Buick LeSabre]] Concept<br />
5 - 2006 [[Chevrolet]] [[Chevrolet Corvette (C6) Z06|Corvette Z06]]
|-
| 1-6
| "Party Over Where? Party Right Here! "
| August 4, 2008
|
1 - 1975-1980 [[American Motors Corporation|AMC]] [[AMC Pacer|Pacer]]<br />
2 - 2006 [[Hummer]] [[Hummer H1|H1]] Alpha<br />
3 - 1942-1945 [[Jeep]]<br />
4 - 1961-1968 [[Amphicar]] Model 770<br />
5 - 1968-1976 [[BMW]] [[BMW 2002|2002]]
|-
| 1-7
| "Keeping It in the Family"
| August 11, 2008
|
1 - 1958 [[Edsel]] [[Edsel Pacer|Pacer]]<br />
2 - 1972-1974 [[Ferrari]] [[Ferrari Dino|Dino 246GTS]]<br />
3 - 1954 [[Porsche]] [[Porsche Spyder|Spyder]]<br />
4 - 1949-1951 [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] [[Coupe]]<br />
5 - 1940-1971 [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] [[Lincoln Continental|Continental]]
|-
| 1-8
| "Playin’ in the Dirt"
| August 18, 2008
|
1 - 1966-1970 [[Meyers Manx]]<br />
2 - 1966-1977 [[Ford Bronco]]<br />
3 - 1909-1927 [[Ford Model T]]<br />
4 - 1997-2006 [[Jeep]] [[Jeep Wrangler|Wrangler]]<br />
5 - 1957-1962 [[Fiat]] [[Fiat Jolly|Jolly]]
|-
| 1-9
| "Wankels and Wankers"
| August 25, 2008
|
1 - 2006-2008 [[Mazda]] [[RX-8]]<br />
2 - 1967-1977 [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] [[NSU Ro 80|Ro80]]<br />
3 - 1970 [[Chevrolet Corvette]] Mark IV<br />
4 - 1960-1982 [[Checker Motors Corporation|Checker]] [[Checker Superba|Superba]]-[[Checker Marathon|Marathon]]<br />
5 - 1936-1940 [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] [[Austin FX4|FX4]]
|-
| 1-10
| "Street Racing Then and Now"
| September 1, 2008
|
1 - 1932 [[1932 Ford|Ford Hot Rod]]<br />
2 - 1955 [[Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />
3 - 1975 [[Honda]] [[Honda 600|600]]<br />
4 - 1998–present [[Smart (automobile)|smart]] [[Smart Fortwo|fortwo]]<br />
5 - 1953–present [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Unimog]]
|}
<ref>{{cite web|author=time |url=http://www.speedtv.com/programs/101-cars-you-must-drive/ |title=PROGRAMS - 101-CARS-YOU-MUST-DRIVE - PINKS, My Classic Car, Unique Whips, American Thunder, Super Bikes! |publisher=SPEEDtv.com |accessdate=2009-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416204121/http://www.speedtv.com/programs/101-cars-you-must-drive/ |archivedate=16 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Speed (TV network) original programming]]
[[Category:Documentary films about automobiles]]
[[Category:2008 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 American television series endings]]
| 1,278,566,690 |
[{"title": "101 Cars You Must Drive", "data": {"Starring": "Alonzo Bodden", "Narrated by": "Alonzo Bodden", "Country of origin": "United States", "No. of seasons": "1", "No. of episodes": "10"}}, {"title": "Production", "data": {"Camera setup": "Multi-camera", "Running time": "22 minutes"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "Speed TV", "Release": "June 30 \u2013 \u00b7 September 1, 2008"}}]
| false |
# 1865 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1865.
## Books
- Ada Cambridge – The Two Surplices[1]
- Ellen Davitt – Force and Fraud : A Tale of the Bush
- Benjamin Farjeon – Shadows on the Snow : A Christmas Story[2]
- Maud Jeanne Franc – Emily's Choice : An Australian Tale[3]
## Short stories
- J. R. Houlding – "Mr McFaddle's Pic-nic Party"[4]
## Poetry
- Mary Fortune – "Cooee"[5]
- Henry Kendall
- "Daniel Henry Deniehy"
- "The Glen of the White Man's Grave" (aka "The Glen of Arrawatta")
## Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
- 9 January – Peter Airey, politician, poet and writer (died 1950)[6]
- 11 February – Ida Lee, historian and poet (died 1943)[7]
- 4 March – Edward Dyson, poet and writer (died 1931)[8]
- 20 March – Arthur Bayldon, poet (died 1958)[9]
- 2 May – William Gay, poet (died 1897)[10]
- 8 August – Marion Knowles, novelist, poet and journalist (died 1949)[11]
- 16 August – Mary Gilmore, poet (died 1962)[12]
- 28 August – Alfred Stephens, writer and critic (died 1933)[13]
- 21 September – Francis Kenna, politician, poet and writer (died 1932)[14]
- 25 September – Agnes Littlejohn, poet and short story writer (died 1944)[15]
## Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
- 22 October – Daniel Henry Deniehy, politician and writer (born 1828)[16]
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{{Short description|Literature-related events in Australia during the year of 1900}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during '''1865'''.
== Books ==
* [[Ada Cambridge]] – ''The Two Surplices''<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - ''The Two Surplices'' by Ada Cambridge |publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C116698|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ellen Davitt]] – ''[[Force and Fraud : A Tale of the Bush]]''
* [[Benjamin Farjeon]] – ''Shadows on the Snow : A Christmas Story''<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - ''Shadows on the Snow'' by Benjamin Farjeon |publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C13755|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Maud Jeanne Franc]] – ''Emily's Choice : An Australian Tale''<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - ''Emily's Choice '' by Maud Jeanne Franc |publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C20199|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
== Short stories ==
* J. R. Houlding – "Mr McFaddle's Pic-nic Party"<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - "Mr McFaddle's Pic-nic Party" by J. R. Houlding |publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C746099|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
== Poetry ==
{{Main|1865 in poetry}}
* [[Mary Fortune]] – "Cooee"<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - "Cooee" by Mary Fortune |publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C178544|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Henry Kendall (poet)|Henry Kendall]]
** "[[wikisource: Daniel Henry Deniehy|Daniel Henry Deniehy]]"
** "[[wikisource: The Glen of the White Man's Grave|The Glen of the White Man's Grave]]" (aka "The Glen of Arrawatta")
== Births ==
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
* 9 January – [[Peter Airey]], politician, poet and writer (died [[1950 in Australian literature|1950]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Airey, Peter (1865–1950) by Martin Sullivan |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/airey-peter-4984|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 11 February – [[Ida Lee]], historian and poet (died [[1943 in Australian literature|1943]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Lee, Ida Louisa (1865–1943) by Martha Rutledge |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lee-ida-louisa-7147|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 4 March – [[Edward Dyson]], poet and writer (died [[1931 in Australian literature|1931]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Dyson, Edward George (Ted) (1865–1931) by Graeme Davison |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dyson-edward-george-ted-6073|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 20 March – [[Arthur Bayldon]], poet (died [[1958 in Australian literature|1958]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Bayldon, Arthur Albert Dawson (1865–1958) by Ken Stewart |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bayldon-arthur-albert-dawson-5158|accessdate= 10 July 2023}}</ref>
* 2 May – [[William Gay (poet)|William Gay]], poet (died [[1897 in Australian literature|1897]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Gay, William (1865–1897) by Joseph Jones |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gay-william-6291|accessdate= 7 July 2023}}</ref>
* 8 August – [[Marion Knowles]], novelist, poet and journalist (died [[1949 in Australian literature|1949]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Knowles, Marion (1865–1949) by Cecily Close |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/knowles-marion-6988|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 16 August – [[Mary Gilmore]], poet (died [[1962 in Australian literature|1962]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Gilmore, Dame Mary Jean (1865–1962) by W. H. Wilde |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gilmore-dame-mary-jean-6391|accessdate= 11 July 2023}}</ref>
* 28 August – [[Alfred Stephens]], writer and critic (died [[1933 in Australian literature|1933]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Stephens, Alfred George (1865–1933) by Stuart Lee |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/stephens-alfred-george-8642|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 21 September – [[Francis Kenna]], politician, poet and writer (died [[1932 in Australian literature|1932]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - Francis Kenna (1865-1932)|publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A5084|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
*25 September – [[Agnes Littlejohn]], poet and short story writer (died [[1944 in Australian literature|1944]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Austlit - Agnes Littlejohn (1865-1944)|publisher= Austlit|url= https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A14773|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
== Deaths ==
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, [[Alphabetical order|ordered alphabetically]] by [[surname]]) of deaths in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
* 22 October – [[Daniel Henry Deniehy]], politician and writer (born 1828)<ref>{{cite web|title= Deniehy, Daniel Henry (1828–1865) by G. P. Walsh |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deniehy-daniel-henry-3393|access-date= 19 July 2023}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[1865 in Australia]]
* [[1865 in literature]]
* [[1865 in poetry]]
* [[List of years in Australian literature]]
* [[List of years in literature]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Australian literature}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1865 in Australian literature}}
[[Category:1865 in Australia| ]]
[[Category:1865 in literature|Australia]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian literature]]
[[Category:Australian literature by year]]
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# 1780 in architecture
The year 1780 in architecture involved some significant events.
## Buildings and structures
### Buildings
- April 17 – Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux in France, designed by Victor Louis is inaugurated.
- June 24 – Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg, designed by Yury Felten, is consecrated.
- Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv, Ukraine, is consecrated.
- Fragrant Hills Pagoda in China is completed.
- Kashi Vishwanath Temple on the Ganges in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, is built.
- Xumi Fushou Temple in Chengde Mountain Resort, China, is built.
- Royal Villa of Monza in Lombardy, designed by Giuseppe Piermarini, is completed.
- Reconstruction of Palazzo Tucci in Lucca, Tuscany by Ottaviano Diodati is commissioned.[1]
## Births
- October 1 – Robert Smirke, English architect (died 1867)
## Deaths
- April 23 – Sanderson Miller, English Gothic Revival architect and landscape designer (born 1716)
- August 29 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (born 1713)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{refimprove|date=February 2015}}
{{Year nav topic5|1780|architecture}}
The year '''1780 in architecture''' involved some significant events.
[[File:Fragrant Hills-pagoda.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Fragrant Hills Pagoda]]]]
==Buildings and structures==
===Buildings===
* April 17 – [[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux]] in France, designed by [[Victor Louis]] is inaugurated.
* June 24 – [[Chesme Church]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], designed by [[Yury Felten]], is consecrated.
* [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv]], Ukraine, is consecrated.
* [[Fragrant Hills Pagoda]] in China is completed.
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] on the [[Ganges]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], is built.
* [[Xumi Fushou Temple]] in [[Chengde Mountain Resort]], China, is built.
* [[Royal Villa of Monza]] in Lombardy, designed by [[Giuseppe Piermarini]], is completed.
* Reconstruction of [[Palazzo Tucci]] in [[Lucca]], Tuscany by Ottaviano Diodati is commissioned.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_68rGhQZHPgC|title=Le dimore di Lucca: l'arte di abitare i palazzi di una capitale dal Medioevo allo Stato Unitario|editor=Daniele, Emilia|year=2007|pages=50–52|isbn=9788860551757}}</ref>
==Births==
* October 1 – [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]], English architect (died [[1867 in architecture|1867]])
==Deaths==
* April 23 – [[Sanderson Miller]], English [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] architect and landscape designer (born [[1716 in architecture|1716]])
* August 29 – [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]], French architect (born [[1713 in architecture|1713]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1780 works|Architecture]]
[[Category:Years in architecture]]
[[Category:1780s architecture]]
{{Architecture-hist-stub}}
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# 1657 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Works published
- Nicholas Billingsley, Brachy-Martyrologia[1]
- Henry Bold, Wit a Sporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies[1]
- William Davenant, Poems on Several Occasions
- Henry King, Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes, and Sonnets, published anonymously and in an unauthorized edition[1]
- Joshua Poole, English Parnassus, an early handbook on poetry, with a preface signed "J. D.", apparently John Dryden[2]
## Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- Arai Hakuseki (died 1725), Japanese poet, writer and politician
- John Norris (died 1712), English theologian, philosopher and poet
- Susanna Elizabeth Zeidler (died 1706), German poet
- Ebba Maria De la Gardie (died 1697), Swedish poet
## Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- April ? – Richard Lovelace (born 1617), English Cavalier poet[3]
- Johann George Moeresius (born 1598), Polish poet and rector
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1657|poetry|literature}}
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, [[Irish poetry|Irish]] or [[French poetry|France]]).
==Events==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Works published==
* [[Nicholas Billingsley]], ''Brachy-Martyrologia''<ref name=cocel>Cox, Michael, editor, ''The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature'', Oxford University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-860634-6}}</ref>
* [[Henry Bold]], ''Wit a Sporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies''<ref name=cocel/>
* [[William Davenant]], ''Poems on Several Occasions''
* [[Henry King (poet)|Henry King]], ''Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes, and Sonnets'', published anonymously and in an unauthorized edition<ref name=cocel/>
* [[Joshua Poole]], ''English Parnassus'', an early handbook on poetry, with a preface signed "J. D.", apparently [[John Dryden]]<ref name=mvdjdas>[[Mark Van Doren]], ''John Dryden: A Study of His Poetry'', p 59, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, second edition, 1946 ("First Midland Book edition 1960")</ref>
==Births==
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* [[Arai Hakuseki]] (died [[1725 in poetry|1725]]), [[Japanese poetry|Japanese]] poet, writer and politician
* [[John Norris (philosopher)|John Norris]] (died [[1712 in poetry|1712]]), [[English poetry|English]] theologian, philosopher and poet
* [[Susanna Elizabeth Zeidler]] (died [[1706 in poetry|1706]]), [[German poetry|German]] poet
* [[Ebba Maria De la Gardie]] (died [[1697 in poetry|1697]]), Swedish poet
==Deaths==
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* April ? – [[Richard Lovelace (poet)|Richard Lovelace]] (born [[1617 in poetry|1617]]), [[English poetry|English]] Cavalier poet<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Lovelace|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11998860/richard-lovelace|work=Find A Grave|date=2005-10-14|accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref>
* [[Johann George Moeresius]] (born [[1598 in poetry|1598]]), Polish poet and rector
==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Poetry]]
* [[17th century in poetry]]
* [[17th century in literature]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Poetry of different cultures and languages}}
{{Lists of poets}}
[[Category:17th-century poetry]]
[[Category:1657|Poetry]]
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# 1015
Year 1015 (MXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
## Events
### By place
#### Asia
- October – Influential Japanese statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed to be Associate Regent.
- November – The newly constructed Japanese imperial residence burns down.
- Peacocks arrive from the Chinese Song Empire to Fujiwara's mansion in Japan.
#### Europe
- July 15 – Vladimir the Great dies at Berestove after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sviatopolk I as Grand Prince of Kiev.
- Summer – King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.[1]
- Emperor Henry II launches a German expedition against Duke Bolesław I the Brave. He invades Poland, but is stopped by Bolesław's forces at Krosno, on the Oder River.
- Earl Eric Haakonsson outlaws berserkers in Norway.
- Olaf Haraldsson declares himself King of Norway.
## Births
- Andrew I ("the Catholic"), king of Hungary (d. 1060)
- Altmann, bishop of Passau (approximate date)
- Ermesinda of Bigorre, queen of Aragon (d. 1049)
- Eustace II, count of Boulogne (approximate date)
- Ferdinand I, king of León and Castile (d. 1065)
- Frozza Orseolo, margravine of Austria (d. 1071)
- Harald Hardrada, king of Norway (d. 1066)
- Herman IV, duke of Swabia (approximate date)
- John Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat (d. 1067)
- Michael V Kalaphates, Byzantine emperor (d. 1042)
- Otto II, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date)
- Robert Guiscard, Norman nobleman (d. 1085)
- Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman (d. 1094)
## Deaths
- February 5 – Adelaide, German abbess and saint
- February 13 – Gilbert of Meaux, French bishop
- July 15 – Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev
- September 1 – Gero II, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
- September 12 – Lambert I, count of Louvain (b. 950)
- December 14 – Arduin of Ivrea, king of Italy (b. 955)
- December 20 – Eido I, bishop of Meissen (b. 955)
- date unknown
- Æthelmær the Stout, English ealdorman
- Al-Sharif al-Radi, Persian Shi'ite scholar (b. 970)
- Gavril Radomir, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria
- Geoffrey (or Godfrey), count of Eu (b. 962)
- Herbert III, count of Vermandois (b. 953)
- Hugh III, count of Maine (approximate date)
- Ibn Furak, Muslim imam and theologian (b. 941)
- Irene of Larissa, empress (tsarina) of Bulgaria
- Liu Zong, Chinese official of the Song Dynasty
- Masawaih al-Mardini, Syrian physician and writer
- Morcar (or Morkere), English minister (thegn)
- Owain ap Dyfnwal, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)
- Rodulf of Ivry, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Sigeferth (or Sigefrith), English chief minister
- Vikramaditya V, Indian ruler of the Chalukya Empire
## Sources
- Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0304357307.
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1015}}
{{Year nav|1015}}
{{C11 year in topic}}
[[File:Knut der Große cropped.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Portrait of [[Cnut the Great]] (c. 995–1035)]]
Year '''1015''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===
==== Asia ====
* [[October]] – Influential Japanese statesman [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] is appointed to be Associate Regent.
* [[November]] – The newly constructed Japanese imperial residence burns down.
* [[Peacock]]s arrive from the Chinese [[Song Empire]] to Fujiwara's mansion in Japan.
==== Europe ====
* [[July 15]] – [[Vladimir the Great]] dies at [[Berestove]] after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his son [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]] as Grand Prince of [[Kievan Rus'|Kiev]].
* Summer – King [[Cnut the Great]] of [[Denmark]] launches an invasion of [[Mercia]] and [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]].{{sfn|Williams|2005}}
* Emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] launches a German expedition against Duke [[Bolesław I the Brave]]. He invades [[Greater Poland|Poland]], but is stopped by Bolesław's forces at [[Krosno Odrzańskie|Krosno]], on the [[Oder|Oder River]].
* Earl [[Eric Haakonsson]] outlaws [[berserker]]s in [[Norway]].
* [[Olaf II of Norway|Olaf Haraldsson]] declares himself [[List of Norwegian monarchs|King of Norway]].</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
* [[Andrew I of Hungary|Andrew I]] ("the Catholic"), king of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] (d. [[1060]])
* [[Altmann of Passau|Altmann]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau|Passau]] (approximate date)
* [[Ermesinda of Bigorre]], queen of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (d. [[1049]])
* [[Eustace II, Count of Boulogne|Eustace II]], count of [[County of Boulogne|Boulogne]] (approximate date)
* [[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand I]], king of [[Kingdom of León|León]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (d. [[1065]])
* [[Frozza Orseolo]], margravine of [[Margraviate of Austria|Austria]] (d. [[1071]])
* [[Harald Hardrada]], king of [[Norway]] (d. [[1066]])
* [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia|Herman IV]], duke of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] (approximate date)
* [[John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools)|John Komnenos]], Byzantine aristocrat (d. [[1067]])
* [[Michael V Kalaphates]], Byzantine emperor (d. [[1042]])
* [[Otto II, Marquess of Montferrat|Otto II]], margrave of [[March of Montferrat|Montferrat]] (approximate date)
* [[Robert Guiscard]], Norman [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1085]])
* [[Roger de Beaumont]], Norman nobleman (d. [[1094]])
== Deaths ==
* [[February 5]] – [[Adelaide, Abbess of Vilich|Adelaide]], German [[abbess]] and saint
* [[February 13]] – [[Gilbert of Meaux]], French bishop
* [[July 15]] – [[Vladimir the Great]], Grand Prince of [[Kievan Rus'|Kiev]]
* [[September 1]] – [[Gero II, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark|Gero II]], margrave of the [[Saxon Eastern March|Saxon Ostmark]]
* [[September 12]] – [[Lambert I, Count of Louvain|Lambert I]], count of [[Leuven|Louvain]] (b. [[950]])
* [[December 14]] – [[Arduin of Ivrea]], king of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] (b. [[955]])
* [[December 20]] – [[Eido I]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen|Meissen]] (b. [[955]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Æthelmær the Stout]], English [[ealdorman]]
** [[Al-Sharif al-Radi]], Persian [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] scholar (b. [[970]])
** [[Gavril Radomir]], emperor ([[tsar]]) of [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]]
** [[Geoffrey, Count of Eu|Geoffrey]] (or Godfrey), count of [[Eu, Seine-Maritime|Eu]] (b. [[962]])
** [[Herbert III, Count of Vermandois|Herbert III]], count of [[Vermandois]] (b. [[953]])
** [[Hugh III of Maine|Hugh III]], count of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] (approximate date)
** [[Ibn Furak]], Muslim [[imam]] and theologian (b. [[941]])
** [[Irene of Larissa]], empress ([[tsarina]]) of Bulgaria
** [[Liu Zong (Song dynasty)|Liu Zong]], Chinese official of the [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]]
** [[Masawaih al-Mardini]], Syrian physician and writer
** [[Morcar (thegn)|Morcar]] (or Morkere), English minister (''[[thegn]]'')
** [[Owain ap Dyfnwal (died 1015)|Owain ap Dyfnwal]], king of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] ([[Scotland]])
** [[Rodulf of Ivry]], Norman nobleman (approximate date)
** [[Sigeferth (died 1015)|Sigeferth]] (or Sigefrith), English chief minister
** [[Vikramaditya V]], Indian ruler of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukya Empire]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Williams
|first1 = Hywel
|title = Cassell's Chronology of World History
|url = https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/105
|url-access = registration
|publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson
|date = 2005
|isbn = 978-0304357307
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/105 105–106]
}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1015}}
[[Category:1015| ]]
| 1,267,070,511 |
[{"title": "1015 in various calendars", "data": {"Gregorian calendar": "1015 \u00b7 MXV", "Ab urbe condita": "1768", "Armenian calendar": "464 \u00b7 \u0539\u054e \u0546\u053f\u0534", "Assyrian calendar": "5765", "Balinese saka calendar": "936\u2013937", "Bengali calendar": "421\u2013422", "Berber calendar": "1965", "English Regnal year": "N/A", "Buddhist calendar": "1559", "Burmese calendar": "377", "Byzantine calendar": "6523\u20136524", "Chinese calendar": "\u7532\u5bc5\u5e74 (Wood Tiger) \u00b7 3712 or 3505 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u4e59\u536f\u5e74 (Wood Rabbit) \u00b7 3713 or 3506", "Coptic calendar": "731\u2013732", "Discordian calendar": "2181", "Ethiopian calendar": "1007\u20131008", "Hebrew calendar": "4775\u20134776", "- Vikram Samvat": "1071\u20131072", "- Shaka Samvat": "936\u2013937", "- Kali Yuga": "4115\u20134116", "Holocene calendar": "11015", "Igbo calendar": "15\u201316", "Iranian calendar": "393\u2013394", "Islamic calendar": "405\u2013406", "Japanese calendar": "Ch\u014dwa 4 \u00b7 (\u9577\u548c\uff14\u5e74)", "Javanese calendar": "917\u2013918", "Julian calendar": "1015 \u00b7 MXV", "Korean calendar": "3348", "Minguo calendar": "897 before ROC \u00b7 \u6c11\u524d897\u5e74", "Nanakshahi calendar": "\u2212453", "Seleucid era": "1326/1327 AG", "Thai solar calendar": "1557\u20131558", "Tibetan calendar": "\u9633\u6728\u864e\u5e74 \u00b7 (male Wood-Tiger) \u00b7 1141 or 760 or \u221212 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u9634\u6728\u5154\u5e74 \u00b7 (female Wood-Rabbit) \u00b7 1142 or 761 or \u221211"}}]
| false |
# 1865 in Belgium
Events in the year 1865 in Belgium.
## Incumbents
Monarch: Leopold I (until 10 December); Leopold II (from in 17 December)
Head of government: Charles Rogier
## Events
March
- 16 March – Belgian state guarantees private savings.[1]: 679
April
- 4 April – Opposition parties accuse government of breaching Belgian neutrality by involving the country in the Second French intervention in Mexico.[1]: 678
May
- 1 May – Henricus Franciscus Bracq consecrated as bishop of Ghent
- 22 May — Commercial treaty with the German Customs Union signed in Berlin.[2]: 177–197
- 26 May – 1863–75 cholera pandemic caused 45,000 fatalities in Belgium in 1865.[1]: 678
July
- 16 July – Belgian Legion wins Battle of la Loma in Mexico.[1]: 679
August
- 21 August — Law on tariffs and customs reform published.[2]: i-v
September
- 23 September – Brussels city council approves plans for the covering of the Senne.[1]: 680
October
- 2 October – Sint-Lievenscollege founded in Ghent
November
- 2 November – Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between China and Belgium, negotiated by Auguste t'Kint, signed in Beijing.[3]
- 14 November – Jules Bara succeeds Victor Tesch as Minister of Justice.[1]: 680
December
- 10 December – Death of King Leopold I of Belgium.
- 16 December – Leopold I of Belgium buried in Laken, despite his wish to be buried in Windsor;[1]: 681 Auguste t'Kint arrives in Yokohama as the first Belgian diplomat in Japan.[3]
- 17 December – Leopold II of Belgium sworn in as King.
- 23 December — Convention between France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland forming the Latin Monetary Union signed in Paris.[2]: 240-308
## Publications
Periodicals
- Almanach royal officiel (Brussels, H. Tarlier and Rozez)[4]
- Analectes pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique, vol. 2, edited by P. F. X. de Ram.[5]
- Annales de la Société d'émulation pour l'étude de l'histoire et des antiquités de la Flandre, 2nd series, vol. 13 (Bruges, Vandecasteele-Werbrouck)[6]
- Annuaire de l'Université catholique de Louvain, vol. 29 (Leuven, Vanlinthout)[7]
- Collection de précis historiques, vol. 14, edited by Edouard Terwecoren S.J.[8]
- La Liberté begins publication (March).[1]: 679
- Revue Générale begins publication (January).[1]: 678
- Rond den Heerd begins publication (December).[1]: 680
Scholarship
- Émile de Borchgrave, Histoire des colonies belges, qui s'établirent en Allemagne pendant le XIIe et le XIIIe siècle (Brussels)
- Joseph Jean De Smet (ed.), Recueil des chroniques de Flandre, vol. 4 (Brussels, Commission royale d'Histoire)[9]
- Joseph Jean De Smet, Mémoire historique sur la guerre de Maximilien, roi des Romains, contre les villes de Flandre (1482-1488) (Brussels, Hayez for Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium) – a study of the Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria.[10]
- Paul Henrard, Histoire de l'artillerie en Belgique depuis son origine jusqu'au règne d'Albert et d'Isabelle (Brussels, C. Muquardt)[11]
- Alphonse O'Kelly de Galway, Dictionnaire des cris d'armes et devises des personnages célèbres et des familles nobles et autres de la Belgique ancienne et moderne (Brussels, A. Schnée)[12]
Literature
- Hendrik Conscience, De Burgemeester van Luik
## Art and architecture
Buildings
- Arlon Synagogue completed.
Paintings
- Henri Leys, Lucie Leys
## Science
- Louis Melsens receives Montyon Prize for his work on the use of potassium iodide to treat mercury poisoning and lead poisoning.[1]: 678
## Balance of trade
In 1865 imports to Belgium were valued at 1.364 million francs, with exports of 1.204 million francs.
## Births
- Date uncertain – Joseph Middeleer, painter (died 1939)
- 19 January – Égide Rombaux, sculptor (died 1942)
- 27 January – Ferdinand Feyerick, fencer (died 1920)
- 30 January – Marie de Bièvre, painter (died 1909)
- 25 February – Flavie Van den Hende, cellist (died 1925)
- 2 March – Théo Ysaÿe, composer (died 1918)
- 7 March – Jean Massart, botanist (died 1925)
- 2 April – Louise Danse, painter (died 1948)
- 4 April – Clément Van Bogaert, engineer (died 1937)
- 1 May – Frans Mortelmans, painter (died 1936)
- 4 May – Servais Le Roy, entertainer (died 1953)
- 9 May – August de Boeck, composer (died 1937)
- 21 May – Evert Larock, painter (died 1901)
- 6 June – Antoon Jozef Witteryck, publisher (died 1934)
- 15 June – Paul Gilson, composer (died 1942)
- 14 July – Marguerite Verboeckhoven, painter (died 1949)
- 11 December – Édouard Poncelet, archivist (died 1947)
## Deaths
- 3 January – Joseph Lies, painter (born 1821)
- 5 January – Pierre Kersten, publisher (born 1789)
- 14 January – Marie-Anne Libert, botanist (born 1782)
- 19 March – Joseph Lebeau, politician (born 1794)
- 26 April – Charles-Joseph Sax musical instrument maker (born 1790)
- 14 May – Pierre François Xavier de Ram, historian (born 1804)
- 18 June – Antoine Wiertz, painter (born 1806)
- 12 July – Constant de Kerchove de Denterghem, politician (born 1790)
- 23 July – Frans Alfons Janssens, priest-scientist (died 1924)
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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year in Belgium|1865}}
Events in the year '''1865 in [[Belgium]]'''.
==Incumbents==
[[File:Prestation de serment de Léopold II le 17 décembre 1865.jpg|thumb|Leopold II swears to uphold the constitution, 17 December 1865]]
:[[Monarch]]: [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]] (until 10 December); [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]] (from in 17 December)
:[[Prime Minister of Belgium|Head of government]]: [[Charles Rogier]]
==Events==
;March
* 16 March – Belgian state guarantees private savings.<ref name=Kroniek>Alain de Gueldre et al., ''Kroniek van België'' (Antwerp and Zaventem, 1987).</ref>{{rp|679}}
;April
* 4 April – Opposition parties accuse government of breaching Belgian neutrality by involving the country in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico]].{{r|Kroniek|p=678}}
;May
* 1 May – [[Henricus Franciscus Bracq]] consecrated as [[bishop of Ghent]]
* 22 May — Commercial treaty with the [[German Customs Union]] signed in Berlin.<ref name=Vega>''Recueil des traités et conventions concernant le royaume de Belgique'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M8sPAAAAQAAJ vol. 6], edited by Désiré de Garcia de la Vega (Brussels, 1866).</ref>{{rp|177–197}}
* 26 May – [[1863–75 cholera pandemic]] caused 45,000 fatalities in Belgium in 1865.{{r|Kroniek|p=678}}
;July
* 16 July – [[Belgian Legion]] wins [[Battle of la Loma]] in Mexico.{{r|Kroniek|p=679}}
;August
* 21 August — Law on tariffs and customs reform published.{{r|Vega|p=i-v}}
;September
* 23 September – Brussels city council approves plans for the [[covering of the Senne]].{{r|Kroniek|p=680}}
;October
* 2 October – [[Sint-Lievenscollege]] founded in [[Ghent]]
;November
* 2 November – Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between China and Belgium, negotiated by [[Auguste t'Kint]], signed in [[Beijing]].<ref name=Ruyver>Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in ''Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration'', edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.</ref>
* 14 November – [[Jules Bara]] succeeds [[Victor Tesch]] as Minister of Justice.{{r|Kroniek|p=680}}
;December
* 10 December – Death of King [[Leopold I of Belgium]].
* 16 December – [[Leopold I of Belgium]] buried in [[Laken]], despite his wish to be buried in [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]];{{r|Kroniek|p=681}} Auguste t'Kint arrives in [[Yokohama]] as the first Belgian diplomat in Japan.<ref name=Ruyver/>
* 17 December – [[Leopold II of Belgium]] sworn in as King.
* 23 December — Convention between [[Second French Empire|France]], [[Belgium]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] and [[Switzerland]] forming the [[Latin Monetary Union]] signed in Paris.{{r|Vega|p=240-308}}
==Publications==
;Periodicals
*''Almanach royal officiel'' (Brussels, H. Tarlier and Rozez)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6BCAAAAcAAJ Almanach] on Google Books.</ref>
*''Analectes pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique'', vol. 2, edited by [[P. F. X. de Ram]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJAAAAAAcAAJ Analectes] on Google Books]</ref>
*''Annales de la Société d'émulation pour l'étude de l'histoire et des antiquités de la Flandre'', 2nd series, vol. 13 (Bruges, Vandecasteele-Werbrouck)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/AnnalesSocEmuFlandre17 Annales] at Internet Archive.</ref>
*'' Annuaire de l'Université catholique de Louvain'', vol. 29 (Leuven, Vanlinthout)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/AnnuaireDeLUniversiteCathLouvain29 Annuaire] at Internet Archive.</ref>
* ''Collection de précis historiques'', vol. 14, edited by [[Edouard Terwecoren]] S.J.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=owpBAAAAcAAJ Collection de précis historiques] on Google Books.</ref>
* ''La Liberté'' begins publication (March).{{r|Kroniek|p=679}}
* ''[[Revue Générale]]'' begins publication (January).{{r|Kroniek|p=678}}
* ''[[Rond den Heerd]]'' begins publication (December).{{r|Kroniek|p=680}}
;Scholarship
* [[Émile de Borchgrave]], ''Histoire des colonies belges, qui s'établirent en Allemagne pendant le XIIe et le XIIIe siècle'' (Brussels)
* [[Joseph Jean De Smet]] (ed.), ''Recueil des chroniques de Flandre'', vol. 4 (Brussels, [[Commission royale d'Histoire]])<ref>''Recueil des chroniques de Flandre'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=e2tdAAAAcAAJ vol. 4] on Google Books</ref>
*Joseph Jean De Smet, ''Mémoire historique sur la guerre de Maximilien, roi des Romains, contre les villes de Flandre (1482-1488)'' (Brussels, Hayez for [[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]]) – a study of the [[Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2BE_AAAAcAAJ Mémoire historique] on Google Books.</ref>
* [[Paul Henrard]], ''Histoire de l'artillerie en Belgique depuis son origine jusqu'au règne d'Albert et d'Isabelle'' (Brussels, C. Muquardt)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uD7uNtPcp2gC Histoire de l'artillerie] at Internet Archive.</ref>
* Alphonse O'Kelly de Galway, ''Dictionnaire des cris d'armes et devises des personnages célèbres et des familles nobles et autres de la Belgique ancienne et moderne'' (Brussels, A. Schnée)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedesc00okel Dictionnaire des cris d'armes] at Internet Archive.</ref>
;Literature
* [[Hendrik Conscience]], ''De Burgemeester van Luik''
==Art and architecture==
[[File:Henri Leys - Lucie Leys, Daughter of the Painter.jpg|thumb|[[Henri Leys]], Portrait of Lucie Leys, his daughter (1865)]]
;Buildings
* [[Arlon Synagogue]] completed.
;Paintings
* [[Henri Leys]], ''Lucie Leys''
==Science==
* [[Louis Melsens]] receives [[Montyon Prize]] for his work on the use of [[potassium iodide]] to treat [[mercury poisoning]] and [[lead poisoning]].{{r|Kroniek|p=678}}
==Balance of trade==
In 1865 imports to Belgium were valued at 1.364 million francs, with exports of 1.204 million francs.<ref>Minister of Finances, ''Tableau annuel du commerce avec les pays étrangers pendant l'année 1865'' (Brussels, 1866), p. ix. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ztNLAAAAYAAJ Available on Google Books])</ref>
==Births==
* Date uncertain – [[Joseph Middeleer]], painter (died 1939)
* 19 January – [[Égide Rombaux]], sculptor (died 1942)
* 27 January – [[Ferdinand Feyerick]], fencer (died 1920)
* 30 January – [[Marie de Bièvre]], painter (died 1909)
* 25 February – [[Flavie Van den Hende]], cellist (died 1925)
* 2 March – [[Théo Ysaÿe]], composer (died 1918)
* 7 March – [[Jean Massart]], botanist (died 1925)
* 2 April – [[Louise Danse]], painter (died 1948)
* 4 April – [[Clément Van Bogaert]], engineer (died 1937)
* 1 May – [[Frans Mortelmans]], painter (died 1936)
* 4 May – [[Servais Le Roy]], entertainer (died 1953)
* 9 May – [[August de Boeck]], composer (died 1937)
* 21 May – [[Evert Larock]], painter (died 1901)
* 6 June – [[Antoon Jozef Witteryck]], publisher (died 1934)
* 15 June – [[Paul Gilson]], composer (died 1942)
* 14 July – [[Marguerite Verboeckhoven]], painter (died 1949)
* 11 December – [[Édouard Poncelet]], archivist (died 1947)
==Deaths==
* 3 January – [[Joseph Lies]], painter (born 1821)
* 5 January – [[Pierre Kersten]], publisher (born 1789)
* 14 January – [[Marie-Anne Libert]], botanist (born 1782)
* 19 March – [[Joseph Lebeau]], politician (born 1794)
* 26 April – [[Charles-Joseph Sax]] musical instrument maker (born 1790)
* 14 May – [[Pierre François Xavier de Ram]], historian (born 1804)
* 18 June – [[Antoine Wiertz]], painter (born 1806)
* 12 July – [[Constant de Kerchove de Denterghem]], politician (born 1790)
* 23 July – [[Frans Alfons Janssens]], priest-scientist (died 1924)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Belgium}}
{{Year in Europe|1865}}
[[Category:1865 in Belgium| ]]
[[Category:1865 in Europe|Belgium]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Belgium]]
[[Category:1860s in Belgium]]
[[Category:1865 by country|Belgium]]
| 1,241,642,616 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1864 - 1863 - 1862": "1865 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Belgium \u00b7 \u2192 - 1866 - 1867 - 1868", "Decades": "1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s", "See also": "Other events of 1865 \u00b7 List of years in Belgium"}}]
| false |
# 1793 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1793.
## Events
- February 7 – The day after poverty-stricken playwright Carlo Goldoni dies, the National Convention votes to restore his French state pension, which has been suspended due to the French Revolution. It is passed on to his widow.[1]
- June 1 – In the Reign of Terror in Paris, the Girondist Madame Roland is arrested for treason. She writes Appel à l'impartiale postérité in prison before being guillotined on November 8.[2]
- Summer – William Wordsworth tours western England and Wales (passing by Tintern Abbey). His first poems, An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches are published this year.[3]
- October–November – During the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, the English writer Helen Maria Williams is imprisoned with her family in the Luxembourg Palace and later in the Convent des Anglaises in Paris, where she continues her translations of French-language works into English, including what will prove to be a popular version of Bernardin St. Pierre's novel Paul et Virginie (1788). To this she appends her own prison sonnets.
- November 2 – The French dramatist Olympe de Gouges is sentenced to death by a revolutionary tribunal. Both she and her prosecutors quote the manuscript of her unfinished play La France Sauvée in evidence.[4]
- December 9 – New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is founded by Noah Webster.[5]
- unknown date – James Lackington opens his "Temple of the Muses" bookshop in Finsbury Square, London.[6]
- The Royal Library, Denmark, in Copenhagen, opens to the public.
## New books
### Fiction
- Eliza Parsons – The Castle of Wolfenbach
- Charlotte Turner Smith
- The Old Manor House
- The Emigrants
- Jane West as 'Prudentia Homespun' – The Advantages of Education, or The History of Maria Williams
- Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke – Abällino, der grosse Bandit
### Drama
- Étienne Aignan – La mort de Louis XVI
- Elizabeth Inchbald – Everyone Has His Fault
- Edward Jerningham – The Siege of Berwick
- Jean-Louis Laya – Ami des lois
- Edward Morris – False Colours
- Arthur Murphy – The Rival Sisters
- John O'Keeffe
- The London Hermit
- The World in a Village
- Frederick Reynolds – How to Grow Rich
### Poetry
- William Blake
- Songs of Experience
- Visions of the Daughters of Albion
- Alvarenga Peixoto – Canto Genetlíaco
### Non-fiction
- William Frend – Peace and Union Recommended to the Associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans
## Births
- February 2 – Mary Elizabeth Mohl, née Clarke, English-born literary saloniste (died 1883)
- April 4 – Casimir Delavigne, French poet and dramatist (died 1843)[7]
- May 4 – Dorothea Primrose Campbell, Scottish poet and novelist (died 1863)
- June 1 – Henry Francis Lyte, English hymnist and cleric (died 1847)
- June 28 – Georg Friedrich Schömann, German classicist (died 1879)
- July 2 – Joseph Isidore Samson, French playwright and actor (died 1871)
- July 13 – John Clare, English "peasant poet" (died 1864)[8]
- July 15 – Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, American educator, scientist and writer (died 1884)[9]
- August 25 – John Neal, American novelist and critic (died 1876)[10]
- September 25 – Felicia Hemans, English poet (died 1835)[11]
- October 1 – Peter Kaiser, Liechtenstein statesman and historian (died 1864)
- November 28 – Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Swedish novelist (died 1866)
- December 15 – Henry Charles Carey, American economist (died 1879)
- December 28 – Karl Friedrich Neumann, German Orientalist (died 1870)
- unknown date – Sarah Austin, English editor and translator (died 1867)
## Deaths
- January 4 – Bengt Lidner, Swedish poet (born 1757)
- February 6 – Carlo Goldoni, Italian dramatist and librettist (born 1707)[12]
- April 2 – Colin Macfarquhar, Scottish bookseller and printer, co-founder of Encyclopædia Britannica (born c. 1745)
- April 29 – John Michell, English philosopher and cleric (born 1724)
- May 20 – Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist and philosopher (born 1720)
- June 26
- Gilbert White, English naturalist, diarist and cleric (born 1720)[13]
- Karl Philipp Moritz (C. P. Moritz), German essayist and travel writer (born 1756)
- July 4 – Antoine-Marin Lemierre, French dramatist and poet (born 1733)
- November 3 – Olympe de Gouges, French dramatist and political activist (guillotined; born 1748)[4]
- November 17 – Louis Pierre Manuel, French essayist and politician (guillotined, born 1751)
- December 22 – William Watkiss Lloyd, English polymath (born 1813)
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{refimprove|date=July 2013}}
{{Year nav topic5|1793|literature|poetry}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of '''1793'''.
==Events==
*[[February 7]] – The day after poverty-stricken playwright [[Carlo Goldoni]] dies, the [[National Convention]] votes to restore his French state pension, which has been suspended due to the [[French Revolution]]. It is passed on to his widow.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugene Steele|title=Carlo Goldoni, Life, Work and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjNdAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Longo Editore|page=10}}</ref>
*[[June 1]] – In the [[Reign of Terror]] in Paris, the [[Girondist]] [[Madame Roland]] is arrested for treason. She writes ''Appel à l'impartiale postérité'' in prison before being [[guillotine]]d on November 8.<ref>{{cite book|author=Samia I. Spencer|title=Writers of the French Enlightenment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9EUAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-8132-6|page=113}}</ref>
*Summer – [[William Wordsworth]] tours western England and Wales (passing by [[Tintern Abbey]]). His first poems, ''An Evening Walk'' and ''Descriptive Sketches'' are published this year.<ref name=cocel>{{Cite book |editor=Cox, Michael |title=The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-860634-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm}}</ref>
*October–November – During the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, the English writer [[Helen Maria Williams]] is imprisoned with her family in the [[Luxembourg Palace]] and later in the [[:fr:Couvent des Anglaises|Convent des Anglaises]] in Paris, where she continues her translations of French-language works into English, including what will prove to be a popular version of [[Bernardin St. Pierre]]'s novel ''[[Paul et Virginie]]'' ([[1788 in literature|1788]]). To this she appends her own prison [[sonnet]]s.
*[[November 2]] – The French dramatist [[Olympe de Gouges]] is sentenced to death by a revolutionary tribunal. Both she and her prosecutors quote the manuscript of her unfinished play ''La France Sauvée'' in evidence.<ref name="Gerhard2001"/>
*[[December 9]] – [[New York City]]'s first daily newspaper, the ''[[Commercial Advertiser|American Minerva]]'', is founded by [[Noah Webster]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=K. Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXx8VbMEtb0C&dq=%22american+minerva%22+webster&pg=PA120 |title=Defining Noah Webster: a spiritual biography |year=2002|isbn=9781591600558 }}</ref>
*''unknown date'' – [[James Lackington]] opens his "Temple of the Muses" bookshop in [[Finsbury Square]], London.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mumby |first1=Frank Arthur |first2=Ian |last2=Norrie |title=Publishing and Bookselling |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cap |year=1974}}</ref>
*The [[Royal Library, Denmark]], in [[Copenhagen]], opens to the public.
==New books==
===Fiction===
*[[Eliza Parsons]] – ''[[The Castle of Wolfenbach]]''
*[[Charlotte Turner Smith]]
**''The Old Manor House''
**''The Emigrants''
*[[Jane West (novelist)|Jane West]] as 'Prudentia Homespun' – ''The Advantages of Education, or The History of Maria Williams''
*[[Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke]] – ''Abällino, der grosse Bandit''
===Drama===
*[[Étienne Aignan]] – ''La mort de Louis XVI''
* [[Elizabeth Inchbald]] – ''[[Everyone Has His Fault]]''
* [[Edward Jerningham]] – ''[[The Siege of Berwick]]''
*[[Jean-Louis Laya]] – ''Ami des lois''
* Edward Morris – ''[[False Colours (1793 play)|False Colours]]''
* [[Arthur Murphy (writer)|Arthur Murphy]] – ''[[The Rival Sisters (Murphy play)|The Rival Sisters]]''
* [[John O'Keeffe (writer)|John O'Keeffe]]
** ''[[The London Hermit]]''
** ''[[The World in a Village]]''
*[[Frederick Reynolds (writer)|Frederick Reynolds]] – ''[[How to Grow Rich]]''
===Poetry===
{{main article|1793 in poetry}}
*[[William Blake]]
**''[[Songs of Experience]]''
**''[[Visions of the Daughters of Albion]]''
*[[Alvarenga Peixoto]] – ''Canto Genetlíaco''
===Non-fiction===
*[[William Frend (social reformer)|William Frend]] – ''Peace and Union Recommended to the Associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans''
==Births==
*[[February 2]] – [[Mary Elizabeth Mohl]], née Clarke, English-born literary saloniste (died [[1883 in literature|1883]])
*[[April 4]] – [[Casimir Delavigne]], French poet and dramatist (died [[1843 in literature|1843]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Thomas|title=The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology: Clu-hys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LAOkIqQH0C&pg=PR61|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61640-070-5|pages=61}}</ref>
*[[May 4]] – [[Dorothea Primrose Campbell]], Scottish poet and novelist (died [[1863 in literature|1863]])
*[[June 1]] – [[Henry Francis Lyte]], English hymnist and cleric (died [[1847 in literature|1847]])
*[[June 28]] – [[Georg Friedrich Schömann]], German classicist (died [[1879 in literature|1879]])
*[[July 2]] – [[Joseph Isidore Samson]], French playwright and actor (died [[1871 in literature|1871]])
*[[July 13]] – [[John Clare]], English "peasant poet" (died [[1864 in literature|1864]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick Martin|title=The Life of John Clare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2|year=1865|publisher=Macmillan|pages=2}}</ref>
*[[July 15]] – [[Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps]], American educator, scientist and writer (died [[1884 in literature|1884]])<ref>{{Cite book |title=Early American nature writers : a biographical encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press |editor1=Patterson, Daniel |editor2=Thompson, Roger |editor3=Bryson, J. Scott |isbn=978-0-313-34681-1|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=191846328}}</ref>
*[[August 25]] – [[John Neal]], American novelist and critic (died [[1876 in literature|1876]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 080-5-7723-08 | page = 11}}</ref>
*[[September 25]] – [[Felicia Hemans]], English poet (died [[1835 in literature|1835]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Correll|title=Felicia Hemans: Her Life and Poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxKINraCNUQC&pg=PA1|year=1865|publisher=Peter Roe, Printer and Publisher|pages=1}}</ref>
*[[October 1]] – [[Peter Kaiser (historian)|Peter Kaiser]], Liechtenstein statesman and historian (died [[1864 in literature|1864]])
*[[November 28]] – [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]], Swedish novelist (died [[1866 in literature|1866]])
*[[December 15]] – [[Henry Charles Carey]], American economist (died [[1879 in literature|1879]])
*[[December 28]] – [[Karl Friedrich Neumann]], German Orientalist (died [[1870 in literature|1870]])
*''unknown date'' – [[Sarah Austin (translator)|Sarah Austin]], English editor and translator (died [[1867 in literature|1867]])
==Deaths==
*[[January 4]] – [[Bengt Lidner]], Swedish poet (born [[1757 in literature|1757]])
*[[February 6]] – [[Carlo Goldoni]], Italian dramatist and librettist (born [[1707 in literature|1707]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gaetana Marrone|author2=Paolo Puppa|title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA868|date=26 December 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45530-9|pages=868}}</ref>
*[[April 2]] – [[Colin Macfarquhar]], Scottish bookseller and printer, co-founder of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (born c. 1745)
*[[April 29]] – [[John Michell]], English philosopher and cleric (born [[1724 in literature|1724]])
*[[May 20]] – [[Charles Bonnet]], Swiss naturalist and philosopher (born [[1720 in literature|1720]])
*[[June 26]]
**[[Gilbert White]], English naturalist, diarist and cleric (born [[1720 in literature|1720]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Selborne Magazine for Lovers and Students of Living Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVUsAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA183|year=1888|publisher=J. Bale|pages=183}}</ref>
**[[Karl Philipp Moritz]] (C. P. Moritz), German essayist and travel writer (born [[1756 in literature|1756]])
*[[July 4]] – [[Antoine-Marin Lemierre]], French dramatist and poet (born [[1733 in literature|1733]])
*[[November 3]] – [[Olympe de Gouges]], French dramatist and political activist (guillotined; born [[1748 in literature|1748]])<ref name="Gerhard2001">{{cite book|author=Ute Gerhard|title=Debating Women's Equality: Toward a Feminist Theory of Law from a European Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&pg=PA145|year=2001|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9|pages=145}}</ref>
*[[November 17]] – [[Louis Pierre Manuel]], French essayist and politician (guillotined, born [[1751 in literature|1751]])
*[[December 22]] – [[William Watkiss Lloyd]], English polymath (born [[1813 in literature|1813]])
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Year in literature article categories}}
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[]
| false |
# 1657 in Norway
Events in the year 1657 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Frederick III.[1]
## Events
- June 5 – The Dano-Swedish War (1657–58), in Norway called Krabbekrigen (named after Iver Krabbe) starts.[2]
- Oppland Regiment is formed.
- Ulefos Jernværk is established.[3]
|
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en
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Q4551588
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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=December 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1657}}
Events in the year '''[[1657]] in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Frederik 3. |first=Øystein |last=Rian |first2=Magnus A. |last2=Mardal |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Frederik_3._-_dansk-norsk_konge |language=no |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
[[File:UlefosJernverk.jpg |thumb |right |200 px|[[Ulefos Jernværk]]]]
*[[June 5]] – The [[Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)]], in Norway called ''Krabbekrigen'' (named after [[Iver Krabbe]]) starts.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Krabbekrigen |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Krabbekrigen |language=no |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Oppland Regiment]] is formed.
*[[Ulefos Jernværk]] is established.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ulefos Jernværk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-first=Erik |editor-last=Bolstad |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Ulefos_Jernv%C3%A6rk |language=Norwegian | access-date=20 November 2022 }}</ref>
==Arts and literature==
{{main|1657 in art|1657 in literature}}
==Births==
{{main|births in 1657}}
{{Further|Category:1657 births}}
==Deaths==
{{main|Deaths in 1657}}
{{Further|Category:1657 deaths}}
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1657}}
[[Category:1657 in Norway| ]]
{{norway-year-stub}}
| 1,276,018,049 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1656 - 1655 - 1654": "1657 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1658 - 1659 - 1660", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th", "Decades": "1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s", "See also": "1657 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false |
# 1021 Flammario
1021 Flammario, provisional designation 1924 RG, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 March 1924, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after French astronomer Camille Flammarion. The uncommon F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.16 hours.
## Orbit and classification
Flammario is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,654 days; semi-major axis of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid was first observed as A910 CE at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1910. The body's observation arc begins at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg, Russia, in January 1928, more than four years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.
## Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Flammario is a "bright" carbonaceous B-type, while it is an uncommon F-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. (The SMASS taxonomic scheme classifies all F-types as B-type asteroids). More recent polarimetric observations also characterized the asteroid as a dark F-type.
### Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Flammario have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s (U=2/2/2). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in January 2005 gave a rotation period of 12.160 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.40 magnitude (U=3-).
### Poles
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources, rendered a similar sidereal period of 12.15186 hours and two spin axes of (32.0°, 22.0°) and (216.0°, 55.0°) in ecliptic coordinates.
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Flammario measures between 84.78 and 105 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.05.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 99.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.98.
### Mass, density and porosity
Fienga et al. estimated the mass of Flammario as (8.6 ± 3.87/2.84)×1017 kg, with a theoretical bulk density of 1.606 ± 0.722/0.529 g/cm3. Small Solar System bodies may have 20% of more porosity (which decreases with the size of the body due to self-gravity). The carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids typically show a higher macroporosity than the basaltic, stony asteroids from the inner regions of the asteroid belt.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after renowned French astronomer Camille Flammarion (1842–1925), who founded the French Astronomical Society (French: Société astronomique de France) and the astronomical journal L'Astronomie in the 1880s. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98). The lunar crater Flammarion as well as the crater Flammarion on Mars were also named in his honor.
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enwiki
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1021 Flammario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1021_Flammario
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2024-11-01T04:26:24Z
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Q11564
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{{Short description|Dark background asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1021 Flammario
| background = #D6D6D6
| image = 001021-asteroid shape model (1021) Flammario.png
| image_scale =
| caption = Shape model of ''Flammario'' from its [[lightcurve]]
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Max Wolf|M. F. Wolf]]
| discovery_site = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
| discovered = 11 March 1924
| mpc_name = (1021) Flammario
| alt_names = 1924 RG{{·}}1977 UM<br />A910 CE
| pronounced =
| named_after = [[Camille Flammarion]]<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(French astronomer)}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Background asteroid|background]]<ref name="Ferret" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 23 March 2018 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458200.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 92.70 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (33,857 d)
| aphelion = 3.5188 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 1.9556 AU
| semimajor = 2.7372 AU
| eccentricity = 0.2855
| period = 4.53 yr (1,654 d)
| mean_anomaly = 10.840[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2176|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 15.869°
| asc_node = 115.44°
| arg_peri = 286.97°
| mean_diameter = {{val|84.78|22.26|ul=km}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|97.38|1.23|u=km}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|97.96|34.85|u=km}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|98.015|8.377|u=km}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|99.39|2.3|u=km}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|99.6|19.9|u=km}}<ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2016" /><br />{{val|100.765|1.608|u=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="FiengaEtAl2020"/><br />{{val|105|11|u=km}}<ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2013" />
| mass = (8.6 ± 3.87/2.84){{e|17}} kg<ref name="FiengaEtAl2020"/>
| density = {{nwr|1.606 ± 0.722/0.529 g/cm{{sup|3}}<ref name="FiengaEtAl2020"/>}}
| rotation = {{val|12.146|0.001|ul=h}}<ref name="Buchheim-2005c" /><br />{{val|12.146|u=h}}<ref name="Hainaut-Rouelle-1995" /><ref name="Schober-1993" /><br />{{val|12.15186|0.00005|u=h}}<ref name="Hanus-2016a" /><br />{{val|12.160|0.002|u=h}}<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|12.16|u=h}}<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = {{val|0.04|0.01}}<ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2013" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.06}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|0.045|0.006}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="jpldata" /><br />{{val|0.0458|0.002}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|0.0470|0.0200}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.048|0.001}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.05|0.02}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2016" />
| spectral_type = [[Tholen classification|Tholen]] {{=}} [[F-type asteroid|F]]<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[F-type asteroid|F]]<ref name="Belskaya-2017" /><br />[[SMASS classification|SMASS]] {{=}} [[B-type asteroid|B]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] {{=}} 0.656<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|U–B]] {{=}} 0.230<ref name="jpldata" />
| abs_magnitude = 9.06<ref name="jpldata" />8.98<br><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2016" /><ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2013" /><br />9.03<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br>{{val|9.34|0.27}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />
}}
'''1021 Flammario''', provisional designation {{mp|1924 RG}}, is a dark background [[asteroid]] from the central regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 11 March 1924, by German astronomer [[Max Wolf]] at the [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory]] in Heidelberg, Germany.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was named after French astronomer [[Camille Flammarion]].<ref name="springer" /> The uncommon [[F-type asteroid]] has a [[rotation period]] of 12.16 hours.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Flammario'' is a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid from the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]].<ref name="Ferret" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|central]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 6 months (1,654 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.29 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 16[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />
The asteroid was first observed as {{mp|A910 CE}} at Taunton Observatory {{Obscode|803}} in February 1910. The body's [[observation arc]] begins at the [[Pulkovo Observatory]] near Saint Petersburg, Russia, in January 1928, more than four years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the [[SMASS classification]], ''Flammario'' is a "bright" carbonaceous [[B-type asteroid|B-type]], while it is an uncommon [[F-type asteroid]] in the [[Tholen classification|Tholen taxonomy]]. (The SMASS taxonomic scheme classifies all F-types as B-type asteroids).<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /> More recent [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] observations also characterized the asteroid as a dark F-type.<ref name="Belskaya-2017" />
=== Rotation period ===
Several rotational [[lightcurve]]s of ''Flammario'' have been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations since the 1990s ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2/2/2]]}}).<ref name="Buchheim-2005c" /><ref name="Hainaut-Rouelle-1995" /><ref name="Schober-1993" /> Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer [[Laurent Bernasconi]] in January 2005 gave a [[rotation period]] of 12.160 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.40 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="geneva-obs" />
=== Poles ===
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources, rendered a similar sidereal period of 12.15186 hours and two [[Poles of astronomical bodies|spin axes]] of (32.0°, 22.0°) and (216.0°, 55.0°) in [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]].<ref name="Hanus-2016a" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Flammario'' measures between 84.78 and 105 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.04 and 0.05.<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2016" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="Ali-Lagoa-2013" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 99.39 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 8.98.<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Mass, density and porosity ===
Fienga et al. estimated the mass of ''Flammario'' as (8.6 ± 3.87/2.84){{e|17}} kg, with a theoretical bulk density of 1.606 ± 0.722/0.529 g/cm{{sup|3}}.<ref name="FiengaEtAl2020"/> [[Small Solar System bodies]] may have 20% of more porosity (which decreases with the size of the body due to self-gravity). The carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids typically show a higher macroporosity than the basaltic, stony asteroids from the inner regions of the asteroid belt.<ref name="Carry-2012"/>
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after renowned French astronomer [[Camille Flammarion]] (1842–1925), who founded the French Astronomical Society ({{langx|fr|[[Société astronomique de France]]}}) and the astronomical journal ''[[L'Astronomie (magazine)|L'Astronomie]]'' in the 1880s. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' by [[Paul Herget]] in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 98]]}}). The lunar crater ''[[Flammarion (lunar crater)|Flammarion]]'' as well as the crater ''[[Flammarion (Martian crater)|Flammarion]]'' on Mars were also named in his honor.<ref name="springer" />
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|first50 = Q. |last50 = Déhais
|first51 = T. |last51 = Déléage
|first52 = S. |last52 = Delmelle
|first53 = C. |last53 = Demeautis
|first54 = M. |last54 = Drózdz
|first55 = G. |last55 = Dubos
|first56 = T. |last56 = Dulcamara
|first57 = M. |last57 = Dumont
|first58 = R. |last58 = Durkee
|first59 = R. |last59 = Dymock
|first60 = A. |last60 = Escalante del Valle
|first61 = N. |last61 = Esseiva
|first62 = R. |last62 = Esseiva
|first63 = M. |last63 = Esteban
|first64 = T. |last64 = Fauchez
|first65 = M. |last65 = Fauerbach
|first66 = M. |last66 = Fauvaud
|first67 = S. |last67 = Fauvaud
|first68 = E. |last68 = Forné
|first69 = C. |last69 = Fournel
|first70 = D. |last70 = Fradet
|first71 = J. |last71 = Garlitz
|first72 = O. |last72 = Gerteis
|first73 = C. |last73 = Gillier
|first74 = M. |last74 = Gillon
|first75 = R. |last75 = Giraud
|first76 = J.-P. |last76 = Godard
|first77 = R. |last77 = Goncalves
|first78 = Hiroko |last78 = Hamanowa
|first79 = Hiromi |last79 = Hamanowa
|first80 = K. |last80 = Hay
|first81 = S. |last81 = Hellmich
|first82 = S. |last82 = Heterier
|first83 = D. |last83 = Higgins
|first84 = R. |last84 = Hirsch
|first85 = G. |last85 = Hodosan
|first86 = M. |last86 = Hren
|first87 = A. |last87 = Hygate
|first88 = N. |last88 = Innocent
|first89 = H. |last89 = Jacquinot
|first90 = S. |last90 = Jawahar
|first91 = E. |last91 = Jehin
|first92 = L. |last92 = Jerosimic
|first93 = A. |last93 = Klotz
|first94 = W. |last94 = Koff
|first95 = P. |last95 = Korlevic
|first96 = E. |last96 = Kosturkiewicz
|first97 = P. |last97 = Krafft
|first98 = Y. |last98 = Krugly
|first99 = F. |last99 = Kugel
|first100 = O. |last100 = Labrevoir
|first101 = J. |last101 = Lecacheux
|first102 = M. |last102 = Lehký
|first103 = A. |last103 = Leroy
|first104 = B. |last104 = Lesquerbault
|first105 = M. J. |last105 = Lopez-Gonzales
|first106 = M. |last106 = Lutz
|first107 = B. |last107 = Mallecot
|first108 = J. |last108 = Manfroid
|first109 = F. |last109 = Manzini
|first110 = A. |last110 = Marciniak
|first111 = A. |last111 = Martin
|first112 = B. |last112 = Modave
|first113 = R. |last113 = Montaigut
|first114 = J. |last114 = Montier
|first115 = E. |last115 = Morelle
|first116 = B. |last116 = Morton
|first117 = S. |last117 = Mottola
|first118 = R. |last118 = Naves
|first119 = J. |last119 = Nomen
|first120 = J. |last120 = Oey
|first121 = W. |last121 = Ogloza
|first122 = M. |last122 = Paiella
|first123 = H. |last123 = Pallares
|first124 = A. |last124 = Peyrot
|first125 = F. |last125 = Pilcher
|first126 = J.-F. |last126 = Pirenne
|first127 = P. |last127 = Piron
|first128 = M. |last128 = Polinska
|first129 = M. |last129 = Polotto
|first130 = R. |last130 = Poncy
|first131 = J. P. |last131 = Previt
|first132 = F. |last132 = Reignier
|first133 = D. |last133 = Renauld
|first134 = D. |last134 = Ricci
|first135 = F. |last135 = Richard
|first136 = C. |last136 = Rinner
|first137 = V. |last137 = Risoldi
|first138 = D. |last138 = Robilliard
|first139 = D. |last139 = Romeuf
|first140 = G. |last140 = Rousseau
|first141 = R. |last141 = Roy
|first142 = J. |last142 = Ruthroff
|first143 = P. A. |last143 = Salom
|first144 = L. |last144 = Salvador
|first145 = S. |last145 = Sanchez
|first146 = T. |last146 = Santana-Ros
|first147 = A. |last147 = Scholz
|first148 = G. |last148 = Séné
|first149 = B. |last149 = Skiff
|first150 = K. |last150 = Sobkowiak
|first151 = P. |last151 = Sogorb
|first152 = F. |last152 = Soldán
|first153 = A. |last153 = Spiridakis
|first154 = E. |last154 = Splanska
|first155 = S. |last155 = Sposetti
|first156 = D. |last156 = Starkey
|first157 = R. |last157 = Stephens
|first158 = A. |last158 = Stiepen
|first159 = R. |last159 = Stoss
|first160 = J. |last160 = Strajnic
|first161 = J.-P. |last161 = Teng
|first162 = G. |last162 = Tumolo
|first163 = A. |last163 = Vagnozzi
|first164 = B. |last164 = Vanoutryve
|first165 = J. M. |last165 = Vugnon
|first166 = B. D. |last166 = Warner
|first167 = M. |last167 = Waucomont
|first168 = O. |last168 = Wertz
|first169 = M. |last169 = Winiarski
|first170 = M. |last170 = Wolf
|date = February 2016
|title = New and updated convex shape models of asteroids based on optical data from a large collaboration network
|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics
|volume = 586
|page = 24
|bibcode = 2016A&A...586A.108H
|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201527441
|arxiv = 1510.07422|s2cid = 119112278 }}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 13 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Belskaya-2017">{{Cite journal
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|first1 = I. N. |last1 = Belskaya
|first2 = S. |last2 = Fornasier
|first3 = G. P. |last3 = Tozzi
|first4 = R. |last4 = Gil-Hutton
|first5 = A. |last5 = Cellino
|first6 = K. |last6 = Antonyuk
|first7 = Yu. N. |last7 = Krugly
|first8 = A. N. |last8 = Dovgopol
|first9 = S. |last9 = Faggi
|date = March 2017
|title = Refining the asteroid taxonomy by polarimetric observations
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2017Icar..284...30B
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 284
|pages = 30–42
|bibcode = 2017Icar..284...30B
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.003
|access-date= 13 March 2018|hdl= 11336/63617
|hdl-access= free
}}</ref>
<ref name="FiengaEtAl2020">{{Cite journal
|last=Fienga |first=A.
|last2=Avdellidou |first2=C.
|last3=Hanuš |first3=J.
|date=February 2020
|title=Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides
|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/492/1/589/5658701
|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
|volume=492
|issue=1
|doi=10.1093/mnras/stz3407
|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – ''Geneva Observatory'', [[Raoul Behrend]]
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1021}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1020 Arcadia |number=1021 |1022 Olympiada}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Flammario}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|001021]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Max Wolf]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:F-type asteroids (Tholen)|001021]]
[[Category:B-type asteroids (SMASS)|001021]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1924|19240311]]
| 1,254,680,662 |
[{"title": "Discovery", "data": {"Discovered by": "M. F. Wolf", "Discovery site": "Heidelberg Obs.", "Discovery date": "11 March 1924"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1021) Flammario", "Named after": "Camille Flammarion \u00b7 (French astronomer)", "Alternative designations": "1924 RG \u00b7 1977 UM \u00b7 A910 CE", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 background"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "92.70 yr (33,857 d)", "Aphelion": "3.5188 AU", "Perihelion": "1.9556 AU", "Semi-major axis": "2.7372 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.2855", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "4.53 yr (1,654 d)", "Mean anomaly": "10.840\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 13m 3.36s / day", "Inclination": "15.869\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "115.44\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "286.97\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "84.78\u00b122.26 km \u00b7 97.38\u00b11.23 km \u00b7 97.96\u00b134.85 km \u00b7 98.015\u00b18.377 km \u00b7 99.39\u00b12.3 km \u00b7 99.6\u00b119.9 km \u00b7 100.765\u00b11.608 km \u00b7 105\u00b111 km", "Mass": "(8.6 \u00b1 3.87/2.84)\u00d71017 kg", "Mean density": "1.606 \u00b1 0.722/0.529 g/cm3", "Synodic rotation period": "12.146\u00b10.001 h \u00b7 12.146 h \u00b7 12.15186\u00b10.00005 h \u00b7 12.160\u00b10.002 h \u00b7 12.16 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.04\u00b10.01 \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.06 \u00b7 0.045\u00b10.006 \u00b7 0.0458\u00b10.002 \u00b7 0.0470\u00b10.0200 \u00b7 0.048\u00b10.001 \u00b7 0.05\u00b10.02", "Spectral type": "Tholen = F \u00b7 F \u00b7 SMASS = B \u00b7 B\u2013V = 0.656 \u00b7 U\u2013B = 0.230", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "9.068.98 \u00b7 9.03 \u00b7 9.34\u00b10.27"}}]
| false |
# 1793 in Norway
Events in the year 1793 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Christian VII.[1]
## Arts and literature
- Valle Church was built.
## Births
- 2 May - David Vogt, politician (d.1861)
### Full date unknown
- Jens Lauritz Arup, politician (d.1874)
- Ole Wilhelm Erichsen, politician and Minister (d.1860)
- Ahlert Hysing, politician
- Niels Andreas Thrap, politician (d.1856)
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_in_Norway
|
2024-12-09T05:46:02Z
|
en
|
Q4553409
| 76,959 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates |date=December 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1793}}
Events in the year '''1793 in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Christian VII]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Christian 7. |first=Terje |last=Bratberg |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Christian_7. |language=no |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Arts and literature==
[[File:Valle Kirke, Vigeland.png|thumb|right|150 px|Valle Church]]
* [[Valle Church (Lindesnes)|Valle Church]] was built.
==Births==
*2 May - [[David Vogt]], politician (d.[[1861 in Norway|1861]])
===Full date unknown===
*[[Jens Lauritz Arup]], politician (d.[[1874 in Norway|1874]])
*[[Ole Wilhelm Erichsen]], politician and Minister (d.[[1860 in Norway|1860]])
*[[Ahlert Hysing]], politician
*[[Niels Andreas Thrap]], politician (d.[[1856 in Norway|1856]])
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=July 2019}}
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1793}}
[[Category:1793 in Norway| ]]
| 1,262,023,997 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1792 - 1791 - 1790": "1793 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1794 - 1795 - 1796", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th 20th", "Decades": "1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s", "See also": "1793 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false |
# 1875 in Michigan
Events from the year 1875 in Michigan.
## Office holders
### State office holders
- Governor of Michigan: John J. Bagley (Republican)
- Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: Henry H. Holt (Republican)
- Michigan Attorney General: Isaac Marston/Andrew J. Smith
- Michigan Secretary of State: Daniel Striker/Ebenezer G. D. Holden
- Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: John Philo Hoyt (Republican)
- Chief Justice, Michigan Supreme Court: Benjamin F. Graves
### Mayors of major cities
- Mayor of Detroit: Hugh Moffat (Republican)
- Mayor of Grand Rapids: Julius Houseman
- Mayor of Flint: George H. Durand/Alexander McFarland
- Mayor of Saginaw: Chauncey W. Wisner
- Mayor of Lansing, Michigan: Daniel W. Buck
- Mayor of Ann Arbor: Hiram J. Beakes/Edward D. Kinne
### Federal office holders
- U.S. Senator from Michigan: Zachariah Chandler (Republican)/Isaac P. Christiancy
- U.S. Senator from Michigan: Thomas W. Ferry (Republican)
- House District 1: Alpheus S. Williams (Democrat)
- House District 2: Henry Waldron (Republican)
- House District 3: George Willard (Republican)
- House District 4: Julius C. Burrows (Republican)/Allen Potter
- House District 5: William B. Williams (Republican)
- House District 6: Josiah Begole/George H. Durand (Democrat)
- House District 7: Omar D. Conger (Republican)
- House District 8: Nathan B. Bradley (Republican)
- House District 9: Jay Abel Hubbell (Republican)
## Population
In the 1870 United States census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 1,184,059. By 1880, Michigan's population had increased by 38.2% to 1,636,937.
### Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 5,000 based on 1870 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1860 and 1880 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Where available, figures from the 1874 Michigan state census are also included
| 1870 Rank | City | County | 1860 | 1870 | 1874 | 1880 | Change 1870-1880 |
| --------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ------ | ------- | ------- | ---------------- |
| 1 | Detroit | Wayne | 45,619 | 79,577 | 101,255 | 116,340 | 46.2% |
| 2 | Grand Rapids | Kent | 8,085 | 16,507 | 25,989 | 32,016 | 94.0% |
| 3 | Jackson | Jackson | 5,000 | 14,447 | 13,860 | 16,105 | 11.5% |
| 4 | Kalamazoo | Kalamazoo | 6,070 | 9,181 | 10,000 | 11,937 | 30.0% |
| 5 | Adrian | Lenawee | 6,213 | 8,438 | 8,866 | 7,849 | −7.0% |
| 6 | Saginaw | Saginaw | 1,699 | 7,460 | 10,064 | 10,525 | 41.1% |
| 7 | Ann Arbor | Washtenaw | 5,097 | 7,363 | 6,692 | 8,061 | 9.5% |
| 8 | Bay City | Bay | 1,583 | 7,064 | 13,767 | 20,693 | 192.9% |
| 9 | Muskegon | Muskegon | 1,450 | 6,002 | 9,000 | 11,262 | 87.6% |
| 10 | Port Huron | St. Clair | 4,371 | 5,973 | 8,240 | 8,883 | 48.7% |
| 11 | Battle Creek | Calhoun | 3,509 | 5,838 | 6,000 | 7,063 | 21.0% |
| 12 | Ypsilanti | Washtenaw | 3,955 | 5,471 | 5,211 | 4,984 | −8.9% |
| 13 | Flint | Genesee | 2,950 | 5,386 | 4,200 | 8,409 | 56.1% |
| 14 | Lansing | Ingham | 3,074 | 5,241 | 7,445 | 8,319 | 58.7% |
| 15 | Monroe | Monroe | 3,892 | 5,086 | 6,000 | 4,930 | −3.1% |
### Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 30,000 based on 1870 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1860 and 1880 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.
| 1870 Rank | County | Largest city | 1860 Pop. | 1870 Pop. | 1880 Pop. | Change 1870-1880 |
| --------- | --------- | ------------ | --------- | --------- | --------- | ---------------- |
| 1 | Wayne | Detroit | 75,547 | 119,068 | 168,444 | 41.5% |
| 2 | Kent | Grand Rapids | 30,716 | 50,403 | 73,253 | 45.3% |
| 3 | Lenawee | Adrian | 38,112 | 45,595 | 48,343 | 6.0% |
| 4 | Washtenaw | Ann Arbor | 35,686 | 41,434 | 41,848 | 1.0% |
| 5 | Oakland | Pontiac | 38,261 | 40,867 | 41,537 | 1.8% |
| 6 | Saginaw | Saginaw | 12,693 | 39,097 | 59,095 | 51.1% |
| 7 | St. Clair | Port Huron | 26,604 | 36,661 | 46,197 | 26.0% |
| 8 | Calhoun | Battle Creek | 29,564 | 36,569 | 38,452 | 5.1% |
| 9 | Jackson | Jackson | 26,671 | 36,047 | 42,031 | 16.6% |
| 10 | Berrien | Niles | 22,378 | 35,104 | 36,785 | 4.8% |
| 11 | Genesee | Flint | 22,498 | 33,900 | 39,220 | 15.7% |
| 12 | Kalamazoo | Kalamazoo | 24,646 | 32,054 | 34,342 | 7.1% |
| 13 | Hillsdale | Hillsdale | 25,675 | 31,684 | 32,723 | 3.3% |
## Sports
### Baseball
- 1875 Michigan Wolverines baseball season - The Wolverines compiled a 1–2 record, winning a game against the Detroit Aetnas and losing games to the Aetnas and Jackson Mutuals.[2] William Johnson was the team captain.[3]
## Births
- January 31 – Horace B. Carpenter, silent movie actor, director, and screenwriter, in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- February 22 – James Kirkwood Sr., silent movie actor and director, in Grand Rapids
- December 2 – Louis C. Cramton, U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th District (1913-1931), at Hadley Township, Michigan
## Deaths
- March 18 – George G. B. Yeckley, member of the Michigan House of Representatives, died in office, at 44, in Hamilton Township, Van Buren County
- May 16 – Daniel Dunakin, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1855–1856), at age 65
|
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| 55,700,357 |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_in_Michigan
|
2025-02-10T00:12:04Z
|
en
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Q48839336
| 103,883 |
{{Short description|none}}
{{Year in Michigan|1875}}
{{Year in U.S. states and territories|1875}}
Events from the year '''1875 in Michigan'''.
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Office holders ==
[[File:Jjbagley.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[John J. Bagley|Gov. Bagley]]]]
===State office holders===
* [[Governor of Michigan]]: [[John J. Bagley]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]])
* [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan]]: [[Henry H. Holt]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan Attorney General]]: [[Isaac Marston]]/Andrew J. Smith
* [[Michigan Secretary of State]]: Daniel Striker/Ebenezer G. D. Holden
* [[List of Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives|Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives]]: [[John Philo Hoyt]] (Republican)
* Chief Justice, [[Michigan Supreme Court]]: [[Benjamin F. Graves (judge)|Benjamin F. Graves]]
===Mayors of major cities===
[[File:Zachariah Chandler.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Zachariah Chandler|Sen. Chandler]]]]
* [[List of mayors of Detroit|Mayor of Detroit]]: [[Hugh Moffat (politician)|Hugh Moffat]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]])
* [[List of mayors of Grand Rapids, Michigan|Mayor of Grand Rapids]]: [[Julius Houseman]]
* [[List of mayors of Flint, Michigan|Mayor of Flint]]: [[George H. Durand]]/[[Alexander McFarland]]
* [[List of mayors of Saginaw, Michigan|Mayor of Saginaw]]: [[Chauncey W. Wisner]]
* [[List of mayors of Lansing, Michigan|Mayor of Lansing, Michigan]]: [[Daniel W. Buck]]
* [[List of mayors of Ann Arbor|Mayor of Ann Arbor]]: [[Hiram J. Beakes]]/[[Edward D. Kinne]]
===Federal office holders===
[[File:TWFerry.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Thomas W. Ferry|Sen. Ferry]]]]
* [[List of United States senators from Michigan|U.S. Senator from Michigan]]: [[Zachariah Chandler]] (Republican)/[[Isaac P. Christiancy]]
* [[List of United States senators from Michigan|U.S. Senator from Michigan]]: [[Thomas W. Ferry]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 1st congressional district|House District 1]]: [[Alpheus S. Williams]] (Democrat)
* [[Michigan's 2nd congressional district|House District 2]]: [[Henry Waldron]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 3rd congressional district|House District 3]]: [[George Willard]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 4th congressional district|House District 4]]: [[Julius C. Burrows]] (Republican)/[[Allen Potter]]
* [[Michigan's 5th congressional district|House District 5]]: [[William B. Williams (Michigan politician)|William B. Williams]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 6th congressional district|House District 6]]: [[Josiah Begole]]/[[George H. Durand]] (Democrat)
* [[Michigan's 7th congressional district|House District 7]]: [[Omar D. Conger]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 8th congressional district|House District 8]]: [[Nathan B. Bradley]] (Republican)
* [[Michigan's 9th congressional district|House District 9]]: [[Jay Abel Hubbell]] (Republican)
==Population==
{{Population of Michigan cities and counties (1870 Census)}}
==Sports==
===Baseball===
* 1875 [[Michigan Wolverines baseball]] season - The Wolverines compiled a 1–2 record, winning a game against the Detroit Aetnas and losing games to the Aetnas and Jackson Mutuals.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=2012 University of Michigan Baseball Record Book |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/mich/sports/m-basebl/auto_pdf/2011-12/misc_non_event/bsb-recordbook-2012.pdf |publisher=University of Michigan |pages=22, 61 |access-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120456/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/mich/sports/m-basebl/auto_pdf/2011-12/misc_non_event/bsb-recordbook-2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> William Johnson was the team captain.<ref>2012 U-M Baseball Record Book, p. 13.</ref>
==Chronology of events==
===January===
===February===
===April===
===May===
===June===
===July===
===August===
===November===
===December===
==Births==
[[File:Jameskirkwood.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[James Kirkwood Sr.]]]]
* January 31 – [[Horace B. Carpenter]], silent movie actor, director, and screenwriter, in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
* February 22 – [[James Kirkwood Sr.]], silent movie actor and director, in Grand Rapids
* December 2 – [[Louis C. Cramton]], U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th District (1913-1931), at [[Hadley Township, Michigan]]
==Deaths==
* March 18 – [[George G. B. Yeckley]], member of the Michigan House of Representatives, died in office, at 44, in [[Hamilton Township, Van Buren County, Michigan|Hamilton Township, Van Buren County]]
* May 16 – [[Daniel Dunakin]], member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1855–1856), at age 65
==See also==
* [[History of Michigan]]
* [[History of Detroit]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Michigan year nav}}
[[Category:1875 in Michigan| ]]
| 1,274,916,549 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1874 - 1873 - 1872": "1875 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Michigan \u00b7 \u2192 - 1876 - 1877 - 1878", "Decades": "1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s", "See also": "History of Michigan Historical outline of Michigan List of years in Michigan 1875 in the United States"}}]
| false |
# 1019
Year 1019 (MXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
## Events
### By place
#### Europe
- Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (the Wise). He becomes the Grand Prince of Kiev with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.[1]
#### Africa
- The Azdâji conquest puts an end to the Kingdom of Nekor, in Morocco.
#### Asia
- March 10 – Battle of Gwiju: Korean forces, led by General Kang Kam-ch'an, gain a decisive victory over the Khitan Liao Dynasty at modern-day Kusong, ending the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.
- Toi invasion: Jurchen pirates, from the Khitan Liao Dynasty in modern-day Manchuria, sail with about 50 ships to invade Kyūshū in Japan. They assault the islands Tsushima and Iki. In April the pirates raid Matsuura but are defeated by the Japanese army.
- Japanese statesman and regent Fujiwara no Michinaga retires from public life, installing his son Yorimichi as regent. Michinaga, however, continues to direct affairs of state from his retirement, and remains the de facto ruler of Japan, until his death in 1028.
## Births
- November 17 – Sima Guang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 1086)
- December 29 – Munjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1083)
- Abe no Sadato, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1062)
- Dominic de la Calzada, Spanish priest and saint (d. 1109)
- Gundekar II (or Gunzo), bishop of Eichstätt (d. 1075)
- Mauger (or Malger), archbishop of Rouen (d. 1055)
- Śrīpati, Indian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1066)
- Sweyn II (Estridsson), king of Denmark (approximate date)
- Wang Gui, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 1085)
- Wen Tong, Chinese painter and calligrapher (d. 1079)
- Yūsuf Balasaguni, Karakhanid statesman (d. 1085)
- Zeng Gong, Chinese scholar and historian (d. 1083)
## Deaths
- June 28 – Heimerad (or Heimo), German priest and saint
- October 6 – Frederick of Luxembourg, count of Moselgau (b. 965)
- Aldhun (or Ealdhun), bishop of Lindisfarne (or 1018)
- Sergius II (the Studite), patriarch of Constantinople
- Sviatopolk I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 980)
|
enwiki/36084
|
enwiki
| 36,084 |
1019
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1019
|
2025-01-03T13:18:52Z
|
en
|
Q19252
| 45,297 |
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|1019|the Jolin Tsai album|1019 (album)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Year nav|1019}}
{{C11 year in topic}}
[[File:Fujiwara Michinaga.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] (966–1028)]]
Year '''1019''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]] dies, and is succeeded by his brother [[Yaroslav the Wise|Yaroslav I]] ('''the Wise'''). He becomes the Grand Prince of [[Kievan Rus'|Kiev]] with the support of the [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorodians]] and the help of [[Varangians|Varangian]] ([[Vikings|Viking]]) mercenaries. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652106/Yaroslav-I |title= Yaroslav I (prince of Kiev) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate= 2012-04-07}}</ref>
==== Africa ====
* The Azdâji conquest puts an end to the [[Kingdom of Nekor]], in [[Morocco]].
==== Asia ====
* [[March 10]] – [[Battle of Kuju|Battle of Gwiju]]: Korean forces, led by General [[Kang Kam-ch'an]], gain a decisive victory over the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]] at modern-day [[Kusong]], ending the [[Third Goryeo-Khitan War]].
* [[Toi invasion]]: [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] pirates, from the Khitan Liao Dynasty in modern-day [[Manchuria]], sail with about 50 ships to invade [[Kyūshū]] in Japan. They assault the islands [[Tsushima Island|Tsushima]] and [[Iki Island|Iki]]. In April the pirates raid [[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]] but are defeated by the Japanese army.
* Japanese statesman and regent [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] retires from public life, installing his son [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi|Yorimichi]] as regent. Michinaga, however, continues to direct affairs of state from his retirement, and remains the [[de facto]] ruler of Japan, until his death in [[1028]].
</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
* [[November 17]] – [[Sima Guang]], Chinese politician and writer (d. [[1086]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Munjong of Goryeo|Munjong]], ruler of [[Goryeo]] ([[Korea]]) (d. [[1083]])
* [[Abe no Sadato]], Japanese nobleman and [[samurai]] (d. [[1062]])
* [[Dominic de la Calzada]], Spanish [[priest]] and saint (d. [[1109]])
* [[Gundekar II of Eichstätt|Gundekar II]] (or '''Gunzo'''), bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt|Eichstätt]] (d. [[1075]])
* [[Mauger (archbishop of Rouen)|Mauger]] (or '''Malger'''), archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen|Rouen]] (d. [[1055]])
* [[Śrīpati]], Indian astronomer and [[mathematician]] (d. [[1066]])
* [[Sweyn II of Denmark|Sweyn II]] ('''Estridsson'''), king of [[Denmark]] (approximate date)
* [[Wang Gui (Song dynasty)|Wang Gui]], Chinese official and [[Grand chancellor (China)|chancellor]] (d. [[1085]])
* [[Wen Tong]], Chinese [[Chinese painting|painter]] and calligrapher (d. [[1079]])
* [[Yūsuf Balasaguni]], Karakhanid statesman (d. 1085)
* [[Zeng Gong]], Chinese scholar and [[historian]] (d. 1083)
== Deaths ==
* [[June 28]] – [[Heimerad]] (or '''Heimo'''), German priest and saint
* [[October 6]] – [[Frederick of Luxembourg]], count of [[Moselle|Moselgau]] (b. [[965]])
* [[Aldhun]] (or '''Ealdhun'''), bishop of [[Lindisfarne]] (or [[1018]])
* [[Sergius II of Constantinople|Sergius II]] ('''the Studite'''), patriarch of [[Constantinople]]
* [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]], Grand Prince of [[Kievan Rus'|Kiev]] (b. [[980]])
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1019}}
[[Category:1019| ]]
| 1,267,070,028 |
[{"title": "1019 in various calendars", "data": {"Gregorian calendar": "1019 \u00b7 MXIX", "Ab urbe condita": "1772", "Armenian calendar": "468 \u00b7 \u0539\u054e \u0546\u053f\u0538", "Assyrian calendar": "5769", "Balinese saka calendar": "940\u2013941", "Bengali calendar": "425\u2013426", "Berber calendar": "1969", "English Regnal year": "N/A", "Buddhist calendar": "1563", "Burmese calendar": "381", "Byzantine calendar": "6527\u20136528", "Chinese calendar": "\u620a\u5348\u5e74 (Earth Horse) \u00b7 3716 or 3509 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u5df1\u672a\u5e74 (Earth Goat) \u00b7 3717 or 3510", "Coptic calendar": "735\u2013736", "Discordian calendar": "2185", "Ethiopian calendar": "1011\u20131012", "Hebrew calendar": "4779\u20134780", "- Vikram Samvat": "1075\u20131076", "- Shaka Samvat": "940\u2013941", "- Kali Yuga": "4119\u20134120", "Holocene calendar": "11019", "Igbo calendar": "19\u201320", "Iranian calendar": "397\u2013398", "Islamic calendar": "409\u2013410", "Japanese calendar": "Kannin 3 \u00b7 (\u5bdb\u4ec1\uff13\u5e74)", "Javanese calendar": "921\u2013922", "Julian calendar": "1019 \u00b7 MXIX", "Korean calendar": "3352", "Minguo calendar": "893 before ROC \u00b7 \u6c11\u524d893\u5e74", "Nanakshahi calendar": "\u2212449", "Seleucid era": "1330/1331 AG", "Thai solar calendar": "1561\u20131562", "Tibetan calendar": "\u9633\u571f\u9a6c\u5e74 \u00b7 (male Earth-Horse) \u00b7 1145 or 764 or \u22128 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u9634\u571f\u7f8a\u5e74 \u00b7 (female Earth-Goat) \u00b7 1146 or 765 or \u22127"}}]
| false |
# 1801 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1801 in Chile.
## Incumbents
Royal Governors - Joaquín del Pino (-March 31), José de Santiago Concha Jiménez Lobatón (April 1-December), Francisco Tadeo Diez de Medina Vidanges (December-)
## Births
May 6 - José Joaquín Pérez, seventh president of Chile. (d. 1889)
|
enwiki/45030670
|
enwiki
| 45,030,670 |
1801 in Chile
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801_in_Chile
|
2024-09-02T23:57:18Z
|
en
|
Q19869682
| 54,838 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in region
|year=1801
|region=Chile
|image= Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg
|image_size=80px
|see_also = [[1801|Other events in 1801]]{{middot}}[[Timeline of Chilean history]]
}}
The following lists events that happened during '''[[1801]] in [[Chile]]'''.
==Incumbents==
Royal Governors - [[Joaquín del Pino]] (-March 31), [[José de Santiago Concha Jiménez Lobatón]] (April 1-December), [[Francisco Tadeo Diez de Medina Vidanges]] (December-)
== Events ==
{{Empty section|date=January 2015}}
==Births==
May 6 - [[José Joaquín Pérez]], seventh president of [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://historiapolitica.bcn.cl/resenas_parlamentarias/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez_Mascayano|title = José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano|access-date = 12 January 2015|website = Historia Política Legislativa del Congreso Nacional de Chile|publisher = Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile|archive-date = 10 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170210021125/http://historiapolitica.bcn.cl/resenas_parlamentarias/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez_Mascayano|url-status = dead}}</ref> (d. 1889)
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Years in Chile}}
{{South America topic|1801 in}}
[[Category:1801 in the Captaincy General of Chile]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Chile]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in the Captaincy General of Chile]]
[[Category:1800s in the Captaincy General of Chile]]
[[Category:1801 by country|Chile]]
[[Category:1801 in South America|Chile]]
| 1,243,706,922 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1800 - 1799 - 1798": "1801 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Chile \u00b7 \u2192 - 1802 - 1803 - 1804", "Decades": "1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s", "See also": "Other events in 1801 \u00b7 Timeline of Chilean history"}}]
| false |
# 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate (15β-OH-CPA) is a steroidal antiandrogen and the major metabolite of cyproterone acetate (CPA). It is formed from CPA in the liver by hydroxylation via the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. During therapy with CPA, 15β-OH-CPA circulates at concentrations that are approximately twice those of CPA. 15β-OH-CPA has similar or even greater antiandrogen activity compared to CPA. However, it has only about one-tenth of the activity of CPA as a progestogen. 15β-OH-CPA also shows some glucocorticoid activity, similarly to CPA and unesterified cyproterone.
|
enwiki/52534044
|
enwiki
| 52,534,044 |
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate
|
2024-09-08T19:37:05Z
|
en
|
Q28209588
| 205,529 |
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields =
| Watchedfields =
| verifiedrevid =
| IUPAC_name = (1''R'',3a''S'',3b''R'',8b''S'',8c''S'',10a''S'')-1-acetyl-5-chloro-3-hydroxy-8b,10a-dimethyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,3a,3b,7,7a,8,8a,8b,8c,9,10,10a-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']cyclopropa[''g'']phenanthren-1-yl acetate
| image = 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate.svg
| width = 225px
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename =
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 -->
| legal_CA =
| legal_UK =
| legal_US =
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration =
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
| excretion =
<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 65423-26-9
| CAS_supplemental = <br />{{CAS|114884-50-3}} (non-specific stereochemistry)
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 54AF4JYT3F
| ATC_prefix =
| ATC_suffix =
| ATC_supplemental =
| PubChem = 10025840
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| DrugBank_Ref =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref =
| ChemSpiderID = 170395
| KEGG =
| ChEBI =
| ChEMBL =
| synonyms = 15β-Hydroxy-CPA; 15β-OH-CPA; 6-Chloro-15β,17α-dihydroxy-1α,2α-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione 17α-acetate; 6-Chloro-1,2α-methylene-15β,17α-dihydroxy-δ<sup>6</sup>-progesterone 17α-acetate
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=24 | H=29 | Cl=1 | O=5
| SMILES = CC(=O)[C@]1(CC([C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2C=C(C4=CC(=O)[C@@H]5C[C@@H]5[C@]34C)Cl)C)O)OC(=O)C
| StdInChI_Ref =
| StdInChI = 1S/C24H29ClO5/c1-11(26)24(30-12(2)27)10-20(29)21-14-8-18(25)17-9-19(28)13-7-16(13)23(17,4)15(14)5-6-22(21,24)3/h8-9,13-16,20-21,29H,5-7,10H2,1-4H3/t13-,14-,15+,16+,20?,21-,22+,23+,24+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref =
| StdInChIKey = HRANPRDGABOKNQ-XHLVMSDXSA-N
}}
'''15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate''' ('''15β-OH-CPA''') is a [[steroidal antiandrogen]] and the major [[metabolite]] of [[cyproterone acetate]] (CPA).<ref name="Saleh2009">{{cite book| vauthors = Saleh FM | chapter = Pharmacological Treatment of Paraphilic Sex Offenders | veditors = Saleh FM |title=Sex Offenders: Identification, Risk Assessment, Treatment, and Legal Issues|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=df0RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=11 February 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-517704-6|pages=197–}}</ref><ref name="BińkowskaWoroń2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bińkowska M, Woroń J | title = Progestogens in menopausal hormone therapy | journal = Przegla̜d Menopauzalny = Menopause Review | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–143 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26327902 | pmc = 4498031 | doi = 10.5114/pm.2015.52154 }}</ref><ref name="BoarderNewby2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Boarder M, Newby D, Navti P | chapter = Pharmacogical Treatment of Cancer |title=Pharmacology for Pharmacy and the Health Sciences: A Patient-centred Approach| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KVicAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA632 |date=25 March 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-955982-4|pages=632–}}</ref> It is formed from CPA in the [[liver]] by [[hydroxylation]] via the [[cytochrome P450]] [[enzyme]] [[CYP3A4]].<ref name="Saleh2009" /><ref name="BińkowskaWoroń2015" /><ref name="BoarderNewby2010" /> During therapy with CPA, 15β-OH-CPA circulates at concentrations that are approximately twice those of CPA.<ref name="pmid3160716">{{cite journal | vauthors = Frith RG, Phillipou G | title = 15-Hydroxycyproterone acetate and cyproterone acetate levels in plasma and urine | journal = Journal of Chromatography | volume = 338 | issue = 1 | pages = 179–186 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3160716 | doi = 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80082-7 }}</ref> 15β-OH-CPA has similar or even greater antiandrogen activity compared to CPA.<ref name="JamesPasqualini2013">{{cite book| vauthors = Neumann F | chapter = Pharmacological basis for clinical use of antiandrogens | veditors = James VH, Pasqualini JR |title=Hormonal Steroids: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Hormonal Steroids| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA398|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4831-9067-9|pages=398–}}</ref> However, it has only about one-tenth of the activity of CPA as a [[progestogen]].<ref name="pmid16112947">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuhl H | title = Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration | journal = Climacteric | volume = 8 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 3–63 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16112947 | doi = 10.1080/13697130500148875 | s2cid = 24616324 }}</ref> 15β-OH-CPA also shows some [[glucocorticoid]] activity, similarly to CPA and unesterified [[cyproterone]].<ref name="pmid6266428">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhargava AS, Kapp JF, Poggel HA, Heinick J, Nieuweboer B, Günzel P | title = Effect of cyproterone acetate and its metabolites on the adrenal function in man, rhesus monkey and rat | journal = Arzneimittel-Forschung | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1005–1009 | year = 1981 | pmid = 6266428 }}</ref><ref name="ExcerptaMedica1982">{{cite book|title=Excerpta medica. Section 30. Pharmacology and toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DIjAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|quote=In addition, cyprosterone acetate and its main metabolite, 15β-hydroxy acetate, as well as the newly isolated free alcohol of the main metabolite were characterized for their corticosteroid-like activity in rats. Cyproterone acetate treatment of male hypersexual subjects and female rhesus monkeys did not reveal any signs of adrenal suppression. Cyproterone acetate and its metabolites gave no indication of any appreciable antiinflammatory effect in the adjuvant edema test in rats. However, there was a general increase in the level of blood glucose and liver glycogen as well as a reduction in body weight and organ weight (spleen, thymus and adrenal) in rats, in which 15β-hydroxy cyproterone was slightly more active with the exception of adrenal weight reduction, which was almost equal in all three compounds tested. It can also be concluded that adult man and rhesus monkey are much less sensitive, if at all so, to some corticosteroid-like activities of cyproterone acetate and its main metabolites than the rat.}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of steroidal antiandrogens]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cyproterone acetate}}
{{Androgen receptor modulators}}
{{Glucocorticoid receptor modulators}}
{{Progesterone receptor modulators}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydroxycyproterone acetate, 15β-}}
[[Category:Acetate esters]]
[[Category:Antiandrogen esters]]
[[Category:Cyclopentanols]]
[[Category:Organochlorides]]
[[Category:Conjugated dienes]]
[[Category:Cyclopropanes]]
[[Category:Cyproterone acetate]]
[[Category:Enones]]
[[Category:Glucocorticoids]]
[[Category:Human drug metabolites]]
[[Category:Pregnanes]]
[[Category:Progestogens]]
[[Category:Steroid esters]]
[[Category:Steroidal antiandrogens]]
{{Steroid-stub}}
{{Genito-urinary-drug-stub}}
| 1,244,720,477 |
[{"title": "Clinical data", "data": {"Other names": "15\u03b2-Hydroxy-CPA; 15\u03b2-OH-CPA; 6-Chloro-15\u03b2,17\u03b1-dihydroxy-1\u03b1,2\u03b1-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione 17\u03b1-acetate; 6-Chloro-1,2\u03b1-methylene-15\u03b2,17\u03b1-dihydroxy-\u03b46-progesterone 17\u03b1-acetate"}}, {"title": "Identifiers", "data": {"Identifiers": "IUPAC name - (1R,3aS,3bR,8bS,8cS,10aS)-1-acetyl-5-chloro-3-hydroxy-8b,10a-dimethyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,3a,3b,7,7a,8,8a,8b,8c,9,10,10a-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[g]phenanthren-1-yl acetate", "CAS Number": "- 65423-26-9 \u00b7 114884-50-3 (non-specific stereochemistry)", "PubChem CID": "- 10025840", "ChemSpider": "- 170395", "UNII": "- 54AF4JYT3F"}}, {"title": "Chemical and physical data", "data": {"Formula": "C24H29ClO5", "Molar mass": "432.94 g\u00b7mol\u22121", "3D model (JSmol)": "- Interactive image", "Chemical and physical data": ["SMILES - CC(=O)[C@]1(CC([C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2C=C(C4=CC(=O)[C@@H]5C[C@@H]5[C@]34C)Cl)C)O)OC(=O)C", "InChI - InChI=1S/C24H29ClO5/c1-11(26)24(30-12(2)27)10-20(29)21-14-8-18(25)17-9-19(28)13-7-16(13)23(17,4)15(14)5-6-22(21,24)3/h8-9,13-16,20-21,29H,5-7,10H2,1-4H3/t13-,14-,15+,16+,20?,21-,22+,23+,24+/m1/s1 - Key:HRANPRDGABOKNQ-XHLVMSDXSA-N"]}}]
| false |
# (9992) 1997 TG19
(9992) 1997 TG19 is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1997, by Japanese astronomers Tetsuo Kagawa and Takeshi Urata at Gekko Observatory near Shizuoka, Japan.
## Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,169 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was made at the Cerro El Roble Station in 1974, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 prior to its discovery.
## Physical characteristics
### Lightcurves
Between 2006 and 2013, three rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the Hunters Hill Observatory, Australia, the Ondřejov Observatory, Czech Republic, and the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory, California. They gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 5.7402±0.0005 hours (best result) with a brightness amplitude of 0.42, 0.40 and 0.27 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3/2).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of 0.13 and a diameter of 4.75 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.1 kilometers, as the higher the body's albedo (reflectivity), the shorter its diameter, at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).
## Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.
|
enwiki/14825298
|
enwiki
| 14,825,298 |
(9992) 1997 TG19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(9992)_1997_TG19
|
2024-04-28T11:40:28Z
|
en
|
Q711603
| 102,728 |
{{Short description|Asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|(9992) 1997 TG|19}}}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = (9992) {{mp|1997 TG|19}}
| background = #FA8072
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discovered = 8 October 1997
| discoverer = [[Tetsuo Kagawa|T. Kagawa]]<br />[[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]]
| discovery_site = [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko Obs.]]
| mpc_name = (9992) {{mp|1997 TG|19}}
| alt_names = {{mp|1997 TG|19}}{{·}}{{mp|1974 HC|1}}<br />1980 BD
| named_after =
| mp_category = [[Mars-crosser]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 42.77 yr (15,622 days)
| aphelion = 2.8054 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 1.5370 AU
| semimajor = 2.1712 AU
| eccentricity = 0.2921
| period = 3.20 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,169 days)
| mean_anomaly = 154.42[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.3081|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 2.5944°
| asc_node = 42.994°
| arg_peri = 234.83°
| dimensions = 3.07 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|4.75|0.36}} km<ref name="AKARI" />
| rotation = {{val|5.7300|0.0016}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Waszczak-2016" /><br />{{val|5.7402|0.0005}} h<ref name="Higgins-2006f" /><br />{{val|5.7408|0.0009}} h{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec}}
| albedo = {{val|0.137|0.022}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />0.20 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 14.40<ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}{{val|14.48|0.08}} {{small|(R)}}{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec}}{{·}}14.5<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{val|14.663|0.004}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2016" />{{·}}{{val|14.76|0.26}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}{{val|14.97|0.094}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Pravec-2012b" />
}}
'''{{mp|(9992) 1997 TG|19}}''' is a stony [[asteroid]] and eccentric [[Mars-crosser]], approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1997, by Japanese astronomers [[Tetsuo Kagawa]] and [[Takeshi Urata]] at [[Gekko Observatory]] near Shizuoka, Japan.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
[[File:AnimatedOrbitOf99921997TG19.gif|thumb|left|180px|Orbit of (9992) {{mp|1997 TG|19}} (blue), compared to the [[inner planets]] and [[Jupiter]] (outermost)]]
The stony [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5–2.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 2 months (1,169 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.29 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 3[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The first used observation was made at the [[Cerro El Roble Station]] in 1974, extending the asteroid's [[observation arc]] by 23 prior to its discovery.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
=== Lightcurves ===
Between 2006 and 2013, three rotational [[lightcurve]]s for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the '' Hunters Hill Observatory'', Australia, the [[Ondřejov Observatory]], Czech Republic, and the U.S. [[Palomar Transient Factory]], California. They gave a well-defined, concurring [[rotation period]] of {{val|5.7402|0.0005}} hours (best result) with a brightness amplitude of 0.42, 0.40 and 0.27 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]], respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3/3/2]]}}).{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec}}<ref name="Waszczak-2016" /><ref name="Higgins-2006f" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari]] satellite, the asteroid's surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.13 and a diameter of 4.75 kilometers.<ref name="AKARI" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.1 kilometers, as the higher the body's albedo (reflectivity), the shorter its diameter, at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).<ref name="lcdb" />
== Numbering and naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was [[Minor planet designation|numbered]] by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 2 February 1999.<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> As of 2018, it has not been [[List of named minor planets (alphabetical)|named]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec|1=Pravec (2006) web: rotation period {{val|5.7408|0.0009}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.0009}} mag. Summary figures at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=9992%7C Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) for (9992)] and [http://www.asu.cas.cz/~ppravec/newres.txt Pravec − Results from Asteroid Photometry Project at Ondřejov Observatory]}}
}} <!-- end of notelist -->
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-01-28 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9992 (1997 TG19)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2009992
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 26 May 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 9992 (1997 TG19)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9992
|accessdate = 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = 24 February 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (9992)
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=9992%7C
|accessdate = 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access=
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=9992 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="Higgins-2006f">{{Cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = David |last1 = Higgins
|first2 = Petr |last2 = Pravec
|first3 = Peter |last3 = Kusnirak
|first4 = Adrian |last4 = Galad
|first5 = Leos |last5 = Kornos
|first6 = Donald |last6 = Pray
|first7 = Robert A. |last7 = Koff
|date = December 2006
|title = Asteroid lightcurve analysis at Hunters Hill Observatory and collaborating stations - autumn 2006
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2006MPBu...33...89H
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 33
|issue = 4
|pages = 89–91
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2006MPBu...33...89H
|access-date= 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak
|first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
|first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
|first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher
|first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci
|first6 = David |last6 = Levitan
|first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace
|first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
|first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
|first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
|first11 = George |last11 = Helou
|first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
|first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
|date = September 2015
|title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015AJ....150...75W
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 150
|issue = 3
|page = 35
|bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W
|doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
|arxiv = 1504.04041
|access-date= 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Pravec-2012b">{{Cite journal
|first1 = Petr |last1 = Pravec
|first2 = Alan W. |last2 = Harris
|first3 = Peter |last3 = Kusnirák
|first4 = Adrián |last4 = Galád
|first5 = Kamil |last5 = Hornoch
|date = September 2012
|title = Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012Icar..221..365P
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 221
|issue = 1
|pages = 365–387
|bibcode = 2012Icar..221..365P
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026
|access-date= 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|access-date= 4 July 2016}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.asu.cas.cz/~ppravec/newres.txt Pravec − Results from Asteroid Photometry Project] at [[Ondřejov Observatory]]
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|9992}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |9991 Anežka |number=9992 |PageName={{mp|(9992) 1997 TG|19}} |9993 Kumamoto}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:009992}}
[[Category:Mars-crossing asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Tetsuo Kagawa|1997 TG19]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Takeshi Urata|1997 TG19]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1997|19971008]]
| 1,221,188,011 |
[{"title": "(9992) 1997 TG19", "data": {"Discovered by": "T. Kagawa \u00b7 T. Urata", "Discovery site": "Gekko Obs.", "Discovery date": "8 October 1997"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(9992) 1997 TG19", "Alternative designations": "1997 TG19 \u00b7 1974 HC1 \u00b7 1980 BD", "Minor planet category": "Mars-crosser"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "42.77 yr (15,622 days)", "Aphelion": "2.8054 AU", "Perihelion": "1.5370 AU", "Semi-major axis": "2.1712 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.2921", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "3.20 yr (1,169 days)", "Mean anomaly": "154.42\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 18m 29.16s / day", "Inclination": "2.5944\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "42.994\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "234.83\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "3.07 km (derived) \u00b7 4.75\u00b10.36 km", "Synodic rotation period": "5.7300\u00b10.0016 h \u00b7 5.7402\u00b10.0005 h \u00b7 5.7408\u00b10.0009 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.137\u00b10.022 \u00b7 0.20 (assumed)", "Spectral type": "S", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "14.40 \u00b7 14.48\u00b10.08 (R) \u00b7 14.5 \u00b7 14.663\u00b10.004 (R) \u00b7 14.76\u00b10.26 \u00b7 14.97\u00b10.094"}}]
| false |
# 1878 Quebec general election
The 1878 Quebec general election was held on May 1, 1878 to elect members of the 4th Legislative Assembly for the Province of Quebec, Canada. The result was a hung parliament, with no party having a clear majority. Only one seat divided the two major parties, the Quebec Conservative Party and the Quebec Liberal Party. The balance of power was held by two Independent Conservatives.
The incumbent premier, Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, was able to form a minority government with the support of the Independent Conservatives, even though the Conservative Party had one seat more than the Liberals.
## Political events
The election was called in unusual circumstances. On March 8, 1878, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Luc Letellier de Saint-Just, dismissed the Conservative premier, Charles Boucher de Boucherville, in a dispute over proposed railway legislation. The Lieutenant Governor then appointed Joly de Lotbinière, the leader of the Liberals, as premier. Since the Conservatives still maintained a substantial majority in the Legislative Assembly, on March 22, 1878 Joly de Lotbinière requested the dissolution of the Assembly and a general election, which Letellier de Saint-Just ordered.
The election was fought in part over economic issues and in part over the actions of the Lieutenant Governor, who was criticised by the Conservatives for having installed Joly de Lotbinière by a coup d'état. One of the leading Conservatives, Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, opened his campaign with the slogan: "Silence the voice of Spencer Wood [the residence of the Lieutenant Governor] and let the mighty voice of the people speak." Joly de Lotbinière agreed that the people should decide, and campaigned on the slogan “The province must choose between direct taxation and economy.”
Following the election results, Joly de Lotbinière was able to stay in office for one year as the leader of a minority government supported by the Independent Conservatives, even though the Conservative Party had one more seat than the Liberals. In 1879, he was defeated in the Assembly by the Conservatives, who formed a minority government.
## Electoral map
The Legislative Assembly was composed of sixty-five single-member constituencies or "ridings". The 1878 election was conducted under the pre-Confederation electoral map of the former Province of Canada. That map had set the boundaries for the sixty-five constituencies of Canada East, which became Quebec. The British North America Act, 1867 provided that the pre-Confederation electoral map would continue to be used for Quebec elections until altered by the Legislature of Quebec. The map of the sixty-five constituencies was also to be used in federal elections, until altered by Parliament.
## Conduct of the election
### Secret ballot
The election was conducted under The Quebec Election Act, a provincial statute. It was the second election where the secret ballot was used in Quebec.
### Preparation of voter lists
The Act required that each municipality prepare a voter list in March of each year, based on the valuation of property and ownership used for the tax rolls. The list was drawn up the secretary-treasurer of each municipality. The municipal council then reviewed the list and could make corrections to it. Once approved by the municipal council, the list was in force until the preparation of the list in the next year. Any person who was dissatisfied by their inclusion or exclusion from the list could appeal to the local judge of the superior court or district magistrate, whose decision on the issue was final.
### Procedure for the election
The election began with a proclamation issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, setting the date for nomination of candidates. The date was the same for all constituencies. The provincial Clerk of the Crown in Chancery then issued sixty-five writs, directed to the returning officer for each constituency, directing them to conduct the election. The Returning Officer would be the registrar or sheriff of the constituency.
On the date set for nominations, the Returning Officer would hold a public meeting to receive nominations. The meeting was conducted at the most central and convenient location in the constituency, in a court house, city hall or registry office, between noon and one o'clock.
To be nominated, a candidate had to file a nomination paper with the Returning Officer, signed by at least twenty-five supporters eligible to vote in the constituency, and accompanied with a deposit of $200. The nomination paper and deposit had to be filed on or before the nomination meeting.
If only one nomination was received, the Returning Officer would declare that person to be elected, and immediately report the result to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery with the return of the writ. If two or more candidates were nominated, voting would occur one week after the nomination date set in the writ. The Returning Officer would establish polling stations throughout the constituency. On polling day, the polls would open in each station and voters would cast their ballots in the locked ballot box. When the polls closed, the deputy returning officers would unlock the ballot box, count the ballots in the presence of the candidates or their agents, and prepare a record of the vote. The deputy returning officer would then place all of the records and ballots in the ballot box, lock it, and deliver the ballot box to the Returning Officer.
Once all the ballot boxes were received, the Returning Officer would open all the ballot boxes in the presence of witnesses and total the votes from each polling station. The Returning Officer would declare the candidate with the most votes elected. If there was a tie between the top two candidates, the Returning Officer was required to give a written casting vote immediately to decide the election. In no other circumstances could the Returning Officer vote.
The Returning Officer would then prepare a complete report of the results of the election, along with his return of the writ, and forward it all to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.
## Results
The election resulted in a hung parliament: neither of the parties had a majority. Two Independent Conservatives were elected, who held the balance of power.
| Party | Party | Party leader | Seats | Seats | Seats | Popular vote | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| ----- | ------------------------ | -------------------------------- | ----- | ------- | ----------- | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ |
| Party | Party | Party leader | 1875 | Elected | Seat Change | Votes Cast | Percentage | % Change |
| | Conservative | Charles Boucher de Boucherville | 43 | 32 | -11 | 68,035 | 49.49% | -1.2% |
| | Liberal | Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière | 19 | 31 | 12 | 65,285 | 47.49% | +8.9% |
| | Independent Conservative | Independent Conservative | 3 | 2 | -1 | 4,156 | 3.02% | -7.7% |
| | Other | Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,156 | 3.02% | -7.7% |
| Total | Total | Total | 65 | 65 | - | 137,476 | 100% | - |
| \| Popular vote \| Popular vote \| Popular vote \| Popular vote \| Popular vote \| \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Conservative \| Conservative \| \| 49.49% \| 49.49% \| \| Liberal \| Liberal \| \| 47.49% \| 47.49% \| \| Others \| Others \| \| 3.02% \| 3.02% \| | | | | |
| Popular vote | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Conservative | Conservative | | 49.49% | 49.49% |
| Liberal | Liberal | | 47.49% | 47.49% |
| Others | Others | | 3.02% | 3.02% |
| \| Seats summary \| Seats summary \| Seats summary \| Seats summary \| Seats summary \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Conservative \| Conservative \| \| 49.23% \| 49.23% \| \| Liberal \| Liberal \| \| 47.69% \| 47.69% \| \| Others \| Others \| \| 3.08% \| 3.08% \| | | | | |
| Seats summary | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Conservative | Conservative | | 49.23% | 49.23% |
| Liberal | Liberal | | 47.69% | 47.69% |
| Others | Others | | 3.08% | 3.08% |
|
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1878 Quebec general election
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_Quebec_general_election
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{{Short description|Canadian provincial election}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox election
<!-- Introduction -->
| election_name = 1878 Quebec general election
| country = Quebec
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| party_colour = no
| party_name = no
| previous_election = 1875 Quebec general election
| previous_year = 1875
| previous_mps =
| next_election = 1881 Quebec general election
| next_year = 1881
| seats_for_election = 65 seats in the [[4th Legislative Assembly of Quebec]] <br /> 33 seats needed for a majority
| election_date = May 1, 1878
<!-- Conservatives -->
| image1 = [[File:Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville portrait.jpg|150px]]
| colour1 = {{Canadian party colour|QC|Conservative (historical)|nohash}}
| leader1 = [[Charles Boucher de Boucherville]]
| leader_since1 = 1874
| party1 = {{Canadian party colour|QC|Conservative (historical)|name}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Legislative Council of Quebec#Montarville|Montarville Division, Legislative Council]]
| last_election1 = 43 seats<br> 51.0% popular vote
| seats1 = 32
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}11
| popular_vote1 = 68,035
| percentage1 = 49.5%
| swing1 = {{decrease}}1.5%
<!-- Liberals -->
| image2 = [[Image:HenriGustaveJolydeLotbiniere23.jpg|140px]]
| colour2 = {{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|nohash}}
| leader2 = [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]]
| leader_since2 = 1869
| party2 = {{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|name}}
| leaders_seat2 = [[Lotbinière (provincial electoral district)|Lotbinière, Legislative Assembly]]
| last_election2 = 19 seats<br> 38.0% popular vote
| seats2 = 31
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}12
| popular_vote2 = 65,285
| percentage2 = 47.5%
| swing2 = {{increase}}9.5%
<!-- Summary -->
| map_image = File:Quebec election 1878.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the results by riding.
| title = Premier
| posttitle = Premier after election
| before_election = [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]]
| before_party = [[Liberal Party of Quebec]]
| after_election = [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]]
| after_party = [[Liberal Party of Quebec]]
}}
The '''1878 Quebec general election''' was held on May 1, 1878 to elect members of the [[4th Legislative Assembly of Quebec|4th Legislative Assembly]] for the Province of [[Quebec]], Canada. The result was a [[hung parliament]], with no party having a clear majority. Only one seat divided the two major parties, the [[Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)|Quebec Conservative Party]] and the [[Quebec Liberal Party]]. The balance of power was held by two Independent Conservatives.
The incumbent [[Premier of Quebec|premier]], [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]], was able to form a [[Minority governments in Canada|minority government]] with the support of the Independent Conservatives, even though the Conservative Party had one seat more than the Liberals.
== Political events ==
The election was called in unusual circumstances. On March 8, 1878, the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], [[Luc Letellier de Saint-Just]], dismissed the Conservative premier, [[Charles Boucher de Boucherville]], in a dispute over proposed railway legislation.<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/boucher_de_boucherville_charles_14F.html ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'': "Boucher de Boucherville, Sir Charles".]</ref> The Lieutenant Governor then appointed [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière|Joly de Lotbinière]], the leader of the Liberals, as premier. Since the Conservatives still maintained a substantial majority in the Legislative Assembly, on March 22, 1878 Joly de Lotbinière requested the dissolution of the Assembly and a general election, which Letellier de Saint-Just ordered.
The election was fought in part over economic issues and in part over the actions of the Lieutenant Governor, who was criticised by the Conservatives for having installed Joly de Lotbinière by a ''coup d'état''. One of the leading Conservatives, [[Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau]], opened his campaign with the slogan: "Silence the voice of Spencer Wood [the residence of the Lieutenant Governor] and let the mighty voice of the people speak."<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/letellier_de_saint_just_luc_11E.html ''Canadian Dictionary of Biography'': "Letellier de Saint-Just, Luc".]</ref> Joly de Lotbinière agreed that the people should decide, and campaigned on the slogan “The province must choose between direct taxation and economy.”<ref name =bio-Joly>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/joly_de_lotbiniere_henri_gustave_13E.html ''Canadian Dictionary of Biography'': "Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri-Gustave".]</ref>
Following the election results, Joly de Lotbinière was able to stay in office for one year as the leader of a [[Minority governments in Canada|minority government]] supported by the Independent Conservatives,<ref name=bio-Joly/> even though the Conservative Party had one more seat than the Liberals. In 1879, he was defeated in the Assembly by the Conservatives, who formed a minority government.
== Electoral map ==
The Legislative Assembly was composed of sixty-five [[single-member district|single-member constituencies]] or "ridings". The 1878 election was conducted under the pre-Confederation electoral map of the former [[Province of Canada]]. That map had set the boundaries for the sixty-five constituencies of [[Canada East]], which became Quebec. The ''British North America Act, 1867'' provided that the pre-Confederation electoral map would continue to be used for Quebec elections until altered by the Legislature of Quebec.<ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-80.html#h-12 ''Constitution Act, 1867'', s. 80.]</ref> The map of the sixty-five constituencies was also to be used in federal elections, until altered by Parliament.<ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-40.html#h-6 ''Constitution Act, 1867'', s. 40.]</ref>
== Conduct of the election ==
=== Secret ballot ===
The election was conducted under ''The Quebec Election Act'', a provincial statute.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', SQ 1875, c. 7.</ref> It was the second election where the [[secret ballot]] was used in Quebec.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 181-185, 187.</ref>
=== Preparation of voter lists ===
The Act required that each municipality prepare a voter list in March of each year, based on the valuation of property and ownership used for the tax rolls. The list was drawn up the secretary-treasurer of each municipality.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 12.</ref> The municipal council then reviewed the list and could make corrections to it. Once approved by the municipal council, the list was in force until the preparation of the list in the next year.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 27 to 36.</ref> Any person who was dissatisfied by their inclusion or exclusion from the list could appeal to the local judge of the superior court or district magistrate, whose decision on the issue was final.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 41-48.</ref>
=== Procedure for the election ===
The election began with a proclamation issued by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], setting the date for nomination of candidates. The date was the same for all constituencies.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 65.</ref> The provincial [[Clerk of the Crown in Chancery#Canadian Clerks of the Crown in Chancery|Clerk of the Crown in Chancery]] then issued sixty-five writs, directed to the [[returning officer]] for each constituency, directing them to conduct the election.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 76, Form C.</ref> The Returning Officer would be the registrar or sheriff of the constituency.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 78.</ref>
On the date set for nominations, the Returning Officer would hold a public meeting to receive nominations. The meeting was conducted at the most central and convenient location in the constituency, in a court house, city hall or registry office, between noon and one o'clock.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 96 to 98.</ref>
To be nominated, a candidate had to file a nomination paper with the Returning Officer, signed by at least twenty-five supporters eligible to vote in the constituency, and accompanied with a deposit of $200. The nomination paper and deposit had to be filed on or before the nomination meeting.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 104 to 109.</ref>
If only one nomination was received, the Returning Officer would declare that person to be elected, and immediately report the result to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery with the return of the writ.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 117 to 119.</ref> If two or more candidates were nominated, voting would occur one week after the nomination date set in the writ.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 73.</ref> The Returning Officer would establish polling stations throughout the constituency.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 89.</ref> On polling day, the polls would open in each station and voters would cast their ballots in the locked ballot box.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 157 to 171.</ref> When the polls closed, the deputy returning officers would unlock the ballot box, count the ballots in the presence of the candidates or their agents, and prepare a record of the vote. The deputy returning officer would then place all of the records and ballots in the ballot box, lock it, and deliver the ballot box to the Returning Officer.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', ss. 189 to 195.</ref>
Once all the ballot boxes were received, the Returning Officer would open all the ballot boxes in the presence of witnesses and total the votes from each polling station.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 200.</ref> The Returning Officer would declare the candidate with the most votes elected.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 204.</ref> If there was a tie between the top two candidates, the Returning Officer was required to give a written [[casting vote]] immediately to decide the election. In no other circumstances could the Returning Officer vote.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 205.</ref>
The Returning Officer would then prepare a complete report of the results of the election, along with his return of the writ, and forward it all to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.<ref>''The Quebec Election Act'', s. 206.</ref>
==Results==
The election resulted in a [[hung parliament]]: neither of the parties had a majority. Two Independent Conservatives were elected, who held the balance of power.
{| class = "wikitable"
|+ 1878 Election Results
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Party
! rowspan="2"|Party leader
! colspan="3"|Seats
! colspan="3"|Popular vote
|-
| align="center"|[[1875 Quebec general election|1875]]
! '''Elected'''<ref>Quebec National Assembly: La répartition des sièges aux élections générales</ref>
| align="center"|Seat Change
! Votes Cast<ref name=QNA-votes>Quebec National Assembly: La répartition des voix aux élections générales</ref>
| align="center"|Percentage<ref name=QNA-votes/>
| align="center"|% Change
|-
{{Canadian party colour|QC|Conservative (historical)|row-name}}
| [[Charles Boucher de Boucherville]] <!--leader-->
| align="center"|43 <!--prev-->
! 32 <!--elected-->
| align="center"|-11 <!--ch.seats-->
! 68,035 <!--vote-->
| align="center"|49.49% <!--%vote-->
| align="enter"|-1.2% <!--%ch.votes-->
|-
{{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|row-name}}
| [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]] <!--leader-->
| align="center"|19 <!--prev-->
! 31 <!--elected-->
| align="center"|12 <!--ch.seats-->
! 65,285 <!--vote-->
| align="center"| 47.49% <!--%vote-->
| align="center"|+8.9% <!--%ch.votes-->
|-
{{Canadian party colour|QC|Independents|row}}
| colspan=2|Independent Conservative
| align="center"|3 <!--prev-->
! 2 <!--elected-->
| align="center"|-1 <!--ch.seats-->
! rowspan=2 |4,156 <!--vote-->
| rowspan=2 align="center"| 3.02% <!--%vote-->
| rowspan=2 align="center"|-7.7% <!--%ch.votes-->
{{Canadian party colour|QC|Independents|row}}
| colspan=2|Other
| align="center"|0 <!--prev-->
! 0 <!--elected-->
| align="center"|0 <!--%ch.seats-->
|-
! colspan="3"|'''Total'''
! 65 <!--prev-->
! 65 <!--elected-->
! - <!--ch.seats-->
! 137,476 <!--vote-->
! 100% <!--%vote-->
! - <!--%ch.votes-->
|-
|}
{{bar box|title=Popular vote|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Conservative|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Conservative (historical)}}|49.49}}
{{bar percent|Liberal|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal}}|47.49}}
{{bar percent|Others|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Independent}}|3.02}}}}
{{bar box|title=Seats summary|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Conservative|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Conservative (historical)}}|49.23}}
{{bar percent|Liberal|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal}}|47.69}}
{{bar percent|Others|{{Canadian party colour|QC|Independent}}|3.08}}}}
==See also==
* [[List of premiers of Quebec]]
* [[Politics of Quebec]]
* [[Timeline of Quebec history]]
* [[List of political parties in Quebec]]
* [[4th Quebec Legislature]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Quebec elections}}
[[Category:1878 elections in Canada|Quebec general election]]
[[Category:Elections in Quebec]]
[[Category:1878 in Quebec|General election]]
[[Category:May 1878|Quebec general election]]
| 1,279,196,844 |
[{"title": "1878 Quebec general election", "data": {"\u2190 1875": "May 1, 1878 \u00b7 1881 \u2192"}}, {"title": "65 seats in the 4th Legislative Assembly of Quebec \u00b7 33 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": "Charles Boucher de Boucherville \u00b7 Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbini\u00e8re", "Party": "Conservative \u00b7 Liberal", "Leader since": "1874 \u00b7 1869", "Leader's seat": "Montarville Division, Legislative Council \u00b7 Lotbini\u00e8re, Legislative Assembly", "Last election": "43 seats \u00b7 51.0% popular vote \u00b7 19 seats \u00b7 38.0% popular vote", "Seats won": "32 \u00b7 31", "Seat change": "11 \u00b7 12", "Popular vote": "68,035 \u00b7 65,285", "Percentage": "49.5% \u00b7 47.5%", "Swing": "1.5% \u00b7 9.5%", "65 seats in the 4th Legislative Assembly of Quebec \u00b7 33 seats needed for a majority": "Map of the results by riding.", "Premier before election \u00b7 Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbini\u00e8re \u00b7 Liberal Party of Quebec": "Premier after election \u00b7 Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbini\u00e8re \u00b7 Liberal Party of Quebec"}}]
| false |
# 1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held between 7 and 8 August 1817 in order to elect the Governor of Tennessee. Democratic-Republican nominee and incumbent Governor Joseph McMinn won re-election against former Speaker of the Tennessee Senate and 1815 Gubernatorial candidate Robert Coleman Foster.
## General election
On election day, 7 August 1817, Democratic-Republican candidate Joseph McMinn won re-election by a margin of 12,440 votes against his opponent Robert Coleman Foster, thereby retaining Democratic-Republican control over the office of Governor. McMinn was sworn in for his second term on 27 September 1817.
### Results
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ----------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------ | ------ |
| | Democratic-Republican | Joseph McMinn (incumbent) | 27,901 | 64.34 |
| | | Robert Coleman Foster | 15,461 | 35.66 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 43,362 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic-Republican hold | | | |
|
enwiki/76050973
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enwiki
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1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election
|
2025-01-23T03:25:07Z
|
en
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Q124655636
| 134,200 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election
| type = Presidential
| country =
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1815 Tennessee gubernatorial election
| previous_year = 1815
| next_election = 1819 Tennessee gubernatorial election
| next_year = 1819
| election_date = August 7–8, 1817
| image1 = [[File:McMinn-joseph-by-rembrandt-peale.jpg|125px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Joseph McMinn]]'''
| party1 = Democratic-Republican Party
| popular_vote1 = '''27,901'''
| percentage1 = '''64.34%'''
| image2 = [[File:RobertcolemanFoster.jpg|125px]]
| nominee2 = [[Robert Coleman Foster]]
| party2 =
| popular_vote2 = 15,461
| percentage2 = 35.66%
| map_image = 1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = County results<br/>'''McMinn''': {{legend0|#73BC84|50–60%}} {{legend0|#3FA457|60–70%}} {{legend0|#008C21|70–80%}} {{legend0|#006E1A|80–90%}} {{legend0|#005113|90–100%}}<br/>'''Coleman''': {{legend0|#BDBDBD|50–60%}} {{legend0|#969696|60–70%}} {{legend0|#737373|70–80%}} {{legend0|#555555|80–90%}}<br/>'''No Data/Vote''': {{legend0|#808080}}
| title = Governor
| before_election = [[Joseph McMinn]]
| before_party = Democratic-Republican Party
| after_election = [[Joseph McMinn]]
| after_party = Democratic-Republican Party
| colour2 = c0c0c0
}}
{{Elections in Tennessee}}
The '''1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election''' was held between 7 and 8 August 1817 in order to elect the [[List of governors of Tennessee|Governor of Tennessee]]. [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] nominee and [[incumbent]] Governor [[Joseph McMinn]] won re-election against former Speaker of the [[Tennessee Senate]] and [[1815 Tennessee gubernatorial election|1815 Gubernatorial candidate]] [[Robert Coleman Foster]].<ref name=ZER>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-mcminn/ |title=Gov. Joseph McMinn |publisher=nga.org |date= |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
== General election ==
On election day, 7 August 1817, [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] candidate [[Joseph McMinn]] won re-election by a margin of 12,440 votes against his opponent [[Robert Coleman Foster]], thereby retaining Democratic-Republican control over the office of Governor. McMinn was sworn in for his second term on 27 September 1817.<ref name=GBN>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=238449 |title=TN Governor |publisher=ourcampaigns.com |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
=== Results ===
{{Election box begin no change | title=Tennessee gubernatorial election, 1817|
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic-Republican Party
|candidate = [[Joseph McMinn]] (incumbent)
|votes = 27,901
|percentage = 64.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party =
|candidate = [[Robert Coleman Foster]]
|votes = 15,461
|percentage = 35.66
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 43,362
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|
|winner= Democratic-Republican Party
|loser =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1817 Tennessee elections|Gubernatorial]]
[[Category:Tennessee gubernatorial elections]]
[[Category:1817 United States gubernatorial elections|Tennessee]]
| 1,271,232,689 |
[{"title": "1817 Tennessee gubernatorial election", "data": {"\u2190 1815": "August 7\u20138, 1817 \u00b7 1819 \u2192", "Nominee": "Joseph McMinn \u00b7 Robert Coleman Foster", "Party": "Democratic-Republican", "Popular vote": "27,901 \u00b7 15,461", "Percentage": "64.34% \u00b7 35.66%", "Governor before election \u00b7 Joseph McMinn \u00b7 Democratic-Republican": "Elected Governor \u00b7 Joseph McMinn \u00b7 Democratic-Republican"}}]
| false |
# 1687 in science
The year 1687 in science and technology involved some significant events.
## Astronomy
- The constellation Triangulum Minus is named by Johannes Hevelius.
## Biology
- Alida Withoos at the house of Agnes Block makes a painting of the first pineapple bred in Europe.
## Medicine
- Dutch physician Willem ten Rhijne publishes Verhandelinge van de Asiatise Melaatsheid na een naaukeuriger ondersoek ten dienste van het gemeen in Amsterdam, explaining Asian leprosy to the West.
## Physics
- July 5 – Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the Principia, is published by the Royal Society of London. In it, Newton describes his theory of universal gravitation, explains the laws of mechanics (including Newton's laws of motion), gives a formula for the speed of sound and demonstrates that Earth is an oblate spheroid. The concepts in the Principia become the foundations of modern physics.
## Births
- October 14 – Robert Simson, Scottish mathematician (died 1768).
## Deaths
- January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, German astronomer (born 1611).
|
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enwiki
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1687 in science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687_in_science
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|
en
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Q269561
| 24,606 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1687|science}}
{{Science year nav|1687}}
The year '''1687 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events.
==Astronomy==
* The constellation ''[[Triangulum Minus]]'' is named by [[Johannes Hevelius]].
==Biology==
* [[Alida Withoos]] at the house of [[Agnes Block]] makes a painting of the first [[pineapple]] bred in Europe.
==Medicine==
* Dutch physician [[Willem ten Rhijne]] publishes ''Verhandelinge van de Asiatise Melaatsheid na een naaukeuriger ondersoek ten dienste van het gemeen'' in Amsterdam, explaining Asian [[leprosy]] to the West.
==Physics==
* July 5 – [[Isaac Newton]]'s ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', known as the ''Principia'', is published by the [[Royal Society]] of [[London]]. In it, Newton describes his theory of [[universal gravitation]], explains the laws of [[mechanics]] (including [[Newton's laws of motion]]), gives a formula for the [[speed of sound]] and demonstrates that Earth is an oblate spheroid. The concepts in the ''Principia'' become the foundations of modern [[physics]].
[[File:Newton's_Principia_title_page.png|right|277x277px]]
==Births==
* October 14 – [[Robert Simson]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[mathematician]] (died [[1768 in science|1768]]).
==Deaths==
* January 28 – [[Johannes Hevelius]], German [[astronomer]] (born [[1611 in science|1611]]).
[[Category:1687 in science| ]]
[[Category:17th century in science]]
[[Category:1680s in science]]
| 1,263,146,294 |
[]
| false |
# 110th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 110th Brigade (110th Bde) was an infantry formation of the British Army during World War I. It was raised as part of 'Kitchener's Army' and was assigned to the 37th Division. After the original formations were renumbered, the numbers were transferred to a new brigade and division formed from unallocated 'Army Troops'. The new 110th Brigade was formed from the Kitchener battalions of the Leicestershire Regiment, known as 'The Tigers' from its regimental badge: consequently the brigade was also known by this nickname. The brigade went to the Western Front with 37th Division, but shortly after the start of the Battle of the Somme it was transferred to the 21st Division and fought with that formation for the rest of the war, distinguishing itself in its first offensive action, the Battle of Bazentin Ridge and later at the Capture of Gueudecourt. It also fought at Arras, Ypres, against the German spring offensives when it was virtually destroyed, and in the final victorious Hundred Days Offensive.
## Original 110th Brigade
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army. The newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as 'Pals battalions'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the War Office (WO). The 37th Division was authorised on 10 December 1914, having been raised largely by Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby from the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Its 110th Brigade consisted of four battalions of 'Liverpool Pals' (17th–21st Battalions, King's (Liverpool Regiment)), which had been recruited by the Earl of Derby after a meeting at the Old Watch Factory in Prescot on 29 August 1914, the first 'local' battalions to be formed and thus the senior units of K5.
On 27 April 1915 it was renumbered 89th Brigade in 30th Division, the original 89th Bde of 30th Division (K4 battalions) having been converted into 1st Reserve Brigade and the original 30th Division disbanded. At the same time the 44th Division, formed in March 1915 for the Sixth New Army (K6), took up the vacant position as 37th Division, and its 131st Brigade was renumbered 110th Brigade.
## New 110th Brigade
As authorised in March 1915, 44th (later 37th) Division consisted of 'spare' Kitchener battalions that had originally been assigned as 'Army Troops' for the New Armies (ie they were not assigned to a specific formation). Its 131st (later 110th) Brigade was composed of battalions of the Leicestershire Regiment:
- 6th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 24 August 1914 (K1), attached to 9th (Scottish) Division at Aldershot
- 7th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 21 September 1914 (K2), attached to 15th (Scottish) Division at Aldershot
- 8th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 25 September 1914 (K3), attached to 23rd Division at Aldershot
- 9th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 28 September 1914 (K3), attached to 23rd Division at Aldershot
The Leicestershire Regiment was known as 'The Tigers' from its Royal Tiger badge, and the nickname was also applied to 110th Bde. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Guy Bainbridge, appointed on 8 April 1915. By the time the division was formed all its units had been training for some months, and it was quickly assembled on Salisbury Plain for final battle training. In July it was ordered to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). 110th Brigade arrived by train at Folkestone on the night of 29 July and landed at dawn next day at Boulogne. On 2 August the division completed its concentration around Tilques, near Saint-Omer.
## Service
On arrival the units of 37th Division were attached to those of 12th (Eastern) Division for instruction in trench warfare in the quiet sector near Armentières. At the end of August 37th Division entrained for Doullens and then marched to the sector south of Arras, where the BEF was taking over more of the line from French troops. 110th Brigade took over a line of trenches running east of the villages of Berles-au-Bois and Bienvillers-au-Bois in front of Monchy-au-Bois held by the Germans. The battalions took turns in the front line, but there was little shelling or Trench raiding and only a trickle of casualties. From 23 to 27 September during the Battle of Loos the division was stationed at La Cauchie to act as reserve for the French Tenth Army's attack, but then returned to Arras and the routine of trench holding through the autumn and winter. In the spring of 1916 the division was relieved from the line for a few weeks, then returned, 110th Bde taking up a new sector at Hannescamps.
At this time 110th Bde was joined by its auxiliary units:
- 110th Brigade Machine Gun (MG) Company, Machine Gun Corps – formed at Grantham disembarked at Le Havre 2 March and joined 4 March
- 110th Trench Mortar Battery (TMB) – formed as 110/1 TMB on 23 March and 110/2 TMB by 13 May, and combined into single battery on 13 June; personnel seconded from the infantry battalions; equipped with 3-inch Stokes mortars[18]
Brigadier-Gen Bainbridge was promoted to command 25th Division on 1 June and was succeeded on 9 June by Brig-Gen William Hessey, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Challenor of 6th Leicesters officiating until he arrived.
### Somme
By June 1916 37th Division had been in France almost a year and had still not participated in any major action, but the BEF was now preparing for that summer's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). The artillery bombardment began on 23 June and the assault was launched on 1 July. Initially, 37th Division was not involved, being stationed by Third Army at Humbercamps behind 46th (North Midland) and 56th (1/1st London) Divisions, ready to exploit in case they broke through in their Attack on the Gommecourt Salient. The attack was a disaster and there was no possibility of a breakthrough. Instead, 37th Division's brigades were temporarily transferred to other divisions to replace brigades that had been shattered on the First day on the Somme. 110th Brigade went to 21st Division in Fourth Army on 7 July in exchange for 63rd Bde. What began as a temporary expedient became permanent, and 110th Bde fought under 21st Division for the remainder of the war, alongside 62nd and 64th Bdes.
The brigade marched to the southern end of the Somme battlefield, where Fricourt had been captured on 1 July, and established Brigade HQ (BHQ) in a huge German dugout beneath the site of the chateau. The battalions took over some captured trenches north-east of Fricourt Wood, between Contalmaison and Mametz. The brigade was ordered to move on the night of 13/14 July to a position in front of Mametz Wood to attack Bazentin Wood. Unlike the opening attack of the offensive, the assault on the German Second Position (Braune Stellung) was to be launched at dawn after only five minutes of bombardment to achieve surprise, though this entailed a difficult assembly at night. 21st Division used the fresh 110th Bde for its attack, reinforced by the 1st East Yorkshire Regiment. 6th and 7th Leicesters were to lead, each with a Stokes mortar and one company of 8th Leicesters attached to it. The rest of 8th Leicesters was in support, and 9th Leicesters and 1st East Yorks were in reserve; 110th MG Company was to cover the left flank of the advance. 6th Leicesters moved into position via the eastern edge of Mametz Wood, while 7th and 8th went up by the light railway, where Lt-Col W. Drysdale of the 7th was wounded. The jumping-off tapes had been laid by 98th Field Company, Royal Engineers (RE), 100 yards (91 m) outside the northern edge of Mametz Wood and about 400 yards (370 m) from the enemy positions. Despite some shellfire aimed at Mametz Wood, the leading battalions were deployed in four lines on these tapes by 02.35. The rear wave of 6th Leicesters, and the rear three waves of 7th Leicesters were hidden in the wood. No enemy flares had been fired and the outposts out in front had not sighted a single hostile patrol: the surprise was complete.
The Battle of Bazentin Ridge was launched at 03.20 on 14 July with a sudden intense artillery bombardment of the enemy positions, while the machine guns fired on fixed lines. At 03.25 the barrage lifted forward (one of the first examples of a Creeping barrage) and the infantry advanced through the ground mist at a steady pace. 6th and 7th Leicesters were through the barbed wire and into the German front line trench before the defenders had time to react. The following waves mopped up the defenders appearing from their dugouts. When the enemy counter-barrage came, it fell behind the rapidly advancing infantry. Only the centre of 7th Leicesters was held up for about 20 minutes by some machine guns, but the companies either side worked inwards and silenced them. Lieutenant-Col J.G. Mignon of 8th Leicesters was killed while leading up his bombers in support. The brigade took the second line ('Forest Trench') without much resistance by 04.00, and pushed on to Bazentin-le-Petit Wood. This too was captured with little fighting, except the north-western corner, where two company commanders of the Leicesters were wounded while trying to organise its capture and the Germans held out all day. Parties of 9th Leicesters carried up supplies of bombs for this fighting in the wood. On the right, the road through Bazentin-le-Petit village was the boundary with 7th Division. 6th Leicesters secured the northern part of the village before 2nd Royal Irish Regiment of that division arrived at the southern end, and together they had cleared it by 07.30, the Leicesters then handing over to the Royal Irish. A German counter-attack briefly retook the northern part during which 6th Leicesters withdrew to the wood, but during the morning the REs helped the brigade to consolidate its position between the wood and the village. In a few hours Fourth Army had seized the whole Ginchy–Pozières Ridge, but despite this resounding success, poor staff work meant that 7th and 3rd Divisions did not advance to take High Wood, and the cavalry arrived too late to exploit the breakthrough. 110th Brigade had achieved everything asked of it, but the casualties were heavy, particularly among 7th Leicesters: the brigade lost about 2000 men out of 3500 effectives. Next day 110th Bde received a premature order to withdraw, leaving only a single company of 1st East Yorks in position. Realising the error, the brigade staff rushed to recall the men before the enemy noticed. During the morning 21st Division repulsed a small counter-attack, and on 17/18 July 110th Bde handed over its positions in Bazentin-le-Petit and withdrew into reserve.
21st Division returned to the Arras sector, with 110th Bde taking over the 'I' sector of the line in the eastern suburbs of the city, establishing BHQ in a large brewery in the Place Ste Croix. It was quiet sector, with little shelling, and the old French trenches from 1915 were much overgrown, but 8th Leicesters did carry out one raid to bring back a prisoner for identification of the force opposite. However, the supporting bombardment warned the Germans, who abandoned their front line for its duration and no prisoner was obtained.
21st Division left Arras in late August, and after two weeks' training returned to the Somme on 13 September, moving into reserve trenches at Montauban on the night of 19/20 September. On the night of 24/25 September 110th Bde moved up to a ridge overlooking Gueudecourt, objective of the next day's attack (part of the Battle of Morval). 110th and 64th Bdes shared an HQ established in and behind one of the new tanks (D17) that had been abandoned during the Battle of Flers–Courcelette on 15 September. 110th Brigade reached its shallow jumping-off trenches by 02.30, but the men had to lay out in them until the barrage opened up at the unusual hour of 12.35. 8th and 9th Leicesters left their assembly trenches just below the crest of the ridge, advancing steadily behind the bursting shells of the creeping barrage. The first objective was the 'Gird' trenches in front, then the troops were to advance to the far side of the village in two stages. 8th and 9th Leicesters led off, running into a German barrage early in their advance, but the two leading companies of each battalion took 'Goat Trench', halfway to Gird Trench, without serious opposition (the Germans having withdrawn their machine guns to safer positions under the bombardment). Following the barrage when it lifted off Goat Trench, the attackers found the wire well cut, but heavy enfilade fire from Point 91 in Gird Trench off to the right caused many casualties and prevented them from reaching Gird Trench in any numbers. Lieutenant-Col C.H. Haig of 9th Leicesters came up 'Pilgrim's Way', a track leading from Flers to Gueudecourt, and despite being wounded reorganised the leading troops. Unfortunately the runner he sent back to hurry up the reserve companies (A and B) from the assembly trenches was wounded, and no help arrived. Eventually 9th Leicesters formed a defensive flank along 'Watling Street', a sunken portion of the Ginchy–Gueudecourt road on the right, while a party of 8th Leicesters maintained a bombing block in part of Gird Trench on the left. Some men of the battalion were believed to have pushed on into Gueudecourt, but if they did they were never heard of again. Next morning 110th Bde renewed the attack on Gird Trench. A British aircraft directed an accurate bombardment of the trench and then at 06.30 one of the new tanks (D4: a machine-gun armed 'female' Mark I tank commanded by 2/Lt Charles Storey) came up Pilgrim's Way to 8th Leicesters' bombing block and then turned left, moving along Gird Trench, firing as it did. The tank was closely followed by a bombing party from 7th Leicesters with two companies in support. The spotter aircraft also raked the trench with machine gun fire.The Germans were gradually driven along the trench, those who took shelter in dugouts being bombed, and those who fled cross-country being shot down by Lewis gun fire. Some 1,500 yards (1,400 m) of trench up to Point 91 were cleared and German casualties were very heavy, 8 officers and 362 ORs surrendering, including a battalion HQ; 110th Bde's losses were just 5 men. 110th Brigade continued to push cautiously forward to complete the Capture of Gueudecourt. (Tank D4 may have driven into Gueudecourt and engaged the enemy before turning back.) About 14.15 a squadron of the 19th Lancers of the Indian Army rode up and entered Gueudecourt on foot, and 6th Leicesters followed its own patrols into the village about 16.30. Half an hour later a counter-attack on Gueudecourt by three German battalions was caught by some 60 field guns of the British artillery and the attackers fled towards Le Transloy, throwing away their weapons. No further enemy movement was seen, the cavalry withdrew about 18.00 and the Leicesters dug in on the far edge of the village, staying outside the village itself because it attracted enemy shellfire. During 27 September 7th Leicesters relieved 6th Leicesters, but Lt-Col Drysdale, who had only just returned to command 7th Leicesters, was killed by a sniper. 21st Division was relieved on the night of 29/30 September, Lt-Col Unwin, who had succeeded to the command of 8th Leicesters, being wounded by a shell as 110th Bde marched out.
### Winter 1916–17
110th Brigade went north by train and in early October it took over the section of line north of Loos facing the Hohenzollern Redoubt, scene of major fighting in 1915 and early 1916. Since then mining by both sides had transformed the front line into a series of interlocking craters making major attacks impossible. The Germans dominated the sector with trench mortars directed from observation posts on a coal tip known as 'Fosse 8'. Brigade HQ was in shelters off 'Hulluch Alley', one of the main communication trenches, but as the winter progressed the RE Tunnelling Companies provided an elaborate system of tunnels and the exposed trenches were hardly used. During the winter many of the trenches fell in and filled with mud. Early in 1917 the brigade carried out a raid on an isolated German outpost known as 'Diamond Point'. The tunnellers opened shafts in No man's land as close as possible to the enemy position and the artillery and trench mortars opened feint bombardments at other parts of the line, with a smoke barrage on Fosse 8 to blind observation. The raiders emerged from. their shafts and used Bangalore torpedoes to cut the wire before rushing the outposts and coming back with eight prisoners. The German retaliatory fire fell opposite the feint bombardments and not on the raiding party.
In February the Germans began their planned retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) and 21st Division was sent south to take part in the pursuit. 110th Brigade followed up along cratered roads through destroyed villages. On 2 April 62nd Bde took part in 'pinching out' the village of Croisilles, an outpost of the Hindenburg Line, after which 110th Bde took over the line, with two companies of 7th Leicesters holding the village itself. On 9 April, the first day of the Arras Offensive, 64th Bde seized and held the front trench of the Hindenburg Line opposite Croisilles, and 62nd Bde expanded the holding. By mid-April 110th Bde was holding this as the British front line.
### Arras
The Arras Offensive was renewed with the Third Battle of the Scarpe on 3 May. 21st Division had been out of the line for 10 days and 110th Bde was still fresh. It was given the principal task for the division, to advance along the Hindenburg Line to the River Sensée and then capture Fontaine beyond it. The brigade moved into the line on 2 May, but the ammunition dumps it formed in the assembly trenches were accurately shelled by the enemy. The assembly trenches were too crowded and were known to be covered by the German defensive barrage. Despite his misgivings Brig-Gen Hessey was not permitted to advance his start line out of this danger because the neighbouring 18th (Eastern) Division could not align with it. When the attack began, the German barrage was weaker than expected thank to previous British Counter-battery fire, but the infantry assault was hurried, and with 18th (E) Division shying to the right away from the shellfire, 8th and 9th Leicesters were also shouldered off to the right. The attack lost cohesion and disintegrated, mostly held up in front of the trench covering Fontaine and Chérisy. On the right about 100 men of 9th Leicesters were reported to have crossed this line and reached the Croisilles–Chérisy road. Hessey ordered 6th Leicesters to attack Fontaine Wood to protect these advanced troops from counter-attack, but the counter-attack came in too quickly, cutting off all the troops who had reached the road. The two tanks assigned to the brigade had been late arriving and were soon put out of action. At 19.15, to cooperate with 18th (E) Division, two companies of 7th Leicesters was ordered to bomb their way down a trench that proved to be no more than a trace on the ground and afforded no cover, the battalion suffering heavy casualties in consequence. At 22.00 Hessey learned that 18th (E) Division had fallen back, along with many of his men, and he had to order the scattered survivors to reorganise behind the original position. When it was relieved on 5 May 110th Brigade had suffered almost 1000 casualties, of whom 388 men were missing, many of them having been cut off and taken prisoner.
110th Brigade returned to holding the former Hindenburg Line trenches facing Fontaine, with BHQ in shelters dug into the side of the Saint-Léger–Hénin road and company HQs in former German pillboxes. The troops were occupied with constructing and wiring fresh positions. On 20 June Brig-Gen Hessey was sent back to the UK, sick, and was later replaced by Brig-Gen Lord Loch, who as Brigadier-General, General Staff, of VI Corps had planned the successful attack that launched the Arras Offensive. The brigade spent the summer months alternating between the front line and a rest camp at Moyenneville, before withdrawing in mid-August to Manin, west of Arras.
### Ypres
In early September 21st Division was sent to the Ypres Salient, where a new offensive had been launched on 31 July. For the next phase, the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (20 September), the division was in reserve at Caëstre, about 8 miles (13 km) from the front line. It was then brought up during the Battle of Polygon Wood, relieving 5th Australian Division in the captured wood on the night of 30 September/1 October. Just as the relief was complete, a very heavy enemy bombardment began, and a counter-attack was launched against the wood. No reinforcements could get through the barrage to assist the front line troops. Lieutenant-Col Philip Bent of 9th Leicesters was in his HQ in a pillbox when a runner arrived to say that the 'SOS' signal had been sent up by the right hand part of the battalion. Bent went forward with his HQ personnel, collected the reserve platoon and led a successful counter-attack. He was last seen calling 'Come on, the Tigers!' before he was killed. He was later awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC). His body was never recovered and he is commemorated on the memorial wall at Tyne Cot Cemetery. The Germans continued their shelling throughout the day and attempted two more counter-attacks, which were broken up by rifle and machine gun fire and by accurate defensive barrages. 110th Brigade was relieved before the rest of 21st Division attacked in the Battle of Broodseinde on 4 October. It went back to Scottish Wood Camp, but remained on call to reinforce 5th Division in the event of a breakthrough; it was not required.
After Broodseinde the British line had been pushed forward about 1,500 yards (1,400 m) east of Polygon Wood, and when 110th Bde returned it was to hold the line of the Reutelbeke – normally a stream, but now turned into a lake by shellfire. Reutel was nominated as the boundary between two of the battalions, but their commanders could not agree on the precise location of the village, which had been totally destroyed. Battalion HQ of 8th Leicesters was in a dugout under the Butte de Polygone, a mound in the wood, but the brigade staff were unable to find the HQ of 7th Leicesters, knowing only that it was in one of dozens of pillboxes between Polygon Wood and the Menin Road, and had to rely on carrier pigeons for communications. Brigade HQ itself was in a corner of the great Hooge Crater beside the Menin Road, the two routes to which (one by 'Black Watch Corner' and the other by 'Dead Mule Dugouts') were frequently shelled and were badly affected by lingering gas. In mid-October the brigade was relieved and withdrew to Wardrecques, but by the beginning of November it was back in Polygon Wood, though the emphasis in the fighting had now shifted north to Passchendaele.
### Winter 1917–18
On 14 November 21st Division received a warning order to proceed to the Italian Front to reinforce the Italian Army after its defeat at the Battle of Caporetto. However, the order was cancelled, and instead the division was sent to the Cambrai sector, where there had been serious German counter-attacks following British successes in the attack of 20 November. The German efforts were dying down to a simple bombardment when the division arrived by train on 1 December, and the British reorganised the new front. The troops of 110th Bde set about digging new defences east of Épehy, the ruins of the village giving good observation over the enemy positions.
Brigadier-Gen Lord Loch was evacuated sick before Christmas and officially left the brigade on 4 January 1918. He was replaced by Brig-Gen Douglas Cayley, an experienced brigadier. By February 1918 the BEF was suffering a manpower crisis and it was forced to reduce each infantry brigade from four to three battalions, the remainder being disbanded to provide reinforcements to the others. The 9th Leicesters was disbanded at Moislains on 20 February and the personnel distributed to the 6th, 7th and 8th Bns in 110th Bde, to 11th Leicesters serving as pioneers with 6th Division, and to VII Corps Reinforcement Camp. In addition, the brigade MG companies were removed to form a divisional MG battalion.
### German Spring Offensive
Brigadier-Gen Cayley was promoted to command 29th Division on 16 March and his successor, Brig-Gen Hanway Cumming, had barely arrived when the German spring offensive broke over the British front on 21 March. The British had adopted a system of defence in depth, with Épehy organised as large defended area in the Forward Zone. But with only three battalions, brigades found it more difficult to rotate their units, and 7th Leicesters under Lt-Col Guy Sawyer had already been in the line for more than 20 days when it was attacked. The heavy German bombardment started with a mixture of high explosive and gas at 04.40 and the attack on 21st Division's positions began at 07.00 when the enemy coming out of the fog attempted to enter the Forward Zone in front of Épehy. 21st Division had withdrawn its men from the front defences during the night, and brought down its defensive barrage on its own front line. This first attack failed, but was renewed at 09.40, when it was delayed by 8th Leicesters under Lt-Col Archibald Utterson, supported by two companies of 6th Leicesters. The German infantry did not appear in front of Épehy until 10.25 and did not reach Pezières until 11.00. Here they made a small penetration but were promptly thrown out by a counter-attack by a company of 7th Leicesters supported by two tanks. This part of 21st Division's line gave little cause for concern, but beyond Pezières 62nd Bde came under heavy pressure, the enemy breaking through the Forward Zone to engage the Battle Zone. However, the fog had now cleared and the British machine guns and field artillery could be used with effect on the enemy troops packed into the Heudicourt Valley, who made no further progress. On 110th Bde's other flank, however, the enemy had penetrated the positions of 16th (Irish) Division and a gap began to open up. The brigade used its only reserve (two companies of 6th Leicesters at Saulcourt) to form a defensive flank between Épehy and Sainte-Émilie, joined by the remnants of 2nd Royal Munster Fusiliers from 16th (I) Division.
Following the successful defence at Épehy, the Germans attacked the position with two divisions on 22 March. By the morning the defenders consisted of 6th and 8th Leicesters in the village, 7th Leicesters in Pezières, and 97th and 126th Field Companies, RE, holding the right flank. After the opening bombardment the enemy attacked out of the fog at about 08.00, one battalion managing to break in and surround some of the posts in the southern end of Épehy. Brigade HQ still had a buried telephone cable open to 8th Leicesters, and about 09.30 it ordered the 6th and 8th Leicesters and the two RE companies to fall back and form a defensive flank on the Saulcourt–Épehy road to link up with 39th Division filling the gap where 16th Division had been broken. But 21st Division was now in danger of being isolated and was forced to withdraw. Two companies of 7th Leicesters continued to hold Pezières and covered the retirement of 110th Bde. The withdrawal was carried out down the communication trenches, but the enemy had machine guns trained on the exits from these trenches, which caused considerable casualties. Lt-Col W.N. Stewart of 6th Leicesters was killed by a sniper in front of his HQ, while Lt-Col Utterson of 8th Leicesters was captured in his HQ at 'Fisher's Keep' in Épehy as the Germans cleared the village. Of the rearguard companies of 7th Leicesters, only one officer and 14 ORs survived to be captured. The 'Brown Line' at the rear of Épehy was occupied by Brigade HQ personnel, an RE company, and 110th TMB, but they were mostly cut off and killed or captured. However, German attempts to follow 110th Bde were temporarily checked by two tanks from 4th Tank Battalion before they were knocked out by direct hits. By the end of the day the whole of 21st Division had withdrawn to the 'Green Line', and 110th Bde had gone into reserve, but was called back during the night to reinforce the weak 62nd Bde, not reaching its position until 04.30.
Next day (23 March), the situation being critical, 21st Division was ordered to fight a rearguard action back to a new line at Ablainzevelle. The Divisional HQ issued its orders at 07.30, but the Germans had already renewed their attacks at 07.20. The Green Line was unfinished, in places dug only 1 foot (0.30 m) deep, and casualties from the bombardment were heavy. The remnants of 62nd and 110th Bdes were temporarily formed into a composite brigade commanded by Lt-Col B.D. Fisher of 1st Lincolnshire Regiment of 62nd Bde. A sudden infantry attack out of the mist broke through 110th Bde's line between Bois de Gurlu and Bois de l'Epinette, and quickly spread southwards into that of 62nd Bde. The battalions were driven out of position, those of 110th Bde on the left going back almost 1 mile (1.6 km) to the Péronne–Nurlu road. Here they held the enemy thanks to rifle fire from the reserve still in the Bois de Gurlu. At 11.00 the orders to withdraw to Ablainzevelle finally reached the 110th Bde troops, 62nd Bde having already received theirs and fought their way back there with some of 110th Bde. Lieutenant-Col Sawyer of 7th Leicesters led the rest of 110th Bde safely across the Peronne Canal. The German success against 62nd/110th Bde meant that the rest of 21st Division had to withdraw rapidly. But even on the Ablainzevelle line, with its artillery raking the enemy advancing down the opposite slopes, the division had both its flanks 'in the air'. In the afternoon it fell back behind the Tortille river, with 62nd/110th Bde on the high ground to the left, overlooking Allaines. Here its flank was turned and it went back further, 62nd/110th Bde occupying old trenches covering Bouchavesnes until nightfall when it slipped back to rejoin 21st Division.
The fighting of 24 and 25 March was later designated the First Battle of Bapaume. It began with a short bombardment by German artillery and trench mortars, then between 08.00 and 08.30 a considerable enemy force came out of the mist and attacked 21st Division's forward positions. 110th Brigade was echeloned back to fill the gap to the South African Bde of 9th (Scottish) Division and escaped the worst of this attack, but by 09.00 64th Bde was falling back, and 62nd and most of 110th Bde had to follow, dropping back in two stages to the high ground south-east of Maurepas. The South African Bde, together with some of 7th Leicesters, held its position and was annihilated. At this point the first troops of 35th Division began to appear behind 21st Division, having marched as fast as possible from the railhead. Together with a Canadian motor machine gun battery and the crews of 4th Tank Battalion, who had abandoned their vehicles owing to lack of petrol, but came into the line dismounted with their Lewis guns, they held the German advance for five hours. By 16.00 Brig-Gen Cumming of 110th Bde was commanding 'Cumming's Force', consisting of elements from all three of 21st Division's brigades, operating under the orders of 35th Division. At 17.00, with most of his troops having arrived, the commander of 35th Division fell back to a previously selected position from Montauban to the River Somme at Curlu and allowed 21st division's troops to be withdrawn. Next day another 'ad hoc' force to support 35th Division was formed from troops of 21st Division at Suzanne: 'Headlam's Force' of about 1500 men under Brig-Gen H.R. Headlam of 64th Bde had a composite battalion from each of the three brigades and a composite machine gun company. The rest of 21st Division was sent back to Chipilly. 35th Division held on all day through 25 March until reinforcements arrived to fill the gap between Montauban and Bazentin-le-Grand. The 'Great Retreat' was still continuing elsewhere, and 35th Division got away during the night of 25/26 March unnoticed by the enemy. It took up new positions with Headlam's Force on the right.
VII Corps ordered 35th Division to continue its retirement on 26 March. To help cover this movement another group was formed from the available troops of 21st Division: 'McCulloch's Force', a composite battalion of about 1200 men formed from the divisional pioneer battalion (14th Northumberland Fusiliers) with elements from all three brigades, under the command of Lt-Col J.A. McCulloch of 9th King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (64th Bde). This was assembled by 08.00 in rear of the right flank of the line. All remaining troops of 21st Division not in Cumming's or Headlam's Forces were then moved back to Bresle. VII Corps' retirement proved unnecessary, but it was too late to change the orders and the troops crossed the River Ancre. The recall order arrived at 19.00 and Brig-Gen Headlam was prepared to recross the river, but was overruled. McCulloch's force remained on the other side as rearguard, now under Brig-Gen Cumming, who had also taken over 'Hadow's Force' formed from the remnants of 26th Bde of 9th (S) Division. By early morning of 27 March VII Corps' front line between the Somme and the Ancre was being held by Cumming's Force under 110th Bde's staff. This composite force also included labour troops, digging in between Ribemont and Sailly-le-Sec. 3rd Australian Division began arriving early on 27 March and began taking over command of the whole sector, including all the composite forces ('Gater's Force' had been formed on 28 March under Brig-Gen G.H. Gater of 62nd Bde, with composite battalions from each of 21st Division's three brigades plus 66 Lewis gun teams from 4th Tank Bn). However, the retreat had ended, and all of 21st Division's troops were withdrawn on 30–31 March and reformed at Allonville. 110th Brigade's casualties since 21 March had been 31 officers and about 1200 ORs, or about half its effective strength.
### The Lys
On the night of 1/2 April 21st Division entrained at Amiens for the Ypres Salient. It rested and received some reinforcements and then 110th Bde went into the line south of the Menin Road on 9/10 April, its positions including the 'Tower Hamlets' ridge and 'Shrewsbury Forest'. The sector was now so quiet that BHQ could be housed in unprotected huts, though deep dugouts had been prepared further back. However, Flanders had been chosen by the Germans for the next phase of their spring offensive (the Battle of the Lys), launched on 9 April south of the Salient. Their rapid progress made the Salient increasingly vulnerable and plans were made to evacuate the forward positions. All HQs and artillery and most infantry units were withdrawn closer to Ypres, leaving only outposts in the front line. On 15 April 110th Bde fell back 3 miles (4.8 km) to new positions along the Ypres–St Eloi road, leaving one battalion in the old line. Brigade HQ was at 'Walker Camp' in huts behind a farmhouse at Dickebusch, hitherto in the rear area. The Germans swept over Mont Kemmel on 25 April and 21st Division now had to form a flank guard for the southern side of the Salient. Dickebusch came under heavy artillery fire and 110th Bde's outpost battalion was evacuated on the night of 26/27 April. The new front line astride the Ypres–Comines Canal was under constant fire and German patrols were feeling their way along the canal. On the night of 27/28 April an entire company at 'Lankhof Farm' near the canal disappeared during a German raid. On the afternoon of 29 April 110th Bde's posts by the 'Iron Bridge' on the canal were attacked but held firm. The brigade was relieved on the night of 30 April/1 May.
### Aisne
21st Division was one of a number of exhausted divisions that were sent south under IX Corps to recuperate with Fifth French Army on a quiet part of the front. Its battalions were brought up to a strength of about 700 men each, the replacements being either barely trained (aged 18 ½) or returning wounded. It was stationed in the angle between the River Aisne and the Aisne Canal, 110th Bde taking over the Chalons-le-Vergeur sector on the night of 14/15 May, with two companies each of 7th and 8th Leicesters in the Forward Zone about 1,500 yards (1,400 m) east of the marshy canal, the rest in the Battle Zone along the west bank, and 6th Leicesters and 110th TMB in reserve. Unfortunately, once again the quiet sector to which 21st Division had been sent for recuperation was that chosen by the enemy for the next phase of their offensive. 110th Brigade's observation teams reported German artillery teams returning from deploying fresh guns during the night, linesmen laying new telephone cables, and other unmistakeable signs of preparation for an attack, supported by reports from other British units along the line, by reconnaissance aircraft and by German deserters. At 01.00 on 27 May the Third Battle of the Aisne was launched with a tremendous bombardment on the French and British lines, including a high proportion of gas shells. The telephone lines laid on the surface by the French were soon cut by shellfire. The infantry attack on 110th Bde probably began at 03.00–04.00, but this was unclear – no word came back from the four advanced companies before they were overwhelmed. Attacks on the redoubts of the Battle Zone along the canal began about 07.00 but the situation remained obscure until the mist dispersed about 08.00. The near bank of the canal was lost, but 110th Bde's battalions fought on, and held the enemy in the swamps fringing the canal. Two attacks were driven back with rifle and Lewis gun fire, so the enemy resorted to bombing their way up communication trenches to surround and capture the strongpoints one by one. One strongpoint, the 'Tenaille de Guise', held out until 15.00. 6th Leicesters was fed forward into the fighting line, together with a company made up from the 'battle reserve' of 7th and 8th Leicesters; the road between Cauroy and Cormicy became the front line, which 110th Bde held until nightfall. After dark 21st Division wheeled its left back so as not to be outflanked, while maintaining contact with the French to the right. After some stiff rearguard fighting 110th Bde on the left of this line was able to occupy some prepared trenches about 24.00, and was setting up BHQ at Vaux-Varennes, only to find that there was no sign of 8th Division, which was supposed to be in Bouvancourt, covering the brigade's left flank. German patrols were actually behind 110th Bde, which only got away by following a circuitous cross-country track. At 03.30 on 28 May the brigade, reorganised into a single battalion, followed its brigadier along this track in complete silence. At dawn it halted at Luthernay Farm where it was bombed by a lone German aircraft. Here it received orders to take up a line south-west of Hermonville as reserve to the rest of 21st Division. It set off again, without 6th Leicesters, whose orders did not arrive because a dispatch-rider was wounded, and which stayed with 64th Bde, but with elements of 62nd Bde mixed up in 110th's column. About 08.00 it got within 500 yards (460 m) of Pévy when it came under fire from the village and the high ground on the right. Breaking up into a number of single-file columns, the brigade struggled across a swamp to reach the high Prouilly ridge; luckily the Germans fired too high. As the brigade climbed the ridge the skyline was crowned by a wave of French infantry, and together they formed an all-round defence until the German artillery finally caught up and forced them off. By nightfall the remains of 110th Bde were back across the River Vesle, reorganised as two small battalions, which took up new positions at a tile works west of Muizon and on Hill 202, with BHQ in Rosnay. The following morning the Germans chose not to make a frontal assault on the Vesle but to continue the turning movement through Jonchery while shelling 110th Bde's positions. The force on Hill 202 was driven to lower ground and Lt-Col Edward Chance, CO of 6th Leicesters, was killed by a shell, and the line at Muizon under Lt-Col Sawyer of 7th Leicesters was driven back to within 1,000 yards (910 m) of Rosnay. BHQ was shelled out of Rosnay and withdrew to Méry-Prémecy by the end of the day. Here the brigade was relieved at 21.00 by French troops and withdrew to rejoin 21st Division at Étréchy on 31 May. At the Aisne 110th Bde lost 52 officers and 1378 ORs, of whom 33 officers and 1168 were posted as missing.
On 31 May 21st Division formed 21st Independent Brigade (or 'Gater's Brigade') under the command of Brig-Gen Gater of 62nd Bde. This consisted of small composite battalions drawn from each of the infantry brigades, with supporting troops, totalling about 1200 men. It moved forward on 1 June and next day occupied the line south of the River Marne between Dormans and Verneuil under Fifth French Army. On 19 June it returned to 21st Division in the Abbeville area.
After the casualties sustained during the German offensives, the BEF's commander-in-chief, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig decided to use his scarce 'Class A' reinforcements to rebuild 8th and 21st Divisions from the Aisne front. However, this would take six weeks, and the reinforcements were insufficient. In 110th Bde 8th Leicesters was reduced to a training cadre on 28 June and the surplus men drafted to the 7th Leicesters. The cadre was posted to 25th Division and then sent to England where it was used on 7 July to form a new 14th Duke of Wellington's Regiment at Clacton-on-Sea. (This battalion was disbanded on 3 November 1918.) 8th Leicesters was replaced in 110th Bde by 1st Wiltshire Regiment from 25th Division, so that it was no longer a purely Leicestershire formation.
### Hundred Days Offensive
Towards the end of July the reconstituted 21st Division joined V Corps under Third Army in the Somme Sector. 110th Brigade took over trenches along the Acre facing Thiepval, with BHQ in shelters along a sunken road west of Englebelmer. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive was launched with the Battle of Amiens on 8 August, and 21st Division followed up by crossing the marshy Ancre on 21 August as part of the Battle of Albert. Four companies of 6th and 7th Leicesters managed to slip across in the morning fog, but could not maintain themselves there once the fog lifted. That night, however, 98th Field Company, RE, improved the crossings and 6th Leicesters were able to push patrols across. Next day the battalion sent two companies across north of St Pierre Divion and they bombed their way up trenches to get in contact with 62nd Bde. On the night of 23/24 August 64th Bde made a bold moonlight advance, followed by 110th. In the morning 110th Bde concentrated in Battery Valley and pushed against enemy posts guarding the ends of side valleys, but got up at midday to extend 64th Bde's line to the right. At 17.00 110th Bde was ordered to advance on Le Sars with artillery covering fire, to fill the gap to 17th (Northern) Division further right. 6th Leicesters lost direction and was late starting, so 1st Wiltshires advanced alone at 20.00 in the dark, crossing country devastated by the fighting of 1916, and passing between German troops. 6th Leicesters caught up but did not advance so far. Brigade HQ found enemy all round its proposed position and had to slip back, but the brigade held its advanced position all night. V Corps issued orders for a pursuit next day, with 62nd and 110th Bdes leapfrogging each other forwards. However, 62nd Bde's initial advance was immediately checked by machine gun fire from high ground north of Le Sars and they lost their barrage. 62nd Brigade resumed its advance at 11.00, taking the Butte de Warlencourt, but at 14.00 110th Bde was diverted to fill the gap to 17th (N) Division and 21st Division made no further advance that day. 110th Brigade remained in position on 26 August until 17th (N) Division caught up, then went into reserve. Next day the brigade was ordered to pass through 64th Bde and continue the attack. It was already moving forward when the attack was cancelled, and staff officers had to run forward to recall the units. 110th Brigade did advance on 29 August, encountering little opposition for 3,000 yards (2,700 m) until it was stopped by frontal machine gun fire from Beaulencourt.
The offensive continued with the Second Battle of Bapaume. On 1 September 110th Bde put in a textbook attack on Beaulencourt. Taking advantage of a neighbouring division's advance north of the village, 1st Wiltshire and 6th Leicesters attacked from that direction instead of frontally. The artillery had fired several 'crashes' during the night, and the opening of the barrage at Zero (02.00) seemed a mere repetition. The two battalions advanced in the dark behind a slow barrage creeping at 100 yards (91 m) every six minutes, taking the enemy completely by surprise, capturing 126 prisoners, two field guns and numerous anti-tank guns at a cost of 5 killed and 50 wounded, and establishing a line 200 yards (180 m) beyond the south and east sides of the village. Next day the brigade was ordered to capture the sugar factory north of Le Transloy. 7th Leicesters achieved this behind another night barrage at 02.00, then the factory was retaken by a German counter-attack about 04.30, before it was regained at 07.00 and then firmly held.
On 3 September 21st Division was squeezed out by the converging advance, and it was not until 10 September that 110th Bde was back in the line, holding the sector in front of Épehy, by which time the advance had progressed as far as the Canal du Nord. It was relieved on the night of 15/16 September, but that night BHQ's tents were bombed from the air, suffering about 30 per cent casualties among its specialist personnel. 21st Division made another set-piece attack at the Battle of Épehy on 18 September. 62nd Brigade was completely successful in taking both its objectives, then the divisional front widened and both 64th and 110th Bdes passed through to attack the third objective. 58th (2/1st London) Division on the right had failed to reach its objective, so 6th Leicesters on that flank was held up by enfilade fire and could not get further forward than the road about 1,000 yards (910 m) short of its own objective. 1st Wiltshires did reach it, but were counter-attacked and fell back to join the 6th Leicesters. Overall the division had been very successful – 110th Bde captured 426 prisoners and 8 field guns – but there was still a pocket of Germans holding out between 64th and 110th Bdes. 21st Division was relieved on the night of 19/20 September.
The Allies launched a coordinated series of attacks on 28 September. 21st Division went forward in a preliminary operation that day, and when 110th Bde took over the lead in late morning it advanced almost without opposition. But during Third Army's main attack next day (the opening of the Battle of the St Quentin Canal ) it achieved almost nothing. 110th Brigade attacked after moonrise at 03.30 across a misty valley, with the support of two tanks and a deep barrage. One of the brigade's three leading companies made 500 yards (460 m), but the other two were held up. Nevertheless, the general success of the offensive meant that the Germans opposing 21st Division retreated to the Honnecourt–Banteux canal on 30th September. For some days the brigade faced the enemy across the canal, night patrols trying to find a way across. Then on 5 October the enemy withdrew again, to the Beaurevoir Line: 110th Bde was across the broken bridges by 10.00 and by the evening BHQ had been established in the old Hindenburg Line.
Preparations immediately began for the next offensive bound, the Battle of Cambrai on 8 October. V Corps planned to carry the Beaurevoir Line in a preliminary night attack. 21st Division launched its assault at 01.00 with 64th and 110th Bdes supported by plentiful artillery and six tanks coming into action after dawn. 1st Wiltshire would capture a road and trenches east of Montecouvez Farm then 6th and 7th Leicesters, starting from ground captured by the Wiltshires, would swing northwards at 05.00 and attack Ardissart Farm. The complicated attack went off without a hitch, both brigades taking the Beaurevoir Line without difficulty despite heavy German shellfire on Montecouvez Farm. 110th Brigade then reached its second objective overlooking the Sargrenon Valley. It later extended its line to the north, cutting off and destroying a complete German battalion, before 62nd Bde took over and continued the advance. 110th Brigade had taken 4 field guns, 67 machine guns, six trench mortars and 624 prisoners. Although ordered to attack yet again that evening, Brig-Gen Cumming objected and got the order cancelled.
The Germans carried out another large-scale withdrawal, and 110th Bde was billeted in the liberated village of Caullery, with BHQ in Montecouvez Farm. The brigade moved up on 22 October to prepare for next morning's attack, the Battle of the Selle. 1st Wiltshire and 7th Leicesters formed up on one of the roads leading towards Ovillers in enemy territory, but the Germans chose to lay a violent barrage on this road just before Zero at 02.00. Nonetheless the two battalions cleared Ovillers, 6th Leicesters coming up to assist east of the village and then continuing the advance towards Vendegies at 07.15 while two tanks helped to mop up Ovillers. One company worked round the wood in front of Vendegies Chateau and took it in flank, capturing the German regimental commander. 110th Brigade HQ took over the chateau.
On the night of 26/27 October the division was relieved in the front line. After some reorganisation it took over the left sector of V Corps' front from 29 October to 3 November. On 5 November it marched through the Forêt de Mormal before attacking and capturing Berlaimont. During the night two companies of 1st Lincolns (62nd Bde) got across the River Sambre on planks at a damaged lock, followed by 6th Leicesters and 1st Wiltshires who had been held up by machine guns, and they organised a bridgehead. On 7 November the division pushed on with 110th Bde in the lead to the Maubeuge–Avesnes road, finding no resistance. 64th Brigade then took the lead and the division reached Éclaibes. 21st Division was then relieved in the front line and withdrew to Berlaimont to rest and reorganise in the Sambre Valley. It was still halted there when the Armistice with Germany brought hostilities to an end at 11.00 on 11 November.
### Post-Armistice
On 12 November the division began moving to Beaufort, east of the Maubeuge–Avesnes road, where it undertook training and recreation for the rest of the month. Between 12 and 20 December it moved back to the south of the Somme, west of Amiens, and demobilisation began, continuing through the early months of 1919. Large numbers were demobilised during March and others were drafted to various units in the Army of Occupation in Germany. On 1 April the remainder of the division was concentrated around Longpré and during April and May the cadres of its units began returning to the UK. 21st Division's HQs closed down on 19 May 1919.
110th Brigade was not reformed during World War II.
## Commanders
The following officers commanded 110th Bde:
- Brig-Gen Guy Bainbridge, appointed 8 April 1915; promoted to command 25th Division 1 June 1916
- Lt-Col Edward Challenor, acting 1 June 1916
- Brig-Gen William Hessey, appointed 9 June 1916; sick 20 June 1917
- Lt-Col W.N. Stewart, acting 20 June 1917 and 4 January 1918
- Brig-Gen Lord Loch, appointed 22 July 1917; sick 4 January 1918
- Brig-Gen Douglas Cayley, appointed 4 January 1918; promoted to command 29th Division 16 March 1918
- Brig-Gen Hanway Cumming, appointed 16 March 1918
## Insignia
21st Division's formation sign consisted of a circle of three red 7s (for 21) conjoined at the base on a black disc. In 1915 the division adopted a system of geometric shapes in brigade colours to distinguish its units. 110th Brigade's signs were yellow, and were worn by the infantry on both sleeves and on the back below the collar. In 1917 these were:
- 6th Leicesters: a circle, with a black square on the left collar point
- 7th Leicesters: a rectangle, with a red square on the left collar point
- 8th Leicesters: a square
- 9th Leicesters: a triangle, with a yellow square on the left collar point
The collar squares were restricted to men who had served since 1915. If 110th MG Company followed the rest of the divisional scheme it wore a yellow oval. 110th TMB wore a yellow diamond on the back.[101]
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110th Brigade (United Kingdom)
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Q4547274
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{{Short description|Military unit in the UK}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name =110th Brigade
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 10 December 1914–27 April 1915<br>27 April 1915–19 May 1919
| country =
| allegiance ={{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch =[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[Kitchener's Army|New Army]]
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = [[Brigade]]
| command_structure =[[37th Division (United Kingdom)|37th Division]]<br>[[21st Division (United Kingdom)|21st Division]]
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =The Tigers
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| battles = [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]]<br>[[Capture of Gueudecourt]]<br>[[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]]<br>[[Battle of Passchendaele|Third Battle of Ypres]]<br>[[German spring offensive]]<br>[[Hundred Days Offensive]]
| notable_commanders=[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)#Historical rank of brigadier general|Brig-Gen]] [[Guy Bainbridge]]<br>Brig-Gen [[Edward Loch, 2nd Baron Loch|Lord Loch]]<br>Brig-Gen [[Douglas Edward Cayley|Douglas Cayley]]<br>Brig-Gen [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Hanway Cumming]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}
The '''110th Brigade''' (110th Bde) was an infantry formation of the [[British Army]] during [[World War I]]. It was raised as part of '[[Kitchener's Army]]' and was assigned to the [[37th Division (United Kingdom)|37th Division]]. After the original formations were renumbered, the numbers were transferred to a new brigade and division formed from unallocated 'Army Troops'. The new 110th Brigade was formed from the Kitchener battalions of the Leicestershire Regiment, known as 'The Tigers' from its regimental badge: consequently the brigade was also known by this nickname. The brigade went to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] with 37th Division, but shortly after the start of the [[Battle of the Somme]] it was transferred to the [[21st Division (United Kingdom)|21st Division]] and fought with that formation for the rest of the war, distinguishing itself in its first offensive action, the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]] and later at the [[Capture of Gueudecourt]]. It also fought at [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras]], [[Battle of Passchendaele|Ypres]], against the [[German spring offensive]]s when it was virtually destroyed, and in the final victorious [[Hundred Days Offensive]].
==Original 110th Brigade==
[[File:30a Sammlung Eybl Großbritannien. Alfred Leete (1882–1933) Britons (Kitchener) wants you (Briten Kitchener braucht Euch). 1914 (Nachdruck), 74 x 50 cm. (Slg.Nr. 552).jpg|right|thumb|[[Alfred Leete]]'s recruitment poster for Kitchener's Army.]]
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular [[British Army]]. The newly-appointed [[Secretary of State for War]], [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Earl Kitchener of Khartoum]], issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'.<ref>War Office Instructions No 32 (6 August) and No 37 (7 August).</ref><ref>Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 2 & 8.</ref> The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as '[[Pals battalions]]'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the [[War Office]] (WO). The 37th Division was authorised on 10 December 1914, having been raised largely by [[Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby]] from the cities of [[Liverpool]] and [[Manchester]]. Its 110th Brigade consisted of four battalions of '[[Liverpool Pals]]' (17th–21st Battalions, [[King's (Liverpool Regiment)]]), which had been recruited by the Earl of Derby after a meeting at the Old Watch Factory in [[Prescot]] on 29 August 1914, the first 'local' battalions to be formed and thus the senior units of K5.<ref name = BeckeApp>Becke, Pt 3b Appendices 1 & 2.</ref><ref name = JamesApp>James, Appendices II & III.</ref><ref name = Becke30>Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 1–9.</ref><ref name = Trail30>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/30th-division/ 30th Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = JamesKings>James, p. 52.</ref><ref name = TrailKings>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/kings-liverpool-regiment/ King's (Liverpool Regiment) at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref>War Office Instruction No 56 of September 1915, Appendix IX.</ref>
On 27 April 1915 it was renumbered [[89th Brigade (United Kingdom)|89th Brigade]] in [[30th Division (United Kingdom)|30th Division]], the original 89th Bde of 30th Division (K4 battalions) having been converted into [[1st Reserve Brigade]] and the original 30th Division disbanded. At the same time the 44th Division, formed in March 1915 for the Sixth New Army (K6), took up the vacant position as [[37th Division (United Kingdom)|37th Division]], and its 131st Brigade was renumbered '''110th Brigade'''.<ref name = BeckeApp/><ref name = JamesApp/><ref name = Becke37>Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 71–9.</ref><ref name = Trail37>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/37th-division/ 37th Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>
==New 110th Brigade==
[[File:Royal Leicestershire Regiment Cap Badge.jpg|thumb|right|Cap badge of the Leicestershire Regiment.]]
As authorised in March 1915, 44th (later 37th) Division consisted of 'spare' Kitchener battalions that had originally been assigned as 'Army Troops' for the New Armies (''ie'' they were not assigned to a specific formation). Its 131st (later 110th) Brigade was composed of battalions of the [[Leicestershire Regiment]]:<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Trail37/><ref name = FrederickLeics>Frederick, p. 236.</ref><ref name = JamesLeics>James, pp. 60–1.</ref><ref name = TrailLeics>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/leicestershire-regiment/ Leicestershire Regiment at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = Kelly15>Kelly, pp. 15–6.</ref>
* 6th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 24 August 1914 (K1), attached to [[9th (Scottish) Division]] at [[Aldershot Garrison|Aldershot]]
* 7th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 21 September 1914 (K2), attached to [[15th (Scottish) Division]] at Aldershot
* 8th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 25 September 1914 (K3), attached to [[23rd Division (United Kingdom)|23rd Division]] at Aldershot
* 9th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment – raised on 28 September 1914 (K3), attached to 23rd Division at Aldershot
The Leicestershire Regiment was known as 'The Tigers' from its Royal Tiger badge, and the nickname was also applied to 110th Bde. The brigade was commanded by [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)#Historical rank of brigadier general|Brigadier-General]] [[Guy Bainbridge]], appointed on 8 April 1915. By the time the division was formed all its units had been training for some months, and it was quickly assembled on [[Salisbury Plain]] for final battle training. In July it was ordered to France to join the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF). 110th Brigade arrived by train at [[Folkestone]] on the night of 29 July and landed at dawn next day at [[Boulogne]]. On 2 August the division completed its concentration around [[Tilques]], near [[Saint-Omer]].<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Trail37/><ref name = JamesLeics/><ref name = Kelly15/>
==Service==
On arrival the units of 37th Division were attached to those of [[12th (Eastern) Division]] for instruction in trench warfare in the quiet sector near [[Armentières]]. At the end of August 37th Division entrained for [[Doullens]] and then marched to the sector south of [[Arras]], where the BEF was taking over more of the line from French troops. 110th Brigade took over a line of trenches running east of the villages of [[Berles-au-Bois]] and [[Bienvillers-au-Bois]] in front of [[Monchy-au-Bois]] held by the Germans. The battalions took turns in the front line, but there was little shelling or [[Trench raiding]] and only a trickle of casualties. From 23 to 27 September during the [[Battle of Loos]] the division was stationed at [[La Cauchie]] to act as reserve for the French [[10th Army (France)|Tenth Army]]'s attack, but then returned to Arras and the routine of trench holding through the autumn and winter. In the spring of 1916 the division was relieved from the line for a few weeks, then returned, 110th Bde taking up a new sector at [[Hannescamps]].<ref>Kelly, pp. 16–22.</ref>
At this time 110th Bde was joined by its auxiliary units:<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Trail37/><ref>Kelly, p. 22.</ref>
* 110th Brigade Machine Gun (MG) Company, [[Machine Gun Corps]] – formed at [[Grantham]] disembarked at [[Le Havre]] 2 March and joined 4 March
* 110th Trench Mortar Battery (TMB) – formed as 110/1 TMB on 23 March and 110/2 TMB by 13 May, and combined into single battery on 13 June; personnel seconded from the infantry battalions; equipped with 3-inch [[Stokes mortar]]s<ref>Farndale, Annex G.</ref>
Brigadier-Gen Bainbridge was promoted to command [[25th Division (United Kingdom)|25th Division]] on 1 June and was succeeded on 9 June by Brig-Gen William Hessey, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] [[Edward Challenor]] of 6th Leicesters officiating until he arrived.<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Kelly25>Kelly, pp. 25–7.</ref>
===Somme===
By June 1916 37th Division had been in France almost a year and had still not participated in any major action, but the BEF was now preparing for that summer's 'Big Push' (the [[Battle of the Somme]]). The artillery bombardment began on 23 June and the assault was launched on 1 July. Initially, 37th Division was not involved, being stationed by [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]] at [[Humbercamps]] behind [[46th (North Midland) Division|46th (North Midland)]] and [[56th (London) Infantry Division|56th (1/1st London) Divisions]], ready to exploit in case they broke through in their [[Attack on the Gommecourt Salient]]. The attack was a disaster and there was no possibility of a breakthrough. Instead, 37th Division's brigades were temporarily transferred to other divisions to replace brigades that had been shattered on the [[First day on the Somme]]. 110th Brigade went to [[21st Division (United Kingdom)|21st Division]] in [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]] on 7 July in exchange for [[63rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|63rd Bde]]. What began as a temporary expedient became permanent, and 110th Bde fought under 21st Division for the remainder of the war, alongside [[62nd Brigade (United Kingdom)|62nd]] and [[64th Brigade (United Kingdom)|64th Bdes]].<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Trail37/><ref name = JamesLeics/><ref name = Kelly25/><ref name = Becke21>Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 103-9.</ref><ref name = Trail21>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/21st-division/ 21st Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>
[[File:WW1 British 21st Division.svg|thumb|right|21st Division's 'Three Sevens' formation sign.<ref name = E&G42>Elderton & Gibbs, p. 42.</ref>]]
The brigade marched to the southern end of the Somme battlefield, where [[Fricourt]] had been captured on 1 July, and established Brigade HQ (BHQ) in a huge German [[Dugout (shelter)#World War I|dugout]] beneath the site of the chateau. The battalions took over some captured trenches north-east of Fricourt Wood, between [[Contalmaison]] and [[Mametz, Somme|Mametz]]. The brigade was ordered to move on the night of 13/14 July to a position in front of Mametz Wood to attack [[Bazentin]] Wood. Unlike the opening attack of the offensive, the assault on the German Second Position (''Braune Stellung'') was to be launched at dawn after only five minutes of bombardment to achieve surprise, though this entailed a difficult assembly at night. 21st Division used the fresh 110th Bde for its attack, reinforced by the 1st [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]. 6th and 7th Leicesters were to lead, each with a Stokes mortar and one company of 8th Leicesters attached to it. The rest of 8th Leicesters was in support, and 9th Leicesters and 1st East Yorks were in reserve; 110th MG Company was to cover the left flank of the advance. 6th Leicesters moved into position via the eastern edge of Mametz Wood, while 7th and 8th went up by the light railway, where Lt-Col W. Drysdale of the 7th was wounded. The jumping-off tapes had been laid by 98th Field Company, [[Royal Engineers]] (RE), {{convert|100|yd|m}} outside the northern edge of Mametz Wood and about {{convert|400|yd|m}} from the enemy positions. Despite some shellfire aimed at Mametz Wood, the leading battalions were deployed in four lines on these tapes by 02.35. The rear wave of 6th Leicesters, and the rear three waves of 7th Leicesters were hidden in the wood. No enemy flares had been fired and the outposts out in front had not sighted a single hostile patrol: the surprise was complete.<ref>Kelly, pp. 27–9.</ref><ref>Miles, ''1916'', Vol II, pp. 62–8, 73–4.</ref><ref>Farrar-Hockley, pp. 178–82.</ref>
[[File:Bazentin le Petit 14 July 1916 map.png|thumb|right|21st Division's attack at the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]], 14 July 1916 (start line in red; German trenches in blue, objective in dotted red).]]
The [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]] was launched at 03.20 on 14 July with a sudden intense artillery bombardment of the enemy positions, while the machine guns fired on fixed lines. At 03.25 the barrage lifted forward (one of the first examples of a [[Creeping barrage]]) and the infantry advanced through the ground mist at a steady pace. 6th and 7th Leicesters were through the [[Wire obstacle|barbed wire]] and into the German front line trench before the defenders had time to react. The following waves mopped up the defenders appearing from their dugouts. When the enemy counter-barrage came, it fell behind the rapidly advancing infantry. Only the centre of 7th Leicesters was held up for about 20 minutes by some machine guns, but the companies either side worked inwards and silenced them. Lieutenant-Col J.G. Mignon of 8th Leicesters was killed while leading up his [[Grenade|bombers]] in support. The brigade took the second line ('Forest Trench') without much resistance by 04.00, and pushed on to [[Bazentin-le-Petit]] Wood. This too was captured with little fighting, except the north-western corner, where two company commanders of the Leicesters were wounded while trying to organise its capture and the Germans held out all day. Parties of 9th Leicesters carried up supplies of bombs for this fighting in the wood. On the right, the road through Bazentin-le-Petit village was the boundary with [[7th Division (United Kingdom)|7th Division]]. 6th Leicesters secured the northern part of the village before 2nd [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] of that division arrived at the southern end, and together they had cleared it by 07.30, the Leicesters then handing over to the Royal Irish. A German counter-attack briefly retook the northern part during which 6th Leicesters withdrew to the wood, but during the morning the REs helped the brigade to consolidate its position between the wood and the village. In a few hours Fourth Army had seized the whole [[Ginchy]]–[[Pozières]] Ridge, but despite this resounding success, poor staff work meant that 7th and [[3rd Division (United Kingdom)|3rd Division]]s did not advance to take High Wood, and the cavalry arrived too late to exploit the breakthrough. 110th Brigade had achieved everything asked of it, but the casualties were heavy, particularly among 7th Leicesters: the brigade lost about 2000 men out of 3500 effectives. Next day 110th Bde received a premature order to withdraw, leaving only a single company of 1st East Yorks in position. Realising the error, the brigade staff rushed to recall the men before the enemy noticed. During the morning 21st Division repulsed a small counter-attack, and on 17/18 July 110th Bde handed over its positions in Bazentin-le-Petit and withdrew into reserve.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Kelly, pp. 29–32.</ref><ref>Miles, ''1916'', Vol II, pp. 78–82, 97, Sketch 10.</ref><ref>Farndale, p. 149.</ref><ref>Farrar-Hockley, pp. 187–96.</ref>
21st Division returned to the Arras sector, with 110th Bde taking over the 'I' sector of the line in the eastern suburbs of the city, establishing BHQ in a large brewery in the Place Ste Croix. It was quiet sector, with little shelling, and the old French trenches from 1915 were much overgrown, but 8th Leicesters did carry out one raid to bring back a prisoner for identification of the force opposite. However, the supporting bombardment warned the Germans, who abandoned their front line for its duration and no prisoner was obtained.<ref>Kelly, pp. 35–41.</ref>
[[File:British infantry Morval 25 September 1916.jpg|thumb|right|British infantry advancing at the Battle of Morval, 25 September 1916.]]
[[File:Mark I series tank.jpg|thumb|right|A female [[Mark I tank]].]]
21st Division left Arras in late August, and after two weeks' training returned to the Somme on 13 September, moving into reserve trenches at [[Montauban]] on the night of 19/20 September. On the night of 24/25 September 110th Bde moved up to a ridge overlooking [[Gueudecourt]], objective of the next day's attack (part of the [[Battle of Morval]]). 110th and 64th Bdes shared an HQ established in and behind one of the new tanks (D17) that had been abandoned during the [[Battle of Flers–Courcelette]] on 15 September. 110th Brigade reached its shallow jumping-off trenches by 02.30, but the men had to lay out in them until the barrage opened up at the unusual hour of 12.35. 8th and 9th Leicesters left their assembly trenches just below the crest of the ridge, advancing steadily behind the bursting shells of the creeping barrage. The first objective was the 'Gird' trenches in front, then the troops were to advance to the far side of the village in two stages. 8th and 9th Leicesters led off, running into a German barrage early in their advance, but the two leading companies of each battalion took 'Goat Trench', halfway to Gird Trench, without serious opposition (the Germans having withdrawn their machine guns to safer positions under the bombardment). Following the barrage when it lifted off Goat Trench, the attackers found the wire well cut, but heavy enfilade fire from Point 91 in Gird Trench off to the right caused many casualties and prevented them from reaching Gird Trench in any numbers. Lieutenant-Col C.H. Haig of 9th Leicesters came up 'Pilgrim's Way', a track leading from [[Flers, Somme|Flers]] to Gueudecourt, and despite being wounded reorganised the leading troops. Unfortunately the runner he sent back to hurry up the reserve companies (A and B) from the assembly trenches was wounded, and no help arrived. Eventually 9th Leicesters formed a defensive flank along 'Watling Street', a sunken portion of the [[Ginchy]]–Gueudecourt road on the right, while a party of 8th Leicesters maintained a bombing block in part of Gird Trench on the left. Some men of the battalion were believed to have pushed on into Gueudecourt, but if they did they were never heard of again. Next morning 110th Bde renewed the attack on Gird Trench. A British aircraft directed an accurate bombardment of the trench and then at 06.30 one of the new tanks (D4: a machine-gun armed 'female' [[Mark I tank]] commanded by 2/Lt Charles Storey<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/landships/home/lists/mk-i-tanks/500-575 'List of Mk I Female tanks' at Landships.]</ref>) came up Pilgrim's Way to 8th Leicesters' bombing block and then turned left, moving along Gird Trench, firing as it did. The tank was closely followed by a bombing party from 7th Leicesters with two companies in support. The spotter aircraft also raked the trench with machine gun fire.The Germans were gradually driven along the trench, those who took shelter in dugouts being bombed, and those who fled cross-country being shot down by [[Lewis gun]] fire. Some {{convert|1500|yd|m}} of trench up to Point 91 were cleared and German casualties were very heavy, 8 officers and 362 ORs surrendering, including a battalion HQ; 110th Bde's losses were just 5 men. 110th Brigade continued to push cautiously forward to complete the [[Capture of Gueudecourt]]. (Tank D4 may have driven into Gueudecourt and engaged the enemy before turning back.) About 14.15 a squadron of the [[19th Lancers]] of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] rode up and entered Gueudecourt on foot, and 6th Leicesters followed its own patrols into the village about 16.30. Half an hour later a counter-attack on Gueudecourt by three German battalions was caught by some 60 field guns of the British artillery and the attackers fled towards Le Transloy, throwing away their weapons. No further enemy movement was seen, the cavalry withdrew about 18.00 and the Leicesters dug in on the far edge of the village, staying outside the village itself because it attracted enemy shellfire. During 27 September 7th Leicesters relieved 6th Leicesters, but Lt-Col Drysdale, who had only just returned to command 7th Leicesters, was killed by a sniper. 21st Division was relieved on the night of 29/30 September, Lt-Col Unwin, who had succeeded to the command of 8th Leicesters, being wounded by a shell as 110th Bde marched out.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Farndale, p. 152.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 43–9.</ref><ref>Miles, ''1916'', Vol II, pp. 377–9, 384–5, 428, Sketch 38.</ref><ref>Pidgeon, pp. 122–34, Map 26.</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/landships/home/narratives/1916/26-september-1916-supporting-xv-corp '26 September 1916 – supporting XV Corps' at Landships.]</ref>
===Winter 1916–17===
110th Brigade went north by train and in early October it took over the section of line north of [[Loos-en-Gohelle|Loos]] facing the [[Hohenzollern Redoubt]], scene of major fighting in 1915 and early 1916. Since then [[Tunnel warfare|mining]] by both sides had transformed the front line into a series of interlocking craters making major attacks impossible. The Germans dominated the sector with trench mortars directed from observation posts on a coal tip known as 'Fosse 8'. Brigade HQ was in shelters off 'Hulluch Alley', one of the main communication trenches, but as the winter progressed the RE Tunnelling Companies provided an elaborate system of tunnels and the exposed trenches were hardly used. During the winter many of the trenches fell in and filled with mud. Early in 1917 the brigade carried out a raid on an isolated German outpost known as 'Diamond Point'. The tunnellers opened shafts in [[No man's land]] as close as possible to the enemy position and the artillery and trench mortars opened feint bombardments at other parts of the line, with a smoke barrage on Fosse 8 to blind observation. The raiders emerged from. their shafts and used [[Bangalore torpedo]]es to cut the wire before rushing the outposts and coming back with eight prisoners. The German retaliatory fire fell opposite the feint bombardments and not on the raiding party.<ref>Kelly, pp. 50–6.</ref>
In February the Germans began their planned retreat to the [[Hindenburg Line]] ([[Operation Alberich]]) and 21st Division was sent south to take part in the pursuit. 110th Brigade followed up along cratered roads through destroyed villages. On 2 April 62nd Bde took part in 'pinching out' the village of [[Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais|Croisilles]], an outpost of the Hindenburg Line, after which 110th Bde took over the line, with two companies of 7th Leicesters holding the village itself. On 9 April, the first day of the [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras Offensive]], 64th Bde seized and held the front trench of the Hindenburg Line opposite Croisilles, and 62nd Bde expanded the holding. By mid-April 110th Bde was holding this as the British front line.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Falls, ''1917'', Vol I, pp. 165–6, 204–6, 247, 281, 285, Sketch 13.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 58–63.</ref>
===Arras===
The Arras Offensive was renewed with the [[Third Battle of the Scarpe]] on 3 May. 21st Division had been out of the line for 10 days and 110th Bde was still fresh. It was given the principal task for the division, to advance along the Hindenburg Line to the [[Sensée|River Sensée]] and then capture [[Fontaine-lès-Croisilles|Fontaine]] beyond it. The brigade moved into the line on 2 May, but the ammunition dumps it formed in the assembly trenches were accurately shelled by the enemy. The assembly trenches were too crowded and were known to be covered by the German defensive barrage. Despite his misgivings Brig-Gen Hessey was not permitted to advance his start line out of this danger because the neighbouring [[18th (Eastern) Division]] could not align with it. When the attack began, the German barrage was weaker than expected thank to previous British [[Counter-battery fire]], but the infantry assault was hurried, and with 18th (E) Division shying to the right away from the shellfire, 8th and 9th Leicesters were also shouldered off to the right. The attack lost cohesion and disintegrated, mostly held up in front of the trench covering Fontaine and [[Chérisy]]. On the right about 100 men of 9th Leicesters were reported to have crossed this line and reached the Croisilles–Chérisy road. Hessey ordered 6th Leicesters to attack Fontaine Wood to protect these advanced troops from counter-attack, but the counter-attack came in too quickly, cutting off all the troops who had reached the road. The two tanks assigned to the brigade had been late arriving and were soon put out of action. At 19.15, to cooperate with 18th (E) Division, two companies of 7th Leicesters was ordered to bomb their way down a trench that proved to be no more than a trace on the ground and afforded no cover, the battalion suffering heavy casualties in consequence. At 22.00 Hessey learned that 18th (E) Division had fallen back, along with many of his men, and he had to order the scattered survivors to reorganise behind the original position. When it was relieved on 5 May 110th Brigade had suffered almost 1000 casualties, of whom 388 men were missing, many of them having been cut off and taken prisoner.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Falls, ''1917'', Vol I, pp. 433–6, Sketch 20.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 63–8.</ref>
110th Brigade returned to holding the former Hindenburg Line trenches facing Fontaine, with BHQ in shelters dug into the side of the [[Saint-Léger, Pas-de-Calais|Saint-Léger]]–[[Hénin-sur-Cojeul|Hénin]] road and company HQs in former German [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]]. The troops were occupied with constructing and wiring fresh positions. On 20 June Brig-Gen Hessey was sent back to the UK, sick, and was later replaced by Brig-Gen [[Edward Loch, 2nd Baron Loch|Lord Loch]], who as Brigadier-General, General Staff, of [[VI Corps (United Kingdom)|VI Corps]] had planned the successful attack that launched the Arras Offensive. The brigade spent the summer months alternating between the front line and a rest camp at [[Moyenneville, Pas-de-Calais|Moyenneville]], before withdrawing in mid-August to [[Manin, Pas-de-Calais|Manin]], west of Arras.<ref>Kelly, pp. 68–72.</ref>
[[File:Philip Bent.jpg|thumb|right|Lt-Col Philip Bent, CO of 7th Leicesters.]]
===Ypres===
In early September 21st Division was sent to the [[Ypres Salient]], where a new offensive had been launched on 31 July. For the next phase, the [[Battle of the Menin Road Ridge]] (20 September), the division was in reserve at [[Caëstre]], about {{convert|8|mi|km}} from the front line. It was then brought up during the [[Battle of Polygon Wood]], relieving [[5th Australian Division]] in the captured wood on the night of 30 September/1 October. Just as the relief was complete, a very heavy enemy bombardment began, and a counter-attack was launched against the wood. No reinforcements could get through the barrage to assist the front line troops. Lieutenant-Col [[Philip Bent]] of 9th Leicesters was in his HQ in a pillbox when a runner arrived to say that the 'SOS' signal had been sent up by the right hand part of the battalion. Bent went forward with his HQ personnel, collected the reserve platoon and led a successful counter-attack. He was last seen calling 'Come on, the Tigers!' before he was killed. He was later awarded a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] (VC). His body was never recovered and he is commemorated on the memorial wall at [[Tyne Cot Cemetery]]. The Germans continued their shelling throughout the day and attempted two more counter-attacks, which were broken up by rifle and machine gun fire and by accurate defensive barrages. 110th Brigade was relieved before the rest of 21st Division attacked in the [[Battle of Broodseinde]] on 4 October. It went back to Scottish Wood Camp, but remained on call to reinforce [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] in the event of a breakthrough; it was not required.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds, ''1917'', Vol II, pp. 242, 302, 313, Sketch 26.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 73–81.</ref> <ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30471/supplement/722 ''London Gazette'', 8 January 1918.]</ref><ref>[https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/844778/philip-eric-bent/ Bent at CWGC Records.]</ref>
[[File:Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_Bunker_Survey_(colour).jpg|thumb|left|Captured German pillbox or 'Mebu' at Passchendaele]]
After Broodseinde the British line had been pushed forward about {{convert|1500|yd|m}} east of Polygon Wood, and when 110th Bde returned it was to hold the line of the Reutelbeke – normally a stream, but now turned into a lake by shellfire. Reutel was nominated as the boundary between two of the battalions, but their commanders could not agree on the precise location of the village, which had been totally destroyed. Battalion HQ of 8th Leicesters was in a dugout under the Butte de Polygone, a mound in the wood, but the brigade staff were unable to find the HQ of 7th Leicesters, knowing only that it was in one of dozens of pillboxes between Polygon Wood and the Menin Road, and had to rely on carrier pigeons for communications. Brigade HQ itself was in a corner of the great [[Hooge Crater Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery|Hooge Crater]] beside the Menin Road, the two routes to which (one by 'Black Watch Corner' and the other by 'Dead Mule Dugouts') were frequently shelled and were badly affected by lingering [[Chemical weapons in World War I|gas]]. In mid-October the brigade was relieved and withdrew to [[Wardrecques]], but by the beginning of November it was back in Polygon Wood, though the emphasis in the fighting had now shifted north to [[Second Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]].<ref>Kelly, pp. 81–5.</ref>
===Winter 1917–18===
On 14 November 21st Division received a warning order to proceed to the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]] to reinforce the Italian Army after its defeat at the [[Battle of Caporetto]]. However, the order was cancelled, and instead the division was sent to the [[Cambrai]] sector, where there had been serious German counter-attacks following British successes in the attack of [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|20 November]]. The German efforts were dying down to a simple bombardment when the division arrived by train on 1 December, and the British reorganised the new front. The troops of 110th Bde set about digging new defences east of [[Épehy]], the ruins of the village giving good observation over the enemy positions.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/> <ref>Edmonds, ''1917'', Vol II, p. 352.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 86–8.</ref><ref>Miles, ''1917'', Vol III, pp. 184, 221, 237, 260–1, 270.</ref>
Brigadier-Gen Lord Loch was evacuated sick before Christmas and officially left the brigade on 4 January 1918. He was replaced by Brig-Gen [[Douglas Edward Cayley|Douglas Cayley]], an experienced brigadier. By February 1918 the BEF was suffering a manpower crisis and it was forced to reduce each infantry brigade from four to three battalions, the remainder being disbanded to provide reinforcements to the others. The 9th Leicesters was disbanded at [[Moislains]] on 20 February and the personnel distributed to the 6th, 7th and 8th Bns in 110th Bde, to 11th Leicesters serving as pioneers with [[6th Division (United Kingdom)|6th Division]], and to [[VII Corps (United Kingdom)|VII Corps]] Reinforcement Camp. In addition, the brigade MG companies were removed to form a divisional MG battalion.<ref name = FrederickLeics/><ref name = JamesLeics/><ref name = TrailLeics/><ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Kelly, pp. 88–91.</ref><ref>Middlebrook, p. 87.</ref><ref name = Murland7>Murland, pp. 7–8.</ref>
===German Spring Offensive===
Brigadier-Gen Cayley was promoted to command [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] on 16 March and his successor, Brig-Gen [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Hanway Cumming]], had barely arrived when the [[German spring offensive]] broke over the British front on 21 March. The British had adopted a system of defence in depth, with Épehy organised as large defended area in the Forward Zone. But with only three battalions, brigades found it more difficult to rotate their units, and 7th Leicesters under Lt-Col Guy Sawyer had already been in the line for more than 20 days when it was attacked. The heavy German bombardment started with a mixture of high explosive and gas at 04.40 and the attack on 21st Division's positions began at 07.00 when the enemy coming out of the fog attempted to enter the Forward Zone in front of Épehy. 21st Division had withdrawn its men from the front defences during the night, and brought down its defensive barrage on its own front line. This first attack failed, but was renewed at 09.40, when it was delayed by 8th Leicesters under Lt-Col Archibald Utterson, supported by two companies of 6th Leicesters. The German infantry did not appear in front of Épehy until 10.25 and did not reach [[Pezières, Épehy|Pezières]] until 11.00. Here they made a small penetration but were promptly thrown out by a counter-attack by a company of 7th Leicesters supported by two tanks. This part of 21st Division's line gave little cause for concern, but beyond Pezières 62nd Bde came under heavy pressure, the enemy breaking through the Forward Zone to engage the Battle Zone. However, the fog had now cleared and the British machine guns and field artillery could be used with effect on the enemy troops packed into the [[Heudicourt, Somme|Heudicourt]] Valley, who made no further progress. On 110th Bde's other flank, however, the enemy had penetrated the positions of [[16th (Irish) Division]] and a gap began to open up. The brigade used its only reserve (two companies of 6th Leicesters at [[Guyencourt-Saulcourt|Saulcourt]]) to form a defensive flank between Épehy and Sainte-Émilie, joined by the remnants of 2nd [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]] from 16th (I) Division.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref name = Murland7/><ref>Blaxland, pp. 46–7.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol I, pp. 130, 162, 180–2, 192–3, 204–5, Sketch 14.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 91–8.</ref><ref>Middlebrook, pp. 150, 162, 196–200.</ref><ref>Murland, pp. 99–107.</ref>
Following the successful defence at Épehy, the Germans attacked the position with two divisions on 22 March. By the morning the defenders consisted of 6th and 8th Leicesters in the village, 7th Leicesters in Pezières, and 97th and 126th Field Companies, RE, holding the right flank. After the opening bombardment the enemy attacked out of the fog at about 08.00, one battalion managing to break in and surround some of the posts in the southern end of Épehy. Brigade HQ still had a buried telephone cable open to 8th Leicesters, and about 09.30 it ordered the 6th and 8th Leicesters and the two RE companies to fall back and form a defensive flank on the Saulcourt–Épehy road to link up with [[39th Division (United Kingdom)|39th Division]] filling the gap where 16th Division had been broken. But 21st Division was now in danger of being isolated and was forced to withdraw. Two companies of 7th Leicesters continued to hold Pezières and covered the retirement of 110th Bde. The withdrawal was carried out down the communication trenches, but the enemy had machine guns trained on the exits from these trenches, which caused considerable casualties. Lt-Col W.N. Stewart of 6th Leicesters was killed by a sniper in front of his HQ, while Lt-Col Utterson of 8th Leicesters was captured in his HQ at 'Fisher's Keep' in Épehy as the Germans cleared the village. Of the rearguard companies of 7th Leicesters, only one officer and 14 ORs survived to be captured. The 'Brown Line' at the rear of Épehy was occupied by Brigade HQ personnel, an RE company, and 110th TMB, but they were mostly cut off and killed or captured. However, German attempts to follow 110th Bde were temporarily checked by two tanks from [[4th Royal Tank Regiment|4th Tank Battalion]] before they were knocked out by direct hits. By the end of the day the whole of 21st Division had withdrawn to the 'Green Line', and 110th Bde had gone into reserve, but was called back during the night to reinforce the weak 62nd Bde, not reaching its position until 04.30.<ref>Blaxland, p. 57.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol I, pp. 290–7, Sketch 15.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 98–101.</ref>
Next day (23 March), the situation being critical, 21st Division was ordered to fight a rearguard action back to a new line at [[Ablainzevelle]]. The Divisional HQ issued its orders at 07.30, but the Germans had already renewed their attacks at 07.20. The Green Line was unfinished, in places dug only {{convert|1|ft|m}} deep, and casualties from the bombardment were heavy. The remnants of 62nd and 110th Bdes were temporarily formed into a composite brigade commanded by Lt-Col B.D. Fisher of 1st [[Lincolnshire Regiment]] of 62nd Bde. A sudden infantry attack out of the mist broke through 110th Bde's line between Bois de Gurlu and Bois de l'Epinette, and quickly spread southwards into that of 62nd Bde. The battalions were driven out of position, those of 110th Bde on the left going back almost {{convert|1|mi|km}} to the [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]]–[[Nurlu, Somme|Nurlu]] road. Here they held the enemy thanks to rifle fire from the reserve still in the Bois de Gurlu. At 11.00 the orders to withdraw to Ablainzevelle finally reached the 110th Bde troops, 62nd Bde having already received theirs and fought their way back there with some of 110th Bde. Lieutenant-Col Sawyer of 7th Leicesters led the rest of 110th Bde safely across the [[Canal de la Somme|Peronne Canal]]. The German success against 62nd/110th Bde meant that the rest of 21st Division had to withdraw rapidly. But even on the Ablainzevelle line, with its artillery raking the enemy advancing down the opposite slopes, the division had both its flanks 'in the air'. In the afternoon it fell back behind the Tortille river, with 62nd/110th Bde on the high ground to the left, overlooking [[Allaines]]. Here its flank was turned and it went back further, 62nd/110th Bde occupying old trenches covering [[Bouchavesnes-Bergen|Bouchavesnes]] until nightfall when it slipped back to rejoin 21st Division.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 64–5.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol I, pp. 354–6, 361–2, Sketch 16.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 102–6.</ref>
The fighting of 24 and 25 March was later designated the [[Operation Michael#First Battle of Bapaume, 24–25 March|First Battle of Bapaume]]. It began with a short bombardment by German artillery and trench mortars, then between 08.00 and 08.30 a considerable enemy force came out of the mist and attacked 21st Division's forward positions. 110th Brigade was echeloned back to fill the gap to the [[1st South African Infantry Brigade|South African Bde]] of [[9th (Scottish) Division]] and escaped the worst of this attack, but by 09.00 64th Bde was falling back, and 62nd and most of 110th Bde had to follow, dropping back in two stages to the high ground south-east of [[Maurepas, Somme|Maurepas]]. The South African Bde, together with some of 7th Leicesters, held its position and was annihilated. At this point the first troops of [[35th Division (United Kingdom)|35th Division]] began to appear behind 21st Division, having marched as fast as possible from the railhead. Together with a Canadian motor machine gun battery and the crews of 4th Tank Battalion, who had abandoned their vehicles owing to lack of petrol, but came into the line dismounted with their Lewis guns, they held the German advance for five hours. By 16.00 Brig-Gen Cumming of 110th Bde was commanding 'Cumming's Force', consisting of elements from all three of 21st Division's brigades, operating under the orders of 35th Division. At 17.00, with most of his troops having arrived, the commander of 35th Division fell back to a previously selected position from Montauban to the River Somme at [[Curlu]] and allowed 21st division's troops to be withdrawn. Next day another 'ad hoc' force to support 35th Division was formed from troops of 21st Division at [[Suzanne, Somme|Suzanne]]: 'Headlam's Force' of about 1500 men under Brig-Gen H.R. Headlam of 64th Bde had a composite battalion from each of the three brigades and a composite machine gun company. The rest of 21st Division was sent back to [[Chipilly]]. 35th Division held on all day through 25 March until reinforcements arrived to fill the gap between Montauban and Bazentin-le-Grand. The 'Great Retreat' was still continuing elsewhere, and 35th Division got away during the night of 25/26 March unnoticed by the enemy. It took up new positions with Headlam's Force on the right.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Blaxland, p. 72.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol I, pp. 413–7, 473–5, 489, Sketches 17 & 18.</ref>
[[VII Corps (United Kingdom)|VII Corps]] ordered 35th Division to continue its retirement on 26 March. To help cover this movement another group was formed from the available troops of 21st Division: 'McCulloch's Force', a composite battalion of about 1200 men formed from the divisional pioneer battalion (14th [[Northumberland Fusiliers]]) with elements from all three brigades, under the command of Lt-Col J.A. McCulloch of 9th [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]] (64th Bde). This was assembled by 08.00 in rear of the right flank of the line. All remaining troops of 21st Division not in Cumming's or Headlam's Forces were then moved back to [[Bresle]]. VII Corps' retirement proved unnecessary, but it was too late to change the orders and the troops crossed the [[Ancre|River Ancre]]. The recall order arrived at 19.00 and Brig-Gen Headlam was prepared to recross the river, but was overruled. McCulloch's force remained on the other side as rearguard, now under Brig-Gen Cumming, who had also taken over 'Hadow's Force' formed from the remnants of [[26th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|26th Bde]] of 9th (S) Division. By early morning of 27 March VII Corps' front line between the Somme and the Ancre was being held by Cumming's Force under 110th Bde's staff. This composite force also included labour troops, digging in between [[Ribemont-sur-Ancre|Ribemont]] and [[Sailly-le-Sec]]. [[3rd Australian Division]] began arriving early on 27 March and began taking over command of the whole sector, including all the composite forces ('Gater's Force' had been formed on 28 March under Brig-Gen G.H. Gater of 62nd Bde, with composite battalions from each of 21st Division's three brigades plus 66 Lewis gun teams from 4th Tank Bn). However, the retreat had ended, and all of 21st Division's troops were withdrawn on 30–31 March and reformed at [[Allonville]]. 110th Brigade's casualties since 21 March had been 31 officers and about 1200 ORs, or about half its effective strength.<ref name = Becke21/><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol I, pp. 413, 470–1, 509–17, Sketch 19.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol II, pp. 30, 53, 94–6.</ref><ref name = Kelly108>Kelly, pp. 108–9.</ref>
===The Lys===
On the night of 1/2 April 21st Division entrained at [[Amiens]] for the Ypres Salient. It rested and received some reinforcements and then 110th Bde went into the line south of the Menin Road on 9/10 April, its positions including the 'Tower Hamlets' ridge and 'Shrewsbury Forest'. The sector was now so quiet that BHQ could be housed in unprotected huts, though deep dugouts had been prepared further back. However, Flanders had been chosen by the Germans for the next phase of their spring offensive (the [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Battle of the Lys]]), launched on 9 April south of the Salient. Their rapid progress made the Salient increasingly vulnerable and plans were made to evacuate the forward positions. All HQs and artillery and most infantry units were withdrawn closer to Ypres, leaving only outposts in the front line. On 15 April 110th Bde fell back {{convert|3|mi|km}} to new positions along the Ypres–[[Sint-Elooi|St Eloi]] road, leaving one battalion in the old line. Brigade HQ was at 'Walker Camp' in huts behind a farmhouse at [[Dikkebus|Dickebusch]], hitherto in the rear area. The Germans swept over [[Kemmelberg|Mont Kemmel]] on 25 April and 21st Division now had to form a flank guard for the southern side of the Salient. Dickebusch came under heavy artillery fire and 110th Bde's outpost battalion was evacuated on the night of 26/27 April. The new front line astride the Ypres–[[Comines-Warneton|Comines]] Canal was under constant fire and German patrols were feeling their way along the canal. On the night of 27/28 April an entire company at 'Lankhof Farm' near the canal disappeared during a German raid. On the afternoon of 29 April 110th Bde's posts by the 'Iron Bridge' on the canal were attacked but held firm. The brigade was relieved on the night of 30 April/1 May.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref name = Kelly108/><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol II, pp. 105, 213, 274–5, 326, 421, 443, Sketches 16, 27, 30, 31.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 110–9.</ref>
===Aisne===
21st Division was one of a number of exhausted divisions that were sent south under [[IX Corps (United Kingdom)|IX Corps]] to recuperate with [[5th Army (France)|Fifth French Army]] on a quiet part of the front. Its battalions were brought up to a strength of about 700 men each, the replacements being either barely trained (aged 18 ½) or returning wounded. It was stationed in the angle between the [[Aisne (river)|River Aisne]] and the [[Aisne Canal]], 110th Bde taking over the Chalons-le-Vergeur sector on the night of 14/15 May, with two companies each of 7th and 8th Leicesters in the Forward Zone about {{convert|1500|yd|m}} east of the marshy canal, the rest in the Battle Zone along the west bank, and 6th Leicesters and 110th TMB in reserve. Unfortunately, once again the quiet sector to which 21st Division had been sent for recuperation was that chosen by the enemy for the next phase of their offensive. 110th Brigade's observation teams reported German artillery teams returning from deploying fresh guns during the night, linesmen laying new telephone cables, and other unmistakeable signs of preparation for an attack, supported by reports from other British units along the line, by reconnaissance aircraft and by German deserters. At 01.00 on 27 May the [[Third Battle of the Aisne]] was launched with a tremendous bombardment on the French and British lines, including a high proportion of gas shells. The telephone lines laid on the surface by the French were soon cut by shellfire. The infantry attack on 110th Bde probably began at 03.00–04.00, but this was unclear – no word came back from the four advanced companies before they were overwhelmed. Attacks on the redoubts of the Battle Zone along the canal began about 07.00 but the situation remained obscure until the mist dispersed about 08.00. The near bank of the canal was lost, but 110th Bde's battalions fought on, and held the enemy in the swamps fringing the canal. Two attacks were driven back with rifle and Lewis gun fire, so the enemy resorted to bombing their way up communication trenches to surround and capture the strongpoints one by one. One strongpoint, the 'Tenaille de Guise', held out until 15.00. 6th Leicesters was fed forward into the fighting line, together with a company made up from the 'battle reserve' of 7th and 8th Leicesters; the road between [[Cauroy-lès-Hermonville|Cauroy]] and [[Cormicy]] became the front line, which 110th Bde held until nightfall. After dark 21st Division wheeled its left back so as not to be outflanked, while maintaining contact with the French to the right. After some stiff rearguard fighting 110th Bde on the left of this line was able to occupy some prepared trenches about 24.00, and was setting up BHQ at Vaux-Varennes, only to find that there was no sign of [[8th Division (United Kingdom)|8th Division]], which was supposed to be in [[Bouvancourt]], covering the brigade's left flank. German patrols were actually behind 110th Bde, which only got away by following a circuitous cross-country track. At 03.30 on 28 May the brigade, reorganised into a single battalion, followed its brigadier along this track in complete silence. At dawn it halted at Luthernay Farm where it was bombed by a lone German aircraft. Here it received orders to take up a line south-west of [[Hermonville]] as reserve to the rest of 21st Division. It set off again, without 6th Leicesters, whose orders did not arrive because a dispatch-rider was wounded, and which stayed with 64th Bde, but with elements of 62nd Bde mixed up in 110th's column. About 08.00 it got within {{convert|500|yd|m}} of [[Pévy]] when it came under fire from the village and the high ground on the right. Breaking up into a number of single-file columns, the brigade struggled across a swamp to reach the high [[Prouilly]] ridge; luckily the Germans fired too high. As the brigade climbed the ridge the skyline was crowned by a wave of French infantry, and together they formed an all-round defence until the German artillery finally caught up and forced them off. By nightfall the remains of 110th Bde were back across the [[Vesle|River Vesle]], reorganised as two small battalions, which took up new positions at a tile works west of [[Muizon]] and on Hill 202, with BHQ in [[Rosnay, Marne|Rosnay]]. The following morning the Germans chose not to make a frontal assault on the Vesle but to continue the turning movement through [[Jonchery-sur-Vesle|Jonchery]] while shelling 110th Bde's positions. The force on Hill 202 was driven to lower ground and Lt-Col Edward Chance, CO of 6th Leicesters, was killed by a shell, and the line at Muizon under Lt-Col Sawyer of 7th Leicesters was driven back to within {{convert|1000|yd|m}} of Rosnay. BHQ was shelled out of Rosnay and withdrew to [[Méry-Prémecy]] by the end of the day. Here the brigade was relieved at 21.00 by French troops and withdrew to rejoin 21st Division at [[Étréchy, Marne|Étréchy]] on 31 May. At the Aisne 110th Bde lost 52 officers and 1378 ORs, of whom 33 officers and 1168 were posted as missing.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 136–8.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol III, pp. 4–6, 30–1, 41–5, 47–50, 61–2, 79–80, 107-8, 126, Sketches 254.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 121–31.</ref><ref>[https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/725641/edward-seton-chance/ Chance at CWGC Records.]</ref>
On 31 May 21st Division formed 21st Independent Brigade (or 'Gater's Brigade') under the command of Brig-Gen Gater of 62nd Bde. This consisted of small composite battalions drawn from each of the infantry brigades, with supporting troops, totalling about 1200 men. It moved forward on 1 June and next day occupied the line south of the [[Marne (river)|River Marne]] between [[Dormans]] and [[Verneuil, Marne|Verneuil]] under Fifth French Army. On 19 June it returned to 21st Division in the [[Abbeville]] area.<ref name = Becke21/><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol III, pp. 130, 158.</ref><ref>Kelly, p. 132.</ref>
After the casualties sustained during the German offensives, the BEF's commander-in-chief, [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] Sir [[Douglas Haig]] decided to use his scarce 'Class A' reinforcements to rebuild 8th and 21st Divisions from the Aisne front. However, this would take six weeks, and the reinforcements were insufficient. In 110th Bde 8th Leicesters was reduced to a training [[Cadre (military)|cadre]] on 28 June and the surplus men drafted to the 7th Leicesters. The cadre was posted to 25th Division and then sent to England where it was used on 7 July to form a new 14th [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]] at [[Clacton-on-Sea]]. (This battalion was disbanded on 3 November 1918.) 8th Leicesters was replaced in 110th Bde by 1st [[Wiltshire Regiment]] from 25th Division, so that it was no longer a purely Leicestershire formation.<ref name = FrederickLeics/><ref name = JamesLeics/><ref>Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 138–40.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol III, pp. 168–9.</ref><ref>Frederick, p. 96.</ref><ref>James, pp. 77, 96.</ref><ref>Kelly, p. 133.</ref>
===Hundred Days Offensive===
Towards the end of July the reconstituted 21st Division joined [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]] under Third Army in the Somme Sector. 110th Brigade took over trenches along the Acre facing [[Thiepval]], with BHQ in shelters along a sunken road west of [[Englebelmer]]. The [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] [[Hundred Days Offensive]] was launched with the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]] on 8 August, and 21st Division followed up by crossing the marshy Ancre on 21 August as part of the [[Battle of Albert (1918)|Battle of Albert]]. Four companies of 6th and 7th Leicesters managed to slip across in the morning fog, but could not maintain themselves there once the fog lifted. That night, however, 98th Field Company, RE, improved the crossings and 6th Leicesters were able to push patrols across. Next day the battalion sent two companies across north of St Pierre Divion and they bombed their way up trenches to get in contact with 62nd Bde. On the night of 23/24 August 64th Bde made a bold moonlight advance, followed by 110th. In the morning 110th Bde concentrated in Battery Valley and pushed against enemy posts guarding the ends of side valleys, but got up at midday to extend 64th Bde's line to the right. At 17.00 110th Bde was ordered to advance on [[Le Sars]] with artillery covering fire, to fill the gap to [[17th (Northern) Division]] further right. 6th Leicesters lost direction and was late starting, so 1st Wiltshires advanced alone at 20.00 in the dark, crossing country devastated by the fighting of 1916, and passing between German troops. 6th Leicesters caught up but did not advance so far. Brigade HQ found enemy all round its proposed position and had to slip back, but the brigade held its advanced position all night. V Corps issued orders for a pursuit next day, with 62nd and 110th Bdes leapfrogging each other forwards. However, 62nd Bde's initial advance was immediately checked by machine gun fire from high ground north of Le Sars and they lost their barrage. 62nd Brigade resumed its advance at 11.00, taking the [[Butte de Warlencourt]], but at 14.00 110th Bde was diverted to fill the gap to 17th (N) Division and 21st Division made no further advance that day. 110th Brigade remained in position on 26 August until 17th (N) Division caught up, then went into reserve. Next day the brigade was ordered to pass through 64th Bde and continue the attack. It was already moving forward when the attack was cancelled, and staff officers had to run forward to recall the units. 110th Brigade did advance on 29 August, encountering little opposition for {{convert|3000|yd|m}} until it was stopped by frontal machine gun fire from [[Beaulencourt]].<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Blaxland, p. 208.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol IV, pp. 180, 193, 205, 244–8, 267, 269–70, 300–1, 324, 344, Sketches 10, 14, 16.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 134–5.</ref>
The offensive continued with the [[Second Battle of Bapaume]]. On 1 September 110th Bde put in a textbook attack on Beaulencourt. Taking advantage of a neighbouring division's advance north of the village, 1st Wiltshire and 6th Leicesters attacked from that direction instead of frontally. The artillery had fired several 'crashes' during the night, and the opening of the barrage at Zero (02.00) seemed a mere repetition. The two battalions advanced in the dark behind a slow barrage creeping at {{convert|100|yd|m}} every six minutes, taking the enemy completely by surprise, capturing 126 prisoners, two field guns and numerous anti-tank guns at a cost of 5 killed and 50 wounded, and establishing a line {{convert|200|yd|m}} beyond the south and east sides of the village. Next day the brigade was ordered to capture the sugar factory north of [[Le Transloy]]. 7th Leicesters achieved this behind another night barrage at 02.00, then the factory was retaken by a German counter-attack about 04.30, before it was regained at 07.00 and then firmly held.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Blaxland, p. 226.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol IV, pp. 378, 411, Sketch 18.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 137–9.</ref>
On 3 September 21st Division was squeezed out by the converging advance, and it was not until 10 September that 110th Bde was back in the line, holding the sector in front of [[Épehy]], by which time the advance had progressed as far as the [[Canal du Nord]]. It was relieved on the night of 15/16 September, but that night BHQ's tents were bombed from the air, suffering about 30 per cent casualties among its specialist personnel. 21st Division made another set-piece attack at the [[Battle of Épehy]] on 18 September. 62nd Brigade was completely successful in taking both its objectives, then the divisional front widened and both 64th and 110th Bdes passed through to attack the third objective. [[58th (2/1st London) Division]] on the right had failed to reach its objective, so 6th Leicesters on that flank was held up by enfilade fire and could not get further forward than the road about {{convert|1000|yd|m}} short of its own objective. 1st Wiltshires did reach it, but were counter-attacked and fell back to join the 6th Leicesters. Overall the division had been very successful – 110th Bde captured 426 prisoners and 8 field guns – but there was still a pocket of Germans holding out between 64th and 110th Bdes. 21st Division was relieved on the night of 19/20 September.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds, ''1918'', Vol IV, pp. 420, 490, 507, Sketch 24.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 139–44.</ref>
The Allies launched a coordinated series of attacks on 28 September. 21st Division went forward in a preliminary operation that day, and when 110th Bde took over the lead in late morning it advanced almost without opposition. But during Third Army's main attack next day (the opening of the [[Battle of St Quentin Canal|Battle of the St Quentin Canal]] ) it achieved almost nothing. 110th Brigade attacked after moonrise at 03.30 across a misty valley, with the support of two tanks and a deep barrage. One of the brigade's three leading companies made {{convert|500|yd|m}}, but the other two were held up. Nevertheless, the general success of the offensive meant that the Germans opposing 21st Division retreated to the [[Honnecourt-sur-Escaut|Honnecourt]]–[[Banteux]] canal on 30th September. For some days the brigade faced the enemy across the canal, night patrols trying to find a way across. Then on 5 October the enemy withdrew again, to the Beaurevoir Line: 110th Bde was across the broken bridges by 10.00 and by the evening BHQ had been established in the old Hindenburg Line.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, ''1918'', Vol V, pp. 48–9, 115–7, 156, Sketch 6.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 144–5.</ref>
Preparations immediately began for the next offensive bound, the [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|Battle of Cambrai]] on 8 October. V Corps planned to carry the Beaurevoir Line in a preliminary night attack. 21st Division launched its assault at 01.00 with 64th and 110th Bdes supported by plentiful artillery and six tanks coming into action after dawn. 1st Wiltshire would capture a road and trenches east of Montecouvez Farm then 6th and 7th Leicesters, starting from ground captured by the Wiltshires, would swing northwards at 05.00 and attack Ardissart Farm. The complicated attack went off without a hitch, both brigades taking the Beaurevoir Line without difficulty despite heavy German shellfire on Montecouvez Farm. 110th Brigade then reached its second objective overlooking the Sargrenon Valley. It later extended its line to the north, cutting off and destroying a complete German battalion, before 62nd Bde took over and continued the advance. 110th Brigade had taken 4 field guns, 67 machine guns, six trench mortars and 624 prisoners. Although ordered to attack yet again that evening, Brig-Gen Cumming objected and got the order cancelled.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, ''1918'', Vol V, pp. 200–3, Sketch 16.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 145–7.</ref>
The Germans carried out another large-scale withdrawal, and 110th Bde was billeted in the liberated village of [[Caullery]], with BHQ in Montecouvez Farm. The brigade moved up on 22 October to prepare for next morning's attack, the [[Battle of the Selle]]. 1st Wiltshire and 7th Leicesters formed up on one of the roads leading towards Ovillers in enemy territory, but the Germans chose to lay a violent barrage on this road just before Zero at 02.00. Nonetheless the two battalions cleared Ovillers, 6th Leicesters coming up to assist east of the village and then continuing the advance towards [[Vendegies-sur-Écaillon|Vendegies]] at 07.15 while two tanks helped to mop up Ovillers. One company worked round the wood in front of Vendegies Chateau and took it in flank, capturing the German regimental commander. 110th Brigade HQ took over the chateau.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, ''1918'', Vol V, pp. 335, 362, 364, Sketch 27.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 148–52.</ref>
On the night of 26/27 October the division was relieved in the front line. After some reorganisation it took over the left sector of V Corps' front from 29 October to 3 November. On 5 November it marched through the [[Forêt de Mormal]] before attacking and capturing [[Berlaimont]]. During the night two companies of 1st Lincolns (62nd Bde) got across the [[Sambre|River Sambre]] on planks at a damaged lock, followed by 6th Leicesters and 1st Wiltshires who had been held up by machine guns, and they organised a bridgehead. On 7 November the division pushed on with 110th Bde in the lead to the [[Maubeuge]]–[[Avesnes-sur-Helpe|Avesnes]] road, finding no resistance. 64th Brigade then took the lead and the division reached [[Éclaibes]]. 21st Division was then relieved in the front line and withdrew to Berlaimont to rest and reorganise in the Sambre Valley. It was still halted there when the [[Armistice with Germany]] brought hostilities to an end at 11.00 on 11 November.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/><ref>Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, ''1918'', Vol V, pp. 497, 502–3.</ref><ref>Kelly, pp. 154–8.</ref>
===Post-Armistice===
On 12 November the division began moving to Beaufort, east of the Maubeuge–Avesnes road, where it undertook training and recreation for the rest of the month. Between 12 and 20 December it moved back to the south of the Somme, west of Amiens, and [[Demobilization|demobilisation]] began, continuing through the early months of 1919. Large numbers were demobilised during March and others were drafted to various units in the Army of Occupation in Germany. On 1 April the remainder of the division was concentrated around [[Longpré-les-Corps-Saints|Longpré]] and during April and May the [[Cadre (military)|cadres]] of its units began returning to the UK. 21st Division's HQs closed down on 19 May 1919.<ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Trail21/>
110th Brigade was not reformed during [[World War II]].<ref>Joslen, p. 305.</ref>
[[File:Sir (Edmund) Guy Tulloch Bainbridge.jpg|thumb|right|Maj-Gen Sir Guy Bainbridge, 110th Bde's first commander.]]
==Commanders==
The following officers commanded 110th Bde:<ref name = Becke37/><ref name = Becke21/><ref name = Kelly25/><ref>Kelly, pp. 68, 88, 96.</ref>
* Brig-Gen [[Guy Bainbridge]], appointed 8 April 1915; promoted to command [[25th Division (United Kingdom)|25th Division]] 1 June 1916
* Lt-Col [[Edward Challenor]], acting 1 June 1916
* Brig-Gen William Hessey, appointed 9 June 1916; sick 20 June 1917
* Lt-Col W.N. Stewart, acting 20 June 1917 and 4 January 1918
* Brig-Gen [[Edward Loch, 2nd Baron Loch|Lord Loch]], appointed 22 July 1917; sick 4 January 1918
* Brig-Gen [[Douglas Edward Cayley|Douglas Cayley]], appointed 4 January 1918; promoted to command [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] 16 March 1918
* Brig-Gen [[Hanway Robert Cumming|Hanway Cumming]], appointed 16 March 1918
==Insignia==
21st Division's formation sign consisted of a circle of three red 7s (for 21) conjoined at the base on a black disc.<ref name = E&G42/> In 1915 the division adopted a system of geometric shapes in brigade colours to distinguish its units. 110th Brigade's signs were yellow, and were worn by the infantry on both sleeves and on the back below the collar. In 1917 these were:
* 6th Leicesters: a circle, with a black square on the left collar point
* 7th Leicesters: a rectangle, with a red square on the left collar point
* 8th Leicesters: a square
* 9th Leicesters: a triangle, with a yellow square on the left collar point<br>The collar squares were restricted to men who had served since 1915. If 110th MG Company followed the rest of the divisional scheme it wore a yellow oval. 110th TMB wore a yellow diamond on the back.<ref>Hibberd, p. 22.</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References==
{{refbegin|24em}}
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
* Gregory Blaxland, ''Amiens: 1918'', London: Frederick Muller, 1968/Star, 1981, ISBN 0-352-30833-8.
* Brig-Gen Sir [[James Edward Edmonds|James E. Edmonds]], ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917'', Vol II, ''Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-23-7.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol I, ''The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries'', London: Macmillan, 1935/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89839-219-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-725-1.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol II, ''March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives'', London: Macmillan, 1937/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-87042394-1/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-726-8.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol III, ''May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive'', London: Macmillan, 1939/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1994, ISBN 0-89839-211-X/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-727-5.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol IV, ''8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive'', London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-28-2.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol V, ''26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-624-3.
* Clive Elderton & Gary Gibbs, ''World War One British Army Corps and Divisional Signs'', Wokingham: Military History Society, 2018.
* Capt [[Cyril Falls]], ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917'', Vol I, ''The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras'', London: Macmillan, 1940/London: Imperial War Museum & Battery Press/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-722-0.
* Gen Sir [[Martin Farndale]], ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
* Gen Sir [[Anthony Farrar-Hockley]], ''The Somme'', London: Batsford, 1954/Pan 1966, ISBN 0-330-20162-X.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
* Mike Hibberd, ''Infantry Divisions, Identification Schemes 1917'', Wokingham: Military History Society, 2016.
* Brig E.A. James, ''British Regiments 1914–18'', London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
* Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, ''Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
* D.V. Kelly, ''39 Months with The 'Tigers', 1915–1918'', London: Ernest Benn, 1930/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-128-3
* [[Martin Middlebrook]], ''The Kaiser's Battle, 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive'', London: Allen Lane, 1978/Penguin, 1983, ISBN 0-14-017135-5.
* Capt Wilfred Miles, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916'', Vol II, ''2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme'', London: Macmillan, 1938/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-169-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-721-3.
* Capt Wilfred Miles, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917'', Vol III, ''The Battle of Cambrai'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574724-4.
* Jerry Murland, ''Retreat and Rearguard Somme 1918: The Fifth Army Retreat'', Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78159-267-0.
* Trevor Pidgeon, ''Battleground Europe: Somme: Flers and Gueudecourt'', Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2002, ISBN 0-85052-778-3.
* ''Instructions Issued by The War Office During August, 1914'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
* ''Instructions Issued by The War Office During September 1915'', London: HM Stationery Office.
===External sources===
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk Chris Baker, ''The Long, Long Trail'']
* [https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/ Commonwealth War Graves Commission records]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/landships/home Landships Homepage]
{{refend}}
[[Category:Royal Leicestershire Regiment]]
[[Category:Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1914]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]
| 1,229,683,174 |
[{"title": "110th Brigade", "data": {"Active": "10 December 1914\u201327 April 1915 \u00b7 27 April 1915\u201319 May 1919", "Allegiance": "United Kingdom", "Branch": "New Army", "Type": "Infantry", "Size": "Brigade", "Part of": "37th Division \u00b7 21st Division", "Nickname(s)": "The Tigers", "Engagements": "Battle of Bazentin Ridge \u00b7 Capture of Gueudecourt \u00b7 Battle of Arras \u00b7 Third Battle of Ypres \u00b7 German spring offensive \u00b7 Hundred Days Offensive"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Notable \u00b7 commanders": "Brig-Gen Guy Bainbridge \u00b7 Brig-Gen Lord Loch \u00b7 Brig-Gen Douglas Cayley \u00b7 Brig-Gen Hanway Cumming"}}]
| false |
# 1875–76 Queen's Park F.C. season
The 1875–76 season was the fifth season of competitive football by Queen's Park.
Queen's Park played in their traditional black and white hoops and between 1874 and 1876 each player wore distinctive socks.
## Scottish Cup
For the third season in a row, Queen's Park won the Scottish Cup after defeating 3rd Lanark RV in a replayed final.
| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| ---------------- | ------------- | ------------------ | ----- | ---------- | --------------- | ---------- |
| 16 October 1875 | First round | Alexandra Athletic | H | 3–0 | | |
| 6 November 1875 | Second round | Northern | H | 5–0 | | |
| 27 November 1875 | Third round | Clydesdale | H | 2–0 | | |
| 18 December 1875 | Quarter-final | Dumbreck | H | 2–0 | | |
| 8 January 1876 | Semi-final | Vale of Leven | H | 2–1 | | |
| 11 March 1876 | Final | 3rd Lanark RV | N | 1–1 | Highet 35' | 10,000 |
| 18 March 1876 | Final replay | 3rd Lanark RV | H | 2–0 | Highet 15', 46' | 6,000 |
## Friendlies
| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --------------- | --------- | ----- | ---------- | ------- | ---------- |
| 9 October 1875 | Wanderers | H | 5–0 | | |
| 5 February 1876 | Wanderers | A | 0–2 | | |
|
enwiki/60486084
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enwiki
| 60,486,084 |
1875–76 Queen's Park F.C. season
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%9376_Queen%27s_Park_F.C._season
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2020-01-25T13:35:10Z
|
en
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Q65056750
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club =Queen's Park
|season =1875–76
|manager =
|chrtitle=President
|chairman=
|stadium =[[Hampden Park (1873–83)|Hampden Park]]
|cup1 =[[1875–76 Scottish Cup|Scottish Cup]]
|cup1 result=Winners
|season topscorer=
|pattern_b1 =_inch_blackhoops
|pattern_la1=_thin_black_hoops
|pattern_ra1=_thin_black_hoops
|pattern_so1=_hoops_black
|prevseason =[[1874–75 Queen's Park F.C. season|1874–75]]
|nextseason =[[1876–77 Queen's Park F.C. season|1876–77]]
}}
The 1875–76 season was the fifth season of competitive football by Queen's Park.
Queen's Park played in their traditional black and white hoops and between 1874 and 1876 each player wore distinctive socks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Scottish_Football_League/Queens_Park/Queens_Park.htm |title=Queen's Park – Historical Football Kits |publisher=Historicalkits.co.uk |accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref>
==Scottish Cup==
{{main|1875–76 Scottish Cup}}
For the third season in a row, Queen's Park won the Scottish Cup after defeating [[Third Lanark A.C.|3rd Lanark RV]] in a replayed final.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Date
!Round
!Opponents
!H / A
!Result<br />F–A
!Scorers
!Attendance
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|16 October 1875
|First round
|[[Alexandra Athletic F.C.|Alexandra Athletic]]
|H
|3–0<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75012 |title=Queen's Park 3 - 0 Alexandria Athletic, Scottish Cup (16/10/1875) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|6 November 1875
|Second round
|[[Northern F.C.|Northern]]
|H
|5–0<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75013 |title=Queen's Park 5 - 0 Northern, Scottish Cup (06/11/1875) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|27 November 1875
|Third round
|[[Clydesdale F.C.|Clydesdale]]
|H
|2–0<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75014 |title=Queen's Park 2 - 0 Clydesdale Glasgow, Scottish Cup (27/11/1875) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|18 December 1875
|Quarter-final
|[[Dumbreck F.C.|Dumbreck]]
|H
|2–0<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75015 |title=Queen's Park 2 - 0 Dumbreck, Scottish Cup (18/12/1875) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|8 January 1876
|Semi-final
|[[Vale of Leven F.C.|Vale of Leven]]
|H
|2–1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75023 |title=Queen's Park 2 - 1 Vale of Leven, Scottish Cup (08/01/1876) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ffffcc
|11 March 1876
|[[1876 Scottish Cup Final|Final]]
|[[Third Lanark A.C.|3rd Lanark RV]]
|[[Hamilton Crescent|N]]
|1–1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=91305 |title=Scottish Cup Matches |publisher=Scottish Football Association |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75017 |title=Queen's Park 1 - 1 Third Lanark, Scottish Cup (11/03/1876) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1876/1876031102.htm |title=Hearts and Scottish Football Reports For Sat 11 Mar 1876 Page 02 of 05 |publisher=London Hearts Supporters Club |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|[[Thomas Highet|Highet]] 35'
|10,000
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|18 March 1876
|Final replay
|3rd Lanark RV
|H
|2–0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=91345 |title=Scottish Cup Matches |publisher=Scottish Football Association |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fitbastats.com/queenspark/game.php?gameid=75018 |title=Queen's Park 2 - 0 Third Lanark, Scottish Cup (18/03/1876) |publisher=Fitbastats.com |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1876/1876031801.htm |title=Hearts and Scottish Football Reports For Sat 18 Mar 1876 Page 01 of 05 |publisher=London Hearts Supporters Club |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|[[Thomas Highet|Highet]] 15', 46'
|6,000
|}
==Friendlies==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Date
!Opponents
!H / A
!Result<br />F–A
!Scorers
!Attendance
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|9 October 1875
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Wanderers F.C.|Wanderers]]
|H
|5–0<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1875/1875100901.htm |title=Hearts and Scottish Football Reports For Sat 09 Oct 1875 Page 01 of 08 |publisher=London Hearts Supporters Club |accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|-bgcolor=#ffdddd
|5 February 1876
|{{flagicon|ENG}} Wanderers
|A
|0–2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1876/1876020502.htm |title=Hearts and Scottish Football Reports For Sat 05 Feb 1876 Page 02 of 07 |publisher=London Hearts Supporters Club |accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref>
|
|
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Queen's Park F.C. seasons}}
{{1875–76 in Scottish football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1875-76 Queen's Park F.C. season}}
[[Category:Queen's Park F.C. seasons|1875–76]]
[[Category:Scottish football clubs 1875–76 season|Queen's Park]]
[[Category:1875–76 in Scottish football]]
| 937,509,158 |
[{"title": "Queen's Park", "data": {"Stadium": "Hampden Park", "Scottish Cup": "Winners"}}]
| false |
# 1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on March 8, 1831.
Incumbent Democratic Governor Matthew Harvey resigned on February 28, 1831, to take up a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire. President of the New Hampshire Senate Joseph M. Harper served as acting Governor for the remainder of Harvey's term.
Democratic nominee Samuel Dinsmoor defeated National Republican nominee Ichabod Bartlett with 55.57% of the vote.
## General election
### Candidates
- Ichabod Bartlett, National Republican, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
- Samuel Dinsmoor, Democratic, judge of probate of Cheshire County,[1] former U.S. Representative, unsuccessful candidate for Governor in 1823
### Results
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| -------- | ------------------- | ---------------- | ------ | ------ | -- |
| | Democratic | Samuel Dinsmoor | 23,503 | 55.57% | |
| | National Republican | Ichabod Bartlett | 18,681 | 44.17% | |
| | Scattering | | 110 | 0.26% | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,822 | 11.40% | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 42,294 | | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | | |
|
enwiki/69429232
|
enwiki
| 69,429,232 |
1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election
|
2025-01-23T03:40:58Z
|
en
|
Q109974412
| 223,970 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| country = New Hampshire
| flag_year =
| type = Presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1830 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| previous_year = 1830
| next_election = 1832 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| next_year = 1832
| election_date = March 8, 1831
| image1 = [[File:Samuel Dinsmoor Sr..jpg|x100px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Samuel Dinsmoor]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| popular_vote1 = '''23,503'''
| percentage1 = '''55.57%'''
| image2 = [[File:No image.svg|x100px]]
| nominee2 = [[Ichabod Bartlett]]
| party2 = National Republican Party
| popular_vote2 = 18,681
| percentage2 = 44.17%
| map_image = 1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
| map_size = 245px
| map_caption = County results<br>'''Dinsmoor:''' {{legend0|#7996E2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674DE|60–70%}} {{legend0|#584CDE|70–80%}}<br>'''Bartlett:''' {{legend0|#D75D5D|60–70%}}
| title = [[Governor of New Hampshire|Governor]]
| before_election = [[Joseph M. Harper]] (acting)
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Samuel Dinsmoor]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{ElectionsNH}}
The '''1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election''' was held on March 8, 1831.
Incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor of New Hampshire|Governor]] [[Matthew Harvey]] resigned on February 28, 1831, to take up a seat on the [[United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]]. [[President of the New Hampshire Senate]] [[Joseph M. Harper]] served as acting Governor for the remainder of Harvey's term.
[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[Samuel Dinsmoor]] defeated [[National Republican Party|National Republican]] nominee [[Ichabod Bartlett]] with 55.57% of the vote.
==General election==
===Candidates===
*[[Ichabod Bartlett]], National Republican, member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]
*[[Samuel Dinsmoor]], Democratic, judge of probate of [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire County]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Benjamin|first=W.R.|title=The Collector, Issues 128–137|year=1899|publisher=W.R. Benjamin|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFM9AAAAYAAJ&q=dinsmoor&pg=PA83}}</ref> former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]], unsuccessful candidate for Governor in [[1823 New Hampshire gubernatorial election|1823]]
===Results===
{{Election box begin | title=1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election<ref>{{cite book |last=Glashan |first=Roy R. |title=American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978 |publisher=Meckler Books |location=Westport, CT |year=1979 |pages=202–203 |isbn=0-930466-17-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gubernatorial Elections, 1787-1997 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Inc. |publication-date=1998 |page=66 |isbn=1-56802-396-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kallenbach |editor1-first=Joseph E. |editor2-last=Kallenbach |editor2-first=Jessamine S. |date=1977 |title=American State Governors, 1776-1976 |volume=I |location=Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. |publisher=Oceana Publications, Inc. |page=382 |isbn=0-379-00665-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New-Hampshire, at their Session, holden at the Capitol in Concord, commencing Wednesday, June 1, 1831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxItAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13 |location=Concord |publisher=Luther Roby |pages=12–13 |date=1831 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=James |title=The New Hampshire Annual Register and United States Calendar, 1833 |year=1772 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxkwqy&view=1up&seq=29 |location=Concord |publisher=Marsh, Capen and Lyon |page=19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Hosea B. |title=The New Hampshire Manual for the General Court 1680–1891 |date=1891 |publisher=Office of the Secretary of State |location=Concord |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101073361493&view=image&seq=165 |chapter=Gubernatorial Vote of New Hampshire – 1784 to 1890 |page=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coolidge |first1=A. J. |last2=Mansfield |first2=J. B. |date=1860 |title=History and Description of New England. New Hampshire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfOzuIgopTsC&pg=PA708 |location=Boston |publisher=Austin J. Coolidge |page=708 }}</ref>{{efn|Some sources give slightly different results. The result given is taken from the New Hampshire Senate Journal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=235781 |title=NH Governor, 1831 |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Samuel Dinsmoor]]
| votes = 23,503
| percentage = 55.57%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = National Republican Party
| candidate = [[Ichabod Bartlett]]
| votes = 18,681
| percentage = 44.17%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Scattering
|candidate =
|votes = 110
|percentage = 0.26%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 4,822
| percentage = 11.40%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 42,294
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{1831 United States elections}}
{{New Hampshire elections}}
[[Category:New Hampshire gubernatorial elections|1831]]
[[Category:1831 United States gubernatorial elections|New Hampshire]]
[[Category:1831 New Hampshire elections|Gubernatorial]]
[[Category:March 1831]]
{{NewHampshire-election-stub}}
| 1,271,234,891 |
[{"title": "1831 New Hampshire gubernatorial election", "data": {"\u2190 1830": "March 8, 1831 \u00b7 1832 \u2192", "Nominee": "Samuel Dinsmoor \u00b7 Ichabod Bartlett", "Party": "Democratic \u00b7 National Republican", "Popular vote": "23,503 \u00b7 18,681", "Percentage": "55.57% \u00b7 44.17%", "Governor before election \u00b7 Joseph M. Harper (acting) \u00b7 Democratic": "Elected Governor \u00b7 Samuel Dinsmoor \u00b7 Democratic"}}]
| false |
# 16th Division (United States)
The 16th Division was an infantry division of the United States Army raised during World War I. It was the second formation of that name raised in the United States, the first being renamed to 37th Division in 1917.
## History
The 16th Division was part of a group of six divisions (15th-20th) that the War Department directed to be formed in mid-1918 from troops of the Regular Army augmented by draftees. It was anticipated that the divisions' training would take four months, to be completed by the end of November 1918.
Formation of the division began in August 1918 with the concentration of the 21st and 32nd Infantry Regiments and 301st and 302nd Cavalry Regiments at Camp Kearny, San Diego County, California. The division was commanded by Major General David C. Shanks, with his son-in-law Stephen J. Chamberlin, later a lieutenant general, as chief of staff. Its two Infantry brigades, the 31st and 32nd, were commanded by Peter Weimer Davison and Walter Cowen Short. The division's 16th Field Artillery Brigade was commanded by Daniel W. Hand. On 31 August, the strength of the division was approximately 6,900 officers and men, and, at the end of September, it reached a total of about 10,750 officers and men. During October and November, the strength was slightly above 12,000, the majority of drafted men being supplied by the western states. Systematic training began in September, with the 216th Engineers joining the division at Camp Kearny in October. The Armistice occurred before the 16th Division departed for France; under the command of Guy Carleton, it was briefly considered for inclusion in American Expeditionary Force Siberia, but that conflict also ended before the division could embark. On 17 January 1919, demobilization of emergency personnel and of all units, except the 21st and 32nd Infantry, was ordered. Demobilization of the division was accomplished by 8 March 1919.
### Order of battle
- Headquarters, 16th Division
- 31st Infantry Brigade (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 21st Infantry Regiment (organized 1862; stationed on Mexican border as of April 1917)
- 81st Infantry Regiment (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny with cadre from the 21st Infantry)
- 47th Machine Gun Battalion (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 32nd Infantry Brigade (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 32nd Infantry Regiment (organized August 1916 in the Hawaiian Islands)
- 82nd Infantry Regiment (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny with cadre from the 32nd Infantry)
- 48th Machine Gun Battalion (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 9th Field Artillery Brigade (headquarters organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 46th Field Artillery (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 301st Cavalry)
- 47th Field Artillery (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 301st Cavalry)
- 48th Field Artillery (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 302nd Cavalry)
- 16th Trench Mortar Battery (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from Machine Gun Troop, 302nd Cavalry)
- 46th Machine Gun Battalion (never organized)
- 216th Engineer Regiment (organized September 1918 at Camp A.A. Humphreys, Virginia)
- 216th Field Signal Battalion (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- Headquarters Troop, 16th Division (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 16th Train Headquarters and Military Police (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 16th Ammunition Train (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 16th Engineer Train (never organized)
- 16th Supply Train (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 16th Sanitary Train (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
- 261st-264th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals
### Shoulder sleeve insignia
Because the 16th Division was in existence for such a brief period, it never officially designed or adopted a shoulder sleeve insignia or distinctive unit insignia. However, some members of the organization devised a felt shoulder patch that featured the Liberty Bell, one with the number "16" superimposed on it; neither insignia was ever officially adopted.
|
enwiki/32722091
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enwiki
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16th Division (United States)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Division_(United_States)
|
2024-12-10T14:23:39Z
|
en
|
Q4552142
| 54,738 |
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 16th Division
| dates = 1918–1919
| country={{flag|United States}}
| branch={{army|USA}}
| type=[[Infantry]]
| size=[[Division (military)|Division]]
| commander1 = Maj. Gen. [[David C. Shanks]]
| commander1_label = Commander
| commander2 = [[Stephen J. Chamberlin]]
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
}}
The '''16th Division''' was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military unit)|division]] of the [[United States Army]] raised during [[World War I]]. It was the second formation of that name raised in the United States, the first being renamed to [[37th Infantry Division (United States)|37th Division]] in 1917.
==History==
The 16th Division was part of a group of six divisions (15th-20th) that the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] directed to be formed in mid-1918 from troops of the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] augmented by [[Selective Service Act of 1917|draftees]]. It was anticipated that the divisions' training would take four months, to be completed by the end of November 1918.<ref>{{cite book |date=1988|title=Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War |volume=3, Part 2|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |pages=637}}</ref>
Formation of the division began in August 1918 with the concentration of the 21st and 32nd Infantry Regiments and 301st and 302nd Cavalry Regiments at [[Camp Kearny]], [[San Diego County]], California. The division was commanded by Major General [[David C. Shanks]], with his son-in-law [[Stephen J. Chamberlin]], later a [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]], as chief of staff.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 27, 1918 |title=Gen. Shanks To Leave Soon |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-advocate-shanks/138757759/ |work=Daily Times Advocate |location=Escondido, CA |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 13, 1918 |title=Local and Personal News: Maj. and Mrs. Stephen Chamberlin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/spring-hill-new-era-chamberlin/138757507/ |work=Spring Hill New Era |location=Spring Hill, KS |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Its two Infantry brigades, the 31st and 32nd, were commanded by [[Peter Weimer Davison]] and [[Walter Cowen Short]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1988 |title=Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War |volume= 3, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSFPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA653 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |page=653 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Henry Blaine Jr. |date=1998 |title=Generals in Khaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJvvAAAAMAAJ |location=Raleigh, NC |publisher=Pentland Press |pages=332–333 |isbn=978-1-5719-7088-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The division's 16th Field Artillery Brigade was commanded by [[Daniel W. Hand]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 12, 1919 |title=Transfer Commander |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115290632/transfer/ |work=Bakersfield Morning Echo |location=Bakersfield, CA |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On 31 August, the strength of the division was approximately 6,900 officers and men, and, at the end of September, it reached a total of about 10,750 officers and men. During October and November, the strength was slightly above 12,000, the majority of drafted men being supplied by the western states. Systematic training began in September, with the 216th Engineers joining the division at Camp Kearny in October. The [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] occurred before the 16th Division departed for France; under the command of [[Guy Carleton (general)|Guy Carleton]], it was briefly considered for inclusion in [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia]], but that conflict also ended before the division could embark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://externalapps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/2895/ |title=Memorial, Guy Carleton, 1881 |last=White |first=H. A. |date=1946 |website=externalapps.westpointaog.org/ |publisher=West Point Association of Graduates |location=West Point, NY |ref={{sfnRef|"Memorial, Guy Carleton, 1881"}}}}</ref> On 17 January 1919, demobilization of emergency personnel and of all units, except the 21st and 32nd Infantry, was ordered. Demobilization of the division was accomplished by 8 March 1919.
===Order of battle===
* Headquarters, 16th Division
* 31st Infantry Brigade (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** [[21st Infantry Regiment (United States)|21st Infantry Regiment]] (organized 1862; stationed on Mexican border as of April 1917)
** 81st Infantry Regiment (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny with cadre from the 21st Infantry)
** 47th Machine Gun Battalion (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
* 32nd Infantry Brigade (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** [[32nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|32nd Infantry Regiment]] (organized August 1916 in the Hawaiian Islands)
** 82nd Infantry Regiment (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny with cadre from the 32nd Infantry)
** 48th Machine Gun Battalion (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
* 9th Field Artillery Brigade (headquarters organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** [[46th Field Artillery Regiment|46th Field Artillery]] (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 301st Cavalry)
** [[47th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|47th Field Artillery]] (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 301st Cavalry)
** [[48th Field Artillery Regiment|48th Field Artillery]] (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from 302nd Cavalry)
** 16th Trench Mortar Battery (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny from Machine Gun Troop, 302nd Cavalry)
* 46th Machine Gun Battalion (never organized)
* 216th Engineer Regiment (organized September 1918 at [[Fort Belvoir|Camp A.A. Humphreys]], [[Virginia]])
* 216th Field Signal Battalion (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
* Headquarters Troop, 16th Division (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
* 16th Train Headquarters and Military Police (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** 16th Ammunition Train (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** 16th Engineer Train (never organized)
** 16th Supply Train (organized September 1918 at Camp Kearny)
** 16th Sanitary Train (organized August 1918 at Camp Kearny)
*** 261st-264th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals
===Shoulder sleeve insignia===
[[File:16th Division Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Olive and Black).jpg|thumb|left|Reproduction of unofficial 16th Division shoulder patch, black on olive green]]
[[File:16th Division Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Blue and White).jpg|thumb|right|Reproduction of unofficial shoulder patch of 16th Division, blue and white]]
Because the 16th Division was in existence for such a brief period, it never officially designed or adopted a [[shoulder sleeve insignia]] or [[distinctive unit insignia]].<ref>{{cite magazine |editor-last=Phillips |editor-first=Fred H. |date=March 1, 1919 |title=Divisional Insignia Explained |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DI4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA451 |magazine=Arms And The Man |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Rifle Association of America |page=451 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> However, some members of the organization devised a felt shoulder patch that featured the [[Liberty Bell]], one with the number "16" superimposed on it; neither insignia was ever officially adopted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalessandro |first1=Robert J. |last2=Knapp |first2=Michael G. |date=2008 |title=Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Force, 1917-1923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqrvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22felt+on+felt+16th+division%22 |location=Atglen, PA |publisher=Schiffer Military History |page=131 |isbn=978-0-7643-2937-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{US-mil-hist-stub}}
{{WWI-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:016}}
[[Category:United States Army divisions of World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]
| 1,262,264,708 |
[{"title": "16th Division", "data": {"Active": "1918\u20131919", "Country": "United States", "Branch": "United States Army", "Type": "Infantry", "Size": "Division"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Commander": "Maj. Gen. David C. Shanks", "Chief of Staff": "Stephen J. Chamberlin"}}]
| false |
# 1152
Year 1152 (MCLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
## Events
### By place
#### Levant
- Spring – King Baldwin III and his mother, Queen Melisende, are called to intervene in a dispute between Baldwin's aunt Hodierna and her husband Raymond II, count of Tripoli. Hodierna decides to take a long holiday, and travels to Jerusalem, while Raymond escorts her out on the road southwards. On the way back to Tripoli, a group of Assassins stabs him to death at the southern gate of the city. The garrison rushes to arms and pours into the streets, slaying every Muslim in their way, but the Assassins manage to escape; the motive of their act is never known.[1]
- Baldwin III demands more authority and blames Manasses, ruler of Ramla, for interfering with his legal succession as ruler of Jerusalem. He demands a second coronation from Patriarch Fulcher separated from Melisende. Fulcher refuses, and as a kind of self-coronation Baldwin parades through the city streets with laurel wreaths on his head. Before the High Court (Haute Cour) the decision is made to divide the kingdom into two districts.
- Baldwin III begins a civil war against Melisende and launches an invasion in the south. He captures the castle of Mirabel, which is defended by Manasses. Baldwin spares his life and is exiled, Nablus thereupon surrenders soon after. Melisende seeks refuge in the Tower of David with her younger son, the 16-year-old Amalric. Baldwin enters Jerusalem, he allows his mother to retain Nablus and the neighbourhood as her dower.[2]
- Summer – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, re-captures most of Crusader territory in the Orontes Valley – reducing the Principality of Antioch to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. The County of Tripoli remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.[3]
#### Europe
- February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.
- March 21 – King Louis VII repudiates his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Within 6 weeks, Eleanor re-marries Henry of Anjou, who had claimed the counties of Anjou and Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his father Geoffrey Plantagenet (the Fair), the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken, from Cherbourg to Bayonne.[4]
- The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev.
#### England
- April 6 – King Stephen has his nobles swear fealty to his son Eustace, as the rightful heir of the English throne. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in Flanders.
- Stephen besieges Newbury Castle and holds the young William as a hostage to ensure that his father, John Marshal, keeps his promise to surrender the castle. When John refuses to comply, Stephen threatened to have the young boy catapulted over the walls. After this, William remains a crown hostage for many months.[5]
#### Africa
- The Almohad Caliphate conquers the Maghrib al-Awsat (modern Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads.[6]
#### Mesoamerica
- Matlacohuatl becomes ruler of the city-state Azcapotzalco located in the Valley of Mexico (until 1222).
### By topic
#### Religion
- Synod of Kells-Mellifont: The present diocesan system of Ireland is established (with later modifications), and the primacy of Armagh is recognized.
- The Archbishopric of Nidaros in the city of Nidaros (modern-day Trondheim) in Norway is established.
## Births
- May 10 – Gangjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1213)
- David of Scotland, Scottish prince (d. 1219)
- Diego López II, Spanish nobleman (d. 1214)
- Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II (d. 1212)
- Han Tuozhou, Chinese statesman (d. 1207)
- Imai Kanehira, Japanese general (d. 1184)
- James of Avesnes, French nobleman (d. 1191)
- Maria Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1182)
- Patrick I, Scottish nobleman (approximate date)
- Roger IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1161)
- Roman Mstislavich, Kievan prince (d. 1205)
- Taira no Tomomori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)
## Deaths
- January 8 – Conrad I, German nobleman (b. 1090)
- January 18 – Albero de Montreuil, German archbishop
- February 15 – Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany
- May 3 – Matilda of Boulogne, queen of England
- June 12 – Henry of Scotland, heir apparent to the throne of Scotland
- August 1 – Albrecht I, German bishop of Meissen
- September 13 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, Seljuk sultan
- October 12 – Adolf III, count Berg and Hövel (b. 1080)
- October 14 – Ralph I (or Raoul), French nobleman
- October 24 – Jocelin of Soissons, French theologian
- November 13 – William of St. Barbe, Norman bishop
- Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (b. 1080)
- Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford
- Nicholas IV, patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1070)
- Raymond II (or Raimundus), count of Tripoli
- Robert of Selby, English governor and chancellor
- Theobald II (the Great), French nobleman (b. 1090)
- Theophanes Kerameus, Italian bishop (b. 1129)
- Thethmar (or Theodemar), German missionary
- Volodymyrko Volodarovych, Galician prince (b. 1104)
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Year nav|1152}}
{{About year|1152}}
{{C12 year in topic}}
[[File:Friedrich I. Barbarossa.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bust of King [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] (1122–1190)]]
Year '''1152''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCLII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===
==== Levant ====
* Spring – King [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]] and his mother, Queen [[Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem|Melisende]], are called to intervene in a dispute between Baldwin's aunt [[Hodierna of Jerusalem|Hodierna]] and her husband [[Raymond II, Count of Tripoli|Raymond II]], count of [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]]. Hodierna decides to take a long holiday, and travels to [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], while Raymond escorts her out on the road southwards. On the way back to Tripoli, a group of [[order of Assassins|Assassins]] stabs him to death at the southern gate of the city. The garrison rushes to arms and pours into the streets, slaying every Muslim in their way, but the Assassins manage to escape; the motive of their act is never known.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 271. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* Baldwin III demands more authority and blames [[Manasses of Hierges|Manasses]], ruler of [[Ramla]], for interfering with his legal succession as ruler of Jerusalem. He demands a second coronation from Patriarch [[Patriarch Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulcher]] separated from Melisende. Fulcher refuses, and as a kind of self-coronation Baldwin parades through the city streets with laurel wreaths on his head. Before the High Court (''[[Haute Cour of Jerusalem|Haute Cour]]'') the decision is made to divide the kingdom into two districts.
* Baldwin III begins a civil war against Melisende and launches an invasion in the south. He captures the castle of [[Majdal Yaba#Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule|Mirabel]], which is defended by Manasses. Baldwin spares his life and is exiled, [[Nablus]] thereupon surrenders soon after. Melisende seeks refuge in the [[Tower of David]] with her younger son, the 16-year-old [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]]. Baldwin enters Jerusalem, he allows his mother to retain Nablus and the neighbourhood as her dower.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusaders. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 272–273. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* Summer – [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur al-Din]], Seljuk ruler (''[[atabeg]]'') of [[Aleppo]], re-captures most of Crusader territory in the [[Orontes River|Orontes Valley]] – reducing the [[Principality of Antioch]] to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. The [[County of Tripoli]] remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]].<ref>David Nicolle (2011). Osprey - Command 12: Saladin, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-317-1}}.</ref>
==== Europe ====
* [[February 15]] – King [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] dies after a 14-year reign at [[Bamberg]]. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] ('''Barbarossa'''), duke of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]], who is crowned as [[King of the Romans|King of the Germans]] at [[Aachen]] several days later, on [[March 9]]. Frederick becomes sole ruler of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, [[Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia|Frederick IV]], who becomes duke of Swabia.
* [[March 21]] – King [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] repudiates his marriage to [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Within 6 weeks, Eleanor re-marries [[Henry II of England|Henry of Anjou]], who had claimed the counties of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[Maine (province)|Maine]], and the province of [[Touraine]] upon the death of his father [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey Plantagenet]] ('''the Fair'''), the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken, from [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]] to [[Bayonne]].<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by the University of California Press in 1961. p. 21</ref>
* The town of [[Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Gorodets]], located on the banks of the [[Volga|Volga River]], is founded by [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]], Grand Prince of [[Principality of Kiev|Kiev]].
==== England ====
* [[April 6]] – King [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]] has his nobles swear fealty to his son [[Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne|Eustace]], as the rightful heir of the English throne. [[Theobald of Bec|Theobald]], archbishop of [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]], and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]].
* Stephen besieges [[Newbury Castle]] and holds the young [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William]] as a hostage to ensure that his father, [[John Marshal (Marshal of England)|John Marshal]], keeps his promise to surrender the castle. When John refuses to comply, Stephen threatened to have the young boy [[catapult]]ed over the walls. After this, William remains a crown hostage for many months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwcastlewales.com/jf_gilbt.html|title=John fitz Gilbert; the Marshal|first=Catherine|last=Amstrong|publisher=Castles of Wales|accessdate=9 December 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==== Africa ====
* The [[Almohad Caliphate]] conquers the [[Maghreb|Maghrib al-Awsat]] (modern [[Algeria]]). The city of [[Béjaïa]] becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads.<ref name=Picard1997>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}</ref>
==== Mesoamerica ====
* [[Matlacohuatl]] becomes ruler of the city-state [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]] located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] (until [[1222]]).
=== By topic ===
==== Religion ====
* [[Synod of Kells|Synod of Kells-Mellifont]]: The present diocesan system of [[Ireland]] is established (with later modifications), and the primacy of [[Armagh]] is recognized.
* The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros|Archbishopric of Nidaros]] in the city of [[Nidaros]] (modern-day [[Trondheim]]) in [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] is established.
</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
* [[May 10]] – [[Gangjong of Goryeo|Gangjong]], Korean ruler of [[Goryeo]] (d. [[1213]])
* [[David, Earl of Huntingdon|David of Scotland]], Scottish prince (d. [[1219]])
* [[Diego López II de Haro|Diego López II]], Spanish nobleman (d. [[1214]])
* [[Geoffrey (archbishop of York)|Geoffrey]], illegitimate son of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] (d. [[1212]])
* [[Han Tuozhou]], Chinese statesman (d. [[1207]])
* [[Imai Kanehira]], Japanese general (d. [[1184]])
* [[James of Avesnes]], French nobleman (d. [[1191]])
* [[Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)|Maria Komnene]], Byzantine princess (d. [[1182]])
* [[Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar|Patrick I]], Scottish nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Roger IV, Duke of Apulia|Roger IV]], duke of [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Apulia and Calabria]] (d. [[1161]])
* [[Roman the Great|Roman Mstislavich]], Kievan prince (d. [[1205]])
* [[Taira no Tomomori]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1185]])
== Deaths ==
* [[January 8]] – [[Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen|Conrad I]], German nobleman (b. [[1090]])
* [[January 18]] – [[Albero de Montreuil]], German archbishop
* [[February 15]] – [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]], king of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]]
* [[May 3]] – [[Matilda of Boulogne]], queen of [[Kingdom of England|England]]
* [[June 12]] – [[Henry of Scotland]], heir apparent to the throne of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
* [[August 1]] – [[Albrecht I of Meissen|Albrecht I]], German bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen|Meissen]]
* [[September 13]] – [[Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud]], Seljuk sultan
* [[October 12]] – [[Adolf III of Berg|Adolf III]], count [[Duchy of Berg|Berg]] and [[Hövel (Sundern)|Hövel]] (b. [[1080]])
* [[October 14]] – [[Ralph I, Count of Vermandois|Ralph I]] (or '''Raoul'''), French nobleman
* [[October 24]] – [[Jocelin of Soissons]], French theologian
* [[November 13]] – [[William of St. Barbara|William of St. Barbe]], Norman bishop
* [[Adelard of Bath]], English philosopher (b. 1080)
* [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford|Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare]], 1st [[Marquess of Hertford|Earl of Hertford]]
* [[Nicholas IV of Constantinople|Nicholas IV]], patriarch of [[Constantinople]] (b. [[1070]])
* [[Raymond II, Count of Tripoli|Raymond II]] (or '''Raimundus'''), count of [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]]
* [[Robert of Selby]], English governor and chancellor
* [[Theobald II, Count of Champagne|Theobald II]] ('''the Great'''), French nobleman (b. 1090)
* [[Theophanes Kerameus]], Italian bishop (b. [[1129]])
* [[Thethmar]] (or '''Theodemar'''), German [[missionary]]
* [[Volodymyrko Volodarovych]], Galician prince (b. [[1104]])
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1152}}
[[Category:1152| ]]
| 1,267,067,873 |
[{"title": "1152 in various calendars", "data": {"Gregorian calendar": "1152 \u00b7 MCLII", "Ab urbe condita": "1905", "Armenian calendar": "601 \u00b7 \u0539\u054e \u0548\u0531", "Assyrian calendar": "5902", "Balinese saka calendar": "1073\u20131074", "Bengali calendar": "558\u2013559", "Berber calendar": "2102", "English Regnal year": "17 Ste. 1 \u2013 18 Ste. 1", "Buddhist calendar": "1696", "Burmese calendar": "514", "Byzantine calendar": "6660\u20136661", "Chinese calendar": "\u8f9b\u672a\u5e74 (Metal Goat) \u00b7 3849 or 3642 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u58ec\u7533\u5e74 (Water Monkey) \u00b7 3850 or 3643", "Coptic calendar": "868\u2013869", "Discordian calendar": "2318", "Ethiopian calendar": "1144\u20131145", "Hebrew calendar": "4912\u20134913", "- Vikram Samvat": "1208\u20131209", "- Shaka Samvat": "1073\u20131074", "- Kali Yuga": "4252\u20134253", "Holocene calendar": "11152", "Igbo calendar": "152\u2013153", "Iranian calendar": "530\u2013531", "Islamic calendar": "546\u2013547", "Japanese calendar": "Ninpei 2 \u00b7 (\u4ec1\u5e73\uff12\u5e74)", "Javanese calendar": "1058\u20131059", "Julian calendar": "1152 \u00b7 MCLII", "Korean calendar": "3485", "Minguo calendar": "760 before ROC \u00b7 \u6c11\u524d760\u5e74", "Nanakshahi calendar": "\u2212316", "Seleucid era": "1463/1464 AG", "Thai solar calendar": "1694\u20131695", "Tibetan calendar": "\u9634\u91d1\u7f8a\u5e74 \u00b7 (female Iron-Goat) \u00b7 1278 or 897 or 125 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u9633\u6c34\u7334\u5e74 \u00b7 (male Water-Monkey) \u00b7 1279 or 898 or 126"}}]
| false |
# .cda file
.cda is a common filename extension denoting a small (44 byte) stub file generated by Microsoft Windows for each audio track on a standard "Red Book" CD-DA format audio CD as defined by the Table of Contents (ToC) (within the lead-in's subcode). These files are shown in the directory for the CD being viewed in the format Track##.cda, where ## is the number of each individual track.
The .cda files do not contain the actual PCM sound wave data, but instead tell where on the disc each track starts and stops. If the file is "copied" from the CD to a computer, it cannot be used on its own because it is only a shortcut to part of the disc. However, some audio editing and CD creation programs will, from the user's perspective, load .cda files as though they are actual audio data files, and allow the user to listen to them.
## Organization of a CDA file
| offset | length | content |
| ------ | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 0x00 | 4 | the 4 ASCII characters "RIFF" |
| 0x04 | 4 | the size of the following chunk: always 36 (44 - 8), on 4 bytes (Intel order) |
| 0x08 | 4 | chunk identifier: the 4 ASCII characters "CDDA" |
| 0x0C | 4 | the 3 ASCII characters "fmt" followed by a space |
| 0x10 | 4 | length of the chunk: always 24, on 4 bytes (Intel order) |
| 0x14 | 2 | version of the CD format, on 2 bytes (Intel order). In May 2006, always equal to 1. |
| 0x16 | 2 | number of the range, on 2 bytes (Intel order). The first track has the number 1. |
| 0x18 | 4 | identifier calculated by Windows for cdplayer.exe. |
| 0x1c | 4 | range offset, in number of frames (Intel order) |
| 0x20 | 4 | duration of the track, total number of frames (Intel order) |
| 0x24 | 1 | range position: frames |
| 0x25 | 1 | range position: seconds |
| 0x26 | 1 | range position: minutes |
| 0x27 | 1 | a null byte (binary value 0) |
| 0x28 | 1 | duration of the track: frames |
| 0x29 | 1 | duration of the track: seconds |
| 0x2a | 1 | duration of the track: minutes |
| 0x2b | 1 | a null byte (binary value 0) |
The size of a CDA file being fixed, as well as its organization, there is always only one and only chunk, named "CDDA" (meaning compact disc for digital audio).
The identifier created by Windows is used by the Windows 95 and Windows 98 CD drive (cdplayer.exe). This player cannot connect to FreeDB or CDDB. So that it can display the artist name and song title, you have to manually enter this information in the cdplayer.ini file (in the Windows installation directory), in a section named after that identifier. This identifier has no relation to the DiscId used by FreeDB or CDDB, it is a purely Microsoft creation, for the above use.
The position and length of the tracks use frames as the unit. There are 75 frames per second. This is the smallest block of data that can be read from an audio CD, corresponding to a sector of the CD.
All the information which requires several bytes is coded with the order-byte Intel (Little-endian).
## Software that uses .cda format
- Windows Media Player
- Media Player Classic
- KMPlayer
- AIMP Player
- Winamp Player
- GOM Player
- Foobar2000
- XMPlay
- Zune for Windows
- iTunes
- MusicMatch Jukebox
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cda_file
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{{Short description|Filename extension}}
{{Additional citations|date=March 2022}}
'''.cda''' is a common [[filename extension]] denoting a small (44 [[byte]]) [[stub file]] generated by [[Microsoft Windows]] for each audio [[track (CD)|track]] on a standard "Red Book" [[CD-DA]] format audio [[Compact Disc|CD]] as defined by the Table of Contents (ToC) (within the lead-in's [[Compact Disc subcode|subcode]]). These files are shown in the directory for the CD being viewed in the format ''Track##.cda'', where ## is the number of each individual track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filesuffix.com/en/extension/cda|title=CDA Files|website=FileSuffix.com|language=en-EN}}</ref>
The .cda files do not contain the actual [[pulse-code modulation|PCM]] sound wave data, but instead tell where on the disc each track starts and stops. If the file is "copied" from the CD to a computer, it cannot be used on its own because it is only a shortcut to part of the disc. However, some audio editing and CD creation programs will, from the user's perspective, load .cda files as though they are actual audio data files, and allow the user to listen to them.
==Organization of a CDA file==
{{update|section|reason=it appears as if the file type is only used by older operating systems (Windows 95 and Windows 98), not newer ones like Windows 10|date=May 2022}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
! offset
! length
! content
|-----
| 0x00
| 4
| the 4 ASCII characters "RIFF"
|-----
| 0x04
| 4
| the size of the following chunk: always 36 (44 - 8), on 4 bytes (Intel order)
|-----
| 0x08
| 4
| chunk identifier: the 4 ASCII characters "CDDA"
|-----
| 0x0C
| 4
| the 3 ASCII characters "fmt" followed by a space
|-----
| 0x10
| 4
| length of the chunk: always 24, on 4 bytes (Intel order)
|-----
| 0x14
| 2
| version of the CD format, on 2 bytes (Intel order). In May 2006, always equal to 1.
|-----
| 0x16
| 2
| number of the range, on 2 bytes (Intel order). The first track has the number 1.
|-----
| 0x18
| 4
| identifier calculated by Windows for [[cdplayer.exe]].
|-----
| 0x1c
| 4
| range offset, in number of frames (Intel order)
|-----
| 0x20
| 4
| duration of the track, total number of frames (Intel order)
|-----
| 0x24
| 1
| range position: frames
|-----
| 0x25
| 1
| range position: seconds
|-----
| 0x26
| 1
| range position: minutes
|-----
| 0x27
| 1
| a null byte (binary value 0)
|-----
| 0x28
| 1
| duration of the track: frames
|-----
| 0x29
| 1
| duration of the track: seconds
|-----
| 0x2a
| 1
| duration of the track: minutes
|-----
| 0x2b
| 1
| a null byte (binary value 0)
|}
The size of a CDA file being fixed, as well as its organization, there is always only one and only chunk, named "CDDA" (meaning [[compact disc]] for [[digital audio]]).
The identifier created by Windows is used by the [[Windows 95]] and [[Windows 98]] CD drive (cdplayer.exe). This player cannot connect to [[FreeDB]] or [[CDDB]]. So that it can display the artist name and song title, you have to manually enter this information in the cdplayer.ini file (in the Windows installation directory), in a section named after that identifier. This identifier has no relation to the DiscId used by FreeDB or CDDB, it is a purely Microsoft creation, for the above use.
The position and length of the tracks use frames as the unit. There are 75 frames per [[second]]. This is the smallest block of data that can be read from an audio CD, corresponding to a sector of the CD.
All the information which requires several bytes is coded with the order-byte Intel ([[Little-endian]]).
==Software that uses .cda format==
*[[Windows Media Player]]
*[[Media Player Classic]]
*[[KMPlayer]]
*[[AIMP]] Player
*[[Winamp]] Player
*[[GOM Player]]
*[[Foobar2000]]
*[[XMPlay]]
*[[Zune]] for Windows
*[[iTunes]]
*[[MusicMatch Jukebox]]
==See also==
*[[Audio file format]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.moon-soft.com/program/FORMAT/sound/cda.htm File format] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111223650/http://www.moon-soft.com/program/FORMAT/sound/cda.htm |date=2006-11-11 }}
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Compact disc]]
| 1,210,237,327 |
[]
| false |
# 1875–76 in Scottish football
Season 1875–76 was the third season of competitive domestic football in Scotland. It also saw the introduction of the international fixture against Wales. In addition, the first regional competition was introduced, with the first playing of the Edinburgh FA Cup, for clubs in Edinburgh and surrounding areas.
## Overview
The Scottish Cup was contested for the third time, with Queen's Park continuing to exert a stranglehold on the trophy. On the international front, the now-established fixture with England was joined in the calendar by what would become another annual contest, against Wales.
In addition, Clydesdale became the second Scottish club to compete in the FA Cup, while the first representative fixture involving two Scottish selects saw Glasgow take on Dumbarton.
## Scottish Cup
The increasing popularity of the competition saw 49 clubs entering the tournament's third edition, but the ultimate outcome was the same with Queen's Park lifting the trophy for a third successive year. Queen's progress to the latter stages was comfortable, eliminating Alexandra Athletic, Northern, Clydesdale and Dumbreck without conceding a goal; they had now ended Clydesdale's interest in the cup three years running. In the semi-finals, a 2–1 win over Vale of Leven saw Queen's through, while 3rd Lanark RV defeated Dumbarton in a replay.
There were two notable firsts for the final – the use of a neutral venue, and the need for a replay. The first match was staged at Hamilton Crescent rather than on Queens' ground at Hampden, with an estimated five-figure attendance. A 1–1 draw saw the local rivals from Glasgow's South Side meet at Hampden a week later, with the holders overcoming 3rd Lanark by a 2–0 scoreline.
## County honours
| Competition | Winner | Score | Runner-up |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ----- | --------- |
| Edinburgh FA Cup | 3rd Edinburgh RV | 6–0 | Thistle |
## FA Cup
For a third year running, Queen's Park chose not to enter the FA Cup, but there was Scottish representation in the draw with the inclusion of Clydesdale. The Glasgow club was drawn away to South Norwood of Surrey in round one, but as with most of Queens' previous attempts to compete in the tournament, eventually decided they withdrew. Clydesdale never entered the FA Cup again.
## Scotland national team
### Overview
The two matches played this season proved to be the final internationals staged at the West of Scotland cricket ground in Partick. Scotland recorded a pair of comfortable victories, against both England and a Welsh team gaining its first experience of international football.
### Results
| Date | Venue | Opponents | Score | Competition | Scotland scorer(s) |
| -------- | -------------------------- | --------- | ----- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| 4 March | Hamilton Crescent, Partick | England | 3–0 | Friendly | Billy MacKinnon, Henry McNeil, Thomas Highet |
| 25 March | Hamilton Crescent, Partick | Wales | 4–0 | Friendly | John Ferguson, Jimmy Lang, Billy MacKinnon, Henry McNeil |
## Representative matches
| 19 February 1876 | | | |
| Sheffield | 0–2 | Glasgow | (Bramall Lane, Sheffield) |
| 29 April 1876 | | | |
| Glasgow | 0–2 | Dumbarton | (Hampden Park, Crosshill) |
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%9376_in_Scottish_football
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Q4555531
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{{Short description|Scottish football season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox football country season
| country = Scotland
| season = 1875–76
| prevseason = 1874–75
| nextseason = 1876–77
| flagicon = yes
}}
{{infobox|bodyclass=football
| headerstyle = background:#BFD7FF
| above = 1875–76 in Scottish football
| image = [[Image:Flag of Scotland with football.png|200px]]
| header1 = Scottish Cup winners
| data2 = [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]]
| header3 = Teams in the FA Cup
| data4 = [[Clydesdale F.C.|Clydesdale]]
}}
'''Season 1875–76''' was the third season of competitive domestic [[football in Scotland]]. It also saw the introduction of the international fixture against [[Wales national football team|Wales]]. In addition, the first regional competition was introduced, with the first playing of the Edinburgh FA Cup, for clubs in Edinburgh and surrounding areas.
==Overview==
The [[Scottish Cup]] was contested for the third time, with [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]] continuing to exert a stranglehold on the trophy. On the international front, the now-established fixture with [[England national football team|England]] was joined in the calendar by what would become another annual contest, against Wales.
In addition, [[Clydesdale F.C.|Clydesdale]] became the second Scottish club to compete in the [[FA Cup]], while the first representative fixture involving two Scottish selects saw Glasgow take on Dumbarton.
==Scottish Cup==
{{main|1875–76 Scottish Cup}}
The increasing popularity of the competition saw 49 clubs entering the tournament's third edition, but the ultimate outcome was the same with [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]] lifting the trophy for a third successive year. Queen's progress to the latter stages was comfortable, eliminating [[Alexandra Athletic F.C.|Alexandra Athletic]], [[Northern F.C.|Northern]], [[Clydesdale F.C.|Clydesdale]] and [[Dumbreck F.C.|Dumbreck]] without conceding a goal; they had now ended Clydesdale's interest in the cup three years running. In the semi-finals, a 2–1 win over [[Vale of Leven F.C.|Vale of Leven]] saw Queen's through, while [[Third Lanark A.C.|3rd Lanark RV]] defeated [[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]] in a [[Replay (sports)|replay]].
There were two notable firsts for the [[1876 Scottish Cup Final|final]] – the use of a neutral venue, and the need for a replay. The first match was staged at [[Hamilton Crescent]] rather than on Queens' ground at [[Hampden Park (1873–83)|Hampden]], with an estimated five-figure attendance. A 1–1 draw saw the local rivals from [[Glasgow#South Side|Glasgow's South Side]] meet at Hampden a week later, with the holders overcoming 3rd Lanark by a 2–0 scoreline.
==County honours==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width=140|Competition
!width=135|Winner
!width=80|Score
!width=135|Runner-up
|-
|align=left|[[East of Scotland Shield|Edinburgh FA Cup]]
|[[St Bernard's F.C.|3rd Edinburgh RV]]
|6–0
|[[Thistle F.C. (Edinburgh)|Thistle]]
|}
==FA Cup==
{{main|List of Scottish clubs in the FA Cup}}
For a third year running, Queen's Park chose not to enter the [[FA Cup]], but there was Scottish representation in the draw with the inclusion of [[Clydesdale F.C.|Clydesdale]]. The Glasgow club was drawn away to South Norwood of [[Surrey]] in round one, but as with most of Queens' previous attempts to compete in the tournament, eventually decided they withdrew. Clydesdale never entered the FA Cup again.
==Scotland national team==
===Overview===
The two matches played this season proved to be the final internationals staged at the [[West of Scotland Cricket Club|West of Scotland]] [[cricket]] ground in [[Partick]]. Scotland recorded a pair of comfortable victories, against both [[England national football team|England]] and a [[Wales national football team|Welsh]] team gaining its first experience of international football.
===Results===
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Venue
!Opponents
!{{nowrap|Score<ref name="Scotland score">Scotland's score is shown first.</ref>}}
!Competition
!Scotland scorer(s)
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|4 March
|[[Hamilton Crescent]], [[Partick]]
|{{fb|ENG}}
|align="center"|3–0
|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]
|[[Billy MacKinnon]], [[Henry McNeil]], [[Thomas Highet]]
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|25 March
|Hamilton Crescent, Partick
|{{fb|WAL|1807}}
|align="center"|[[1876 Scotland v Wales football match|4–0]]
|Friendly
|[[John Ferguson (footballer, born 1848)|John Ferguson]], [[James Lang (footballer)|Jimmy Lang]], [[Billy MacKinnon]], [[Henry McNeil]]
|}
==Representative matches==
{{OneLegStart-plain}}
{{OneLegResult-plain|19 February 1876|[[Sheffield Football Association|Sheffield]]|ENG|0–2|Glasgow|SCO| ([[Bramall Lane]], [[Sheffield]])}}
{{OneLegResult-plain|29 April 1876|Glasgow|SCO| 0–2|Dumbarton|SCO| ([[Hampden Park (1873–83)|Hampden Park]], [[Crosshill, Glasgow|Crosshill]])}}
{{end}}
==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book
|last=Smailes
|first=Gordon
|title=The Breedon Book of Scottish Football Records
|publisher=Breedon Books
|year=1995
|location=Derby
|isbn=1-85983-020-X}}
{{Scottish football seasons|1875}}
{{1875–76 in Scottish football}}
{{1875–76 in European football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1875-76 in Scottish Football}}
[[Category:1875–76 in Scottish football| ]]
[[Category:Seasons in Scottish football]]
| 1,116,122,657 |
[{"title": "Football in Scotland", "data": {"Season": "1875\u201376"}}, {"title": "Scottish Cup winners", "data": {"Scottish Cup winners": "Queen's Park"}}, {"title": "Teams in the FA Cup", "data": {"Teams in the FA Cup": "Clydesdale"}}]
| false |
# 1780 in Norway
Events in the year 1780 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Christian VII.[1]
## Events
- August - Denmark-Norway joins the First League of Armed Neutrality.
## Arts and literature
- Det Dramatiske Selskab in Oslo is founded.
## Births
- 30 January – Christian Garup Meidell, military officer and politician (died 1863)
- 25 August – Conradine Birgitte Dunker, socialite and writer (died 1866)
- 9 November – Nicolai Wergeland, priest, writer and politician (died 1848).[2]
### Full date unknown
- Jens Aars, priest and politician (died 1834)
- Hans Eleonardus Møller, Sr., businessperson (died 1860)
## Deaths
- 21 April – Carl Deichman, businessman, mine operator, book collector and philanthropist (born c.1705).[3]
- 5 December – Jens Boalth, educator (born 1725).[4]
### Full date unknown
- Anders Porsanger, Sami linguist and priest (born 1735)
- Martin Nürenbach, theatre director
|
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1780 in Norway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780_in_Norway
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2025-03-12T16:07:10Z
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en
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Q16242645
| 82,313 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates |date=December 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1780}}
Events in the year '''1780 in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Christian VII]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Christian 7. |first=Terje |last=Bratberg |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Christian_7. |language=no |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
*August - [[Denmark-Norway]] joins the [[First League of Armed Neutrality]].
==Arts and literature==
* [[Det Dramatiske Selskab]] in Oslo is founded.
==Births==
[[File:Conradine Dunker.png |thumb |right |100 px | [[Conradine Birgitte Dunker]] ]]
*30 January – [[Christian Garup Meidell]], military officer and politician (died [[1863 in Norway|1863]])
*25 August – [[Conradine Birgitte Dunker]], socialite and writer (died [[1866 in Norway|1866]])
*9 November – [[Nicolai Wergeland]], priest, writer and politician (died [[1848 in Norway|1848]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nicolai Wergeland |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Odd Arvid |last=Storsveen |editor=[[Knut Helle|Helle, Knut]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Nicolai_Wergeland/utdypning |language=no |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
===Full date unknown===
*[[Jens Aars]], priest and politician (died [[1834 in Norway|1834]])
*[[Hans Eleonardus Møller, Sr.]], businessperson (died [[1860 in Norway|1860]])
==Deaths==
[[File:Carl Deichman.png |thumb |right |100 px | [[Carl Deichman]] ]]
*21 April – [[Carl Deichman]], businessman, mine operator, book collector and philanthropist (born c.1705).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Carl Deichman |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://www.snl.no/Carl_Deichman |language=no |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>
*5 December – [[Jens Boalth]], educator (born [[1725 in Norway|1725]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jens Boalth |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Anders Bjarne |last=Fossen |editor=[[Knut Helle|Helle, Knut]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Jens_Boalth/utdypning |language=no |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
===Full date unknown===
*[[Anders Porsanger]], [[Sami people|Sami]] linguist and priest (born [[1735 in Norway|1735]])
*[[Martin Nürenbach]], theatre director
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1780}}
[[Category:1780 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1780s in Norway]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Norway]]
| 1,280,116,308 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1779 - 1778 - 1777": "1780 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1781 - 1782 - 1783", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th 20th", "Decades": "1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s", "See also": "1780 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false |
# 1209 Pumma
1209 Pumma (provisional designation 1927 HA) is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the niece of astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt.
## Orbit and classification
Pumma is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10 Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, 8 days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.
## Physical characteristics
### Lightcurve
In April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Pumma was obtained from photometric observations by Italian and French amateur astronomers Silvano Casulli and René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.5001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pumma measures between 21.73 and 26.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.139 and 0.215. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 40.33 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.7.
## Naming
This minor planet's name was proposed by German astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt (1897–1971), a staff member at ARI and later director at Babelsberg Observatory (also see 1587 Kahrstedt). "Pumma" is the nickname of a niece of Kahrstedt. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).
|
enwiki/16477266
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enwiki
| 16,477,266 |
1209 Pumma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1209_Pumma
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2024-04-05T22:33:29Z
|
en
|
Q137007
| 112,930 |
{{Short description|Hygiean asteroid discovered in 1927}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1209 Pumma
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discovered = 22 April 1927
| discoverer = [[Karl Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]]
| discovery_site = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
| mpc_name = (1209) Pumma
| alt_names = 1927 HA{{·}}1950 JQ<br />1963 UU
| named_after = Niece of discoverer's friend<ref name="springer" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Hygiea family|Hygiea]]<ref name="Ferret" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 90.20 yr (32,945 days)
| aphelion = 3.5836 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.7590 AU
| semimajor = 3.1713 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1300
| period = 5.65 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (2,063 days)
| mean_anomaly = 302.93[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1745|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 6.9333°
| asc_node = 89.806°
| arg_peri = 176.87°
| dimensions = {{val|21.73|2.15}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|26.889|0.253}} km<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|26.986|0.311}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />40.33 km (calculated)<ref name="lcdb" />
| rotation = {{val|8.5001|0.0001}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = 0.057 (assumed)<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.1397|0.0360}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.141|0.028}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|0.215|0.055}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| spectral_type = [[C-type asteroid|C]] (assumed)<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 10.60<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="WISE" />{{·}}{{val|10.62|0.19}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}10.7<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />
}}
'''1209 Pumma''' ([[provisional designation]] '''{{mp|1927 HA}}''') is a [[Hygiea family|Hygiean]] [[asteroid]] from the outer region of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1927, by German astronomer [[Karl Reinmuth]] at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in southwest Germany.<ref name="MPC-Pumma" /> The asteroid was named after the niece of astronomer [[Albrecht Kahrstedt]].<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
Pumma is a member of the [[Hygiea family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#601|601]]}}),<ref name="Ferret" /> a very large [[Asteroid family|family]] of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the [[List of exceptional asteroids#Largest by diameter|fourth-largest asteroid]], [[10 Hygiea]].<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.13 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 7[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> No [[precoveries]] were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's [[observation arc]] begins at [[Uccle Observatory|Uccle]], 8 days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-Pumma" />
== Physical characteristics ==
=== Lightcurve ===
In April 2012, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of Pumma was obtained from photometric observations by Italian and French amateur astronomers [[Silvano Casulli]] and [[René Roy (astronomer)|René Roy]]. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined [[rotation period]] of 8.5001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the survey carried out by NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission, Pumma measures between 21.73 and 26.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.139 and 0.215.<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]]s of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 40.33 kilometers using an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.7.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]]'s name was proposed by German astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt (1897–1971), a staff member at [[Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University)|ARI]] and later director at [[Babelsberg Observatory]] ''(also see [[1587 Kahrstedt]])''. "Pumma" is the nickname of a niece of Kahrstedt.<ref name="springer" /><ref name="MPC-Kahrstedt" /><ref name="biographie-Kahrstedt" /> The official naming citation was published by [[Paul Herget]] in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 112]]}}).<ref name="springer" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-07-03 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1209 Pumma (1927 HA)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001209
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 26 July 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 101
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1210 |chapter = (1209) Pumma }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Pumma">{{cite web
|title = 1209 Pumma (1927 HA)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1209
|access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1209) Pumma
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = [[Geneva Observatory]]
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page3cou.html#001209
|access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="biographie-Kahrstedt">{{Cite book
|title = Kahrstedt, Albrecht. Astronom, * 24.8.1897 Neiße (Oberschlesien), † 1.11.1971 Berlin (evangelisch)
|work = Deutsche Biographie.de
|language = German
|url = http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz39511.html
|access-date = 22 November 2015|year = 1977}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Kahrstedt">{{cite web
|title = 1587 Kahrstedt (1933 FS1)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1587
|access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096
|access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 1209 Pumma – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=1209+Pumma#Asteroid%201209%20PummaEAR-A-VARGBDET-5-NESVORNYFAM-V3.0
|access-date = 26 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book
|first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = December 2014
|chapter = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
|title = Asteroids IV
|pages = 297–321
|bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N
|doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
|arxiv = 1502.01628
|isbn = 978-0-8165-3213-1}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1209) Pumma
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1209%7CPumma
|access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407}}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1209}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1208 Troilus |number=1209 |1210 Morosovia}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pumma}}
[[Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1927|19270422]]
| 1,217,452,539 |
[{"title": "1209 Pumma", "data": {"Discovered by": "K. Reinmuth", "Discovery site": "Heidelberg Obs.", "Discovery date": "22 April 1927"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1209) Pumma", "Named after": "Niece of discoverer's friend", "Alternative designations": "1927 HA \u00b7 1950 JQ \u00b7 1963 UU", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 Hygiea"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "90.20 yr (32,945 days)", "Aphelion": "3.5836 AU", "Perihelion": "2.7590 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.1713 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.1300", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.65 yr (2,063 days)", "Mean anomaly": "302.93\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 10m 28.2s / day", "Inclination": "6.9333\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "89.806\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "176.87\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "21.73\u00b12.15 km \u00b7 26.889\u00b10.253 km \u00b7 26.986\u00b10.311 km \u00b7 40.33 km (calculated)", "Synodic rotation period": "8.5001\u00b10.0001 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.057 (assumed) \u00b7 0.1397\u00b10.0360 \u00b7 0.141\u00b10.028 \u00b7 0.215\u00b10.055", "Spectral type": "C (assumed)", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "10.60 \u00b7 10.62\u00b10.19 \u00b7 10.7"}}]
| false |
# 1831 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1831 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 12, 1831. Incumbent Democratic Governor Samuel E. Smith defeated National Republican candidate Daniel Goodenow.
## Results
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| -------- | ------------------- | --------------------------- | ------ | ------- | -- |
| | Democratic | Samuel E. Smith (incumbent) | 28,292 | 56.34% | |
| | National Republican | Daniel Goodenow | 21,821 | 43.45% | |
| | Scattering | | 106 | 0.21% | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 6,471 | 12.89% | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 50,219 | 100.00% | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | | |
|
enwiki/68540387
|
enwiki
| 68,540,387 |
1831 Maine gubernatorial election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_Maine_gubernatorial_election
|
2025-01-23T03:40:42Z
|
en
|
Q108427850
| 111,907 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1831 Maine gubernatorial election
| country = Maine
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1830 Maine gubernatorial election
| previous_year = 1830
| next_election = 1832 Maine gubernatorial election
| next_year = 1832
| election_date = September 12, 1831
| image1 = [[File:Samuel Emerson Smith, Maine Governor.jpg|100px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Samuel E. Smith]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| popular_vote1 = '''28,292'''
| percentage1 = '''56.34%'''
| image2 = [[File:Daniel Goodenow.jpg|100px]]
| nominee2 = [[Daniel Goodenow]]
| party2 = National Republican Party (United States)
| popular_vote2 = 21,821
| percentage2 = 43.45%
| map_image = 1831 Maine gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = County results<br/> '''Smith:''' {{legend0|#7996E2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674DE|60–70%}} {{legend0|#584CDE|70–80%}}<br/>'''Goodenow:''' {{legend0|#E27F7F|50–60%}}
| title = Governor
| before_election = [[Samuel E. Smith]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Samuel E. Smith]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
The '''1831 Maine gubernatorial election''' took place on September 12, 1831. Incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor of Maine|Governor]] [[Samuel E. Smith]] defeated [[National Republican Party (United States)|National Republican]] candidate [[Daniel Goodenow]].
== Results ==
{{Election box begin | title=1831 Maine gubernatorial election<ref>{{cite book |last=Glashan |first=Roy R. |title=American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978 |publisher=Meckler Books |location=Westport, CT |year=1979 |pages=124–125 |isbn=0-930466-17-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to US Elections, Fifth Edition, Volume II |publisher=CQ Press |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guidetouselectio00cqpr/page/1497 1497] |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetouselectio00cqpr/page/1497 |isbn=978-1-56802-981-8 |access-date=23 August 2021 |url-access=registration
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Maine Senate Journal 1832 |url=https://digitalmaine.com/arc_leg_journals/26/ |location= |publisher=Legislative Journals |website=digitalmaine.com |page=15 |date=1832 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Compiled by Samuel L. Harris |title=The Maine Register, and National Calendar, for the Year 1841 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn78lq&view=1up&seq=116 |location=Portland |publisher=A. Shirley, Printer |page=106 |date=1841 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Documents Printed by Order of the Legislature of the State of Maine. 1864 |url=http://lldc.mainelegislature.org/Open/Rpts/PubDocs/PubDocs1864/PD1864_00A.pdf |location=Augusta |publisher=Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State |page=163 |date=1864 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |title=1834-1841 General Election: Governor |url=https://digitalmaine.com/tabulations_for_elections_early/1/ |location= |publisher=Bureau of Corporations, Elections and Commissions |website=digitalmaine.com |page= }}</ref>{{efn|Some sources give the result as Smith 28,368, Goodenow 21,976, Scattering 106. These figures include the votes from [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]], which were rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=222327 |title=ME Governor, 1831 |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dubin |first=Michael J. |title=United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County |page=89 |publisher=McFarland |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7864-1439-0 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina }}</ref>}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Samuel E. Smith]] (incumbent)
| votes = 28,292
| percentage = 56.34%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = National Republican Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Daniel Goodenow]]
| votes = 21,821
| percentage = 43.45%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
| party = Scattering
| candidate =
| votes = 106
| percentage = 0.21%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 6,471
| percentage = 12.89%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 50,219
| percentage = 100.00%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{div col}}
{{reflist}}
{{div col end}}{{1831 United States elections|state=collapsed}}{{Maine gubernatorial elections|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1831 United States gubernatorial elections|Maine]]
[[Category:1831 Maine elections|Gubernatorial]]
[[Category:Maine gubernatorial elections|1831]]
[[Category:September 1831]]
{{Maine-election-stub}}
| 1,271,234,841 |
[{"title": "1831 Maine gubernatorial election", "data": {"\u2190 1830": "September 12, 1831 \u00b7 1832 \u2192", "Nominee": "Samuel E. Smith \u00b7 Daniel Goodenow", "Party": "Democratic \u00b7 National Republican", "Popular vote": "28,292 \u00b7 21,821", "Percentage": "56.34% \u00b7 43.45%", "Governor before election \u00b7 Samuel E. Smith \u00b7 Democratic": "Elected Governor \u00b7 Samuel E. Smith \u00b7 Democratic"}}]
| false |
# 1875–76 Scottish Districts season
The 1875-76 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the rugby union matches played by Scotland's district teams.
It includes the Inter-City fixtures between Glasgow District and Edinburgh District; and the East of Scotland District versus West of Scotland District trial match.
## History
The first Inter-City match of the season was played under the 20-a-side rules. Like many Inter-City matches before, this produced a nil-nil draw. It was noticed that this format drew fewer spectators. During the match Glasgow District's Malcolm Cross was seriously injured and had to be stretchered from the ground.
In 1876, it was realised that fewer players on the park might increase the chances of teams scoring. The second match of the Inter-City fixtures was thus played under the now standard 15-a-side rules. The smaller teams provided – as The Glasgow Herald reported – the best Inter-City match ever played; and the attendance, having dropped with the nil-nils previously with the 20-a-side format, was also boosted to 5,000 spectators. Despite the much better match, the score once again ended nil-nil.
Directly after the second inter-city match, the SRU met to discuss a fixture between East and West districts. This would be a chance for players outside the Glasgow and Edinburgh districts to play. The East and West fixture thus became the main trial match for the Scotland international team. The Scotland international team was due to play its English counterparts on 8 March 1876; hence the East v West district match was to be held on Saturday 26 February 1876.
The first East of Scotland District v West of Scotland District trial match ended in a draw; it was noted that both sides had to touch down the ball once behind their own goal-line to prevent the other side scoring.
## Results
| Date | Try | Conversion | Penalty | Dropped goal | Goal from mark | Notes |
| --------- | -------- | ---------- | ------- | ------------ | -------------- | ----- |
| 1871–1875 | No score | 1 goal | 1 goal | 1 goal | — | |
### Inter-City
| 18 December 1875 |
| Glasgow District | 0 - 0 | Edinburgh District |
| | Report | |
| Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow |
Glasgow District: J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), J. McGeoch (West of Scotland), M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals), R. C. McKenzie (Glasgow Academicals), J. K. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University) [captain], G. R. Fleming (Glasgow Academicals), S. Smith (Glasgow Academicals), A. T. Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), Allan Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), D. H. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), W. S. Brown (Glasgow Academicals), J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), H. McEwen (Glasgow Academicals), T. Morrison (Glasgow University), W. Law (Glasgow University), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), R. Hunter (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland)
Edinburgh District: R. Johnstone (Edinburgh Academicals), J. Smith (Edinburgh University), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), George Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), G. A. Scott (Royal HSFP), J. Rutherford (Edinburgh Wanderers), James Robertson (Royal HSFP), Bulldog Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), Arthur Marshall (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), J. G. Coupar (Edinburgh Academicals), Gussie Graham (Edinburgh Academicals), J. Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), C. Villar (Edinburgh Wanderers), A. G. Petrie (Royal HSFP), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP), J. G. Smith (Edinburgh University), Charles Walker Cathcart (Edinburgh University), G. Atkinson (Edinburgh University), N. T. Brewis (Institution)
| 29 January 1876 |
| Edinburgh District | 0 - 0 | Glasgow District |
| | Report | |
| Raeburn Place, Edinburgh Attendance: 5,000 |
Edinburgh District: John Smith (Edinburgh University), Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), G. A. Scott (Royal HSFP), George Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), James Robertson (Royal HSFP), Bulldog Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals) [captain], Arthur Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), Gussie Graham (Edinburgh Academicals), James Andrew Whitelock Mein (Edinburgh Academicals), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP), Charles Walker Cathcart (Edinburgh University), James Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), Charles Villar (Edinburgh Wanderers), Nat Brewis (Edinburgh Institution F.P.)
Glasgow District: G. R. Fleming (Glasgow Academicals), Allan Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), S. Smith (Glasgow Academicals), D. M. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), H. Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), T. Morrison (Glasgow University), J. K. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), J. J. Veral (West of Scotland), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University) [captain], M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals), J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals)
### Other Scottish matches
| 26 February 1876 |
| East of Scotland District | 0 - 0 | West of Scotland District |
| | Report | |
| Raeburn Place, Edinburgh |
East of Scotland District: Backs: J. Smith (Edinburgh University), J. Leslie (Dundee);
Half-backs: Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), J. A. Scott (Royal HSFP),
Quarter-backs: George Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), R. Johnstone (Royal HSFP),
Forwards: Bulldog Irvine (captain) (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals) Gussie Graham (Edinburgh Academicals),
D. R. Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), Thomas Torrie (Edinburgh Academicals), Alexander Petrie (Royal HSFP), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP),
J. Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), C. Hawkins (Edinburgh Wanderers), G. Atkinson (Edinburgh University), Charles Walker Cathcart (Edinburgh University),
L. A. Auldjo (Abertay), D. Barron (St Andrews University), H. Hill (Dundee)
West of Scotland District: James Stewart Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), Thomas Chalmers (Glasgow Academicals), R.C. McKenzie (West of Scotland), Hutchinson (Glasgow University), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University), John Kennedy Tod (Glasgow Academicals), George Raphael Fleming (Glasgow Academicals) [captain], Allan Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), A. T. Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), John Junor (Glasgow Academicals), David Watson (Glasgow Academicals), J. S. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), McIntyre (West of Scotland), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), Henry Melville Napier (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), Andrews (Paisley), Kennedy (Paisley), Lang (Paisley)
### English matches
No other District matches played.
### International matches
No touring matches this season.
|
enwiki/62713882
|
enwiki
| 62,713,882 |
1875–76 Scottish Districts season
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%9376_Scottish_Districts_season
|
2024-05-19T05:38:19Z
|
en
|
Q81466096
| 36,864 |
{{Short description|Rugby union matches (1875-76)}}
{{Infobox rugby union season
| image =
| countries = {{flag|Scotland}}
| date = 1875-76
| champions =
| count =
| runnersup =
| matches = 3
| attendance =
| top point scorer =
| top try scorer =
| website =
| prevseason = {{nowrap|[[1874–75 Scottish Districts season]]}}
| nextseason = {{nowrap|[[1876–77 Scottish Districts season]]}}
}}
The '''1875-76 Scottish Districts season''' is a record of all the [[rugby union]] matches played by Scotland's district teams.
It includes the Inter-City fixtures between [[Glasgow District (rugby union)|Glasgow District]] and [[Edinburgh District (rugby union)|Edinburgh District]]; and the [[East of Scotland District (rugby union)|East of Scotland District]] versus [[West of Scotland District (rugby union)|West of Scotland District]] trial match.
==History==
The first Inter-City match of the season was played under the 20-a-side rules. Like many Inter-City matches before, this produced a nil-nil draw. It was noticed that this format drew fewer spectators. During the match [[Glasgow District (rugby union)|Glasgow District's]] [[Malcolm Cross]] was seriously injured and had to be stretchered from the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aUREAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rLEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1483,6173325|title=The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref>
In 1876, it was realised that fewer players on the park might increase the chances of teams scoring. The second match of the Inter-City fixtures was thus played under the now standard 15-a-side rules. The smaller teams provided – as ''The Glasgow Herald'' reported – the best Inter-City match ever played; and the attendance, having dropped with the nil-nils previously with the 20-a-side format, was also boosted to 5,000 spectators. Despite the much better match, the score once again ended nil-nil.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d0xEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rrEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5140,1660789|title=The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref>
Directly after the second inter-city match, the SRU met to discuss a fixture between East and West districts. This would be a chance for players outside the Glasgow and Edinburgh districts to play. The East and West fixture thus became the main trial match for the Scotland international team. The Scotland international team was due to play its English counterparts on 8 March 1876; hence the East v West district match was to be held on Saturday 26 February 1876.<ref name="auto"/>
The first [[East of Scotland District (rugby union)|East of Scotland District]] v [[West of Scotland District (rugby union)|West of Scotland District]] trial match ended in a draw; it was noted that both sides had to touch down the ball once behind their own goal-line to prevent the other side scoring.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 1876 |title=Football |pages=7 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/18760228/166/0007 |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col" width="100px"|Date
!scope="col" width="80px"|Try
!scope="col" width="80px"|Conversion
!scope="col" width="80px"|Penalty
!scope="col" width="80px"|Dropped goal
!scope="col" width="80px"|Goal from mark
!scope="col" width="200px"|Notes
|- style="text-align:center; background:#F4DDE7;"
|1871–1875
|No score
|1 goal
|1 goal
|1 goal
|{{n/a}}
|
|}
===Inter-City===
{{Rugbybox
|date = 18 December 1875
|time =
|home = [[Glasgow District (rugby union)|Glasgow District]]
|score = 0 - 0
|report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aUREAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rLEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1483%2C6173325 Report]<br/>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002683/18751220/026/0003 Report]
|away = [[Edinburgh District (rugby union)|Edinburgh District]]
|try1 =
|con1 =
|pen1 =
|try2 =
|con2 =
|pen2 =
|drop2 =
|stadium = [[Hamilton Crescent]], [[Glasgow]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
<small>'''Glasgow District''': J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), J. McGeoch (West of Scotland), M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals), R. C. McKenzie (Glasgow Academicals), J. K. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University) [captain], G. R. Fleming (Glasgow Academicals), S. Smith (Glasgow Academicals), A. T. Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), [[Allan Arthur (rugby union)|Allan Arthur]] (Glasgow Academicals), D. H. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), W. S. Brown (Glasgow Academicals), J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), H. McEwen (Glasgow Academicals), T. Morrison (Glasgow University), W. Law (Glasgow University), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), R. Hunter (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland)
</small>
<br/>
<small>'''Edinburgh District''': R. Johnstone (Edinburgh Academicals), J. Smith (Edinburgh University), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), [[George Paterson (rugby union)|George Paterson]] (Edinburgh Academicals), G. A. Scott (Royal HSFP), J. Rutherford (Edinburgh Wanderers), [[James Robertson (rugby union, born 1854)|James Robertson]] (Royal HSFP), [[Bulldog Irvine]] (Edinburgh Academicals), [[Arthur Marshall (rugby union)|Arthur Marshall]] (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), J. G. Coupar (Edinburgh Academicals), [[Gussie Graham]] (Edinburgh Academicals), J. Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), C. Villar (Edinburgh Wanderers), A. G. Petrie (Royal HSFP), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP), J. G. Smith (Edinburgh University), [[Charles Walker Cathcart]] (Edinburgh University), G. Atkinson (Edinburgh University), N. T. Brewis (Institution)
</small>
{{Rugbybox
|date = 29 January 1876
|time =
|home = [[Edinburgh District (rugby union)|Edinburgh District]]
|score = 0 - 0
|report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d0xEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rrEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5140%2C1660789 Report]
|away = [[Glasgow District (rugby union)|Glasgow District]]
|try1 =
|con1 =
|pen1 =
|try2 =
|con2 =
|pen2 =
|drop2 =
|stadium = Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
|attendance = 5,000
|referee =
}}
<small>'''Edinburgh District''': [[John Smith (footballer, born 1855)|John Smith]] (Edinburgh University), [[Ninian Finlay]] (Edinburgh Academicals), G. A. Scott (Royal HSFP), [[George Paterson (rugby union)|George Paterson]] (Edinburgh Academicals), [[James Robertson (rugby union, born 1854)|James Robertson]] (Royal HSFP), [[Bulldog Irvine]] (Edinburgh Academicals) [captain], [[Arthur Finlay (rugby, born 1854)|Arthur Finlay]] (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), [[Gussie Graham]] (Edinburgh Academicals), [[James Andrew Whitelock Mein]] (Edinburgh Academicals), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP), [[Charles Walker Cathcart]] (Edinburgh University), [[James Reid (rugby, born n1851)|James Reid]] (Edinburgh Wanderers), [[Charles Villar]] (Edinburgh Wanderers), [[Nat Brewis]] ([[Edinburgh Institution F.P.]])
</small>
<br/>
<small>'''Glasgow District''': G. R. Fleming (Glasgow Academicals), [[Allan Arthur (rugby union)|Allan Arthur]] (Glasgow Academicals), J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), S. Smith (Glasgow Academicals), D. M. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), H. Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), T. Morrison (Glasgow University), J. K. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), J. J. Veral (West of Scotland), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University) [captain], M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals), J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals)</small>
===Other Scottish matches===
{{Rugbybox
|date = 26 February 1876
|time =
|home = [[East of Scotland District (rugby union)|East of Scotland District]]
|score = 0 - 0
|report = [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000060/18760228/032/0006 Report]
|away = [[West of Scotland District (rugby union)|West of Scotland District]]
|try1 =
|con1 =
|pen1 =
|try2 =
|con2 =
|pen2 =
|drop2 =
|stadium = Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
<small>'''East of Scotland District''': Backs: J. Smith (Edinburgh University), J. Leslie (Dundee);<br/>Half-backs: [[Ninian Finlay]] (Edinburgh Academicals), J. A. Scott (Royal HSFP),<br/>Quarter-backs: [[George Paterson (rugby union)|George Paterson]] (Edinburgh Academicals), R. Johnstone (Royal HSFP),<br/>Forwards: [[Bulldog Irvine]] (captain) (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals) [[Gussie Graham]] (Edinburgh Academicals),<br/>D. R. Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), [[Thomas Torrie]] (Edinburgh Academicals), [[Alexander Petrie (rugby union)|Alexander Petrie]] (Royal HSFP), R. B. Murrie (Royal HSFP),<br/>J. Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), C. Hawkins (Edinburgh Wanderers), G. Atkinson (Edinburgh University), [[Charles Walker Cathcart]] (Edinburgh University),<br/>L. A. Auldjo (Abertay), D. Barron (St Andrews University), H. Hill (Dundee)
</small>
<br/>
<small>'''West of Scotland District''': [[James Stewart Carrick]] (Glasgow Academicals), [[Thomas Chalmers (rugby)|Thomas Chalmers]] (Glasgow Academicals), R.C. McKenzie (West of Scotland), Hutchinson (Glasgow University), D. M. Brunton (Glasgow University), [[John Kennedy Tod]] (Glasgow Academicals), [[George Raphael Fleming]] (Glasgow Academicals) [captain], [[Allan Arthur (rugby union)|Allan Arthur]] (Glasgow Academicals), A. T. Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), [[John Junor (rugby union)|John Junor]] (Glasgow Academicals), [[David Watson (rugby union)|David Watson]] (Glasgow Academicals), J. S. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), McIntyre (West of Scotland), T. F. Donald (West of Scotland), [[Henry Melville Napier]] (West of Scotland), W. B. Russell (West of Scotland), Andrews (Paisley), Kennedy (Paisley), Lang (Paisley)</small>
===English matches===
No other District matches played.
===International matches===
No touring matches this season.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1875-76 Scottish Districts season}}
[[Category:1875–76 in Scottish rugby union]]
[[Category:Scottish Districts seasons]]
| 1,224,577,178 |
[{"title": "1875\u201376 Scottish Districts season", "data": {"Countries": "Scotland", "Date": "1875-76", "Matches played": "3"}}]
| false |
# 1780 in Spain
Events from the year 1780 in Spain
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Charles III
- First Secretary of State - José Moñino
## Events
- - Treaty of Aranjuez (1780)
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enwiki/48255915
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1780 in Spain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780_in_Spain
|
2025-01-19T22:52:57Z
|
en
|
Q21186852
| 144,733 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in Spain|1780}}
[[File:Portrait of a Woman by Agustin Esteve, Madrid, 1780-1785 AD, oil on canvas - Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas - Madrid, Spain - DSC08322.JPG|thumb|Portrait of a Woman by Agustin Esteve, Madrid, 1780-1785 AD, oil on canvas - Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas - Madrid, Spain - DSC08322]]
Events from the year '''1780 in [[Spain]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of Spanish monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]
* [[Prime Minister of Spain|First Secretary of State]] - [[José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca|José Moñino]]
==Events==
{{Expand section|date=October 2015}}
* - [[Treaty of Aranjuez (1780)]]
==Births==
{{Expand section|date=October 2015}}
*
*
*
*
==Deaths==
{{Expand section|date=October 2015}}
*
*
*
*
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Year in Europe|1780}}
{{Years in Spain}}
[[Category:1780 in Spain| ]]
[[Category:1780s in Spain]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Spain]]
{{Spain-hist-stub}}
| 1,270,519,332 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1779 - 1778 - 1777": "1780 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Spain \u00b7 \u2192 - 1781 - 1782 - 1783", "Decades": "1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s", "See also": "Other events of 1780 \u00b7 List of years in Spain"}}]
| false |
# 1849 in music
## Events
- April 16 – Giacomo Meyerbeer's grand opera Le prophète is premièred (after a decade in preparation) by the Paris Opera at the Salle Le Peletier with Pauline Viardot (who has collaborated extensively in the production) in the mezzo-soprano role, her first with the Opera. Stage effects include electric light, ballet on roller skates and the use of saxhorns. The audience includes Napoleon III (new Emperor of France), Berlioz, the terminally ill Chopin, and Turgenev. Its world tour begins on July 24 in London.[1][2]
- May 3–9 – Richard Wagner is an active participant in the May Uprising in Dresden, suppressed by the Kingdom of Saxony, and is forced to flee to Zürich.
- September 22 – Johann Strauss I fails to turn up to a banquet in honour of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, where he is expected to perform a new work. His absence is explained by the fact that he had contracted scarlet fever from one of his illegitimate children while working on the new composition; he dies a few days later in Vienna aged 45.
- October 30 – Funeral of Frédéric Chopin (who has died aged 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis) at La Madeleine, Paris,[1] followed by burial of his body at Père Lachaise Cemetery.
- November – Hungarian pianist and composer Stephen Heller makes his first visit to London on a concert tour.
- The autograph manuscript of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos is rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn.
## Classical music
- Hector Berlioz – Te Deum
- Frederic Chopin - Mazurka in F minor, WN 65 (last composition)
- Jakob Dont – 24 Etudes or Caprices, Op. 35
- Stephen Heller – 25 Etudes, Op. 47
- Karol Lipinski – Fantaisie sur des airs napolitains nationaux, Op. 31
- Franz Liszt
- Dante Sonata
- Tasso
- Totentanz
- Funérailles
- Three Concert Études
- Deuxième année: Italie
- Hans Christian Lumbye
- Amalia Vals
- Caroline Polka Mazurka
- Ludvig Norman – Piano Trio No. 1 in D major, Op. 4
- Franz Schubert (died 1828) – Symphony No. 9 in C major (completed 1826 – first published)
- Robert Schumann
- Fantasiestücke, Op. 73
- Manfred Op. 115, overture and Incidental music
- 3 Romances for Oboe and Piano
- Johann Strauss, Jr.
- Annika-Quadrille, Op. 53
- Burschen-Lieder Walzer, Op. 55
- Einheits-Klänge Walzer, Op. 62
- Fantasiebilder Walzer, Op. 64
- D'Woaldbuama, Op. 66
## Opera
- Giacomo Meyerbeer – Le prophète
- Otto Nicolai – The Merry Wives of Windsor
- Lauro Rossi – Il domino nero
- Ambrose Thomas – Le caïd
- Giuseppe Verdi – La battaglia di Legnano
## Popular music
- "Dolcy Jones" by Stephen Foster
- "Nelly Was a Lady" by Stephen Foster
- "Once in Royal David's City", words: Cecil Frances Alexander, music: Henry Gauntlett. The words were written as a poem by Mrs Alexander in 1848.
- "Santa Lucia" (first published version)
## Births
- May 25 – Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins, composer and pianist (d. 1908)
- May 26 – Hubert von Herkomer, artist and composer (d. 1914)
- July 4 – Antonina Miliukova, wife of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (d. 1917)
- July 18 – Anna Judic, entertainer (d. 1911)
- July 22 – Géza Zichy, disabled pianist (d. 1924)
- August 18 – Benjamin Godard, violinist and composer (d. 1895)
- August 20 – Selina Dolaro, actress and singer (d. 1889)
- September 22 – Olena Falkman, concert vocalist (d. 1928)
- December 4 – Ernesto Köhler, flautist and composer (d. 1907)
- December 14 – François Cellier, conductor and composer (d. 1914)
## Deaths
- February 8 – François Antoine Habeneck, violinist and conductor (b. 1781)
- May 11 – Otto Nicolai, composer (b. 1810)
- June 3 – François de Fossa, guitarist and composer (b. 1775)
- June 10 – Friedrich Kalkbrenner, pianist and composer (b. 1785)
- September 25 – Johann Strauss I, composer (b. 1804)[3]
- October 17 – Frédéric Chopin, pianist and composer (b. 1810)[4]
- December 14 – Conradin Kreutzer, conductor and composer (b. 1780)
- December 29 – Dionisio Aguado, guitarist and composer (b. 1784)
- Unknown day – Júlia Gusztinyi, soprano[5]
·
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849_in_music
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2025-03-15T18:36:25Z
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en
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Q2810198
| 48,350 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Year nav topic5|1849|music}}
==Events==
*[[April 16]] – [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]'s grand opera ''[[Le prophète]]'' is premièred (after a decade in preparation) by the [[Paris Opera]] at the [[Salle Le Peletier]] with [[Pauline Viardot]] (who has collaborated extensively in the production) in the mezzo-soprano role, her first with the Opera. Stage effects include electric light, ballet on roller skates and the use of [[saxhorn]]s. The audience includes [[Napoleon III]] (new Emperor of France), [[Berlioz]], the [[Health of Frédéric Chopin|terminally ill]] [[Chopin]], and [[Turgenev]]. Its world tour begins on July 24 in London.<ref name=Figes>{{cite book|author-link=Orlando Figes|first=Orlando|last=Figes|title=The Europeans|location=[London]|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2019|isbn=978-0-241-00489-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klassikinfo.de/le-prophete-toulouse/|title=Le Prophète in Toulouse|last=Jungwirth|first=Robert|date=2017-07-12|website=Klassikinfo.de|language=de-DE|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>
*[[May 3]]–[[May 9|9]] – [[Richard Wagner]] is an active participant in the [[May Uprising in Dresden]], suppressed by the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], and is forced to flee to [[Zürich]].
*[[September 22]] – [[Johann Strauss I]] fails to turn up to a banquet in honour of Field Marshal [[Joseph Radetzky von Radetz]], where he is expected to perform a new work. His absence is explained by the fact that he had contracted scarlet fever from one of his illegitimate children while working on the new composition; he dies a few days later in Vienna aged 45.
*[[October 30]] – Funeral of [[Frédéric Chopin]] (who has died aged 39, probably of [[pericarditis]] aggravated by [[tuberculosis]]) at [[La Madeleine, Paris]],<ref name=Figes/> followed by burial of his body at [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].
*November – Hungarian pianist and composer [[Stephen Heller]] makes his first visit to London on a concert tour.
* The autograph manuscript of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s [[Brandenburg Concertos]] is rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by [[Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn]].
==Classical music==
*[[Hector Berlioz]] – [[Te Deum (Berlioz)|Te Deum]]
*[[Frederic Chopin]] - Mazurka in F minor, WN 65 (last composition)
*[[Jakob Dont]] – 24 Etudes or Caprices, Op. 35
*[[Stephen Heller]] – 25 Etudes, Op. 47
*[[Karol Lipiński|Karol Lipinski]] – Fantaisie sur des airs napolitains nationaux, Op. 31
*[[Franz Liszt]]
**''[[Dante Sonata]]''
**''[[Tasso, Lamento e Trionfo (Liszt)|Tasso]]''
**''[[Totentanz (Liszt)|Totentanz]]''
**''[[Funérailles]]''
**''[[Three Concert Études]]''
**''[[Années de pèlerinage|Deuxième année: Italie]]''
*[[Hans Christian Lumbye]]
**Amalia Vals
**Caroline Polka Mazurka
*[[Ludvig Norman]] – Piano Trio No. 1 in D major, Op. 4
*[[Franz Schubert]] (died 1828) – [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 9 in C major]] (completed 1826 – first published)
*[[Robert Schumann]]
**Fantasiestücke, Op. 73
**[[Manfred (Schumann)|''Manfred'' Op. 115, overture and Incidental music]]
**[[Three Romances for Oboe and Piano (Schumann)|3 Romances for Oboe and Piano]]
*[[Johann Strauss II|Johann Strauss, Jr]].
**Annika-Quadrille, Op. 53
**Burschen-Lieder Walzer, Op. 55
**Einheits-Klänge Walzer, Op. 62
**Fantasiebilder Walzer, Op. 64
**D'Woaldbuama, Op. 66
==Opera==
*[[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] – ''[[Le prophète]]''
*[[Otto Nicolai]] – ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor (opera)|The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Lauro Rossi]] – ''Il domino nero''
*[[Ambroise Thomas|Ambrose Thomas]] – ''[[Le caïd]]''
*[[Giuseppe Verdi]] – ''[[La battaglia di Legnano]]''
==Popular music==
*"Dolcy Jones" by [[Stephen Foster]]
*"Nelly Was a Lady" by [[Stephen Foster]]
* "[[Once in Royal David's City]]", words: [[Cecil Frances Alexander]], music: [[Henry Gauntlett]]. The words were written as a poem by Mrs Alexander in 1848.
*"[[Santa Lucia (song)|Santa Lucia]]" (first published version)
==Births==
*[[May 25]] – [[Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins]], composer and pianist (d. 1908)
*[[May 26]] – [[Hubert von Herkomer]], artist and composer (d. 1914)
*[[July 4]] – [[Antonina Miliukova]], wife of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (d. 1917)
*[[July 18]] – [[Anna Judic]], entertainer (d. 1911)
*[[July 22]] – [[Géza Zichy]], disabled pianist (d. 1924)
*[[August 18]] – [[Benjamin Godard]], violinist and composer (d. 1895)
*[[August 20]] – [[Selina Dolaro]], actress and singer (d. 1889)
*[[September 22]] – [[Olena Falkman]], concert vocalist (d. 1928)
*[[December 4]] – [[Ernesto Köhler]], flautist and composer (d. 1907)
*[[December 14]] – [[François Cellier]], conductor and composer (d. 1914)
==Deaths==
*[[February 8]] – [[François Antoine Habeneck]], violinist and conductor (b. 1781)
*[[May 11]] – [[Otto Nicolai]], composer (b. 1810)
*[[June 3]] – [[François de Fossa]], guitarist and composer (b. 1775)
*[[June 10]] – [[Friedrich Kalkbrenner]], pianist and composer (b. 1785)
*[[September 25]] – [[Johann Strauss I]], composer (b. 1804)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Randel |first1=Don Michael |title=The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians |date=30 October 2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-25572-2 |page=866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXILEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT866 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[October 17]] – [[Frédéric Chopin]], pianist and composer (b. 1810)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/musician/frederic-chopin|title=Frédéric Chopin|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
*[[December 14]] – [[Conradin Kreutzer]], conductor and composer (b. 1780)
*[[December 29]] – [[Dionisio Aguado]], guitarist and composer (b. 1784)
* Unknown day – [[Júlia Gusztinyi]], soprano<ref name="Gusztinyi">{{cite book|page=266|title=Magyar színházművészeti lexikon|chapter=Gusztinyi, Júlia|year=1994|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó|editor=György Székely|isbn=9789630566353|url=https://mek-oszk-hu.translate.goog/02100/02139/html/sz08/245.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=hu&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc}}</ref>
·
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1849 In Music}}
[[Category:1849 in music| ]]
[[Category:Music-related lists]]
[[Category:19th century in music]]
[[Category:Music by year]]
| 1,280,649,492 |
[]
| false |
# 1878 Haddington Burghs by-election
The 1878 Haddington Burghs by-election was fought on 3 August 1878. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Henry Ferguson Davie. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord William Hay.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ----- | ---- | --- |
| | Liberal | William Hay | 881 | 57.5 | N/A |
| | Conservative | James Grant-Suttie | 651 | 42.5 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 230 | 15.0 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,532 | 83.3 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 1,840 | | |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | N/A | |
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enwiki/41233242
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enwiki
| 41,233,242 |
1878 Haddington Burghs by-election
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_Haddington_Burghs_by-election
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2025-01-22T19:04:07Z
|
en
|
Q16840724
| 92,430 |
{{Short description|UK Parliamentary by-election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
The '''1878 [[Haddington Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Haddington Burghs]] by-election''' was fought on 3 August 1878. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MP, [[Henry Ferguson Davie|Sir Henry Ferguson Davie]]. It was won by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] candidate [[William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale|Lord William Hay]].<ref>{{Rayment-hc|date=May 2021}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=1878 Haddington Burghs by-election}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale|William Hay]]
|votes = 881
|percentage = 57.5
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Grant-Suttie baronets|James Grant-Suttie]]
|votes = 651
|percentage = 42.5
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 230
|percentage = 15.0
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,532
|percentage = 83.3
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,840
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Liberal Party (UK)
|swing = ''N/A''
}}
{{election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{By-elections to the 21st UK Parliament}}
{{Westminster by-elections in Scotland 1868–1899}}
[[Category:1878 in Scotland|Haddington Burghs by-election]]
[[Category:1870s elections in Scotland]]
[[Category:Politics of East Lothian]]
[[Category:1878 elections in the United Kingdom|Haddington Burghs by-election]]
[[Category:August 1878|Haddington Burghs by-election]]
[[Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Scottish constituencies]]
{{Scotland-UK-Parl-by-election-stub}}
| 1,271,137,199 |
[]
| false |
# 1778 in Norway
Events in the year 1778 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Christian VII.[1]
## Events
- 14 January - The Anker family were ennobled.
## Arts and literature
- The construction of Stiftsgården was finished.
- Claus Fasting starts publishing the literary magazine Provinzialblade, in Bergen.
## Births
- 30 May - Jens Rynning, priest (died 1857)
- 11 November - Nils Astrup, politician (died 1835)
- 7 December - Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie, a Norwegian constitutional father, known for being the constitutional assembly's writer (died 1849)
- 23 December - Johan Reinhardt, professor in zoology (died 1845)
### Full date unknown
- Sara Oust, revivalist lay preacher (died 1822)
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| 22,089,964 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778_in_Norway
|
2025-03-12T16:06:59Z
|
en
|
Q4553179
| 76,251 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates |date=December 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1778}}
Events in the year '''1778 in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Christian VII]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Christian 7. |first=Terje |last=Bratberg |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Christian_7. |language=no |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
*14 January - The [[Anker (noble family)|Anker family]] were ennobled.
==Arts and literature==
[[File:Stiftsgaarden Trondheim.jpg|thumb|Stiftsgården.]]
* The construction of [[Stiftsgården]] was finished.
* [[Claus Fasting]] starts publishing the literary magazine ''Provinzialblade'', in [[Bergen]].
==Births==
*30 May - [[Jens Rynning]], priest (died [[1857 in Norway|1857]])
*11 November - [[Nils Astrup]], politician (died [[1835 in Norway|1835]])
*7 December - [[Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie]], a Norwegian constitutional father, known for being the [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly|constitutional assembly's]] writer (died [[1849 in Norway|1849]])
*23 December - [[Johan Reinhardt]], professor in zoology (died [[1845 in Norway|1845]])
===Full date unknown===
*[[Sara Oust]], revivalist lay preacher (died [[1822 in Norway|1822]])
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=July 2019}}
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1778}}
[[Category:1770s in Norway]]
[[Category:1778 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Norway]]
| 1,280,116,279 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1777 - 1776 - 1775": "1778 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1779 - 1780 - 1781", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th 20th", "Decades": "1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s", "See also": "1778 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false |
# 11132 Horne
11132 Horne (provisional designation 1996 WU) is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1996, by American amateur astronomer Dennis di Cicco at his Sudbury Observatory (817) in Massachusetts, United States. The asteroid was named for Johnny Horne, photo editor of The Fayetteville Observer.
## Orbit and classification
Horne is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10 Hygiea.
It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days; semi-major axis of 3.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Siding Spring Observatory in April 1993, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.
## Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Horne measures 12.843 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Horne has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.
## Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Johnny Horne (born 1953), photo editor for The Fayetteville Observer, a 75,000 circulation daily newspaper in southeastern North Carolina where Horne has worked for three decades. Horne has been an amateur astronomer since age 10. Since 1989, he has written a monthly astronomy column, Backyard Universe, for The Observer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 7 January 2004 (M.P.C. 50462).
Horne is also a contributing editor for Sky & Telescope magazine and has served as a study leader for the publication's astronomical expeditions to Mexico, Africa, the Caribbean and Iceland. He photographed Halley's Comet from the Australian Outback in 1986 and his astronomical photographs have appeared in magazines and newspapers worldwide. He regularly reviews amateur astronomy products for Sky and Telescope's test reports. During 2002, Horne produced a collection of his astronomical photographs over 25 years. That Backyard Universe Gallery collection was displayed at the Morehead Planetarium and Science Center in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 40 years after a class visit there had triggered Horne's lifelong interest in astronomy.
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enwiki
| 16,444,754 |
11132 Horne
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11132_Horne
|
2024-01-23T00:42:51Z
|
en
|
Q2627428
| 77,132 |
{{Short description|Hygiean asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 11132 Horne
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discoverer = [[Dennis di Cicco|D. di Cicco]]
| discovery_site = [[IAU code#817|Sudbury Obs.]]
| discovered = 17 November 1996
| mpc_name = (11132) Horne
| alt_names = 1996 WU{{·}}{{mp|1999 JR|57}}
| pronounced =
| named_after = Johnny Horne<ref name="MPC-object" /><br />{{nowrap|{{small|(''[[The Fayetteville Observer]]'')}}}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<br />[[Hygiea family|Hygiea]]<ref name="Ferret" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 23 March 2018 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458200.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 24.61 yr (8,989 days)
| aphelion = 3.4970 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.7882 AU
| semimajor = 3.1426 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1128
| period = 5.57 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (2,035 days)
| mean_anomaly = 194.38[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1769|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 4.2036°
| asc_node = 236.87°
| arg_peri = 296.97°
| mean_diameter = {{val|12.843|0.302}} km<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
| rotation =
| albedo = {{val|0.098|0.013}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
| spectral_type =
| abs_magnitude = 12.7<ref name="jpldata" />
}}
'''11132 Horne''' ([[Minor planet provisional designation|provisional designation]] '''{{mp|1996 WU}}''') is a [[Hygiea family|Hygiean]] [[asteroid]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|sigfig=1}} in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1996, by American amateur astronomer [[Dennis di Cicco]] at his Sudbury Observatory ({{small|[[IAU code#817|817]]}}) in Massachusetts, United States. The asteroid was named for Johnny Horne, photo editor of ''[[The Fayetteville Observer]]''.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
Horne is a member of the [[Hygiea family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#601|601]]}}),<ref name="Ferret" /> a very large [[Asteroid family|family]] of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the [[List of exceptional asteroids#Largest by diameter|fourth-largest asteroid]], [[10 Hygiea]].<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />
It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.14 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.11 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 4[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its first observation at [[Siding Spring Observatory]] in April 1993, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
According to the survey carried out by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], Horne measures 12.843 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.098.<ref name="Masiero-2011" /> As of 2018, no rotational [[lightcurve]] of Horne has been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations. The asteroid's [[rotation period]], [[Poles of astronomical bodies|poles]] and shape remain unknown.<ref name="jpldata" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named in honor of Johnny Horne (born 1953), photo editor for ''[[The Fayetteville Observer]]'', a 75,000 circulation daily newspaper in southeastern North Carolina where Horne has worked for three decades. Horne has been an [[amateur astronomer]] since age 10. Since 1989, he has written a monthly astronomy column, ''Backyard Universe'', for The Observer. The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 7 January 2004 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 50462}}).<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
Horne is also a contributing editor for ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'' magazine and has served as a study leader for the publication's astronomical expeditions to Mexico, Africa, the Caribbean and Iceland. He photographed [[Halley's Comet]] from the Australian Outback in 1986 and his astronomical photographs have appeared in magazines and newspapers worldwide. He regularly reviews amateur astronomy products for ''Sky and Telescope'''s test reports. During 2002, Horne produced a collection of his astronomical photographs over 25 years. That ''Backyard Universe Gallery collection'' was displayed at the [[Morehead Planetarium and Science Center]] in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 40 years after a class visit there had triggered Horne's lifelong interest in astronomy.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-11-25 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 11132 Horne (1996 WU)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2011132
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 1 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 11132 Horne (1996 WU)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=11132
|access-date = 1 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = 1 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 11132 Horne – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=11132+Horne#Asteroid%2011132%20HorneEAR-A-VARGBDET-5-NESVORNYFAM-V3.0
|access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book
|first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = December 2014
|chapter = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
|title = Asteroids IV
|pages = 297–321
|bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N
|doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
|arxiv = 1502.01628
|isbn = 9780816532131
}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096
}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs010001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|11132}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |(11131) 1996 VO30 |number=11132 |11133 Kumotori}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Horne}}
[[Category:Hygiea asteroids|011132]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Dennis di Cicco]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1996|19961117]]
| 1,198,105,282 |
[{"title": "11132 Horne", "data": {"Discovered by": "D. di Cicco", "Discovery site": "Sudbury Obs.", "Discovery date": "17 November 1996"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(11132) Horne", "Named after": "Johnny Horne \u00b7 (The Fayetteville Observer)", "Alternative designations": "1996 WU \u00b7 1999 JR57", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 Hygiea"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "24.61 yr (8,989 days)", "Aphelion": "3.4970 AU", "Perihelion": "2.7882 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.1426 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.1128", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.57 yr (2,035 days)", "Mean anomaly": "194.38\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 10m 36.84s / day", "Inclination": "4.2036\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "236.87\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "296.97\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "12.843\u00b10.302 km", "Geometric albedo": "0.098\u00b10.013", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "12.7"}}]
| false |
# 134th New York Infantry Regiment
The 134th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 134th New York Infantry was organized at Schoharie, New York beginning July 9, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 22, 1862 under the command of Colonel George E. Danforth.
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.
The 134th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 10, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry.
## Detailed service
Left New York for Washington, D.C., September 25, 1862. Joined XI Corps at Fairfax Court House, Va., October 2, 1862, and duty there until November 1. Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown November 1–20. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10–15. At Falmouth until April 27, 1863. "Mud March" January 20–24. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At Bristoe Station to September 24. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley October 25–29. Reopening Tennessee River October 26–29. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28–29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24–25. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville November 27-December 17. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11–14. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26–29. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.
## Detailed Timeline with Commands
| Year | Month | Day | Activity | Army | Army Commander | Corps | CORPS Commander | Division | Division Commander | Brigage | Brigage Commander | BN Commander |
| ---- | --------- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------- | --------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------ | ------- | -------------------------- | -------------------- |
| 1862 | July | 9 | Started to organize at Schoharie, New York | NY State | | | | | | | Colonel George E. Danforth | |
| 1862 | September | 22 | Mustered in for three years of service | NY State | | | | | | | Colonel George E. Danforth | |
| 1862 | September | 25 | Left New York for Washington, D.C | NY State | | | | | | | Colonel George E. Danforth | |
| 1862 | October | 2 | Joined XI Corps at Fairfax Court House, Va | Army of the Potomac | Major General George B. McClellan | XI Crescent Moon | Franz Sigel | 2nd | | 2nd | COL Coster | |
| 1862 | November | 1–20 | Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown | Army of the Potomac | Major General George B. McClellan | XI Crescent Moon | Franz Sigel | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1862 | December | 10–15 | March to Fredericksburg, Va. | Army of the Potomac | Major General Ambrose E. Burnside | XI Crescent Moon | Franz Sigel | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1863 | January | 20–24 | "Mud March" | Army of the Potomac | Major General Ambrose E. Burnside | XI Crescent Moon | Carl Schurz * | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1863 | April | until 27 | At Falmouth | Army of the Potomac | Major General Joseph Hooker | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1863 | | April 27-May 6 | Chancellorsville Campaign | Army of the Potomac | Major General Joseph Hooker | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1863 | May | 1-5 | Battle of Chancellorsville | Army of the Potomac | Major General Joseph Hooker | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | |
| 1863 | | June 11-July 24 | Gettysburg Campaign | Army of the Potomac | Major General Joseph Hooker | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | July | 1-3 | Battle of Gettysburg | Army of the Potomac | Major General George G. Meade | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | July | 5-24 | Pursuit of Lee | Army of the Potomac | Major General George G. Meade | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | September | 24 | At Bristoe Station to | Army of the Potomac | Major General George G. Meade | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | | September 24-October 3 | Movement to Bridgeport, Ala. | Army of the Potomac | Major General George G. Meade | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | October | 25-29 | March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | October | 26-29 | Reopening Tennessee River | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | October | 28-29 | Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn. | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | November | 23-27 | Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | November | 23 | Orchard Knob | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | November | 24-25 | Tunnel Hill | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | November | 25 | Missionary Ridge | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1863 | | November 27-December 17 | March to relief of Knoxville | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | until May | Duty in Lookout Valley | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XI Crescent Moon | Oliver Otis Howard * | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | May 1-September 8 | Atlanta Campaign | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | May | 8-11 | Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | May | 8 | Dug Gap or Mill Creek | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | May | 14-15 | Battle of Resaca | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | May | 19 | Near Cassville | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | May | 25 | New Hope Church | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | May 26-June 5 | Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | June 10-July 2 | Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 11-14 | Pine Hill | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 15-17 | Lost Mountain | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 15 | Gilgal or Golgotha Church | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 17 | Muddy Creek | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 19 | Noyes' Creek | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 22 | Kolb's Farm | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | June | 27 | Assault on Kennesaw | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | Brig. Gen. John W. Geary | 2nd | COL. Patrick H. Jones | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | July | 4 | Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | July | 6-17 | Chattahoochie River | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | July | 19-20 | Peachtree Creek | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Major General Joseph Hooker | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | July 22-August 25 | Siege of Atlanta | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | August 26-September 2 | Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Henry W. Slocum | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | September 2-November 15 | Occupation of Atlanta | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Henry W. Slocum | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | October | 26-29 | Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Henry W. Slocum | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | November | 9 | Near Atlanta | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Henry W. Slocum | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | November 15-December 10 | March to the sea | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1864 | | December 10–21 | Siege of Savannah | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | | January to April | Carolinas Campaign | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | March | 16 | Averysboro, N.C. | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | March | 19 - 21 | Battle of Bentonville | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | March | 24 | Occupation of Goldsboro | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Alpheus S. Williams | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | April | 9-14. | Advance on Raleigh | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | April | 14 | Occupation of Raleigh | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | April | 26 | Bennett's House | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | | Surrender of Johnston and his army. | | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | | April 29-May 20 | March to Washington D.C. via Richmond VA | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | May | 24 | Grand Review of the Armies  | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
| 1865 | June | 10 | The 134th New York Infantry mustered out of service | Army of the Cumberland | Major General George H. Thomas | XX Star | Joseph A. Mower | 2nd | | 2nd | | LTC Allan H. Jackson |
## Assault on Kennesaw Mountain
The 134th was organized under XX Corps (Hooker), 2ND DIV. (Geary), 2ND BRIG. (Jones). The 134th was part of the frontal assault. Placed at the front of Brig. Gen. John W. Geary troops under COL Patrick H. Jones. The 134th assaulted just west of Dead Angle.
## Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 122 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 78 enlisted men died of disease.
## Commanders
- Colonel George E. Danforth
- Colonel Charles R. Coster
- Colonel Allan H. Jackson - commanded at the Battle of Gettysburg while still at the rank of lieutenant colonel
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134th New York Infantry Regiment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/134th_New_York_Infantry_Regiment
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Q28229326
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{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 134th New York Infantry Regiment
|image=Flag_of_New_York_(1778-1901).svg
|image_size=250px
|dates= July 9, 1862 - June 10, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Infantry]]
|equipment=
<!-- Culture and history -->
|battles= [[Battle of Chancellorsville]]<br/>[[Battle of Gettysburg]]<br/>[[Battle of Wauhatchie]]<br/>[[Battle of Missionary Ridge]]<br/>[[Atlanta Campaign]]<br/>[[Battle of Resaca]]<br/>[[Battle of Dallas]]<br/>[[Battle of New Hope Church]]<br/>[[Battle of Allatoona]]<br/>Battle of Pine Hill<br/>[[Battle of Marietta]]<br/>[[Battle of Kolb's Farm]]<br/>[[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain]]<br/>[[Battle of Peachtree Creek]]<br/>[[Siege of Atlanta]]<br/>[[Sherman's March to the Sea]]<br/>[[Carolinas Campaign]]<br/>[[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}{{Military unit sidebar
| title=New York U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865
| previous=[[133rd New York Infantry Regiment]]
| next=[[6th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment|135th New York Infantry Regiment]]
}}
[[File:134th-NY-Inf-Cemetery-Hill-01.jpg|thumb|134th New York Infantry monument at Gettysburg Battlefield]]
The '''134th New York Infantry Regiment''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].
==Service==
The 134th New York Infantry was organized at [[Schoharie, New York|Schoharie]], [[New York (state)|New York]] beginning July 9, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 22, 1862 under the command of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] George E. Danforth.
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]], [[Army of the Potomac]], to October 1863, and [[Army of the Cumberland]] to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, [[XX Corps (Union Army)|XX Corps]], Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.
The 134th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 10, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the [[102nd New York Volunteer Infantry]].
==Detailed service==
Left New York for Washington, D.C., September 25, 1862. Joined XI Corps at Fairfax Court House, Va., October 2, 1862, and duty there until November 1. Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown November 1–20. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10–15. At Falmouth until April 27, 1863. "Mud March" January 20–24. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At Bristoe Station to September 24. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley October 25–29. Reopening Tennessee River October 26–29. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28–29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24–25. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville November 27-December 17. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11–14. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26–29. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. [[Grand Review of the Armies]] May 24.
== Detailed Timeline with Commands ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Year'''
!'''Month'''
!'''Day'''
!'''Activity'''
!'''Army'''
!'''Army Commander'''
!'''Corps'''
!'''CORPS Commander'''
!'''Division'''
!'''Division Commander'''
!'''Brigage'''
!'''Brigage Commander'''
!'''BN Commander'''
|-
! rowspan="6" |'''1862'''
|July
|9
|Started to organize at Schoharie, New York
| rowspan="3" |NY State
|
|
| rowspan="3" |
|
|
|
| rowspan="3" |Colonel George E. Danforth
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |September
|22
|Mustered in for three years of service
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|25
|Left New York for Washington, D.C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|October
|2
|Joined XI Corps at Fairfax Court House, Va
| rowspan="12" |Army of the Potomac
| rowspan="2" |Major General George B. McClellan
| rowspan="21" |XI
Crescent Moon
| rowspan="3" |Franz Sigel
| rowspan="21" |2nd
|
| rowspan="21" |2nd
|COL Coster
|
|-
|November
|1–20
|Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown
|
|
|
|-
|December
|10–15
|March to Fredericksburg, Va.
| rowspan="2" |Major General Ambrose E. Burnside
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="17" |1863
|January
|20–24
|"Mud March"
|Carl Schurz *
|
|
|
|-
|April
|until 27
|At Falmouth
| rowspan="4" |Major General Joseph Hooker
| rowspan="17" |Oliver Otis Howard *
|
|
|
|-
|
|April 27-May 6
|Chancellorsville Campaign
|
|
|
|-
|May
|1-5
|Battle of Chancellorsville
|
|
|
|-
|
|June 11-July 24
|Gettysburg Campaign
|
|
| rowspan="50" |LTC Allan H. Jackson
|-
|July
|1-3
|Battle of Gettysburg
| rowspan="4" |Major General George G. Meade
|
|
|-
|July
|5-24
|Pursuit of Lee
|
|
|-
|September
|24
|At Bristoe Station to
|
|
|-
|
|September 24-October 3
|Movement to Bridgeport, Ala.
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |October
|25-29
|March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley
| rowspan="45" |Army of the Cumberland
| rowspan="45" |Major General George H. Thomas
|
|
|-
|26-29
|Reopening Tennessee River
|
|
|-
|28-29
|Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn.
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |November
|23-27
|Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign
|
|
|-
|23
|Orchard Knob
|
|
|-
|24-25
|Tunnel Hill
|
|
|-
|25
|Missionary Ridge
|
|
|-
|
|November 27-December 17
|March to relief of Knoxville
|
|
|-
! rowspan="26" |1864
|
|until May
|Duty in Lookout Valley
|
|
|-
|
|May 1-September 8
|Atlanta Campaign
| rowspan="36" |XX
Star
| rowspan="18" |Major General Joseph Hooker
| rowspan="36" |2nd
|
| rowspan="36" |2nd
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |May
|8-11
|Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge
|
|
|-
|8
|Dug Gap or Mill Creek
|
|
|-
|14-15
|Battle of Resaca
|
|
|-
|19
|Near Cassville
|
|
|-
|25
|New Hope Church
|
|
|-
|
|May 26-June 5
|Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills
|
|
|-
|
|June 10-July 2
|Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |June
|11-14
|Pine Hill
|
|
|-
|15-17
|Lost Mountain
|
|
|-
|15
|Gilgal or Golgotha Church
|
|
|-
|17
|Muddy Creek
|
|
|-
|19
|Noyes' Creek
|
|
|-
|22
|Kolb's Farm
|
|
|-
|27
|Assault on Kennesaw
|Brig. Gen. John W. Geary
|COL. Patrick H. Jones
|-
| rowspan="3" |July
|4
|Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground
|
|
|-
|6-17
|Chattahoochie River
|
|
|-
|19-20
|Peachtree Creek
|
|
|-
|
|July 22-August 25
|Siege of Atlanta
|Alpheus S. Williams
|
|
|-
|
|August 26-September 2
|Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge
| rowspan="4" |Henry W. Slocum
|
|
|-
|
|September 2-November 15
|Occupation of Atlanta
|
|
|-
|October
|26-29
|Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads
|
|
|-
|November
|9
|Near Atlanta
|
|
|-
|
|November 15-December 10
|March to the sea
| rowspan="6" |Alpheus S. Williams
|
|
|-
|
|December 10–21
|Siege of Savannah
|
|
|-
! rowspan="11" |1865
|
|January to April
|Carolinas Campaign
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |March
|16
|Averysboro, N.C.
|
|
|-
|19 - 21
|Battle of Bentonville
|
|
|-
|24
|Occupation of Goldsboro
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |April
|9-14.
|Advance on Raleigh
| rowspan="7" |Joseph A. Mower
|
|
|-
|14
|Occupation of Raleigh
|
|
|-
|26
|Bennett's House
|
|
|-
|
|
|Surrender of Johnston and his army.
|
|
|-
|
|April 29-May 20
|March to Washington D.C. via Richmond VA
|
|
|-
|May
|24
|Grand Review of the Armies 
|
|
|-
|June
|10
|The 134th New York Infantry mustered out of service
|
|
|}
== Assault on Kennesaw Mountain ==
The 134th was organized under XX Corps (Hooker), 2ND DIV. (Geary), 2ND BRIG. (Jones). The 134th was part of the frontal assault. Placed at the front of Brig. Gen. John W. Geary troops under COL Patrick H. Jones. The 134th assaulted just west of Dead Angle.
==Casualties==
The regiment lost a total of 122 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 78 enlisted men died of disease.
==Commanders==
* Colonel George E. Danforth
* Colonel [[Charles Coster|Charles R. Coster]]
* Colonel Allan H. Jackson - commanded at the Battle of Gettysburg while still at the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]
==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War|New York (state)}}
* [[List of New York Civil War regiments]]
* [[New York in the Civil War]]
==References==
* Conklin, George W. ''Under the Crescent and Star: The 134th New York Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War'' (Port Reading, NJ: Axworthy Pub.), 1999. {{ISBN|0-9674-9850-3}}
* Cosgrove, Charles H. ''A History of the 134th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War, 1862-1865: Long Night's Journey Into Day'' (Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press), 1997. {{ISBN|0-7734-8551-1}}
* Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
* Jones, Kenneth M. ''"Never forsake the flag": The Letters of Capt. Geo. A. Turnbull, Capt. Co. A, 134th N.Y. Vols.'' (S.l.: s.n.), 1998.
* Levy, William T. ''The Blue and the Gray: A Sketch of Soldier Life in Camp and Field in the Army of the Civil War'' (Schenectady, NY: R. B. Myers), 1904. [Reprinted in 2008 as ''The Civil War Memoir of William T. Levey'' {{ISBN|1-6057-1008-3}}]
;Attribution
* {{CWR}}
==External links==
* [https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/btlflags/infantry/134thInfGeneralGuideFlags.htm Guidons of the 134th New York Infantry]
* [http://gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/union-monuments/new-york/new-york-infantry/134th-new-york/ 134th New York Infantry monument at Gettysburg Battlefield]
*[https://www.historynet.com/desperate-stand-brickyard-fight-gettysburg.htm Desperate Stand: What The Brickyard Fight Meant At Gettysburg]
*[http://gremsdoolittlelibrary.blogspot.com/2011/11/civil-war-diaries-of-geoge-rolfe-134th.html?m=1 The Civil War Diaries of George Rolfe, 134th New York]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from New York (state)|Infantry 134]]
| 1,272,102,118 |
[{"title": "134th New York Infantry Regiment", "data": {"Active": "July 9, 1862 - June 10, 1865", "Country": "United States", "Allegiance": "Union", "Branch": "Infantry", "Engagements": "Battle of Chancellorsville \u00b7 Battle of Gettysburg \u00b7 Battle of Wauhatchie \u00b7 Battle of Missionary Ridge \u00b7 Atlanta Campaign \u00b7 Battle of Resaca \u00b7 Battle of Dallas \u00b7 Battle of New Hope Church \u00b7 Battle of Allatoona \u00b7 Battle of Pine Hill \u00b7 Battle of Marietta \u00b7 Battle of Kolb's Farm \u00b7 Battle of Kennesaw Mountain \u00b7 Battle of Peachtree Creek \u00b7 Siege of Atlanta \u00b7 Sherman's March to the Sea \u00b7 Carolinas Campaign \u00b7 Battle of Bentonville"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Previous": "Next", "133rd New York Infantry Regiment": "135th New York Infantry Regiment"}}]
| false |
# 1850 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1850.
## Arthropods
### Insects
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| ---------------------- | ------- | ----------- | ------- | ------------- | ------------ | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------ |
| Toxorhina brevipalpa | Sp. nov | nomen nudum | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia brevipalpa | |
| Toxorhina longirostris | Sp. nov | nomen nudum | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia longirostris | |
| Toxorhina pulchella | Sp. nov | nomen nudum | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia pulchella | |
## Dinosaurs
### Newly named dinosaurs
| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Country | |
| ------------ | -------------- | ------- | ------- | ----------------------------- | |
| Heterosaurus | Junior synonym | Cornuel | | - Belgium - England - Germany | |
| Pelorosaurus | Valid | Mantell | | - England - Portugal | |
| |
| |
|
enwiki/21513585
|
enwiki
| 21,513,585 |
1850 in paleontology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_in_paleontology
|
2024-06-27T02:06:36Z
|
en
|
Q4554813
| 46,842 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1850|paleontology|science}}
{{Year in paleontology header|1850}}
==Arthropods==
===Insects===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name
! Novelty
! Status
! Authors
! Age
! Unit
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Elephantomyia brevipalpa|Toxorhina brevipalpa]]''<ref name="Kania2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kania |first1=I |year=2015 |title= Subfamily Limoniinae Speiser, 1909 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Baltic Amber (Eocene): The Genus ''Elephantomyia'' Osten Sacken, 1860 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117434 |pmid=25706127 |pmc=4338262|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017434K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
[[nomen nudum]]
|
[[Hermann Loew|Loew]]
|
[[Middle Eocene]]
|
[[Baltic amber]]
|
{{Flag|Europe}}
|
A [[Limoniidae|Limoniid]] [[cranefly]],<br/> jr syn of [[Elephantomyia brevipalpa]]
|
[[File:Elephantomyia brevipalpa specimen MP3323.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Elephantomyia brevipalpa]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Elephantomyia longirostris|Toxorhina longirostris]]''<ref name="Kania2015"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
[[nomen nudum]]
|
[[Hermann Loew|Loew]]
|
[[Middle Eocene]]
|
[[Baltic amber]]
|
{{Flag|Europe}}
|
A [[Limoniidae|Limoniid]] [[cranefly]],<br/> jr syn of [[Elephantomyia longirostris]]
|
[[File:Elephantomyia (E.) longirostris fig 10 body 01.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Elephantomyia longirostris]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Elephantomyia pulchella|Toxorhina pulchella]]''<ref name="Kania2015"/>
|
Sp. nov
|
[[nomen nudum]]
|
[[Hermann Loew|Loew]]
|
[[Middle Eocene]]
|
[[Baltic amber]]
|
{{Flag|Europe}}
|
A [[Limoniidae|Limoniid]] [[cranefly]],<br/> jr syn of [[Elephantomyia pulchella]]
|
[[File:Elephantomyia (E.) pulchella Fig 12 body 01.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Elephantomyia pulchella]]'']]
|-
|}
==Dinosaurs==
===Newly named dinosaurs===
{| border="0" style="background:transparent;" style="width: 100%;
|-
!width="90%"|
!width="5%"|
!width="5%"|
|-
|style="border:0px" valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name
! Status
! colspan="2" | Authors
! Country
|-
|
''[[Heterosaurus]]''
|
[[Junior synonym]]
|style="border-right:0px" valign="top"|
Cornuel
|style="border-left:0px" valign="top"|
|
* {{Flag|Belgium}}
* {{Flag|England}}
* {{Flag|Germany}}
|
|-
|
''[[Pelorosaurus]]''<ref>Mantell, G A. 1850. On the Pelorosaurus an
undescribed gigantic terrestrial reptile. Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London 140: pp. 379-390.</ref>
|
Valid
| style="border-right:0px" valign="top"|
Mantell
|style="border-left:0px" valign="top"|
|
* {{Flag|England}}
* {{Flag|Portugal}}
|}
|style="border:0px" valign="top"|
|style="border:0px" valign="top"|
{| border="0" style= height:"100%" align="right" style="background:transparent;"
|- style="height:1px"
|
|- style="height:30px"
|
|}
|-
|}
==See also==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1850s in paleontology]]
[[Category:1850 in science|Paleontology]]
| 1,231,207,042 |
[]
| false |
# 1778 in architecture
The year 1778 in architecture involved some significant events.
## Events
- Ivan Starov draws up a radial urban master plan for the Russian city of Yaroslavl.
## Buildings and structures
### Buildings
- Denton Hall, Wharfedale, England, designed by John Carr, is completed.
- Reconstruction of Downton Castle, Herefordshire, England by Richard Payne Knight in Gothic Revival style is largely completed.
- Emin Minaret, Turpan, modern-day China, is completed.
- La Scala opera house in Milan (Lombardy), designed by Giuseppe Piermarini, is opened and remodelling of the Royal Palace of Milan by him is largely completed.
## Awards
- Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: prize carried over to 1779.
## Births
- January 4 – Jean-Antoine Alavoine, French architect (died 1834)
- August 31 – William Wilkins, English architect (died 1839)[1]
- July 3 – Carl Ludvig Engel, Prussian architect working in Finland (died 1840)
## Deaths
- November 9 – Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian etcher of architectural views (born 1720)
|
enwiki/2784031
|
enwiki
| 2,784,031 |
1778 in architecture
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778_in_architecture
|
2024-06-18T21:33:45Z
|
en
|
Q765960
| 32,481 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Refimprove|date=December 2022}}
{{Year nav topic5|1778|architecture}}
The year '''1778 in architecture''' involved some significant events.
==Events==
*[[Ivan Starov]] draws up a radial urban master plan for the [[Russia]]n city of [[Yaroslavl]].
[[File:Downton Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Downton Castle]]]]
==Buildings and structures==
{{See also|Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1778}}
===Buildings===
*[[Denton Hall, Wharfedale]], England, designed by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]], is completed.
*Reconstruction of [[Downton Castle]], Herefordshire, England by [[Richard Payne Knight]] in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style is largely completed.
*[[Emin Minaret]], [[Turpan]], modern-day China, is completed.
*[[La Scala]] opera house in [[Milan]] (Lombardy), designed by [[Giuseppe Piermarini]], is opened and remodelling of the [[Royal Palace of Milan]] by him is largely completed.
==Awards==
* [[Grand Prix de Rome]], architecture: ''prize carried over to [[1779 in architecture|1779]]''.
==Births==
* January 4 – [[Jean-Antoine Alavoine]], French architect (died [[1834 in architecture|1834]])
* August 31 – [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]], English architect (died [[1839 in architecture|1839]])<ref>{{cite web |title=William Wilkins |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=408214 |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>
* July 3 – [[Carl Ludvig Engel]], Prussian architect working in Finland (died [[1840 in architecture|1840]])
==Deaths==
* November 9 – [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]], Italian etcher of architectural views (born [[1720 in architecture|1720]])
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1778 works|Architecture]]
[[Category:Years in architecture]]
[[Category:18th-century architecture]]
{{Architecture-hist-stub}}
| 1,229,819,261 |
[]
| false |
# 1165 Imprinetta
1165 Imprinetta, provisional designation 1930 HM, is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 49 kilometers (30 mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 April 1930 by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer.
## Orbit and classification
Imprinetta is a member of the Meliboea family, a smaller asteroid family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after 137 Meliboea.: 23
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A909 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1909, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.
## Physical characteristics
Imprinetta has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, which corresponds with the overall spectral type of the Meliboea family.: 23
### Rotation period
In October 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Imprinetta was obtained from photometric observations by American John Menke at his observatory in Barnesville, Maryland. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.107 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). An alternative observation gave a lightcurve with period of 7.9374 hours and an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Imprinetta measures between 47.14 and 59.378 kilometers (29.291 and 36.896 mi) in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.0562.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0392 and a diameter of 48.65 kilometers (30.23 mi) based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer. The naming was proposed by the discoverer and by Gerrit Pels, who computed its orbit. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).
|
enwiki/13779852
|
enwiki
| 13,779,852 |
1165 Imprinetta
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1165_Imprinetta
|
2024-07-07T13:13:21Z
|
en
|
Q136666
| 144,273 |
{{Short description|Carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1165 Imprinetta
| background = #D6D6D6
| image = 001165-asteroid shape model (1165) Imprinetta.png
| image_scale =
| caption = Shape model of ''Imprinetta'' from its [[lightcurve]]
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discoverer = [[Hendrik van Gent|H. van Gent]]
| discovery_site = [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg Obs.]]<br />{{small|(Leiden Southern Station)}}
| discovered = 24 April 1930
| mpc_name = (1165) Imprinetta
| alt_names = 1930 HM{{·}}A909 TA
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|m|p|r|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɛ|t|ə}}
| named_after = Imprinetta Gent<br />{{small|(wife of the discoverer)}}<ref name="springer" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Meliboea family|Meliboea]]<ref name="Ferret" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 107.47 yr (39,253 days)
| aphelion = 3.7891 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.4589 AU
| semimajor = 3.1240 AU
| eccentricity = 0.2129
| period = 5.52 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (2,017 days)
| mean_anomaly = 221.92[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1785|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 12.812°
| asc_node = 203.79°
| arg_peri = 96.959°
| dimensions = {{val|47.14|15.99}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />48.65 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|48.82|1.9}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|50.30|14.80}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|53.187|0.325}} km<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|53.40|1.62}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|56.44|0.87}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|59.378|0.290}} km<ref name="WISE" />
| rotation = {{val|7.9374|0.0016}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Monson-2004" /><br />{{val|8.107|0.010}} h<ref name="Menke-2005a" />
| albedo = {{val|0.029|0.005}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|0.0380|0.0055}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />0.0392 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.02}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.03}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|0.047|0.003}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.048|0.002}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|0.0562|0.005}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| spectral_type = [[C-type asteroid|C]]<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Veres-2015" />
| abs_magnitude = 10.30<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" />{{·}}{{val|10.69|0.38}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}10.70<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" />
}}
'''1165 Imprinetta''', provisional designation {{mp|1930 HM}}, is a carbonaceous Meliboean [[asteroid]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|49|km|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 24 April 1930 by Dutch astronomer [[Hendrik van Gent]] at the [[Union Observatory]] in Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer.<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Imprinetta'' is a member of the [[Meliboea family]], a smaller [[asteroid family]] of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after [[137 Meliboea]].<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}}
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.21 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 13[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />
The body's [[observation arc]] begins with its first identification as {{mp|A909 TA}} at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in October 1909, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
''Imprinetta'' has been characterized as a carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]] by [[PanSTARRS]] photometric survey,<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Veres-2015" /> which corresponds with the overall [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]] of the Meliboea family.<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}}
=== Rotation period ===
In October 2003, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Imprinetta'' was obtained from photometric observations by American John Menke at his observatory in Barnesville, Maryland. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined [[rotation period]] of 8.107 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="Menke-2005a" /> An alternative observation gave a lightcurve with period of 7.9374 hours and an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Monson-2004" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Imprinetta'' measures between {{convert|47.14|and|59.378|km|sp=us}} in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.029 and 0.0562.<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="WISE" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0392 and a diameter of {{convert|48.65|km|sp=us}} based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.7.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer. The naming was proposed by the discoverer and by [[Gerrit Pels]], who computed its orbit. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' by [[Paul Herget]] in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 108]]}}).<ref name="springer" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-03-30 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1165 Imprinetta (1930 HM)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001165
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 98
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1166 |chapter = (1165) Imprinetta }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 1165 Imprinetta (1930 HM)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1165
|accessdate = 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson
|first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett
|date = August 2014
|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 791
|issue = 2
|page = 11
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121
|arxiv = 1406.6645
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1165) Imprinetta
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1165%7CImprinetta
|accessdate = 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = J. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = E. |last7 = Kramer
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = R. |last9 = Stevenson
|first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright
|date = December 2015
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015ApJ...814..117N
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 814
|issue = 2
|page = 13
|bibcode = 2015ApJ...814..117N
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117
|arxiv = 1509.02522
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer
|first4 = R. M. |last4 = Cutri
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = J. |last7 = Masiero
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = E. L. |last9 = Wright
|date = September 2016
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 152
|issue = 3
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2016AJ....152...63N
|doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63
|arxiv = 1606.08923
|doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access= free
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1165 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|volume = 12
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|accessdate = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407}}</ref>
<ref name="Monson-2004">{{Cite journal
|first1 = Andy |last1 = Monson
|first2 = Steven |last2 = Kipp
|date = December 2004
|title = Corrigendum: Rotational periods of asteroids 1165 Imprinetta, 1299 Mertona 1645 Waterfield, 1833 Shmakova, 2313 Aruna, and (13856) 1999 XZ105
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2004MPBu...31...97M
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 31
|issue = 4
|page = 97
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2004MPBu...31...97M
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Menke-2005a">{{Cite journal
|author = Menke, John L.
|date = September 2005
|title = Lightcurves and periods for asteroids 471 Papagena, 675 Ludmilla, 1016 Anitra, 1127 Mimi, 1165 Imprinetta, 1171 Rustahawelia, and 2283 Bunke
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2005MPBu...32...64M
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 32
|issue = 3
|pages = 64–66
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2005MPBu...32...64M
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 1165 Imprinetta – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=1165+Imprinetta#Asteroid%201165%20ImprinettaEAR-A-VARGBDET-5-NESVORNYFAM-V3.0
|accessdate = 31 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book
|first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = December 2014
|chapter = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
|title = Asteroids IV
|pages = 297–321
|bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N
|doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
|arxiv = 1502.01628
|isbn = 9780816532131}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1165}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1164 Kobolda |number=1165 |1166 Sakuntala}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Imprinetta}}
[[Category:Meliboea asteroids|001165]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Hendrik van Gent]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1930|19300424]]
| 1,233,136,641 |
[{"title": "Discovery", "data": {"Discovered by": "H. van Gent", "Discovery site": "Johannesburg Obs. \u00b7 (Leiden Southern Station)", "Discovery date": "24 April 1930"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1165) Imprinetta", "Pronunciation": "/\u02cc\u026ampr\u026a\u02c8n\u025bt\u0259", "Named after": "Imprinetta Gent \u00b7 (wife of the discoverer)", "Alternative designations": "1930 HM \u00b7 A909 TA", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 Meliboea"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "107.47 yr (39,253 days)", "Aphelion": "3.7891 AU", "Perihelion": "2.4589 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.1240 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.2129", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.52 yr (2,017 days)", "Mean anomaly": "221.92\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 10m 42.6s / day", "Inclination": "12.812\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "203.79\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "96.959\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "47.14\u00b115.99 km \u00b7 48.65 km (derived) \u00b7 48.82\u00b11.9 km \u00b7 50.30\u00b114.80 km \u00b7 53.187\u00b10.325 km \u00b7 53.40\u00b11.62 km \u00b7 56.44\u00b10.87 km \u00b7 59.378\u00b10.290 km", "Synodic rotation period": "7.9374\u00b10.0016 h \u00b7 8.107\u00b10.010 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.029\u00b10.005 \u00b7 0.0380\u00b10.0055 \u00b7 0.0392 (derived) \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.02 \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.03 \u00b7 0.047\u00b10.003 \u00b7 0.048\u00b10.002 \u00b7 0.0562\u00b10.005", "Spectral type": "C", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "10.30 \u00b7 10.69\u00b10.38 \u00b7 10.70"}}]
| false |
# 1850 in birding and ornithology
Birds
Birds described in 1850 include bee hummingbird, Wilson's bird-of-paradise, blue swallow, blue-shouldered robin-chat, Bornean banded pitta, Cape white-eye, grey-collared oriole, long-billed crow,
purple-bearded bee-eater, Shoebill
- Extinction of the spectacled cormorant
- Edward Smith-Stanley obtains a grey trembler specimen from the bird collector Jules Verreaux
People
- Death of Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Publications
- Charles Lucien Bonaparte publishes Conspectus Generum Avium (Leyden) ; Revue critique de l'ornithologie Européenne (Brussels) and Monographie des loxiens (crossbills, grosbeaks, and allied species) (Leyden)
- John Gould commences The Birds of Asia (1850–83)
- Francis Orpen Morris begins A History of British Birds (1850–1857)
- Frédéric de Lafresnaye 1850. Essai d'une monographie du genre Picule (Buffon), Dendrocolaptes (Hermann, Illiger), devenu aujourd'hui la sous-famille Dendrocolaptinæ (Gray, Genera of birds), de la famille de Certhiadæ de Swains. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée online BHL
Ongoing events
- Fauna Japonica
Institutions
- Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft founded
- The Berlin Museum has a total of 13,760 bird specimens
|
enwiki/30691379
|
enwiki
| 30,691,379 |
1850 in birding and ornithology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_in_birding_and_ornithology
|
2024-04-09T19:57:25Z
|
en
|
Q4554811
| 20,470 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Year box|decade prefix=Bird species new to science described in the}}
[[Image:Chaunoproctus ferreorostris crop.png|thumb|230px|The now extinct [[Bonin grosbeak]] was placed in a new genus in Charles Bonaparte's 1850 [[monograph]] ''Conspectus Generum Avium'' ]]
'''Birds'''
Birds described in 1850 include [[bee hummingbird]], [[Wilson's bird-of-paradise]], [[blue swallow]], [[blue-shouldered robin-chat]], [[Bornean banded pitta]], [[Cape white-eye]], [[grey-collared oriole]], [[long-billed crow]],
[[purple-bearded bee-eater]], [[Shoebill]]
*Extinction of the [[spectacled cormorant]]
*[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby|Edward Smith-Stanley]] obtains a [[grey trembler]] specimen from the bird collector [[Jules Verreaux]]
'''People'''
* Death of [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]]
'''Publications'''
*[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] publishes ''Conspectus Generum Avium'' (Leyden) ; ''Revue critique de l'ornithologie Européenne'' (Brussels) and ''{{lang|fr|Monographie des loxiens}}'' ([[crossbills]], [[grosbeak]]s, and allied species) (Leyden)
*[[John Gould]] commences ''The Birds of Asia'' (1850–83)
*[[Francis Orpen Morris]] begins ''A History of British Birds '' (1850–1857)
*[[Frédéric de Lafresnaye]] 1850. Essai d'une monographie du genre Picule (Buffon), Dendrocolaptes (Hermann, Illiger), devenu aujourd'hui la sous-famille Dendrocolaptinæ (Gray, Genera of birds), de la famille de Certhiadæ de Swains. ''Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2340191#page/387/mode/2up online BHL]
'''Ongoing events'''
*''[[Fauna Japonica]]''
'''Institutions'''
*[[Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft]] founded
* The [[Museum für Naturkunde|Berlin Museum]] has a total of 13,760 bird specimens
[[Category:Birding and ornithology by year]]
[[Category:1850 in science]]
{{ornithology-stub}}
| 1,218,111,923 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"Years in birding and ornithology": "1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853", "Centuries": "18th century \u00b7 19th century \u00b7 20th century", "Decades": "1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s", "Years": "1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853"}}]
| false |
# 1801 in Argentina
In 1801, the territory that would later become Argentina was part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, part of the Spanish Empire.
## Births
- October 18 - Justo José de Urquiza – general and politician (d. 1870)[1]
|
enwiki/35652756
|
enwiki
| 35,652,756 |
1801 in Argentina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801_in_Argentina
|
2025-01-02T17:17:20Z
|
en
|
Q4553749
| 73,706 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year in region
|year=1801
|region=Argentina
|image= Flag_of_Spain_(1785–1873,_1875–1931).svg
|image_size=80px
|see_also = [[1801|Other events in 1801]]<br>[[List of years in Argentina]]
}}
In 1801, the territory that would later become [[Argentina]] was part of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]], part of the [[Spanish Empire]].
==Events==
{{Empty section|date=October 2012}}
==Births==
* October 18 - [[Justo José de Urquiza]] – [[General officer|general]] and [[politician]] (d. [[1870 in Argentina|1870]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Justo José de Urquiza {{!}} president of Argentina |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justo-Jose-de-Urquiza |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=27 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=October 2012}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Argentina}}
[[Category:1800s in Argentina]]
[[Category:1801 in South America]]
[[Category:1801 in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Argentina]]
{{Argentina-hist-stub}}
| 1,266,879,815 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1800 - 1799 - 1798": "1801 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Argentina \u00b7 \u2192 - 1802 - 1803 - 1804", "Decades": "1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s", "See also": "Other events in 1801 \u00b7 List of years in Argentina"}}]
| false |
# 1886 Western Maori by-election
The 1886 Western Maori by-election was a by-election held in the Western Maori electorate during the 9th New Zealand Parliament, on 23 December 1886. The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent, Te Puke Te Ao, and was won by Hoani Taipua.
## Background
Te Ao had won the Western Maori electorate in the 1884 election; it had been the first time that he had stood in a general election. Te Ao died in October 1886. This triggered the by-election, which was held on 23 December 1886.
## The election
The nomination meeting was held on 2 December 1868 at the court house in Wanganui, with George Thomas Wilkinson presiding as the returning officer. The candidates were nominated in the following order: Hoani Taipua, Ngawaka Taurua, Henare Kaihau of Waiuku, Wiremu Te Wheoro, and Sydney Taiwhanga. The show of hands was strongly in favour of Hoani Taipua, and Te Wheoro demanded a poll, for which 23 December was set.
The by-election was a decisive win for Hoani Taipua, who gained an absolute majority of the votes, and had a 33% lead over the second-placed candidate, Wiremu Te Wheoro. Te Wheoro had previously represented the electorate, from 1879 until his defeat in the 1884 election. Taipua went on to represent the electorate until his retirement at the 1893 election.
## Election results
### 1884 election
The 1884 general election was contested by eight candidates in the Western Maori electorate.
### 1886 by-election
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| -------- | ----------- | ---------------- | ----- | ----- | ------ |
| | Independent | Hoani Taipua | 1,258 | 56.67 | |
| | Independent | Wiremu Te Wheoro | 519 | 23.38 | +12.40 |
| | Independent | Henare Kaihau | 225 | 10.14 | +0.43 |
| | Independent | Sydney Taiwhanga | 148 | 6.67 | +1.14 |
| | Independent | Ngawaka Taurua | 70 | 3.15 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 739 | 33.29 | +28.19 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,220 | | |
|
enwiki/42219558
|
enwiki
| 42,219,558 |
1886 Western Maori by-election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_Western_Maori_by-election
|
2024-08-29T20:37:01Z
|
en
|
Q17036098
| 88,808 |
{{short description|New Zealand by-election}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Polling places, Western Maori, 1886.jpg|thumb|Polling places for the 1886 Western Maori by-election]]
The '''1886 Western Maori by-election''' was a [[List of New Zealand by-elections|by-election]] held in the {{NZ electorate link|Western Maori}} electorate during the [[9th New Zealand Parliament]], on 23 December 1886. The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent, [[Te Puke Te Ao]], and was won by [[Hoani Taipua]].
==Background==
Te Ao had won the Western Maori electorate in the {{NZ election link|1884}}; it had been the first time that he had stood in a general election.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=180}} Te Ao died in October 1886.{{sfn|Scholefield|1940a|p=17}} This triggered the by-election, which was held on 23 December 1886.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=238}}
==The election==
The nomination meeting was held on 2 December 1868 at the court house in [[Whanganui|Wanganui]], with [[George Thomas Wilkinson]]{{sfn|Scholefield|1940b|pp=509f}} presiding as the returning officer.<ref name="nomination notice">{{cite news |title=Election Notice |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WC18861201.2.24.3 |access-date=16 March 2014 |work=[[Wanganui Chronicle]] |date=1 December 1886 |volume=XXIX |issue=11413 |page=4}}</ref> The candidates were nominated in the following order: [[Hoani Taipua]], [[Ngawaka Taurua]], [[Henare Kaihau]] of [[Waiuku]], [[Wiremu Te Wheoro]], and [[Sydney Taiwhanga]].<ref name="nomination mtg">{{cite news |title=The Western Maori Electoral District |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WH18861202.2.20 |access-date=16 March 2014 |work=[[Wanganui Herald]] |date=2 December 1886 |volume=XX |issue=6087 |page=3}}</ref> The show of hands was strongly in favour of Hoani Taipua, and Te Wheoro demanded a poll, for which 23 December was set.<ref name="nomination mtg" />
The by-election was a decisive win for Hoani Taipua, who gained an absolute majority of the votes, and had a 33% lead over the second-placed candidate, Wiremu Te Wheoro.<ref name="1886 results" /> Te Wheoro had previously represented the electorate, from {{NZ election link year|1879}} until his defeat in the {{NZ election link|1884}}.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=245}} Taipua went on to represent the electorate until his retirement at the {{NZ election link|1893}}.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=239}}
==Election results==
===1884 election===
{{see also|Western Maori#1884 election}}
The 1884 general election was contested by eight candidates in the Western Maori electorate.
===1886 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=1886 Western Maori by-election<ref name="1886 results">{{cite news |title=Wanganui Herald |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WH18870111.2.8 |access-date=16 March 2014 |work=[[Wanganui Herald]] |date=11 January 1887 |volume=XXI |issue=6117 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Western Maori Election |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP18861230.2.14 |access-date=16 March 2014 |work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] |date=30 December 1886 |volume=XXXII |issue=191 |page=2 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Hoani Taipua]]
|votes = 1,258
|percentage = 56.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Wiremu Te Wheoro]]
|votes = 519
|percentage = 23.38
|change = +12.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Henare Kaihau]]
|votes = 225
|percentage = 10.14
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Sydney Taiwhanga]]
|votes = 148
|percentage = 6.67
|change = +1.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Ngawaka Taurua]]
|votes = 70
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 739
|percentage = 33.29
|change = +28.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,220
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*{{cite book
| ref = {{sfnRef|Scholefield|1940a}}
| editor-last = Scholefield
| editor-first = Guy
| editor-link = Guy Scholefield
| title = A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L
| volume = I
| year = 1940
| publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]]
| location = Wellington
| url = https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf
| access-date = 21 September 2013
}}
*{{cite book | ref = {{sfnRef|Scholefield|1940b}} | editor-last = Scholefield | editor-first = Guy | editor-link = Guy Scholefield | title = A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : M–Addenda | volume = II | year = 1940 | publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]] | location = Wellington | url = https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v2.pdf | access-date = 6 October 2013 }}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year=First published in 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103}}
{{1853–1890 New Zealand by-elections}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1886 Western Maori by-election}}
[[Category:By-elections in New Zealand|Western Maori 1886]]
[[Category:1886 elections in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Māori electorates]]
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# 119th Regiment of Foot (1794)
The 119th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.
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{{short description|Infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{for|other units with the same regimental number|119th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
The '''119th Regiment of Foot''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |publisher=regiments.org |title=119th Regiment of Foot |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140427/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |archivedate=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[[Russia]]{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |publisher=regiments.org |title=119th Regiment of Foot |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140427/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |archivedate=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1794]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1796]]
[[Category:1794 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1796 disestablishments in Great Britain]]
{{UK-mil-unit-stub}}
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# 1413 in France
Events from the year 1413 in France.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Charles VI[1]
## Events
- 21 March - Henry V succeeded his father as King of England and revives his family's claim to the French throne.
- Spring - As part of the Cabochien revolt, John the Fearless leads an uprising in Paris against the Armagnacs.
- Unknown - The role of Grand Huntsman of France is created.
## Births
- Philippe de Culant, soldier (died 1454)
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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in France header}}
Events from the year '''1413 in [[France]]'''.
==Incumbents==
* [[List of French monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emmerson |first1=Richard K. |title=Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia |date=18 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77519-2 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhyOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref>
==Events==
* 21 March - [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] succeeded his father as [[King of England]] and revives his [[English claims to the French throne|family's claim to the French throne]].
* Spring - As part of the [[Cabochien revolt]], [[John the Fearless]] leads an uprising in [[Paris]] against the [[Armagnac (party)|Armagnacs]].
* Unknown - The role of [[Grand Huntsman of France]] is created.
==Births==
* [[Philippe de Culant]], soldier (died 1454)
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=June 2020}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{France year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1413}}
[[Category:1410s in France]]
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[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1412 - 1411 - 1410 - 1409 - 1408": "1413 \u00b7 in \u00b7 France \u00b7 \u2192 - 1414 - 1415 - 1416 - 1417 - 1418", "Decades": "1390s 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s", "See also": "Other events of 1413 \u00b7 History of France \u2022 Timeline \u2022 Years"}}]
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# 1856 in architecture
The year 1856 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
## Buildings and structures
### Buildings opened
- February – State Library of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia, designed by Joseph Reed[1]
- May 15 – Rumeli Feneri, Istanbul, Turkey[2]
- August 31 – The Esztergom Basilica in Hungary, designed by Pál Kühnel and József Hild (consecrated)
- October 4 – Lindau Lighthouse, Bavaria
- November 1 – Stamford Water Street railway station in Lincolnshire, England, designed by William Hurst[3]
### Buildings completed
- Debating chambers of Parliament House, Melbourne, Australia, designed by General Charles Pasley
- Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, Turkey.
- Landherrnamt, Bremen, Germany, designed by Alexander Schröder in the Neo-Romanesque style[4]
- Walnut Hall, Toronto, Canada, designed by John Tully as O'Donohoe Row (demolished 2007)[5]
## Events
- Future English novelist and poet Thomas Hardy is apprenticed to architect James Hicks in Dorchester, Dorset.
## Awards
- RIBA Royal Gold Medal – William Tite.
- Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Edmond Guillaume.
## Births
- January 7 – Sydney Mitchell, Scottish architect (died 1930)
- January 21 – Gustaf Nyström, Finnish architect (died 1917)
- February 12 – Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Dutch architect (died 1934)
- August 5 – Axel Berg, Danish architect (died 1929)
- September 3 – Louis Sullivan, American architect, "father of skyscrapers"[6] (died 1924)
- September 23 – John Bilson, English architect and architectural historian (died 1943)
- October 30 – Edward Prioleau Warren, English architect (died 1937)
- December 20 – Reginald Blomfield, English architect (died 1942)
- date unknown – Eugène Vallin, French architect, furniture designer and manufacturer (died 1922)
## Deaths
- March 20 – Robert Reid, King's architect and surveyor for Scotland from 1827 to 1839 (born 1774)[7]
- March 27 – David Laing, British architect (born 1774)[8]
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1856|architecture}}
The year '''1856 in architecture''' involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
==Buildings and structures==
{{See also|Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1856}}
===Buildings opened===
[[File:EsztergomBasilica-South.jpg|thumb|[[Esztergom Basilica]], Hungary]]
[[File:Victoria Parliament House Melbourne.jpg|thumb|The [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], Australia]]
* February – [[State Library of Victoria]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia, designed by [[Joseph Reed (architect)|Joseph Reed]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tulk-augustus-henry-4756|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|access-date=2015-03-03|title=Tulk, Augustus Henry (1810–1873)|first=C. A.|last=McCallum|year=1976}}</ref>
* [[May 15]] – [[Rumeli Feneri]], Istanbul, Turkey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rumelifeneri.com/Forum.asp?forum=oku&msgid=854|publisher=Rumelifeneri|title=Rumelifeneri|language=Turkish|access-date=2010-06-06|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715212809/https://www.rumelifeneri.com/Forum.asp?forum=oku&msgid=854|archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] – The [[Esztergom Basilica]] in Hungary, designed by Pál Kühnel and [[József Hild]] (consecrated)
* [[October 4]] – [[Lindau Lighthouse]], Bavaria
* [[November 1]] – [[Stamford East railway station|Stamford Water Street railway station]] in Lincolnshire, England, designed by William Hurst<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon |last=Biddle|title=Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: an Oxford Gazetteer of Structures and Sites|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-19-866247-5}}</ref>
===Buildings completed===
* Debating chambers of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], [[Australia]], designed by General [[Charles Pasley]]
* [[Dolmabahçe Palace]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.
* [[Landherrnamt]], Bremen, Germany, designed by [[Alexander Schröder]] in the [[Neo-Romanesque]] style<ref>{{WP-HB LfD|0292|Database Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen}} Landherrnamt & St.-Johannis-Schule {{in lang|de}}</ref>
* [[Walnut Hall]], Toronto, Canada, designed by John Tully as O'Donohoe Row (demolished 2007)<ref>{{cite news|last=Kyonka|first=Nick|title=Historic building dies of neglect|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=2007-05-20}}</ref>
==Events==
* Future English novelist and poet [[Thomas Hardy]] is [[Apprenticeship|apprenticed]] to architect James Hicks in [[Dorchester, Dorset]].
==Awards==
* [[Royal Institute of British Architects|RIBA]] [[Royal Gold Medal]] – [[William Tite]].
* [[Grand Prix de Rome]], architecture: [[:fr:Edmond Guillaume|Edmond Guillaume]].
==Births==
* [[January 7]] – [[Sydney Mitchell]], Scottish architect (died [[1930 in architecture|1930]])
* [[January 21]] – [[Gustaf Nyström]], Finnish architect (died [[1917 in architecture|1917]])
* [[February 12]] – [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]], Dutch architect (died [[1934 in architecture|1934]])
* [[August 5]] – [[Axel Berg (architect)|Axel Berg]], Danish architect (died [[1929 in architecture|1929]])
* [[September 3]] – [[Louis Sullivan]], American architect, "father of skyscrapers"<ref>Kaufman, Mervyn D. (1969). ''Father of Skyscrapers: A Biography of Louis Sullivan.'' Boston: Little, Brown & Co.</ref> (died [[1924 in architecture|1924]])
* [[September 23]] – [[John Bilson (architect)|John Bilson]], English architect and architectural historian (died [[1943 in architecture|1943]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Edward Prioleau Warren]], English architect (died [[1937 in architecture|1937]])
* [[December 20]] – [[Reginald Blomfield]], English architect (died [[1942 in architecture|1942]])
* ''date unknown'' – [[Eugène Vallin]], French architect, furniture designer and manufacturer (died [[1922 in architecture|1922]])
==Deaths==
[[File:Robert Reid by Hill & Adamson, 1847.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Reid (architect)|Robert Reid]]]]
* [[March 20]] – [[Robert Reid (architect)|Robert Reid]], King's architect and surveyor for Scotland from 1827 to 1839 (born [[1774 in architecture|1774]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201279|title=Robert Reid|work=Dictionary of Scottish Architects|access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref>
* [[March 27]] – [[David Laing (architect)|David Laing]], British architect (born 1774)<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Howard Colvin|last=Colvin|first=H. M.|year=1997|title=A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840|isbn=0-300-07207-4}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1856 works|Architecture]]
[[Category:Years in architecture]]
[[Category:19th-century architecture]]
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# 1801 in Germany
Events from the year 1801 in Germany.
## Incumbents
### Holy Roman Empire
- Francis II (5 July 1792 – 6 August 1806)
#### Important Electors
- Bavaria Maximilian I (16 February 1799 – 6 August 1806)[1]
- Saxony Frederick Augustus I (17 December 1763 – 20 December 1806)[2]
### Kingdoms
- Kingdom of Prussia
- Monarch – Frederick William III of Prussia (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)[3]
### Grand Duchies
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Frederick Francis I (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)[4]
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)[5]
- Grand Duke of Oldenburg
- Wilhelm (6 July 1785 – 2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.[6]
- Peter I (2 July 1823 – 21 May 1829)[6]
- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar
- Karl August (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809
### Principalities
- Schaumburg-Lippe
- George William (13 February 1787 – 1860)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Louis Frederick II (13 April 1793 – 28 April 1807)[7]
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 – 19 August 1835)
- Principality of Reuss-Greiz
- Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800 – 29 January 1817)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont
- Friedrich Karl August (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)
### Duchies
- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
- Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)[8]
- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick[4]
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- Francis (8 September 1800 – 9 December 1806)
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Georg I (1782–1803)[9]
- Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
- Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)[10]
- Duke of Württemberg
- Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)[11]
### Other
- Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
- Louis I (6 April 1790 – 14 August 1806)[4]
## Events
- 9 February – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, Aachen is officially annexed by France.
### Date unknown
- Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter.
- The magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published.
## Births
- 22 January – Friedrich Gerke, German pioneer of telegraphy (died 1888)
- 19 April – Gustav Fechner, German psychologist (died 1887)[12]
- 16 June – Julius Plücker, German mathematician, physicist (died 1868)
- 14 July – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (died 1858)
- 10 August – Christian Hermann Weisse, German Protestant religious philosopher (died 1866)[13]
- 3 September – Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, German palaeontologist (died 1869)
- 12 October – Carl August von Steinheil, German engineer, astronomer (died 1870)
- 23 October – Albert Lortzing, German composer (died 1851)
- 3 November – Karl Baedeker, German guidebook publisher (died 1859)[14]
- 13 November – Queen Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, queen of Prussia (died 1873)
- 24 November – Ludwig Bechstein, German writer and collector of folk tales (died 1860)[15]
- 4 December – Karl Ludwig Michelet, German philosopher (died 1893)[16]
- 11 December – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (died 1836)
### Date unknown
- Thierry Hermès, German-born French businessman, founder of Hermès (died 1878)
## Deaths
- 14 March – Christian Friedrich Penzel, German musician and composer (born 1737)
- 25 March – Novalis, German poet (born 1772)[17]
- 26 April – Karl Heinrich Heydenreich, German philosopher (born 1764)[18]
- 14 May – Johann Ernst Altenburg, German composer, organist and trumpeter (born 1734)[19]
- 19 September – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (born 1745)
- 23 October – Johann Gottlieb Naumann, Kapellmeister, conductor and composer (born 1741)[20]
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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Year in Germany|1801}}
Events from the year '''1801 in Germany'''.
==Incumbents==
=== Holy Roman Empire ===
* [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] (5 July 1792{{snd}}6 August 1806)
====Important Electors====
* '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]''' [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] (16 February 1799{{snd}}6 August 1806)<ref>{{Cite EB1911|volume=17|page=921|wstitle=Maximilian I., king of Bavaria}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]''' [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] (17 December 1763{{snd}}20 December 1806)<ref>{{Cite web|title=General German Biography - Wikisource|url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref>
=== Kingdoms ===
* '''[[Kingdom of Prussia]]'''
** Monarch – [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (16 November 1797{{snd}}7 June 1840)<ref>{{Britannica|218066|Frederick William III}}</ref>
=== Grand Duchies ===
* [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|'''Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin''']]
** [[Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Frederick Francis I]] (24 April 1785{{snd}}1 February 1837)<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]'''
** [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Charles II]] (2 June 1794{{snd}}6 November 1816)<ref>{{cite book |last= Huish |first= Robert | title =Public and Private Life His Late Excellent and most Gracious Majesty George The Third | publisher =T. Kelly | year =1821 | page =170 }}</ref>
* '''[[Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]'''
** [[Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg|Wilhelm]] (6 July 1785{{snd}}2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.<ref name="Olden">{{cite web |title=Oldenburg Royal Family |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |website=Monarchies of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317161934/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=17 March 2006 }}</ref>
** [[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter I]] (2 July 1823{{snd}}21 May 1829)<ref name="Olden" />
* '''[[Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar]]'''
** [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August]] (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809
=== Principalities ===
* '''[[Schaumburg-Lippe]]'''
** [[George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|George William]] (13 February 1787{{snd}}1860)
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]'''
** [[Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Louis Frederick II]] (13 April 1793{{snd}}28 April 1807)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Thüringer Chronik-Verlag Müllerott| isbn = 978-3-910132-29-0| last1 = Apfelstedt| first1 = F.| last2 = Apfelstedt| first2 = Heinrich Friedrich Theodor| title = Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit| date = 1996}}</ref>
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]'''
** Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794{{snd}}19 August 1835)
* '''[[Principality of Reuss-Greiz]]'''
** [[Heinrich XIII, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XIII]] (28 June 1800{{snd}}29 January 1817)
* [[Waldeck (state)|'''Waldeck and Pyrmont''']]
** [[Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Friedrich Karl August]] (29 August 1763{{snd}}24 September 1812)
=== Duchies ===
* [[Anhalt-Dessau|'''Duke of Anhalt-Dessau''']]
** [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold III]] (16 December 1751{{snd}}9 August 1817)<ref>J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]'''
** Duke of [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1780–1826) - [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick]]<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]'''
** [[Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Francis]] (8 September 1800{{snd}}9 December 1806)
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]'''
** [[Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Georg I]] (1782–1803)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|title=Biografie Georg I (German)|publisher=Meininger Museen|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152148/http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]]'''
** [[Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Frederick Charles Louis]] (24 February 1775{{snd}}25 March 1816)<ref name="Albinus">{{cite book|last=Albinus|first=Robert|title=Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung|publisher=Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg|year=1985|isbn=3-7921-0320-6|location=Leer|pages=371|language=de}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Württemberg|Duke of Württemberg]]'''
** [[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick I]] (22 December 1797{{snd}}30 October 1816)<ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Saul|url=https://archive.org/details/princeofpleasure00davi|title=Prince of pleasure : the Prince of Wales and the making of the Regency|date=1998|publisher=New York : Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=978-0-87113-739-5|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref>
===Other===
* '''[[Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]'''
** [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis I]] (6 April 1790{{snd}}14 August 1806)<ref name="genea">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=38}}</ref>
== Events ==
*[[9 February]] – The [[Treaty of Lunéville]] ends the [[War of the Second Coalition]] between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, [[Aachen]] is officially annexed by France.
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Ultraviolet radiation]] is discovered by [[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]].
* The magnum opus ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' of [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] is published.
== Births ==
[[File:Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, Queen of Prussia.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria]]]]
[[File:Hermann von Meyer.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer]]]]
*[[22 January]] – Friedrich Gerke, German pioneer of telegraphy (died [[1888 in Germany|1888]])
*[[19 April]] – [[Gustav Fechner]], German psychologist (died [[1887 in Germany|1887]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-Fechner|title=Gustav Fechner - German psychologist and physicist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
*[[16 June]] – [[Julius Plücker]], German mathematician, physicist (died [[1868 in Germany|1868]])
*[[14 July]] – [[Johannes Peter Müller]], German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (died [[1858 in Germany|1858]])
*[[10 August]] – [[Christian Hermann Weisse]], German Protestant religious philosopher (died [[1866 in Germany|1866]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Georg Kümmel|title=The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems|publisher=Abingdon Press|year=1972|ISBN=9780687279265|page=494}}</ref>
*[[3 September]] – [[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer]], German palaeontologist (died [[1869 in Germany|1869]])
*[[12 October]] – [[Carl August von Steinheil]], German engineer, astronomer (died [[1870 in Germany|1870]])
*[[23 October]] – [[Albert Lortzing]], German composer (died [[1851 in Germany|1851]])
*[[3 November]] – [[Karl Baedeker]], German guidebook publisher (died [[1859 in Germany|1859]])<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Baedeker, Karl|volume=3|page=191}}</ref>
*[[13 November]] – Queen [[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria]], queen of Prussia (died [[1873 in Germany|1873]])
*[[24 November]] – [[Ludwig Bechstein]], German writer and collector of folk tales (died [[1860 in Germany|1860]])<ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Bechstein, Ludwig|year=1905}}</ref>
*[[4 December]] – [[Karl Ludwig Michelet]], German philosopher (died [[1893 in Germany|1893]])<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Michelet, Karl Ludwig |volume=18 |page=370 |inline=1}}</ref>
*[[11 December]] – [[Christian Dietrich Grabbe]], German writer (died [[1836 in Germany|1836]])
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Thierry Hermès]], German-born French businessman, founder of [[Hermès]] (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
== Deaths ==
*[[14 March]] – [[Christian Friedrich Penzel]], German musician and composer (born [[1737 in Germany|1737]])
*[[25 March]] – [[Novalis]], German poet (born 1772)<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Donehower, Bruce|date=2007|orig-year=1815|author-last=Tieck, Ludwig|author-link=Ludwig Tieck|chapter=Ludwig Tieck "Biography of Novalis, 1815|chapter-url={{Google books|id=UYpkY-G1f84C|page=126|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Birth of Novalis: Friedrich Von Hardenberg's Journal of 1797, with Selected Letters and Documents|publisher=Albany, NY: State University of New York Press|pages=126–136|isbn=9780791480687}}</ref>
*[[26 April]] – [[Karl Heinrich Heydenreich]], German philosopher (born [[1764 in Germany|1764]])<ref>{{Citation | last=Klemme | first=Heiner F. | year=2006 | contribution=Heydenreich, Karl Heinrich | editor-last=Haakonssen | editor-first=Knud | title=The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=2 | pages=1180–81}}</ref>
*[[14 May]] – [[Johann Ernst Altenburg]], German composer, organist and trumpeter (born [[1734 in Germany|1734]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.editions-bim.com/johann-ernst-altenburg-concerto-for-7-trumpets-and-timpani.html|accessdate=22 December 2013|publisher=Editions Bim|title=Altenburg Johann Ernst|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111256/http://www.editions-bim.com/johann-ernst-altenburg-concerto-for-7-trumpets-and-timpani.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[19 September]] – [[Johann Gottfried Koehler]], German astronomer (born 1745)
*[[23 October]] – [[Johann Gottlieb Naumann]], Kapellmeister, conductor and composer (born [[1741 in Germany|1741]])<ref>[[Dieter Härtwig]] and Laurie Ongley: "Johann Gottlieb Naumann," Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 12 December 2006) [http://www.grovemusic.com/ (subscription access).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Year in Europe|1801}}
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]
[[Category:1801 in the Holy Roman Empire| ]]
[[Category:1801 by country|Germany]]
[[Category:1801 in Europe|Germany]]
| 1,245,934,030 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1800 - 1799 - 1798": "1801 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Germany \u00b7 \u2192 - 1802 - 1803 - 1804", "Decades": "1800s 1810s 1820s", "See also": "Other events of 1801 \u00b7 History of Germany \u2022 Timeline \u2022 Years"}}]
| false |
# 1895 West Cavan by-election
The 1895 West Cavan by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of West Cavan on 22 August 1895. The sitting member, Edmund Vesey Knox of the Irish National Federation, who had sat for the constituency since a by-election in 1890, had been re-elected in the general election of 1895. However, having been elected also for the constituency of Londonderry City, he chose to sit for that constituency instead. The West Cavan seat thus became vacant, and in the ensuing by-election, another Irish National Federation candidate, James Patrick Farrell, was elected unopposed.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ----- | ------------------------------ | --------------------- | --------- | --- | --- |
| | Irish National Federation | James Patrick Farrell | Unopposed | N/A | N/A |
| | Irish National Federation hold | | | | |
|
enwiki/39530954
|
enwiki
| 39,530,954 |
1895 West Cavan by-election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_West_Cavan_by-election
|
2025-01-22T19:10:21Z
|
en
|
Q16978164
| 53,899 |
{{Short description|UK Parliamentary by-election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
The '''1895 West Cavan by-election''' was a parliamentary [[by-election]] held for the United Kingdom House of Commons [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]] of [[West Cavan (UK Parliament constituency)|West Cavan]] on 22 August 1895.<ref>''The Times'', 23 August 1895</ref> The sitting member, [[Edmund Vesey Knox]] of the [[Irish National Federation]], who had sat for the constituency since a by-election in 1890, had been re-elected in the [[1895 United Kingdom general election|general election of 1895]]. However, having been elected also for the constituency of [[Londonderry City (UK Parliament constituency)|Londonderry City]], he chose to sit for that constituency instead.<ref>''The Times'', 16 August 1895</ref> The West Cavan seat thus became vacant, and in the ensuing by-election, another Irish National Federation candidate, [[James Patrick Farrell]], was elected unopposed.<ref>''The Times'', 23 August 1895</ref><ref name="Year Book">[https://archive.org/details/constitutionaly07unkngoog The Constitutional Year Book], 1904, published by [[Conservative Central Office]], page 187 (211 in web page)</ref>
{{Election box begin |
|title=By-election 2 August 1895: Cavan West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Irish National Federation
|candidate = James Patrick Farrell
|votes = Unopposed
|percentage = ''N/A''
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Irish National Federation
|swing = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{By-elections to the 26th UK Parliament}}
[[Category:1895 elections in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:August 1895]]
[[Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in County Cavan constituencies]]
[[Category:Unopposed by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Irish constituencies]]
[[Category:1895 elections in Ireland]]
{{Ireland-UK-Parl-by-election-stub}}
| 1,271,138,590 |
[]
| false |
# 120ft Motor Lighter
The 120 ft Motor Lighter was a class of lighters designed by the Australian Shipbuilding Board during World War II and built for the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Navy and the US Army.
## Design
The lighters were 120 feet (37 m) in length, 9 feet (2.7 m) depth and 24 feet (7.3 m) breadth and cost about $120,000 each to build.
## Operators
### Royal Australian Navy
The Royal Australian Navy ordered three refrigerator, two stores and nine water variants.
| Ship | Built | Builder | Service | Notes |
| ------- | ----- | ----------------------------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| MRL 251 | | | | |
| MRL 252 | | | | |
| MRL 253 | | Johnson's Shipyard, Melbourne | | Renamed HMAS Gayundah in 1969. |
| MRL 254 | | | | Order cancelled |
| MRL 255 | | | | Order cancelled |
| MSL 251 | | Tulloch Limited, Rhodes | | Loaned to Department of External Territories, sank during a storm on 23 June 1950, with 17 lives lost. |
| MSL 252 | | State Dockyard, Newcastle | 1946–1973 | Converted to a survey vessel in 1958, renamed HMAS Paluma. Paid off on 30 March 1973, and sold in 1974. |
| MWL 251 | | | | Renamed HMAS Gunga Din. |
| MWL 252 | | | | Order cancelled. |
| MWL 253 | | | | |
| MWL 254 | | | | Broken up at Homebush Bay. |
| MWL 255 | | State Dockyard, Newcastle | | |
| MWL 256 | | State Dockyard, Newcastle | | Renamed HMAS Lonsdale, later HMAS Gunga Din II. |
| MWL 257 | | | | Sold for scrapping in 1985. |
| MWL 258 | | | | Order cancelled. |
| MWL 259 | | | | Order cancelled. |
### Australian Army
Thirty one vessels were ordered by the Australian Army.
| Ship | Built | Builder | Service | Notes |
| ----------------- | ----- | ----------------------------- | ------- | ----------------------------------- |
| AV 2050 Elspeth | | | | |
| AV 2051 | | | | |
| AV 2052 | | Johnson's Shipyard, Melbourne | 1945 | For auction in 1948. |
| AV 2053 | | | | |
| AV 2054 | | | | |
| AV 2055 | | | | |
| AV 2056 Evelyn | | | | |
| AV 2057 | | | | |
| AV 2058 | | | | |
| AV 2059 | | | | |
| AV 2060 | | | | |
| AV 2061 | | | | |
| AV 2062 | | | | |
| AV 2063 | | | | |
| AV 2064 | | | | |
| AV 2065 | | | | |
| AV 2066 Ellen | | | | Transferred to Royal Navy as MSL 41 |
| AV 2067 Endeavour | | | | Transferred to Royal Navy as MSL 42 |
| AV 2068 | | | | For auction incomplete in 1948. |
| AV 2069 | | | | |
| AV 2070 | | | | |
| AV 2071 | | | | |
| AV 2072 | | | | |
| AV 2073 | | | | |
| AV 2074 | | | | |
| AV 2075 Emily | | | | |
| AV 2076 | | | | |
| AV 2077 | | | | |
| AV 2078 | | | | |
| AV 2079 | | | | |
| AV 2080 Ebbtide | | | | Transferred to Royal Navy as MRL 21 |
### Royal Australian Air Force
The Royal Australian Air Force ordered five vessels.
### Royal Navy
| Ship | Built | Builder | Service | Notes |
| ------ | ----- | ------- | ------- | ----- |
| MSL 41 | | | | |
| MSL 42 | | | | |
| MRL 21 | | | | |
### United States Army
| Ship | Built | Builder | Service | Notes |
| ----- | ----- | ------- | ------- | ----- |
| OL-22 | | | | |
|
enwiki/34656931
|
enwiki
| 34,656,931 |
120ft Motor Lighter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120ft_Motor_Lighter
|
2022-05-30T11:33:47Z
|
en
|
Q4548121
| 64,779 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=Australian Army 120 foot lighter AV 2050.jpg
| Ship caption=Australian Army 120ft motor lighter ''AV2050'' during World War II
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Name= 120ft Motor Lighter
| Builders=
| Operators=* Royal Australian Navy
* Australian Army
* Royal Australian Air Force
* Royal Navy
* United States Army
| Class before=
| Class after=
| Subclasses=
| Cost=
| Built range=
| In service range=
| In commission range=
| Total ships building=
| Total ships planned=
| Total ships completed=~50
| Total ships cancelled=
| Total ships active=
| Total ships laid up=
| Total ships lost=
| Total ships retired=
| Total ships scrapped=
| Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type= Motor Lighter
|Ship tonnage=250 tons
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length= {{Convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{Convert|24|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught= {{Convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=Diesel engines
|Ship speed=
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
|Ship armour=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
The '''120 ft Motor Lighter''' was a class of [[lighter (barge)|lighters]] designed by the [[Australian Shipbuilding Board]] during [[World War II]] and built for the [[Royal Australian Navy]], [[Australian Army]], [[Royal Australian Air Force]], [[Royal Navy]] and the [[US Army]].<ref>Alsop, p.56.</ref><ref name="Wil">Wilson, p.32.</ref>
==Design==
The lighters were {{convert|120|ft|m}} in length, {{convert|9|ft|m}} depth and {{convert|24|ft|m}} breadth and cost about $120,000 each to build.<ref name="Wil"/>
==Operators==
===Royal Australian Navy===
The Royal Australian Navy ordered three refrigerator, two stores and nine water variants.
{| class="wikitable"
! Ship || Built || Builder || Service || Notes
|-
| MRL 251 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MRL 252 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MRL 253 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| [[Johnson's Shipyard]], [[Melbourne]] ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Renamed HMAS ''Gayundah'' in 1969.
|-
| MRL 254 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Order cancelled
|-
| MRL 255 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Order cancelled
|-
| [[MV Fairwind|MSL 251]] ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| [[Tulloch Limited]], [[Rhodes, New South Wales|Rhodes]] ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Loaned to Department of External Territories, sank during a storm on 23 June 1950, with 17 lives lost.
|-
| [[HMAS Paluma (1946)|MSL 252]] ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| [[State Dockyard]], [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] ||align="Center"| 1946–1973 ||align="Left"| Converted to a survey vessel in 1958, renamed HMAS ''Paluma''. Paid off on 30 March 1973, and sold in 1974.
|-
| MWL 251 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Renamed HMAS ''Gunga Din''.
|-
| MWL 252 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Order cancelled.
|-
| MWL 253 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MWL 254 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Broken up at Homebush Bay.
|-
| MWL 255 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| State Dockyard, Newcastle ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MWL 256 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| State Dockyard, Newcastle ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Renamed HMAS ''Lonsdale'', later HMAS ''Gunga Din II''.
|-
| MWL 257 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Sold for scrapping in 1985.
|-
| MWL 258 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Order cancelled.
|-
| MWL 259 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Order cancelled.
|}
===Australian Army===
Thirty one vessels were ordered by the Australian Army.
{| class="wikitable"
! Ship || Built || Builder || Service || Notes
|-
| AV 2050 ''Elspeth''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2051 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2052 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Johnson's Shipyard, Melbourne ||align="Center"| 1945 ||align="Left"| For auction in 1948.
|-
| AV 2053 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2054 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2055 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2056 ''Evelyn''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2057 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2058 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2059 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2060 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2061 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2062 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2063 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2064 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2065 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2066 ''Ellen''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Transferred to [[Royal Navy]] as MSL 41
|-
| AV 2067 ''Endeavour''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Transferred to Royal Navy as MSL 42
|-
| AV 2068 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| For auction incomplete in 1948.
|-
| AV 2069 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2070 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2071 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2072 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2073 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2074 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2075 ''Emily''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2076 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2077 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2078 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2079 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| AV 2080 ''Ebbtide''||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| Transferred to Royal Navy as MRL 21
|}
===Royal Australian Air Force===
The Royal Australian Air Force ordered five vessels.
===Royal Navy===
{| class="wikitable"
! Ship || Built || Builder || Service || Notes
|-
| MSL 41 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MSL 42 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|-
| MRL 21 ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|}
===United States Army===
{| class="wikitable"
! Ship || Built || Builder || Service || Notes
|-
| OL-22 ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"| ||align="Center"| ||align="Left"|
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{Cite book
| title=Australian Army watercraft : Australia's unknown fleet : from the Second World War to the present day
| author1=Alsop, Brian
| year=1996
| publisher=Topmill, Marrickville
| isbn=1-876043-15-6
}}
*{{Cite book
| title=Royal Australian Navy : Profile No. 4. Royal Australian Navy 21st century warships: naval auxiliaries 1911–1999 (including Defence Maritime Services)
| author1=Wilson, Michael
| author2=Australia. Navy Office. Naval Historical Records Section
| author3=Australia. Navy Office. Public Affairs
| year=1994
| publisher=Topmill, Marrickville
| isbn=1-876270-72-1
}}
{{Portal bar|Australia|Royal Australian Navy|Engineering}}
{{Royal Australian Navy}}
[[Category:Cargo ships of the Royal Australian Navy]]
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Ships of the Royal Australian Air Force]]
[[Category:Ships of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of the Australian Army]]
| 1,090,610,115 |
[{"title": "Class overview", "data": {"Name": "120ft Motor Lighter", "Operators": "- Royal Australian Navy - Australian Army - Royal Australian Air Force - Royal Navy - United States Army", "Completed": "~50"}}, {"title": "General characteristics", "data": {"Type": "Motor Lighter", "Tonnage": "250 tons", "Length": "120 ft (37 m)", "Beam": "24 ft (7.3 m)", "Draught": "9 ft (2.7 m)", "Propulsion": "Diesel engines"}}]
| false |
# 1380s in music
- 1370s
- 1380s in music
- 1390s
- Art
The 1380s in music involved some significant events.
## Events
- 1381
- Three harp makers are documented as active in Oxford.[1]
- Matteo da Perugia receives the degree of Doctor in Theology in Paris.[2]
- 1382 – Earliest mention of the Sint Lucasgilde in Antwerp, a guild of harpsichord builders, painters, gilders, carvers, printers, cabinet makers, and other specialist crafts.[3]
- 1383
- 21 August – A treasury document from the court of Navarre states that Jacob Senleches has entered the service of Pedro de Luna, Cardinal of Aragon, as a harpist.[4]
- 1384
- 10 January – Baude Fresnel, a harpist and organist probably identical with the composer Baude Cordier, enters the service of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, as the Duke's private harpist.[5]
- A new organ is installed in St. Peter's Church (Munich).[6]
- The organ built by Claus Karlen in 1324–27 for the Strasbourg Cathedral is destroyed by fire; it is replaced the following year.[7]
- 1387
- Andrea da Firenze is commissioned to build an organ for the Florence Cathedral.[8]
- A new city charter for Vilnius in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania leads to the establishment of musicians' guilds there.[9]
- 1388 – first known use of the English word "recorder" to refer to the musical instrument, in a document from the household accounts of the Earl of Derby (later Henry IV of England): "i. fistula nomine Recordour mpta London pro domino".[10]
## Bands formed
- 1384
- Spring – Philip the Bold founds the Burgundian ducal chapel of sixteen singers. Eight of the new singers were acquired from the household of the recently deceased Louis II, Count of Flanders, and the other eight from the papal court at Avignon.[11]
- A reorganization of the Florentine municipal band added two new groups: (1) a trumpet ensemble of six trombetti, eight trombadori plus one or two percussionists, and (2) an alta capella of three pifferi (shawm players).[12]
- 1386
- William I, Margrave of Meissen employs fistulatores (pipers), vigellatores (fiddlers), and tympanatores (drummers) at his court for the first time.[13]
- The Stadtmusikanten (town musicians) of Osnabrück are established.[14]
## Compositions
- 1382
- September – Jacob de Senleches, Fuions de ci (ballade), with text referring to the recent death of Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile.[15]
- 1388 or 1389 – Trebor, En seumeillant m'avint une vision (ballade).[16]
- 1389
- May
- Anon., Cine vermeil, cine de très haut pris (ballade) for three voices, composed in connection with the wedding on 6 June (Julian) of Jehan, duc de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne.[17]
- Egidius, Roses et lis ay veu en une fleur (ballade), possibly composed for the wedding on 6 June of Jehan, duc de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne.[18]
- Solage[19]
- S'aincy estoit (ballade) for three voices, composed for the wedding on 6 June of Jehan, duc de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne
- Corps femenin par vertu de nature (ballade) for three voices, written shortly before 6 June
- Calextone qui fut dame (ballade) for three voices, written shortly after 6 June
- Trebor, Passerose de beaute, la noble flour (ballade) for three voices, possibly also written for the wedding of Jehan de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne.[16]
## Births
- 1389 or 1390 – Thomas Damett, English composer (d. between 15 July 1436 and 14 April 1437)
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1380s in music
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Q48997074
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year topic navigation|1380|music|art}}
{{Decade in topic sidebar}}
The '''1380s in music''' involved some significant events.
== Events ==
* 1381
**Three harp makers are documented as active in [[Oxford]].<ref>Susan Wollenberg, "Oxford", ''Grove Music Online'' (updated and revised, 1 July 2014), Oxford Music Online (accessed 1 September 2017).</ref>
**[[Matteo da Perugia]] receives the degree of Doctor in Theology in Paris.<ref>Ursula Günther and Anne Stone, "Matteo da Perugia [Matheus de Perusio, de Perusiis, Perusinis]", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]] (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
* 1382 – Earliest mention of the [[Guild of Saint Luke|Sint Lucasgilde]] in Antwerp, a guild of harpsichord builders, painters, gilders, carvers, printers, cabinet makers, and other specialist crafts.<ref>Anne Beetem Acker, "Guild of St Luke", ''Grove Music Online'' (25 May 2016), Oxford Music Online (accessed 1 September 2017).</ref>
* 1383
**[[21 August]] – A treasury document from the court of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] states that [[Jacob Senleches]] has entered the service of [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Pedro de Luna, Cardinal of Aragon]], as a harpist.<ref>[[Ursula Günther]] and Maricarmen Gómez, "Senleches, Jacquemin de [Senlechos, Jacob; Selesses, Jacopinus]", ''Grove Music Online'' (updated 9 November 2009), Oxford Music Online (accessed 1 September 2017).</ref>
* 1384
** [[10 January]] – Baude Fresnel, a harpist and organist probably identical with the composer [[Baude Cordier]], enters the service of [[Philip the Bold]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], as the Duke's private harpist.<ref>[[Craig M. Wright|Craig Wright]], "Tapissier and Cordier: New Documents and Conjectures", ''Musical Quarterly'' 59, No. 2 (April 1973): 177–89. Citation on 179–80, 186–89.</ref>
**A new organ is installed in [[St. Peter's Church (Munich)]].<ref>[[Horst Leuchtmann]] and Robert Münster, "Munich", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
**The organ built by Claus Karlen in 1324–27 for the [[Strasbourg Cathedral]] is destroyed by fire; it is replaced the following year.<ref>Jean Happel, "Strasbourg", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
* 1387
**[[Andrea da Firenze]] is commissioned to build an organ for the [[Florence Cathedral]].<ref>[[Kurt von Fischer]] and Gianluca D’Agostino, "Andreas de Florentia [Magister Frater Andreas Horghanista de Florentia; Andrea degli Organi; Frate Andrea de’ Servi, Fra Andrea di Giovanni]", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
**A new city charter for [[Vilnius]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] leads to the establishment of musicians' [[guilds]] there.<ref>Juozas Antanavičius, "Vilnius", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
* 1388 – first known use of the English word "[[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]" to refer to the musical instrument, in a document from the household accounts of the Earl of Derby (later [[Henry IV of England]]): "i. fistula nomine Recordour mpta London pro domino".<ref>David Lasocki, "Recorder", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
== Bands formed ==
* 1384
**Spring – [[Philip the Bold]] founds the Burgundian ducal chapel of sixteen singers. Eight of the new singers were acquired from the household of the recently deceased [[Louis II, Count of Flanders]], and the other eight from the [[Avignon Papacy|papal court at Avignon]].<ref>Craig Wright and David Fallows, "Burgundy", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
**A reorganization of the Florentine municipal band added two new groups: (1) a trumpet ensemble of six ''trombetti'', eight ''trombadori'' plus one or two percussionists, and (2) an [[alta capella]] of three ''[[piffero|pifferi]]'' ([[shawm]] players).<ref>Frank A. D’Accone, "Florence: §1: To 1600", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
* 1386
**[[William I, Margrave of Meissen]] employs ''fistulatores'' (pipers), ''vigellatores'' (fiddlers), and ''tympanatores'' (drummers) at his court for the first time.<ref>[[Wolfram Steude]], "Dresden, §1: To 1694", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
**The ''Stadtmusikanten'' (town musicians) of [[Osnabrück]] are established.<ref>Percy M. Young, "Osnabrück", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
== Compositions ==
* 1382
**September – [[Jacob de Senleches]], ''Fuions de ci'' ([[Ballade (forme fixe)|ballade]]), with text referring to the recent death of [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile]].<ref>[[Ursula Günther]], "Datierbare Balladen des Späten 14. Jahrhunderts, I", ''[[American Institute of Musicology#Musica Disciplina|Musica Disciplina]]'' 15 (1961): 39–61. Citation on 43.</ref>
* 1388 or 1389 – [[Trebor (composer)|Trebor]], ''En seumeillant m'avint une vision'' (ballade).<ref name="auto">Yolanda Plumley, "Trebor", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>
* 1389
**May
***Anon., ''Cine vermeil, cine de très haut pris'' (ballade) for three voices, composed in connection with the wedding on 6 June (Julian) of [[John, Duke of Berry|Jehan, duc de Berry]] and [[Joan II, Countess of Auvergne|Jeanne de Boulogne]].<ref>[[Ursula Günther]], "Unusual Phenomena in the Transmission of Late 14th Century Polyphonic Music", ''[[American Institute of Musicology#Musica Disciplina|Musica Disciplina]]'' 38 (Aspects of Music in Church, Court and Town from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century, 1984): 87–118. Citation on 103–106.</ref>
***[[Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)|Egidius]], ''Roses et lis ay veu en une fleur'' (ballade), possibly composed for the wedding on 6 June of Jehan, duc de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne.<ref>Gilbert Reaney, "The Manuscript Chantilly, Musée Condé 1047", ''[[American Institute of Musicology#Musica Disciplina|Musica Disciplina]]'' 8 (1954): 59–113. Citation on 68.</ref>
***[[Solage]]<ref>Gilbert Reaney, "The Manuscript Chantilly, Musée Condé 1047", ''[[American Institute of Musicology#Musica Disciplina|Musica Disciplina]]'' 8 (1954): 59–113. Citation on 76–77.</ref>
****''S'aincy estoit'' (ballade) for three voices, composed for the wedding on 6 June of Jehan, duc de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne
****''Corps femenin par vertu de nature'' (ballade) for three voices, written shortly before 6 June
****''Calextone qui fut dame'' (ballade) for three voices, written shortly after 6 June
***[[Trebor (composer)|Trebor]], ''Passerose de beaute, la noble flour'' (ballade) for three voices, possibly also written for the wedding of Jehan de Berry and Jeanne de Boulogne.<ref name="auto"/>
== Births ==
*1389 or 1390 – [[Thomas Damett]], English composer (d. between 15 July 1436 and 14 April 1437)
== Deaths ==
{{Further|Category:1380s births}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1380s in music| ]]
[[Category:14th century in music]]
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