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# Common Diseases of Freshwater and Saltwater Fish
## Ich & Velvet
### Common Symptoms
- **Freshwater Ich - *Ichthyophthirius multifiliis***
- White spots on body, heavy breathing, flashing/scratching, clamped fins, lethargy
- **Marine Ich - *Cryptocaryon irritans***
- White spots on body (smaller and more numerous than Ich), heavy breathing, flashing/scratching, clamped fins, lethargy
- **Velvet - *Oodinium sp.***
- Gold/yellow dust on body, heavy breathing, flashing/scratching, clamped fins, loss of color, lethargy
- **Marine Velvet - *Amyloodinium sp.***
- White spots on body (smaller and more numerous than Ich), heavy breathing, flashing/scratching, clamped fins, lethargy
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Coppersafe
- Fritz FixIck
- Fritz MetroCleanse
- Fritz ParaCleanse
- Fritz Parashield
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. Follow any ectoparasite treatment with an antibiotic like Maracyn, Maracyn Two, and/or Maracyn Oxy to prevent secondary infection from open wounds.
## Flukes
### Common Symptoms
- **Gill Flukes - *Dactylogyrus sp.***
- Skin Flukes - *Gyrodactylus sp.***
- Rapid breathing, loss of appetite, discolored gills, and swollen gills, gasping at surface. Fine white or translucent spots or hairlike filaments on skin and fins.
**NOTE:** Parasites may not always appear on the body. Heavy infections may occur in the gills and show no evidence of disease on fins or scales.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz ParaCleanse
- Fritz PrazIcleanse
- Fritz Bactershield
- Fritz Parashield
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
## Costia, Chilodinella, Trichodina
### Common Symptoms
- **Costia - *Ichthyobodo necator***
- Rubbing, scratching, flashing, gasping, lethargy. A blue-grey film on the skin or gills may appear in severe or advanced infections.
- **Chilodinella sp. / Trichodina sp.***
- Rubbing, scratching, flashing, gasping, lethargy, loss of appetite, and excess slime coat/mucus production from irritation.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Coppersafe
- Fritz FixIck
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
- Fritz Parashield
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. Follow any ectoparasite treatment with an antibiotic like Maracyn, Maracyn Two, and/or Maracyn Oxy to prevent secondary infection from open wounds.
## Lice and Anchor Worm
### Common Symptoms
- **Fish Lice - *Argulus sp.***
- Anchor Worm - *Lernaea sp.***
- Small, reddish-brown dots) attached to the body or fins; lesions, rubbing, scratching, flashing, redness/irritation; lethargy, missing scales, fin erosion, excess mucus.
**Manually remove these parasites before treatment, if possible.**
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Expel-P
- Fritz PrazIcleanse
- Fritz ParaCleanse
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. Follow any ectoparasite treatment with an antibiotic like Maracyn, Maracyn Two, and/or Maracyn Oxy to prevent secondary infection from open wounds.
## Saprolegnia, Egg Fungus
### Common Symptoms
- **Saprolegnia - *Saprolegnia parasitica***
- Also known as “Cotton Wool Disease.” Fuzzy white or gray patches that resemble cottony growths found on the gills or skin. Fungus can be distinguished from bacteria by its fluffy, stringier appearance.
**NOTE:** Fungal infections are usually secondary infections following another disease or injury that leaves exposed wounds or open tissue.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Expel-F
- Fritz Maracyn Oxy
- Fritz Bactershield
- Fritz Parashield
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. Follow any treatment for open wounds with an antibiotic like Maracyn, and/or Maracyn Two to prevent secondary infection.
## Popeye, Cloudy Eye
### Common Symptoms
- Various causes
- Easily identified as one or both eyes will swell and bulge out away from the body. Affected fish may also lose color. Severe cases can cause rupture of the eye. Secondary symptoms include hiding and lethargy, decreased appetite, body swelling, and clamped fins.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Maracyn
- Fritz Maracyn Two
- Fritz Maracyn Oxy
- Fritz Bactershield
- Fritz Parashield
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
## Dropsy, Bloat, Swim Bladder Disease
### Common Symptoms
- **Dropsy - Various gram-negative bacteria**
- Dropsy, also known as Bloat, refers more to a collection of symptoms, rather than a specific infection. This is due to the fish’s digestive system from stress and/or poor water quality. Initial symptoms include loss of color/pale gills, feces pale and stringy, fins clamped against the body, ulcers, and loss of appetite. In advanced cases, fluid retention causes the fish to float on its side and causes the scales to stand out and “pinecone.” This stage of disease is hard to treat and often leads to fish loss.
- **Swim bladder disease**
- Most easily identified as an inability to regulate buoyancy. Fish will have difficulty swimming and may sink or float to the surface. Other symptoms include a change or loss of appetite, distended abdomen, and in severe cases, a distorted or curved spine.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Maracyn Two
- Fritz ParaCleanse
- Epsom Salt
- Fritz MetroCleanse
- Fritz PrazIcleanse
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
## Fin Rot
### Common Symptoms
- Characterized by fraying and erosion at the edges of fins and tail. May also show discoloration of fin tissue, red streaks along fin rays or fin bases. Fish will also show lethargy and loss of appetite in advanced cases.
**Fin rot can have multiple root causes, bacterial, fungal, or injury. The bacteria species likeliest to cause fin rot are Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, or Vibrio bacteria.**
### Fritz Pro Tip:
Combine two or three of the recommended treatments for the fastest recovery. Note: Tissue regrowth will not be immediately apparent after the treatment.
**Best Practice:**
Poor water quality is usually a significant factor to developing fin rot. Address this as soon as possible to prevent reinfection. A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
## Epistylis
### Common Symptoms
- **Epistylis - *Epistylis sp.***
- Branching, clustered white spots that extend away from the fishes body/scales into the water column.
**Despite its similarities to Ich infections, Epistylis feeds off of bacteria rather than fish tissues.**
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Maracyn
- Fritz Maracyn Two
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
- Fritz Bactershield
- Fritz Parashield
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
## Columnaris, Body Fungus
### Common Symptoms
- **Columnaris - *Flavobacterium columnare***
- Cotton-like growth in flat patches ranging in color from greyish-white to yellow or orange. Found on fins, sides, fins or mouth. Advanced stages may cause loss of scales, lesions, and long filamentous growths on fins, rapid breathing, and lethargy.
**Also known as Body Fungus, Saddleback Disease or Cotton Wool Disease**
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Maracyn
- Fritz A+ Aquarium Salt
- Fritz Bactershield
**Best Practice:**
Treat ASAP! A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
## Uronema
### Common Symptoms
- **Uronema - *Uronema marinum***
- Large red lesions or ulcers. Common on chromis and damselfs, but can affect any fish species. Treatment should be targeted towards fish that have not developed symptoms. There is no follow period for a Uronema infection.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Coppersafe
- Fritz FixIck
- Fritz MetroCleanse
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment.
## Septicemia, Lesions, and Ulcers
### Common Symptoms
- **Bacterial Septicemia - *Aeromonas sp.***
- May show bloody streaks or red patches underneath the skin and scales, along the base of fins or around the vent.
**Note:** Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, common in pond fish, will not be affected by antibiotics and has no treatment or cure.
- Lesions and ulcers appear as open wounds anywhere on the body.
### Fritz Preferred Treatments
- Fritz Maracyn Two
- Fritz Maracyn
- Fritz Maracyn Oxy
- Fritz Bactershield
**Best Practice:**
A quarantine or hospital tank is always recommended for treatment. All antibiotic treatments can affect desirable bacteria and biofilters.
---
**Legend**
- Fritz recommends treatments listed first with the check as the most effective
**Parasitic Diseases**
- Bacterial Diseases
- Fungal Diseases
**Disclaimer:**
This chart does not provide veterinary advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this chart are for informational purposes only. No material on this chart is intended to be a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your veterinarian or other qualified veterinary professional with any questions you may have regarding a condition or treatment and before undertaking a new care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this chart.
Scan for a digital version of this chart.
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How Poor Indoor Environmental Quality Affects Performance in Work Environments and Educational Buildings
Pawel Wargocki
[email protected]
International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy
Department of Civil Engineering
Technical University of Denmark
THE CONTEXT
A framework for organisations is:
to measure how their building impacts on their most valuable asset, their employees.
Health, Wellbeing & Productivity in Offices
The next chapter for green building Key Findings
September 2014
Source: World Green Building Council (2014)
TYPICAL BUSINESS OPERATING COSTS
Based on a typical split of business operating costs: modest gains in staff health and wellbeing can deliver significant financial savings.
10% Variation
A 10% variation applied equally to each cost has a far from equal impact.
- Energy costs: +/- 0.1%
- Rental costs: +/- 0.9%
- Staff costs: +/- 9.0%
Source: World Green Building Council (2014)
ENERGY & NON-ENERGY BENEFITS ARE LOW HANGING FRUITS...
How Indoor Environment Affects Performance
By David P. Wyon, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
As experienced researchers in the effects of thermal comfort and indoor air quality on performance, we are often asked to give our best estimate of how, and to what extent, performance is affected by different aspects of indoor climate. This article provides a brief summary of our personal opinions, in the form of answers to 40 frequently asked questions. Our answers are based on the results of behavioral experiments conducted to date. We offer no opinions on long-term health effects of indoor environmental quality. We provide some references to relevant sources, but there is not enough space for all such references. We list some questions we cannot answer as topics for future research in this area.
Relevance
Why should we be interested in thermal and air quality effects on performance?
There are four main reasons:
- It is the added value of occupant performance that pays for indoor environmental quality;\(^1\)
- Performance is affected in the short-term by the combined effects of all indoor environmental factors, while subjective and physiological responses are usually selected because they are a function of one specific factor;
- It turns out that thermal and air quality effects on performance can be observed even when there are no observable effects on comfort or on health-related symptom intensity;\(^2,3,4\) and
- The primary purpose of factory, office and school buildings is to provide an optimal indoor environment for work and for learning to work.
Effects
What effects do raised temperatures and poor air quality have on performance?
We have found that they usually reduce the rate of working, with little or no effect on accuracy.\(^3,4\)
About the Authors
David P. Wyon, Ph.D., is professor and Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D., is associate professor at the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Energy conservation in buildings as a way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases is forcing an urgent re-examination of how closely thermal and air quality conditions should be controlled in buildings. Allowing conditions to drift outside the optimum range would conserve very large amounts of energy and would in most cases have only marginal effects on health or subjective comfort. The question that then arises is whether occupant performance would be negatively affected and if so, by how much. This information is required for cost-benefit analyses. The answers in this paper are based on laboratory and field experiments that have been carried out since the massive increase in energy costs that took place in the 1970s. Although only a few of the mechanisms by which indoor environmental effects occur have been identified, it is already clear that any economies achieved by energy conservation will be greatly exceeded by the costs incurred due to decreased performance. Reducing emissions by allowing indoor environmental conditions to deteriorate would thus be so expensive that it would justify greatly increased investment in more efficient use of energy in buildings in which conditions are not allowed to deteriorate. Labour costs in buildings exceed energy costs by two orders of magnitude, and as even the thermal and air quality conditions that the majority of building occupants currently accept can be shown to reduce performance by 5–10% for adults and by 15–30% for children, we cannot afford to allow them to deteriorate still further.
Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices
How to integrate productivity in life-cycle cost analysis of building services
Paweł Wargocki, Olli Seppänen (editors)
Johnny Andersson
Atze Boerstra
Derek Clements-Croome
Klaus Fitzner
Sten Olaf Hanssen
rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 6
IEQ & HUMAN PERFORMANCE
ABILITY TO PERFORM WORK
Building design and operation
Indoor Climate (IEQ)
Human responses
Benefits
Value of the benefit
Source: Seppanen et al. (2005)
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS
IEQ → DISTRACTION & ATTENTION
→ MOTIVATION
→ AROUSAL
→ NEUROBEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
→ ACUTE HEALTH SYMPTOMS
→ SLEEP QUALITY
→ ABSENTEEISM
→ COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
Source: Wargocki and Wyon (2017)
YERKES-DODSON LAW
Performance
Weak Strong
Low High
Simple task
Focused attention, flashbulb memory, fear conditioning
Difficult task
Impairment of divided attention, working memory, decision-making and multitasking
Source: Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
Poor IAQ
- Shallow Breathing
- Atelectasis
- Insufficient elimination of CO₂ during respiration
- Mild Acidosis: Increased CO₂ in blood
- Health Problems: SBS (Headache)
- Reduced Performance
Warmth Discomfort
- High Metabolism
ACUTE HEALTH SYMPTOMS AND PERFORMANCE
Continuous performance task
7.2% lower workrate (P<0.001)
Symbol-digit substitution task
30% higher error rate (P=0.07)
Source: Nunes et al. (1993)
Satisfaction with temperature, noise level and air quality = satisfaction with IEQ
For example, ~15% increase in satisfaction with temperature would increase self-estimated job performance by ~1%
Source: Wargocki et al. (2012)
BUILDING FEATURES ARE IMPORTANT FOR SATISFACTION
- All important (p<0.05)
- The most important is satisfaction with amount of space, the most important regardless of occupants’ gender and age, type of office (single office, shared office, cubicles) and distance from a window.
- Other important parameters include satisfaction with noise level, visual privacy, colors and textures, etc.
- IEQ is not the most important.
Source: Frontczak et al. (2011)
EVIDENCE: OFFICE WORK
Elevated temperatures and poor air quality can affect performance of office work by 5% (laboratory) to 10% (field)
VENTILATION AND PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE WORK
Performance
Outdoor air supply rate (L/s per person)
Source: Wargocki and Seppanen (2006)
THERMAL DISCOMFORT AND PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE WORK
Source: Lan et al. (2011)
EVIDENCE: SCHOOLWORK
Elevated temperatures and poor air quality can affect performance of schoolwork by children by over 15-20% (field)
VENTILATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOLWORK
Source: Wargocki et al. (in the Press)
VENTILATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOLWORK
Source: Wargocki et al. (in the Press)
TEMPERATURE AND PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOLWORK
Source: Wargocki et al. (2019)
Poor IEQ increases the short term sick-leave by few days, usually by 1-2 days
(SOME) UNSOLVED MATTERS AND CHALLENGES
- Which pollutants can be associated with the effects on performance?
- Are there any risks for performance associated with the use of adaptive thermal comfort model?
- Do green buildings promote performance?
- How can performance be reliably measured?
- Can the evidence on the effects of IEQ on performance be used in economic calculations?
- What is the combined effect of several IEQ parameters on performance?
- To which extent is performance affected by sleep quality that is affected by IEQ?
MEASURING FRAMEWORK FOR PERFORMANCE
- Physical: temperature, light level, CO₂, noise, view
- Perceptual: physical comfort, job satisfaction (e.g., organizational commitment, engagement, corporate image)
- Financial: absenteeism, staff retention, revenue, medical symptoms and costs, complaints to building manager
Source: World Green Building Council (2014)
SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIVING
- People sleep over 20 years during their life time
- High quality sleep is vital for humans
- Sleep improves cognitive performance (memory and learning, and creativity), reduce health risks (dementia, Alzheimer’s disease), regulates hunger and fullness (obesity), reduce risks for car accidents, improves concentration and next-day performance
- People are getting more and more deprived of sleep, length (<7,5 hrs) and quality
- Is IEQ important?
Source: Walker (2017)
Simulations of the potential revenue from investment in improved indoor air quality in an office building
WARGOCKI, P. AND DJUKANOVIC, R. (2005) "SIMULATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL REVENUE FROM INVESTMENT IN IMPROVED INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN AN OFFICE BUILDING", ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS, VOL. 111 (PT.2), PP. 699-711.
Non-low-polluting building
Discounted pay-back time (years)
Improvement of air quality (% dissatisfied)
ESTIMATED BENEFITS OF IMPROVING IAQ IN U.S. BUILDINGS
- Total benefits - $62.7 billion/year
- Productivity gains = $54.7 billion
- Health-related savings = $8 billion: acute respiratory diseases = $1.2 billion; building-related illness (e.g. humidifier fever) = 0.8$ billion; IAQ illnesses including SBS = $6 billion)
- Total costs - $87.9 billion (initial) (in 40% of US buildings regarded unhealthy) + 4.8 billion/year (maintenance)
Pay-back time = 1.4 years
Lack of IAQ metric or disagreement what should constitute IAQ metric is a significant barrier holding back innovation of IAQ conducive technologies, emergence of undocumented methods of measurements of IAQ claiming their high efficiency and authenticity, this all resulting in undervaluing the importance of IAQ in different credit schemes and compliance metrics related to built environment.
Source: Steinemann et al. (2016)
OVERVIEW OF THE MOST OFTEN USED IAQ INDICES
- "Ventilation rate"
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) [CO₂ => Ventilation rate]
- Acceptability of (or the percentage of dissatisfied with) indoor air quality
- Total concentration of volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)
WHAT IS IEQ?
13 Green Building Certifications
- Level(s)
- OsmoZ
- HQE
- BREEAM
- KLIMA
- DGNB
- ITACA
- LiderA
- BES
- CASBEE
- LEED
- WELL
- NABERS
European standard EN16798
7 European projects
14 Research articles
IEQ
- Thermal environment: 19 indicators
- Indoor air quality: 39 indicators
- Acoustic environment: 20 indicators
- Visual environment: 12 indicators
Source: Wei et al. (in the press) HB2019 Asia, session 20
TAIL INDEX AS A METHOD OF CLASSIFYING IEQ
Four components:
- Thermal environment
- Acoustic environment
- Indoor air quality
- Light – Luminous (visual) environment
Overall IEQ:
Source: Wargocki et al., ASHRAE Journal December 2019
CONCLUSIONS AND “TAKE AWAYS”
- It is well documented that both thermal conditions and indoor air quality do affect the performance of office work and schoolwork.
- The mechanisms that mediate the effects of thermal conditions and indoor air quality on performance are surprisingly similar.
- Thermal conditions and indoor air quality tend to affect performance “across the board”, suggesting that it is the ability to concentrate and to think clearly that is affected, as this is common to all aspects of mental performance.
- It is not proven that subjective acceptance of indoor environmental conditions leads to optimal performance.
- Self-estimated performance is not an indicator of objectively measured performance.
- Motivation to perform well may itself be influenced by the indoor environment.
- Performance tests, however environmentally sensitive, may not in fact predict the performance of real work.
- The results obtained in laboratory experiments using paid subjects, simulated work and limited exposure times must be validated in field intervention experiments in which the performance of real work is monitored over time in normally functioning offices and schools.
Source: Wargocki and Wyon (2017)
QUESTIONS......
economy sustainability energy absenteeism council building health credits green offices performance environmental indoor quality certification
([email protected])
DOES CO₂ AFFECT (DECISION-MAKING) PERFORMANCE?
Source: Satish et al. (2012)
DOES ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT CREATE RISK?
- Negative effects on performance will increase progressively with increasing temperature even if some subjective habituation takes place.
- Acceptance (psychological) of undesirably warm thermal conditions should not be equated with achieving thermal comfort.
- Physiological and mental changes occur in response to warmth: headache, fatigue, difficulty in thinking clearly, dry eyes, reduced oxygen saturation and increased CO2 levels in blood, and decreased tear film quality (all affecting performance).
- Objective adaptation due to behavioral changes may not always occur: inconveniently high velocities, dress code, etc.
- People can often avoid discomfort by working less => one of the most reported behavioral adjustments is to ‘take a break’ or to slow down work speed that definitely leads to decreased performance at high temperatures.
Source: Lan et al. (2013)
CONSEQUENCES OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
% Complaining
- Tired
- Head Heavy
- Concentration
Source: Lan et al. (2011); Krogstadt et al. (1991)
GREEN BUILDINGS AND PERFORMANCE
- Review of 37 peer-reviewed papers and 12 white papers or reports
- Self-estimated productivity generally improved in green buildings (n=14); in n=3 studies reversed effect was seen. Size of the effect 2-16%.
- Sick-leave reduced at the level 5-39% but no information whether the effects remain at the same level after years of working or are temporary.
Source: da Silva (2015)
DISBELIEF ON BENEFITS FOR PRODUCTIVITY IN GB
- It was examined how building stakeholders (n=112, sample of convenience) incl. owners, tenants, operators, designers, understand impacts of IAQ and associated energy costs.
- Benefits and costs of ventilation and filter upgrade (9.5 to 19 L/sp and MERV 6 to 11 (G3=>F6))
- Minorities of respondents indicated benefits for productivity (45%), absenteeism (23%) or health (39%)
- Estimates for energy costs were 2-4 times higher than the estimates obtained through modelling.
- Respondents holding green building credentials were not more likely to affirm IAQ benefits and less willing to pay for it.
- Majority doubted or were uncertain of benefits and overestimate the costs so IAQ community must reconsider existing education and outreach strategies to bridge the gap of understanding about the real benefits and costs of IAQ.
Source: Hamilton et al. (2015)
NO AGREED & VALIDATED METHOD FOR VERIFICATION
- Absence from work or workstation, unavailability on the telephone.
- Health costs, including sick leave (absenteeism), accidents and injuries.
- Interruptions to work, observed downtime.
- Controlled independent assessments of work quality and mood.
- Self-assessments of productivity.
- Component skills, task measures, speed and accuracy of work, for instance using simulated office work comprising arithmetic calculations, proof-reading and creative thinking, as well as tasks embedded in normal office work or schoolwork.
- Output from pre-existing work groups and existing company measures such as talk time in call centers or claim handling time in insurance companies.
- Cost for the product of service.
- Exchanging output in response to graded reward.
- Voluntary overtime or extra time.
- Staff turnover.
- Cycle time from initiation to completion of process;
- Multiple measures at all organizational levels.
- Individual measures of performance, health and well-being at work.
- Development of measures and patterns of change over time.
- Diagnostic psychological tests of short duration examining specific skills such as psychomotor performance, memory, verbal ability, mood, perceptual ability, etc., used normally to study the effects of drugs, sleep deprivation and relatively strong stressors;
- Physiological measures such as cerebral blood flow, measures of voice quality and breathing patterns.
How do we measure (validate) performance benefits?
MEASUREMENTS OF SELF-ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE
On the following 5 scales, please rate how you have been working this past week:
- The work seemed: Very Easy -------- Very Hard
- My level of effort was: Low ---------------- High
- The time pressure was: Low ---------------- High
- I worked at: 0 -- 100% of my full capacity
- My performance was: Poor -------------- Excellent
SELF-ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE IS NOT EQUAL TO PERFORMANCE MEASURED OBJECTIVELY
Source: Clausen and Wyon (2008)
REAL WORK DATA ARE NECESSARY
Source: Wargocki and Wyon (in the Press)
(SOME) UNSOLVED MATTERS AND CHALLENGES
- Which pollutants can be associated with the effects on performance?
- Are there any risks for performance associated with the use of adaptive thermal comfort model?
- Do green buildings promote performance?
- How can performance be reliably measured?
- Can the evidence on the effects of IEQ on performance be used in economic calculations?
- What is the combined effect of several IEQ parameters on performance?
- To which extent is performance affected by sleep quality that is affected by IEQ?
BEDROOM IEQ IN BUILDINGS TODAY
- Split AC in the Tropics reduce temperature and RH but reduce air quality due to need to conserve energy
- Housing insulation conserve energy but increase bedroom temperatures during summer
- CO₂ levels in bedroom reach 5,000 ppm indicating very poor ventilation
Source: Bekö et al. (2010); Sekhar & Goh (2011)
TEMPERATURE AND SLEEP
- It is difficult to fall asleep and to stay asleep when the bedroom is too cold or too hot.
- There is no single temperature that is ideal at all stages of the night.
- Sleep quality seems to be enhanced when bedroom temperatures are warm when falling asleep and when waking but cool in between.
Source: Pan et al. (2014); Lan et al. (2016)
Both sleep quality and next-day performance can be negatively affected when the outdoor air supply rate to the bedroom is reduced.
A small current of fresh air to the breathing zone seems to improve sleep quality.
Source: Zhou et al. (2014); Strøm-Tejsen et al. (2016)
MEASUREMENTS OF PERFORMANCE
Laboratory
- Physiological indicators
- Psychological tests
- Component skills (text typing, arithmetical calculations, proof-reading, logical thinking)
- Self-estimated fatigue, neurobehavioral symptoms and performance
Field
- Existing measures (operator time in call centres, claim processing time)
- Self-estimated fatigue, neurobehavioural symptoms and performance
- Absence rates
TEMPERATURE AND PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE WORK
Source: Seppanen et al. (2005)
NOISE AND PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE WORK
Source: Hongisto et al. (2005)
MEASUREMENTS OF PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOLWORK
Laboratory
- N/A
Field
- Psychological tests
- Typical school tasks (math and language based)
- Standardized (national) tests
- Absence rates
TYPICAL SCHOOL TASKS
CLASSROOM TEMPERATURE
Performance (%)
Temperature (°C)
Source: Wargocki and Wyon (2012)
TYPICAL SCHOOL TASKS
CLASSROOM VENTILATION
Performance (speed) %
Outdoor air supply rate L/s/person
Source: Wargocki and Wyon (2012)
STANDARDIZED TESTS
CLASSROOM VENTILATION
% of students who passed the test
Outdoor air supply rate (L/s/person)
Math
Reading
Source: Haverinen-Shaughnessy et al. (2013)
STANDARDIZED TESTS
CLASSROOM TEMPERATURE
Ventilation rate [l/s per person]
Mathematics score
<23°C (73°F)
>23°C (73°F)
Source: Haverinen-Shaughnessy and Shaughnessy (2015)
Text comprehension and memory were negatively affected by increased noise from airplanes; the effect was linear.
There were no strong effects of traffic noise (cars) on the performance of schoolwork – cognitive tasks, only episodic memory was slightly affected.
School grades in elementary schools were improved by 21% for pupils in classes with much daylight compared with classes with least daylight.
Source: Heschong (2002); Stansfeld et al. (2005)
SHORT-TERM SICK-LEAVE AND VENTILATION
Source: Wargocki and Seppanen (2006)
ABSENCE RATES
CLASSROOM VENTILATION
1-1.5% reduction in absence rate per 1 L/sp
Source: Mendell et al. (2013)
ARE THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY CO₂, BIOEFFLUENTS, BOTH?
Source: Zhang et al. (2016)
INDIVIDUAL CONTROL IMPROVED CLAIM PROCESSING BUT NOT SELF-ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE
Increase in productivity
Old building: No individual control
New building: No individual control
New building: With individual control
Source: Kroner et al. (1992)
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MEDIA STATEMENT
DATE: 23 March 2022
KZN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT MEC BONGIWE SITHOLE-MOLOI CONDEMNS THUGGISH BEHAVIOUR BY JOZINI MAYOR
KwaZulu-Natal MEC for Agriculture and Rural Development Bongiwe Sithole-Moloi has condemned in strongest possible terms the vandalizing of government property at Siqakatha (Ward 06) area near Jozini.
It is alleged that an Inkatha Freedom Party councilor who is also the Mayor of Jozini mobilized a group of people to stop recently employed workers from carrying out their duties. It is alleged that the mayor wants to have all the current workers fired so he can employ new people during his tenure as the mayor.
The mobsters ordered the staff members to vacate the offices demanding that only local people from the ward should be employed.
"It is unfortunate that at this time in our democracy there are people who are hell-bent on hindering service delivery to our people by destroying infrastructure. We call on law enforcement agencies to assist us in ensuring that these hooligans are stopped and law restored in that area," said MEC Sithole-Moloi.
* Enquiries: Mr Vusi Zuma on 082 419 2887 or Mack Makhathini on 076 965 5870.
Ends.
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By JASON EPP
Leader & Times
The Meade boys' track team took home the title of Hi-Plains League Champions, and the girls finished second, just 4.5 points behind first-place Cimarron. The Southwestern Heights girls finished third.
Meade's Trevin Wiens won four individual golds in the 100, 200, 400, and long jump. Tarah Wiens of Meade won the 100, 200, long jump, and anchored the 4x100 meter relay team.
Regional meets will take place Friday with 2A teams heading to Sublette, and 3A teams heading to Holcomb.
GIRLS TEAM RESULTS:
Cimarron, 139.5, 2.Meade, 135, 3.SW Heights, 67, 4.Stanton County, 54, 5.Lakin, 48, 6.Satanta, 46, 7.Elkhart, 28, 8.Sublette, 20, 9.Syracuse, 16.5.
BOYS TEAM RESULTS:
1.Meade, 117, 2.Stanton County, 3.Cimarron, 78, 4.Lakin, 64, 5.Elkhart, 52, 6.Sublette, 46, 7.SW Heights, 42, 8.Syracuse, 31, 9.Satanta, 18.
GIRLS INDIVIDUAL RESULTS:
100 meter dash—1.Tarah Wiens, Meade, 12.87, 3.Kyndra Friend, 13.27, 4.Natalie Thompson, Meade, 13.27, 5.Isabel Chavez, SW Heights, 13.89, 6.Dannah White, Elkhart, 13.89.
200 meter dash—1.Wiens, Meade, 27.10, 3.Vanessa Caro, Satanta, 28.01, 4.Friend, SW Heights, 28.02, 5.White, Elkhart, 29.10, Joanette Alvadrez, SW Heights, 29.36.
400 meter dash—2.Emma Stalker, Satanta, 1:02.95, 4.Riley Matteson, Sublette, 1:05.84, 6.Alvadrez, SW Heights, 1:06.98.
800 meter run—1.Yessenia Villa, Elkhart, 2:35.73, 2.Jacqueline Clawson, Meade, 2:38.28, 5.Hannah Miller, Meade, 2:43.70.
1600 meter run—3.Villa, Elkhart, 6:02.21, 6.Shelby Cline, Elkhart, 6:28.03.
3200 meter run—3.Michaela Goliher, Meade, 14:20.73, 4.Taylor Davis, Meade, 15:19.01.
100 meter hurdles—2.Jayden Ruzdik, Meade, 16.84, 4.Caro, Satanta, 18.06, 5.Taylor Watson, Sublette, 18.91, 6.Hanna McKenzey, Elkhart, 19.51.
300 meter hurdles—3.Caro, Satanta, 50.32, 4.Rudzik, Meade, 52.13, 5.Watson, Sublette, 52.73, 6.Mackenzie Moshier, Meade, 53.64.
4x100 meter relay—1.Meade (Thompson, Amber Koons, Kinzie Friesen, Weins), 52.52, 2.SW Heights (Jackie Loya, Friend, Nayelly LaPoint, Madison Angell), 52.93, 3.Satanta (Valerie Caro, Veronica Longoria, Vanessa Caro, Stalker0, 53.25.
2 / 5
4x400 meter relay—2.Satanta (Vanessa Caro, Longoria, Valerie Caro, Stalker), 4:20.65, 3.Meade (Koons, Clawson, Moshier, Thompson), 4:28.16
4x800 meter relay—2.Meade (Clawson, Koons, Miller, Moshier), 10:55.94.
High jump—2.Stalker, Satanta, 5', 3.Angell, SW Heights, 5', 5.Lauren Dewell, Meade, 4'-10".
Pole vault—4.Ivon Amparan, SW Heights, 8', 5.Emily Jacobs, SW Heights, 6', 6.Chandler, SW Heights, 6'.
Long jump—1.Wiens, Meade, 17'-3.52", 3.Matteson, Sublette, 16'-1", 5.Loya, SW Heights, 15'-2", 6.Angell, SW Heights, 14'-11".
Triple jump—1.Kinzie Friesen, Meade, 35'-6", 2.Thompson, Meade, 33'-10.5", 4.Jacobs, SW Heights, 32'-5.25, 5.Matteson, Sublette, 31'-3.25, 6.Chandler, SW Heights, 31'-1".
Shot put—2.Madison Reichmann, Meade, 34'-3.5", 3.Brenna Fischer, Meade, 32'-2", 4.Rudzik, Meade, 30'-2", 5.Celia Chavez, SW Heights, 29'-10.5".
Discus—3.Shanie Howe, Elkhart, 80'-9", 4.Reichmann, Meade, 80', 5.Chavez, SW Heights, 79'-".
Javelin—1.Nayelly LaPoint, SW Heights, 121'-5", 3.Amparan, SW Heights, 105'-8", 4.Loya, SW Heights, 99'-6", 5.Reichmann, Meade, 93'-2".
BOYS INDIVIDUAL RESULTS:
3 / 5
100 meter dash—1.Trevin Wiens, Meade, 10.85, 3.Chris Hardaway, Meade, 11.43, 6.Anthony Sanchez, Satanta, 12.16.
200 meter dash—1.Wiens, Meade, 23.11, 2.Jordan Forbit, Elkhart, 3.Kyler Line, Sublette, 24.19, 5.Sky Davis, Sublette, 24.71.
400 meter dash—1.Wiens, Meade, 49.68, 2.Forbit, Elkhart, 51.71, Israel Barco, Elkhart, 55.56.
800 meter run—3.Peter Wiebe, SW Heights, 2:12.17.
1600 meter run—1.Barco, Elkhart, 4:48.21, 2.Wiebe, SW Heights, 4:48.59, 5.Chris Paul, SW Heights, 5:05.30.
3200 meter run—1.Wiebe, SW Heights, 10:24.88, 2.Barco, Elkhart, 10:30.23, 5.Pablo Gonzales, Satanta, 11:07.17.
110 meter hurdles—1.Hayden Borth, Meade, 15.66, 4.Tyler Meraz, Sublette, 18.32.
300 meter hurdles—1.Hardaway, Meade, 41.19, 2. Borth, Meade, 41.56, 6.Meraz, Sublette, 46.56.
4x100 meter relay—2.Sublette (Chavarria, Sebastian Morales, Jake Gesling, Line), 45.52.
4x400 meter relay—1.Sublette (Chavarria, Line, Gesling, Lester Withers), 3:35.48.
4 / 5
High jump—3.Jesus Garcia, Satanta, 5'-6".
Pole vault—5.Scott Holmes, SW Heights, 10'-6", 6.Wyatt Brown, Sublette, 9'-6".
Long jump—1.Wiens, Meade, 21'-0.5", 3.Hardaway, Meade, 20'-3.5", Trathen Stanfill, Satanta, 18'-10.25".
Triple jump—2.Gesling, Sublette, 40'-11.25", 3.Hardaway, Meade, 39'11.5", 4.Holmes, SW Heights, 38'-3.75", 5.Chavez, SW Heights, 38'-2", 6.Bennett Miller, Satanta, 37'-4.5".
Shot put—1.Morgan Davis, Meade, 45'-7", 2.Wesley Higgins, Elkhart, 43'-1", 3.Randy Friesen, Meade, 41'-3.5".
Discus—1.Davis, Meade, 142'-6", 4.Delatorre, SW Heights, 107'-3", 5.Chavira, Sublette, 99'-8", 6.Ethan Reichmann, Meade, 98'-11".
Javelin—4.Higgins, Elkhart, 147'-8", 5.Delatorre, SW Heights, 144'-1".
Today I wish say to you in the form in which it was necessary to fly into has already been given viagra for sale buy viagra
is a personal choice of each man must take every human being without help.
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Mentor-protégé fit Identifying and developing effective mentorship across identities in doctoral education
Vicki L. Baker Albion College, Albion, Michigan, USA Meghan J. Pifer Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA, and Kimberly A. Griffin University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Abstract
Purpose – The aim of this conceptual paper is to explore Mentor-protégé fit as important to the selection and development of successful doctoral student–faculty mentoring relationships. We suggest that the student–faculty relationship in doctoral education is an additional and previously untested type of Mentor-protégé fit.
Design/methodology/approach – Generated from an existing framework of identity in the academy, we explore how three types of identity (professional, relational, personal) may influence students' fit assessments as they seek to initiate and develop relationships.
Findings – We offer propositions for research to further explore the potential application of the proposed framework to knowledge generation about the doctoral student experience.
Originality/value – While the research about doctoral education has considered all three aspects of students' identities individually, it has not explicated the ways in which these intersecting identities relate to students' needs and expectations related to mentoring, their choices related to mentor selection, or the effectiveness and outcomes of mentoring relationships in fostering success and satisfaction.
Keywords Mentoring, Mentor-protégé fit, Doctoral education, Student–faculty mentoring relationships, Academic identity
Paper type Conceptual paper
While often framed as a silver bullet to improve career satisfaction, mobility, and personal development, mentoring continues to be a ubiquitous concept that lacks clarity in terms of research, practice, and policy (Crisp and Cruz, 2009; Jacobi, 1991). Operational challenges coupled with inconsistent attempts to define and assess mentorship have made it even more difficult to answer the question of how one should identify suitable mentors and engage in the establishment and maintenance of effective mentoring relationships over time. In this conceptual paper, we focus specifically on Mentor-protégé relationships between faculty members and doctoral students,
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the advice of Ann Austin and Melissa McDaniels during the development and writing of this manuscript.
Identifying and developing effect mentorship
83
Received 6 April 2014
Revised 13 May 2014
Accepted 6 June 2014
International Journal for Researcher Development Vol. 5 No. 2, 2014 pp. 83-98 © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2048-8696 DOI 10.1108/IJRD-04-2014-0003
suggesting a nuanced approach to identifying mentor characteristics can foster more effective mentor relationships.
There has been some study of successful faculty-student mentoring relationships (e.g. O'Meara et al., 2013); however, scholars have not fully considered how multiple dimensions of identity may influence developmental relationships. Additionally, research about the student's process of mentor identification has been narrowly focused on perceived similarity according to area of study or personal traits (Griffin, 2013; Lark and Croteau, 1998; Maher et al., 2004; Patton, 2009). While important, these considerations are not the only factor(s) in predicting the effectiveness of relationships in preparing students for their professional roles and supporting them throughout doctoral training.
We recommend that mentoring research and practice re-center on the notion of fit, as opposed to similarity, to uncover the characteristics and conditions that lead to successful mentorships in doctoral education. Fit is achieved through the presence of shared values, complementarity, and mutuality. More than surface-level assumptions of similarity, fit requires deeper thought about the variety of both the mentor and the protégé's values, attitudes, opinions, and characteristics that contribute to the identification, establishment, and maintenance of successful mentoring relationships (Van Vianen, 2000). Organizational and management scholars have long been interested in the concept of fit to better understand personal and organizational outcomes (Backhaus, 2003; Chatman, 1989, 1991; Schneider, 1987). This line of research explores the connection between individual and situational aspects of the work setting, which include relationships with work peers, groups and supervisors. Several types of fit have received scholarly attention. Person-Supervisor (P-S) Fit has been particularly useful in exploring the role of dyadic relationships in work settings, given the connections between dyads and job satisfaction (Kristof-Brown et al., 2005), organization commitment (Westerman and Cyr, 2004), and employee attitudes and retention. While similar to supervisors, mentors play a distinct role in the lives of graduate students, suggesting the need for a different understanding of fit between mentors and protégés.
The purpose of this conceptual paper is to consider how students might conduct complex needs assessments to initiate and foster mentoring relationships with strong Mentor-protégé fit (M-P Fit). We focus on doctoral education because it is "seen as playing a crucial role in the production of knowledge" and "doctorate holders are viewed as a primary source of innovation, research, and development capacity" (Nerad and Heggelund, 2008, p. 5). Despite structural differences in doctoral education globally as highlighted by Nerad and Heggelund (2008), the master–apprentice model permeates doctoral education, highlighting the importance of the faculty–student relationship in doctoral student development. Our emphasis is on the dyadic relationship, specifically from the student perspective, and not on the process by which mentorships evolve over time. Students conceptualize their identities in complex ways that can be influenced by various aspects of the organization and the learning context. However, we offer our conceptual framework to serve as a guide which helps students to better define their needs, through an identity lens, when identifying a potential mentor.
We begin with a review of the literature. We then provide an overview of a newly developed conceptual framework and discuss its application to the consideration of Mentor-protégé relationships in doctoral education. The framework explicates the role of identity in lived experiences in the academy, and we suggest fit assessments should be based on three components:
(1) professional identity (perceptions of self related to the major tasks and roles of the academic career);
(2) relational identity (self-concept as it relates to family roles and responsibilities and interpersonal relationships outside of the professional context); and
(3) personal identity (general sense of self, including the perceived salience of personal characteristics within specific contexts).
We extend this framework by suggesting its application to supporting students as they seek to identify and cultivate effective mentorships in their doctoral experience. Our description of the framework is followed by suggestions for future research and practice. Specifically, we assert a set of propositions that may serve as a foundation for future studies about the ways in which doctoral students assess fit when establishing and enacting mentoring relationships.
Review of the literature
Several areas of research are pertinent to understanding relationships between doctoral students and faculty, fostering our ability to anticipate the success of these relationships based on fit rather than surface-level similarities. First, we clarify what mentoring relationships are, distinguishing them from other relationships in doctoral education. Next, we review literature on Mentor-protégé relationships in higher education, as well as research about the importance and nature of assessing M-P Fit. Finally, we address how experiences in doctoral education may vary based on student identity, thus influencing the formation and maintenance of Mentor-protégé relationships and assessments of fit.
Student–faculty relationships in doctoral education
Academia is built on an apprenticeship model, with doctoral students studying closely with faculty members in their academic departments and disciplines as they engage in supervised research and other scholarly activities. The close, enduring and, in many cases, in-depth relationship between faculty members and students are distinctive from the relationships students form with faculty during their undergraduate years (Johnson, 2007). These relationships are the primary form of teaching and knowledge transmission during graduate training (Barnes and Austin, 2009; Jairam and Kahl, 2012; Kelly and Schweitzer, 1999; Nakamura et al., 2009). Relationships play an important role in the doctoral student experience (Austin, 2002; Barnes and Austin, 2009; Kelly and Schweitzer, 1999; Nakamura et al., 2009), particularly related to identity development (Baker et al., 2013), persistence (Felder, 2010; Gardner, 2009b; Lovitts, 2001; Nettles and Millett, 2006) and productivity (Paglis et al., 2006; Tenenbaum et al., 2001).
Within the process of graduate education, faculty members fulfill multiple roles. Three roles that are central in the student experience, and which provide varying levels of support, are those of supervisor, academic advisor and mentor (Baker and Griffin, 2010; Griffin, 2012; Lindén et al., 2013). A lack of prior knowledge of the nuances between these roles or their purposes coupled with minimal institutional differentiation often leads doctoral students to confound them, resulting in miscommunications and unrealistic expectations of faculty members in each role (Lindén et al., 2013; Johnson,
Identifying and developing effect mentorship
85
2007), ultimately decreasing the likelihood of M-P Fit and successful mentor selection. The supervisory relationship is particularly important in doctoral education, where faculty members serve as skilled experts overseeing the professional knowledge- and skill-development of emerging scholars. Supervisors oversee task completion of the student's original research or on research teams. Supervisory relationships may be established through mutual interest in collaboration or through the student's fulfillment of research assistantship responsibilities. Supervision is also often used in Australia, Scandinavia and the UK to capture the multiple dimensions of relationships between student and advisor (Lindén et al., 2013).
In the USA, this role is most commonly referred to as an advisor. The faculty advisor, as defined by Schlosser and Gelso (2001, p. 158), "has the greatest responsibility for helping guide the advisee through the graduate program" . Advising includes the roles of academic guide, major professor and in some instances dissertation chair. Advisors are expected to provide clear and consistent information to help students complete academic tasks in a timely manner and facilitate their progress through the academic program (Baker and Griffin, 2010; Johnson, 2007; Schlosser and Gelso, 2001). Advising relationships may be determined by a mutual interest in research areas, or may be assigned more generically upon a student's admission into a doctoral program.
Some, but not all, advising relationships will become mentoring relationships, which are marked by a deeper level of commitment to a student's psychosocial development (Johnson, 2007). Mentoring relationships can be informal (developed based on mutual interest, outside of the context of an assigned or formalized relationship) or formal (developed based on assignment with specific guidelines and objectives). Generally, mentors provide a deeper level of support than advisors or supervisors, engaging in more reciprocal and enduring relationships with their protégés than those that exist through advising and supervisory roles (Griffin, 2012; Healy and Welchert, 1990; Johnson, 2007). While they may coincide with other relationships, mentoring relationships are distinguished by an emotional commitment connected to the mentor's care for a student's growth, both professionally and personally (Baker and Griffin, 2010). Mentoring relationships often incorporate a combination of role modeling, social support and professional counsel that is unique to each Mentor-protégé pair (Johnson, 2007; Kram, 1985).
Because of the differences in the purpose and nature of the roles that faculty members can play in doctoral students' educational journeys, additional research is needed to establish more complete understanding of the ways in which doctoral students seek out and establish mentoring relationships, the characteristics on which they base such decisions, and the degree of fit present within their relationships. This work considers the utility of a framework for focusing on fit in mentoring relationships that students seek and perceive as important. Rather than addressing the process of fit, we focus on the characteristics of mentors and protégés that will promote the highest degree of fit, providing a foundation for higher quality interactions.
As we begin this work, we must briefly acknowledge the limitations of several assumptions embedded in this discussion. Much of the research and discourse around mentoring assumes that having a mentor is positive, and that mentoring is a critical component to fostering positive outcomes in graduate education. However, we acknowledge that there are often challenges inherent in bringing about these positive outcomes. There are many skills associated with doing this work well (Johnson, 2007;
O'Meara et al., 2013), and faculty members can engage in behaviors that create strife and result in negative outcomes for students (Baker et al., 2013). Further, mentoring is not free from the dynamics of power and politics, and Manathunga (2007) highlights the paternalistic nature and inclination for self-reproduction inherent in these relationships. It is also important to acknowledge that not all students will want a mentor or perceive that these relationships are important to their development (Johnson, 2007). Some may view mentoring as contrary to the spirit of individual meritocracy, which suggests that students can make their own success without guidance from others. Others may view traditional notions of mentoring as placing students in one-sided relationships in which they have nothing to offer. It is also important to acknowledge that mentoring takes on different meanings depending on context, as does terminology. In the USA, for example, the term advisor is synonymous with supervisor; in other national contexts, students and faculty alike may have different expectations of these relationships. It lies within the realm of future studies to apply the framework to investigations of doctoral education that consider essential factors such as context, culture and structure.
Mentor-protégé relationships in doctoral education
Research has established the centrality of student–faculty mentoring relationships in effective doctoral education (Baker et al., 2013). Graduate students who have access to mentors report higher levels of critical thinking, academic skill development and interest in becoming professors than those who do not benefit from such relationships (Adams, 1992; Belcher, 1994; Kelly and Schweitzer, 1999). These outcomes can be enduring, translating to long-term job placement, self-efficacy and productivity after graduation (Dixon-Reeves, 2003; Johnson et al., 2007; Paglis et al., 2006). The psychosocial outcomes associated with mentoring are also important. Scholars have suggested that the socio-emotional support that mentors offer to graduate students may be more important to students than career support (Waldeck et al., 1997). This type of support is related to students' satisfaction with their mentoring relationships and experiences in graduate school overall (Patton and Harper, 2003; Tenenbaum et al., 2001). Conversely, while effective mentoring can serve to guide and advance doctoral students through training, degree completion and placement, ineffective relationships can disrupt students' progress, resulting in negative outcomes such as resentment and reduced efficacy for students and faculty alike.
The literature provides a foundation for understanding the importance of mentoring in the development of graduate students and related outcomes; however, there are several limitations to current knowledge that necessitate new frameworks for understanding these relationships. Previous research has offered little attention to the distinctions between types of relationships or qualities that will foster the process of relationship formation. The characteristics associated with an ideal mentor can vary significantly (Rose, 2005) and there is no clear understanding of how students determine which characteristics are meaningful in identifying potential mentors. In fact, the importance of various characteristics may change as students' needs evolve throughout the stages of the doctoral student experience, thus influencing the relationships students have with their mentors (Baker and Pifer, 2014).
Doctoral education and identity
While academic interests have the potential to lead to M-P Fit, various components of identity can also play a vital role in how students assess the salience of characteristics sought in a potential mentor. Research about doctoral education has disparately addressed the salience of individual characteristics and differences in shaping students' experiences and outcomes within mentoring relationships. Some of this scholarship has favored professional characteristics, such as McAlpine and Amundsen's (2009) research about academic identity development among doctoral students. Scholars have also begun to address the combined salience of personal and professional characteristics in doctoral students' experiences (e.g. McAlpine and Lucas, 2011; Baker and Pifer, 2011); however, work in this area is still emerging. Gardner (2009a) developed a model of doctoral student identity development that emphasized cognitive and psychosocial development, but did not address students' personal identities in great detail. Gardner noted that more research is needed to understand the role of students' social identities in their feelings of belonging within their programs. Similarly, Nettles and Millett (2006) included the effect of student background characteristics on outcomes related to financial resources, socialization, research productivity, satisfaction and degree completion in their conceptual model of doctoral student experiences. They concluded that understanding how individual characteristics affect students' experiences was an important area for future research in anticipation of the "challenges that doctoral programs will be compelled to address as students demand more equity" (Nettles and Millett, 2006, p. 222).
Other scholars have addressed the salience of personal characteristics in doctoral education, with the greatest attention to race and gender. Examples include Erickson's (2012) study of women in engineering and Truong and Museus' (2012) exploration of doctoral students' responses to experiences of racism. Monforti and Michelson (2008) identified both a lack of mentoring and feelings of isolation as hindering the success of Latina and Latino graduate students in political science. These studies point to a common concern among those who are not able to identify mentors who share and understand their identities in meaningful ways. Within this body of scholarship, there is a theme of otherness, inequity, isolation and self-doubt related to a lack of perceived fit or effective relationships based on personal and professional characteristics (De Welde and Laursen, 2008; Espino, 2012; Sallee, 2010). For example, in Nettles and Millett's (2006) study, women were more likely to choose same-sex mentors, as was the case for African American respondents, and Asian American students were less likely than white students to have mentors.
While this research provides helpful ways to consider the importance of various forms of identity in mentoring relationships, we were unable to locate work which considers fit or difference across multiple dimensions of identity, and how this may influence protégé outcomes and perceptions of fit. Colbeck's (2008) work offers some insights, and considered how social networks and relationships affect the salience of identity across the multiple contexts of doctoral students' lives. She concluded that the ability to manage and integrate personal and professional identities is an important component of success for doctoral students. It is likely that students' and faculty members' multiple identities also have an influence on mentoring relationships, and there must be a deeper understanding of how identity is understood in mentor choice and relationship development.
Conceptual framework
Throughout our research about doctoral education (Baker et al., 2013; Griffin, 2012, 2013), mentoring repeatedly surfaced as students and faculty discussed their developmental relationships and provided their assessments of what aspects of those relationships were effective or ineffective. In these studies, doctoral students did not always communicate realistic expectations about what support faculty members should provide to them or how various faculty roles differed. Thus, we turned to M-P Fit as a possible construct for better understanding students' selection and perception of faculty mentors.
To advance our understanding of the role of M-P Fit in doctoral students' mentoring relationships and how students may conceptualize fit within those relationships, we propose a new application of a previously developed conceptual framework of identity in academic careers across three categories: professional identity, relational identity and personal identity (Pifer and Baker, 2010). Below, we describe each dimension in detail as it relates to the doctoral student experience, grounded in relevant research.
Professional identity
Defined in the conceptual framework as the perceptions of self related to the major tasks and roles associated with the academic career, professional identity is an important component of fit for doctoral students. Students are likely to select programs based on perceived learning and professional development opportunities, including the availability of potential mentoring relationships. They are also likely to explore opportunities for professional similarities or connections with faculty in the program as an initial metric, as well as other program, departmental and disciplinary factors. Once enrolled, students learn more about faculty members' professional interests, research agendas and engagement in professional organizations. These factors are the foundation for exploring M-P Fit based on professional identity. Strong M-P Fit according to doctoral students' professional identities may include research agendas, methodological skills and approaches, career goals or work styles. Students' professional identities provide one potential source of influence for initial mentor selection criteria and the development of effective mentoring relationships.
Research has revealed a connection between mentoring and professional identity. In study of early career MBA students, the authors found that as developmental network density (access to resources) increased, students' sense of clarity about professional identity decreased, which has important consequences for early career individuals. Eby et al. (2004) conducted a meta-analysis to explore whether having a mentor is connected to career outcomes. Their findings suggest that in addition to higher compensation and promotions, commitment to one's career was higher for people who were mentored than for their non-mentored peers. Perhaps most decisively, Russell and Adams (1997, p. 3) concluded that "the benefits [of mentoring] to the protégé can be so valuable that identification with a mentor should be considered a major developmental task of the early career". Given the doctoral student experience is the first stage of the academic career (Austin, 2002), the support of a mentor is likely to contribute to one's professional identity, efficacy and thus persistence.
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Relational identity Relational identity represents self-concept drawn from family roles and responsibilities and interpersonal relationships outside of the professional context. In our prior application of this framework to the study of doctoral education (Pifer and Baker, 2011), we found that doctoral students' relational identities were sometimes linked to isolation and a sense of difference from fellow students and faculty members within their academic programs. Other research has provided additional evidence that doctoral students' relational identities are cause for negative distinction, isolation, self-doubt and stress. In their qualitative study of seven graduate students' experiences, WinkleWagner et al. (2010) reported that students who were the first in their families to enroll in graduate school struggled with their inability to garner knowledge and advice from family members about the process. Participants did, however, indicate that their families, friendships and relationships with people in their churches and communities provided critical support and a sense of purpose. The Latina doctoral students in González' (2006) study pointed to physical distance from their families of origin and care-giving responsibilities for children and other relatives as among the challenges of doctoral studies. Additional studies beyond these examples have pointed to the sacrifices and barriers to completion, as well as sources of meaning and motivation, that doctoral students' relational identities contribute to their experiences (Gardner and Holley, 2011; Martinez et al., 2013; Vekkaila et al., 2013).
Given the salience of doctoral students' relational identities, the degree to which their mentors can identify with or support students' affiliated responsibilities may be invaluable in establishing and maintaining successful mentoring relationships. Eby and Allen (2002) explored mismatches in mentor and protégé values, such as social values, definitions of success, and approaches to work, and found that negative outcomes result from a lack of commonality in these dimensions. Changing contexts of academic work related to scarcity of tenure-line positions, decreased resources and higher demands for assessment and accountability are embedded within broader shifts in social norms and ideals related to family structure, work–life balance, partnership and parenting choices and community engagement. The ways in which students conceptualize their and their mentors' identities and choices in terms of their personal roles and relationships may be a factor in assessing M-P Fit and maintaining positive mentorships.
Personal identity
Finally, the Pifer and Baker, 2010 framework considers personal identity in academic careers. Personal identity includes a person's demographic characteristics, social identities and a general sense of self. Much of the mentoring literature in doctoral education has focused on how students' experiences have been shaped by social identities, or groups within larger systems of advantage and disadvantage or privilege and oppression. Social identities include, but are not limited to, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual identity, physical ability, class and socioeconomic background and religion (Kirk and Okazawa-Rey, 2010; Tatum, 2010).
Some scholars have suggested that social identities influence students' access to mentors and the quality of mentoring they receive. Both mentors and mentees report high interest in individuals who share their demographic characteristics (Bowman et al., 1999; Heinrich, 1995; Patton, 2009; Patton and Harper, 2003; Turban et al., 2002). For example, women and people of color participating in study expressed more interest in
identity matching with their mentors than their male and white peers. Further, having a mentor who shares one's social identity may serve as evidence that success is possible and a source of motivation for both the student and the mentor (Blake-Beard et al., 2011; Fries-Britt and Turner Kelly, 2005), encouraging the interaction and increasing expectations of fit.
It is important to note that while there are some benefits for students with mentors who match their own social identities, there are also studies that suggest similarity in personal identity does not necessarily translate to better outcomes (Dreher and Cox, 1996; Turban and Dougherty, 1994; Urgin et al., 2008). For example, even when they identified similarity as important for mentor assignments, participants in Blake-Beard et al. (2011) study with same-race or same-gender mentors demonstrated no difference in academic outcomes than those who had divergent identities from their mentors. What may be more important than matching identities is understanding or recognition of identities. Scholars have highlighted the importance of mentors recognizing students' cultural backgrounds and advocating for their needs, particularly when they are from underrepresented groups in the academy (Blake-Beard et al., 2011; Brown et al., 1999; Davidson and Foster-Johnson, 2001). Hall and Burns (2009, p. 59) noted that students' efforts to maintain their sense of self when it may not align with the norms of the academy must be recognized by faculty, and cautioned that questioning and resistance from students "however legitimate, may lead mentors to perceive students as disinterested, hostile, uncommitted, or unable to do the work necessary for success".
The likelihood that a faculty member will advocate for a student and understand her or his needs may be related to their shared marginalized identity (Hall and Burns, 2009), but this may not always be the case. Rather than assuming fit, expecting mentoring, or anticipating mentor effectiveness based on race, gender or sexual identity, such factors may serve as one possible component of mentor selection and the development of strong M-P Fit. Similarity in personal identity between mentor and protégé may be less important than the combination of identities, worldviews, values, skills and networks that allow for positive outcomes in mentoring relationships through understanding, support and advocacy.
While the research about doctoral education has considered all three aspects of students' identities individually, it has not explicated the ways in which these intersecting identities relate to students' needs and expectations related to mentoring, their choices related to mentor selection, or the effectiveness and outcomes of mentoring relationships in fostering success and satisfaction. Further research is needed to identify how doctoral students engage in the mentor selection process and whether mentor selection based on fit across components of faculty and students identities, rather than narrowly defined similarity, leads to more effective mentoring relationships.
Next steps: propositions for research
The literature about mentoring in doctoral education demonstrates a tendency to conceptualize similarity according to one or more aspects of students' identities as essential for understanding and predicting mentoring relationships. This synthesis of literature emphasizes that while all aspects of students' identities are embedded in their doctoral experiences, it may be most important to recognize and integrate these identities when helping students to conceptualize mentor identification and selection than to allow students to default to desired similarity according to any one
characteristic. We offer several propositions based on our review of the literature that would allow for the application and refinement of this framework towards increased knowledge of M-P Fit in doctoral education. Future research that generates empirical results about these propositions would be useful for refining the framework and its potential for improving our understanding of this critical aspect of doctoral training and the doctoral student experience.
P1. As new entrants, doctoral students make decisions about mentors based on perceived similarity according to personal characteristics or professional interests instead of a complex understanding of the factors that best facilitate strong M-P Fit.
We recommend a shift in research, implementing the framework of identity in academic careers to better understand the decisions students make as they form mentoring relationships in doctoral education. This framework sheds light on important questions about which components of identity promote student outcomes such as persistence in graduate school or commitment to the disciplinary field. It also suggests the possibility of deeper knowledge regarding whether and why students from certain social identity groups are more likely to prioritize some identities over others. Future studies should explore the relative and potentially intersecting salience of professional, relational and personal identity in mentoring relationships overall, as well as across student populations, disciplines, program stages, career goals and institution types. For example, do students in the hard sciences rely on the same categories of identity when seeking mentors as students in the humanities? Are identities more or less salient at different stages of the doctoral training process, thus necessitating different fit assessments and subsequent identification of mentors that correspond with those different stages? Research about these questions would provide important insight into the process and outcomes of doctoral education.
P2. As new entrants, doctoral students do not distinguish between the key faculty roles of instructor, advisor, supervisor, chair and mentor.
Extant research suggests that the term "mentor" is often used in an all-encompassing way, including multiple relationships that have very distinctive expectations, roles and outcomes (Pifer and Baker, 2010; Jacobi, 1991; Johnson, 2007). Johnson (2007), for example, suggested that students often express disappointment that their advisors are not exhibiting behaviors consistent with mentorship, suggesting students' do not know or understand the distinctions. Clearer understanding of the variety of roles faculty members can and do engage in, as well as relationships between students and faculty can temper students' expectations and help them establish the most appropriate relationships given their needs. Future research should identify and differentiate between the outcomes associated with advising, mentoring and supervision, and the contexts and conditions under which each relationship type is most beneficial for student success. Such work should examine whether there are particular identity dimensions that matter more when students identify mentors, compared to advisors and supervisors. Further, it would be helpful to determine whether certain relationships and behaviors are more critical at specific stages of the doctoral training process and whether disciplinary differences and career goals affect the structure and purpose of
such relationships. Further, clarifying the differences between these relationships can help faculty structure their relationships more intentionally, providing clear communication with students and helping them to develop informed and appropriate expectations for the various roles faculty members play in doctoral education.
P3. Application of the three-part framework of identity in academic careers will inform knowledge of, as well as practice about, the mentor selection process among doctoral students.
Knowledge generated from the application of this framework may assist both doctoral students and faculty members in understanding and developing effective mentoring relationships. Students at all stages, including those considering or beginning doctoral education, those engaged in the process, and those preparing for faculty roles or alternative careers, may be aided by this framework. The framework has the potential to affirm the importance of complex, layered and intersecting identities in doctoral student success and satisfaction and specifically, mentoring relationships. Are there instances when a student and faculty mentor experience strong professional identity fit, but have conflicting personal or relational values? Is the professional fit strong enough to "trump" the lack of personal or relational fit?
Application of the framework to practice may also enable faculty members to understand the complex ways in which students are making sense of their doctoral journeys. The framework may serve as a discussion guide or point of entry into the student–faculty member dialogue about expectations for mentoring relationships. Also, the framework may be useful in beginning to identify where the problems lie within ineffective mentoring relationships and how they might be addressed.
P4. Application of M-P Fit framework will inform knowledge of, as well as practice about, the mentor selection process among doctoral students.
The majority of management, organizational studies and higher education research that has explored Person–Person Fit has done so with a focus on the Person–Supervisor (P-S) relationship. P-S Fit influences employees' withdrawal attitudes and work behaviors, as well as turnover intentions. In higher education, argued for the need to be more systematic when making student–supervisor assignments at the undergraduate level, given the growing importance of the supervisor to key outcomes. The same sentiments are shared given the importance of the student–faculty mentoring relationship. Strong M-P Fit in mentoring relationships results in reduced time-to-degree (Maher et al., 2004) and access to social or human capital that supports career progression (Ballout, 2007). Additionally, strong M-P Fit is likely to aid students' transitions towards full participation in academic and disciplinary communities, positively influencing professional identity development and persistence (Spaulding and Rockinson-Szapkiw, 2012).
Conclusion
Although mentoring is central in doctoral education, there is an inconsistent level of satisfaction with these relationships that may be related to poor M-P Fit, such as what may occur as a result of misalignment between student and faculty expectations. In the
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doctoral student mentoring literature, there is often an assumption that similarity according to:
* professional identity such as area of study;
* relational identity such as parenting roles; or
* personal identity such as race or gender alone ensures a successful mentorship or allows for a complete understanding of the complex dynamics embedded in mentor selection and student–faculty mentoring relationships.
Given the growing literature about dysfunctional mentoring (Eby et al., 2008; Johnson and Huwe, 2002), it is timely to advance research that explores the nature and outcomes of effective mentoring through fit rather than similarity. M-P Fit goes beyond similarity by focusing on the alignment of core values between doctoral students and faculty members. Furthermore, a focus on M-P Fit allows for the integrated and overlapping enactment of professional,relationalandpersonalidentitiesthatinfluencethedoctoralstudentexperience and preparation for the profession, as well as the Mentor-protégé relationship and the important outcomes associated with mentoring in doctoral education.
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Vekkaila, J., Pyhältö, K. and Lonka, K. (2013), "Experiences of disengagement–a study of doctoral students in the behavioral sciences", International Journal of Doctoral Studies, Vol. 8, pp. 61-81.
Waldeck, J., Orrego, V., Plax, T. and Kearney, P. (1997), "Graduate student/faculty mentoring relationships: who gets mentored, how it happens, and to what end", Communication Quarterly, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 93-109.
Westerman, J.W. and Cyr, L.A. (2004), "An integrative analysis of person-organization fit theories", International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 252-261.
Winkle-Wagner, R., Johnson, S.D., Morelon-Quainoo, C. and Santiague, L. (2010), "A sense of belonging: socialization factors that influence the transitions of students of color into advanced-degree programs", in Gardner, S.K. and Mendoza, P. (Eds), On Becoming a Scholar: Socialization and Development in Doctoral Education, Stylus, Sterling, VA, pp. 179-199.
Further reading
Green, S.G. and Bauer, T.N. (1995), "Supervisory mentoring by advisers: relationships with doctoral student potential, productivity, and commitment", Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 537-562.
Millett, C.M. and Nettles, M.T. (2010), "The PhD degree and the marriage license: a good pairing for socializing students to doctoral education?", in Gardner, S.K. and Mendoza, P. (Eds), On Becoming a Scholar: Socialization and Development in Doctoral Education, Stylus, Sterling, VA, pp. 157-177.
Packer, M.J. and Goicoechea, J. (2000), "Sociocultural and constructivist theories of learning: ontology, not just epistemology", Educational Psychologist, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 227-241.
About the authors
Vicki L. Baker, PhD is an Associate Professor of Economics & Management at Albion College. Vicki L. Baker is a corresponding author and can be contacted at: [email protected]
Meghan J. Pifer, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Higher Education at Widener University. Kimberly A. Griffin, PhD is an Associate Professor of Student Affairs at the University of Maryland.
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Inflatable Non-imaging Solar Concentrator CSP
Project Summary
FENG SHI / SOLENSPHERE LLC
This project proposes to employ SolenSphere LLC's (SolenSphere's) patented "Inflatable non-imaging Solar Concentrator" (US11365903 B2) , and "Inflatable Non-Imaging Solar Concentrator Based Concentrating Hybrid Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic System Powered Water Desalination System" (US 11014828 B2), in conjunction with SolenSphere's modified hybrid solar thermal and photovoltaic panel as receiver, sand thermal energy storage, and thermoelectric modules, to construct a CSP system to realize ultrahigh efficiency, extremely low cost, and stabilized power generation. The inflatable solar concentrator based CSP system will be integrated onto e-bike trailer to drive e-bike and portable modular trailer to form solar power generation unit to charge RV EV charging station.
Fig.9 The inflatable non-imaging solar concentrator without domed flexible divergent Fresnel lens cover CPVon a e-bike trailer
Thermoelectric module based sand thermal energy Package
Hybrid solar thermal and photovoltaic panels
E-Bike
Project Impact
Fig.4 Prototype of the inflatable nonimaging non-tracking solar concentrator based CPV system on a e-bike trailer
The success of the proposed project will effectively address the fundamental issues of the solar energy industry and make it the main stream of power supply in the modern society. As the rapid development of photovoltaic technology, the current photovoltaic industry is already able to generate power in a price comparable with that of electricity generated with fossil fuel. However, due to the intermittence, solar power is unable to independently support power grid. The proposed project synergistically integrate the ultra-high efficiency hybrid solar thermal and photovoltaic panel, thermal energy storage, and the thermoelectric module thermal power generation system together to not only address the issues of low efficiency and high cost, but also effectively balance the intermittence. The success of the proposed project will significantly change the landscape of the power supply over the world.
Fig.7 Sand thermo-electric energy storage package
Realize ultra-high efficiency extremely low cost and stabilized power generation
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Visualizing Exciton Transport in 2D Metal-Halide Perovskites.
Ferry Prins
Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain [email protected]
Metal-halide perovskites are a versatile material platform for light-harvesting and light-emitting applications as their variable chemical composition allows the optoelectronic properties to be tailored to specific applications. However, the reduced dimensionality can significantly impact the spatial dynamics of the excitonic excited state within the two-dimensional plane. To study these effects, we employ Transient Microscopy techniques which allow for a direct visualization of the excited state transport.[1] I will start the talk by giving an overview of some of the surprising effects that can be observed, particularly regarding the relationship between lattice softness and the exciton transport properties.[2,3,4]
In the second part of the talk, I will focus on very recent results on exciton transport mixed-halide 2D perovskites.[5] Halide mixing is one of the most powerful techniques to tune the optical bandgap of metal-halide perovskites across wide spectral ranges. However, halide mixing has commonly been observed to result in phase segregation, which reduces excited-state transport and limits device performance. While the current emphasis lies on the development of strategies to prevent phase segregation, it remains unclear how halide mixing may affect excited-state transport even if phase purity is maintained. To try and answer this question, we study the specific case of 2D metal-halide perovskites, in which phase segregation is absent. We show that, despite phase purity, halide mixing inhibits exciton transport in these materials. We find a significant reduction even for relatively low alloying concentrations, with bromide-rich perovskites being particularly sensitive to the introduction of iodide ions. Performing Brownian dynamics simulations, we are able to reproduce our experimental results and attribute the decrease in diffusivity to the energetically disordered potential landscape that arises due to the intrinsic random distribution of alloying sites. Our results show that even in the absence of phase segregation, halide mixing may still impact carrier transport due to the local intrinsic inhomogeneities in the energy landscape.
REFERENCES
[1] Naomi Ginsberg, William A Tisdale, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 71 (2020) 1-30
[2] Michael Seitz, Alvaro J Magdaleno, Nerea Alcázar-Cano, Marc Meléndez, Tim J Lubbers, Sanne W Walraven, Sahar Pakdel, Elsa Prada, Rafael Delgado-Buscalioni, Ferry Prins, Nature Comms 11 (2020), 1-8
[3] Alvaro J Magdaleno, Michael Seitz, Michel Frising, Ana Herranz de la Cruz, Antonio I Fernández-Domínguez, Ferry Prins, Materials Horizons 8 (2021) 639-644
[4] Michael Seitz, Marc Meléndez, Nerea Alcázar‐Cano, Daniel N Congreve, Rafael Delgado‐ Buscalioni, Ferry Prins Adv. Opt. Mat. (2021) 2001875
[5] Michael Seitz, Marc Meléndez, Peyton York, Daniel A Kurtz, Alvaro J Magdaleno, Nerea Alcázar, Mahesh K Gangishetty, Rafael Delgado-Buscalioni, Daniel N Congreve, Ferry Prins arXiv preprint, arXiv:2107.06560 (2021)
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Mercantilism and Triangular Trade
Name: ________________________
Part 1: Read the following sections using the readings provided on the class website. While reading complete the Industry/Scarcity chart below. Keep in mind that if the reading says they don't have a lot of something – it should be considered a scarcity – even if they satisfy that need through importation.
- Page 77 – Economies of the Southern Colonies
- Page 83 – New England Economy
- Page 87 – Economy of the Middle Colonies
| | Industry/Resources |
|---|---|
| New England | |
| Middle Colonies | |
| Southern Colonies | |
Part 2: Now analyze the "Just Imported from London" primary source and the "Colonial Exports" secondary source. Answer the questions below.
1. Colonial Imports:
a. What type of things do the colonies import (generally)?
b. Are those natural, capital, or human resources?
c. What does that tell you about surplus in England?
2. Colonial Exports:
a. What type of things to the colonies export (generally)?
b. Are those natural, capital, or human resources?
c. What does that tell you about scarcity in England?
3. On the map on the other side of the picture, draw and label the shipping routes of the colonial and British exports and imports. The labels should be a description of what is shipped.
Part 3: Review the primary sources found on the website www.lilglobalvillage.com. While you read and analyze the sources, determine the relationships between Europe, Africa and the colonies from the perspective of the slave trade.
1. What was exported from Africa? What was imported? Why?
2. What was exported from the colonies? What was imported? Why?
3. What was exported from the Caribbean? What was imported? Why?
4. On the map below, record and label the shipping routes of exports and imports from Africa, the Caribbean, and the British Colonies.
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WHAT DATE IS THE BOOKING
WHEN CAN I START MAKING BOOKINGS IN CENTRAL TEACHING ROOMS
* LIMITED ROOMS AVAILABLE DURING ORIENTATION/EXAMINATION WEEKS.
CANNOT REQUEST TIERED LEARNING THEATRES BETWEEN 8AM AND 6PM IN WEEK 1 OF SEMESTER. WHY NOT? – The academic timetable fluctuates too frequently during the first weeks of semester due to enrolment unpredictability.
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February 2, 2014
Scottish Heritage Sunday
11:00 a.m.
Our Mission: Responding to God's call and empowered by the Holy Spirit, we invite all to join us in knowing, serving, and sharing Jesus Christ here and around the world.
Our Vision: To be a beacon of faith, hope, and love – every member an active disciple in Christ's ministry.
St. Luke's
Presbyterian Church (USA) 1978 Mt. Vernon Road Dunwoody, Georgia 30338-4617 770-393-1424 www.slpres.org
8:30 a.m. Chapel Communion Service 9:30 a.m. Sunday School 11:00 a.m. Sanctuary Worship Service Nursery provided for all services and Sunday School
Office Hours: Mon. - Fri., 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Dr. Jason Whitener, Pastor Rev. Shannon Dill, Associate Pastor Rev. Phil Brown, Associate Pastor Dr. E. Moss Robertson, Pastor Emeritus
That All May Worship: St. Luke's strives to be a welcoming church for all. Assistive hearing devices, large print hymnals, large print bulletins and pew cushions are available. Please contact an usher for further assistance.
Parents: During the worship service, if necessary, the parlor is a comfortable place to be with your child and still see the service. Children's Worship Notebooks are available for all ages on the shelves in the Narthex (Sanctuary lobby), along with activity sheets pertaining to today's scripture. An usher can assist you.
February 2, 2014 • 4th Sunday in Ordinary Time Liturgical Color: Green Green is used to represent spiritual growth.
The flowers are given to the Glory of God by Jan Siemens and Meg Hartin in loving memory of our father Jim Tysinger, who loved the St. Luke's Kirkin' o' the Tartan.
Serving Today
Welcome, Guests!
We are delighted you are worshiping with us! As a guest, you are invited to:
1. During the Celebration of Community, please print the requested information on the Friendship Pad and pass the Friendship Pad down the pew.
2. After the worship service, please join Deacon Carol Sweigert, Elder Parker Cutler, and our Pastors in the Narthex (Sanctuary lobby). They will answer questions and provide you with a Guest Packet and a loaf of bread lovingly made by St. Luke's member, Cindy Nunez.
3. If you are interested in learning more about St. Luke's or are interested in joining, please contact Jason Whitener: [email protected] or 770-393-1424, ext. 223.
We Assemble in God's Name
In Preparation for Worship
On August 17, 1560, reformer John Knox and five of his colleagues presented the first Reformed Confession of Faith written in the English language to the Parliament of Scotland. "The Scots Confession," as it is now known, united all of Scotland in its politics and in the church. From that day on, the nation was united under a Protestant Flag, emblazoned with the Cross of St. Andrew. It was the birth of the Church of Scotland, and Presbyterianism became a new denomination of Christians. Today, St. Luke's Presbyterian Church celebrates its heritage in descent from the Church of Scotland. It is from an unadorned Calvinist faith of Word and Sacrament, preached passionately in Scotland by the great reformer John Knox during the sixteenth century that St. Luke's continues to draw its life and mission. With voices singing, drums beating and bagpipes playing, let us celebrate our Scottish heritage in this service for the worship of God.
Prelude
Yvonne Miller, recorder
Gathering Prayer of Adoration
Shannon Dill
Most gracious God, our Heavenly Father, in Whom alone dwelleth all fullness of light and wisdom: illuminate our minds, we beseech Thee, by Thine Holy Spirit, in the true understanding of Thy word. Give us grace that we may receive it with reverence and humility unfeigned. May it lead us to put our whole trust in Thee alone. Amen. (from John Calvin)
Procession of Pipes and Tartans
Highland Cathedral, Traditional
Processional Hymn #138 *
Holy, Holy, Holy! Lord God Almighty! / NICAEA
Blessing of the Tartans
Don Malcolm
Welcome - Service of Reformed Heritage
Alan Miller, Beadle
Celebration of Tartan Trot
Jason Whitener
Prayer of Confession *
For by nature we are so dead, blind, and perverse, that neither can we feel when we are tempted, see the light when it shines, nor assent to the will of God when it is revealed, unless the Spirit of the Lord Jesus removes the darkness from our minds. For by ourselves we are not capable of thinking one good thought, but He Who has begun the work in us alone continues us in it, to the praise and glory of His undeserved grace. Amen. (from the Scots Confession)
Assurance of Forgiveness *
Our faith and its assurance are the inspiration of the Holy Ghost. We confess that the Holy Ghost does sanctify and regenerate us, without respect to any merit proceeding from us. He Who has begun the work in us alone continues us in it, to the praise and Glory of His undeserved Grace. (from the Scots Confession)
Gloria Patri *
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen. Amen.
We Hear God's Word Proclaimed
Tell Us Our Story
Catherine Anne Thomas
Faithful Friends will not be meeting this Sunday. Children may either remain in worship or go to the nursery in room 120.
Old Testament Reading
Micah 6:1-8
Greg Slaton
Leader: The Word of the Lord.
People: Thanks be to God.
Anthem
The Lord's My Shepherd / CRIMOND
Chancel Choir
The Lord's my Shepherd, I'll not want; He makes me down to lie in pastures green; He leadeth me the quiet waters by. My soul He doth restore again, and me to walk doth make within the paths of righteousness, e'en for His own name's sake. Yea, though I walk in death's dark vale, yet will I fear no ill; for Thou art with me, and Thy rod and staff me comfort still. My table Thou hast furnished in presence of my foes; my head Thou dost with oil anoint, and my cup overflows. Goodness and mercy all my life shall surely follow me, and in God's house forevermore my dwelling-place shall be. Scottish Psalter
New Testament Reading
Philippians 3:7-14
Rosina Grey
Leader: The Word of the Lord.
People: Thanks be to God.
Sermon
Keep On Keepin' On
Jason Whitener
We Respond to God's Word
Affirmation of Faith *
We confess and acknowledge one God alone, to Whom we must cleave, Whom alone we must serve, Whom only we must worship, and in Whom alone we put our trust. Who is eternal, infinite, immeasurable, incomprehensible, omnipotent, invisible; one in substance and yet distinct in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. We most surely believe that God preserved, instructed, multiplied, honored, adorned, and called from death to life His Kirk in all ages since Adam until the coming of Christ Jesus in the flesh. Amen. (From the Scots Confession)
Offering & Offertory
Yvonne Miller, recorder
Doxology *
Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above ye heavenly host; Praise Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Amen.
Prayer of Remembrance & The Lord's Prayer
Alan Miller
Our Father Who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, forever. Amen.
We Go in God's Name
Benediction
Deep Peace / Iona Community
Sending Hymn #280 *
Amazing Grace, How Sweet the Sound / AMAZING GRACE
Postlude *
Amazing Grace, arr. George Shearing
Please join us for a reception in the Great Hall immediately following worship.
About "Scottish Heritage Sunday"
Today is a time to recognize those leaders and martyrs of the church, and members of the armed forces, who have enabled us to worship in modern times in freedom, as well as to enjoy each other and our guests in fellowship. A warm welcome is extended to our visitors and thanks to those from St. Luke's and those outside our congregation who have come to assist and make this a special service of worship. Those in key roles today are: Alan Miller, Beadle, born in Paisley, Scotland, St. Luke's member and member of the St. Andrew's Society; Yvonne Miller, born in Oban, Scotland, member of St. Luke's and the St. Andrew's Society, gifted musically, playing the recorder; Donald Malcolm, St. Luke's member, member of the St. Andrew's Society and former National President of the Clan MacCallum-Malcolm Society of North America; Rosina Grey, born in Springburn, Scotland, is past President of the St. Andrew's Society of Atlanta and a Board Member of the Stone Mountain Highland Games; Greg Slaton, a member of St. Luke's, is President of the St. Andrew's Society of Atlanta, a member of Clan Hunter, and a Board member of the Burns Club of Atlanta.
The History
The Beadle
The ceremony of Kirkin' o' the Tartan is of American origin, though based on Scottish history and legend. Scotland came under British rule following the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The Scots were not allowed to wear their tartans, which represented Scottish heritage, for 50 years. The stubborn Scots would secretly carry a piece of their tartan to the Kirk where the minister would slip in a blessing (a Kirkin'). The first Kirkin' in the United States was held in 1943 at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by the late Dr. Peter Marshall, an eloquent Scot and minister there. He was also Chaplain of the U.S. Senate.
Blessing of the Tartans
The worship service is very traditional and much of the content is based on the Church of Scotland. Central to its theme is the presentation of various tartans – through flags and the wearing of tartans – for a blessing. Clans were simply a gathering of peoples for their protection and for economic, political, and social support. Clansmen demonstrated a true brotherhood of man, the tartan is a symbol of this love and togetherness. The Kirkin' is intended to encourage all participants to reflect with thanksgiving on their own family and ethnic heritage, and to celebrate God's grace poured out for all generations.
A kilted Beadle leads the worship procession carrying the Bible to the front of the sanctuary and pulpit. Reminiscent of an old custom of the Church of Scotland, this tradition highlights the Bible as the Word of our Lord and the center of our faith.
The Evolution of the Kilt
No doubt the most identifiable garment worn by the Scots is the kilt, regardless of the fabric. The kilt of modern times is made with eight yards of tartan, pleated together in the back, left unpleated in the front, and designed like a wrap-around apron. Laid out flat it would have pleats in the middle, with two unpleated, flat sections on either side. In examining its history, it also helps to remember that the modern kilt is made to cover only the lower half of the body, from the waist down to the knees. In the late 1500's, the Feileadh Mhor, or the Great Kilt, as we saw on William Wallace in Braveheart, was made to cover most of the body, from the knees to the neck, and sometimes even the head. It was made using twice the width of cloth as a modern kilt. One laid out the yardage of the very wide cloth on the ground and proceeded to pleat the center of the fabric, leaving the two flat sections on either side. It would look much the same as the modern kilt when spread out, but with the two flat side sections being twice as long. Source: Clothing 1: What's up with the Guy in the Skirt? (Volume 1, Issue 5, April 30, 2001) (www.shetlandpiper.com)
Thank you so much to the 2014 Tartan Trot Sponsors! We are so grateful for your support of the race as well as the mission opportunities and outreach partners that the race benefits. Congratulations to our four Sponsor Raffle winners: the McGoldrick, Dobbins, Williams and McKenney families, who each won a special tartan-themed prize package.
Our 2014 Tartan Trot Sponsors are:
Allstate Insurance Group; Kristin Andes & Tom MaGraw; Jay & Rosemary-Armstrong Burton; Back2Back Chiro; Lindsay Ballow & Amanda Dunnick; Bill & Paula Barbin; Tony & Maria Barnhart; Leslie Berry; Joe & Jan Billions; Rand & Sally Birsinger; Blast 900; Ken & Patty Bowes; John & Patsy Bradley; Al & Tricia Bridges; Marylyn Brown; Phil & Kara Brown; Jim & Jeanine Bryant; John & Karleen Buchholz; Bob & Jennie Burroughs; Handly & Leigh Cameron; Steve & Faye Cashwell; Dwight & Liz Catlett; Rob & Sarah Caverhill; Doug & Kathie Chipman; Paul & Sandra Clay; Dan & Tracy Coffie; David Cole & Suzy Beckham; CommerceCliques (Gordon & Ashley Owens); Concentra Urgent Care; Jim & Jean Cronan; Dave & Margaret Crow; Rich & Donna Crutchfield; Bob & Christine Crutchfield; Brian & Jenny Cummiskey; Tim & Louanne Cutler; Paul & Val DeFriece; Don & Shannon Dill; Rosemary Dill; Aaron & Erin Dixon; Dave & Debi Elkins; Jared & Linda Elliot; Hannah Esther; Drew & Celeste Fischer; Nancy Fox; Joe & Jeanne Frick; Ellie Goodwin; Ted & Mary Guerrant; Shawn & Leslie Hamlin; Susan Hardman; John & Annie Hardy; Andrew & Mary Helen Heaner; Bruce Herrick & Martha Tate; Highland Design Gallery; Saralyn Hill; Charlie & Kris Hull; David & Paula Humer; Arline Humphrey; Jo Hutchison; Hyprtree (Mark & Donna Mason); Brid & Tricia Igleheart; Sonny & Laura Jester; Bob & Joyce Johnson; Dan & Sally Joyce; Bob & Ferebee Kaleida; Jean Kammerer; Kaplan Orthodontics; Marshall & Mary Kent; Peter & Christy Keohane; David & Betsy King; Mike & Dorothy Kitchens; Steve & Meredith Klein; Dan & Julie Knotts; Bill & Joyce Kratzenberg; Stacey Kruse; Diane Lemaster; Tom & Becky Loftis; Billy & Mary Martin; John & Allyson Martin; Ron & Judy Mason; John & Ellen Massey; Donald Mayhall; Jim McAlarney; TJ & Stephanie McGoldrick; Tom & Monica McGurk; Tom & Lela McIntosh; David & Sarah McKenney; John & Janine McKenney; Tom & Sandra McKinney; Alan & Yvonne Miller; Christina Mimms & Bob Morris; Tony & Fern Mitropoulos; Phil & Lynn Moore; Daryl & Nancy Moore; Stephen & Lindsay Moss; Chad & Laurie Munn; Terry & Donna Nall; Mitchell & Tracey Nies; Norton Benefits Group (Josh & Wendy Moreland); Ken & Lucy Painter; Langley & Carol Perry; Gary Phipps; Bob & Julie Pile; Bob & Sharon Polensek; Rob & Jenny Price; Roby & Andrea Price; Printwave (Joe & Florence Luranc); Wayne & Debi Radloff; Mark & Kimey Reed; Art & Mary Reid; Scott & Cathy Rice; Mark & Cathie Rogers; Mark Ryan & Kay Loerch; Ann Sargent; Thomas & Mary Grace Schaap; Jim & Edna Schell; Bob & Margaret Schultz; Kay Sedberry & Frank Ruggiero; Dwight & Sally Shelton; Pete & Mindy Shelton; Scott Shipley & Emily Ritzler; JJ & Laura Singley; Jan Slater; Barry & Vivian Smith; South Atlanta Leisure (Gray & Michelle Dobbins); Mike & Gena Spears; Bob & Marjorie Starling; George & Amy Stewart; David & Andrea Stewart; David & Rebecca Strickland; Jim & Michelle Styring; SunTrust Mortgage (Brad & Jenny Troha); Jeff & Cailen Thelen; Mark & Catherine Anne Thomas; Thornton Law Firm (Steve & Allison Thornton); John Tienken; Ian & Betsy Turner; Beth Underhill; Eric & Katrinka Unold; Steve & Michelle Vail; Ron & Allison Valdes; Scott & Emily Voigt; David & Chris Wallace; Bernie & Carolyn Wasserman; Brad & Marty Whitcomb; Jason & Kristy Whitener; Chip & Krissy Williams; Russell & Jennifer Wolfe; Bill & Ellen Womack; Les & Laura Woodsides; Miles & Kari Young.
Congregational Meeting, February 9, 2014
The Session of St. Luke's has called a congregational meeting following the 11 a.m. worship service of February 9, 2014. The purpose of the meeting is to approve a new charter for the Endowment Committee, elect new officers to the Class of 2017, report the 2013 financial results and the 2014 budget, and approve the terms of call of ordained staff.
Faye Cashwell, Clerk of Session
Church Communication Survey
In an effort to improve all aspects of our church's communication, St. Luke's is conducting a quick survey to find out how we can better serve you and your family. The survey is completely anonymous, which means the more honest your answers are, the more we will learn from your participation. The survey will only take you about five minutes to complete; please take the survey by typing the following address into your web browser: svy.mk/1f6nmf3
Adult Sunday School ~ 9:30-10:30 a.m.
From the Choir Loft
Contact: Shannon Dill, [email protected]; 770-393-1424 ext. 229.
Faith Foundations, Rm 232: We are studying the Gospel of Matthew with emphasis on the Church as an earthly manifestation of the kingdom of God.
FINCH (Families in Christ), Rm 203: What does it mean to keep the Sabbath in our world today? Join us for an interesting discussion.
The Story of the Bible, Rm 145, Parlor: Each Sunday includes a 30 min DVD lecture by Dr. Luke Timothy Johnson, followed by a class discussion.
Seasons of the Spirit, Rm 231-233: A biblically-based discussion class following the revised common Lectionary.
Soul Food, Finding Sustenance for Faithful Living,
Rm 235: Fellowship, study and discussion on a range of topics related to spirituality in our lives. The "Thoughtful Christian" curriculum provides the source material for this class.
Chastain @ St. Luke's Our annual outdoor church and community event is scheduled for Sun., April 27 at 6 pm. Once again, we invite our talented church members to participate! If you have an idea or song suggestion, please contact Clair at the church office. We need to know your ideas and suggestions by February 16 so we can put the program together and have time to rehearse. We look forward to hearing from you! Contact: Clair Maxwell (clairmaxwell@ slpres.org or 770-393-1424 ext. 227).
Wednesday Rehearsals:
KNOW
Youth Connection (SLYC)
SLYC Contact: Phil Brown, [email protected]; 770-393-1424 ext. 238.
Youth Sunday School: Sundays, 9:30-10:30 a.m. in the Youth rooms.
Feb. 2: No Youth Group. Thanks for all your help with the Tartan Trot.
News from SPLASH! Children's Ministries
We need volunteer teachers for Faithful Friends, our worship education class for PreK, K and first graders. Contact Catherine Anne Thomas: cathomas@ slpres.org, 770-393-1424 ext. 228.
St. Luke's Presbyterian Women (SLPW)
SLPW Contact: Ellen Womack, Moderator, [email protected]; 770-913-0314.
Feb rua ry , 2014
Circle item: Snack foods, candy, other treats, and money for postage for Valentine Boxes
Book Study: "Namesake: When God Rewrites Your Story" by Jessica LaGrone
Lesson: "Be Set Apart for God" (Daniel)
Schedule
(All Circle meetings are held in the Parlor, Rm. 145)
FEAST for ALL! Register now for our Wednesday night fellowship and learning program. More details are in the brochures in the lobby, narthex, Sheppard Hall lobby and on our website. You can sign up for dinner weekly on the blue pew cards, or call Sally Hawkins in the church office by noon on Monday.
Men's Bible Study: Meets every Fri., 6:40-8 a.m. in the Parlor, Room 145, and is led by Dave Elkins. Gather with other men before you start your day to share in Bible study and fellowship.
Wednesday Morning Moms Group Spiritual Parenting: it's not about perfect behavior, it's about vibrant faith! Join us every Wed. from 10-11 a.m., Feb. 5 to April 2, as we share, laugh, and grow together. Preschool-age childcare is available by reservation. Contact Shannon Dill for more information.
8th Annual Women's Retreat Don't miss this opportunity of joining other women from St. Luke's for our 8th Annual Women's Retreat, "Reflecting the Beauty of the Lord" We begin the weekend Fri. evening March 14th, and end Sun. morning March 16th with worship and communion service.
Cost: $230
Where: Mountain Laurel Lodge @ Forrest Hills Resort, Dahlonega, GA
Details: Available in the lobby or contact Debi Elkins (678-640-0808 or [email protected]).
Helping Hands: This ministry matches short term or emergent needs in the congregation with available resources. Could you use your time and talent to assist someone in the congregation? Examples are setting up or assisting with a computer, driving a member to an appointment, helping change light bulbs. If this interests you, contact Billy Martin, [email protected] or 770-441-0373. If you need the Helping Hands team, contact your Deacon.
Buy Some, Share One: Support food pantries at local organizations by buying an extra non-perishable item every time you go to the grocery store, and placing your donation in the carts in the main lobby. This month we are collecting for the IOH (Interfaith Outreach Home). Thank you!
Volunteers Needed to Provide Dinner: Interfaith Outreach Home (IOH) provides transitional housing for homeless families; St. Luke's provides and delivers a meal on the third Thursday of each month. Reimbursement is budgeted. If your family or group can provide and serve a meal, please put your name on the sign-up sheet on the lobby bulletin board or contact Al Bridges at 770-394-6581. Volunteers needed for May 15, 2014.
Serve your church with your smile! There is a need for those willing to serve as ushers or greeters:
Ushers greet everyone, pass out bulletins, take up the offering, direct congregants during communion, and tidy up after worship.
Greeters greet members and guests as they come in through the lobby and narthex. (This is a great thing to do as a family!) Sign up to be a greeter at http://bit.ly/slpcgreet2
Questions? Contact John Tienken, 770-394-1104, [email protected].
Looking for a great way to serve your church family? St. Luke's Meal Ministry provides meals for families or individuals who are recovering from a recent surgery or illness, suffering from the loss of a loved one, or celebrating the birth or adoption of a new baby. If you are interested in delivering a meal to a congregation member or would like more information, please contact Krissy Williams at [email protected].
Get together for breakfast here at St. Luke's every Sunday morning and welcome folks as they arrive. If you and your friends could furnish a continental breakfast, we will be glad to reimburse you. Please sign up on http://bit.ly/slpcbrkfst or contact Jay Burton, [email protected].
Mission Trip to spectacular Guatemala: Have you ever rescued a family from lung disease and from hunger? Would you enjoy building a brick stove or planting trees in cool mountain air, with volcanoes in the background? For anyone over 18, we are planning a mission team from St. Luke's to work with long-time Mission partner, AIR-Guatemala for this summer (2014). We hope to have a SLPC group MAY 31 - JUNE 7, but individuals are welcome any Saturday - Saturday, from May 25th - July 6th. For more info: Anne Hallum at [email protected]. AIR staff members will meet you at the airport and handle every detail of an unforgettable week!
Share a Dinner: St. Luke's provides dinner on the fourth Sunday of the month for 26 homeless men at Journey Night Shelter (formerly Druid Hills). Please sign up on the lobby bulletin board or call Al Bridges at 770-394-6581. Volunteers are still needed for April 27, May 25, June 27, and July 27.
SHARE
Faith & Film
Fri., Feb. 21
Sheppard Hall 207 (Senior High Room)
7:45 p.m., Movie: Music of the Heart A 1991 film based on the true story of a violin teacher who created a high school music program more or less out of thin air in East Harlem, and eventually found herself and her students on the stage of Carnegie Hall.
7:00 p.m., Potluck dinner RSVP to Nick and Connie Nicholson at [email protected] to let them know you are coming. Bring a friend!
Next Men's Breakfast is at 8:00 a.m. on Feb. 8.
Enjoy a delicious breakfast and a stimulating program on the topic of drug addiction. David Weinshenker, of Emory's Dept. of Human Genetics, will be with us to talk about his work in a treatment for cocaine addiction. Respond with a "yes" to the email invitation. Questions? Please contact Daryl Moore: 404-9936203 / [email protected].
Mountain T.O.P. Family Mission Weekend: March 28-30 Come and share in this kid-friendly weekend of service with our outreach partner, Mountain T.O.P., in TN. Families will stay and work together on various projects in the community. We depart Dunwoody on Fri. around 4:00 and return Sun. around 1:00. Cost is $50 for children 12 & under, $60 for 13 and over; no more than $200 per family. Contact Shannon Dill to register by Feb. 2!
The joyful way to get fit! Christian Music Zumba starts Feb. 6th at St. Luke's. Thursdays, 8-9 p.m. $6 per class or 5 classes for $25. For more info, contact Chris Wallace: [email protected] or 770-395-7324 or 404-432-0090.
Pine Straw Fundraiser Boy Scout Troop 764 will hand deliver full-sized, tight-packed bales of pine straw to your Dunwoody driveway for just $4.25 per bale (15 bale min.). Order deadline is Feb. 5th and delivery is Feb. 8th. Forms are available in the lobby, at www.troop764.org (click on "2014 Pine Straw"), or by contacting Bruce Sheffer at [email protected].
Marriage Enrichment Group Meets monthly, 5 6:30 p.m., Finch Room (203). Childcare available 4:45 - 6:30 p.m. Spring schedule: March 23, April 13, May 18. Questions? Contact Kimey and Mark Reed at [email protected] or 404-441-8614.
Better Marriages Getaway Weekend, "Pathways to the Heart," Feb. 14-16, at the Sea Palms Resort in St. Simons Island, GA. Registration is $255 per couple. The hotel room is booked separately at $129 per night. Registration forms can be found at www. BetterMarriagesGA.org or contact Kimey and Mark Reed at [email protected] or 404-441-8614.
Valentine Boxes will be sent to our college students, family members in the military, and those ministered to by the Visiting Care Team. If you'd like to include someone, please submit their name and address by Feb. 3rd. You can help by donating candy, snack foods and/or money for postage in the box in the Parlor by Feb. 9th. (Individually wrapped home baked goods can be brought to the session room Feb. 10th or 11th by 10 a.m.) For more info, contact Randi Wesley at [email protected] or Joyce Cook at [email protected].
Last Sunday
Tithes & Offerings...................................................................... $21,202
8:30 attendance.................................................................................... 88
11:00 attendance................................................................................ 370
Nursery.............................................................. (includes sandwich project) 91
Financial reports available online.
Each Sunday, many of our pews will have first-time or repeat visitors. Your warm welcome to our guests expresses the inviting and hospitable character of this congregation. Your smile and welcoming word make a difference.
Church Staff
Pastoral Counseling
St. Luke's Perimeter Counseling Center
Georgia C. Griffin, J.D., M. Div., Director Perimeter Center, Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist/Mediator 404-636-1457, ext. 452 www.cccgeorgia.org
Elders
Class of 2014:
Tricia Bridges, Jim Bryant, Faye Cashwell (Clerk of Session), Parker Cutler (Youth Elder), Annie Hardy, Sally Joyce, David King, Dick Miller, John Ray
Class of 2015:
Jennie Burroughs, Jared Elliot, Tricia Igleheart, Fern Mitropoulos, Mark Reed, Chris Wiseman, Chris Wallace, Les Woodsides
Class of 2016:
Rich Crutchfield, Mary Guerrant, Tom Loftis, David McKenney, Wayne Radloff, Mark Ryan, David Tharp, Allison Thornton
Deacons
Class of 2014:
Diane Beidl, Jay Burton, Jim Giesler (Moderator), Joyce Johnson, Jean Kammerer, Paula Morris, Luis Sepulveda, Carol Sweigert, Kris Turnbull
Class of 2015:
Maria Barnhart, Matt Biggerstaff, Sarah Caverhill, Peter Keohane, Julie Knotts, Billy Martin, Gena Spears, Taylor Vivian, Krissy Williams
Class of 2016:
Sandra Clay, Amanda Dunnick, Shawn Hamlin, Niki Rabren, Katherine Robeson, Rebecca Strickland, Jenny Troha, Michelle Vail, Meg Wallace
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To earn a Certificate of Competence, Certificate of Achievement, an Associate in Applied Science degree, an Associate in Science degree, an Academic Subject Certificate, or an Associate in Arts degree, all curricular requirements must be met. A student may receive an A.S.C. without completing the A.A. degree but must have the appropriate Grade Point Average for all courses required.
| Program | CO | CA | AAS | AS | ASC | AA |
|----------------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Accounting (ACCT) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Administration of Justice (AJ) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Criminal Justice Addictions Professional (AJ-CJAP) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Homeland Security (AJ-HL) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Agriculture (AGR) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Farm Worker (AGR-FMWK) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Landscape Worker (AGR-LSWK) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Architecture, Engineering and Construction Technologies (AEC) | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Drafting and Design (AEC) | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - |
| Geomatics and GIS (AEC-GMAT) | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - |
| Auto Body Repair and Painting (ABRP) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Automotive Technology (AMT) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Business Technology (BTEC) | ✓* | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Entrepreneurship (BTEC-ENT) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Virtual Office Assistant (BTEC-VOA) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Carpentry (CARP) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Community Health Worker (CHW) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Creative Media (CM) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Culinary Arts (CULN) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Diesel Mechanics (DISL) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Digital Media Arts (DMA) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Early Childhood Education (ECED) | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Early Childhood Education Practitioner I (ECED) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Initial Early Childhood Education (ECED-CDA) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Electrical Installation and Maintenance Technology (EIMT) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Electronics Technology (ET) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Network Technology (ET-NT) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Engineering Technology | | | | | | |
| Geospatial Technologies (ENGT) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Geospatial Remote Sensing Hawai‘i (ENGT-GRSH) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Fire Science (FS) | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Fire Science Emergency Medical Technician (FS-EMT) | ✓* | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Hawaiian Studies | | | | | | |
| Concentration in Hula (AA-HWST-HULA) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in Kapuahi Foundations (AA-HWST-KAPU) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Hawai‘i Life Styles Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-HWST-HLS) | - | - | - | - | ✓* | - |
| Hospitality and Tourism (HOST) | ✓* | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Human Services (HSER) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
* Financial aid ineligible.
| Program/Program Area | CO | CA | AAS | AS | ASC | AA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Information Technology (IT) | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Computer Support (IT-ITCS) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Information Security and Assurance (IT-ISA) | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Software Developer Specialist (IT-SDSP) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Liberal Arts, Associate in Arts (AA-LBRT) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in Administration of Justice (AA-LBRT-AJ) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in Art (AA-LBRT-ART) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in History (AA-LBRT-HIST) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in Psychology (AA-LBRT-PSY) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Concentration in Sociology (AA-LBRT-SOC) | - | - | - | - | - | ✓ |
| Environmental Studies Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-ENVS)| - | - | - | - | ✓* | - |
| Global Studies Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-GLS)| - | - | - | - | ✓* | - |
| Marine Option Program Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-MOP)| - | - | - | - | ✓* | - |
| Sustainability Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-SUSI)| - | - | - | - | ✓* | - |
| Machine, Welding and Industrial Mechanics Technologies (MWIM)| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Marketing (MKT) | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
| Natural Science | | | | | | |
| Biological Sciences (NSCI-BSC) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Physical Sciences (NSCI-PSC) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Nursing (NURS) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Practical Nursing (PRCN) | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - |
| Substance Abuse Counseling (SUBS) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Prevention Specialist (SUBS-PVS) | ✓* | - | - | - | - | - |
| Tropical Forest Ecosystem and Agroforestry Management (TEAM)| - | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - |
* Financial aid ineligible.
General and pre-professional students may earn the Associate in Arts (A.A.) degree. Students intending to transfer into STEM areas may wish to pursue an Associate in Science in Natural Science (A.S.N.S.) degree. Vocational-technical majors may earn an Associate in Science (A.S.), Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.), or Associate in Technical Studies (A.T.S.) degree, a Certificate of Achievement (C.A.), or a Certificate of Competence (C.O.) in one of the 25 vocational programs.
**Associate in Arts (A.A.) Degree**
The Associate in Arts (A.A.) general and pre-professional education degree consists of at least 60 Baccalaureate-level semester credits at the 100 and 200 levels and provides students with skills and competencies essential for successful completion of a Baccalaureate degree. The issuance of an A.A. degree requires that the student must earn a cumulative 2.0 GPA or better for all courses used to meet degree requirements. The A.A. degree is designed for students who are preparing themselves to transfer to a four-year college or university. (UHCCP #5.203)
Hawai‘i Community College offers two Associate in Arts Degrees: one in Liberal Arts and one in Hawaiian Studies.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Communicate Effectively - Speak and write to communicate information and ideas in academic settings.
- Think Critically - Retrieve, read, and utilize information and synthesize, analyze, and evaluate that information to gain understanding and make informed decisions.
- Reason Quantitatively - Use quantitative, logical, and symbolic reasoning to address theoretical and real-world problems.
- Apply Areas of Knowledge - Utilize methods, perspectives, and content of selected disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
- Engage as Global Citizens - Demonstrate awareness of the relationship between self, community, and the environment, respecting cultural diversity and an understanding of ethical behavior.
To earn the Associate in Arts Degree in Liberal Arts (LBRT) from Hawai‘i CC, a student must meet the following requirements:
1. **Credits Required:** A total of 60 credits earned at or transferred to Hawai‘i CC in 100-200 level courses
2. **A minimum of 12 credits must be completed at Hawai‘i CC**
3. **Minimum GPA Required:** A minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 is required for graduation
4. **CR/NC option may be used to satisfy area and general elective requirements (Policy Haw 5.503)**
**Foundations (12 credits)**
*Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):*
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
*Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):*
- ICS 141
- Math 100†, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
*Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:*
- Group A – Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
- Group B – 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102, Hist 152, WGSS 176
- Group C – Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
† Students who intend to transfer may require a course higher than Math 100
**Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)**
*College Reading Skills:*
- Eng 102 (Reading)
*Communication Skills:*
- Sp 151† or Sp 251†
**Graduation Requirements**
*Writing Intensive:*
- One WI course with a “C” or better grade
*Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:*
- Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
**Diversifications (19 credits)**
*Diversifications – Arts, Humanities, Literature:* Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:
*Diversification – Arts (DA):*
- Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
- Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
- Eng 204
- HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
- Sp 151†, 251†
*Diversification – Humanities (DH):*
- Asan 120, 121
- Hist 120, 153, 154
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
- Hum 100
- HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
- Phil 100, 101
- Sp 260
*Diversification - Literature (DL):*
- Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
- HwSt 270
Diversifications - Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
- Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101
- Geo 170
- Micr 130
- Phyl 141
- Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
- Astr 110
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 161
- Erth 101
- Geo 101
- Phys 105
Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY):
- Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
- Bot 101L, 105L
- Chem 100L, 161L
- Erth 101L
- Micr 140L
- Phyl 141L, 142L
- Zool 101L
Diversifications - Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
- Anth 150, 200
- Bot 105
- ECEd 105, 110, 131
- Econ 130, 131
- Geo 122
- HDFS 230
- HSer 110
- Psy 100, 170, 275
- Soc 100
- SSci 111, 150
- WGSS 151
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Electives (23 credits)
Other 100-level and above courses may be taken at Hawai‘i CC or transferred in to Hawai‘i CC as electives.
NOTE: Students may not use Independent/Directed Studies courses (marked 199 or 299) to meet area requirements unless prior permission is given by the advisor and the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs.
Additionally, courses numbered 99 or below are not applicable toward an Associate in Arts degree.
Writing Intensive Classes
A variety of classes are offered which are writing intensive (WI). These classes require students to do a significant amount of writing totaling a minimum of 4,000 words. Writing is emphasized as an essential tool for learning class material and a major element in determining a student’s grade. In WI classes, an opportunity is provided for interaction between the instructor and student as a part of the writing process. WI classes have a minimum prerequisite of completion of Eng 100 or Eng 100E with a grade of “C” or better. Completion of one WI class with a grade of “C” or better is required for the AA-LBRT degree and the AA-HWST degree at Hawai‘i CC. Students who are planning to transfer to a four-year college or university are advised to check on that institution’s WI requirements and are recommended to take two or three Writing Intensive classes at Hawai‘i CC.
For more information about the Writing Intensive Program at Hawai‘i CC, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/writing-intensive
HAP Designated Classes
Effective Fall 2019, the Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues (HAP) is a graduation requirement for Associate in Arts (AA) degree majors. Returning students declaring a prior catalog year have the option to use the FHAP (formerly Asian/Pacific Culture) designated courses which were approved for their prior catalog year. (Policy HAW 5.702)
HAP is a University of Hawai‘i system initiative designed to improve teaching and learning at UH regarding Native Hawaiian culture and issues from the Native Hawaiian viewpoint, and how they intersect with Asian and Pacific Island cultures. In order to receive the HAP designation, at least 2/3 of a class must meet the following hallmarks:
1. The content should reflect the intersection of Asian and/or Pacific Island cultures with Native Hawaiian culture.
2. A class can use a disciplinary or multi-disciplinary approach provided that a component of the class uses assignments or practices that encourage learning that comes from the cultural perspectives, values, and world views rooted in the experience of peoples indigenous to Hawai‘i, the Pacific, and Asia.
3. A class should include at least one topic that is crucial to an understanding of the histories; cultures; beliefs; the arts; or the societal, political, economic, or technological processes of these regions. For example, the relationships of societal structures to the natural environment.
4. A class should involve an in-depth analysis or understanding of the issues being studied in the hope of fostering multicultural respect and understanding.
For more information about HAP, and to see a current list of HAP designations at Hawai‘i CC, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/hap
Sustainability and S-designated Classes
Hawai‘i CC offers a designation of “SF” for courses and classes which expose students to sustainability across a variety of academic disciplines. These are designed to meet the UH system-wide goals to develop and strengthen ecological literacy in students and address local and global environmental challenges. While not a graduation requirement for the AA degree, S-designated courses and classes allow students from all majors and programs to deepen their knowledge of core concepts of sustainability utilizing a cross-disciplinary approach. The designation can steer students towards classes that address issues of sustainability and encourage students to learn about social justice, cultural, economic, political, scientific, green building, and artistic approaches to sustainability, recognizing the valuable contributions from each academic discipline.
The S-designation of a course indicates that sustainability is a major theme, and S-designation of a class (a particular section of a course) indicates that the instructor has chosen to integrate sustainability themes into the class content and promotes active student engagement with global and local environmental issues.
For more information about Sustainability at Hawai‘i CC, and for a list of currently designated courses and classes, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/sustainability
Fulfillment of General Education Requirement
Effective Fall 1994, students who have earned an articulated Associate in Arts (A.A.) degree from any University of Hawai‘i Community College shall be accepted as having fulfilled the general education core requirements at all other University of Hawai‘i campuses. While an articulated A.A. degree satisfies general education core requirements, students must also complete all specialized lower-division, major, college and degree/graduation requirements. Additional campus-specific requirements, such as competency in a foreign language or writing-intensive courses, may also be required. With planning, most, if not all, of the requirements may be incorporated into the A.A. degree; if not, they are required in addition to the A.A. degree.
Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) Degree
The Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) career and technical education degree consists of at least 60 semester credits and provides students with skills and competencies for gainful employment in a career and/or technical education area. The A.A.S. degree is not intended nor designed for transfer directly to a baccalaureate program. A.A.S. programs may, however, include some baccalaureate-level course offerings. Components of General Education included within the A.A.S. must be consistent with levels of quality and rigor appropriate to higher education. The issuance of an A.A.S. degree requires that the student’s work has been evaluated and stated outcomes have been met. The student must earn a cumulative 2.0 GPA or better for all courses used to meet degree requirements. (UHCCP #5.203)
To earn the Associate in Applied Science degree at Hawai‘i CC, it is the responsibility of the student to meet the program requirements. Those requirements are:
1. Satisfactorily complete the program of courses prescribed for his/her major
2. Earn credits in prescribed communications and mathematics/thinking/reasoning courses
3. Earn nine (9) credits total by selecting one 3-credit general elective course from each of the three areas: Cultural, Natural, Social Environment
4. Earn a cumulative GPA of at least 2.0 in Hawai‘i CC courses
5. Earn at least a 2.0 GPA in major courses
6. Earn 12 semester hours at Hawai‘i CC
Associate in Applied Science General Education Electives: The following courses may satisfy the A.A.S. degree general education electives: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment. Check with a program advisor for program requirements.
Cultural Environment:
Through study of artistic, literary, and philosophical masterworks and by examining the development of significant civilizations, cultures and the nature of human communication, students gain an appreciation of history and achievements. This experience should enable the student to approach future studies of a more specific character with a broadened perspective.
• Art 101, 105B, 105C, 107D, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 123, 125, 126, 159, 202, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 223, 225, 227, 230, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 257, 269C, 294, 295, 296
• Asan 120†, 121†, 122†
• Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 256† (see ECEd 256), 285, 290V
• ECEd 256† (see Dnce 256)
• Eng 103, 105, 204, 205† (see Jour 205), 215, 255, 256, 257A, 257E
(continued on next page)
Natural Environment:
A scientifically literate person should know what science is, how scientific investigation is conducted, and that the activity of a scientist is a blend of creativity and rigorous intelligence. Independent investigation in the laboratory provides an understanding of the features of scientific hypothesis and their proofs that external accounts cannot wholly describe.
- Ag 122, 141, 164, 175, 175L, 200, 250, 260
- Astr 110, 281
- BioC 141
- Biol 100, 100L, 101, 101L, 124, 124L, 156, 156L, 171, 171L, 172, 172L
- Bot 101, 101L, 105, 105L, 130, 130L
- Chem 100, 100L, 151, 151L, 161/L, 162/L
- Cuhn 185
- Erth 101, 101L
- Geo 101, 101L, 170, 170L, 270, 270L
- Micr 130, 140L
- Ocn 201, 205
- Phrm 203
- Phyl 141, 141L, 142, 142L
- Phys 100, 100L, 105
- Zool 101, 101L
Social Environment:
Every educated person should have some appreciation of the role of culture and social institutions in the shaping of individual personality and the creation of social identities. Students should also develop an understanding of the extent to which scientific inquiry is appropriate to the creation of social knowledge and of the alternative ways of organizing human institutions and interpreting social reality.
- Ag 157, 230
- AJ 101, 180, 210, 256† (see HSer/WGSS 256), 280, 290B, 290C, 290D
- Anth 121† (see Ling 121), 150, 200, 235† (see Ling 235)
- Asan 120†, 121†, 122†
- Busn 164
- Econ 120, 130, 131
- ECEd 105, 131
- Geo 102, 122
- HD 234
- HDFS 230
- HosT 280
- HSer 110, 140, 141† (see Subs 141), 248† (see Subs 248), 256† (see AJ/WGSS 256)
- HwSt 201†
- ICS 100
- IS 101
- Mgt 124
- PolS 110
- Psy 100, 170, 214, 251, 270, 275†
- Soc 100, 208, 218, 251, 265, 289, 290
- Sp 130, 151, 260
- SSci 111, 150, 160† (see Hum 160), 250
- Subs 141† (see HSer 141), 248† (see HSer 248), 268, 270, 275, 280
- WGSS 151, 256† (see HSer/WGSS 256)
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Associate in Science (A.S.) Degree
The Associate in Science (A.S.) degree is designed to prepare students for employment in career and technical fields, and/or transfer to a baccalaureate granting institution in a science, technology, engineering, mathematics, or other articulated baccalaureate-level programs of study. The A.S. degree consists of at least 60 semester credits, which provides students with either skills and competencies for gainful employment, or with courses in the arts and sciences or career and technical education that will prepare students for entry into an articulated baccalaureate program of study. All courses applicable for the A.S. degree will be at the baccalaureate level. The issuance of an A.S. degree requires that the student’s work has been evaluated and stated outcomes have been met. (UHCCP #5.203)
To earn the Associate in Science degree at Hawai‘i CC, it is the responsibility of the student to meet the program requirements. The requirements are:
1. Satisfactorily complete the program of courses prescribed for his/her major
2. Earn credits in prescribed mathematics, communications, and thinking/reasoning courses or pass proficiency examinations in these subjects
3. Earn a total of nine (9) credits of general education electives by selecting one or more courses with a total of at least three (3) credits from each of the three areas: Arts/
Humanities/Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS). For some programs the course(s) may be prescribed.
4. Earn a cumulative GPA of at least 2.0 in Hawai‘i CC courses
5. Earn at least a 2.0 GPA in major courses
6. Earn 12 semester hours at Hawai‘i CC
Associate in Science Degree General Education Electives: The following courses may satisfy the A.S. degree general education electives. Check with a program advisor for program requirements.
Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature
Through study of artistic, literary, and philosophical masterworks and by examining the development of significant civilizations, cultures and the nature of human communication, students gain an appreciation of history and achievements. This experience should enable the student to approach future studies of a more specific character with a broadened perspective.
Diversification - Arts (DA):
• Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
• Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
• Eng 204
• HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
• Sp 151, 251
Diversification - Humanities (DH):
• Asan 120, 121
• Hist 120, 153, 154
• Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
• Hum 100
• HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
• Phil 100, 101
• Sp 260
Diversification - Literature (DL):
• Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
• HwSt 270
Diversifications - Natural Sciences
A scientifically literate person should know what science is, how scientific investigation is conducted, and that the activity of a scientist is a blend of creativity and rigorous intelligence. Independent investigation in the laboratory provides an understanding of the features of scientific hypothesis and their proofs that external accounts cannot wholly describe.
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
• Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
• Bot 101
• Geo 170
• Micr 130
• Phyl 141
• Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
• Astr 110
• BioC 141
• Chem 100, 161
• Erth 101
• Geo 101
• Phys 105
Diversification – Natural Science Lab (DY):
• Biol 100L, 101L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
• Bot 101L, 105L
• Chem 100L, 161L
• Erth 101L
• Micr 140L
• Phyl 141L, 142L
• Zool 101L
Diversifications - Social Sciences
Every educated person should have some appreciation of the role of culture and social institutions in the shaping of individual personality and the creation of social identities. Students should also develop an understanding of the extent to which scientific inquiry is appropriate to the creation of social knowledge and of the alternative ways of organizing human institutions and interpreting social reality.
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
• Anth 150, 200
• Bot 105
• ECEd 105, 110, 131
• Econ 130, 131
• Geo 122
• HDFS 230
• HSer 110
• Psy 100, 170, 275
• Soc 100
• SSci 111, 150
• WGSS 151
Associate in Technical Studies (A.T.S.) Degree
The Associate in Technical Studies (A.T.S) degree is a career and technical credential consisting of at least 60 semester credits and provides students with skills and competencies for gainful employment. This degree must be customized by using courses from two or more existing approved programs and is intended to target emerging career areas which cross traditional boundaries. This degree must have educational objectives which are clearly defined and recognized by business, industry, or employers who have needs for specialized training. This degree must have advanced approval and cannot be requested based upon previously completed coursework. This degree requires a GPA of 2.0 or better for all courses required. (UHCCP #5.203)
Certificate of Achievement (C.A.)
The Certificate of Achievement (C.A.) is a college credential for students who have successfully completed designated medium-term career and technical education *credit* course sequences provides them with job upgrading or entry-level skills. Course sequences may not exceed 51 credit hours (unless external requirements exceed this number) and may not be less than 24 credit hours. The issuance of a C.A. requires that the student must earn a cumulative GPA of 2.0 or better for all Hawai‘i CC courses required in the certificate. The 12 semester hours of work must be completed at Hawai‘i CC. (UHCCP #5.203)
Certificate of Competence (C.O.)
The Certificate of Competence (C.O.) is a college credential for students who have successfully completed a sequence of career-technical education courses within a BOR-approved CTE program that has been identified as fulfilling an employable set of skills recognized by Business and Industry. The C.O. may be awarded for successful completion of a sequence of non-credit CTE instruction. The issuance of a C.O. requires that the student’s work meets or exceeds competencies necessary for employment (e.g., courses resulting in a student’s competence to be employed as an automotive “brake technician”). Course sequences shall be at least 4 credit hours and less than 24 credit hours and may include General Education courses appropriate to industry requirements. In a credit course sequence, the student must earn a cumulative 2.0 GPA or better for all courses required for the certificate. (UHCCP #5.203)
Academic Subject Certificate (A.S.C.)
The Academic Subject Certificate (A.S.C.) is a college credential for students who have successfully completed a focused, specific sequence of credit courses from an A.A. curriculum. The sequence must fit within the structure of the A.A. degree, may not extend the credits required for the A.A. degree, and shall be at least 12 credit hours. The issuance of the Academic Subject Certificate requires that the student must earn a GPA of 2.0 or better for all courses required in the certificate. Students enrolled solely for the purpose of obtaining an ASC will be identified as unclassified for admission and enrollment purposes. (UHCCP #5.203)
Residency Requirement for Graduation
To graduate with a degree from a University of Hawai‘i Community College, a student must have earned a minimum of 12 credits of program courses in the degree/major from that college. (UHCCP #5.208)
Assessment
Assessment is the process of gathering information on student learning and services for the purposes of evaluating and improving the learning environment. Assessment is the responsibility of everyone employed by Hawai‘i Community College. The College engages in systematic assessment of learning and service outcomes to ensure continuous improvement and to create increased opportunities for student success. The College Council’s Assessment Committee provides leadership to ensure that the College achieves its mission by sponsoring assessment activities, encouraging meaningful assessment practices and experiences, and promulgating discovery based on results of the assessment process.
Assessment across the Kauhale is governed by the College’s Assessment Policy. (Policy Haw 4.202)
In addition, standards and criteria from the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC), as well as accrediting bodies providing oversight for career and technical education programs, serve as the overall guidelines within which the college establishes and revises its assessment activities.
The course assessment cycle requires that all courses be assessed at least every five years; specific details of the course assessment requirements are listed in the Assessment Policy. (Policy Haw 4.202). The non-instructional service and support unit assessment cycle requires that all units be assessed regularly on a schedule determined by the appropriate vice chancellor or director.
Assessment is integrated with biennium and supplemental budget and strategic planning through annual program and service-unit reviews, and comprehensive reviews on a five-year cycle that are initiated and monitored by the College Council’s College Effectiveness Review Committee (CERC) and Assessment Committee. For more information, visit the website at www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/files/assessment
Course Review Policy
The University Council on Articulation (UCA) policy requires that all of Hawai‘i Community College’s previously articulated general education core courses be reviewed over a five-year period. Hawai‘i CC has developed procedures to review 20% of all of its approved courses each year. Courses will be reviewed according to their approval date; the oldest will be reviewed first. The policy and procedures were developed by the Academic Senate in collaboration with the Dean of Instruction, and were approved by the Senate on January 26, 2001. (Policy Haw 5.250)
**PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS**
### Accounting (ACCT)
**Faculty:** S. Dill
The Accounting program prepares students for entry-level positions. Learning centers on the accounting equation and the accounting cycle, recording financial transactions, and preparing financial statements.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Perform basic accounting tasks and business math skills to maintain accurate accounting systems in for-profit organizations.
- Communicate with stakeholders in a manner that reflects organizational culture and sensitivity to diverse customer and community needs.
- Perform basic office functions using standard and emerging technologies.
- Demonstrate, in a work environment, effective self-management through efficient use of time and personal commitments.
- Participate effectively in individual and group decision making.
- Use critical thinking skills to make decisions that reflect legal and ethical standards of the accounting profession.
| First Semester | CA | AAS |
|----------------|-----|-----|
| * Acc 124 | | |
| Principles of Accounting I | 3 | 3 |
| * Acc 132 | | |
| Payroll and Hawai‘i General Excise Tax | 3 | 3 |
| Busn 123 | | |
| Word Processing for Business | 3 | 3 |
| ** Busn 188 | | |
| Business Calculations | 3 | 3 |
| Success †† | | |
| Busn 164 or IS 101 (meets Social Env. requirement for A.A.S.) | 3 | 3 |
| TOTAL | 15 | 15 |
| Second Semester | CA | AAS |
|-----------------|-----|-----|
| * Acc 134 | | |
| Individual Income Tax Preparation | 3 | 3 |
| * Acc 155 | | |
| Spreadsheets in Accounting | 3 | 3 |
| * Acc 252 | | |
| Using Quickbooks in Accounting | 3 | 3 |
| Busn 178 | | |
| Business Communications | 3 | 3 |
| ** English | | |
| Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 | 3 |
| TOTAL | 15 | 15 |
| Third Semester | CA | AAS |
|-----------------|-----|-----|
| * Acc 201 | | |
| Intro to Financial Accounting | - | 3 |
| Business | | |
| Acc 130, Acc 193V, Bus 120, Busn 193V, Econ 130, Econ 131, or Ent 125 | - | 3 |
| Computing | | |
| Busn 150 or ICS 101 | - | 3 |
| Mgt 124 | | |
| Human Resource Management | - | 3 |
| ** Speech | | |
| Sp 130 or Sp 151 or Sp 251 | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | - | 15 |
| Fourth Semester | CA | AAS |
|-----------------|-----|-----|
| * Acc 202 | | |
| Intro to Managerial Accounting | - | 3 |
| * Acc 255 | | |
| Using Spreadsheets in Accounting II | - | 3 |
| * Acc 295 | | |
| Accounting Capstone | - | 3 |
| Electives †† | | |
| Cultural Env., Natural Env. | - | 6 |
| TOTAL | - | 15 |
**TOTAL** 30 60
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
### Administration of Justice (AJ)
**Faculty:** D. Madrid
This program provides students with a solid background in the field of Administration of Justice by offering a variety of courses designed to prepare students for careers within the criminal justice system. The program combines the scientific study of law enforcement, the court system and corrections, along with a focus on the administration of these systems. An important component of the program is the study of the causes and effects of crime and the ways in which society responds to such behavior.
This program is designed to prepare students to obtain a two-year degree with the knowledge and skills needed to enter a career upon graduation. It also academically prepares students who wish to continue their degree at a four-year institution.
A student who successfully completes 12 credits of AJ courses at Hawai‘i CC may receive up to 6 additional AJ credits for completing basic police recruit training as required by government law enforcement agencies.
An internship program is also available to students who wish to earn college credit by working in the AJ field. Students can earn up to 6 credits, which can be applied to the program. Students interested in the internship program should contact the AJ Coordinator.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Express a foundational understanding of the three components (law enforcement, courts, and corrections) of the Administration of Justice system and how they interrelate and affect individuals and society.
- Work independently and interdependently with diverse populations to produce personal, professional, and community outcomes.
- Use technology to access, synthesize, and communicate information effectively in written and oral reports.
- Develop and initiate career plans to obtain jobs or continue a degree in Administration of Justice or related fields.
### Criminal Justice Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| AJ 101 | Introduction to Administration of Justice | 3 |
| AJ or Subs | Elective (see below) | 3 |
| Eng 102 | College Reading Skills | 3 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature (choose from DA, DH, DL) | 3 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Natural Sciences (choose from DB, DP, DY) | 3 |
**TOTAL** 15
#### Second Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| * AJ 131 | Ethics in Public Services | 1 |
| * AJ 210 | Juvenile Justice | 3 |
| * AJ 221 | Criminal Law | 3 |
| * AJ or Subs | Elective (see below) | 3 |
| ** English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 |
| Sp 151 | Personal and Public Speech | 3 |
**TOTAL** 16
#### Third Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| * AJ 220 | Constitutional Law | 3 |
| * AJ 280 | Current Issues in Administration of Justice| 3 |
| * AJ or Subs | Electives (see below) | 3 |
| ** Math 100 | Survey of Mathematics or higher | 3 |
| or | Phil 110 | |
| | Introduction to Deductive Logic | (3) |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Social Sciences (DS) | 3 |
**TOTAL** 15
#### Fourth Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| * AJ or Subs | Electives (see below) | 3 |
| Electives | General Electives | 12 |
**TOTAL** 15
**TOTAL** 61
### Criminal Justice Addictions Professional Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| AJ 101 | Introduction to Administration of Justice | 3 |
| AJ 131 | Ethics in Public Services | 1 |
| Subs 132 | STDs and Confidentiality | 1 |
| Subs 140 | Individual Substance Abuse Counseling | 3 |
| Subs 268 | Survey of Substance Use Disorders | 3 |
| Subs 294 | Seminar and Fieldwork I | 3 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| AJ 150 | The Correctional Process | 3 |
| Subs 245 | Group Counseling | 3 |
| Subs 270 | 12 Core Functions Subs Abuse Counseling | 3 |
**TOTAL** 23
### Homeland Security Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| AJ 101 | Introduction to Administration of Justice | 3 |
| AJ 131 | Ethics in Public Services | 1 |
---
### Agriculture (AGR)
**Faculty:** L. Nakamura
This program prepares students for employment in government service, agribusiness, horticulture, livestock, flowers and foliage, landscape, macadamia nuts, papaya, and coffee industries.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Plan and manage projects and cultivate horticultural crops and other agricultural products using legal, sustainable, safe, and ecologically, biologically, and technologically sound practices.
- Design gardens that demonstrate the aesthetic principles of unity, repetition, balance, color, and texture congruent with the customers’ desires.
- Operate and maintain tools and equipment.
- Set-up and manage a business enterprise.
- Interact with customers and co-workers in ways that effectively support the work to be accomplished.
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| * Ag 133 | Greenhouse Construction | 3 |
| * Ag 140 | Plant Identification | 3 |
| * Ag 154 | Tropical Agriculture Production I | 6 |
| ** English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E or Eng 102 or Eng 106 | - |
**TOTAL** 12 15
### Second Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AAS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Ag 131 | Farm Equipment, Machinery and Power | 3 | 3 |
| Ag 146 | Landscape Maintenance | 3 | 3 |
| Ag 155 | Tropical Agriculture Production II | 6 | 6 |
| QM 120T | Quantitative Methods for Trans Tech (or Math 100 or higher (not Math 120)) | - | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| | 12 | 15 |
### Third Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AAS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Ag 122 | Soil Technology | - | 3 |
| Ag 200 | Principles of Horticulture | - | 4 |
| Ag 230 | Agriculture Business Management | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | Natural Environment (numbered 100 or above) | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | Social Environment (numbered 100 or above) | - | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| | 16 |
### Fourth Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AAS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Ag 141 | Integrated Pest Management | - | 3 |
| Ag 157 | Marketing of Agriculture Products | - | 3 |
| Ag 250 | Sustainable Crop Production | - | 3 |
| Ag 250L | Sustainable Crop Production Lab | - | 1 |
| Ag 260 | Tropical Landscape Horticulture | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | Cultural Environment (numbered 100 or above) | - | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| | 16 |
**TOTAL**
| | 24 | 62 |
### Farm Worker Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|
| Ag 133 | Greenhouse Construction | 3 |
| Ag 154 | Tropical Agriculture Production I | 6 |
**TOTAL**
| | 18 |
#### Second Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|
| Ag 131 | Farm Equipment, Machinery and Power | 3 |
| Ag 155 | Tropical Agriculture Production II | 6 |
**TOTAL**
| | 18 |
### Landscape Worker Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|
| Ag 133 | Greenhouse Construction | 3 |
| Ag 140 | Plant Identification | 3 |
#### Second Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----|
| Ag 131 | Farm Equipment, Machinery and Power | 3 |
| Ag 146 | Landscape Maintenance | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| | 12 |
Credits in ( ) are optional
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total: 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
### Architecture, Engineering and Construction Technologies (AEC)
See Engineering Technology (ENGT) for CO listings.
**Faculty:** D. De Silva
This program involves the hands-on application of technical expertise to engineering tasks in a wide range of industries. From building our nation’s infrastructure to making our transportation and energy systems more efficient, wherever scientists and engineers are found, so are engineering technicians and technologists. Engineering techs may assist with setting up equipment, conducting experiments, and collecting data, or involved in the design and development end of the process, using computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) equipment. Students will also gain knowledge in data gathering methodologies including remote sensing systems, optics and GIS technology.
### Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Using computational and reasoning skills, demonstrates entry-level skills for accuracy in drawings and/or maps, and identifies the relationship of features to demonstrate visualization.
- Formulate, design, revise, and construct projects utilizing prior knowledge, research, and other resources to defend, explain, and discuss.
- Design and generate Architectural documents, Engineering documents and GIS maps using two-dimensional and three-dimensional CAD programs.
- Demonstrate operational competence in using surveying hand tools and equipment.
- Demonstrate operational competence in using Unmanned Aerial Systems.
- Illustrate within the design process an understanding of the balance between cultures.
#### First Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | AAS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|
| EngT 100 | Drafting Conventions & BLPR | 4 |
| EngT 107 | Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight | 4 |
| EngT 112 | Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) | 3 |
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | EngT 270 or Geo 270 | 4 |
**TOTAL**
| | 15 |
#### Second Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | AAS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|
| EngT 120 | Resident Design & Construction Drawings | 4 |
| EngT 129 | Geomatics & Land Surveying I | 3 |
| EngT 275 | Spatial Data Mgmt & Analysis | 4 |
| Rural/Urban Remote Sensing | Ag 291 or EngT 291 | 4 |
**TOTAL**
| | 15 |
### Third Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 230 Residential Contract Drawings & Codes | 6 |
| * EngT 247 Geomatics & Land Surveying II | 3 |
| ** Math Math 100, 103, 115, 135, 140, or 241 | 3 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 15 |
### Fourth Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 233 Basic Architectural Studio Design | 3 |
| * EngT 234 Architectural Design Software | 3 |
| ** English Eng 100 or Eng 100E or Eng 102 | 3 |
| Electives †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | 6 |
| ** TOTAL | 15 |
**TOTAL**
| Credits |
|---------|
| 60 |
### Drafting and Design Certificate of Achievement
#### First Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 100 Drafting Conventions & BLPR | 4 |
| * EngT 107 Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight | 4 |
| * EngT 112 Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) | 3 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 120 Resident Design & Construction Drawings | 4 |
#### Third Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 230 Residential Contract Drawings & Codes | 6 |
#### Fourth Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| * EngT 233 Basic Architectural Studio Design | 3 |
| * EngT 234 Architectural Design Software | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| Credits |
|---------|
| 27 |
### Geomatics and GIS Certificate of Achievement
#### First Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| EngT 107 Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight | 4 |
| EngT 112 Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) | 3 |
| EngT 270 Intro to Geographic Info Systems (GIS) | 4 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| EngT 129 Geomatics & Land Surveying I | 3 |
| EngT 275 Spatial Data Mgmt & Analysis | 4 |
| EngT 291 Rural & Urban Remote Sensing | 4 |
#### Third Semester
| Course | Credits |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|
| EngT 247 Geomatics & Land Surveying II | 3 |
**TOTAL**
| Credits |
|---------|
| 25 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
### Auto Body Repair and Painting (ABRP)
**Faculty:** G. Fujioka C. Koreyasu
This program prepares the student for employment in an auto body repair and painting shop. Graduates have found that completion of the ABRP program leads to better paying jobs and faster advancement once employed.
#### Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Demonstrate entry-level knowledge and skills required for the safe operation of tools and equipment necessary to perform repairs on modern automobiles.
- Apply proper safety procedures and regulated compliance standards applicable to the auto collision and refinish industry.
- Demonstrate structural panel repair techniques and advanced welding skills.
- Demonstrate competence in refinish procedures.
- Employ industry standard operating procedures and repair techniques.
- Utilize research, communication, and problem solving skills to evaluate and operationalize repair tasks.
- Model professional conduct and practice desirable work habits and attitudes for successful employment in the auto repair industry.
#### Entry Requirements
- Possess a valid driver’s license
- Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------|------------------------------|
| Mathematics | QM 120T |
| Reading | Eng 21 or ESL 21 |
#### First Semester
| Course | Credits | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|-----|
| * ABRP 100 Collision Repair | 12 | 12 |
| ** English Eng 100 or Eng 100E or Eng 102 or Eng 106 | - | 3 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 12 | 18 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | Credits | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|-----|
| * ABRP 120 Metal and Plastic Refinishing | 12 | 12 |
| ** QM 80 Quantitative Methods Preparation (or QM 120T or Math 100 or higher (not Math 120)) | 3 | - |
| ** QM 120T Quantitative Methods for Trans Tech (or Math 100 or higher (not Math 120)) | - | 3 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 15 | 18 |
#### Third Semester
| Course | Credits | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|-----|
| * ABRP 200 Panel & Glass Replacement Techniques | 12 | 12 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 12 | 15 |
Automotive Technology (AMT)
Faculty: H. Fujii K. Shimizu
This program prepares the student for employment as a general mechanic in a service station or auto dealer’s shop, or as a specialty mechanic or a specialist on engine tune-ups or electrical systems.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Identify and demonstrate proper work readiness skills and respect for cultural differences.
- Apply safety measures at all times.
- Maintain proper use of shop tools and equipment.
- Demonstrate access and use of online repair manuals.
- Diagnose and repair typical problems encountered by owners of vehicles.
- Perform routine maintenance functions on vehicles.
Entry Requirements
- Possess a valid driver’s license
- Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------|-------------------------------|
| Mathematics | QM 120T |
| Reading | Eng 21 or ESL 21 |
First Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| * AMT 101 Automotive Safety & Measurement | 2 | 2 |
| * AMT 120 Powertrain I | 10 | 10 |
| ** English | | |
| Eng 100 or Eng 100E or Eng 102 or Eng 106 | - | 3 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | 12 | 18 |
Second Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| * AMT 150 Powertrain II | 12 | 12 |
| ** QM 80 Quantitative Methods Preparation | | |
| (or QM 120T or Math 100 or higher (not Math 120)) | 3 | - |
| ** QM 120T Quantitative Methods for Trans Tech | | |
| (or Math 100 or higher (not Math 120)) | - | 3 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | 15 | 18 |
Third Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| * AMT 200 Undercarriage | 12 | 12 |
| Elective †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | 12 | 15 |
Fourth Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| * AMT 220 Diagnostics and Repair | 12 | 12 |
| AMT 93V CVE (optional with instructor approval) | - | - |
| TOTAL | 12 | 12 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
Business Technology (BTEC)
Faculty: G. Ching A. Chung
The Business Technology program prepares students for employment in positions such as administrative assistants, receptionists, clerks, or secretaries. Students will learn critical office skills, along with communication and organizational proficiencies. The curriculum includes courses in office technology, business communication, office administration, accounting, and business math to enhance employment and promotion possibilities.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Work as a responsible member of a team to meet an organization’s objectives.
- Demonstrate professionalism in work quality, appearance, attitude, and workplace behavior as required in a diverse business environment.
- Use current and emerging technologies effectively to create and manage documents and handle multiple priorities.
- Communicate clearly and effectively through oral and written interactions, complying with standard office etiquette.
- Analyze, synthesize, and evaluate real-world problems using research, critical thinking, and decision-making skills to make informed choices and solve problems.
- Apply appropriate strategies to secure employment, retain a job, and advance in a career.
First Semester
| Course | CO | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|----|----|-----|
| * Busn 123 Word Processing for Business | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * Computer Literacy | | | |
| Busn 150 or ICS 101 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * Busn 158 Social Media & Cloud Collaboration | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * Busn 164 †† Career Success | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| (meets Soc. Env. requirement for A.A.S.) | | | |
| * Ent 125 Starting a Business | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| TOTAL | 15 | 15 | 15 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
### Virtual Office Assistant Certificate of Competence
#### First Semester
| Course | CO | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|
| * Word Processing | | | |
| Busn 121 Busn 123 | | | 3 |
| * Computer Literacy | | | |
| Busn 150 or ICS 101 | | | 3 |
| * Busn 158 Social Media & Cloud Collaboration | | | 3 |
| * Busn 164 Career Success | | | 3 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | CO | CA | AAS |
|---------------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|
| * Busn 159 Creating & Managing the Virtual Office | | | 3 |
| * Busn 193V Cooperative Education | | | 2 |
| Accounting Acc 124 or Acc 201 | | | 3 |
| Acc 155 Spreadsheets in Accounting | | | 3 |
**TOTAL** 23
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
### Carpentry (CARP)
**Faculty:** G. Kaaua
The Carpentry program allows students to participate in the “foundation-to-finish” experiences necessary to build a basic residential house while completing the required carpentry coursework. Students will graduate from the Carpentry program with the knowledge and experience necessary to begin employment at the entry level in the construction industry, or enter a four-year apprenticeship program. Credit may be given in the apprenticeship program for work completed at Hawai‘i Community College.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Understand and utilize math computations, formulas, and measurements required in the carpentry field.
- Understand the properties of wood, its sustainability and how it dictates the fundamental principles and procedures involved in carpentry.
- Demonstrate safe practices concerning, personal safety, hand and power tool usage, and all aspects of fabrication/construction.
- Use appropriate tools, materials/fasteners and current building technology to complete projects.
- Practice good work ethics and quality workmanship with regard to industry standards.
- Construct projects by interpreting drawings, applying building code requirements where applicable.
- Synthesize principles, procedures and objectives using critical thinking, appropriate materials, tools/equipment and procedures to construct a residential dwelling.
- Demonstrate awareness of environmental and cultural impacts at the community and global level during planning and construction phases.
Entry Requirements
- Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| Mathematics | QM 120T |
| Reading | Eng 21 or ESL 21 |
**Community Health Worker Certificate of Competence**
| CO |
|-------------------|
| **First Semester**|
| * HSer 101 | Community Health Worker Fundamentals | 3 |
| * HSer 140 | Individual Counseling | 3 |
| **Second Semester**|
| * HSer 135 | Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | 3 |
| * HSer 192 | Seminar and Fieldwork I | 3 |
| * HSer 248 | Case Management | 3 |
| **Third Semester**|
| * HSer 292 | Seminar and Fieldwork II | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 18 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate
**Cooperative Vocational Education (CVE)**
**Faculty:** See individual program faculty
CVE is an elective that is offered to all qualified students enrolled in vocational-technical programs and who, through a cooperative arrangement between the school and employers, receive part-time related instruction in the school and on-the-job training through part-time employment.
Alternating study in college with employment in private or public sectors is provided. Both experiences are supervised by Hawai‘i CC and the employer contributes to the student development in his or her chosen occupation.
**Creative Media (CM)**
**Faculty:** M. Hu
This program prepares students for employment in the field of digital media design and production. It gives necessary education and training to students seeking entry-level positions as digital media artists and/or transfer to a Baccalaureate granting institution. It provides professionals already in the field with updated technology training.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Demonstrate the ability to use technology effectively to create visual artworks.
- Gather, analyze, and evaluate information visually.
- Apply knowledge of aesthetics to the needs of the community.
- Demonstrate professionalism with a digital portfolio.
## Culinary Arts (CULN)
**Faculty:** P. Heerlein (PAL) S. Sumiki
P. Velasco
**Staff:** T. Hiro
This program is designed to provide for entry-level employment in hotels, full-service restaurants, fast food restaurants, institutions (schools, hospitals, corrections, etc.) and private clubs. Accredited by the American Culinary Federation since July 2005.
### Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Apply appropriate ethics for purchasing and receiving in the culinary industry.
- Demonstrate proper work attitudes and work habits.
- Demonstrate general knowledge of culinary departmental functions and their relationship.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the culinary industry business operations.
- Demonstrate entry-level proficiency in technical skills required in the culinary industry according to the American Culinary Federation.
- Choose an appropriate career path based on industry knowledge or requirements.
- Apply appropriate etiquette, appearance, and hygiene as required by industry standards.
- Demonstrate skills necessary for acquiring a job in the culinary field.
- Integrate their knowledge of Hawai‘i’s culture and food into cuisine.
- Apply nutritional concerns to the creation of menus.
### First Semester - East Hawai‘i (Hilo)
| Course | CA | AAS |
|--------------|----|-----|
| * Culin 111 | 2 | 2 |
| * Culin 112 | 2 | 2 |
| * Culin 120 | 5 | 5 |
| * Culin 170 | 3 | 3 |
| ** QM 120H | | |
| | 3 | 3 |
| Elective†† | | 3 |
### Second Semester - East Hawai‘i (Hilo)
| Course | CA | AAS |
|--------------|----|-----|
| * Culin 115 | 2 | 2 |
| * Culin 131 | 3 | 3 |
| * Culin 140 | 4 | 4 |
| * Culin 150 | 4 | 4 |
| ** Eng | 3 | - |
| ** English | - | 3 |
### Third Semester
| Course | AS |
|--------------|----|
| Busn 158 or Ent 125 | 3 |
| * Art 125 | 3 |
| * CM 120 | 3 |
| * Art | 3 |
| Electives †† | 3 |
### Fourth Semester
| Course | AS |
|--------------|----|
| * Experience | 3 |
| * Art | 6 |
| Electives †† | 3 |
| Electives †† | 3 |
### Art Electives
The following courses will be accepted (if not already used to satisfy requirements):
- Art 101, 107D, 111, 113, 114, 120, 126, 156, 207D, 212, 214, 225, 226, 229, 248, 249, 257, 259, 293, 294
### Additional Requirement
- One Writing Intensive (WI) course with a “C” or better grade.
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS)
### Diesel Mechanics (DISL)
**Faculty:** M. Soares
This program prepares the student for employment as a skilled tradesperson who troubleshoots, maintains, and repairs various types of diesel engines, trucks, tractors, boats, and other heavy equipment.
#### Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Function safely in a heavy equipment shop environment.
- Demonstrate ability to communicate effectively to gather and convey information.
- Apply theory and principles for proper diagnosis, repair, and maintenance in the heavy-duty truck equipment industry.
- Practice the minimum essential mental, physical, and behavioral skills necessary to maintain professional proficiency.
- Work collaboratively with others as well as independently.
#### Entry Requirements
- Possess a valid driver’s license
#### First Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|-------------------------|-----|-----|
| * DiMc 120 | 12 | 12 |
| ** QM 120T | - | 3 |
| Electives †† | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 12 | 18 |
#### Second Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|-----|
| * DiMc 130 Introduction to Electrical Systems & Diesel Fuel Systems | 12 | 12 |
| ** English Eng 100 or Eng 100E or Eng 102 or Eng 106 | - | 3 |
| Electives †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 12 | 18 |
#### Third Semester
| Course | CA | AAS |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|-----|
| * DiMc 140 Introduction to Power Trains | 12 | 12 |
| Electives †† Cultural Env., Natural Env., Social Env. | - | 3 |
| ** TOTAL | 12 | 15 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Meets requirements in Cultural Env., Natural Env., or Social Env.
Fourth Semester
* DiMc 150 Intro to Heavy Duty Brakes, Steering, Suspension, Hydraulics, & Hydrotatics 12 12
* DiMc 93V CVE (optional) - -
TOTAL 12 12
TOTAL 48 63
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
Early Childhood Education (ECED)
Faculty: J. Smith B. Watanabe
Children’s Center Staff:
R. Agno C. Babagay
This program is designed to provide attitudes, skills, and knowledge for people who work with young children and their families in a variety of early childhood programs. The Certificate of Competence (C.O.) or Certificate of Achievement (C.A.) prepares students for support roles in early childhood programs. An Associate in Science (A.S.) degree prepares students to be teachers or lead practitioners in early childhood programs.
Students taking Laboratory or Practicum courses are required to complete fingerprinting and pass the criminal history record checks.
This degree is fully articulated with the Bachelor of Arts in Social Science (with a concentration in Early Childhood Education) offered through the University of Hawai‘i West O‘ahu via Distance Education. Students interested in pursuing the BA degree with UH West O‘ahu are encouraged to meet with an Early Childhood Education advisor their first semester.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Use technology effectively to create visual artworks.
- Gather, analyze, and evaluate information visually.
- Apply knowledge of aesthetics to the needs of the community.
- Demonstrate professionalism with a digital portfolio.
Digital Media Arts Certificate of Competence
First Semester
* Art 112 Introduction to Digital Arts 3
* Art 115 Introduction to 2D Design 3
TOTAL 6
Second Semester
* Art 202 Digital Imaging 3
* CM 120 Introduction to Digital Video 3
TOTAL 6
Third Semester
* Business Busn 158 or Ent 125 3
* Experience Art 293 or Art 294 3
* Art Electives (see below) 3
TOTAL 9
TOTAL 21
Art Electives - The following courses will be accepted (if not already used to satisfy requirements):
- Art 107D, 113, 120, 126, 156, 207D, 212, 214, 225, 226, 229, 248, 249, 257, 259, 293, 294
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate
### Second Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|----|
| ECED 140 | Guiding Young Children in Group Settings | 3 | 3 |
| ECED 115 | Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child | 3 | 3 |
| ECED 263 | Language & Creative Expression Curriculum | - | 3 |
| | or ECED 264 Inquiry and Physical Curriculum | | (3)|
| ** English | Eng 22 or (ESL 22G and ESL 22W) or Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 | - |
| ** English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | - | 3 |
| Electives | Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature | - | 3 |
| | (choose from DA, DH, DL) | | |
| TOTAL | | 9 | 15 |
### Third Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|----|
| * ECED 190† | Early Childhood Laboratory | 4 | 4 |
| ECED 245 | Child, Family, and Community | 3 | 3 |
| ECED 263 | Language & Creative Expression Curriculum | - | (3)|
| | or ECED 264 Inquiry and Physical Curriculum | | 3 |
| ** Speech | Sp 51 or Sp 151 | 3 | - |
| ** Sp 151 | Personal and Public Speech | - | 3 |
| ** Math | Math 82X or higher | 3-5 | - |
| ** Math | Math 100 or higher | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | | 13-15| 16 |
### Fourth Semester
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|----|
| * ECED 291 | Early Childhood Practicum II | - | 4 |
| Electives ††| Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature | - | 3 |
| | (choose from DA, DH, DL) | | |
| Electives ††| Diversifications - Natural Sciences | - | 3 |
| | (choose from DB, DP, DY) | | |
| Electives ††| Diversifications - Social Sciences (DS) | - | 3 |
| Electives | General Electives | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | | - | 16 |
**TOTAL** 34-36 62
---
### Initial Early Childhood Education Certificate of Competence
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----|
| * ECED 105 | Intro to Early Childhood Education | 3 |
| * ECED 110 | Developmentally Appropriate Practices | 3 |
| * ECED 131 | Early Childhood Development | 3 |
| TOTAL | | 9 |
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
† ECED 191 - Early Childhood Practicum I may be substituted for ECED 190 only when ECED 190 is not available and with instructor’s consent.
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS)
---
The Hawai‘i CC Children’s Center, located on the Manono campus, provides a setting for early childhood students to gain practical experience with young children. The Center provides early education and care for children 18 months to 5 years of age and serves children of students, faculty, and staff from Hawai‘i CC and UH Hilo. Community children are accepted on a space available basis. The Center offers a high quality developmental approach to early education with qualified staff. Early childhood students work and study in the Center, under the guidance and supervision of early childhood faculty and staff. The Center is accredited by the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
---
### Electrical Installation and Maintenance Technology (EIMT)
**Faculty:** R. Dela Cruz P. Pajo
This program prepares students for employment with electrical appliance shops, utility companies, and electrical construction, and maintenance companies. Learning will center on planning, designing, constructing, installing, and maintaining electrical wiring and equipment.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Accurately demonstrate entry-level skills in residential, commercial, and industrial electrical installation and maintenance.
- Practice safety on the job and recognize potential hazards.
- Interpret and comply with the National Electrical Code NFPA 70 book and local codes.
- Read and interpret all sections of blueprints and draft electrical circuits.
- Integrate carpentry, masonry, plumbing, and HVACR systems with electrical installation and maintenance.
- Produce take-off lists, perform layout, and install new materials for existing and new projects.
- Think critically, do research, calculate minimum requirements, and solve problems.
- Demonstrate the qualities of an apprentice electrician: positive attitude and behavior, discipline, promptness and attendance, ability to work alone or with others, with cultural awareness, and good communication skills.
Entry Requirements
• Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------|-------------------------------|
| Reading | Eng 21 or ESL 21 |
First Semester
* EIMT 20 Interior Wiring 12 12
** Etro 120 Fundamentals of Electronics I 5 5
TOTAL 17 17
Second Semester
* EIMT 22 Electricity Theory and Practice 12 12
Blpr 22B Blueprint Reading and Drafting 3 3
** English Eng 21 or ESL 21 or Eng 22 or (ESL 22G and ESL 22W) or higher 3 -
Eng 102 College Reading Skills - 3
TOTAL 18 18
Third Semester
* EIMT 41 Commercial Wiring 12 12
Elective †† Natural Environment (numbered 100 or above, Phys recommended) - 3
Blpr 30C Blueprint Reading for Electricians 3 3
TOTAL 15 18
Fourth Semester
* EIMT 43 Industrial Wiring 12 12
Elective †† Cultural Environment - 3
Elective †† Social Environment - 3
TOTAL 12 18
TOTAL 62 71
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
• Specify, design, build, install, program, operate, troubleshoot, analyze, and modify electronics systems, automated test, and manufacturing control systems.
• Specify, install, program, operate, troubleshoot, and modify computer systems.
• Have effective written, interpersonal, presentation, and team building skills.
• Have the necessary leadership and management skills to effectively complete a project.
• Have a well-developed sense of work ethics and personal discipline to succeed in their chosen profession.
• Have attitudes, abilities, and skills required to adapt to rapidly changing technologies and a desire for life-long learning.
Entry Requirements
• Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------|-------------------------------|
| Reading | Eng 21 or ESL 21 |
First Semester
*/** Etro 120 Fundamentals of Electronics I 5 5
* Etro 120L Fundamentals of Electronics I Lab 2 2
* Etro 140 Network Fundamentals 3 3
* Etro 143 Digital Electronics 5 5
* Etro 143L Digital Electronics Lab 2 2
TOTAL 17 17
Second Semester
* Etro 121 Process Controls & Electronics Fabrication 3 3
* Etro 121L Process Controls & Electronics Fabrication Lab - 2
* Etro 122 Fundamentals of Electronics II 5 5
* Etro 122L Fundamentals of Electronics II Lab 2 2
* Etro 240B Routing Protocols and Concepts 3 3
** Eng Eng 21 or ESL 21 or Eng 22 or (ESL 22G and ESL 22W) or higher 3 -
TOTAL 16 15
Third Semester
* Etro 257 RF Communications 2 2
* Etro 280 Microprocessors in Micro Controllers PLC 3 3
* Etro 240C LAN Switching and Wireless 3 3
** English Eng 100 or Eng 100E - 3
Elective †† Natural Environment - 3
TOTAL 8 14
NOTE: At this time, admissions will be temporarily paused for the AAS-ET, CA-ET, and CO-ET programs. New students will not be accepted for the 2024-2025 academic year. For more information, contact the Counseling, Advising and Support Services Center at (808) 934-2720 or e-mail [email protected]
**Fourth Semester**
| Course Code | Course Title | CA | AAS |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Etro 241 | Accessing the WAN | 3 | 3 |
| Etro 266 | Introduction to Fiber Optics | 3 | 3 |
| Etro 287 | Programmable Logic Controllers | 3 | 3 |
| Etro 287L | Programmable Logic Controllers Lab | 1 | 1 |
| Elective †† | Cultural Environment | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | Social Environment | - | 3 |
**TOTAL** 10 16
**Network Technology Certificate of Competence**
**First Semester**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| Etro 140 or CENT 140 | Network Fundamentals | 3 |
**Second Semester**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| Etro 240B or CENT 240B | Routing Protocols and Concepts | 3 |
**Third Semester**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| Etro 240C or CENT 240C | LAN Switching and Wireless | 3 |
**Fourth Semester**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| Etro 241 or CENT 241 | Accessing the WAN | 3 |
**TOTAL** 12
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Using computational and reasoning skills, demonstrates entry-level skills for accuracy in drawings and/or maps, and identifies the relationship of features to demonstrate visualization.
- Formulate, design, revise, and construct projects utilizing prior knowledge, research, and other resources to defend, explain, and discuss.
- Design and generate Architectural documents, Engineering documents and GIS maps using two-dimensional and three-dimensional CAD programs.
- Demonstrate operational competence in using surveying hand tools and equipment.
- Demonstrate operational competence in using Unmanned Aerial Systems.
- Illustrate within the design process an understanding of the balance between cultures.
**Geospatial Technologies Certificate of Competence**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| EngT 112 | Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) | 3 |
| EngT 129 | Geomatics & Land Surveying I | 3 |
| EngT 247 | Geomatics & Land Surveying II | 3 |
| EngT 270 | Intro to Geographic Info Systems (GIS) | 4 |
**TOTAL** 13
**Geospatial Remote Sensing Hawai‘i Certificate of Competence**
| Course Code | Course Title | CO |
|-------------|------------------------------------|----|
| EngT 107 | Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight | 4 |
| EngT 270 | Intro to Geographic Info Systems (GIS) | 4 |
| EngT 275 | Spatial Data Mgmt & Analysis | 4 |
| EngT 291 | Rural & Urban Remote Sensing | 4 |
**TOTAL** 16
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate
**Environmental Studies Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-ENVS)**
**Faculty:** P. Scheffler
The Environmental Studies Academic Subject Certificate, within the Liberal Arts degree, will provide a focus on issues concerning our environment. Some issues are unique to Hawai‘i while some are global.
In order to allow students to study environmental issues from many different angles, the curriculum of this certificate is based on an interdisciplinary approach to Environmental Studies and includes courses from Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences.
**Transfer credit:**
Credits may transfer from another college for courses equivalent to the ones listed in the curriculum.
Requirements
1. **Credits Required**: A minimum of 16 credits is required to receive the ASC-ENVS.
2. Earn a “C” or better in each course.
Core Requirements (7 credits)
- Biol 124 and 124L
- Choose 1: Ag 190V, Sci 190V, SSci 250
Subject Areas (9 credits)
Plus one (1) course from each of the areas below:
**Life Sciences (3 credits)**
- Biol 101, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101, 130
- Zool 101
**Physical Sciences (3 credits)**
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 151, 161, 162
- Geo 101
- Ocn 201
**Social Sciences (3 credits)**
- Bot 105
- Econ 120
- Geo 102, 122
- PolS 110
- Soc 100, 218
- SSci 111, 150
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Meet the minimum academic training requirements of the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) Standard 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications (Fire Fighter I).
- Perform as fully qualified wildland firefighters (FFT2) in accordance with National Wildfire Coordinating Group PMS 310-1 standards.
- Utilize the Incident Command System to manage a wide variety of planned and un-planned incidents.
- Demonstrate knowledge of modern fire service strategies, tactics, and management for both structural and wildland fire incidents.
- Meet the requirements for National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) 472, Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents for the Awareness and Operational Levels.
- Apply the principles of interpersonal communication, cooperative teamwork, supervision, and management for leadership in the fire service.
- Apply theoretical principles of the chemistry of fire and hydraulics to solve water supply problems.
**Fire Science (FS)**
**First Semester**
| Course | Title | CA | AS |
|--------------|------------------------------|----|----|
| Fire 101 | Essentials of Fire Suppression | 3 | 3 |
| Fire 101L | Essentials of Fire Suppression Lab | 1 | 1 |
| Fire 151 | Introduction to Wildland Fire Control | 3 | 3 |
| Fire 156 | Incident Command System | 3 | 3 |
| Computer Literacy | ICS 100 or ICS 101 | - | 3 |
| Electives | General Electives | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 10 | 16 |
**Second Semester**
| Course | Title | CA | AS |
|--------------|------------------------------|----|----|
| Fire 153 | Advanced Wildland Firefighting | 3 | 3 |
| Fire 157 | Intermediate Wildland Fire Behavior | 3 | 3 |
| Hlth 125 | Survey of Medical Terminology | - | 1 |
| **English** | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | - | 3 |
| **Math** | Math 100, 103, 115, 135, 140, or 241 | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 6 | 13 |
**Third Semester**
| Course | Title | CA | AS |
|--------------|------------------------------|----|----|
| Fire 202 | Fire Hydraulics | 3 | 3 |
| Fire 212 | Firefighting Strategies and Tactics | 3 | 3 |
| Fire 215 | Wildland/Urban Interface Operations | 3 | 3 |
| Biol 100 | Human Biology (DB) | - | 3 |
| Biol 100L | Human Biology Laboratory | - | 1 |
| Electives | Diversifications - Social Sciences (DS) | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 9 | 16 |
Faculty: J. Minassian
The Fire Science Program prepares individuals with the academic knowledge for entry employment in the Fire Service field as well as meeting the needs of in-service professionals.
Upon completion of this program, students will have the knowledge to prepare for a career with federal, state, and local fire and emergency service agencies, with an emphasis on Structural Fire Fighting, Wildland Fire Suppression, Hazardous Materials Incidents, Fire Prevention and Investigation, Emergency Medical Technician, Fire Management and Administration, and the Incident Command System.
After earning the Associate in Science (A.S.) Degree, students have the opportunity to pursue a bachelor’s degree in Fire Administration from an accredited university through distance learning. See program faculty for a list of courses that will transfer.
Health and physical requirements vary with different employers in the Fire Service field, so prospective students should seek advice before enrolling.
Global Studies Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-GLS)
Faculty: P. Scheffler
The interdisciplinary Global Studies Academic Subject Certificate is designed to integrate student learning across disciplines and programs and foster connections between disciplinary learning, world languages, and study abroad experiences. This certificate will provide students with the opportunity to gain awareness of and sensitivity to other cultures’ norms, practices and actions while at the same time recognizing the unique attributes of one’s own culture. It will teach them to speak and write in another language while recognizing and respecting the importance of language diversity (all languages) in global communication. It will also help them to recognize self as a part of global culture by demonstrating awareness of the interdependence of global systems; by understanding how the U.S. may be perceived world-wide; by solving problems with multiple perspectives and variables; and by making globally responsible decisions.
Requirements
1. **Credits Required:** A total of 16 credits is required to receive the ASC-LBRT-GLS:
- A minimum of 4 credits World Language study
- A minimum of 3 credits of Study Abroad
- A minimum of 3 credits Internationalized Courses
- Remaining credits from any courses listed in the above categories.
2. Earn a “C” or better in each course.
World Language (4 credits)
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
- Jpn 101, 102
Study Abroad (3 credits)
- Art 269C † Study Abroad – Japan
- Geo 292V Special Topics: Study Abroad
- Sci 292V Special Topics: Study Abroad
Internationalized Courses (3 credits)
- AJ 180, 181, 182, 280
- Anth 121, 150, 200, 235
- Art 159, 227, 269C †
- Asan 120, 121, 122
- Biol 124
- Bot 105, 105L
- Econ 120, 130, 131
- Eng 255, 257A, 257E
- Geo 102
(continued on next page)
Hawai‘i Life Styles Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-HWST-HLS)
The Hawai‘i Life Styles ASC provides an engaging foundation for students interested in exploring and experiencing Hawaiian cultural traditions. Learners may specialize in the Subject Certificate while fulfilling the program requirements for any major at Hawai‘i CC.
General Information
Students seeking the ASC-HWST-HLS must receive a grade of “C” or better in all courses. The listed requirements are subject to change. For the latest information, please visit the website, www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/hawaii-life-styles or contact the main HLS office at (808) 934-2600. Students may also contact a faculty advisor:
Hilo
Taupōuri Tangarō [email protected] 934-2575
No’el Tagab-Cruz [email protected] 934-2616
Pele Kaio [email protected] 934-2606
Ku’ulei Kanahele [email protected] 934-2605
Ākea Kiyuna [email protected] 934-2609
Pālamanui
E. Kalani Flores [email protected] 969-8875
Requirements
1. **Credits Required:** A minimum of 12 credits is required to receive the ASC-HWST-HLS.
2. A minimum of 6 credits must be completed at Hawai‘i CC.
3. **Minimum GPA Required:** A minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 is required.
Language Requirements (4 cr)
Choose 1:
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
Core Requirements (8 credits)
*Required (3 credits)*
- HwSt 100
*Electives (5 credits required)*
- Any other Haw and/or HwSt courses not already taken
Hawaiian Studies (AA-HWST)
Associate in Arts Degree
**Faculty:**
E. Flores (PAL) P. Kaio
K. Kanahele A. Kiyuna
N. Tagab-Cruz T. Tangarō
**Staff:**
M. Burnett T. Naea
The Associate of Arts in Hawaiian Studies (AA-HWST) is designed to advance indigenous Hawaiian knowledge and experiences for a culturally informed worldview. This is a two-year Associate of Arts degree consisting of 61 credits that is directly transferable to a University of Hawai‘i four-year college or university.
General Information
Students interested in transferring to or enrolling in the AA-HWST program are encouraged to meet with a counselor. Please call the Counseling Office at (808) 934-2720.
For the latest information please visit the website www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/hawaiian-studies
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Describe aboriginal Hawaiian linguistic, cultural, historical, and political concepts.
- Apply aboriginal Hawaiian concepts, knowledge, and methods to the areas of science, humanities, arts, and social sciences, in academics and in other professional endeavors.
- Engage, articulate, and analyze topics relevant to the aboriginal Hawaiian community using college-level research and writing methods.
To earn the Associate in Arts in Hawaiian Studies Degree from Hawai‘i CC, a student must meet the following requirements:
1. **Credits Required:** A total of 61 credits earned at or transferred to Hawai‘i CC in 100-200 level courses
2. A minimum of 12 credits must be completed at Hawai‘i CC
3. **Minimum GPA Required:** A minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 is required for graduation
4. CR/NC option may be used to satisfy area and general elective requirements (Policy Haw 5.503)
**Foundations (12 credits)**
*Written Communication (FW) (3 credits)*:
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
*Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits)*:
- Math 100, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
*Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups*:
- Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
- Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Hist 152, Geo 102, WGSS 176
- Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
**Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)**
*College Reading Skills*:
- Eng 102 (Reading)
*Communication Skills*:
- Sp 151 or Sp 251
**Graduation Requirements**
*Writing Intensive*:
- One WI course with a “C” or better grade
**Hawaiian Language and Hawaiian Studies Requirements (12 credits)**
*Hawaiian Language* (8 credits):
- Haw 101, 102
*Hawaiian Studies* (4 credits):
- HwSt 103, 107
**Specializations (12 credits)**
Choose one group
- **Hula** (AA-HWST-HULA): HwSt 130, 131, 260; plus 3 additional credits of Haw and/or HwSt courses (at the 200-level)
- **Kapuahi Foundations** (AA-HWST-KAPU): HwSt 260; plus 9 additional credits of Haw and/or HwSt courses (at least 3 credits must be at the 200-level)
**Diversifications (19 credits)**
*Diversifications – Arts, Humanities, Literature*: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas (DH and DL required):
*Diversification - Humanities (DH)*:
- HwSt 100
*Diversification - Literature (DL)*:
- HwSt 270
*Diversifications – Natural Sciences*: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
*Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB)*:
- Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101, 130
- Geo 170
- Micr 130
- Phyl 141
- Zool 101
*Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP)*:
- Astr 110
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 161
- Erth 101
- Geo 101
*Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY)*:
- Biol 100L, 101L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
- Bot 101L, 105L
- Chem 100L, 161L
- Erth 101L
- Micr 140L
- Phyl 141L, 142L
- Zool 101L
*Diversifications – Social Sciences*: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
*Diversification - Social Sciences (DS)*:
- Anth 150, 200
- Bot 105
- ECEd 105, 110, 131
- Econ 130, 131
- Geo 122
- HDFS 230
- HSer 110
- Psy 100, 170, 275
- Soc 100
- SSci 111, 150
- WGSS 151
NOTE: Students may not use Independent/Directed Studies courses (marked 199 or 299) to meet area requirements unless prior permission is given by the advisor and the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs.
Additionally, courses numbered 99 or below are not applicable toward an Associate in Arts degree.
Hospitality and Tourism (HOST)
The Hospitality and Tourism program is designed to provide job training for entry-level and first line supervisory level positions in the hospitality/visitor industry. Offering educational training in the field of hospitality/visitor industry will ensure a skilled pool of workers is continuously available to meet the industry’s employment demand on the Island of Hawai‘i. Additionally, making a career path possible to local workers strengthens the human assets of our community. The program was established to:
- Meet the growing needs of the hotels and related hospitality/visitor organizations by training existing and future employees in basic skills needed to obtain entry-level and supervisory positions.
- Provide job upgrading skills necessary for career advancement in the hospitality/visitor industry.
- Develop skills in verbal and written communication.
- Develop skills in distance learning that will promote lifelong learning.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Demonstrate essential hospitality operations and management skills, including accounting, marketing, and information technology.
- Communicate effectively with guests and coworkers through writing, speech, listening, and nonverbal expression appropriate for the hospitality workplace.
- Analyze diverse and dynamic hospitality workplace situations to solve problems and achieve goals through leadership and teamwork.
- Assess personal work performance through various lenses, including Hawaiian cultural values, multicultural global perspectives, ethical reasoning, legal principles, and sustainability.
| First Semester | CO | CA | AAS |
|-----------------------------------------------------|----|----|-----|
| * HostT 100 | | | |
| Career & Customer Service Skills | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * HostT 101 | | | |
| Intro to Hospitality and Tourism | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * HostT 150 | | | |
| Housekeeping Operations | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| * HostT 154 | | | |
| Food and Beverage Operations | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| ** English | | | |
| Eng 100 or Eng 100E | - | 3 | 3 |
| TOTAL | 12 | 15 | 15 |
| Second Semester | CO | CA | AAS |
|-----------------------------------------------------|----|----|-----|
| * HostT 152 | | | |
| Front Desk Operations | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Computer Literacy | | | |
| Busn 150 or ICS 101 | - | 3 | 3 |
| * HwSt 100 †† | | | |
| Piko Hawai‘i: Connecting to Hawai‘i Island | - | 3 | 3 |
| (or any HwSt course except HwSt 270) | | | |
| ** Math | | | |
| Math 100 or higher | - | 3 | 3 |
| Busn 178 | - | 3 | 3 |
| TOTAL | 3 | 12 | 15 |
| Third Semester | CO | CA | AAS |
|-----------------------------------------------------|----|----|-----|
| * Management Econ 131 or HostT 261 | | | 3 |
| Mgt 124 | | | 3 |
| Human Resource Management | - | - | 3 |
| * HosT 258 | | | 3 |
| Hospitality Marketing | - | - | 3 |
| Accounting | | | 3 |
| Acc 124, Acc 130, or Acc 201 | - | - | 3 |
| * HwSt 270 | | | 3 |
| Hawaiian Mythology | - | - | 3 |
| (or any 3-credit HwSt course except HwSt 100) | | | |
| TOTAL | - | - | 15 |
| Fourth Semester | CO | CA | AAS |
|-----------------------------------------------------|----|----|-----|
| * HosT 293V | | 3 | 3 |
| Hospitality Internship | - | - | 3 |
| * HosT 280 †† | | | 3 |
| Hospitality Management | - | - | 3 |
| (meets Soc. Env. requirement for A.A.S.) | | | |
| Law | | | 3 |
| BLaw 200 or HostT 260 | - | - | 3 |
| ** Sp 151 | | | 3 |
| Personal and Public Speech | - | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | | | 3 |
| Natural Environment | - | - | 3 |
| TOTAL | - | 3 | 15 |
TOTAL 15 30 60
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Meets requirement for Cultural Env., Natural Env. or Social Env.
Human Services (HSER)
Faculty: C. Wilcox-Boucher
This certificate prepares students for entry- and mid-level entry employment in such diverse settings as group homes and halfway houses; correctional, developmentally delayed, and community mental health centers; family, child and youth agencies; and programs concerned with special needs such as alcoholism, drug abuse, family violence, homelessness, and aging.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Portray a respectful attitude harmonizing with place, culture, and diverse perspectives, through a reflection of values and self-awareness.
- Evaluate employment and educational opportunities through a comprehensive awareness of the function of Human Services in the community.
- Utilize communication skills and implement strategies to assess the multiple causes of social issues and concerns.
Human Services Certificate of Competence
First Semester
| Course | CO |
|---------------------------------------------|----|
| * HSer 110 | 3 |
| Introduction to Human Services | |
| * Eng | 3 |
| Eng 22 or (ESL 22G and ESL 22W) or higher | |
| SSci/PS Electives (see below) | 3 |
Second Semester
| Course | CO |
|---------------------------------------------|----|
| * HSer 192 | 3 |
| Seminar and Fieldwork I | |
| * Psy/Soc | 3 |
| Psy 100 or Psy 170 or Soc 100 | |
Social Science/Public Service Electives - The following alphas will be accepted (non-listed alphas must be prior approved by the HSer Coordinator): AJ, Anth, Geo, HDFS, HSer, HwSt, PacS, PolS, Psy, Soc, Subs, WGSS.
* A grade of "C" or better is required to earn a certificate
**Information Technology (IT)**
Faculty: C. Butler
The Information Technology program is a career-laddered, competency-based program that provides training in the use and support of business-related computer systems, data communication networks (including local area networks), and the development of business computer information systems programs using procedural, event-driven and object-oriented programming techniques.
The program includes a combination of business, computer, and information technology courses. Campus-based computer and networking projects, faculty supervised laboratories, and workplace internships provide hands-on experience designed to prepare students for positions in computer support, programming, network administration, or systems development in a business information technology system. The program focuses on computers and information technology as tools to solve business problems.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- **Information Systems** - Plan, develop, and implement the hardware, software, and procedural components of a data processing system in a business environment.
- **Networking** - Plan, develop, and implement the hardware, software, and procedural components of a data communications system in a business environment.
- **Programming** - Plan, develop, implement, and document computer programs that meet the data processing requirements of a business organization.
- **Productivity** - Work independently and cooperatively to deliver reports, programs, projects, and other deliverables that document a business organization’s information technology requirements.
- **Legal/Ethical/Professional** - Base decisions and actions on the legal, ethical, and professional guidelines and practices of the information technology field.
- **Explore** - Demonstrate the ability to search, analyze, and synthesize current information and solutions in the rapidly changing information technology profession.
Fourth Semester
* ICS 281 Ethical Hacking 3
* ICS 282 Computer Forensics 3
TOTAL 24
Software Developer Specialist Certificate of Competence
First Semester
* ICS 101 Digital Tools for the Information World 3
** Math 103 Introduction to College Algebra or higher 3
Second Semester
* ICS 111 Intro to Computer Science I 3
* ICS 200 Web Technology 3
Third Semester
* ICS 141 Discrete Math for Computer Science I 3
* ICS 211 Intro to Computer Science II 3
* ITS 129 Introduction to Databases 3
TOTAL 21
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS)
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Communicate Effectively - Speak and write to communicate information and ideas in academic settings.
- Think Critically - Retrieve, read, and utilize information and synthesize, analyze, and evaluate that information to gain understanding and make informed decisions.
- Reason Quantitatively - Use quantitative, logical, and symbolic reasoning to address theoretical and real-world problems.
- Apply Areas of Knowledge - Utilize methods, perspectives, and content of selected disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
- Engage as Global Citizens - Demonstrate awareness of the relationship between self, community, and the environment, respecting cultural diversity and an understanding of ethical behavior.
To earn the Associate in Arts Degree in Liberal Arts (LBRT) from Hawai‘i CC, a student must meet the following requirements:
1. Credits Required: A total of 60 credits earned at or transferred to Hawai‘i CC in 100-200 level courses
2. A minimum of 12 credits must be completed at Hawai‘i CC
3. Minimum GPA Required: A minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 is required for graduation
4. CR/NC option may be used to satisfy area and general elective requirements (Policy Haw 5.503)
Liberal Arts (AA-LBRT)
Associate in Arts Degree
Faculty:
T. Amana
V. Chin
T. Cravens-Howell (PAL)
T. Dean (PAL)
M. Hu
A. Kalauli
K. Kanahele
A. Kiyuna
K. Landgraf
D. Madrid
C. Naguwa
J. Nissam
T. Qolouvaki
P. Scheffler
M. Skinner
O. Steele
T. Tangarō
B. Watanabe
C. Wilcox-Boucher
L. Baldan-Jenkins
S. Clark
S. Dansereau
E. Flores (PAL)
P. Kaio
R. Kalauli
D. Kapp
K. Kotecki
T. Loveday
C. Mospens
R. Namba (PAL)
A. Oberg Garcia (PAL)
D. Salvador
J. Sims
J. Smith
N. Tagab-Cruz
D. Tsugawa (PAL)
D. Weeks
Foundations (12 credits)
Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):
• Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):
• ICS 141
• Math 100†, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:
• Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
• Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102, Hist 152, WGSS 176
• Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
† Students who intend to transfer may require a course higher than Math 100
Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)
College Reading Skills:
• Eng 102 (Reading)
Communication Skills:
• Sp 151† or Sp 251†
Graduation Requirements
Writing Intensive:
• One WI course with a “C” or better grade
Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:
• Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
Diversifications (19 credits)
Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:
Diversification - Arts (DA):
• Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
• Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
• Eng 204
• HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
• Sp 151†, 251†
Diversification - Humanities (DH):
• Asan 120, 121
• Hist 120, 153, 154
• Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
• Hum 100
• HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
• Phil 100, 101
• Sp 260
Diversification - Literature (DL):
• Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
• HwSt 270
Diversifications - Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
• Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
• Bot 101
• Geo 170
• Micr 130
• Phyl 141
• Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
• Astr 110
• BioC 141
• Chem 100, 161
• Erth 101
• Geo 101
• Phys 105
Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY):
• Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
• Bot 101L, 105L
• Chem 100L, 161L
• Erth 101L
• Micr 140L
• Phyl 141L, 142L
• Zool 101L
Diversifications - Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
• Anth 150, 200
• Bot 105
• ECEd 105, 110, 131
• Econ 130, 131
• Geo 122
• HDFS 230
• HSer 110
• Psy 100, 170, 275
• Soc 100
• SSci 111, 150
• WGSS 151
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Electives (23 credits)
Other 100-level and above courses may be taken at Hawai‘i CC or transferred in to Hawai‘i CC as electives.
NOTE: Students may not use Independent/Directed Studies courses (marked 199 or 299) to meet area requirements unless prior permission is given by the advisor and the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs.
Additionally, courses numbered 99 or below are not applicable toward an Associate in Arts degree.
Writing Intensive Classes
A variety of classes are offered which are writing intensive (WI). These classes require students to do a significant amount of writing totaling a minimum of 4,000 words. Writing is emphasized as an essential tool for learning class material and a major element in determining a student’s grade. In WI classes, an opportunity is provided for interaction between the instructor and student as a part of the writing process. WI classes have a minimum prerequisite of completion of Eng 100 or Eng 100E with a grade of “C” or better. Completion of one WI class with a grade of “C” or better is required for the AA-LBRT degree and the AA-HWST degree at Hawai‘i CC. Students who are planning to transfer to a four-year college or university are
advised to check on that institution’s WI requirements and are recommended to take two or three Writing Intensive classes at Hawai‘i CC.
For more information about the Writing Intensive Program at Hawai‘i CC, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/writing-intensive
**HAP Designated Classes**
Effective Fall 2019, the **Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues (HAP)** is a graduation requirement for Associate in Arts (AA) degree majors. Returning students declaring a prior catalog year have the option to use the FHAP (formerly Asian/Pacific Culture) designated courses which were approved for their prior catalog year. (Policy HAW 5.702)
HAP is a University of Hawai‘i system initiative designed to improve teaching and learning at UH regarding Native Hawaiian culture and issues from the Native Hawaiian viewpoint and how they intersect with Asian and Pacific Island cultures. In order to receive the HAP designation, at least 2/3 of a class must meet the following hallmarks:
1. The content should reflect the intersection of Asian and/or Pacific Island cultures with Native Hawaiian culture.
2. A class can use a disciplinary or multi-disciplinary approach provided that a component of the class uses assignments or practices that encourage learning that comes from the cultural perspectives, values, and world views rooted in the experience of peoples indigenous to Hawai‘i, the Pacific, and Asia.
3. A class should include at least one topic that is crucial to an understanding of the histories; cultures; beliefs; the arts; or the societal, political, economic, or technological processes of these regions. For example, the relationships of societal structures to the natural environment.
4. A class should involve an in-depth analysis or understanding of the issues being studied in the hope of fostering multicultural respect and understanding.
For more information about HAP, and to see a current list of HAP designations at Hawai‘i CC, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/hap
**Fulfillment of General Education Requirement**
Effective Fall 1994, students who have earned an articulated Associate in Arts (A.A.) degree from any University of Hawai‘i Community College shall be accepted as having fulfilled the general education core requirements at all other University of Hawai‘i campuses. While an articulated A.A. degree satisfies general education core requirements, students must also complete all specialized lower-division, major, college and degree/graduation requirements. Additional campus-specific requirements, such as competency in a foreign language or writing-intensive courses, may also be required. With planning, most, if not all, of the requirements may be incorporated into the A.A. degree; if not, they are required in addition to the A.A. degree.
---
**Liberal Arts/Associate in Arts with a Concentration in Administration of Justice (AA-LBRT-AJ)**
This concentration provides students with a background in the scientific and experimental study of the Administration of Justice system. It focuses on the three major components of the AJ system in the United States, including the aspects of law enforcement; the state and federal judicial process; and local, state, and federal correctional systems. It also explores the historical and current economic, political, and societal issues of the AJ systems, and how they affect individuals, families, communities, and the greater society. It prepares students to transfer to a four-year institution that offers a degree in Administration of Justice, Criminal Justice, or related Social Sciences disciplines, and is a specific pathway for those who are interested in transferring to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to pursue a degree in Administration of Justice.
**Foundations (12 credits)**
*Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):*
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
*Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):*
- ICS 141
- Math 100‡, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
*Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:*
- Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
- Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102, Hist 152, WGSS 176
- Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
‡ Students who intend to transfer may require a course higher than Math 100
**Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)**
*College Reading Skills:*
- Eng 102 (Reading)
*Communication Skills:*
- Sp 151† or Sp 251†
**Graduation Requirements**
*Writing Intensive:*
- One WI course with a “C” or better grade
*Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:*
- Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
Diversifications (19 credits)
Diversifications – Arts, Humanities, Literature: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:
Diversification - Arts (DA):
- Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
- Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
- Eng 204
- HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
- Sp 151†, 251†
Diversification - Humanities (DH):
- Asan 120, 121
- Hist 120, 153, 154
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
- Hum 100
- HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
- Phil 100, 101
- Sp 260
Diversification - Literature (DL):
- Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
- HwSt 270
Diversifications – Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
- Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101
- Geo 170
- Micr 130
- Phyl 141
- Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
- Astr 110
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 161
- Erth 101
- Geo 101
- Phys 105
Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY):
- Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
- Bot 101L, 105L
- Chem 100L, 161L
- Erth 101L
- Micr 140L
- Phyl 141L, 142L
- Zool 101L
Diversifications – Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
- Psy 100
- Soc 100
AJ Concentration Electives (23 credits)
- AJ 101, 103, 130† (see HSer/Subs 130), 131, 150, 180, 208† (see Soc 208), 210, 220, 221, 256† (see HSer/WGSS 256), 280, 285
- HSer 130† (see AJ/Subs 130), 256† (see AJ/WGSS 256)
- Soc 208† (see AJ 208)
- Subs 130† (see AJ/HSer 130), 132, 268
- WGSS 151, 256† (see AJ/HSer 256)
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Liberal Arts/Associate in Arts with a Concentration in Art (AA-LBRT-ART)
This concentration provides students with a strong studio art experience and curriculum that integrates conceptual and technical artistic skills with personal and creative exploration. It prepares students to transfer to a four-year institution to further their studies in the various areas of studio art including ceramics, design, drawing, painting, photography, and sculpture, or to continue on their journey of becoming a professional artist. This concentration was also designed to be a specific pathway for those who are interested in transferring to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to pursue a degree in Art.
Foundations (12 credits)
Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):
- ICS 141
- Math 100†, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:
- Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
- Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102, Hist 152, WGSS 176
- Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
† Students who intend to transfer may require a course higher than Math 100.
Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)
College Reading Skills:
- Eng 102 (Reading)
Communication Skills:
- Sp 151 or Sp 251
Graduation Requirements
Writing Intensive:
• One WI course with a “C” or better grade
Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:
• Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
Diversifications (19 credits)
Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas (DA required):
Diversification - Arts (DA):
• Art 113 (Required)
Diversification - Humanities (DH):
• Asan 120, 121
• Hist 120, 153, 154
• Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
• Hum 100
• HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
• Phil 100, 101
• Sp 260
Diversification - Literature (DL):
• Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
• HwSt 270
Diversifications - Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
• Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
• Bot 101
• Geo 170
• Micr 130
• Phyl 141
• Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
• Astr 110
• BioC 141
• Chem 100, 161
• Erth 101
• Geo 101
• Phys 105
Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY):
• Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
• Bot 101L, 105L
• Chem 100L, 161L
• Erth 101L
• Micr 140L
• Phyl 141L, 142L
• Zool 101L
Diversifications - Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
• Anth 150, 200
• Bot 105
• ECEd 105, 110, 131
• Econ 130, 131
• Geo 122
• HDFS 230
• HSer 110
• Psy 100, 170, 275
• Soc 100
• SSci 111, 150
• WGSS 151
Art Concentration Electives (23 credits)
• Art 112*, 115*, 202*, 214*, 293* or 294*
• CM 120*
• Ent 125*
Choose any one course numbered 100 or above of 2 credits of General Electives
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a degree
Liberal Arts/Associate in Arts with a Concentration in History (AA-LBRT-HIST)
This concentration provides students with a strong History foundation. It prepares students to transfer to a four-year institution to major in History and is a specific pathway for those who are interested in transferring to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to pursue a degree in History.
Foundations (12 credits)
Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):
• Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):
• ICS 141
• Math 100‡, 115, 120, 135, 140, 241, 242
Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:
• Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151*
• Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Hist 152*
• Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
‡ Students who intend to transfer may require a course higher than Math 100
Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)
College Reading Skills:
• Eng 102 (Reading)
Communication Skills:
• Sp 151† or Sp 251†
Graduation Requirements
Writing Intensive:
• One WI course with a “C” or better grade
Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:
• Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
Diversifications (19 credits)
Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:
Diversification - Arts (DA):
• Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
• Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
• Eng 204
• HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
• Sp 151†, 251†
Diversification - Humanities (DH):
• Asan 120, 121
• Hist 120†, 153†, 154†
• Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
• Hum 100
• HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
• Phil 100, 101
• Sp 260
Diversification - Literature (DL):
• Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
• HwSt 270
Diversifications - Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB):
• Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
• Bot 101
• Geo 170
• Micr 130
• Phyl 141
• Zool 101
Diversification - Physical Sciences (DP):
• Astr 110
• BioC 141
• Chem 100, 161
• Erth 101
• Geo 101
• Phys 105
Diversification - Natural Science Lab (DY):
• Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
• Bot 101L, 105L
• Chem 100L, 161L
• Erth 101L
• Micr 140L
• Phyl 141L, 142L
• Zool 101L
Diversifications - Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):
• Anth 150, 200
• Bot 105
• ECEd 105, 110, 131
• Econ 130, 131
• Geo 122
• HDFS 230
• HSer 110
• Psy 100, 170, 275
• Soc 100
• SSci 111, 150
• WGSS 151
History Concentration Electives (23 credits)
Required:
• ICS 101*
Choose five 3-credit courses from the following:
• Hist 120†, 153†, 154†, 241, 242, 274, 284, 288
Choose 5 credits of General Electives numbered 100 or above
• Recommended: Econ 131, Geo 102, HwSt 100
* UH Hilo requires that these courses be passed with a “C” or better grade
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Liberal Arts/Associate in Arts with a Concentration in Psychology (AA-LBRT-PSY)
This concentration provides students with a strong Psychology foundation. It prepares students to transfer to a four-year institution to major in Psychology and is a specific pathway for those who are interested in transferring to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to pursue a degree in Psychology.
**Foundations (12 credits)**
*Written Communication (FW) (3 credits)*:
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
*Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits)*:
- Math 115 or Math 135
*Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups*:
- Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175
- Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102, Hist 152, WGSS 176
- Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
**Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)**
*College Reading Skills*:
- Eng 102 (Reading)
*Communication Skills*:
- Sp 151† or Sp 251†
**Graduation Requirements**
*Writing Intensive*:
- One WI course with a “C” or better grade
*Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues*:
- Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
**Diversifications (19 credits)**
*Diversifications – Arts, Humanities, Literature*: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:
*Diversification – Arts (DA)*:
- Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
- Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
- Eng 204
- HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
- Sp 151†, 251†
*Diversification – Humanities (DH)*:
- Asan 120, 121
- Hist 120, 153, 154
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
- Hum 100
- HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
- Phil 100, 101
- Sp 260
*Diversification - Literature (DL)*:
- Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
- HwSt 270
*Diversifications – Natural Sciences*: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:
*Diversification - Biological Sciences (DB)*:
- Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101
- Geo 170
- Micr 130
- Phyl 141
- Zool 101
*Diversification – Physical Sciences (DP)*:
- Astr 110
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 161
- Erth 101
- Geo 101
- Phys 105
*Diversification – Natural Science Lab (DY)*:
- Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
- Bot 101L, 105L
- Chem 100L, 161L
- Erth 101L
- Micr 140L
- Phyl 141L, 142L
- Zool 101L
*Diversifications – Social Sciences*: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:
*Diversification – Social Sciences (DS)*:
- HDFS 230
- Psy 100*
**Psychology Concentration Electives (23 credits)**
- HSer 110*, 192*, 292*
- Psy 213, 214
*Choose two 3-credit courses from the following*:
- Psy 170, 251, 260, 270
- Soc 100
*A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a degree
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.*
Liberal Arts/Associate in Arts with a Concentration in Sociology (AA-LBRT-SOC)
This concentration provides students with a strong Sociology foundation. It prepares students to transfer to a four-year institution to major in Sociology and is a specific pathway for those who are interested in transferring to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to pursue a degree in Sociology.
**Foundations (12 credits)**
*Written Communication (FW) (3 credits):*
- Eng 100 (Writing) or Eng 100E (Writing)
*Quantitative Reasoning (FQ) (3 credits):*
- Math 115 or Math 135
*Global & Multicultural Perspectives (FG) (6 credits) in 2 different groups:*
- Group A - Prehistory to 1500: Hist 151, WGSS 175†
- Group B - 1500 to Modern Times: Geo 102†, Hist 152, WGSS 176†
- Group C - Prehistory to Modern Times: (none at this time)
**Hawai‘i CC Required Courses (6 credits)**
*College Reading Skills:*
- Eng 102 (Reading)
*Communication Skills:*
- Sp 151† or Sp 251†
**Graduation Requirements**
*Writing Intensive:*
- One WI course with a “C” or better grade
*Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Issues:*
- Three credits HAP (from Diversifications or Electives)
**Diversifications (19 credits)**
*Diversifications – Arts, Humanities, Literature: Six (6) credits required in 2 different areas:*
*Diversification – Arts (DA):*
- Art 101, 105B, 105C, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 214, 217, 230
- Dnce 153, 185, 190V, 195
- Eng 204
- HwSt 103, 106, 130, 131, 206, 230, 231
- Sp 151†, 251†
*Diversification - Humanities (DH):*
- Asan 120, 121
- Hist 120, 153, 154
- Haw 101, 102, 201, 202
- Hum 100
- HwSt 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 201
- Phil 100, 101
- Sp 260
*Diversification - Literature (DL):*
- Eng 255, 256, 257A, 257E
- HwSt 270
*Diversifications – Natural Sciences: Seven (7) credits: three (3) credits from Biological Sciences; and (3) credits from Physical Sciences; and one (1) credit any Natural Science Lab:*
*Diversification – Biological Sciences (DB):*
- Biol 100, 101, 124, 156, 171, 172
- Bot 101
- Geo 170
- Micr 130
- Phyl 141
- Zool 101
*Diversification – Physical Sciences (DP):*
- Astr 110
- BioC 141
- Chem 100, 161
- Erth 101
- Geo 101
- Phys 105
*Diversification – Natural Science Lab (DY):*
- Biol 100L, 124L, 156L, 171L, 172L
- Bot 101L, 105L
- Chem 100L, 161L
- Erth 101L
- Micr 140L
- Phyl 141L, 142L
- Zool 101L
*Diversifications – Social Sciences: Six (6) credits required in 2 different alphas:*
*Diversification - Social Sciences (DS):*
- Psy 100
- Soc 100*
Sociology Concentration Electives (23 credits)
- HSer 110*, 192*, 292*
- Psy 213
- Soc 200
Choose three 3-credit courses from the following:
- Anth 200
- Geo 102†
- PacS 108
- PolS 110
- Soc 208, 218, 251, 265, 289, 290
- WGSS 151, 175†, 176†, 256
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a degree
† Cross-listed courses (appearing in multiple areas or listed as different alphas) count only once for graduation requirements.
Machine, Welding and Industrial Mechanics Technologies (MWIM)
Faculty: D. Miyashiro
This program prepares the student for employment in the metalworking and mechanical/maintenance trades. Employment may be in construction, food processing, manufacturing, utilities, astronomical observatories, or related industries. The job requires good physical health, above average eye/hand coordination, mechanical reasoning, and good form perception and spatial relationship. Job responsibilities may include fabricating, repairing, or maintaining metal products on equipment, buildings, and systems.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Demonstrate the attributes of a good employee including good safety practices; good communication skills; positive work ethics; working collaboratively or independently under supervision; being a life-long learner; demonstrating an awareness of hazardous materials; and taking responsibility for the orderliness and cleanliness of the workplace.
- Demonstrate and be able to apply the proper set-up and use of basic machine tools and equipment; metalworking equipment; common welding and cutting processes; industrial mechanics equipment; material handling equipment and related machinery; and entry-level ability to interpret blueprints.
- Demonstrate and be able to apply mechanical reasoning, form perception and spatial relations, and numerical reasoning skills as a part of the basic entry-level skills and knowledge necessary to gain employment in the Machining, Welding, Industrial Mechanics or related fields.
Marine Option Program Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-MOP)
Faculty: J. Sims
The Marine Option Program (MOP) is designed to assist students interested in relating the ocean to their educational and career aspirations. Through MOP, students can obtain a marine orientation to their own degree while earning an Academic Subject Certificate. MOP emphasizes experiential cross-disciplinary education and provides opportunities to apply traditional course work to the real world while students obtain practical marine skills through a hands-on internship, research or employment. MOP sponsors numerous field trips, a newsletter, and many opportunities for networking with other interested students and professionals.
Requirements
1. **Credits Required**: A minimum of 12 credits is required to receive the ASC-LBRT-MOP.
2. Earn a “C” or better in each course.
Core Requirements (6 credits)
- Ocn 101, 193, 201
Electives (6 credits)
- Bot 105, 130, 130L
- Biol 124, 124L, 156, 156L, 171, 171L, 172, 172L, 265, 265L
- Geo 122
- HwSt 150, 151
- Ocn 201L
- Zool 101, 101L
Marketing (MKT)
Faculty: D. Kawa'auhau
This program is designed to directly align students with one of three potential paths upon graduation. Paths include freelance positions in digital design, marketing, or advertising; industry employment; and transfer to a four year institution. With courses focused on graphic arts, branding, economics, management, marketing, international relations, and a working employment portfolio created and available upon program completion, graduates will be able to apply concepts and strategies directly to the benefit and/or advancement of their professional and/or academic careers.
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Develop responsive marketing campaigns that adapt to both foreign and domestic markets.
- Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the marketing and management environment of Hawai'i and offer innovative ideas to develop and sustain said environment.
- Develop current technological skills and be able to utilize said skills in a simulated business environment.
- Communicate an in-depth understanding of the diverse needs of the international market through the creation of culturally responsive management plans.
- Demonstrate the ability to effectively communicate with a global audience.
- Design an active portfolio that demonstrates an in-depth understanding of the principles of advertising up to and including the proper use of color, graphic design, and digital audio production.
- Develop solutions that demonstrate the successful navigation of the current financial and legal business environment.
First Semester
| Course | Title | CA | AAS |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Mkt 120 | Principles of Marketing | 3 | 3 |
| Mgt 124 | Human Resource Management | 3 | 3 |
| Art 112 †† | Introduction to Digital Arts | 3 | 3 |
| Math | Math 103, Math 115, Math 135, Math 140, | 3 | 3 |
| | or Math 241 | | |
| ICS 101 | Digital Tools for the Information World | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 12 | 15 |
Second Semester
| Course | Title | CA | AAS |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Art 115 | Introduction to 2D Design | 3 | 3 |
| Blaw 200 | Legal Environment of Business | 3 | 3 |
| Econ 130 †† | Principles of Microeconomics | 3 | 3 |
| HwSt 201 | 'Ai Noa: Hawai'i Culture II | 3 | 3 |
| English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 12 | 15 |
Third Semester
| Course | Title | CA | AAS |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| CM 120 | Intro to Digital Video | 3 | 3 |
| Econ 131 | Principles of Macroeconomics | 3 | 3 |
| HwSt 101 | 'Aikapu: Hawai'i Culture I | 3 | 3 |
| Acc 201 | Introduction to Financial Accounting | - | 3 |
| Speech | Sp 130 or Sp 151 | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 9 | 15 |
Fourth Semester
| Course | Title | CA | AAS |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Mkt 233 | International & Tech Brand Integration | 3 | 3 |
| Mgt 234 | Cross-Cultural Management | 3 | 3 |
| Acc 202 | Introduction to Managerial Accounting | - | 3 |
| Bus 120 | Principles of Business | - | 3 |
| Elective †† | Natural Environment | - | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 6 | 15 |
**TOTAL**
| | CA | AAS |
|--------|----|-----|
| | 39 | 60 |
A cumulative 2.0 GPA in the Major Course Requirements category must be earned for graduation. In addition, an overall cumulative 2.0 GPA is required for graduation.
* A grade of “C” or better is required to earn a certificate and/or degree
** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three areas: Cultural Environment, Natural Environment, Social Environment
Natural Science (NSCI)
Faculty: R. Namba (PAL) D. Weeks
This Associate in Science Degree program prepares students to transfer to 4-year institutions in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) related fields. Hawai'i Community College offers two NSCI tracks: Biological Sciences and Physical Sciences.
For more information, contact Ruria Namba by e-mail ([email protected]).
Program Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Analyze data effectively using current technology.
- Communicate scientific ideas and principles clearly and effectively.
- Analyze and apply fundamental mathematical, physical, and chemical concepts and techniques to scientific issues.
- Apply fundamental concepts and techniques in their chosen concentration.
### Biological Sciences (NSCI-BSC)
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Biol 171 †† | Introduction to Biology I (DB) | 3 |
| Biol 171L † | Introduction to Biology I Lab (DY) | 1 |
| Chem 161 | General Chemistry I | 3 |
| Chem 161L † | General Chemistry I Lab | 1 |
| English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 |
| Eng 102 | College Reading Skills | 3 |
**TOTAL**: 14
#### Second Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Biol 172 | Introduction to Biology II | 3 |
| Biol 172L † | Introduction to Biology II Lab | 1 |
| Chem 162 | General Chemistry II | 3 |
| Chem 162L † | General Chemistry II Lab | 1 |
| Science † | BSC Electives (see below) | 4 |
| Electives | Foundations - Global and Multicultural Perspectives (FG) | 3 |
**TOTAL**: 15
#### Third Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Biology | Biol 265 or Biol 275 | 3 |
| Biol Lab † | Biol 265L or Biol 275L | 1 |
| Math 241 | Calculus I | 4 |
| Physics | Phys 151 or Phys 170 | 3-4 |
| Phys Lab † | Phys 151L or Phys 170L | 1 |
| Electives | Foundations - Global and Multicultural Perspectives (FG) | 3 |
**TOTAL**: 15-16
#### Fourth Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Science † | BSC Electives (see below) | 3-4 |
| | (the 4th credit is required if total credits are less than 60) | |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature (choose from DA, DH, DL) | 3 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Social Sciences (DS) | 3 |
| Electives ††† | General Electives | 6 |
**TOTAL**: 15-16
**TOTAL**: 60-61
**BSC Science Electives:**
- Ag 175, 175L
- Astr 110, 281
- BioC 141
- Biol 100, 100L, 124, 124L, 156, 156L, 265, 265L, 275, 275L
- Bot 101, 101L, 105, 105L, 130, 130L
- Erth 101, 101L
- Geo 101, 101L, 170, 170L, 270, 270L, 292V
- Micr 130, 140L
- Ocn 201
- Phyl 141, 141L, 142, 142L
- Phys 100, 100L, 105
- Sci 190V, 292V
- Zool 101, 101L
### Additional Requirements
- Two Writing Intensive (WI) courses with a “C” or better grade.
- Once Hawaiian–Asian-Pacific Cultures (HAP) course
† All labs should be taken in-person.
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS).
††† All elective courses must be numbered 100 or above.
### Physical Sciences (NSCI-PSC)
#### First Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Chem 161 | General Chemistry I | 3 |
| Chem 161L † | General Chemistry I Lab | 1 |
| Eng 102 | College Reading Skills | 3 |
| Math 241 | Calculus I | 4 |
| Science | PSC Electives (see below) | 3 |
| Sci Lab † | PSC Lab Electives (see below) | 1 |
**TOTAL**: 15
#### Second Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Chem 162 | General Chemistry II | 3 |
| Chem 162L † | General Chemistry II Lab | 1 |
| English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 |
| Math 242 | Calculus II | 4 |
| Electives | Foundations - Global and Multicultural Perspectives (FG) | 3 |
**TOTAL**: 14
#### Third Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Phys 170 | General Physics I | 4 |
| Phys 170L † | General Physics I Lab | 1 |
| Science | PSC Electives (see below) | 3 |
| Sci Lab † | PSC Lab Electives (see below) | 1 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Biological Sciences (DB) | 3 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Social Sciences (DS) | 3 |
**TOTAL**: 15
#### Fourth Semester
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Phys 272 | General Physics II | 3 |
| Phys 272L † | General Physics II Lab | 1 |
| Electives †† | Diversifications - Arts, Humanities, Literature (choose from DA, DH, DL) | 3 |
| Electives | Foundations - Global and Multicultural Perspectives (FG) | 3 |
| Electives ††† | General Electives | 6 |
**TOTAL**: 16
**TOTAL**: 60
**PSC Science Electives:**
- Ag 175, 175L
- Astr 110, 281
- BioC 141
- Biol 100, 100L, 101, 101L, 124, 124L, 156, 156L, 171, 171L, 172, 172L, 265, 265L, 275, 275L
(continued on next page)
• Bot 101, 101L, 105, 105L, 130, 130L
• Erth 101, 101L
• Geo 101, 101L, 170, 170L, 270, 270L, 292V
• Micr 130, 140L
• Ocn 201
• Phyl 141, 141L, 142, 142L
• Phys 105
• Sci 190V, 292V
• Zool 101, 101L
**Additional Requirements**
- Two Writing Intensive (WI) courses with a “C” or better grade.
- Once Hawaiian-Asian-Pacific Cultures (HAP) course
† All labs should be taken in-person.
‡‡ Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS)
‡‡‡ All elective courses must be numbered 100 or above.
---
**Nursing and Allied Health Programs**
**Faculty:** A. Cremer
C. Hernandez
P. Pieron
L. Yamanaka
T. Garden
L. Miguel
R. Sipp
Hawai‘i Community College Nursing and Allied Health currently offers two pathways into the Nursing profession. Students may apply for either the Certificate of Achievement in Practical Nursing (CA-PRCN) program or the Associate in Science Degree in Nursing (AS-NURS) program. Both programs admit a new student cohort each Fall. The AS program has a Hilo and Kona location option.
**Nursing Admissions Information:** The application cycle opens **November 1st** and closes on **January 15th at 11:59 p.m.**
**Steps to apply to the Nursing Program:** See website for full details and current information
[www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing](http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing)
**Admission Cycle:** Fall Semester for AS and PRCN programs) and Summer Semester (for LPN and AS-NURS Pathway program)
**Residents:** Priority for admission to the Nursing program is given to qualified State of Hawai‘i residents over qualified non-residents (i.e., military exempt and WUE exempt students). See UH Board of Regents Policy 5.211 found at:
[www.hawaii.edu/policy/index.php?action=viewPolicy&policySection=rp&policyChapter=5&policyNumber=211](http://www.hawaii.edu/policy/index.php?action=viewPolicy&policySection=rp&policyChapter=5&policyNumber=211)
**Available Seats:**
- AS Nursing Program: 20 Manono/Hilo Campus, 10 Pālamanui/Kona Campus
- Practical Nursing (PRCN) Program: This program is offered in Hilo only, and is contingent upon the availability of budget and staff resources. Up to 10 students may be admitted when the program is offered.
- LPN to AS-NURS Pathway Program: This program is offered in Hilo only, and is contingent upon the availability of budget and staff resources. Up to 10 students may be admitted when the program is offered.
**Admission Requirements for AS-NURS, LPN to AS-NURS pathway, and PRCN Programs**
1. Applicants are selected for admission to the AS-NURS, LPN to AS-NURS pathway, and PRCN Programs using a point system based on grades earned in the prerequisite courses; Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS) exam scores; and documentation of previously earned degrees, military veteran status, and/or relevant professional health care experience. Refer to the Nursing Programs Admissions Criteria Point Allocation Worksheet found at [www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/apply](http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/apply)
2. Complete all prerequisite requirements with a grade of “C” or better (C- is not accepted) by the end of the Spring semester prior to program entry, and earn a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 by the end of the Spring semester prior to program entry. All courses for the degree must be taken for a letter grade.
3. Complete the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS) exam and earn a composite, individual adjusted score at the Proficient level (minimum score of 58.7%) or higher.
4. Additional Requirements for the LPN to AS-NURS pathway: Possession of a current Hawai‘i Practical Nurse License, and a minimum of 1 year experience working as an LPN.
**Application Procedures**
1. Students not currently enrolled at Hawai‘i CC or another University of Hawai‘i (UH) system campus must fill out a UH Common Application Form indicating their desire to enroll in the College the next Fall semester. Students who have not been admitted to Hawai‘i CC will not be considered for acceptance into the Nursing programs.
2. Submit the Intent to Apply to Nursing Program Form and other required Nursing admissions documents as listed on the Application Checklist by **January 15** (or the next business day, if January 15 falls on the weekend or a holiday). The Intent to Apply form and Application Checklist can be found online at [www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/apply](http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/apply)
3. Applicants will receive an e-mail acknowledgement that their Intent to Apply form has been received. Intent to
Apply forms and other required documents not received by the Nursing Office or postmarked by January 15 will be considered late and will not be accepted.
4. All courses intended to be used to meet proficiency requirements and prerequisite courses must be approved by Hawai‘i Community College. Hawai‘i CC and other University of Hawai‘i system students should refer to their Academic Pathway via their STAR account to determine whether they have met the proficiency and/or prerequisite requirements.
5. Submit a copy of the STAR Transcript with the Intent to Apply to Nursing Program form.
6. UH System Transfer students are those who were previously enrolled at a college or university other than Hawai‘i CC within the UH system. Hawai‘i CC and students currently attending another UH system institution do not need to submit an official transcript from that UH system school. UH System Transfer students will submit a copy of their STAR Transcript.
7. Transfer students outside the UH System are those who have ever attended a college or university outside the UH system. These students must arrange to have an official transcript, printed in English, be sent to the Admissions and Records Office (ARO) directly from all non-UH system institutions by the January 15 deadline. For all institutions outside of the UH System, students must keep in their possession a course catalog or course description for all courses. Do not send the catalog and/or course descriptions to the ARO. Additionally, applicants should include a student copy of non-UH system institutional transcripts, with the prerequisite courses highlighted, as part of their completed Nursing application.
8. Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS). Pre-registration for the TEAS is required. Information regarding registration, cost, and testing dates and times for the TEAS is available on the nursing website at www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/TEAS
Applicants must submit a printed copy of one set of TEAS scores as part of a completed application. Only the latest version, ATI TEAS, scores will be accepted. Applicants must earn an individual adjusted score at the Proficient (58.7%) or higher level in order to apply.
9. A Nursing Programs Admission Criteria Point Allocation Worksheet must be submitted with the application materials. The worksheet can be found online at www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/apply
If applicable, submit requested documentation for criteria #3 as listed on the worksheet.
10. For assistance, contact a Nursing counselor/advisor in: Hilo at (808) 934-2658, or Pālamanui at (808) 969-8816. Or, contact the Nursing and Allied Health Division office at (808) 934-2650.
**Program Requirements**
- **Essential Technical Standards:** To be qualified for Hawai‘i Community College Nursing programs, individuals must be able to meet essential technical standards and functional abilities, with or without reasonable accommodations. Individuals interested in applying for admission to the programs should review the essential technical standards to develop a thorough understanding of the skills, abilities, and behavioral characteristics required to successfully progress in, and graduate from the programs. For further information regarding services and resources to students with disabilities and/or to request accommodations please contact Disability Services at (808) 934-2825 [v/t] or e-mail: [email protected]
- **Physical Examination Requirements:** A physical examination completed by a Healthcare Provider of the student’s choice is required upon entering the Nursing program. This is to assure that a student is in good physical and mental health and meets the functional abilities necessary to meet the program outcomes. Mandatory immunizations and/or vaccinations are also required for clinical components per the affiliated healthcare facilities used for clinical practice.
- **Criminal Background Check and Drug Screening:** Students accepted for admission to the Nursing programs will be required to complete a criminal background check and drug screen in accordance with procedures and timelines as directed by the affiliated healthcare facilities used for clinical practice. This is done at the student’s expense. If a clinical facility does not give permission for a Hawai‘i CC student to participate in clinical practice at their facility, the Nursing student will not be able to fulfill the requirements of the program and will be required to withdraw from the program.
**Nursing, Associate in Science Degree in Nursing (NURS)**
The Associate in Science Degree in Nursing program provides students with a scientific foundation for entry level clinical practice as a Registered Nurse (RN) in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and community based settings. Upon completion of the program, graduates are eligible to take the National Council Licensure Exam for Registered Nursing (NCLEX-RN). RN’s provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members.
The Associate in Science Degree in Nursing program has two pathways:
**Generic pathway (AS-NURS):** 27 credits of non-nursing prerequisite and general education courses and four semesters of coursework in nursing (46 credits) for a total of 73 credits.
**LPN to AS-NURS pathway:** (1) Possession of a current HI Practical Nurse License; (2) Minimum 1 year experience working as LPN; and (3) Completion of all non-nursing prerequisite and general education courses for the AS-NURS program. Includes 27 credits of non-nursing prerequisite and general education courses, credit given for advanced placement (21) and one summer session and two semesters of coursework in nursing (25 credits) for a total of 73 credits.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Implement critical thinking effectively when applying the nursing process in providing compassionate and coordinated care to individuals and their support systems.
- Integrate knowledge gained from biological, social, and nursing sciences with clinical practice in meeting the complex needs of diverse individuals in multiple settings.
- Create an environment that promotes caring and professionalism with consideration for cultural/societal beliefs and practices.
- Utilize information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision-making.
- Use data to assess outcomes of care processes and determine ways to improve the delivery of quality care.
- Practice safely and ethically within the scope of practice while providing nursing care and working with the health care team.
- Demonstrate effective communication and collaborative dialogue within nursing and the interprofessional team to achieve quality patient care.
**Entry Requirements**
The nursing and support courses for the Associate in Science Degree are:
### Year 1
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 |
| HDFS 230 | Human Development | 3 |
| Math 100 | Survey of Mathematics or higher | 3 |
| Micr 130 †† | General Microbiology (DB) | 3 |
| Micr 140L | General Microbiology Lab | 1 |
| Phyl 141 | Human Anatomy and Physiology I | 3 |
| Phyl 141L | Human Anatomy and Physiology I Lab | 1 |
| Phyl 142 | Human Anatomy and Physiology II | 3 |
| Phyl 142L | Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab | 1 |
| Elective† †† | Diversification - Arts (DA), Humanities (DH), Literature (DL) | 3 |
| | (recommended: HwSt 100, 102, or 107) | |
| Elective† †† | Diversification - Social Sciences (DS) | 3 |
| | (choose one: Psy 100, Anth 200, Soc 100) | |
**Total**: 27
† May be taken either prior to admission or during the Nursing program.
†† Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS).
### Generic pathway (AS-NURS)
#### Year 2
**Fall Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 153 | Nursing Concepts and Skills | 8 |
| Nurs 203 | General Pharmacology | 3 |
**Total**: 11
**Spring Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 151 | Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing | 4 |
| Nurs 157 | Adult Health Nursing I | 8 |
**Total**: 12
#### Year 3
**Fall Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 254 | Family Health I-Maternal/Newborn Nursing | 5 |
| Nurs 255 | Family Health II-Pediatric/Adult Hlth Nurs II | 7 |
**Total**: 12
**Spring Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 257 | Advanced Adult Health Nursing III | 8 |
| Nurs 260 | Leadership/Community Health | 3 |
**Total**: 11
**Total**: 73
### LPN to AS-NURS pathway
Completion of nursing and support courses (see Year 1 list) **27**
**Total**: 27
Credit given for advanced placement
- Possession of a current HI Practical Nurse License
- Minimum 1 year experience working as LPN
**Total**: 21
**Summer Session**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 250 | LPN to RN Transition | 3 |
**Total**: 3
**Fall Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 151 | Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing | 4 |
| Nurs 255 | Family Health II-Pediatrics/Adult Hlth Nurs II | 7 |
**Total**: 11
**Spring Semester**
| Course | Title | Credits |
|-------------|--------------------------------------------|---------|
| Nurs 257 | Advanced Adult Health Nursing III | 8 |
| Nurs 260 | Leadership/Community Health | 3 |
**Total**: 11
**Total**: 73
All courses required for the degree must be taken for a letter grade. A grade of “C” or better is considered passing for all nursing and support courses. A cumulative grade point average of 2.0 or better must be maintained to remain in the Nursing program.
The Associate in Science Degree program is approved by the Hawai‘i Board of Nursing and accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing, Inc. (ACEN); formerly
The ACEN may be contacted at www.acenursing.org or (404) 975-5000, or by writing to 3343 Peachtree Rd, NE, Suite 850, Atlanta, Georgia 30326. Transfer agreements exist with the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, and Grand Canyon University baccalaureate nursing programs allowing interested and qualified associate degree graduates to pursue a Bachelor of Science in Nursing at one of those institutions.
**Nursing, Practical (PRCN)**
The Certificate of Achievement in Practical Nursing program prepares students for entry-level practice as a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) in a variety of healthcare settings. Upon completion of the program, graduates are eligible to take the National Council Licensure Exam for Practical Nursing (NCLEX-PN). LPN’s provide care within their scope of practice under the supervision of a health care provider or Registered Nurse.
The Certificate of Achievement in Practical Nursing program requires 2 semesters and a summer session of coursework in practical nursing (29 credits) and 17 credits of non-nursing prerequisite courses for a total of 46 credits.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Retrieve, integrate, and apply relevant and reliable information, concepts from multiple disciplines, and standards of nursing as the basis for evidenced based nursing care.
- Use the nursing process as a framework for critical thinking to assess, plan, prioritize, implement, and evaluate safe and effective nursing care for those who have predictable nursing needs.
- Demonstrate compassion and caring by developing and maintaining therapeutic relationships based upon mutuality and respect for the health and healing practices, beliefs, and values of the individual and community.
- Communicate and function as a member of a multi-disciplinary health care team.
- Demonstrate the ability to plan and deliver effective health teaching as an integral part of promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health, management of chronic conditions, and end of life care in structural settings.
- Demonstrate professional behaviors and practice within the legal and ethical framework of licensed practical nursing.
**Entry Requirements**
The prerequisite courses for the Certificate of Achievement in Practical Nursing are:
| Prerequisite Courses | CA |
|----------------------|----|
| English | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 |
| HDFS 230 | Human Development | 3 |
| Math 100 | Survey of Mathematics or higher (not Math 120) | 3 |
| Phyl 141 | Human Anatomy and Physiology I | 3 |
| Phyl 141L | Human Anatomy and Physiology I Lab | 1 |
| Phyl 142 | Human Anatomy and Physiology II | 3 |
| Phyl 142L | Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab | 1 |
**TOTAL** 17
**Fall Semester**
| Course | CA |
|----------------------|----|
| Nurs 120 | Practical Nursing I | 9 |
| Nurs 203 | General Pharmacology | 3 |
**TOTAL** 12
**Spring Semester**
| Course | CA |
|----------------------|----|
| Nurs 122 | Practical Nursing II | 11 |
**TOTAL** 11
**Summer**
| Course | CA |
|----------------------|----|
| Nurs 126 | Child Health | 3 |
| Nurs 128 | Maternity Nursing | 3 |
**TOTAL** 6
**TOTAL** 46
All required courses must be taken for a letter grade. A grade of “C” or better is considered passing in the nursing and support courses. Students must maintain a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 or better to remain in the Nursing program.
**Nurses’ Aide**
This course is currently not offered through Hawai‘i Community College’s Nursing Program.
**Substance Abuse Counseling (SUBS)**
A 20-credit Certificate of Competence in Substance Abuse Counseling is offered for students interested in a career in substance abuse counseling. Credit and non-credit courses are offered for in-service substance abuse, human service, and criminal justice professionals seeking to develop and/or upgrade their skills in working with individuals and families who suffer as a result of chemical abuse or dependency. Students who successfully complete these courses are eligible to receive additional studies and/or fieldwork hours that can apply towards obtaining a State Substance Abuse Counseling Certificate as required by the State of Hawai‘i Department of Health Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division (ADAD), the National Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselor Credentialing Board, and the International
Certification and Reciprocity Consortium. Students completing the CC in Substance Abuse Counseling along with an associate’s degree are eligible to receive 2,000 hours toward the ADAD Substance Abuse Certification.
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Satisfy the addiction studies educational requirements for Hawaii State Department of Health Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division’s (ADAD) Certified Substance Abuse Counselor (CSAC) and/or Certified Drug Prevention Specialist (CDPS).
- Identify and articulate medical, social, and/or psychological aspects of addiction.
- Apply the Twelve Core Functions of the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor, and practice within the legal and ethical parameters of the substance abuse counseling profession.
- Perform basic individual or group counseling and interviewing/facilitation skills, and reflect on personal values and issues that may enhance or interfere with effectiveness as a counselor.
- Develop career plans for entry-level positions in substance abuse, criminal justice, and human services organizations that service substance abusing populations, or transfer to a 4-year college to continue education in SUBS related fields.
**Entry Requirements**
- Proficiency levels in reading, writing and/or mathematics are required to register for some or all of the Program courses:
| Subject Area | Minimum placement into course |
|--------------|-------------------------------|
| Reading | Eng 102 |
| Writing | Eng 100 or Eng 100E |
**Substance Abuse Counseling Certificate of Competence**
**First Semester**
| Subs 130 | Introduction to Youth Practitioner (optional) | 3 |
|--------------|-----------------------------------------------|---|
| Subs 131 | Ethics in Public Services | 1 |
| Subs 140 | Individual Substance Abuse Counseling | 3 |
| Subs 268 | Survey of Substance Use Disorders | 3 |
| Subs 294 | Seminar and Fieldwork I | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 10|
**Second Semester**
| Subs 132 | STDs and Confidentiality | 1 |
|--------------|-----------------------------------------------|---|
| Subs 245 | Group Counseling | 3 |
| Subs 270 | 12 Core Functions of Subs Abuse Counseling | 3 |
| Subs 295 | Seminar & Fieldwork II | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 10|
**TOTAL** 20
**Prevention Specialist Certificate of Competence**
**First Semester**
| Subs 130 | Introduction to Youth Practitioner | 3 |
|--------------|-----------------------------------------------|---|
| Subs 131 | Ethics in Public Services | 1 |
| Subs 268 | Survey of Substance Use Disorders | 3 |
| **TOTAL** | | 7 |
Credits in ( ) are optional
**Sustainability Academic Subject Certificate (ASC-LBRT-SUSI)**
Faculty: D. Kapp
The Sustainability Academic Subject Certificate supports efforts to improve environmental stewardship and sustainability. It is interdisciplinary and integrates sustainability themes and practices across the Hawai‘i Community College curriculum, drawing from Hawaiian Studies, Natural Science, Social Science and other disciplines.
**Requirements**
1. **Credits Required:** A total of 12 credits of SF (sustainability focused) designated classes is required to receive the ASC-LBRT-SUSI.
2. Earn a “C” or better in each course.
3. Designated classes must be from the following areas:
- A minimum of 3 credits Hawaiian Studies
- A minimum of 3 credits Natural Science
- A minimum of 3 credits Social Science
- Remaining credits from any other S-designated class.
4. Up to 6 credits of SF (sustainability focused) designated classes may be taken from other UH campuses, provided the credits fit into the areas listed above. SR (sustainability related) designated classes from other UH institutions may be accepted towards the certificate after review by the Academic Sustainability Committee Chair.
**Sustainability and S-designated Classes**
Hawai‘i CC offers a designation of “SF” for courses and classes which expose students to sustainability across a variety of academic disciplines. These are designed to meet the UH system-wide goals to develop and strengthen ecological literacy in students and address local and global environmental challenges. S-designated courses and classes allow students from all majors and programs to deepen their knowledge of core concepts of sustainability utilizing a cross-disciplinary approach. The designation can steer students towards classes that address issues of sustainability and encourage students to learn about social justice, cultural, economic, political, scientific, green building, and artistic approaches to sustainability, recognizing the valuable contributions from each academic discipline.
The S-designation of a course indicates that sustainability is a major theme, and S-designation of a class (a particular section of a course) indicates that the instructor has chosen to integrate
sustainability themes into the class content and promotes active student engagement with global and local environmental issues.
For more information about Sustainability at Hawai‘i CC, and for a list of currently designated courses and classes, visit www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/sustainability
**Tropical Forest Ecosystem and Agroforestry Management (TEAM)**
**Faculty:** P. Scheffler O. Steele
Students learn to actively manage Hawai‘i’s native forest ecosystems, grow native plants, establish agroforestry operations, use Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Internships give students on-the-job training with potential employers.
For more information call (808) 934-2623, or check the website at www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/forestteam
**Program Learning Outcomes**
Upon successful completion, students are prepared to:
- Apply basic ecosystem concepts to natural resource management.
- Use an understanding of general scientific concepts in design of forestry systems.
- Use knowledge of applicable laws and regulations to make decisions about managing ecosystems.
- Apply effective interpersonal and communication skills.
- Recognize, collect, and interpret field data.
- Apply effective management practices to commercial or conservation efforts.
| Semester | Course | CA | AS |
|----------|--------|----|----|
| **First Semester** | Ag 175 | Agroforestry | 3 | 3 |
| | Ag 175L | Agroforestry Lab | 1 | 1 |
| | Computer Literacy | | |
| | Busn 150 or ICS 101 | | 3 | 3 |
| | EngT 107 | Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight | 4 | 4 |
| | **Math** | Math 103, 115, 135, 140, or 241 | 3 | 3 |
| | **TOTAL** | | 14 | 14 |
| **Second Semester** | Biol 156 †† | Natural History of the Hawn Islands (DB) | 3 | 3 |
| | Biol 156L | Natural History of Hawaiian Islands Lab | 1 | 1 |
| | Chemistry | Chem 100 or higher | 3 | 3 |
| | **English** | Eng 100 or Eng 100E | 3 | 3 |
| | Geo 170 | Forest Ecosystem Surveying, Inventorying, and Monitoring | 3 | 3 |
| | Geo 170L | Forest Ecosystem Surveying, Inventorying, and Monitoring Lab | 1 | 1 |
| | Bot 105 †† | Ethnobotany (DS) | 3 | 3 |
| | **TOTAL** | | 17 | 17 |
| **Third Semester** | Ag 190Vt | Internship | - | 2 |
| | Biol 124 | Environment and Ecology | - | 3 |
| | Biol 124L | Environment and Ecology Lab | - | 1 |
| | Business | Ag 130 or Ag 230 or Ent 125 | - | 3 |
| | Geographic Information Systems | | |
| | EngT 270 or Geo 270 | | - | 4 |
| | Science | Biol 101 or Biol 171 or Bot 101 or Zool 101 | - | 3 |
| | Science Lab | Biol 101L or Biol 171L or Bot 101L or Zool 101L | - | 1 |
| | **TOTAL** | | - | 17 |
| **Fourth Semester** | Ag 192† | Selected Topics Forest Ecosystem Mgmt | - | 1 |
| | Ag 245 | Tropical Silviculture and Forest Plant Propagation | - | 3 |
| | Ag 245L | Tropical Silviculture and Forest Plant Propagation Lab | - | 1 |
| | Ag 275 | Forest Pest Management | - | 3 |
| | Ag 275L | Forest Pest Management Lab | - | 1 |
| | Remote Sensing | Ag 291 or EngT 291 | - | 4 |
| | Speech †† | Sp 151 (DA) or Sp 251 (DA) | - | 3 |
| | **TOTAL** | | 31 | 64 |
**Notes:**
- **CA** Meets competency requirement in mathematics or communications.
- **AS** Students may choose to take 3 credits of Ag 190V instead of 2 credits Ag 190V and 1 credit Ag 192.
- **††** Earn 9 credits total; 3 credits are required in each of the three Diversifications categories: Arts, Humanities, Literature (DA, DH, DL); Natural Sciences (DB, DP, DY); and Social Sciences (DS).
Program Advisory Councils
The Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs at Hawai‘i CC are an integral part of the local community and reflect its day-to-day life. Close cooperation among the faculty, employers, and employees in the community is maintained. One of the most effective formal means of providing for this type of cooperation is the Program Advisory Council. These groups advise their respective programs of training needs and new developments in the field. Councils include employers, alumni, and others knowledgeable about the field.
Accounting
John Arbles, Audit Services, Taketa, Iwata, Hara, & Associates
Allison De Guzman, Associate Member, Taketa, Iwata, Hara, & Associates
Jocelyn Dickinson, Just Accounting, Inc.
Sherri-Ann Ha-Ahu, Director of Finance, HPM Building Supply
Le Pomaski, Controller, Heartwood Pacific
Amy Yanagihara, Staff Accountant, Taketa, Iwata, Hara, & Associates
Business Technology
Corey Aguiar, Administrator, KIAA
Kevin Aki, Jr., Workforce QUEST, Research and Development, County of Hawaii
Sherie Cacho, Economic Development Specialist, Workforce Program
Tiffany Ichimasa, Agent, Noguchi & Associates
Sherie Kojima, Business Pathway Teacher
Denise Pacheco, Office Manager, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations
Raymond Saludares, Director of Career Services, Goodwill Hawaii
Michelle Simmons, Human Resources Manager II, Recruitment and Examination
Marcia Yoshiyama, Economic Development Technician
Creative Media
Ninamarie Jeffrey, Owner, Content Ally
Jared Kushi, CEO, Hawaiiverse
Jensen Nihci, Five by Five LLC
Alan Ohara, Graphic Designer, Akolea Visual LLC
Shawn Pila, Graphics/Video Artist, Ena Media
David Souza, Senior Engineer, Best Buy
Early Childhood Education
Michelle Flemming, Director, Developmental Preschool, Hawai‘i Island YWCA
Tamia McKeague, Senior Project Manager, Kamehameha Schools - Hi‘ialo Group
Napua Rosehill, Strategy Consultant, Kamehameha Schools
Paula Seguerre-Yanagi, Executive Director, Ka Hale O Na Keiki Preschool
Shana Young, Direct Services Specialist, Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust
Fire Science
Nani Barretto, President, Hawai‘i Wildfire Management Organization
Greg Funderburk, Pacific Island Fire Management Officer, National Park Service
Talmadge Magno, Director, Hawai‘i County Civil Defense
Max R. Matias, Jr., Fire Chief, KOA ARFF Commander
Darwin Okinaka, Assistant Fire Chief, Hawai‘i Fire Department
Elizabeth Pickett, President, Hawai‘i Wildfire Management Organization
Kazuo Todd, Fire Chief, Hawai‘i Fire Department
Clay Trauernicht, UH Mānoa
Don Yokoyama, Protection Forester, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, DLNR
Hospitality and Tourism
Frecia Cevallos, Deputy Director of Research and Development, County of Hawai‘i
Jake Franquez, Director of Operations, King Kamehameha Kona Resort
Nakiah Hemmings, Operations Supervisor, Alaska Airlines
Wendy Laros, President and CEO
Todd M. Oldham, Director of Food & Beverage, Mauna Kea Resort
Scott Pauli, Executive Director, Island of Hawai‘i Visitors Bureau
Matt Pickett, General Manager, Hilo Hawaiian Hotel
Windy Simmons, Station Operations Manager, Alaska Airlines
Human Services
Christian “Kimo” Alameda, Mental Health and Education Consultant
Allen B. Bartolome, Executive Aide, Office of the Prosecuting Attorney, County of Hawai‘i
Wendy Bothelo-Cortez, Executive Director, Island of Hawai‘i YMCA
Elena Cabatu, Director of Marketing, Legislative & Public Affairs
Melissa Eisgruber, Housing First Case Manager, Hope Services Hawaii, INC
Carla Kurokawa, Employment and Training Manager, Alu Like Hawaii Island Center
Denby Toci, Program Director II, FSS.IFSATS/DVSF
Information Technology
Jeremy Chong, Vice President IT, KTA Super Stores
Robert Ewbank, Director, Department of IT, County of Hawai‘i
Kathy Kawasaki, KTA Super Stores
Tim Minick, Director of Cybersecurity Risk Management, Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
Scott Uehara, Radio System Manager, Civil Defense
Marketing
Alia Chochol, Property Manager, Private Homes Hawaii
Chelson DeJesus, Owner/CEO, Messiah Mindset
Keri Kimura, Social Worker IV, Hawaii State Judiciary
Nursing and Allied Health
John Blake, Director of Nursing, Fresenius Medical Care Hilo
Sarah Chase, Admin, Kona Lifecare
Tara Colburn, Director of Nursing, Yukio Okutzo Veteran’s Home
Diane Hale, West Hawaii Regional Chief Nurse Executive, Kona Community Hospital
Stephanie Irwin, Director of Education, Kona Community Hospital
Lori Martines, Director of Nursing, Life Care Center of Hilo
Regina Moreno, Director of Critical Care Services, Kona Community Hospital
Joyce Murata, Nursing Administration, Hilo Medical Center
Michela Passos, Nurse Manager and Chief Operations, West Hawaii Community Health Center
Arthur Sampaga, East Hawaii Region’s Chief Nursing Officer, Hilo Medical Center
Renee Shove, Director of Patient Services, Kona Community Hospital
Dennis Tognoli, Director of Surgery Center, Ali‘i Health Center
Ashley Watanabe, Director of Nursing, Hale Anuenue Rehab Hilo
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Minutes of the meeting of
Emergency General Meeting (EGM)
on Monday 4 th December 2023, 6.30pm, at Kingshurst Library, Marston Drive, Kingshurst
Council Members:Cllr D Cole (chair), Cllr B Donnelly (Vice-Chair) Cllr L Cole, Cllr S Daly, Cllr M Frampton, Cllr J Edwards, Cllr M Asante, Cllr J Kimberley, Cllr L Baillie, Cllr L Browning, Cllr M Brain Cllr S Golby
Council Members not Present: Cllr M Brain, Cllr S Golby
In Attendance: No Members of the public
Paula Coyle Clerk to Kingshurst Parish Council
| 1. | Welcome and Housekeeping: Chair Cllr D Cole welcomed everyone to the meeting of Kingshurst Parish Council and went through housekeeping rules |
|---|---|
| 2 | Apologies: Apologies were received from Cllr M Brain and Cllr S Golby Resolved: That all the above absences are approved. Cllr Kimberley raised a point that the EGM meeting was not advertised; the clerk confirmed that the EGM was correctly published on the website and on the library door. This was checked and confirmed by 3 Councillors. |
| 3. | Declarations of disclosable (pecuniary and other) interests: None |
|---|---|
| 4. | Dispensation requests: None |
| 5. | Public Participation. To adjourn to allow public participation for 15 minutes. Members of the Public are invited to speak in Public forum for a maximum of 5 minutes on any subject covered by the agenda and should give their name and subject to the Clerk before the meeting commences. Councillors will not comment on agenda items in the Public forum any items brought to Council not on the agenda may be considered for future meetings on written application to the Clerk or Chairman. Total time allocated to Public forum will not exceed 15 minutes in accordance with Standing Orders). No Members of the public attended the meeting |
| 6. 6.1 6.1(a) | Councillors allowance Councillors allowance - Members are to review the monthly allowance payment that is presently in place, it has been brought to the attention of the council that these discretionary payments have been perceived by certain members as a monthly salary. Resolved: That all Councillors present have confirmed individually that they are not employees. Resolved: Working party to discuss further,meeting to be arranged with the delegated working party A Suggestion has been raised that allowance payments should only be paid in small lump sums to stop any doubt that members are Not employees. |
| 7. 7.1. | Exclusion of public and press. To consider the exclusion of the public and press from the discussion of confidential items under section 1 Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960. Vote of no confidence. |
Meeting was suspended at 6.55pm for CllrJohn Kimberley to leave the meeting, Cllr Kimberley left of his own accord and was not asked to leave by any member of the parish council.
Motion - Vote of no Confidence in Councillor John Kimberley.
Councillors have lost all confidence in Cllr Kimberleys capabilities as a parish councillor to represent the views and interests of the community of Kingshurst parish whilst observing his obligations under the code of conduct.
Resolved: Councillors voted in favour of the no-confidence motion in Councillor John Kimberley - 7 councillors voted for the motion 2 councillors voted against
Following the vote, which does not impact the council's ability to remove John Kimberley as a councillor, It would not be binding but would be used to send a clear message.
The requirements of the Nolan principles which demand of councillors integrity, courtesy and leadership and a vote of no confidence should highlight the absence of the principles in John Kimberley.
All Cllrs have read the emails that Cllr Kimberley had sent to stakeholders in order to cause embarrassment to this parish council and bring the council into disrepute (14/11/23)
Showing respect to others is fundamental to KPC as representatives for our community in this new term 2023, we recognise it is important to treat others with respect and to act in a respectful way. Rude offensive and disrespectful behaviour lowers the public's expectations and confidence in its representatives
7.1(a) Resolved: A referral under the Code of Conduct to the Monitoring Officer
7.2(b) Resolved: Further allegations, false or malicious allegations which damage the reputation of a fellow councillor or the clerk and the corporate body (kingshurst parish council) will not be tolerated and will be dealt with as a serious misconduct under the Disciplinary Procedure a referral to the Monitoring Officer and a referral to the Parish Council's solicitors will follow.
Cllr Frampton gave his apologies and left the meeting.
8. To appoint Employment Law Services
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Published on Chem.Info (http://www.chem.info)
How fast can microbes break down oil washed onto Gulf beaches?
Science Daily
What oceanography professors Markus Huettel and Joel E. Kostka learn will enable them to predict when most of the oil in the beaches will be gone. Their findings may also reveal ways to accelerate the oil degradation rate -- and speed matters, because toxic crude components that remain buried on Gulf Coast beaches may seep into the groundwater below.
"This enormous oil spill affects hundreds of miles of beaches in the Gulf of Mexico," Huettel said. "We can remove the oil from the beach surface, but oil is also carried deeper into the sand, and we need to understand what happens to that oil. Preventing groundwater contamination is crucial not only to Gulf Coast residents but also to coastal management and local economies like fisheries and tourism that depend on water quality."
"We will also study the effect of the dispersant known as Corexit on oil metabolism by natural microbial communities," Kostka said. "Through contacts in the field, my laboratory has acquired Corexit and source oil from the MC252 (Deepwater Horizon) well head for use in our experiments."
St. George Island, Fla., and Dauphin Island, Ala., have served as the primary research sites since early June, when the one-year study began. In addition, the researchers have obtained heavily oiled sand from Pensacola Beach, Fla., and from a barrier island off the Louisiana coast. If warranted by the oil's movement, they will also collect near-shore water and sediment samples from other Gulf beaches.
Funding for their collaborative research comes from a "RAPID" (Rapid Research Response) grant from the National Science Foundation.
Huettel and Kostka will analyze sediment cores collected from Gulf beaches to find out how much and to what depth oil washed onto the shore is carried into the sand; how rapidly microbes in the sand are breaking it down; and how the oil pollution may be impacting the structure and function of natural microbial communities that help to protect water quality on the coast.
"We'll also show how the oil itself alters the transport and filtration of oxygen-rich water into the beach by clogging the sand -- and how this clogging and resulting reduced oxygen availability in the sand affects the microbial community and degradation of buried oil," Huettel said.
Currents and winds carry the oil, and oil combined with dispersants -- chemicals that disperse the crude into very small oil droplets -- to the Gulf shores, where it washes up on sandy beaches.
Page 1 of 3
How fast can microbes break down oil washed onto Gulf beaches?
Published on Chem.Info (http://www.chem.info)
Larger crude-oil accumulations such as pancake oil (round, flat accumulations of heavy crude oil) and tar balls (weathered crude oil accumulations that have been formed into ball-shaped structures) are deposited on the beach. Meanwhile, liquid oil (in the form of an oil sheen, or small dispersed droplets) can penetrate many feet deep into the permeable beach sand.
"Oil-filled water that washes up on the beach filters through the porous sediment and carries the oil with it into the sand," Huettel said. "In addition, the water-level drop between high and low tide causes a water-level drop within the beach sediment that can transport oil that has penetrated into the beach into even deeper sediment layers."
"Crude oil is a natural component that constantly seeps out of Gulf of Mexico sediments --obviously in much smaller quantities than those now caused by the drilling accident -- so native microbes have evolved that consume this oil and thereby degrade it," Kostka said. "These microorganisms include bacteria and also some microalgae that live in the water column and the sediments of the Gulf of Mexico."
Kostka said oil accumulations deposited on the beach surface are easily removed by, for example, scraping off the top layer of sand. However, the oil components that penetrate into the sand can only be removed by microbial degradation.
"If oxygen is present -- as it is in the water and in the upper layers of the beach sand -- the microbes decompose the oil aerobically (by using oxygen)," Kostka said. "This degradation process is much faster than the degradation under anaerobic conditions (when no oxygen is available), such as those found in deeper sediment layers of the beach. That's why at the site of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, oil can still be found deeply buried in the gravel beach sediments, because anaerobic microbial degradation is slow and, in Alaska, slower still because of the cold climate."
"Unfortunately, said Huettel, "crude oil contains such harmful substances that even small amounts can kill fish larvae -- which means that oil stored in deep layers of beach sediment present a potential source of toxins to near-shore waters and groundwater."
Their NSF-funded study ("Rates and mechanisms controlling the degradation of crude oil from the MC252 spill in Gulf of Mexico beach sands") is the latest of several collaborations between Huettel and Kostka that have examined organic matter transport and degradation in Gulf sands.
SOURCE [1]
Source URL (retrieved on 03/15/2014 - 11:01pm):
http://www.chem.info/news/2010/07/how-fast-can-microbes-break-down-oil-washedgulf-beaches
Page 2 of 3
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
How fast can microbes break down oil washed onto Gulf beaches?
Published on Chem.Info (http://www.chem.info)
Links:
[1]
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/EknLKtxeQHk/100707222312.htm
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HumanGuide ®
Why some entrepreneurs fail and some be successful?
& Jim Collins Level5 Leadership
Rolf Kenmo makes many striking observations about the personality of entrepreneurs: Not only to come up with (or snatch up) an idea and start a business but it is something else; to build a long-term sustainable structure. Some persons are masters of both, but often an entrepreneur" couple" is needed– or that the business starter leaves it for someone else after a while.
Anders Johnson, Author of "Besvärliga människor" 400 year with entrepreneurship in Sweden
Why some entrepreneurs fail and some be successful? & Jim Collins' Level5 Leadership…
How are entrepreneurs and why are some successful?
Recently (Nov 2020) I read Anders Johnson's thick book "Besvärliga människor" (Difficult people), which is about entrepreneurship during 400 years in Sweden. It is an exploit to do such a readable book with so many facts.
Moreover, Anders Johnson's personal tone makes it easier to read such a thick book-) In the book there are also a lot of information about the changes in the society – e.g. what is allowed and not allowed.
Two conclusions, after reading the book, are very clear:
* Politicians and unions should keep their hands-off things, when it comes to run a business. They should focus on the development of a good society so e.g. entrepreneurs could be successful, because that creates the foundation for prosperity. Then they should also think of what is best for the country/world instead of only thinking of themselves and their own party or similar.
* Entrepreneurs are very often difficult people, i.e. they can be odd, which of course is the foundation that they look at the world in another way compared to most people. This means that they have fresh new business ideas including develop new products and/or services.
After reading the book, I brought up to Anders to know, if he was interested in my reflections. He said yes, so I decided to write this white paper, which hopefully can be interesting for more people e.g. entrepreneurs, investors, politicians, etc.
In my focus then is the "personality" of the entrepreneur, because since the beginning of year 2000 I center my consultant business on the development of the use of the HumanGuide concepts, which I started to develop in 1986. The core is a personality test, which now is available in 15 languages. The test is mostly used in Brazil, where between 2010-2019 over 500.000 tests have been done with their IT-system. In 2009, the test the first approved internet-based test with forced-choice. The test has been validated many times in Brazil, the last time was in 2016 with 110.000 tests.
When I now make reflections over the "personality" of entrepreneurs, then I will do it against a reasonably verified good example. I have chosen the so-called Level5 Leadership. It comes for the bestseller" Good to Great" by Jim Collins. The foundation of the book is based on five research concerning successful companies in USA. The criterion was that companies should have been best in their line of business during at least 15 years. They found then 11 companies. What was then the "success recipe"? It was these two:
* Level5 Leadership…
* That they should have focus, where they were best – only there!
What is then such a leadership? It happens be so, that it is easy to describe such a leadership with the underlying personality theory for the HumanGuide test. The personality theory is called Eight boxes and is a simplification of L Szondi's (1893-1986) personality theory. The objective for the simplification is that a layman should be able to learn it quick – as a distinct language in order to describe the personality. From that you can get many advantages, not only to choose a suitable candidate for a job in a hiring process, but also for personal development, team development, handling of conflicts, etc.
The theory has also a strong advantage compared with many other theories. It consists of eight basic dimensions (factors), so the test result is more nuanced compared to e.g. DISC (four dimensions) and similar, but also with tests, which are based on the Big five model.
Personality theory Eight boxes
Below there are explanations for the eight dimensions in the theory. All this information and more are available in the web app your.humanguide.se. The objective for symbols and the colours is to get quicker learning for the use of the theory, i.e. that the theory can be used by laymen… More information you find on the website humanguide.com.
5
Level5 Leadership from the bestseller" Good to Great"…
There are many opinions about what a good leadership for a company is. Of course, it depends very much on the company itself and also the situation now. Moreover, also how the future probably will be and what the goals are.
When it comes to personality and leadership, there is an opinion in the bestseller "Good to Great", which is mentioned above. This leadership is called "Level5 Leadership".
Such a leadership is easy to describe with the Eight boxes theory – mentioned above
* Power, i.e. is result-oriented and can take tough decisions
* Structure, i.e. search for facts and reality and keep the focus
* Quality, i.e. is persistent, long-term sighted and have a good moral
* Imagination, i.e. is open-minded and early notice crucial changes in the environment
* Exposure, i.e. have a low profile and has nothing against that other persons are in focus. Moreover, don't like to have yes-men around
This is also verified by thousands of tests done in our database.
Using the HumanGuide-concepts such a leader can look like this… The fully coloured squares are the strengths. Among them there is a ranking, which is shown that the strongest strength is Quality (core factor) and that the second strongest factor is Structure (co-factor).
Entrepreneurs and the typical core factor: Quality
The core factor, the strongest factor, is most often the crucial factor for an entrepreneur and then to be enough persistent. Well, of course there are those, who get a simple brainwave, which more or less will be an immediate success. I will not focus at such cases. Instead I will focus on those, who has succeeded in building an extensive business as e.g. IKEA.
An entrepreneur, Ingvar Kamprad, was crucial for IKEA to be a success. It is also successful after his death. Ingvar realized also that it was important to have a solid and well anchored culture in order to have the business sustainable and profitable. Therefore, he wrote e.g. a "Furniture dealer's will" as a ruling document in order to secure the company's success. Of the same importance was that the content of the will was put into practice and that it was maintained plus updated.
Ingvar was counteracted in many years of the other people in his line of business, which is usual, when someone come with a disruptive (pioneering) business model. E.g. IKEA had to get suppliers from other countries, because the furniture dealers in Sweden boycotted IKEA's suppliers.
In the book "Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell it is written that Ingvar was a dyslectic. This has made him– as other dyslectics –to struggle with both reading and writing. It became a training in persistence. As a dyslectic you will get used to handle obstacles and to go on, in order to achieve what you like to accomplish. Ingvar gained from this experience.
Motivation is of course important in order to be successful. If you have a job in a business and environment which suits your personality, then these are good conditions in order to be successful. Talent is an overestimated aspect. You should instead see it as good motivation can create talent.
There are countless examples of similar cases, as the one with Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA. Wasn't it Thomas Edison who got the question, if it wasn't hard to do so many attempts, before he got a light bulb to work, he responded– Not at all, when I have tested thousand ways and they don't work, then I knew thousand ways, which weren't good.
Generally, it is probably a lot of development (improvement) which get lost, because that people give up. On the other hand, there are those, who should give up… The hard aspect is of course to decide, if you should give up or not? Today there has been developed a smart methodology, which comes from the concept "Lean Startup" – that you as fast as possible develop a "Minimum Viable Product" (MVP), which is possible to test on the market.
In the Lean Startup there is one very good method – to pivot. This means, when you have tried something for a while and it doesn't work, then you change something and test again. You can change the target group, the packaging, the business model, etc. At the same time, you need to be "enough stubborn" …
Here you should be careful to notice problems and complains, because there you can find the key to success. At first notice complains, where you don't understand the logic behind, because then it could be a symptom of change resistance or even that someone is envy – I should have figure out that myself, etc. When it comes to the real problems and complains you give them priority, so you work with those with the biggest potential.
There is one more important aspect with the factor Quality in order to get a sustainable profitable company- Moral. At Stanford there has been done a valuable study concerning profitable companies. In that study they found that the most profitable companies had long relations. How to get that? Well, that depends on only two factors, i.e. that customers, suppliers and partners:
* Have trust for the company
* And get the experience that the company is engaged for them
Therefore, a good moral will be crucial, which can be manifested in a consciously developed and maintained culture plus vision and values.
The good thing with people, who has a lot of Quality, is that they can really be possessed in order to help their customers, which of course can imply that they can be burned-out… That is valid especially for those, who have very little Structure – then they will be unrealistic and don't have enough self-discipline. They need a good partner…
Entrepreneurs and the typical co-factor: Structure
The co-factor (the second strongest) is also crucial – especially if the company should grow and become big. It is not always usual that the entrepreneur has Structure, which of course is natural. If you should think in new ways, then too much Structure can be an obstacle, because then you want to be "realistic". It is because of that the entrepreneur could need to have a complementary person, who is more structured. However, there are seldom a smooth cooperation, if the other person isn't creative at all, because then it will be no "cooperation bridge" between these persons.
.
Problem solving is in a way good switching between Imagination and Structure Imagination come up with new ways or perceive the problem in another way. Structure assesses the solutions.
The founder of H&M (retail clothing), Erling Person, is a good example. He was obviously conscious about his lack of Structure, so he realized that he had to be complemented by a real accountant type. That was mentioned in the book "Handelsmännen", which is about H&M's history from the start with Erling. When I have been doing assignments as a consultant for H&M, then I have noticed that they have developed many processes for cost control…
Entrepreneurs and the typical factor: Imagination
You will not be an entrepreneur, if you don't have Imagination. However, it is difficult to be successful with only Imagination. Of course, the creativity flows most for those, who has low value on Structure. If two of such persons meet each other, then they can seriously think that they could be the first people ever, who can take down the moon. Unfortunately, this is valid: A vision without some kind of plan will be a dream forever.
Another problem with those, who have a high value on Imagination are that they will easily be scattered – especially if they have low value on Structure. They are interested in too many directions – at the same time... The Portuguese have a good proverb for creative people: It is good to have many ideas BUT carry out only one at a time!
Another problem with creative people is that they don't like small talk. They don't always understand the value of small talk that is needed when you meet new people. After a while the small talk will change to warm talk, if it is with people, who are functioning well. Unfortunately, there are some persons, who don't dare to switch to warm talk, which lead to many bad consequences.
One of the disadvantages for those creative people, who don't manage small talk, is that they will not get a so good contact with the environment. Therefore, their ideas can be too much an armchair construction, which is developed in a bubble, as an inventor who had a role in a TV series here in Sweden, when he got objections to his ideas: – I didn't think of that…
Generally, people who have a good self-knowledge are successful, or at least they get a good life;-) They know their strengths and they focus on them. Moreover, they have no problem to ask for help from other people, when they need.
Finally, there is one very important aspect on creative people. Paranoia. Hmmm? Yes, the creator behind the underlying personality theory for the Eight boxes theory, Szondi, was a doctor, who did research in genetics. In his studies, he discovered a rare mental illness in the families for both the wife and the husband in a married couple. He did more research and discovered the same pattern in more cases. Finally, this led to a dream, where he saw a pattern for mental illnesses. Moreover, he realized that mental illnesses, can be seen as an extreme position of something, which is "normal". Therefore, the risk to get a certain mental illness is biggest, where that factor has the highest value for a person, i.e. this human need is exaggerated. Unfortunately, is it not so much people in the world, who have noticed Szondi's theory, so they only discover parts of his structure. An example is the professor Elaine Aron, who has discovered that some people is HSP, i.e. Highly Sensitive Person. What is then described, according to Szondi's theory, is that you have Sensibility as a strength. Other research has discovered that geniuses can have mental problems (e.g. Imagination).
Back to the risk for paranoia. When it comes to all these eight factors, then there is a risk for the mental illness, but when you are high on the scale. However, if someone has a high value on Imagination in the test, then there of course is a risk that you now and then get a little light paranoia, i.e. you imagine things that isn't true. A clear example is if someone is very hypochondriac. That fits especially for someone, who also have a high value on Sensibility and a low value on Structure. Once I read about a movie producer, who had a problem to cooperate with the director. Why? Because on the Monday he had a blood clot in his leg, then on Tuesday he had kidney cancer, and on Wednesday he had ALS, etc…
What means the risk for a little paranoia? Well, the creative person can have a problem with trust for other people. Therefore, he/she can consciously check important people in the environment: Is X loyal to me?
The creative people can also be unpredictable, or "Difficult people", as it is said by the author Anders, who was mentioned in the start of this paper. They can be terribly stubborn, unpredictable and very odd.
Entrepreneurs and the typical factor: Power
The importance of this factor is as clear as for the factor Imagination. The entrepreneur gets an idea and takes then many initiatives, has a lot of energy, so there will be many of them and it is done persistently. The persistence can of course have its origin form Quality and especially, if the entrepreneur wants to help other people – has an important mission for the society.
When it comes to Power. then they like to have obstacles, because there is a big reward to handle them;-)
On more drive for Power can also be that he/she likes to compete, which creates energy and focus on results…
Entrepreneurs and the typical factor: Exposure
This was for many an unexpected discovery, when it comes to Jim Collins' research. Leaders, who had a Level5 Leadership, were acting with a low profile. It wasn't important for them to be in focus. Astonishingly, it was also that the leaders for the successful companies, weren't not mentioned so much in media. One of them was a CEO for a listed company on the stock exchange. At the company they were worried, that it should be known, that he liked to run his own excavator during his spare time.
Anyhow, isn't it logical that it is in this way? If you don't have any need to "shine", then it gives the opportunity for other leaders to be good and to be proud of that. This will increase the volume of good managers in a company.
The CEO in these companies doesn't strive to have yes-men around him/her. Yesmen are a risk, because important facts or opinions will be hidden. There are many examples of the risk with yes-men. In Sweden the ship of the line Wasa, capsized when it was launched. No one dared to tell the king that the construction of the ship makes that it will capsize…
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as some examples of entrepreneurs
Steve jobs was a typical entrepreneur. He hasn't done the HumanGuide-test, but I have read a lot about him in media and then my conclusions are that he had a high value of:
* Quality, considering how much he struggled with many obstacles. He was really dedicated and terribly stubborn…Moreover, he could also have huge negative outbursts (very typical for Quality), which also has a connection with another factor – more about that below – Steve had a high ambition – he seemed to be a perfectionist, so when someone didn't reach his expectations, then he could be very angry. That is typical Quality, i.e. sometimes they can collect a lot of anger. When it is the last straw, then you should avoid being in the neighbourhood…
* Power- he had it too. He liked to be in charge and overcome obstacles. Perhaps he liked to compete too…
* Imagination- he had it definitely. He could imagine things, which wasn't possible to look at in reality e.g. iPhone and iPad…
However, he had a clear problem to apply Level5 Leadership. He had a low value on Structure. Probably it was Steve's lack of Structure, which influenced that he wanted to have products, which were easy to use and that it was a beautiful design on the screen and the product in itself (Exposure).
The clearest example of low on Structure was when he was forced by his board to leave Apple. At that time Apple had around 35 products. It had run wild. Obviously, he learnt from this experience, because when he got the invitation to come back and lead Apple again, then the number of products were reduced to four. Two for the consumers and two for professionals. One of them was a desktop and the other one a laptop.
This experience gave him probably the insight that he needed a person with a complementary personality, i.e. someone who had a high value on Structure, who could also have been in the board, who had got that insight. Anyhow Tim Cook was hired, who after some time he got an agreement for his time at Apple, where he should get a lot of money, if he would be working at Apple for ten years. One of Tim Cook's strengths is logistics then you need a lot of Structure and Imagination. Imagination was also very important in order to get a good person chemistry with Steve. That was valid also after Steve's death, because of course there must have been many key persons with high on Imagination in Apple, in order to be in the front of the development – always…
Steve had a high value on Exposure, which probably was a problem many times. Typical for Exposure is that they like to be seen. Therefore, these people like to be drastic, because it increases the chances to be noticed – look at his product presentations. It costed surely some more extra for Apple – that it should be perfect, but at the same time it created a successful marketing and a good design for everything that Apple delivered. Note that Steve participated in a course in calligraphy… He said once that it was because of a course in calligraphy, which influenced that he wanted that it should be beautiful on the screen.
How is it then with Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft – can he apply Level5 Leadership? He has neither done the HumanGuide-test, so what is the impression from media
* Structure - he has definitely. Apart from Steve Jobs, Bill can do programming. In the book "Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell, Bill is described how he and his mates in "IT's childhood" got access to more
computer time than most young people, which gave them a crucial advantage
* When it comes to the other factors, I can't be as sure, as with Steve. But probably Bill is less creative compared with Steve and probably he has high value on Quality, because since many years, together with his wife acts as a social reformer…
Entrepreneurs in Sweden during 400 years…
However, it is a pity that it doesn't go so well for many entrepreneurs e.g.
There are many examples in the book about the Swedish entrepreneurs of what is said in this paper. One of them, Gustaf Dalén (he invented e.g. many smart things for lighthouses), seems to be a good example as someone, who applied Level5 Leadership. He seemed to have the whole "orchestra" with relevant qualities. He had even gone deep into national economy and he also had made good proposals for the difficulties around 1930. He had a high value on the factor Quality, because he initiated many considerate actions towards his company's personnel. There are many such examples of entrepreneurs, who also are written about in Anders Johnson's book "Samhällets stöttepelare" (the pillars of the society).
* High on Quality make them too stubborn
* High on Imagination make them too suspicious and odd
* High on Structure make them too controlling
* High on Power cause that they get many enemies, because they can be too harsh and ruthless
* Lack of Sensibility causes that they have difficulties to note others real opinion
* Lack of Structure makes them too unrealistic
* Lack of Contacts causes them to live in a vacuum, so their ideas don't fit into reality
Expressed in a concise way – they are "Besvärliga människor" (difficult people).
* Lack of Stability causes so they be wasteful and underestimate practical aspects
However, the important aspect is that the society take care of them, because it is them, who lead the society to a better future. They solve the current problems and pick up new possibilities. With that background we all should be very glad of that people as Anders Johnson defends them. They help others to notice their advantages and how they are!
One more thing…
Steve Jobs very often said that, when most people thought that his presentation had ended. I copy him, because I thought about the answer from one trainer of leaders. He is now 70 years old and has been working as such a trainer almost his whole life. He got this question: – What is the two best advices you have based on that experience of leadership? – Great leaders are always searching for the truth. It doesn't matter what people and media say. These leaders want to make their decisions on as solid foundation as possible. The other experience is that there are too many leaders, who act as plumbers, i.e. they care more about how the tubes are drawn, instead of what is floating inside the tubes…
And now then…
Are you an entrepreneur, then I hope that you have learnt something more how your and other entrepreneurs function. E.g. are you an entrepreneur, who are so all-around, so you can be the CEO both in the start and in the continuous running of the company or you need a companion or…?
Are you an investor, then I hope that you also have learnt something new about entrepreneurs e.g.
* would someone be more successful, if he/she will get a companion or other complementary competence?
* who should you support and how to coach them?
* is there someone, who should change role and somebody else should be responsible for running the company?
Are you a politician, then remember that your mission is to create and care for a good and fair platform, so entrepreneurs can be successful. You SHOULDN'T RUN COMPANIES!
Good luck!
Rolf
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Im Yours Ukulele
If you're just starting out on the ukulele and are not sure where to start, then look no further. With this essential beginner's guide, you can learn how to master the basics of the ukulele in only one week. With step by step tutorials, detailed exercises and diagrams to help you navigate the instrument, it's never been easier to learn how to play the ukulele today. As well as the basics to playing ukulele, this book also includes a diverse variety of songs to start out with. From pop classics to rock hits and traditional ballads, you'll be taught to play ukulele in many different styles. - No prior knowledge of music required - Chord Diagrams - Step by Step Lessons and Exercises - Over 100 Practice Songs - Includes exclusive guide on 'How to Solo on the Ukulele'
The Book of Knowledge and Wonder is a memoir about claiming a legacy of wonder from knowledge of a devastating event. In some ways it has the feel of a detective story in which Steven Harvey pieces together the life of his mother, Roberta Reinhardt Harvey, who committed suicide when he was eleven, out of the 406 letters she left behind. Before he read the letters his mother had become little more than her death to him, but while writing her story he discovered a woman who, despite her vulnerability to depression, had a large capacity for wonder and a love of familiar things, legacies that she passed on to him. The book tackles subjects of recent fascination in American culture: corporate life and sexism in the fifties, mental illness and its influence on families, and art and learning as a consolation for life's woes, but in the end it is the perennial theme of abiding love despite the odds that fuels the tale. As the memoir unfolds, his mother changes and grows, darkens and retreats as she gives up her chance at a career in nursing, struggles with her position as a housewife, harbors paranoid delusions of having contracted syphilis at childbirth, succumbs to a mysterious, psychic link with her melancholic father, and fights back against depression with counseling, medicine, art, and learning. Harvey charts the way, after his mother's death, that he blotted out her memory almost completely in his new family where his mother was rarely talked about, a protective process of letting go that he did not resist and in a way welcomed, but the book grows out of a nagging longing that never went away, a sense of being haunted that caused the writer to seek out places alone-dribbling a basketball on a lonely court, going on long solitary bicycle rides, walking away from his family to the edge of a mountain overlook, and working daily at his writing desk-where he might feel her presence. In the end, the loss cannot be repaired. Her death, like a camera flash in the dark, blotted out all but a few lingering memories of her in his mind, but the triumph of the book is in the creative collaboration between the dead mother, speaking to her son in letters, and the writer piecing together the story from photographs, snatches of memory, and her words so that he can, for the first time, know her and miss her, not some made up idea of her. The letters do not bring her back-he knows the loss is irrevocable-but as he shaped them into art, the pain, that had been nothing more than a dull throb, changed in character, becoming more diffuse and ardent, like heartache.
Thomas Balinger The Ukulele Songbook Hyms & Songs of worship In this book you'll find a collection of 50 hymns and songs of worship arranged for easy Ukulele in standard C tuning (G-C-E-A). A collection of tunes you'll enjoy playing. Here are the songs known and loved all around the world like Amazing grace, A mighty fortress is our God, Jesus paid it all and Come, Thou fount of every blessing; but also some songs you might not know as well - there's lots of beauty to be found there, too. This book is aimed at the beginning to intermediate Ukulele player and with that in mind the songs have been transposed to "easy" Ukulele keys (and slightly simplified, if necessary). All songs in musical notation with chord symbols plus melody TAB - you don't have to read music to start playing right away! Whether you want to pick the melody, strum the chords or just need the complete lyrics: you'll find everything you need on these pages. And if you don't know how to play a particular chord, don't worry: each song features easy-to-read chord diagrams, too. For reference, there's a handy appendix listing all the chords used in this book plus a selection of easy strumming patterns you can use to accompany songs. Songs 1. Abide with me 2. All creatures of our God and king 3. All hail the power of Jesus' name 4. Amazing grace 5. A mighty fortress is our god 6. And did those feet in ancient time 7. Angels from the realms of glory 8. Angels we have heard on high 9. Away in a manger 10. Be Thou my vision 11. Come, Thou fount of every blessing 12. Crown Him with many crowns 13. Down at the cross (Glory to His name) 14. Fairest Lord Jesus 15. For the beauty of the earth 16. Give me that old time religion 17. Go down, Moses 18. Hark! The herald angels sing 19. Holy, holy, holy 20. How firm a foundation 21. I need Thee every hour 22. I surrender all 23. It is well with my soul 24. Jesus paid it all 25. Joyful, joyful we adore Thee 26. Joy to the world 27. Just as I am 28. Leaning on the everlasting arms 29. My faith looks up to Thee 30. My hope is built on nothing less 31. Nearer, my God, to Thee 32. Near the cross 33. Nothing but the blood 34. O come, all ye faithful 35. O holy night 36. O little town of Bethlehem 37. O worship the king 38. Rock my soul 39. Saviour, like a shepherd lead us 40. Shall we gather at the river 41. Silent night 42. Swing low, sweet chariot 43. Take my life and let it be 44. The battle hymn of the republic 45. The first Noel 46. To God be the glory 47. Wayfaring stranger 48. What a friend we have in Jesus 49. What child is this? 50. When I survey the wondrous cross
Mary Alice and Andy have drawn on their extensive experience in the classroom to assemble this collection: book/CD/DVD in one package, which includes fifty-four of their favorite movement activities for children in preschool, kindergarten and the early primary grades. Ukulele Chord Finder
I Am Yours Ukulele For Dummies, Enhanced Edition Ukulele in 7 Days Strum It Up! Why Not Me?
Take your ukulele playing to the next level - fast! - with hundreds of fun exercises, drills and practice tunes You have a ukulele, you know just enough to be dangerous, and now you're ready to do something with it. You're in luck: Ukulele Exercises For Dummies helps you become a better player. This practice-based book focuses on the skills that entry-level players often find challenging and provides tips, tricks and plenty of cool exercises that will have you creating music in no time that include: • Creating rock-steady strumming patterns and rhythms • Becoming a better fingerpicker with patterns, arpeggio exercises, and solo fingerpicking pieces • Expanding your fretboard knowledge and crafting your own rock, blues and jazz riffs and solos • Playing actual songs on the ukulele - everything from the classic ukulele tunes to the 12 bar blues! • Downloadable audio files of the exercises found in the book, providing you with a self-contained practice package No matter if you're a beginning ukulele player or you're wanting to stretch and improve your chops, Ukulele Exercises For Dummies puts you on your way to becoming a ukulele extraordinaire!
A book of seventy famous songs for the beginning ukulele player that uses just six different notes. (C-D-E-F-G-A) Easy to read over-sized notation includes two versions of each song - one with letters inside the note-heads and one with regular musical notation. Basic chord changes also included.
(Ukulele). Want to learn to play a wide variety of songs on the ukulele? Then this is the right book for you! An easy-to-use resource for the casual hobbyist or working musician, this collection features 50 full songs with standard notation, ukulele tablature, lyrics, and helpful performance notes. Tunes include: All You Need Is Love * Can't Help Falling in Love * Edelweiss * The Gambler * Hey, Soul Sister * Mr. Tambourine Man * Puff the Magic Dragon * (Sittin' on) The Dock of the Bay * Still the One * Tiny Bubbles * You Are My Sunshine * and more.
I'm Yours Sheet MusicHal Leonard Corporation
Alfred's Teach Yourself to Play Ukulele
The 5 Chord Songbook of Great Ukulele Songs
The Big Baritone Ukulele Book
Guitar Lesson World: The Book
Ukulele For Dummies
Developing Your School Ukulele Program
(Fretted). 20 Christmas classics arranged especially for the uke, including: Blue Christmas * The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) * Christmas Time Is Here * Feliz Navidad * Frosty the Snow Man * I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus * I'll Be Home for Christmas * Jingle-Bell Rock * Mele Kalikimaka * My Favorite Things * Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree * Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town * Silver Bells * and more!
I began listening to Celtic music in the early 90's when a friend introduced me to Fiona Ritchie's NPR radio program, The Thistle and Shamrock. I'd already become aware of some session tunes through the pennywhistle primer my father had given me in the 80's (when he was still a well, active musician and would play duets with me at family Christmas parties), but I had never before heard recordings of the masters of the whistle, fiddle, harp and uilleann pipes. Needless to say, it was a revelation. Shortly thereafter it seemed like the entire world was listening to the lilting jigs and high-stepping dance tunes in the wake of 1995's Riverdance phenomenon. I loved most everything I heard in that period, from the very traditional, but incredibly virtuosic playing of The Chieftains to the dreamy Celtic-inspired pop of Enya, to the amazing blend of the two extremes by artists like Loreena McKennitt. Fast forward to 2010s . . . Ever since I started writing and arranging for the ukulele I've been planning this book; one that combines my love of traditional Celtic music with my love of the reentrant ukulele (gCEA), which sounds fantastic on solo dance tunes played in the campanella-style (where you try to avoid playing two consecutive notes on the same string to give the sonic illusion of playing on a harp). I'd like to acknowledge Alistair Wood for introducing me to this style of playing as well as three other inspiring arrangers of Celtic tunes for uke: Jonathan Lewis, Rob MacKillop and Wilfried Welti (though I've avoided their books while working on this title to avoid any unintentional borrowing). If you love this style, please check out their work as well! How were the 'Top 25' Celtic session tunes chosen out of the thousands of tunes and variations that are available? Quite simply, I went to the top two sites for traditional tunes and chose to arrange the 25 most bookmarked tunes. Hardly scientific, but a good measure of tune popularity nonetheless. I hope you enjoy the results! Slainte mhaith (good health)! M. Ryan Taylor CONTENTS: There are no page numbers in this book. The contents are listed in alphabetical order, as follows. Although there are no 'easy' tunes in this volume, 10 of the 'easier' tunes are marked with an asterisk. Banish Misfortune Banshee* Blarney Pilgrim* Boys of Bluehill Butterfly Conaughtman's Rambles Cooley's Drowsy Maggie Gravel Walks* Harvest Home* Jimmy Ward's* Kesh Kid on the Mountain King of the Fairies Lilting Banshee* Maid Behind the Bar Mason's Apron Morrison's* Mountain Road Musical Priest* Out on the Ocean Rights of Man Silver Spear Tam Lin* Wind that Shakes the Barley* NOTES: * All of the tunes (except 'King of the Fairies') are arranged in the campanella-style. There are some places, however, where a repetition of a note on separate strings was not practical. * Slur marks have been used in the staff notation to indicate places you may wish to use a hammer-on, pull-off or slide. * A number of the arrangements go up to the 14th fret. I realize not all players have more than 12 frets, but I think enough do to warrant the inclusion. If your ukulele does not go above the 12th fret, experiment with taking these sections or phrases down an octave. * Although there are no 'easy' tunes
in this volume, 10 of the 'easier' tunes are marked with an asterisk on the contents page."
(Ukulele). 30 favorites to sing as you roast marshmallows and strum your uke around the campfire. Includes: Blowin' in the Wind * Drift Away * Edelweiss * God Bless the U.S.A. * Hallelujah * The House of the Rising Sun * I Walk the Line * Lean on Me * Let It Be * The Lion Sleeps Tonight * On Top of Spaghetti * Puff the Magic Dragon * Take Me Home, Country Roads * Wagon Wheel * You Are My Sunshine * and many more.
(Music Sales America). This book has been specially created for any guitarist who wants to learn note reading, be they beginners or more advanced players who have neglected this part of their musicianship. It starts with the very basics of written music and progressively introduces notes on each string one at a time until all notes in the "open position" (first five frets) of the guitar have been mastered, and up to 8th note rhythm subdivisions have been learned and applied. Also covered are sharps, flats, key signatures, accidentals, repeats and more. Each step includes practical exercises, handy tips and tricks and a simple repertoire for students to put their reading skills into practice. Spiral open so it lays flat no matter what page you're on.
21 Easy Ukulele Hymns Someone Like You Sheet Music Hymns and Songs of Worship Christmas Songs for Ukulele (Songbook) Ukulele Exercises For Dummies I'm Growing Up
This book is a tour de force for helping with reading and counting to ten, using a vocabulary of only 75 words! A lion, dog, and tiger find many interesting ways to balance ten apples vertically on their heads, building up from only one. Then the birds decide they would like the apples, and the fun really begins. The conclusion will leave your child giggling happily.
(Fretted). Learn to play chords on the ukulele with this comprehensive yet easy-to-use book. The Ukulele Chord Finder contains over 1,000 chord diagrams for the most important 28 chord types, including three voicings for each chord. Also includes a lesson on chord construction and a fingerboard chart of the ukulele neck!
(Ukulele). An amazing collection of 50 accessible, must-know favorites for the beginner who's learned enough to feel ready to step into songbooks! This book features melody, lyrics, and chord diagrams. Includes: Amazing Grace * Both Sides Now * Edelweiss * The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy) * Hallelujah * Hey, Soul Sister * I Walk the Line * I'd like to Teach the World to Sing * I'm Yours * Mack the Knife * Over the Rainbow * Peaceful Easy Feeling * Puff the Magic Dragon * The Rainbow Connection * Riptide * Singin' in the Rain * Take Me Home, Country Roads * This Land Is Your Land * We Are the World * You Are My Sunshine * and many more.
Foregrounds the importance of arts education to children's development and learning.
20 Favorites to Strum & Sing
The Book of Knowledge and Wonder
One man band
The Ukulele Songbook
Justin Guitar - Note Reading for Guitarists
Fingerplays, Action Songs, Singing Games and Stories for Young Children
(Guitar Collection). 25 classic songs from the Fab Four are presented in lyrics, chord symbols and guitar chord diagrams, making Beatles' music accessible to beginning guitarists just learning their craft. Songs include: Beautiful Dreamer * Come Together * Don't Let Me Down * Eleanor Rigby * Helter Skelter * I Saw Her Standing There * Let It Be * Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da * Paperback Writer * Twist and Shout * You've Got to Hide Your Love Away * and more.
The 5 Chord Songbook of Great Ukulele Songs puts some of the greatest songs ever written at your fingertips. Rather than having to learn a ream of obscure chord shapes, each piece in this collection can be played with only five! Chord boxes, full lyrics and a handy playing guide are all included. Songlist: - 3:00 AM [Matchbox 20] - All Or Nothing [The Small Faces] - Blue Moon Of Kentucky [Bill Monroe] - Boulder To Birmingham [Emmylou Harris] - Gold Dust Woman [Fleetwood Mac] - Hallelujah [Leonard Cohen] - I Pity The Poor Immigrant [Bob Dylan] - Lady Day & John Coltrane [Gil Scott-Heron] - Little Deuce Coupe [The Beach Boys] - More Than This [Roxy Music] - Sultans Of Swing [Dire Straits] - Take A Chance On Me [ABBA] - That's Entertainment [The Jam] - The Ballad Of John And Yoko [The Beatles] - The Days Of Pearly Spencer [David McWilliams] - The Man Who Sold The World [David Bowie] - The Passenger [Iggy Pop] - Two Fingers [Jake Bugg] - White Riot [The Clash] - You'll Always Find Me In The Kitchen At Parties [Jona Lewie]
SONGS INCLUDE: The A Team (Ed Sheeran); Chasing Pavements (Adele), Counting Stars (OneRepublic); Creep (Radiohead); Get Lucky (Daft Punk); Happy (Pharrell Williams); Ho Hey (The Lumineers); How Long Will I Love You (Ellie Goulding); Jolene (Dolly Parton); Pompeii (Bastille); Royals (Lorde); Scarborough Fair (Traditional); Smile (Lily Allen);
Sugar Man (Rodriguez); Video Games (Lana Del Rey); Viva La Vida (Coldplay); Wake Me Up (Avicii). Plus 84 more.
(Ukulele). Over 400 songs packed into one convenient songbook that lets you play all the songs you've ever wanted to, including: All Shook Up * Blowin' in the Wind * California Dreamin' * Don't Worry, Be Happy * Edelweiss * Free Fallin' * Georgia on My Mind * Hallelujah * Hey, Soul Sister * Hotel California * Imagine * Jambalaya * Kokomo * Lean on Me * Margaritaville * Over the Rainbow * Proud Mary * Que Sera, Sera * Rolling in the Deep * Singin' in the Rain * Stand by Me * Tears in Heaven * Ukulele Lady * Viva La Vida * What a Wonderful World * Your Cheatin' Heart * Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah * and hundreds more! Includes chord grids for soprano, concert and tenor ukuleles.
Easy-to-use Guide to Over 1000 Ukulele Chords
Learn Ukulele the Easy Way
Ten Apples Up on Top
Top 25 Celtic Session Tunes for Ukulele
First 50 Songs You Should Play on Ukulele
The Justinguitar.com Acoustic Songbook
On odd days, Tripp uses a school practice room to let loose on a borrowed guitar. Eyes closed, strumming that beat-up instrument, Tripp escapes to a world where only the music matters. On even days, Lyla Marks uses the same practice room. To Tripp, she's trying to become even more perfect—she's already a straight-A student and an award-winning cellist. But when Lyla begins leaving notes for him in between the strings of the guitar, his life intersects with hers in a way he never expected. What starts as a series of snippy notes quickly blossoms into the sharing of interests and secrets and dreams, and the forging of a very unlikely friendship. Challenging each other to write songs, they begin to connect, even though circumstances threaten to tear them apart. From beloved author Mary Amato comes a YA novel of wit and wisdom, both heartfelt and heartbreaking, about the power of music and the unexpected chords that draw us together. The Easy Ukulele Method books give you music at your fingertips! Book II reviews many of the fundamentals presented in Book I. It tests your music reading skills with worksheets, expands your knowledge with additional chords, and gives you many more songs to play. Both notation and tablature are used, allowing you to strum along using the chord symbols or play the melody with the tablature.
(Ukulele). 25 church favorites arranged for uke, including: Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone) * Blessed Be Your Name * Come, Now Is the Time to Worship * Everyday * God of Wonders * Here I Am to Worship * How Great Is Our God * Lord, I Lift Your Name on High * Mighty to Save * Open the Eyes of My Heart * Sing to the King * We Fall Down * You Are My King (Amazing Love) * You're Worthy of My Praise * and more.
Learn everything ukulele—from chord progressions to playing pop, folk, and holiday favorites—and, yes, even Hawaiian music! The ukulele is hot. The season one finale of Glee featured a ukulele. The recent hit song "Hey Soul Sister" by Train includes the dulcet tones of a uke. Not to mention the runaway success of the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain. For anyone wishing to master this fun, surprisingly versatile instrument, Ukulele For Dummies covers all the basics—from chords and strumming patterns to guidance on finger-picking. The print version of the book includes a CD with audio tracks of the entire musical notation in the book—creating a total musical instruction package Offers instruction in a variety of styles—including pop, folk, holiday favorites, and Hawaiian music Features a buying guide for the novice—with tips on purchasing a ukulele plus other necessary accessories With its simple and clear instruction, and inspiration on every page, Ukulele For Dummies will have fans and first-time musicians making beautiful music—as they tiptoe through the tulips—in no time. Note: CD files are available to download after purchasing the e-Book version
How to Play Ukulele for Absolute Beginners
Seventy Famous Songs Using Just Six Notes
Ukulele Fake Book
Guitar Notes
125 Popular Songs
Campfire Songs for Ukulele
Adam is at a crossroads. He has Katie on his mind and Jada in his bed. Now with the ultimate choice before him, he must decide between fantasy and reality. Katie's his dream girl, but Jada's his best friend, his partner. As a paramedic, he's supposed to save lives, not wreck them. Yet his failure to commit leaves a trail of heartache in his wake. Things come to a head at his brother's wedding when a surprise announcement leaves Adam scrambling to pick up the pieces. Sure, women find his shaggy blond hair and aquamarine eyes irresistible. But to him, sex is nothing more than a means of escape ... until it turns into a psychological trap. His mind is telling him one thing, while his heart is beating another. He's not sure what he wants when it comes to a serious relationship. Sorting out his feelings, he finally comes to a startling realization. He is capable of love. But what if it's too late?
(Ukulele). Are you just beginning to play the baritone ukulele? This one-of-a-kind collection of melodies, lyrics and chord diagrams is just for you! It includes accessible, must-know favorites from the Beatles and Eagles to Train and Jason Mraz. Includes: Blowin' in the Wind * Edelweiss * Hallelujah * Hey, Soul Sister * I'm Yours * Imagine * Leaving on a Jet Plane * Mr. Tambourine Man * Over the Rainbow * Peaceful Easy Feeling * The Rainbow Connection * Singin' in the Rain * This Land Is Your Land * What a Wonderful World * When I'm Sixty-Four * You Are My Sunshine * and more. (Ukulele). Twenty songs perfect for wedding ceremonies in arrangements for ukuleles with standard G-C-E-A tuning featuring melody, lyrics and chord frames for each song. Includes: All of Me * Better Together * Can't Help Falling in Love * Grow Old with Me * The Hawaiian Wedding Song (Ke Kali Nei Au) * I'm Yours * Just the Way You Are * Marry Me * Thinking Out Loud * A Thousand Years * Wedding Song (There Is Love) * You Are the Sunshine of My Life * and more.
Hollywood starlet Mindy Kaling shares her ongoing, laugh-out-loud journey to find contentment and excitement in her adult life.
Ukulele Sing-Along Songs
Songs with Just 3 or 4 Chords
Campanella-Style Arrangements of 25 of the Most Popular Celtic Session Tunes.
Wedding Songs for Ukulele
Learn How to Play Ukulele with this Complete Course!
Easy Ukulele Method Book 2
Do you want to play hymns with ease and grace? Move from confusion to confidence with an ordered music educational program? Progress from playing solo to playing with others? 21 Easy Ukulele Hymns has everything you need to master inspirational worship songs. And you'll learn amazing ukulele skills that will transform your playing. Are you tired of simply strumming chords? Do you want to get the resources and knowledge you need to make your own song arrangements? Would you like to play sacred music with others? Or create versions where you can give an easy part to a new beginner and a more complicated part to yourself? 21 Easy Ukulele Hymns will give you the musical knowledge you need to be able to progress and grow. You'll learn how to read tab play a melody on your ukulele combine and vary elements of a song to create beautiful arrangements for solo or group playing We've put the songs in order from easiest to hardest. You'll probably be able to play some right away. The first one, "Simple Gifts", uses only two chords and a simple strumming pattern. And you'll be delighted when you see that there are 13 hymns that use only three chords. We've also included many ways to play each song. For example, there are 5 versions of "Simple Gifts". You can sing the melody and strum the chords play the melody. There's melody tab for each of the 21 hymns so you can learn the melody without reading music. play "Simple Gifts" in two different keys. We give 15 of the songs in two keys. You can choose a key that is either comfortable for singing or works with other instruments. fingerpick an accompaniment. 2 of the songs have fingerpicking accompaniments written out in tab. You'll love learning this beautiful playing style. choose a simple or complex strumming pattern. Or choose a different strumming pattern for each verse. 9 of the songs have strumming patterns written underneath the music. This format makes it easy to see how the melody fits with the accompaniment. By trying many versions of the same song you can learn what makes music easier or harder to play express your musical creativity get the excitement of tackling challenges when you're ready have fun making arrangements to play with others. Some people can sing and strum and some people can play the melody. Imagine the gladness and connection you'll feel playing this sacred music in a group. And you can be sure that this collection of worship ukulele songs has all the essential elements you need. For each song you get chord stamps and a suggested strumming pattern several verses so you can sing it at a club or in a devotional setting historical information Please note, for a digital version of this book plus a video course we recommend you buy the hymn kit from our website. Song List Simple Gifts What a Friend We Have in Jesus Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee Church in the Wildwood Shall We Gather at the River? Nearer My God to Thee Jesus Loves Me Give Me That Old Time Religion Fairest Lord Jesus Blest Be the Tie That Binds How Great Thou Art Rock of Ages This Little Light of Mine I Come to the Garden Alone For the Beauty of the Earth Be Thou My Vision The Doxology Amazing Grace (bonus song) Prayer of Thanksgiving All Things Bright and Beautiful Be Still My Soul A Mighty Fortress Is Our God If you want to experience the joy of creativity and self expression now, grab your copy of 21 Easy Ukulele Hymns today!
This book teaches you how to play the D-tuned ukulele with an easy-to-follow approach that will have you playing instantly. Different strumming techniques help you play in any style including folk, blues, and country. Great songs like "This Land Is Your Land," "When the Saints Go Marching In," "St. Louis Blues," and many others are included with lyrics. A special section on playing by ear teaches how to figure out your own favorite songs, and a handy chart shows how to transpose any song to the key of your choice. Upon completion of this book, you will be able to play your favorite songs on the ukulele in any key.
(Ukulele). Arranged for the 4-string baritone uke (D-G-B-E tuning, low to high), this comprehensive collection includes the melody, lyrics and chord frames to 125 songs, including: American Pie * Big Yellow Taxi * Crazy Little Thing Called Love * Drift Away * Everybody Hurts * Go Your Own Way * Ho Hey * I'm Yours * Kokomo * The Lazy Song * Margaritaville * No Woman No Cry * Riptide * Sweet Home Alabama * Tears in Heaven * Viva La Vida * Yesterday * and more.
(Ukulele). A fun collection of ukulele chords and lyrics for 43 tunes that will get the whole crowd singing! Includes: Alison * American Pie * California Dreamin' * Do You Believe in Magic * Happy Together * I Love Rock 'N Roll * Knockin' on Heaven's Door * Kokomo * Lean on Me * Mrs. Robinson * One Love * Rocky Mountain High * Sweet Caroline * and more.
Teaching the Arts
The Real Book for Beginning Ukulele Players
101 Hits for Ukulele: the Red Book
First 50 Songs You Should Play on Baritone Ukulele
Ukulele Songs for Dummies (Songbook)
Copyright : lsamp.coas.howard.edu
Strum & Sing with Family & Friends
Learn from professional musicians how to play the ukulele in six days.
At the elementary or secondary level, students can use the ukulele to explore everything from music theory, improvisation, composition, and ear training, to repertoire that includes contemporary popular music. At a lesser expense than any other instrument which can do as much, the ukulele is perfect for breathing fresh air into any music program.
(Piano Vocal). This sheet music features an arrangement for piano and voice with guitar chord frames, with the melody presented in the right hand of the piano part, as well as in the vocal line.
Ukuleles are a beautiful addition to elementary music classrooms. By playing ukuleles, students learn about chord progressions, develop vocabulary, and accompany vocal and instrumental melodies. The ukulele's timbre supports the child's voice, often allowing students to hear and sing harmony more accurately with ukulele accompaniment. Such experiences promote independent musicianship; many students purchase their own ukulele and enjoy playing at home, even beyond their elementary years.As with recorder instruction, we believe ukuleles should be integrated with other classroom instruments, and in this book, you find orchestrations with barred instruments, unpitched percussion, and recorder. Some lessons include creative movement and improvisation. Keep in mind these lessons may span several class sessions.As music teachers, we strive to be lifelong learners. We encourage you to branch out, pick up a uke, and STRUM IT UP!
The Beatles
Soprano Ukulele Pieces in Orff Style
21 Songs in 6 Days
Worship Songs for Ukulele (Songbook)
I'm Yours Sheet Music
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Bristol
New Hampshire
Official Reports
1957
TOWN AND SCHOOL DISTRICT
ANNUAL REPORTS
for the
Town and School District
of
BRISTOL
NEW HAMPSHIRE
For the Fiscal Years Ending
December 31, 1957
June 30, 1957
The Enterprise Press
Bristol, N. H.
## INDEX
### Town Report
| Item | Page |
|-------------------------------------------|------|
| Town Officers | 3 |
| Town Warrant | 5 |
| Town Budget | 8 |
| Inventory of Valuation | 11 |
| Appropriations and Taxes Assessed | 12 |
| Statement of Bonded Debt | 15 |
| Comparative Statement | 16 |
| Balance Sheet | 18 – 19 |
| Schedule of Town Property | 20 |
| Town Clerk’s Report | 21 |
| Tax Collector’s Report | 22 |
| Town Treasurer’s Report | 25 |
| Summary of Receipts | 27 |
| Summary of Payments | 29 |
| Detailed Statement of Receipts | 32 |
| Detailed Statement of Payments | 34 |
| Highway Agent’s Report | 43 |
| Trustees of Trust Funds Report | 45 |
| Water Works Report | 46 |
| Kelley Park Commission Report | 51 |
| Community Center – Playground Report | 54 |
| Minot–Sleeper Library Report | 56 |
| Bristol Fire Precinct Report | 62 |
| Health Report | 66 |
| Vital Statistics | 92 – 96 |
### School District
| Item | Page |
|-------------------------------------------|------|
| Directory and Officers | 69 |
| School Warrant | 70 |
| Calendar and Salaries | 72 |
| Financial Report | 73 |
| School Board’s Report | 74 |
| Detail of Payments | 75 |
| School Lunch Report | 83 |
| Statistics and Attendance | 84 |
| Tuition Estimates | 84 |
| Supervisory Union No. 4 Budget | 85 |
| School Comparative Budget | 86 |
| Superintendent’s Report | 88 |
TOWN OFFICERS
Moderator
WILLIAM H. MARSTON
Town Clerk
MYRA K. EMMONS
Selectmen
W. JOHN SCHOFIELD GAYLORD G. CUMMINGS
DONALD C. LAMSON
Treasurer
L. KENNETH TILTON
Tax Collector
CLYDE E. SMITH
Road Agent
NATHAN H. MORRISON
Police Officer
SILAS EARL QUINT
Health Officer
JOHN C. GREENAN, M. D.
Overseer of Welfare
NELL G. LAMSON
Auditors
FREDERICK J. MORGAN BOWDOIN PLUMER
Fire Warden
CHARLES G. POWDEN
Deputy Wardens
RICHARD G. ACKERMAN WM. B. TUCKER
ARTHUR CORNEAU ALFRED M. PAYNE
Representative to the General Court
BOWDOIN PLUMER
Supervisors of Checklist
GEORGE T. RAY, JR. MORRIS S. GRAY
HERVEY P. LAWLESS
Trustees Minot-Sleeper Library
JOHN O. LOVEJOY JOHN W. DOLE
MYRA P. CAVIS FRED W. STORM
HARRIETT I. GILMAN HELEN D. LIDSTONE
NELL G. LAMSON HAROLD J. FOLLANSBEE
RODNEY T. ALLARD
Budget Committee
1958
Raymond E. Mitchell, Joseph L. Greenwood
Harold J. Follansbee, William H. Marston
1959
L. Kenneth Tilton, Malcolm E. Dole, Hervey P. Lawless
David Carr, Rodney T. Allard
1960
John W. Dole, Bowdoin Plumer, Jerry Filteau
John C. Bennett, Alfred F. Frye
Water Commission
HAROLD G. REED JOHN C. BENNETT
FRED W. STORM
Park Commission
Harold J. Follansbee, Willis M. Hatfield,
Chester F. Wells, L. Kenneth Tilton, Rodney T. Allard,
Malcolm E. Dole
TOWN WARRANT
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
To the Inhabitants of the Town of Bristol in the County of Grafton in said State, qualified to vote in Town Affairs:
You are hereby notified to meet at the Town Hall in said Bristol, on Tuesday, the eleventh day of March, next, at twelve o'clock noon to elect all necessary town officers under article I. Polls close at 6 p.m. Business meeting for action on all other articles will begin at 8 p.m.
Polls open from 12:00 noon to 6:00 p.m.
1. To choose all necessary Town Officers for the year ensuing.
2. To raise such sums of money as may be necessary to defray town charges for the ensuing year and make appropriations of the same.
3. To see what sum of money the Town will raise for the maintenance of Highways and Bridges for the year ensuing and make appropriations of the same.
4. To see if the Town will ask for Town Road Aid, and if so, raise and appropriate $427.23; provided this amount is raised by the Town, the State will contribute the sum of $2,848.19.
5. To see what sum of money the Town will vote to raise for the Construction and Maintenance of Sewers for the ensuing year and make appropriation of the same.
6. To see what sum of money the Town will vote to raise for the construction of sidewalks for the year ensuing and make appropriation for the same.
7. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appropriate a sum of money to blade-mix the surface of Bristol Hill Road, from end of present pavement to the junction of Tunnicliff and Alexandria Road, a distance of approximately 9/10 of a mile. (By Petition)
8. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appropriate the sum of Two Hundred Fifty Dollars ($250.00) to the Newfound Region Chamber of Commerce for the purpose of publicizing and promoting the natural advantages and resources of the Town, in cooperation with other towns in the Newfound Region.
9. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appropriate the sum of $299.64 which is 1/100 of 1% of the assessed valuation of the Town, to the Lakes Region Association for the purpose of publicizing and promoting the natural advantages and resources of the Town, in cooperation with other towns in the Lakes Region.
10. To see what sum of money the Town will vote to raise for the observance of Memorial Day, and make appropriation of the same.
11. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appropriate the sum of $7,000 to establish, maintain and conduct a system of public recreation, and in connection therewith, to equip and operate the Community Center Building, and to prepare, equip and maintain our public playground; and to employ a play leader, playground instructor or supervisor in connection with such a system of public recreation and to see if the Town will vote to authorize the Board of Selectmen to delegate to the existing Community Center Council the power to employ and supervise a play leader, playground instructor or supervisor.
12. To see if the Town will raise and appropriate a sum of money for Hospitals.
13. To see if the Town will vote to authorize and instruct the Selectmen to contract the plowing of Town highways for a period of years, appropriate and raise money for same.
14. To see if the Town will vote to accept the State Mutual Fire Aid Law.
15. To see if the Town will vote to have the Selectmen appoint a road agent, instead of electing one for the ensuing year.
16. To see if the Town will vote to have the Selectmen appoint a police officer, instead of electing one for the ensuing year.
17. To see if the Town will vote to authorize the Selectmen to buy (2) trucks and snow plow equipment for use of the Road Agent.
18. To see if the Town will vote to authorize the Selectmen to install and maintain parking meters, also establish reasonable charges for parking to be paid through such meters.
19. To see if the Town will vote to authorize the Selectmen to borrow money in anticipation of Taxes.
20. To transact any other business that may legally come before said meeting.
Given under our hands and seal, this 19th day of February, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and fifty-eight.
W. JOHN SCHOFIELD
GAYLORD G. CUMMINGS
DONALD C. LAMSON
Selectmen of Bristol
A true copy of Warrant—Attest:
W. JOHN SCHOFIELD
GAYLORD G. CUMMINGS
DONALD C. LAMSON
Selectmen of Bristol
## BUDGET OF THE TOWN OF BRISTOL, N. H.
Estimates of Revenue and Expenditures for the Ensuing Year
January 1, 1958 to December 31, 1958, Compared With
Estimated and Actual Revenue, Appropriations and Expenditures
Of the Previous Year January 1, 1957 to December 31, 1957
| SOURCES OF REVENUE | Estimated Revenue | Actual Revenue |
|---------------------|-------------------|---------------|
| | Previous Yr. 1957 | Previous Yr. 1957 |
| From State: | | |
| Interest and Dividends Tax | $3,040.98 | $3,236.90 |
| Railroad Tax | 133.30 | 133.30 |
| Savings Bank Tax | 362.57 | 667.63 |
| Reimbursement a/c State and Federal Forest Lands | 225.00 | 3.14 |
| Reimbursement a/c Old Age Assistance | 100.00 | 138.88 |
| Flood Control | | 162.63 |
| From Local Sources Except Taxes: | | |
| Dog Licenses | 417.00 | 327.60 |
| Business Licenses, Permits and Filing Fees | 113.00 | 163.00 |
| Fines & Forfeits, Municipal Court | 1,900.00 | 2,320.46 |
| Interest Received on Taxes | 465.89 | 461.93 |
| Income from Trust Funds | 203.43 | 203.43 |
| Income of Departments: | | |
| Fighting Forest Fires | 221.00 | 1,371.32 |
| Bristol Fire Precinct | 8,500.00 | 9,450.11 |
| Motor Vehicle Permit Fees | 386.55 | 561.29 |
| From Local Taxes Other Than Property Taxes: | | |
| Poll Taxes—Regular @ $2 | 1,034.00 | 1,238.00 |
| National Bank Stock Taxes | 521.00 | 518.00 |
| Yield Taxes | 386.55 | 609.00 |
| Total Revenues from All Sources Except Property Taxes | $16,502.72 | $20,117.98 |
| Amt. to be Raised by Prop. Taxes | 147,486.11 |
TOTAL REVENUES $168,443.56
## BUDGET OF THE TOWN OF BRISTOL, N. H.
(Continued)
| PURPOSES OF EXPENDITURES | Appropriations Previous Year 1957 | Actual Expenditures Previous Yr. 1957 | Estimated Expenditures En-suing Yr. 1958 |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| **Current Maintenance Expenses:** | | | |
| **General Government:** | | | |
| Town Officers' Salaries | $3,200.00 | $3,195.52 | $3,200.00 |
| Town Officers Expenses | 1,000.00 | 937.17 | 1,000.00 |
| Election and Registration Expenses | 250.00 | 230.93 | 500.00 |
| Municipal Court Expenses | 300.00 | 303.02 | 600.00 |
| Exp. Town Hall and Other Town Bldgs. | 350.00 | 118.14 | 200.00 |
| **Protection of Persons and Property:** | | | |
| Police Department | 3,200.00 | 3,357.48 | 5,120.00 |
| Fire Department | 1,200.00 | 1,300.48 | 13,800.00 |
| General Expense | 950.00 | 1,010.36 | 1,100.00 |
| Damage by Dogs | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
| **Health:** | | | |
| Health Dept., Including Hospitals | 550.00 | 553.60 | 550.00 |
| Vital Statistics | 50.00 | 44.49 | 50.00 |
| Sewer Maintenance | 500.00 | 549.47 | 500.00 |
| Town Dump & Garbage Removal | 2,000.00 | 1,874.98 | 2,000.00 |
| **Highways and Bridges:** | | | |
| Snow Contract | 3,200.00 | 3,200.00 | |
| Town Maintenance—Summer | 10,000.00 | 10,004.11 | 12,000.00 |
| Town Maintenance—Winter | 1,300.00 | | |
| Street Lighting | 4,600.00 | 4,635.76 | 4,650.00 |
| General Exp. of Highway Dept. | 400.00 | 351.04 | 1,000.00 |
| Town Road Aid | 357.70 | | 427.23 |
| **Libraries** | 1,500.00 | 1,573.37 | 1,800.00 |
| **Public Welfare:** | | | |
| Town Poor | 250.00 | | 250.00 |
| Old Age Assistance | 4,000.00 | 4,547.42 | 4,500.00 |
| **Patriotic Purposes:** | | | |
| Memorial Day & Vets Associations | 175.00 | 175.00 | 175.00 |
| PURPOSES of EXPENDITURES | Appropriations Previous Year 1957 | Actual Expenditures Previous Yr. 1957 | Estimated Expenditures En-suing Yr. 1958 |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Recreation: | | | |
| Parks and Playground | 4,500.00 | 4,471.40 | 7,300.00 |
| Public Service Enterprises: | | | |
| Cemeteries | 75.00 | | 50.00 |
| Unclassified: | | | |
| Damages and Legal Expenses | 25.00 | | 25.00 |
| Adv. and Regional Associations | 544.77 | 544.77 | 549.64 |
| Employees' Retirement and Soc. Sec. | 300.00 | 601.14 | 350.00 |
| Interest: | | | |
| On Temporary Loans | 400.00 | 329.96 | 350.00 |
| On Long Term Notes & Bonds | 313.93 | 313.93 | 263.93 |
| On Prin. of Trust Funds Used by Town | 204.83 | | 6.00 |
| Outlay for New Construction and Perm. Improv. | | | |
| Highways and Bridges: | | | |
| Oiling Roads | 2,000.00 | 2,107.27 | 2,000.00 |
| Sidewalk Construction | 1,500.00 | 2,466.44 | 1,500.00 |
| Mitchell Road | 600.00 | 545.77 | |
| Payment on Principal of Debt: | | | |
| Long Term Notes | 2,000.00 | 2,000.00 | 2,000.00 |
| Payment to Capital Reserve Funds | 6,862.64 | | |
| County Taxes | 9,661.80 | 9,661.80 | 9,661.80 |
| School Taxes | 84,473.67 | 91,697.47 | 90,914.96 |
TOTAL EXPENDITURES $145,769.87 159,819.76 168,443.56
SUMMARY INVENTORY OF VALUATION
Tax Year 1957
| Item | Value |
|-------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Lands and Buildings | $1,966,550.00 |
| Mills and Machinery | 157,895.00 |
| Electric Plants | 634,113.00 |
| Stock in Trade | 269,348.00 |
| Boats and Launches (13) | 4,650.00 |
| Horses (13) | 1,675.00 |
| Cows (169) | 15,575.00 |
| Oxen (4) | 600.00 |
| Neat Stock (38) | 2,650.00 |
| Sheep and Goats (26) | 260.00 |
| Gasoline Pumps and Tanks | 5,975.00 |
| Road Building Machinery | 18,500.00 |
| Fur-bearing Animals (32) | 320.00 |
| Wood and Lumber | 5,022.00 |
Total Gross Valuation Before Exemptions Allowed: $3,083,133.00
Less: Veterans' Exemptions and Exemptions to Blind: 86,650.00
Net Valuation on Which Tax Rate Is Computed: $2,996,483.00
Precinct Valuation: $1,474,703.00
Town Valuation: $1,608,430.00
STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATION
AND TAXES ASSESSED
Appropriations:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Town Officers' Salaries | $3,200.00|
| Town Officers' Expenses | 1,000.00 |
| Social Security | 300.00 |
| Election and Registration Expenses | 250.00 |
| Municipal Court Expenses | 300.00 |
| Town Hall | 350.00 |
| Police Department | 3,200.00 |
| Fire Department | 1,200.00 |
| Health Dept., incl. Hospitals | 550.00 |
| Care of Town Dump | 2,000.00 |
| Vital Statistics | 50.00 |
| Town Road Aid | 350.70 |
| Town Maintenance | 10,000.00|
| Oiling Town Roads | 2,000.00 |
| Snow Plow Contract | 3,200.00 |
| Mitchell's Hill Road | 600.00 |
| Town Road Aid Project | 1,300.00 |
| General Expenses of Highway Dept. | 400.00 |
| Sidewalk Construction | 1,500.00 |
| Street Lighting | 4,600.00 |
| Sewer Maintenance | 500.00 |
| General Expense | 950.00 |
| Town Lot | 300.00 |
| Libraries | 1,500.00 |
| Old Age Assistance | 4,000.00 |
| Town Poor | 250.00 |
| Memorial Day | 175.00 |
| Parks and Playgrounds | 4,200.00 |
| Cemeteries | 75.00 |
| Damages and Legal Exp., incl. Dog Damages | 75.00 |
| Advertising and Regional Associations | 544.77 |
Payment on Debt:
| Description | Amount |
|------------------------------|----------|
| Principal | $2,000.00|
| Interest | 313.93 |
| **Total** | 2,313.93 |
Interest on Temporary Loans: 400.00
County Tax: 9,661.80
School Tax: 84,473.67
**Total Town and School Appropriations**: $145,769.87
Less: Estimated Revenues and Credits:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Interest and Dividend Tax | $3,236.90|
| Railroad Tax | 133.30 |
| Savings Bank Tax | 362.59 |
| Reimb. a/c State and Fed. Lands | 342.37 |
| Revenue from Yield Tax | 450.00 |
| Motor Vehicle Permit Fees | 8,489.45 |
| Dog Licenses | 422.00 |
| Business Licenses and Permits | 113.00 |
| Fines and Forcits, Municipal Ct. | 1,250.12 |
| Interest on Taxes and Income from Trust Funds | 461.95 |
| Reimb. loss of taxes, flood control | 149.10 |
| Reimb. loss taxes on State Forest Land | 3.28 |
| Refund Liability Insurance | 97.99 |
| Reimbursement a/c Old Age Assist. | 208.82 |
| **Total Revenues and Credits** | $15,720.87|
$130,049.00
Plus Overlay: 593.77
Net amount to be raised by Taxation: $130,642.77
Less: 638 Poll Taxes @ $2 $1,276.00
National Bank Stock Taxes 518.00
Amount to be raised by property taxes $128,848.77
Taxes to be committed to Collector:
Property Taxes $128,848.77
Precinct Taxes 11,797.62
Total Property Taxes $140,646.39
Poll Taxes at $2.00 1,276.00
National Bank Stock Taxes 518.00
$142,440.39
Tax Rates
Town—$4.30 Precinct—$.80 Average—$4.69
## STATEMENT OF BONDED DEBT
**Town of Bristol — December 31, 1957**
### Showing Annual Maturities of Outstanding Bonds and Long Term Notes
| Maturities | Seagrave Notes | Water Works Bonds | School District Bonds |
|------------|----------------|--------------------|-----------------------|
| | 1955 | 1949 | 1951 |
| | 2 1/2% | 2 1/2% | 2% |
| Original Amount | $16,557 | $100,000 | $75,000 |
| | | | $130,000 |
| | | | $78,000 |
| Year | Seagrave Notes | Water Works Bonds | School District Bonds |
|------|----------------|--------------------|-----------------------|
| 1958 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| 1959 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| 1960 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| 1961 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| 1962 | 2,557 | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| 1963 | 5,000 | 4,000 | 7,000 |
| 1964 | 5,000 | 4,000 | 7,000 |
| 1965 | 5,000 | 4,000 | 7,000 |
| 1966 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 7,000 |
| 1967 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 |
| 1968 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 |
| 1969 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 |
| 1970 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 4,000 |
| 1971 | 3,000 | | 2,000 |
| Total | $10,557 | $60,000 | $51,000 | $88,000 | $54,000 |
| TITLE OF APPROPRIATION | Appropriation | Appro-Receipts & Total Am't | Expenditures | Unexpen. Balance | Overdraft |
|----------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|--------------|------------------|-----------|
| Town Officers' Salaries | $3,200.00 | $3,200.00 | $3,195.52 | $4.48 | |
| Town Officers' Expenses | 1,000.00 | 1,000.00 | 937.17 | 62.83 | |
| Social Security | 300.00 | $288.96 | 588.96 | 452.82 | 136.14 |
| Election and Registration | 250.00 | 250.00 | 230.93 | 19.07 | |
| Municipal Court | 300.00 | 2,220.46 | 2,620.46 | 303.02 | 2,317.44 |
| Town Hall | 350.00 | 350.00 | 118.14 | 231.86 | |
| Police Department | 3,200.00 | 3,200.00 | 3,357.88 | $157.48 | |
| Fire Department | 1,200.00 | 207.08 | 1,407.08 | 106.60 | |
| Health Dept. Incl. Vital Statistics | 2,600.00 | 2,600.00 | 2,469.47 | 130.53 | |
| General Expense of Highways | 400.00 | 400.00 | 351.04 | 48.96 | 4.11 |
| Highways and Bridges | 10,000.00 | 10,000.00 | 10,004.11 | | |
| Oiling Roads | 2,000.00 | 2,000.00 | 2,107.27 | 107.27 | |
| Mitchells Hill | 600.00 | 600.00 | 545.77 | 54.23 | |
| Snow Plow Contract | 3,200.00 | 3,200.00 | 3,200.00 | | |
| Street Lights | 4,600.00 | 4,600.00 | 4,635.76 | 35.76 | |
| Sidewalk Construction | 1,500.00 | 1,000.00 | 2,462.64 | 33.36 | |
| Sewers Maintenance | 500.00 | 500.00 | 549.47 | 49.47 | |
| Town Road Aid | 350.70 | 11.92 | 350.70 | 11.92 | |
| Library | 1,500.00 | 1,500.00 | 1,573.37 | 73.37 | |
| Old Age Assistance | 4,000.00 | 138.68 | 4,138.68 | 4,547.42 | 408.74 |
| Description | Amount 1 | Amount 2 | Amount 3 |
|-----------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|
| Memorial Day | | | |
| Park and Playground | 175.00 | 175.00 | 175.00 |
| Cemeteries | 4,200.00 | -4,200.00| |
| Damage and Legal Expenses | 75.00 | 75.00 | 75.00 |
| Fire Pumper Note | 75.00 | 50.00 | 25.00 |
| County Tax | 2,000.00 | 2,000.00 | |
| Town Lot | 9,681.83 | 9,551.80 | |
| Town Poor | 300.00 | 271.40 | 28.60 |
| General Expense | 250.00 | 254.71 | 4.71 |
| Advertising and Regional Assoc. | 950.00 | 1,010.36 | 60.36 |
| Interest | 544.77 | 544.77 | |
| | 713.93 | 643.83 | 70.04 |
| Total | $3,967.10| $33,663.30| $61,503.51|
| | | | $3,256.06 |
| | | | $901.27 |
| | | | $2,454.79 |
FINANCIAL REPORT
ASSETS
Cash:
In hands of treasurer $29,457.55
In hands of officials, Bristol Water Works 16,282.20
Material & supplies, Bristol Water Works 3,114.62
Capital Reserve Funds:
Proctor Trust for Improvement to Town Lot at Lake 6,862.64
Accounts Due to the Town:
Accounts due Bristol Water Works 602.44
Uncollected Taxes:
Levy of 1957 16,287.33
State Head Taxes—Levy of 1957 885.00
Total Assets $73,491.78
Excess of liabilities over assets (net debt) 87,835.11
Grand Total $161,326.89
Net Debt—December 31, 1956 $102,653.26
Net Debt—December 31, 1957 87,835.11
Decrease of Debt $14,818.15
Purpose for which debt was created:
Bristol Water Works
Seagrave Fire Pumper
LIABILITIES
Accounts Owed by the Town:
Unexpended Balances of Special Appropriations:
TRA Appropriation $1,300.00
Snow Plow Contract 2,200.00
Lights for Town Hall 231.86
Due to State:
State Head Taxes—1957
Uncollected $820.00
Collected—not remitted 65.00
Yield Tax—Bond & Debt Retirement
Uncollected 90.39
Due to School Dist., bal of appro. 28,000.00
Capital Reserve Funds:
(Offsets similar Asset account) 6,862.64
Long Term Notes Outstanding:
Seagrave Pumper Note,
First National Bank, Bristol 10,557.00
Bonds Outstanding:
Bristol Water Works Bond No. 1 60,000.00
Bristol Water Works Bond No. 2 51,000.00
Trust Funds, amt. of principal used by town:
Cheney Fund $100.00
Ministerial Fund 100.00
Grand Total $161,326.89
## SCHEDULE OF TOWN PROPERTY
| Description | Value |
|--------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Town Hall, Lands and Buildings | $7,000.00 |
| Furniture and Equipment | 100.00 |
| Library, Land and Building | 10,000.00 |
| Furniture and Equipment | 7,000.00 |
| Fire Department, Land and Building | 7,500.00 |
| Equipment | 19,200.00 |
| Highway Department, Land and Building | 2,500.00 |
| Equipment | 1,500.00 |
| Park and Playground | 5,000.00 |
| Water Supply | 212,409.55|
| Schools, Lands and Buildings | 280,000.00|
| Equipment | 15,000.00 |
| Lands and Buildings acquired through Tax Collector’s deeds: | |
| Lot at Hillside Ave. and Green St. | 100.00 |
| Dobro Land | 100.00 |
| Northern R.R. Depot Property | 500.00 |
| Town Lot at Lake | 10,000.00 |
| Land on Hall Road | 150.00 |
Total: $578,059.55
TOWN CLERK'S REPORT
1,070 Auto Permits $9,460.01
152 Dog Licenses $368.00
Less Fees 30.40
$9,797.61
MYRA K. EMMONS
Town Clerk
TAX COLLECTOR'S REPORT
Summary of Warrant
State Head Tax — Levy of 1957
DEBITS:
Committed to Collector:
Original Warrant $4,155.00
Added during 1957 60.00
Total Commitment $4,215.00
Penalties Collected during 1957 6.50
Total Debits $4,221.50
CREDITS:
Remittances to Treasurer:
State Head Taxes $3,245.00
Penalties Collected, 1957 6.50
Total to Treasurer $3,251.50
Abatements during 1957 85.00
Uncollected as per list 885.00
Total Credits $4,221.50
Summary of Warrant
State Head Tax — Levy of 1956
DEBITS:
Uncollected as of Jan. 1, 1957 $845.00
Added during 1957 75.00
Penalties collected 82.50
Total Debits $1,002.50
CREDITS:
Remittances to Treasurer during 1957:
State Head Taxes $825.00
Penalties collected, 1957 82.50
Total to Treasurer $907.50
Abatements during 1957 95.00
Total Credits $1,002.50
Summary of Warrant
Property, Poll, Yield — Levy of 1957
DEBITS:
Taxes Committed to Collector:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------|----------|
| Property | $140,646.39 |
| Poll | 1,276.00 |
| National Bank Stock | 518.00 |
| Total Warrant | $142,440.39 |
| Less by error | 7.60 |
Total Commitment: $142,432.79
Added Taxes:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------|----------|
| Property | 1,863.54 |
| Poll | 28.00 |
| Yield | 1,120.09 |
| Interest collected during 1957 | 4.40 |
Total Debits: $145,448.82
CREDITS:
Remittances to Treasurer:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------|----------|
| Property | $126,617.66 |
| Poll | 968.00 |
| National Bank Stock | 518.00 |
| Yield | 561.29 |
| Interest collected | 4.40 |
Total to Treasurer: $128,669.35
Abatements during 1957: 492.14
Uncollected as per list:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------|----------|
| Property | 15,452.97 |
| Poll | 292.00 |
| Yield | 542.36 |
Total Credits: $145,448.82
Summary of Warrant — Levy of 1956
DEBITS:
Uncollected Taxes as of January 1, 1957:
- Property: $15,134.78
- Poll: 280.00
- Yield: 262.61
Total Warrant: $15,677.39
Added during 1957:
- Poll: 18.60
- Interest collected during 1957: 457.53
Total Debits: $16,152.92
CREDITS:
Remittances to Treasurer:
- Property: $15,123.48
- Poll: 270.00
- Yield: 262.61
- Interest Collected: 457.53
Total to Treasurer: $16,113.62
Abatements during 1957: 39.30
Total Credits: $16,152.92
CLYDE E. SMITH, Collector
TREASURER'S REPORT
RECEIPTS:
Balance on hand January 1, 1957 $39,373.41
From Collector of Taxes:
1956 taxes and interest $16,113.62
1957 taxes and interest 128,669.35
1956 Head taxes and penalty 907.50
1957 Head taxes and penalty 3,251.50
From State of New Hampshire:
Interest and dividend tax $3,236.90
Savings Bank tax for 1956 362.59
Savings Bank tax for 1957 305.04
Railroad tax for 1956 133.30
Reimbursement -
Forest fire account 4.50
T.R.A. Account 6.79
Loss of taxes, flood control 162.63
Loss of taxes, State forest lands 3.14
Old Age Assistance 138.68
Local Sources:
Licenses and permits $163.00
Municipal Court 2,320.46
Interest from Trust Funds 203.43
Dog licenses 327.60
Registration of motor vehicles 9,450.11
148,941.97
4,353.57
12,464.60
Other Sources:
Refunds $417.11
Sale of Town property, sewer pipe 30.24
Estate of Charles P. Dickinson 500.00
Temporary loans 32,000.00
$32,947.35
$238,080.90
PAYMENTS:
Orders of Selectmen 208,623.35
Balance on hand December 31, 1957 29,457.55
$238,080.90
I., KENNETH TILTON
SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS
Current Revenue:
From local taxes collected and remitted to treasurer:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Property Taxes, 1957 | $126,617.66 |
| Poll Taxes, 1957 | 968.00 |
| National Bank Stock Taxes, 1957 | 518.00 |
| Yield Taxes, 1957 | 561.29 |
| State head taxes @ $5, and 1957 penalty | 3,251.50 |
| Interest on 1957 taxes | 4.40 |
| Total current year's taxes collected and remitted| $131,920.85 |
| Prop. taxes & yield taxes prev. years | 15,386.09 |
| Poll taxes previous years | 270.00 |
| State head taxes @ $5 prev. years | 825.00 |
| Interest received on taxes | 457.53 |
| Penalties on State head taxes | 82.50 |
From State:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| For Town Road Aid | 6.79 |
| Interest and dividends tax | 3,236.90 |
| Railroad tax | 133.30 |
| Savings Bank tax | 667.63 |
| Reimb. a/c State & Fed. forest lands | 3.14 |
| Flood Control | 162.63 |
| Fighting forest fires | 4.50 |
| Reimb a/c Old Age Assistance | 138.68 |
$4,353.57
From Local Sources, Except Taxes
Dog licenses 327.60
Business licenses, permits, filing fees 163.00
Fines & forfeits, municipal court 2,320.46
Income from trust funds 203.43
Registration of motor vehicles,
1956, 1957 permits 9,450.11
12,464.60
Receipts other than Current Revenue:
Temporary loans in anticipation
of taxes during year $32,000.00
Refunds 417.11
New Trust Funds received during yr. 500.00
Sale of town property 30.24
Total Receipts Other than
Current Revenue 32,947.35
Total Receipts from All Sources $198,707.49
Cash on hand January 1, 1957 39,373.41
Grand Total $238,080.90
SUMMARY OF PAYMENTS
Current Maintenance Expenses:
General Government:
Town officers' salaries $3,195.52
Town officers' expenses 937.17
Election & registration expenses 230.93
Municipal court expenses 303.02
Exp., town hall, other bldgs 118.14
Protection of Persons and Property:
Police Department 3,357.48
Fire dept., incl. forest fires 1,300.48
General expense 1,010.36
Damage by dogs 50.00
Health:
Health dept., incl. hospitals 553.60
Vital statistics 44.49
Sewer maintenance 549.47
Town dump 1,874.98
Highways and Bridges:
Snow removal contract 3,200.00
Town Road Aid 350.70
Town Maintenance:
Summer $6,058.83
Winter 3,945.28
Street lighting 4,635.76
Gen. exp., highway dept. 351.04
Library: 1,573.37
Public Welfare:
Old age assistance 4,547.42
Town poor 254.71
Patriotic Purposes:
Memorial day & Vet's Assoc. 175.00
Recreation:
Park and playground 4,471.40
Unclassified:
Refunds 5.00
Advertising and regional assoc. 544.77
Payment to State a/c Yield Tax Debt Retirement 157.98
Employees' ret. & Soc. Sec. 601.14
Total cur. maintenance expense $1,303.89
Interest:
Paid on temporary loans $329.96
Paid on long term notes 313.93
Paid on principal of trust funds used by town 204.83
Total interest payments 848.72
Outlay for New Construction,
Equip. & Perm. Improvements:
Highways & bridges-Mitchell Rd. $545.77
Oiling appropriation 2,107.27
Sidewalk construction 2,466.64
Total outlay payments 5,119.68
Indebtedness:
Payments on temporary loans $32,000.00
Payments on long term notes 2,000.00
Payments to trustees of trust funds (new funds):
Proctor $6,862.64
Dickinson 500.00
Total indebtedness payments 41,362.64
Payments to Other Governmental Divisions:
State head taxes pd. State Treas.
1957 taxes $2,867.50
Prior years 917.50
$3,785.00
Taxes paid to County 9,661.80
Payments to Precincts 11,750.00
Payments to School Districts
1956 Tax $35,223.80
1957 Tax 56,473.67
$91,697.47
Total payments to other gov. div. $116,894.27
Total payments for all purposes $208,623.35
Cash on hand December 31, 1957 29,457.55
Grand Total $238,080.90
DETAILED STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
Detail 1—Taxes:
Clyde E. Smith, Collector
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Property taxes for 1957 | $126,617.66 |
| Poll taxes for 1957 | 968.00 |
| National Bank stock taxes for 1957 | 518.00 |
| State head taxes for 1957 | 3,245.00 |
| State head tax penalties for 1957 | 6.50 |
| Interest on taxes for 1957 | 4.40 |
| Property taxes, previous years | 15,123.48 |
| Poll taxes, previous years | 270.00 |
| Interest on taxes for 1956 | 457.53 |
| Yield taxes, previous years | 262.61 |
| Yield taxes for 1957 | 561.29 |
| State head tax, previous years | 825.00 |
| State head tax penalties, previous years | 82.50 |
$148,941.97
Detail 2—From State:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Reimb., loss of taxes, flood control | $162.63 |
| Interest and dividend tax | 3,236.90 |
| Reimb., loss of taxes, State forest lands | 3.14 |
| Reimb., Old Age Assistance | 138.68 |
| Reimb., Forest Fire account | 4.50 |
| Reimb., Town Road Aid account | 6.79 |
| Savings Bank tax for 1956 | 362.59 |
| Savings Bank tax for 1957 | 305.04 |
| Railroad tax for 1956 | 133.30 |
$4,353.57
Detail 3—Licenses and Permits:
Pistol permits $9.50
Dance permits 13.50
Beano licenses 80.00
Filing fees 10.00
Theatre license 50.00
$163.00
Detail 4—Fines and Forfeits:
Judge John W. Dole, fines $2,320.46
Detail 5—Interest, Trust Funds:
Minet Sleeper Fund, interest $75.56
Jackman Fund, interest 127.87
$203.43
Detail 6—Registration of Motor Vehicles:
Myra K. Emmons, Town Clerk, auto permits $9,450.11
Detail 7—Temporary Loans:
First National Bank $32,000.00
Detail 8—Dog Licenses:
Myra K. Emmons, Town Clerk $327.60
Detail 9—Refunds:
Police Department $2.00
Telephone 2.40
Frank N. Gilman Agency 71.11
Bristol Water Works S. S. 125.10
(B) Forest Fires
K. Stitham, fire 18.70
Charles G. Powden, overpayment 50.00
Town of Alexandria, fire 147.80
$417.11
Detail 10—Sale of Town Property:
Bristol Water Works, sewer pipe $30.24
Detail 11—New Trust Funds:
Estate of Charles P. Dickinson $500.00
DETAILED STATEMENT OF PAYMENTS
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Detail 1—Salaries:
Frederick J. Morgan, Auditor $48.47
Bowdoin Plumer, Auditor 48.47
Nell G. Lamson, Overseer of Welfare 61.09
Myra K. Emmons, Town Clerk 91.64
L. Kenneth Tilton, Treasurer 93.75
G. G. Cummings, Selectman 549.84
Donald C. Lamson, Selectman 549.84
W. John Schofield, Selectman 580.28
Clyde E. Smith, Collector -
Collecting head taxes 115.40
Collecting town taxes 1,055.94
$3,195.52
Detail 2—Town Officers' Expenses:
Esther G. Bennett, transfer name $.10
Anna D. Proctor, transfer names 3.10
State of New Hampshire, trailer book 1.25
Assoc. of New Hampshire Assessors, dues 3.00
New Hampshire Town Clerks Assoc., dues 3.00
Ida M. Horner, tax collector, dues 3.00
Arthur Woods, delivery of town reports 4.50
New Hampshire Distrib. Agency, civil defense 8.25
Brown & Saltmarsh, supplies 4.47
F. J. Shores, transfer names 8.64
Enterprise Press, notices 14.40
Ada B. Marston, copying blotter 24.64
First National Bank, service charge 22.28
Myra K. Emmons, supplies 25.69
Cardigan Sport Store, supplies 28.15
Public Service Company, current 21.40
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Edson C. Eastman Co., supplies | $67.72 |
| Frank N. Gilman Agency, town officers' bonds | $61.50 |
| Harland L. Goodhue, stamps, envelopes | $52.40 |
| John C. Ray, collector's bond | $90.00 |
| New England Tel. & Tel. Co., telephone | $114.68 |
| J. R. Turnbull, computing taxes | $75.00 |
| George Totas, office rent | $300.00 |
**Total:** $937.17
**Detail 3—Election and Registration:**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Bristol Diner, meal's | $3.05 |
| Glenn L. Wheeler, ballot clerk | $4.89 |
| Ruth E. Tucker, ballot clerk | $4.89 |
| Warren A. Remick, ballot clerk | $4.89 |
| John W. Dole, ballot clerk | $4.89 |
| William H. Marston, moderator | $14.66 |
| Grace Louise Restaurant, meals | $17.93 |
| Enterprise Press, check lists, ballots, notices | $87.81 |
| Morris S. Gray, supervisor | $29.32 |
| George T. Ray, Jr., supervisor | $29.32 |
| Hervey P. Lawless, supervisor | $29.32 |
**Total:** $230.93
**Detail 4—Municipal Court:**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| John W. Dole, Judge, salary | $293.25 |
| Fred A. Dushame, Judge, salary | $9.77 |
**Total:** $303.02
**Detail 5—General Expense:**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Arthur Chase, care town clock | $48.87 |
| Enterprise Press, town reports | $440.00 |
| Myra K. Emmons, auto permit fees | $521.49 |
**Total:** $1,010.36
Detail 6—Town Hall:
Merton L. Calley, waste $2.50
Walter Plummer, janitor 4.00
Lawrence A. McKinley, Sr., janitor 9.36
Arthur Woods, labor on wood 7.00
Ralph Dow, labor on wood 10.50
Bristol Water Works, water rent 28.00
Public Service Company, lights 23.03
Charles A. Carr Company, coal 33.75
$118.14
Detail 7—Police Department:
S. Earl Quint, care tramp $.80
Lawrence A. McKinley, mileage 7.93
Howard Nowell, special police 7.00
Enterprise Press, notices 9.75
Joseph F. Kennedy, special police 21.88
H. J. Follansbee, supplies 26.25
Internal Revenue Service, withholding tax 89.70
Edgar M. Calley, special police 101.74
S. Earl Quint, mileage 118.20
George E. Preble, special police 116.43
Lawrence A. McKinley, Sr., police 1,167.80
S. Earl Quint, police 1,627.50
Frank Wedner, special police 62.50
$3,357.48
Detail 8—Fire Department:
Jones Auto Company, gas $6.47
Charles G. Powden, exp., F.F.T. meeting 9.00
Bartlett Auto Co., repairs and gas 20.69
Charles G. Powden, forest fire 18.70
Bristol Fire Precinct, town fires 36.00
John C. Ray, insurance, Seagrave 116.45
Frank N. Gilman Agency, insurance 146.50
Charles G. Powden, Alexandria fire 147.80
Alfred M. Payne, care of forest fire truck 48.87
Bristol Water Works, hydrant rental 750.09
$1,300.48
Detail 9—Health Department:
Enterprise Press, notice $3.60
John C. Greenan, M.D., health officer 50.00
Merton L. Calley, care of dump 1,874.98
$1,928.58
(A) Hospitals
Laconia Hospital $200.00
Franklin Hospital 300.00
$500.00
(B) Sewer Maintenance
N. H. Morrison, payroll $549.47
(C) Vital Statistics
Myra K. Emmons, reporting births, marriages, deaths $44.49
Detail 10—Highways and Bridges:
N. H. Morrison, Agent
Town Maintenance—Summer $6,058.83
Town Maintenance—Winter 3,945.28
$10,004.11
(A) Snow Plow Contract
N. H. Morrison $3,200.00
(B) Street Lighting $4,635.76
(C) General Expense, Highway Department
Willis M. Hatfield, painting $3.60
Frank E. Drouin, glass 2.15
H. J. Follansbee, waste cans, paint 18.28
Public Service Co., current 21.40
John C. Ray, truck liability policy 49.00
Frank N. Gilman Agency, insurance 256.61
$351.04
Detail 11—Oiling Town Roads:
John Day, labor $2.93
J. Hu P. Morrison, labor 64.45
Page R. Morrison, labor 64.45
Boake C. Morrison, labor 64.45
Murray S. Dolloff 35.18
N. H. Morrison, trucks 447.87
N. H. Bituminous Prod. Co., asphalt 1,427.94
$2,107.27
Detail 12—Sidewalk Construction:
John P. Morrison, labor $35.63
Page R. Morrison, labor 35.63
Boake C. Morrison, labor 35.63
Thomas O. Morrison, labor 23.75
N. H. Morrison, trucks 112.00
N. H. Morrison, trucks 224.00
Lane Constr. Co., labor and curb stone 2,000.00
$2,466.64
Detail 13—Mitchell’s Hill Road:
Murray S. Dolloff, labor $6.35
Laramie Gilpartic, gravel 9.50
John P. Morrison, labor 13.98
Page R. Morrison, labor 13.98
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Bonke C. Morrison, labor | 13.98 |
| John Day, labor | 13.98 |
| Ernest Woodward, truck | 30.90 |
| N. H. Morrison, trucks | 84.00 |
| N. H. Bituminous Prod. Co., asphalt | 60.93 |
| | $545.77 |
**Detail 14—Library:**
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Edward H. Smith, labor | 4.89 |
| Merton L. Calley, waste | 5.50 |
| H. J. Follansbee, supplies | 6.24 |
| Greenwood Plumbing Co., labor | 11.00 |
| Bristol Water Works, water rent | 28.00 |
| Lawrence A. McKin'ey, Sr., janitor | 78.87 |
| Public Service Co., current | 95.45 |
| Walter Plummer, janitor | 113.34 |
| Nellie R. Ferrin, assistant librarian | 195.48 |
| Charles A. Carr Co., fuel oil | 396.40 |
| Mary A. Rogers, librarian | 488.76 |
| Minot Sleeper account | 149.44 |
| | $1,573.37 |
**Detail 15—Old Age Assistance:**
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| State of New Hampshire, old age assistance | 3,850.03|
| State of New Hampshire, a.t.d.p. | 697.39 |
| | $4,547.42|
**Detail 16—Town Poor:**
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| H. J. Follansbee, aid, re-paid | 31.05 |
| Charles A. Carr Co., fuel oil, Bernice Buxton | 52.31 |
| C. B. Boyd, medicine, E. McKenna | 77.50 |
| John C. Greenan, M.D., prof. serv., E. McKenna | 93.75 |
| | $254.71 |
Detail 17—Patriotic Purposes:
George Minot Cavis Post No. 26 $175.00
Detail 18—Parks and Playgrounds:
(A) Town Lot
Willis H. Hatfield, painting $2.40
Merton L. Calley, waste 21.00
Forrest B. Adams, labor 248.00
$271.40
(B) Community Center
Frederick G. Morgan, Treasurer $4,250.00
Detail 19—Damage by Dogs:
S. Earl Quint, Dog Officer $50.00
Detail 20—Regions:
Newfound Region Chamber of Commerce $250.00
Lakes Region Association 294.77
$544.77
Detail 21—Refunds:
Myra K. Emmons, overpayment dog tax $5.00
Detail 22—Social Security:
Internal Revenue Service, withholding tax $80.50
Treas., State of New Hampshire, S. S. tax 520.64
$601.14
Detail 23—Capital Reserve Fund:
Trustees of Trust Funds, Proctor funds $6,862.64
Detail 24—New Trust Funds:
Trustees of Trust Funds, Charles P.
Dickinson, money for care of cemetery lot $500.00
Detail 25—Interest on Trust Funds:
Treas., Baptist Church, interest $2.00
Treas., Congregational Church, interest 2.00
Treas., Methodist Church, interest 2.00
Minot Sleeper Library
Minot Sleeper Fund, interest 75.56
Jackman Fund, interest 123.27
$204.83
Detail 26—Temporary Loans:
First National Bank $32,000.00
Detail 27—Interest on Temporary Loans:
First National Bank, interest $329.96
Detail 28—Interest on Long-Term Notes:
First National Bank, interest,
Seagrave pumper $313.93
Detail 29—Long-Term Notes:
First National Bank, Seagrave pumper $2,000.00
Detail 30—Payments to State:
Treasurer, State of New Hampshire -
1956 timber bond tax $20.66
1957 timber bond tax 137.32
1956 head tax 917.50
1957 head tax 2,867.50
Town Road Aid 350.70
$4,293.68
Detail 31—Grafton County:
Treas., Grafton County, county tax $9,661.80
Detail 32—Bristol Fire Precinct:
John C. Ray, Treasurer $11,750.00
Detail 33—School District:
Rodney T. Allard, Treasurer
Balance, 1956 appropriation $35,223.80
Part, 1957 appropriation 56,473.67
$91,697.47
ROAD AGENT'S REPORT
Nathan H. Morrison, Road Agent
Winter $3,970.82
Summer 6,104.72
Social Security 73.39
Sewers 550.77
$10,002.15
Labor
N. H. Morrison, Road Agent, salary $725.00
Barrett, William 62.00
Day, John 252.20
Dolloff, Murray 137.10
Defosses, Roger 4.05
Glines, John 21.00
McCordic, Wilmott 4.05
Morrison, Boake C. 583.95
Morrison, John P. 568.15
Morrison, Page R. 595.05
Pollard, Lee 31.38
Rivest, Theodore E. 4.05
Roberts, George 112.50
Sweeping streets 189.00
Trucks, Tractors, etc.
Arthur Corneau, plowing sidewalks 255.00
Elbert Dickinson, sanding sidewalks 62.00
Ralph Dow, plowing sidewalks 52.00
Nathan Morrison, Hough, trucks & dozer 3,862.50
Victor Morrill, truck 35.00
Raymond Tucker, truck 41.00
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Town of Rumney, grader | 86.25 |
| Ernest Woodward, truck | 36.60 |
| Higgins & Wilson, sanding sidewalks | 25.35 |
| **Merchandise** | |
| Cavis Bros. | 5.64 |
| Charles Carr Co. | 4.60 |
| Concord Lumber Co., pipe | 85.67 |
| Fred's Auto Service | 23.06 |
| International Salt Co. | 1,135.50|
| First National Bank | 12.07 |
| Jones Auto Co. | 249.50 |
| Meredith Grain Co., pipe | 140.64 |
| New Hampshire Bituminous | 630.00 |
| Charles Fogg, gravel | 17.50 |
| Dept. of Public Works, grader | 134.00 |
| Laramie Gilpatric, sand | 20.50 |
| Blanche Patten, gravel | 75.20 |
| Prescott Lumber Co., pipe and lumber | 43.42 |
| Scott Machinery Co. | 30.00 |
| A. S. Woodward, pipe | 31.50 |
| Wirthmore Stores, pipe | 34.50 |
| Tilton Sand & Gravel Co., patch | 207.83 |
| Bristol Water Dept. 2,000 yds gravel free | |
| **Total** | $10,626.31 |
WATER COMMISSIONERS' REPORT
Information received from the officers of the fire department indicated an immediate necessity of replacing the old main on Beech Street. Tuberculosis had reduced the static flow at the terminal of the four-inch main to almost nothing and it was decided to replace the 800 feet on Beech Street with six-inch cast iron.
The sidewalk elevation and location of the sewer system left no alternative but to lay the line, for the most part, in the middle of the street. This meant disturbing and replacing about 600 sq. yds. of highway surface. In spite of this expense and the difficult trench excavation, the cost of approximately $4,000.00 dollars for the job, was comparable with present day costs for construction of this type. It was financed through our cash reserve and added to the fixed capital account.
A glance at the treasurer's report and it becomes obvious that the general maintenance expense of the utility was somewhat below normal. We usually experience some difficulty throughout the winter months with freezing, but a mild winter plus added protection from this source of trouble, contributed toward keeping expenditures in this account at a minimum.
The pumping station equipment gave very little trouble during the year. It might be of interest to note here that 38,200,000 gallons of water was pumped from the well during the year.
Problems for the coming year, such as fluoridation, standpipe maintenance, storage space and shop facilities, and rates, are receiving special consideration.
FRED W. STORM
HAROLD G. REED
JOHN C. BENNETT, JR.
Water Commissioners
Treasurer's Report
Jan. 1, 1957 — Dec. 31, 1957
RECEIPTS:
Cash on hand January 1, 1957 $4,913.74
Cash in Bristol Savings Bank, Jan. 1, 1957 8,059.61
Water rents 18,223.76
Hydrant rents 6,500.00
Use of pump 10.00
Turning on water 71.00
Materials and supplies 69.38
Repairing meters 51.00
Operating expense 12.13
R. C. Mitchell, phone calls .90
Withholding tax 217.75
Social Security tax 80.07
Bristol Savings Bank, July dividend 283.02
International Packings Corporation, pipe 1,263.43
Junked pipe 64.26
$39,820.05
DISBURSEMENTS:
Labor—
Repairs and general maintenance $636.75
New installations 35.75
Reading meters 177.00
At cemetery 13.50
Miscellaneous 19.25
Operating Expense—
Pumping station, power 1,398.42
Fuel oil 147.94
Misc. supplies and expense 20.85
Repairs to pumping station and equipment 4.45
Repairs to mains, services, hydrants, meters 81.69
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Bristol Cemetery Association, Pleasant St. job | 236.00 |
| A. J. Paquette, final payment on Pleasant St. job| 100.00 |
| Other expense on Pleasant St. | 12.10 |
| New hydrants and extensions | 51.10 |
| Miscellaneous supplies | 24.54 |
| Express | 19.59 |
| Printing report | 38.00 |
| Enterprise Press, printing | 52.50 |
| N. H. Water Works Assoc., dues | 5.00 |
| Truck expense | 91.03 |
| **Beech Street—New Construction** | |
| Pipe | 1,578.50|
| Hydrant | 196.26 |
| 2-6" gates | 119.74 |
| Other materials | 269.06 |
| Labor | 362.01 |
| Harold Goulette | 284.00 |
| Nathan H. Morrison & Sons | 1,359.95|
| Nathan H. Morrison, Agent, sewer pipe | 38.70 |
| Dick's Body and Welding | 14.00 |
| Higgins Craft Shop | 7.88 |
| Bristol Plumbing and Heating | 65.60 |
| Miscellaneous | 20.35 |
| **Office Expense** | |
| Telephone | 42.88 |
| Post Office box rent | 3.60 |
| Bank service charge | 2.34 |
| Addressograph expense | 8.70 |
| Postage | 65.31 |
| Miscellaneous supplies | 13.57 |
| Newspaper notice | .80 |
| M. B. Wells, extra time | 15.00 |
Salaries—
R. C. Mitchell, supt. 1,500.00
Mary B. Wells, treas. 780.00
Frederick W. Storm, commissioner 150.00
John C. Bennett, Commissioner 100.00
Harold G. Reed, Commissioner 100.00
Insurance 163.82
Materials and supplies 755.07
Rent, office 180.00
Rent, shop 120.00
Social Security tax 159.70
Withholding tax 273.05
Principal on bonds 9,000.00
Interest on bonds 2,622.50
Cash in Bristol Savings Bank Dec. 31, 1957 8,342.63
Cash on hand Dec. 31, 1957 7,939.57
$39,820.05
MARY B. WELLS, Treasurer
Amounts to be paid on notes and interest in 1958:
April 1, $4,510; May 1, $5,750;
Oct. 1, $470; Nov. 1, $687.50
Auditors’ Certificate
We have this day, Feb. 5, 1958, examined the accounts of the Bristol Water Works and find them correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.
FREDERICK J. MORGAN
BOWDOIN PLUMER
Auditors
BALANCE SHEET
January 1, 1958
ASSETS:
| Item | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cash on hand | $7,939.57 |
| Cash deposited in Bristol Savings Bank | 8,342.63 |
| Accounts receivable | 602.44 |
| Materials and supplies | 3,114.62 |
| Prepaid insurance | 13.34 |
| Plant and equipment | 212,464.33 |
| **Total** | **$232,476.93** |
LIABILITIES:
| Item | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------|------------|
| Reserve for depreciation | $48,960.17 |
| Accounts payable (Withholding tax) | 39.25 |
| Funded debt | 111,000.00 |
| Accrued interest | 505.00 |
| Unamortized premium on bond | 1,235.09 |
| Capital surplus | 17,595.08 |
| Earned surplus | 53,142.34 |
| **Total** | **$232,476.93** |
FREDERICK W. STORM, JR.
HAROLD G. REED
JOHN C. BENNETT, JR.
Commissioners
KELLEY PARK COMMISSION
Receipts
1/ 1/57 Balance from last year $12.43
1/31/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 100.00
5/27/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 100.00
6/10/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 200.00
7/30/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 75.00
9/20/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 100.00
12/ 9/57 Trustee of Trust Funds 75.00
$662.43
Disbursements
Lewis F. Renick, work on Preble house $27.50
Bristol Water Works, Preble house 10.06
Philip Eastman, Jr., labor 45.00
Bristol Water Works, Preble house 10.72
Cardigan Sport Store, bases 17.95
Greenlands Corp., mower repair 33.80
Lakes Region Spray Service 20.00
Greenwood Plumbing Co., work at Preble house 26.23
Bristol Plumbing & Heating, fountain 9.33
Philip Eastman, labor 11.25
Arthur Woods, labor 2.50
Cardigan Sport Store, Swing seats and Home plate 32.45
City Service, patching tires 2.00
Alan Cutler, labor 15.00
Alan Cutler, labor 9.00
Alan Cutler, labor 12.00
Charlie Greenwood, labor 15.00
Bristol Water Works, Preble house 10.80
Bristol Water Works, fountain 10.00
Check book 3.00
Sheldon Bentley, gas for mower .57
| Description | Amount |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Prescott Lumber Co., repairing Grandstand screen | 16.63 |
| George Tucker, wiring | 43.83 |
| Merton L. Calley, rubbish removal | 21.00 |
| A. E. Esty Machine & Tool Co., mower repairs | 1.00 |
| Arthur Woods, mowing park | 6.50 |
| Public Service Co., park house | 6.92 |
| Cavis Bros., wire for tennis court | 14.80 |
| Prescott Lumber Co., repairs on Grandstand | 16.39 |
| Linwood Hill, labor | 17.00 |
| Linwood Hill, labor | 21.00 |
| Public Service Co., park house | 11.25 |
| Prescott Lumber Co., lumber for grandstand | 17.72 |
| Bristol Water Works, Preble house | 11.65 |
| Bristol Water Works, Park fountain | 7.00 |
| Richard Tapply, Supt. services | 25.00 |
| Merton Calley, rubbish removal | 3.00 |
| Cavis Bros., wire for tennis court | 14.80 |
| Public Service Co. | 1.68 |
| Public Service Co. | 4.30 |
| Morris S. Gray, Treasurer | 10.00 |
$595.63
Balance in First Nat'l Bank Dec. 31, 1957 66.80
$662.43
MORRIS S. GRAY, Treasurer
Auditors' Certificate
We have this day, Jan. 30, 1958, examined the accounts of Morris S. Gray, Treasurer of the Kelley Park Commission and find them correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.
FREDERICK J. MORGAN
BOWDOIN PLUMER
Auditors
AUDITORS' CERTIFICATE
We have examined the books of the Selectmen, Clerk, Treasurer, Tax Collector, Trustees of Trust Funds, Road Agent, Kelley Park Commissioners, and Water Works of the Town of Bristol and find them correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.
FREDERICK J. MORGAN
BOWDOIN PLUMER
Auditors
BRISTOL COMMUNITY CENTER
Financial Statement January 1957 - January 1958
Receipts:
Balance on hand 1/1/57 $778.22
Town Appropriation $4,200.00
Contributions 2,430.53
Sponsored Events 1,784.67
Other Sources:
Use of C.C. $494.25
Kitchen Fund 297.21
Rope Skippers 59.43
Camping Fund 59.87
Misc. Fund 14.24
Coke Machine 53.09
$878.09
Earned discounts 51.36
$9,393.29
Total Receipts $10,222.87
Disbursements:
Bristol C. C. Memorial fund $1,083.00
Directors Salary, Bentley $4,000.00
Balance due Directors
Salary, Tapply 134.53
Maintenance Salary C. C. 28.00
Petty Cash 70.00
Fuel 1,224.80
Public Service 604.05
Water 47.91
Phone 137.83
Bank deduction/ck. ret. 6.50
Insurance 259.50
Equipment C.C. Bldg. 158.37
| Description | Amount |
|-----------------------------------|---------|
| Repairs C.C. Bldg. | 178.75 |
| Repairs C.C. Equipment | 95.09 |
| Janitors supplies | 48.74 |
| Rubbish Removal | 60.00 |
| Office Supplies | 29.94 |
| Special events | 334.67 |
| Membership-conf. & Books | 91.44 |
| Transportation | 19.20 |
| Prizes and awards | 1.00 |
| | 7,530.32|
| Playground salary $448.75 | |
| Playground equip. 132.53 | |
| | 581.28 |
| Total Disbursements | $9,194.60|
| Balance on hand December 31, 1957 | $1,028.27|
FREDERICK J. MORGAN, Treasurer
MINOT-SLEEPER LIBRARY
Report of Trustees
The usual activities of Minot-Sleeper Library have been carried on this past year.
In November, Mr. and Mrs. Lovejoy, Mr. Dole, Miss Mary A. Rogers, and Miss Nellie E. Ferrin attended a Neighborhood Meeting at Gordon-Nash Library in New Hampton.
Miss Rogers, librarian, reports: Circulation: adult fiction 8,507, non-fiction 1,736; juvenile fiction 2,919, non-fiction 894; total 14,056. Books purchased 78; gift books 43. Received: Fines $61, "History of Bristol" sold $30, total $91.
A bequest of $500 from the estate of Charles P. Dickinson, late of Orford and a former resident of Bristol, has been received.
The Minnie Maria Day-Jackman fund supplies the reading room with these periodicals: American Heritage, Atlantic Monthly, American Girl, Animals, Better Homes & Gardens, Boys' Life, Coronet, Cosmopolitan, Field & Stream, Good Housekeeping, Harpers, Holiday, Horticulture, Jack & Jill, Ladies' Home Journal, Life, Nation's Business, National Geographic (2 copies), Nature, New Hampshire Profiles, Newsweek, Parents Magazine, Popular Hobbies, Popular Science, Reader's Digest (2 copies), Redbook, Saturday Evening Post, Scientific American, Science Digest, Sports, Time, Together, True Stories, U. S. News & World Report, Yankee, and the Bristol Enterprise.
At the annual meeting of the Trustees the needed extension to the library was discussed. It is hoped that a model of the proposed extension will be available for display to stimulate the interest of the townspeople in the project.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN O. LOVEJOY, Chairman
HARRIET I. GILMAN, Secretary
FRED W. STORM, Treasurer
JOHN W. DOLE
HAROLD J. FOLLANSBEE
NELL G. LAMSON
HELEN D. LIDSTONE
MYRA P. CAVIS
RODNEY T. ALLARD
Trustees
Treasurer's Report — Calendar Year of 1957
Funds in the First National Bank of Bristol
Book Fund:
Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1957 $43.97
Received from Minot Fund 82.50
Received from Chase Fund 175.00
Transferred from Bristol Savings Bank (Lindsey Fund) 100.00
401.47
Less expenditures for books 309.97
Balance on hand Dec. 31, 1957 $91.50
Jackman Fund:
Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1957 188.51
Received from Town of Bristol 123.27
311.78
Less reading room expenses 204.20
Balance on hand Dec. 31, 1957 107.58
General Fund:
Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1957 131.78
Received from Librarian, Fines 58.00
Received from Town of Bristol (Minot Sleeper Fund) 225.00
Received from Harriet Gilman (Purchase of books) 14.00
428.78
Less general expenses 163.46
Balance on hand Dec. 31, 1957 265.32
Total Balance on Hand Dec. 31, 1957 $464.40
Combined balance Dec. 31, 1957
Undeposited checks, Town of Bristol $348.27
Balance in First Nat. Bank 116.13
$464.40
TRUST FUNDS
Invested in Bonds
Francis Minot Fund:
U. S. Savings Bonds, Series G $3,300.00
Chase Fund:
U. S. Savings Bonds, Series G 7,000.00
Austin H. Roby Fund:
U. S. Savings Bonds, Series F 2,590.00
$12,890.00
Accrued interest on Series F Bond 840.00
Total $13,730.00
Trust Funds in Bristol Savings Bank
Charles P. Dickinson Fund:
Principal of Fund $500.00
Accumulated income 0.00
$500.00
Sarah J. Tenney Fund:
Principal of fund 1,096.53
Accumulated income of prior years 934.03
Interest credited July 1, 1957 60.90
2,091.46
Mabel N. Bickford Fund
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 300.00 |
| Accumulated income of prior years | 251.65 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 16.53 |
| **Total** | **568.18** |
Georgianna Tilton Fund:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 200.00 |
| Accumulated income prior years | 120.17 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 9.60 |
| **Total** | **329.77** |
Francis Minot Fund:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 1,700.00 |
| Accumulated income of prior years | 3,713.86 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 162.39 |
| **Total** | **5,576.25** |
Maude Gordon Roby Fund:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 500.43 |
| Accumulated income prior years | 210.48 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 21.30 |
| **Total** | **732.21** |
Chase Fund:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 6.36 |
| Accumulated income of prior years | 1,094.64 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 33.03 |
| **Total** | **1,134.03** |
Agnes Lindsey Fund:
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------|----------|
| Principal of Fund | 600.00 |
| Accumulated income prior years | 40.15 |
| Interest credited July 1, 1957 | 19.95 |
| Withdrawn, to Book Fund | 100.00 |
| **Total** | **560.10** |
Martha R. Conner Fund:
Principal of Fund 1,000.00
Accumulated income prior years 193.02
Interest credited July 1, 1957 35.79
1,228.81
Abbie & Isabel Proctor Fund:
Principal of Fund 500.00
Accumulated income prior years 71.13
Interest credited July 1, 1957 17.13
588.26
Surplus Income of Jackman Fund:
Unexpended income on deposit 1/1/57 386.15
Interest credited July 1, 1957 11.58
397.73
Total Savings Bank Deposits $13,706.80
Total amt. of prin. of trust funds $19,293.32
Total accumulated income of trust funds 8,143.48
Total invested funds Dec. 31, 1957 $27,436.80
Respectfully submitted,
FRED W. STORM, Treasurer
BRISTOL FIRE PRECINCT
Receipts — 1957
Balance on Hand, January 1, 1957 $398.53
Received from Selectmen of—
Bridgewater 17.00
Bristol 500.00
Bristol 600.00
Alexandria 10.00
Bristol 600.00
Alexandria 23.00
Bristol 700.00
Bridgewater 93.00
Bristol 9,350.00
Bristol 36.00
Alexandria 71.00
Received from Richard Ackerman.
Fire Extinguisher 35.22
Received for Fire Extinguisher Refill 1.00
$12,434.75
Disbursements — 1957
William B. Tucker, commissioner $50.00
Aston Bartlett, commissioner 50.00
Verne Mosher, commissioner 50.00
Louis Allard, clerk 50.00
John C. Ray, treasurer 50.00
Alfred Payne, chief engineer 155.00
Richard Ackerman, assistant engineer 25.00
Clarence Remick, assistant engineer 25.00
Herbert Tenney, assistant engineer 25.00
Ly'e Calley, assistant engineer 25.00
John Ramsey, assistant engineer 12.50
Alfred Payne, care of fire alarm 125.00
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Charles G. Powden, testing fire alarm | 25.00 |
| First National Bank, service charges | 5.43 |
| Public Service Co. of N. H., light bills | 235.45 |
| New England Tel. & Tel. Co., telephone bills | 322.07 |
| John C. Ray, auto insurance | 98.42 |
| John C. Ray, insurance for firemen | 218.75 |
| Insurance for Firemen, State Association | 104.00 |
| Bristol Water Works, water rent | 28.00 |
| Bristol Water Works, hydrant rental | 5,750.00|
| Director of Internal Revenue, tax on pool table | 20.00 |
| John C. Ray, treasurer's bond | 5.00 |
| L. Kenneth Tilton, services as auditor | 3.00 |
| Enterprise Press, printing in Town Report | 32.00 |
| Garage bills | 275.80 |
| Public Service Co. of N. H., supplies | 23.29 |
| Shoveling Hydrants | 13.75 |
| Expenses to Firemen's Convention | 20.00 |
| Louis E. Allard, postage | 3.34 |
| George W. Tucker, supplies | 71.61 |
| H. J. Follansbee, supplies | .36 |
| Corneau Fuel, plowing yard and fuel | 409.93 |
| Cavis Bros., supplies | .99 |
| Prescott Lumber Co., supplies | 2.50 |
| Rodney T. Allard, phone charge | 1.32 |
| Keezer Bros., supplies | 39.89 |
| N. H. Welding Supply Co., Inc., supplies | 44.97 |
| Express charges | 16.31 |
| State of New Hampshire, photostatic copy | 1.00 |
| Greenwood Plumbing Co., labor and materials | 64.15 |
| Boston Coupling Co., supplies | 85.90 |
| Seagrave Corporation, supplies | 39.85 |
| Graybar Electric Co., supplies | 54.11 |
| Henry Mallek, supplies | 23.85 |
| Harry J. Lovell Co., supplies | 485.10 |
| The Gamewell Co., supplies | 172.49 |
| Balch Bros. & West Co., Inc., supplies | 9.89 |
American LaFrance Corp., supplies 27.15
Gorham Fire Equipment Co., supplies 35.51
Clanton Martin, labor 49.66
Gene MacDougall, labor 4.24
Harold E. Brown, labor 17.84
Town of Bristol, N. H. 1,371.32
Services as Firemen:
William Tucker $23.00
Arlon Bartlett 19.00
Verne Mosher 19.00
Aired Payne 71.00
Lyle Calley 71.00
Richard Ackerman 84.00
John Ramsey 64.00
Clarence Remick 71.00
Herbert Tenney 71.00
H. Barney Adams 61.00
Rodney T. Allard 65.00
Kenneth Brown 66.00
Daniel H. Clark 66.00
Arthur Corneau 59.00
Richard Corneau 62.00
Verrold Currier 54.00
Harold Davis 62.00
Karl E. Dearborn 70.00
Murray S. Dolloff 58.00
George Gould 63.00
George Jaquis, Jr. 68.00
Clanton Martin 64.00
Lawrence McKinley, Jr. 38.34
Fred Morgan 66.00
Walter Plummer 74.00
George Preble 70.00
Raymond Stickney 19.67
$12,434.75
JOHN C. RAY, Treasurer
Bristol, N. H., December 31, 1957
Auditor's Certificate
This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of John C. Ray, Treasurer of the Bristol Fire Precinct for the year ending Dec. 31, 1957 and find the same correct.
L. KENNETH TILTON, Auditor
January 11, 1958
HEALTH REPORT
The following is a report of the activities carried on by the N. H. Department of Health, Bureau Public Health Nursing, for Bristol for the year 1957.
Salk Vaccine clinics for the protection against Poliomyelitis were held in February, May and December, 1957, with a total attendance of 548 from Bristol and Alexandria.
A series of Triple Toxoid Clinics (for protection against Diptheria, Tetanus and Whooping Cough) were held in March, April and May. The total attendance at these clinics was 254.
Bristol Children completing immunizations:
Salk Vaccine—Under 5 years, 84; 5 to 9 years, 90; 10 to 15 years, 82; 15 to 20 years, 43; Total, 299. Twelve teachers and school personnel completed 3 shots. About 60 other children have received one or two polio shots.
Triple Toxoid Immunizations—3rd Shots Booster Shots
| Age Group | 3rd Shots | Booster Shots |
|-----------------|-----------|---------------|
| Under 5 years | 21 | 38 |
| 5 to 9 years | 13 | 23 |
| Totals | 34 | 61 |
Smallpox Vaccinations—Under 5 years 32; 5 to 9 years, 2; Total 34.
Home visits have also been made in the town on preschool age children and assistance given as necessary.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Greenan, School Nurse, School Personnel, and members of the Woman's Club for excellent assistance given. My thanks also to the press for publicity given.
Respectfully submitted
LOIS W. BARTON, R. N.
Public Health Nurse
N. H. Department of Health
MUNICIPAL COURT
This report is presented to make more of our townspeople aware of the remarkable expansion in the work of Bristol Municipal Court during the last four years, a development which I did not anticipate when I agreed to become justice in September 1954. In 1954 there were only 27 cases brought into court, in 1955 the number increased to 36, in 1956 it jumped to 229 cases, and in 1957 the case load nearly doubled again – to 424 complaints entered.
Bristol’s location at the intersection of two heavily travelled state highways, and more pertinently the increasingly vigilant patrolling of our roads by state and local police, in the attempt to reduce the terrible accident and death toll in this state, have combined to make Bristol’s Municipal Court so active. 380 of the 424 cases entered in 1957 were motor vehicle violations, and 17 were fish and game offenses.
While the real aims of a municipal court are the speedy and impartial administration of justice, with the goal of improved respect for law and order, and the promotion of public and private safety, the Town has incidentally derived a considerable income from its share of the fines and forfeits, as shown on the summary below:
| Description | 1957 | 1956 |
|------------------------------------|----------|----------|
| Total fines, fees, and forfeits | | |
| received | $5,875.50| $3,287.50|
| Less State’s share | 3,452.40 | 1,899.00 |
| Town’s share | $2,423.10| $1,388.50|
| Less court expenses | 102.64 | 138.38 |
|---------------------|--------|--------|
| Balance turned over to Town | $2,320.46 | $1,250.12 |
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN W. DOLE
Justice
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT
OF BRISTOL IN THE TOWN OF BRISTOL
SCHOOL DIRECTORY
District Officers
George T. Ray Moderator
Ethel Morgan Clerk
Redney T. Allard Treasurer
Bowdoin Plumer Auditor
School Board
John C. Greenan, M. D. Term expires 1958
Henriette F. Dole Term expires 1958
William Barrett Term expires 1959
Samuel E. Worthen Term expires 1960
Vera L. MacDougall Term expires 1960
Superintendent of Schools
C. Maurice Gray
Attendance Officer
Charles G. Powden, Sr.
School Nurse
Minnie N. Davis, R. N.
To the Inhabitants of the School District in the Town of Bristol qualified to vote in District Affairs:
You are hereby notified to meet at the Town Hall in said District on the 6th day of March 1958, at eight o'clock in the afternoon, polls for balloting to be open from 8 o'clock to 9 o'clock or thereafter, to act upon the following subjects:
1. To determine and appoint the salaries of the school Board and Truant Officer, and fix the compensation of any other officers or agent of the district.
2. To hear the reports of Agents, Auditors and Committees in relation to any subject embraced in this warrant.
3. To choose Agents, Auditors and Committees in relation to any subject embraced in this warrant.
4. To see what sum of money the district will raise and appropriate for the support of schools, for the salaries of school district officials and agents, and for the payment of statutory obligations of the district, and to authorize the application against said appropriation of such sums as are estimated to be received from the state foundation aid fund together with other income; the school board to certify to the selectmen the balance between the estimated revenue and the appropriation, which balance is to be raised by taxes by the town.
5. To see if the school district will vote to raise and appropriate $1,000.00 for the support of its elementary physical education program as conducted by the Bristol Community Center under a qualified physical education instructor.
6. To see what sum the school district will vote to raise and appropriate for the purchase of the lot now owned by Mrs. Bessie H. Locke adjoining the site of the white building.
7. To see if the school district will adopt as its school check-list the Town check-list, as provided in RSA 197:12a, as inserted by Laws of 1957, chapter 57; this provision to be effective for the 1959 and subsequent annual district meetings.
8. To choose by non-partisan ballot all officers whose election by ballot is required by law.
9. To transact any other business that may legally come before said meeting.
Given under our hands at said Bristol this 12th day of February, 1958.
John C. Greenan
Henriette F. Dole
William A. Barrett
Vera L. MacDougall
Samuel E. Worthen
School Board
School Calendar 1958-59
Open Sept. 8 Close Dec. 19
Open Jan. 5 Close Feb. 20
Open March 2 Close April 24
Open May 4 Close June 16
Days out: Nov. 27, 28 (close 12:30 Nov. 26); Teachers' Convention October 16, 17; Spring Institute one day in April.
Total number of days required by State Board is 180 including three for institutes and conventions and up to five for workshops.
Pupils must enter the first grade if six by Sept. 30 and may enter if six by Jan. 1.
Vaccination is required by state law unless child has written excuse from doctor.
TEACHERS' SALARIES 1957-58
High School
Albert D. Genetti, Principal, Mathematics $5,200.00
Hollis L. Emery, Vice Principal, Basketball Coach, Jr.
Business Training, Social Studies, Phys. Ed.
Jr. High 4,300.00
Mrs. Ruth B. Wells, Dramatics Coach, English, Contemporary Problems 4,025.00
Lee D. McCoy, Jr., Science, Mathematics (to Jan. 24) 2,044.44
Richard J. Sederstrom, Science, Mathematics (from Jan. 23) 2,000.00
Richard E. Thompson, Shop, General Science 3,700.00
Mrs. Ruth Noseworthy, Advisor School Publications, French, English 3,600.00
Donald Day, Coach Girls' Basketball, Baseball, Social Studies 3,540.00
Mrs. Mary Ruell, Coach Cheerleading, Commercial 3,820.00
Mrs. Sadie Jacques, Home Economics, English 3,450.00
**Elementary**
David Armstrong, Principal, Grade 6 4,200.00
Mrs. Lucy M. Baker, Grade 7 3,700.00
Mrs. Ruth Turnbull, Grade 2 3,690.00
Mrs. Marjorie Armstrong, Grade 1 3,600.00
Mrs. Caro C. Jones, Grade 4 3,550.00
Mrs. Marion Mosher, Grade 5 3,550.00
Mrs. Marguerite Hughes, Grade 3 3,450.00
Mrs. Grace Colby, Grade 3 3,200.00
**Special Teachers**
Raymond F. Laudieu, Music — Elementary and High School 3,000.00
Rinehart Handwriting System — Elementary 500.00
---
**FINANCIAL REPORT**
For the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1957
**Treasurer's Report**
**Summary:**
Cash on hand July 1, 1956 $ 487.04
**Received from:**
Selectmen, current appropriation 39,223.60
State Treasurer, State Funds 2,320.69
State Treasurer, School Lunch Funds 1,138.56
Tuitons 31,216.67
All Other Sources 362.45
Total Receipts 124,262.17
Total Amount Available for Fiscal Year 124,749.21
Less School Board Orders Paid 119,764.20
Balance on Hand June 30, 1957 $ 4,985.01
RODNEY T. ALLARD, Treasurer
Auditor's Certificate
This is to certify that I have examined the books, vouchers, bank statements and other financial records of the treasurer of the school district of Bristol of which the above is a true summary for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1957 and find them correct in all respects.
BOWDOIN PLUMER, Auditor
SCHOOL BOARD'S REPORT
Receipts from:
Selectmen, current appropriation $ 89,223.80
National school lunch 1,138.56
State funds 2,320.69
Elementary school tuitions 7,702.74
High school tuitions 23,513.93
State treasurer, refund on per capita tax 120.69
All other sources 241.76
Total receipts $ 124,262.17
Cash on hand at beginning of year 487.04
Grand total $ 124,749.21
## Detailed Statement of Payments
### Salaries of District Officers:
| Officer | Amount |
|----------------------------------------------|---------|
| Rodney T. Allard, treasurer | $97.81 |
| Charles G. Powden, truant officer | 34.21 |
| Bowdoin Plumer, auditor | 14.66 |
| Class of 1958, census | 18.00 |
| Treasurer, State of N. H., social security | 3.32 |
**Total:** $168.00
### Superintendent's Salary:
- Supervisory Union No. 4: $1,606.50
### Tax for State Wide Supervision:
- Treasurer, State of New Hampshire: $518.00
### Salaries of Other Administrative Personnel:
- Supervisory Union No. 4, clerk's salary: $756.00
### Supplies and Expenses:
| Item | Amount |
|------------------------------------------------|---------|
| N. E. Tel. & Tel. Co. | $276.50 |
| Supervisory Union No. 4, nurse's and superintendent's travel, share of union expense | $963.50 |
| I. B. M. | 18.60 |
| School Law Review | 5.50 |
| Brown & Saltmarsh, Co. | 31.06 |
| H. J. Follansbee, Co. | 5.39 |
| J. L. Hammett Co. | 14.06 |
| Bostonia Press | 1.60 |
| Bristol Memorial H. S. Activities, film postage, envelopes, stationery, dues, express, etc. | $145.43 |
| State of Florida, book | .35 |
| Duro Test | 11.64 |
| National Education Association | 12.28 |
| First National Bank, service charge | 1.61 |
| Merchants National Bank, service charge | 15.00 |
| International Reading Association | 1.25 |
| Enterprise Press | 192.20 |
| C. M. Gray, expense hiring teachers | 23.01 |
A. H. Rice Co., Inc. 8.76
Nations Schools 4.00
N. H. School Boards Association, dues 10.00
American School Board Journal 4.00
Better Schools 1.00
International Council for Exceptional Children 4.00
N. H. School Development Council 2.06
David Armstrong. box rent, postage 4.40
$ 1,757.60
**Teachers' Salaries:**
High School 34,452.86
Elementary School 29,569.43
**Text Books:**
High School 671.38
Elementary School 453.14
**Scholars' Supplies**
High School 1,602.38
Elementary School 1,192.98
**Supplies and Other Expenses of Instruction; High School:**
St. Johnsbury Trucking Co., express 2.65
Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc. 12.14
Milton Bradley Co., supplies 8.16
Alger Sherman, tuning piano 17.50
Field Enterprises, Inc., book 1.50
Institute for Research, supplies 9.95
Cooperative Test Division, tests 13.19
J. L. Hammett Co., supplies and diplomas 57.16
University of N. H., testing 1.50
McGraw Hill Publishing Co., records 13.04
Americana Corporation, encyclopedias 92.25
Educators Progress Service, Index and Guide to free material 31.27
American Historical Co., books 58.50
American School and University, book 4.90
F. A. C. S. E. A. films 15.25
Scholastic Magazines, subscriptions 89.40
Ray F. Ladieu, music 79.91
A. E. Esty Machine & Tool, labor 6.00
American Council on Education 12.00
B. H. S. Activities 67.85
$ 594.12
Scholar's Supplies, Elementary:
N. H. Fish & Game Dept., films $ 2.00
J. L. Hammett Co., supplies and diplomas 51.68
University of N. H., films 21.50
Cardigan Sport Store, playground equipment 40.70
A. B. Rider Associates, books 37.76
G. & C. Merriam Co., books 44.16
Martin & Murray Co., books 121.40
Webster Publishing Co. 25.26
Educational Test Bureau, tests 1.00
N. E. School Development Council, book 1.06
Follett Publishing Co., books 8.00
American Education Publications, magazines 136.50
Alger Sherman, tuning pianos 24.00
Educational Department, book 4.95
Supervisory Union No. 4, tests 71.06
David Armstrong, film postage 10.39
Ideal Pictures, films 2.16
Ray F. Ladieu, music 7.36
A. J. Nystrom & Co., globe 31.60
World Book Co., book 3.58
Fred Tower Co., books 15.40
Christian Science Publishing Society, subscription 6.50
$ 668.02
Janitors' Salaries, High School:
George Preble $ 2,629.65
N. H. - Vt. Hospitalization Service 91.35
Social Security 48.75
Director of Internal Revenue 230.25
Sweeper 151.90
$ 3,151.90
Janitor's Salary, Elementary:
Charles Bucklin $ 2,459.18
N. H. - Vt. Hospitalization Service 68.40
Social Security 47.12
Director of Internal Revenue 325.30
Fuel and Heat, High School:
Charles A. Carr Co. 2,335.63
Fuel and Heat, Elementary:
Charles A. Carr Co. $ 1,106.99
Corneau Fuel 1,976.84
Water, Light and Janitors' Supplies, High School:
Public Service Co. of N. H. $ 1,629.26
Bristol Water Works 112.20
Duro Test Corporation 34.72
H. J. Follansbee 27.35
George W. Tucker 41.62
Jones Auto Co., Inc. 5.68
Rochester Germicide Co. 94.19
J. I. Holcomb Manufacturing Co., Inc. 261.90
West Disinfecting Co. 10.56
Hillyard Sales Co. 129.90
G. E. Supply Corp. 32.21
A. Lindall 5.12
White River Paper Co. 56.33
Milton Bradley Co. 24.80
Tropical Paint Co. 9.90
Water, Light and Janitors' Supplies, Elementary:
Public Service Co. of N. H. $ 517.25
Bristol Water Works 158.49
H. J. Follansbee Co. 43.33
George W. Tucker 9.87
J. I. Holcomb Mfg. Co., Inc. 39.75
West Disinfecting Co. 71.31
A. Lindall 3.57
White River Paper Co. 80.51
Allan Murray 43.76
Repairs and Replacements, High School:
Lakes Region Spray Service $ 6.80
Consolidated Paint and Varnish 154.40
Jones Auto Co., Inc. 2.39
Hillyard Sales Co. 281.90
C. L. Haskell, cleaning drapes 143.00
Paris Manufacturing Co., desks 145.71
Clearing tar from gym floor:
Donald Day 6.75
Roland Stickney 6.75
Hollis Emery 6.75
Richard Thompson 6.75
Albert Genetti 6.75
C. M. Gray 6.75
C. P. Stevens 11.26
Prescott Lumber Co. 15.92
Dick's Body Shop 2.00
Merton Calley 25.00
H. S. Kinsman, mimeograph 417.50
H. J. Follansbee Co. 13.60
A. H. Rice Co. 10.83
Corneau Fuel, mowing 15.00
George Tucker 9.39
Norman Pray 23.65
Steele Canvas Basket 12.03
B. H. S. Activities 11.09
H. A. Parker 15.56
Charles A. Carr Co. 15.00
I. B. M., repairs 7.10
Northern Heating & Plumbing Co. 338.24
Maher's Bookstore, repairs 191.74
$ 967.84
$ 1,909.61
Repairs and Replacements, Elementary:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| General Electric Supply Corp. | $262.84 |
| Lakes Region Spray Service | 9.60 |
| Frank Bergh | 376.25 |
| C. A. Dcophinett, repairing elementary roof | 188.00 |
| Dick's Body Shop | 4.00 |
| J. L. Hammett Co., desks | 495.00 |
| Merton Calley | 42.25 |
| Greenwood Plumbing Co. | 99.86 |
| H. P. Welch Co., express | 2.25 |
| H. J. Follansbee Co. | 4.60 |
| George W. Tucker | 70.08 |
| Electime Appliance Service | 54.06 |
$1,608.79
Health Supervision:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Supervisory Union No. 4, nurse's salary | $737.10 |
| C. B. Boyd, supplies | 11.96 |
$749.06
Transportation:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| J. Frank DesRoches | $2,006.00 |
| Raymond Mitchell | 1,700.00 |
| Pearle Morrill | 17.70 |
$3,723.70
Blue Cross:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| N. H. - Vt. Hospitalization Service (reimbursed by Supervisory Union) | 163.80 |
Tuition:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Alexandria School District, refund on tuition | $16.02 |
| Groton School District, refund of double payment | 320.00 |
$336.02
Special Activities and Special Funds:
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| J. Frank DesRoches, transportation to games | $553.88 |
B. H. S. Activities Fund, commencement expenses, music festival 197.85
Cardigan Sport Store 25.90
$ 782.63
Retirement:
Treasurer, State of N. H., Social Seculity $ 187.70
N. H. Teachers' Retirement System 4,086.88
Supervisory Union No. 4, Supt's. and Nurse's retirement 120.07
N. H. Dept. of Public Welfare 1.16
$ 4,395.81
Insurance, Treas. Bonds and Expenses:
John C. Ray $ 52.96
Warren A. Remick 710.03
$ 762.99
New Equipment:
General Science Service Co., microscopes $ 150.00
Blue Line Express 12.26
B. H. S. Activities Fund, express 7.63
Gledhill Bros., files, transfer cases 87.90
I. B. M. Corp., typewriter 295.00
Patterson Bros., shop tools 189.32
Brodhead Garrett, shop supplies & equip. 55.82
Aero Service Corp., relief map of U. S. 44.78
Concord Hardware 17.91
Paris Manufacturing Co. 38.00
$ 898.62
Principal of Debt:
First National Bank of Boston 11,000.00
Interest on Debt:
First National Bank of Boston 3,400.00
School Lunch:
School Lunch 1,107.82
Total Expenditures $ 119,764.20
Certificate
This is to certify that the information contained in this report was taken from official records and is complete and correct to the best of our knowledge and belief. The accounts are kept in accordance with Section 24 of Chapter 71 of the Revised Statutes Annotated, and upon forms prescribed by the State Tax Commission.
Vera L. MacDougall
Henriette F. Dole
William A. Barrett
John C. Greenan
Samuel E. Worthen
School Board
SCHOOL LUNCH REPORT
Receipts:
Cash on hand July 1, 1956 $67.59
Children's Lunches 3,888.70
Adult Lunches 66.40
State of N.H., reimb., lunches, milk 1,060.82
Elementary Students, milk 188.34
High School Students, milk 234.54
All other Sources 15.04
Total Receipts $5,521.43
Payments:
Food $3,723.84
Labor (adult) 1,343.43
Labor (student) 260.40
Equipment 4.71
Other 174.76
Total Payments $5,507.14
Balance on hand June 30, 1957 14.29
$5,521.43
Lunches Served:
Grades 1-6 6,118
Grades 7-12 7,242
Free lunches 1,000
Student help 622
Adults 166
Total 15,148
## GENERAL STATISTICS
### ENROLLMENT BY GRADES
| Grade | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Total |
|-------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-------|
| 1956-57 | 31 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 18 | 38 | 34 | 52 | 40 | 30 | 30 | 372 |
| Dec. 20, 1957-58 | 34 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 32 | 23 | 34 | 31 | 46 | 44 | 33 | 29 | 378 |
### ATTENDANCE TOTALS
| Grade | Av. Att. | Av. Abs. | Av. Member. | % Attend. |
|-------------|----------|----------|-------------|-----------|
| 1956-57 | | | | |
| Elementary | 200.8 | 11.2 | 212.0 | 94.7 |
| High School | 136.2 | 6.5 | 142.7 | 95.0 |
| Totals | 337.0 | 17.7 | 354.7 | 95.0 |
| Dec. 20 1957-58 | | | | |
| Elementary | 208.09 | 15.47 | 223.56 | 93 |
| High School | 146.3 | 8.9 | 155.2 | 94.3 |
| Totals | 354.39 | 24.37 | 378.76 | 93.56 |
### TUITION ESTIMATE
| District | High School @ $330 | Elementary @ $210 |
|--------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| Alexandria | *23 | 17 |
| Bridgewater | 5 | *9 |
| Danbury | 12 | |
| Grafton | *6 | 13 |
| Groton | 3 | |
| Hebron | *5 | |
| Hill | 6 | *3 |
| New Hampton | *22 | |
| Individuals: | | |
| David Armstrong | 1 | 210.00 |
| Leonard Simpson | 1 | 210.00 |
| *82 | $26,113.92 | *44 |
| | | $8,995.20 |
* Includes pupils for part of year.
| District | Nurse | Travel | Office | Clerk | Conv. | Supt. | Travel | Total |
|--------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|--------|---------|
| Alexandria | $108.81| $52.80 | $25.11 | $111.60| $3.38 | $927.15| $55.80 | $529.85 |
| Bridgewater | 162.31 | 85.73 | 51.69 | 107.39 | 8.47 | 1,696.50| 278.00 | 4,003.50|
| Bristol | 757.10 | 378.00 | 170.10 | 755.00 | 37.80 | 1,138.85| 280.90 | 3,019.69|
| Cabanann | 547.76 | 280.30 | 126.41 | 561.80 | 28.09 | 268.50 | 62.00 | 656.50 |
| Dabnury | 120.90 | 62.00 | 27.90 | 124.00 | 6.20 | 241.16 | 47.43 | 617.63 |
| Dalton | 112.03 | 57.45 | 25.85 | 114.30 | 5.75 | 241.16 | 27.25 | 292.92 |
| Groton | 53.13 | 27.25 | 12.26 | 64.50 | 2.72 | 115.81 | 45.60 | 440.20 |
| Hubbard | 88.92 | 45.60 | 20.52 | 91.20 | 4.56 | 126.80 | 45.60 | 399.44 |
| Orange | 18.04 | 9.25 | 4.16 | 18.50 | .93 | 29.21 | 9.25 | 99.44 |
| Totals | $1,950.00| $1,000.00| $450.00| $20.00| $100.00| $1,250.00| $1,000.00| $10,750.00|
State's share: $2,750.00
$7,000.00
## COMPARATIVE BUDGETS
| ITEM | Budget 1956-57 | Expend. 1956-57 | Budget 1957-58 | Est. Bdgt. 1958-59 |
|-------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------|----------------|-------------------|
| **Administration** | | | | |
| Salaries of district officers | $168.00 | $168.00 | $168.00 | $168.00 |
| Supt.'s salary (local share) | 1,606.50 | 1,606.50 | 1,603.74 | 1,437.92 |
| Tax, state wide supervision | 518.00 | 518.00 | 528.00 | 518.00 |
| Salaries, admin. personnel | 756.00 | 756.00 | 792.44 | 889.24 |
| Supplies and expenses | 1,725.00 | 1,757.60 | 1,900.00 | 1,950.00 |
| **Instruction:** | | | | |
| Teachers' salaries | 63,975.00 | 64,022.29 | 67,435.00 | 78,425.00 |
| Books and other aids | 1,200.00 | 1,124.52 | 1,400.00 | 1,600.00 |
| Scholars' supplies | 2,800.00 | 2,795.38 | 2,800.00 | 2,800.00 |
| Supplies & other expenses | 1,200.00 | 1,262.14 | 1,200.00 | 1,200.00 |
| **Operation of School Plant:** | | | | |
| Salary of janitor | 6,300.00 | 6,051.90 | 6,500.00 | 6,700.00 |
| Fuel or heat | 4,400.00 | 5,419.46 | 5,200.00 | 5,200.00 |
| Water, light, sup. & exp. | 3,500.00 | 3,443.58 | 3,800.00 | 3,800.00 |
| **Maintenance of School Plant:** | | | | |
| Repairs & replacements | 2,500.00 | 3,518.40 | 3,000.00 | 3,000.00 |
| **Auxiliary Activities:** | | | | |
| Health supervision | 699.30 | 749.06 | 749.98 | 756.80 |
| Transportation of pupils | 3,806.00 | 3,723.70 | 4,160.00 | 4,160.00 |
| Tuition, high school (refund) | 336.02 | | | |
| Spec. activities & funds | 950.00 | 946.43 | 950.00 | 950.00 |
| School lunch | 1,107.82 | 1,500.00 | 1,500.00 | 1,500.00 |
| **Fixed Charges:** | | | | |
| Retirement | 4,550.00 | 4,395.81 | 5,020.00 | 5,300.00 |
| Ins., treas. bonds & exp. | 940.00 | 762.99 | 940.00 | 1,400.00 |
| **Contingency Fund** | | | 1,000.00 | 1,000.00 |
| **Capital Outlay:** | | | | |
| Additions and improvements | | | 800.00 | |
| New equipment | 750.00 | 898.62 | 1,200.00 | 1,600.00 |
| **Debt and Interest:** | | | | |
| Principal of debt | 11,000.00 | 11,000.00 | 11,000.00 | 11,000.00 |
| Interest on debt | 3,400.00 | 3,400.00 | 3,160.00 | 2,920.00 |
| **Total Expenditures** | $116,743.80 | $119,764.29 | $126,807.16 | $138,274.96 |
| School Board's Estimate |
|-------------------------|
| Estimated Balance | $2,000.00 |
| State Aid | 3,390.00 |
| State Aid (School lunch)| 1,500.00 |
| High School Tuition | 30,000.00 |
| Elementary Tuition | 10,650.00 |
| Total Other Than | |
| Property Taxes | $47,380.00 |
| District Assessment | 90,914.96 |
| Total Appropriation | $138,274.96|
SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT
It is hoped that this report may be made brief and to the point. On the other hand there is much in "ferment" in the field of education and this is the one means, once a year, of reaching the people of Bristol.
One function of a superintendent, in my opinion, is to provide ideas and processes whereby the education of the individual child becomes better. It is a poor superintendent who can not come up with enough ideas in 15 minutes to increase a budget 50%! The job of the school board, and through them, the district, is to "pick and choose" actual things, if any, to be done. We will attempt to show how this actually works in Bristol, what it implies, and possible solutions.
Early in the year a team from the state board spent the better part of a day here making an inspection of the high school in relation to the new minimum standards. The report consists of items required to meet the standards, and those recommended. The addition of an activity in the audio-visual arts will meet the minimums. This will not be too difficult to do. In the recommended category were several items: 1) adding two new members to the staff to permit a physical education program, and a guidance service; 2) expanded library facilities; 3) increased amounts of money for biology equipment, charts, models, etc. Obviously the first one requires a large expenditure of money. The last two are largely a matter of relatively small increases of funds programmed over a few years, plus freeing time of some teacher to give wise planning and expenditures of library money since there otherwise might be no limit to money spent on relatively useless material.
This committee did not consider elementary education, nor is it their function, but it is our function, and elementary education is the base for all secondary programs. In this field we have needs here, as others have elsewhere. A secondary school of 250 pupils now requires one full-time non-teaching principal. An elementary school of the same number should have a part time teaching principal if not actually the same as the high school. We need, in Bristol, to free the principal of some of his teaching load in order that he may do more testing of individual pupils and make the necessary home visits, to observe and consult with the elementary teachers, to co-ordinate teacher skills and activities in curriculum study and practises, and to be free to provide leadership which in itself requires time to think, time free from all other distractions. Elementary pupils need physical education, art, and related activities as much as high school pupils. We are locally, as is nationwide, having more slow learning pupils in our schools who require special teaching skills, great amounts of time, and whose achievements will never be average. These pupils should have special classes and teachers, and it should not be forgotten that by so doing we are at the same time allowing the regular teacher more time to work with the average and superior pupil.
The question now becomes which of the above problems, and there are others, will we attempt to solve? These are the decisions the school board must make in order to make a budget and to secure your approval. It is not easy to assign priorities to such problems when large amounts of money are involved. At this moment the school board has shown its independence of thinking and has made two big decisions: 1) to increase teachers' salaries to maintain a very capable staff and to improve it when opportunities exist; 2) to hire an extra teacher for the high school to be assigned solely, if possible, to
the scientific field. The first of these must be done for it is ever increasingly difficult to replace competent teachers; it is seldom done at the same or lower salary level. The second of these decisions seems more important than any of the suggestions recommended in the state report. In the light of national affairs this must be considered Bristol's contribution, and not a small one, to the drive to secure more and better candidates for college scientific programs. If this teacher can be hired it may well be that some progress may be made in guidance and in library direction. The exactness and detail cannot be stated until all personnel is hired, assigned duties, and actual time scheduled.
Obviously most of the problems previously mentioned will remain problems with no great amounts of time or money being given towards various solutions. This raises the question in my mind about which too little is ever said or written, and I give it to you only as my own. I have lived long enough to see the schools severely, and at times unreasonably, criticized for about everything relating to human behavior and learning. Immediately following such criticisms those being most vocal make an about face and demand that schools furnish the remedy! The lack of scientific brains is the problem of the moment. Sooner or later, if facts justify the criticisms in whole or in part, schools work towards better solutions. This has resulted in home-making courses, industrial arts course, driver education courses, physical education programs, personal guidance in school and personal affairs, in "remedial reading", in teaching the slow learner, in various recreational hobbies, etc. We have no quarrels with this but have an observation or two to make. Although there remains much to learn in the field of human behavior, educators do know enough to do much with all the above questions and many more. One does not need to be a genius to hire a physical education expert and put him to work, or to provide at cost (or less) one third of a child's basic food requirements for a day. The primary thing educators need is money to put into production many proven ideas. We can educate in public schools the educable child, we can train the trainable, and we can stretch the minds of the gifted, provided we are supplied with the basic commodity needed to do the job, good American dollars. Now, in the light of all of the above, I submit that we in Bristol are not going to be able to supply all the dollars necessary; neither is any other district depending on the property owner for 80%, or more, of its educational dollar. If the need of scientists is a national problem there must be national support towards its solution; if training the feebleminded is a state problem the state has greater obligations to fulfill than it has yet don't. Good education is not cheap. The best is none too good for the citizens of the United States. Our national income has reached new peaks never dreamed of in "New Deal Days" and yet we spend a smaller percentage for education today than we did in 1940.
The decisions of the Bristol School Board have not been easy to make; they may be more difficult tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow. We have many unsolved problems in Bristol, and in the nation, but we have few, if any, that the wise expenditure of money either for meeting the problems at hand, or for research, will not solve. What price survival?
Respectfully submitted,
C. MAURICE GRAY
Superintendent
## MARRIAGES REGISTERED FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1957
| Date and Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of Groom & Bride | Occupation of Residence Age Groom & Bride | Place of Birth of Each | Name of Parents | Name, Residence and Official Station of Person By Whom Married |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Jan. 5 1957 | Wilfred Burkush | Manchester 30 Assemblee | New Hampshire | Assad Burkush | Rev Lucien Malouf Roman Catholic Priest Manchester NH |
| | Manchester Phyllis A Hopkins | Bristol 31 Supervisor | Vermont | William Flavin | Eugene Daniel Justice of the Peace Franklin NH |
| Feb. 22 1957 | Richard Flavin | Framingham Mass 24 Student | Nova Scotia | Robina M Duskin | Gordon Loamer Roman Catholic Priest Franklin NH |
| | Franklin Marie Loamer | Framingham Mass 24 Secretary | Bristol | Gordon Loamer | Rev Ernest Webster Minister Camaray NH |
| Apr. 4 1957 | Amos J Avery | Campton 50 Overseer | New Hampshire | Grace G Tobyne | Freeman G Selahshan Roman Catholic Priest Camaray NH |
| | Canaan Vera M Hazelthine | Bristol 50 Housekeeper | New Hampshire | Hattie M Adams | George N Clark Roman Catholic Priest Camaray NH |
| Mar. 30 1957 | George McCuller | Bedford Mass 40 USAF | Charlestown Mass | Mary E Clark | Rev Louis C Tropman Clergyman Bristol NH |
| | Bristol Jessie MacEwen | Marblehead Mass 25 At home | Brookline Mass | Henry C MacEwen| Ann MacKenzie Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| Apr. 27 1957 | Wilfred B McDermott | Lynn Mass 68 Retired | Quebec | Donald McDermott| Rev Gilles Shuard Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| | Bristol Laura L Bourgeois | Lynn Mass 66 Retired | Canada | Marie Lorrain | Rev Gilles Shuard Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| May 4 1957 | Richard F Quint | Bristol 20 USAF | Franklin | Silas E Quint | Margarette Leamire Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| | Bristol Kira J Perris | New Hampton 19 At Home | Englewood NJ | Dimitri Perris | Rev A B Thompson Methodist Minister Bristol NH |
| May 4 1957 | Roseoe M Tewkesbury | Bristol 32 Set-up Man | Clifton Park Tewksbury| Lydia Bailey | Wallace Rice Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| | Bristol Elizabeth A Rice | Bristol 21 At home | Bristol | Blanchie Gage | Rev Francis J O'Connor Roman Catholic Priest Dover NH |
| June 15 1957 | Charles E Greenwood | Bristol 24 Teacher | New Hampshire | Russell A Albert| Elizabeth J Stewart Roman Catholic Priest Dover NH |
| | Dover Elizabeth J Albert | Barrington 21 Student | Massachusetts | F Nell Dolloff | F Nell Dolloff Roman Catholic Priest Dover NH |
| Date | Name | Occupation | Location | Name | Occupation | Location |
|------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------|
| July 21 | Murray S Dalloff | Bristol 24 Gear Cutting | Bristol | Sadie Stephens | Bristol 18 Mechanic | Bristol NH |
| | | Bristol 29 Book Keeper | Franklin | Ruth Davis | Franklin 18 Mechanic | Bristol NH |
| Aug. 3 | Walter J Corbell | Groton 26 Machinist | New Hampshire | Joseph H Corbell | Lincoln 18 Priest | Lincoln NH |
| | | Bristol 22 Secretary | New Hampshire | Roseana Cassidy | Lincoln 18 Priest | Lincoln NH |
| | Arlene R Huckins | | | Mabel C P Huckins | Lincoln 18 Priest | Lincoln NH |
| Aug. 10 | George W Wood | Mansfield Mass 66 Accountant| New York | George R Wood | Bristol 18 Priest | Bristol NH |
| | Harriet A Lueks | Mansfield Mass 64 Housewife | Hebron | Fredrick J Draper | Clergyman | Hebron NH |
| Sept. 7 | Larry E Stickney | Bristol 21 Surveyor | Syracuse NY | Ira S Stickney and Myron | Clergyman | Syracuse NY |
| | Lois J Roeps | Concord 21 Dental Assistant | Concord | Laura E Elliott | Clergyman | Concord NH |
| | | Granby Conn 68 Enroller | Fall River Mass | Raymond S Rogers | Clergyman | Concord NH |
| Sept. 14 | Henry N Lussier | New York NY 69 Reg Nurses | Canada | Flora L Rogers | Clergyman | Concord NH |
| | Alice C McGlynn | | | Charles L Lussier | Clergyman | Concord NH |
| | | | | William Chaisson | Clergyman | Concord NH |
| | Robert A McLaughlin | Bristol 24 Leather Cutter | Bristol | Adeladde McLaughlin | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | Dorothy E Smith | Canaan 29 Cutter | Canaan | James McLaughlin Quint | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | | | | Margaret E Smith | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| Nov. 23 | Leslie C Foltz | Washington DC | Washington DC | Agnes E Foltz | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | Carolyn Toppan | Bristol 18 At home | Farmington Me | Leslie F Foltz | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| Nov. 5 | Charles E Cliley | Franklin 21 Press Operator | New Hampshire | Edith L Wood | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | Marjorie E Avery | Bristol 19 Finisher | Vermont | Charles E Cliley | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | Gareth S Gibbrie | Bristol 25 Truck Driver | Bristol | Marjorie E Avery | Clergyman | Bristol NH |
| | Shirley J Fligs | Plymouth 20 Tel Operator | Plymouth | Gareth S Gibbrie | Clergyman | Plymouth NH |
| Nov. 18 | Rooke C Morrison | Bristol 18 Farmer | New Hampshire | Shirley J Fligs | Clergyman | Plymouth NH |
| | | | | Melvin A Hicks | Clergyman | Plymouth NH |
| Date and Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of Groom and Bride | Occupation of Residence Age | Place of Birth of Groom & Bride | Name of Parents of Each | Name, Residence and Official Station of Person By Whom Married |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Nov. 30 Bristol | Donald O Rhude | Bristol 20 Tree Climbing | Nova Scotia | Percy O Rhude | Rev Ethel L Matthews Baptist Minister Bristol NH |
| | Bristol Alice M Burke | Bristol 19 Factory Worker | Concord | Paul F Burke | |
| Dec. 14 Bristol | Guy E Sherman | Bristol 25 Truck Driver | Duxbury Vt | Leonard H Sherman | Rev A B Thompson Methodist Minister Bristol NH |
| | Bristol June M Naton | Boscawen 29 Stitcher | Bristol | Merrill N Nantonworth | |
| Dec. 26 Danbury | Maurice S Plankey | Bristol 21 Student | Danbury | Charles M Plankey | Rev George T Duke Minister Dunbarton NH |
| Danburton | Anne Bailey | Concord 21 Reg Nurse | Columbus O | Thomas D Bailey | |
| Dec. 28 Alexandria | Everett C Bucklin | Alexandria 19 Farmer | Columbia O | Lois C Bucklin | Rev Gilkes Simard Roman Catholic Priest Bristol NH |
| Bristol | Judith A Kenney | Bristol 18 At home | Alexandria | Clara Flanders | |
| | | | | Richard Kenney | |
| | | | | Ruth Connor | |
## DEATHS REGISTERED FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1957
| Date and Place of Death | Name and Surname of the Deceased | Age Y M D | Place of Birth | Condition | Name of Father | Maiden Name or Mother |
|-------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------|---------------|-----------|---------------|-----------------------|
| Jan. 10 1957 | Harriet B Fordham | 81 | Concord | Widowed | Gustavus Bartlett | Susan F Sargent |
| Jan. 24 1957 | Arthur E Palmer | 76 | Sutton | Married | Ralph W Palmer | Henrietta Amis |
| Jan. 24 1957 | Hedwig S Erickson | 69 | Sweden | Married | Simon Anderson | Lucia Danher |
| Mar. 8 1957 | Dana G Jewell | 70 | Groton | Married | John Jewell | Unknown |
| Mar. 3 1957 | Charles W Gale | 82 | Mass | Single | Charles Gale | Aroline Lincoln |
| Mar. 18 1957 | Sarah E Smith | 84 | Mass | Married | Daniel Smith | Gladyce Collins |
| Mar. 18 1957 | Charles F Place | 66 | Charlestown | Married | Eugene Place | Lizzie Collins |
| Mar. 15 1957 | Mava R Stickney | 36 | Wentworth | Married | Frank Robinson | Charles A Smith |
| Apr. 13 1957 | Rena E Darling | 91 | Somerville | Widowed | Charles A Smith | Sarah Bobby |
| Apr. 20 1957 | William J Perry | 43 | England | Married | Albert Lyallston | Wyona Lunt |
| May 7 1957 | Cleo M Williams | 8 | Cambridge | Married | John G Matthews | May McClung |
| May 13 1957 | Violet M Gallaghin | 55 | Bristol | Married | Elmer Jenness | Nora Mcneil |
| May 18 1957 | Margaret M Gallaghin | 45 | Bristol | Married | Nellie Gallaghin | Ethel Mcneil |
| June 4 1957 | Bertha G Ackerman | 67 | Hamilton | Married | Henry Cardy | Lilla Mcneilson |
| June 7 1957 | John E Franklin | 83 | Fitchburg | Single | Harvey Stanbourn | Fannie Newcomb |
| June 8 1957 | Melissa M Sherburn | 91 | Groton | Married | John Parry | Margaret Morton |
| June 21 1957 | Nellie L Gould | 62 | St Johnsbury | Married | Joseph H Parry | Ellen Mcneil |
| June 23 1957 | Ernie E Hill | 76 | Vt | Separated | John Parry | Clara Robie |
| July 7 1957 | Ional A Dickason | 84 | Yorktown NY | Married | John E Andrus | Clara Dickason |
| July 9 1957 | Hamlin P Ackerman | 82 | Mass | Divorced | Fred A Bean | Lucy Chardwick |
| July 31 1957 | George E Jones | 55 | Charlottetown | Married | Stella A Hilliard | Lucy Chardwick |
| Sept. 7 1957 | Stephen H Hard | 70 | Hill | Widowed | Almazia Gray | Naomi Reach |
| Sept. 13 1957 | Earl D Fay | 56 | Nova Scotia | Married | —— Gove | —— Blood |
| Sept. 13 1957 | Odessa E Foltz | 92 | West Groton | Married | Charles W Gale | Jane Bradshaw |
| Oct. 13 1957 | Elizabeth A Dunbar | 76 | Boston | Married | Walter Allard | Rosella Townsend |
| Oct. 22 1957 | Helen M Dunbar | 72 | Danvers | Widowed | Walter Allard | Rosella Townsend |
| Nov. 1 1957 | Louis E Allard | 72 | Mass | Single | Walter Allard | Rosella Townsend |
| Nov. 1 1957 | Harry La Sleey | 86 | Bristol | Widowed | Walter Allard | Rosella Townsend |
| Nov. 1 1957 | Lizzie A Kerney | 81 | Woonsocket RI | Widowed | —— Gove | —— Blood |
| Nov. 8 1957 | Jennie M Hill | 79 | North Chester | Widowed | —— Gove | —— Blood |
| Nov. 16 1957 | William H Hill | 82 | Canaan | Widowed | John Turnbull | Rhoda J Beane |
| Nov. 20 1957 | Daniel N Turnball | 76 | Grafton | Married | Edwin Woodland | Harriet Clark |
| Nov. 21 1957 | Lucy Coontermull | 73 | Fremont | Widowed | Alexander McAllister | Tammula Brown |
| Nov. 22 1957 | Gladys A Woolman | 58 | Bristol | Widowed | —— Gove | —— Blood |
| Nov. 27 1957 | Jessie M Hill | 77 | Southbury | Widowed | Frederickton NH | —— Blood |
| Dec. 21 1957 | Ethel R Shephurine | 61 | East Rumney | Widowed | Edgar O Spaulding | —— Blood |
## BIRTHS REGISTERED FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1957
| Date and Place of Birth | Name of Child (If any) | Sex Cond. | Name of Father | Maiden Name of Mother | Residence of Parents | Birthplace of Father | Birthplace of Mother |
|-------------------------|------------------------|-----------|---------------|-----------------------|----------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| June 18, 1957 | Edward Charles | M L | Wm J Martin | Gloria J Downing | Bristol | Woodstock | New Hampshire |
| Plymouth | Susan Betty Ann | F L | John H Hewitt | Betty C Reiss | Franklin | New Hampshire | Vermont |
| Franklin | John Henry Jr | M L | John H Glines | Carol A Currier | Bristol | New Hampshire | New York |
| June 20, 1957 | Jack Carol | M L | Donald R Barnes | Marion E Barnes | Bristol | New Hampshire | New York |
| Laconia | William Thomas | M L | Stanley S Scott | Frances V Scott | Bristol | New York | New York |
| July 14, 1957 | William Clifton | M L | C Clifford Morrison | M Susanne Blythe | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| Franklin | Susan Marie | F L | John J Ramsey | Shirley M Plummer | Bristol | Counting Ct | New Hampshire |
| August 19, 1957 | Gail Kathleen | F L | Kath E Dearborn Jr | Jean M Wescoat | Bristol | Franklin | New Hampshire |
| Laconia | Suzanne Chris | F L | Glancey T Davies | Pauline M Davies | Bristol | Franklin | New Hampshire |
| August 15, 1957 | Michael Joseph | M L | John M Hill | Dorothy E Willette | Bristol | Plymouth | Bristol |
| Laconia | Terry Gene | M L | William G McGrath | Mary J Lovett | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| August 14, 1957 | Ronald Winston | M L | Laranice E McGrath | Amy J Seaver | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| Franklin | Russell Edward | M L | Norman A Tibbotts | M Nancy L White | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| July 28, 1957 | Marc Edgar | M L | John P Morrison | Nancy L White | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| Franklin | Deborah Ann | F L | John P Morrison | John J White | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| June 28, 1957 | John Pitts | M L | John P Morrison | John J White | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| Franklin | Frank | M L | Albert W Bevan | Edith P Bucklin | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| July 4, 1957 | Joel Lafe | M L | Alfred J Devriendt | Carolyn L Collins | Bristol | Whalpke Mills | Greenboro VT |
| Franklin | Judith Ann | F L | Kenneth D Daweji | Cecelia A Brown | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| Laconia | Kenneth Donald Jr | M L | Kenneth D Daweji | Cecelia A Brown | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| July 17, 1957 | Susan Mary | F L | Elizabeth McKinley | Virginia O'Reilly | Bristol | New Hampshire | Massachusetts |
| Franklin | Norman James | M L | Lawrence McKinley | Barbara L Clark | Bristol | New Hampshire | Massachusetts |
| July 25, 1957 | Wayne Edmund Jr | M L | Wayne E Gray | Rita M Martin | Bristol | Franklin | Bristol |
| Franklin | Joan Linda | F L | Joseph C Colcord | Edna S Graves | Bristol | Rhode Island | Massachusetts |
| August 25, 1957 | Glenn Alan | M L | Norman J Macbroom | Edna S Graves | Bristol | Rhode Island | Massachusetts |
| Plymouth | Tracey Lynn | F L | Lawrence McKinley | Raymond Perreault | Bristol | New Hampshire | New Hampshire |
| September 27, 1957 | Mark | M L | Lawrence McKinley | Isabelle F Lamou | Bristol | New Hampshire | Vermont |
| Franklin | Mirzit Stacey | M L | George C Akerman | Shirley R Brock | Bristol | Bristol | New Hampshire |
| October 11, 1957 | Kadih Ellen | F L | Allan H Littlefield | Isabelle F Lamou | Bristol | Bristol | New Hampshire |
| Franklin | Kitty Me | F L | Alpheus S Woodward | Juanita Rice | Bristol | Bristol | Hulton Kentucky |
| November 1, 1957 | Linda Ann | F L | Alpheus S Woodward | Juanita Rice | Bristol | Bristol | Hulton Kentucky |
I hereby certify that the above returns are correct, according to the best of my knowledge and belief.
MYRA K. EMMONS, Town Clerk.
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Plant-based eating for vibrant health
Brussels halts 5G rollout
Electric cars emit EMR
Big Pharma ‘bought’ Congress
Herbs for stress and sleep
Rheumatoid arthritis – is reversible
Happy people – their top traits
Fluoridation – fluorosis increasing
Recipes – Autumn Seminar lunch
Relax and detox in tranquil surroundings
Reconnect with nature
Enjoy delicious vegetarian food
Experience renewed vitality and weight loss
On offer are 8-day and 15-day programs which include a two-day juice fast, massages, facials and expert naturopathic consultations.
Co-owner, Barbara O’Neill, is a qualified naturopath and nutritionist.
Interesting, life changing talks can make your stay the start of a healthier, happier, and longer life.
You will emerge from this haven of peace feeling refreshed and renewed.
Misty Mountain Health Retreat
02 6567 2221
1800 Nulla Nulla Creek Rd, Bellbrook NSW 2440
Follow us on Facebook Misty Mountain Health Retreat
www.mmh.com.au
Client testimonials
“The warmth and camaraderie coming from the staff and spilling over to the guests is a great feature of Misty Mountain Health Retreat.”
– Helen Girschik
“I have visited Misty Mountain six times in the last six years. Every visit I learn something new and just love the staff. I know I am healthier, feel great and will live longer.”
– Sarah Innes
Plant-based eating – the way to go
A New Zealand natural medicine journal published a seemingly scientific article denouncing vegetarian and vegan diets because they “can easily ruin your body”. This was red rag to this bull and triggered a solid rebuttal by me, presenting irrefutable evidence that plant-based eating is superb for our bodies. See the leading article with back-up from Dr Michael Greger and Robyn Chuter.
For readers who are lucky enough to frequent the centre and inner suburbs of Sydney, totally plant-based take-away meals are available from Iku Wholefoods, a chain of nine eateries. We have sampled their meals, found them wonderful, and are very happy to promote Iku on page 5.
At the extreme other end of ethics, a major world bank has declared to investors that finding a cure for cancer and other nasty illnesses won’t yield the greatest return to investors, so don’t invest in efforts to find cures. They recommend that a disease with no cure is better for sustained cash flow. How could any human beings come up with this! – see page 7.
Another happening that will make many of us angry is the rolling out of 5G transmitters around the world to make electronic communications even faster. After identifying adverse health effects, Brussels in Belgium has banned the roll-out in that city. The heads of this super-profitable industry have admitted to the US Senate that they haven’t done any safety studies, and they don’t plan to. Such dangerous vested interest warrants an angry response (see page 18).
Still on electromagnetic radiation, it turns out that, unfortunately, electric cars can have substantial EMR problems for their occupants. We can’t win!
On a lighter note, we present the delightful news that among women dog owners, 55 percent sleep better with their dog in their bed! (page 8). And to be happy, we can read and put into practice Dr Mercola’s ‘Traits that happy people have in common’ (page 16).
And for a laugh, we throw in some dry – literally dry – humour from the Aussie drought-struck bush (page 27).
May you enjoy the information and entertainment in this issue.
Roger French,
Health Director
and Editor
About Natural Health Society
The Natural Health Society is Australia’s longest established organisation that is dedicated to informing people about issues that affect their health, happiness and quality of life.
Established in 1960, the Society is not-for-profit with no vested interests. Recognising that prevention is far better than cure, the Society’s objective is to explain how best to achieve genuine long-term health and wellbeing, using drug-free self-help methods as far as practicable. The result can be greater enjoyment of life and enhanced peace of mind.
Natural Health guidelines have been influenced by the experience gained at the now closed Hopewood Health Retreat at Wallacia, NSW, which was owned by the Australian Youth and Health Foundation. The Foundation is a registered charitable organisation and the founder of both the Society and Hopewood.
Subscribers to the Society receive:
- 4 issues a year of our vital magazine, True Natural Health;
- The option of online subscription;
- Discounts on selected books, juicers and other health products;
- Discounts at our seminars.
Committee
Elizabeth French, President
Susan Roberts, Vice-President
Amalia Pezzutto, Treasurer
Richard Stepniewski
Cecil Bodnar
Jan Thorpe
Ling Halbert
Staff
Roger French, Health Director and Editor
Tracey Priest, Office Administrator
For more information:
Phone 02 4721 5068
Email [email protected]
Website www.health.org.au
or write to
Suite 28 Skipton’s Arcade, 541 High St, Penrith NSW 2750.
Subscription form
Turn to page 43 or use the telephone or website.
Graphic designer, melissahowarddesign.com, 0402 796 254
Printed by Evan Gordon, 0400 029 624
Acknowledgement
The Natural Health Society gratefully acknowledges the continuing and generous support of the Australian Youth and Health Foundation, which established the Society.
Contents
[02] Plant-based eating the key
[04] Plant-based extra info
[06] No more plastic water bottles
[07] Curing cancer – unethical view
[08] Dogs in bed. Dogs follow us
[09] Essential oils for pets
[10] Your Questions Answered
[14] NHS Notices and Events
[16] Happy people top traits Mindfulness taught in schools
[17] Herbs for stress and sleep
[18] Brussels halts 5G
[19] Electric cars emit EMR
[20] Hopewood – Beat winter blues
[22] Recipes – Autumn Seminar
[24] Ego to Eco – philosophy
[26] Greg Fitzgerald – on drugs for life … Not so fast.
[27] Dr Greger – milk for bones?
[28] Dental Fluorosis huge increase
[29] How to live without plastic
[30] Measles vaccine violations
[32] Rheumatoid arthritis reversible
[34] Bio Needs Part 11 – Sunshine
[36] Lyn Craven – Inflammation
[38] News from WDDTY
[40] News from Dr Mercola
[41] Classifieds
[42] NHS health products
[43] NHS Order form
[44] Kindred organisations
Is plant-based eating the key to vibrant health?
By Roger French, Health Director
An article published in *The NZ Journal of Natural Medicine*, February-May 2019, has set the cat among the pigeons with us in the Natural Health Society.
The title presents a challenge – ‘A comprehensive list of reasons why vegan and vegetarian diets can easily ruin your body’. It is written by health and body-building coach, Alex Fergus. I see the article as an example of how it is possible to present a host of detail and come to certain conclusions – but conclusions that don’t necessarily match results that we see in the real world.
**Alex Fergus’s Eight reasons why vegan and vegetarian diets may end in disaster**
Alex Fergus lists eight reasons for problems with vegan and/or vegetarian diets:
Reason 1: It’s hard to get enough protein.
Reason 2: These diets have lower protein quality.
Reason 3: These diets lack specific amino acids.
Reason 4: It’s hard to consume enough quality fats.
Reason 5: These diets lack essential minerals.
Reason 6: They lack absorbable vitamins.
Reason 7: They do not contain creatine, choline, carnitine and carnosine.
Reason 8: Vegan diets might make you feel good, but only initially.
**The fact is it’s easy to get enough protein and fat**
A prime example of biased figures is protein. Alex Fergus says that steak or fish contain 20 – 30% protein, whereas beans, soy, tempeh and rice contain 5 – 20% protein. For a start, rice is not eaten as a protein source in a balanced diet, it is a starchy carbohydrate.
Let’s look at the official figures from the Commonwealth government’s publication, ‘Australia New Zealand Food Authority’. Protein contents are as follows:
**Animal foods:** Red meat 20 – 23%; fish (salmon) 22%; chicken 21%; whole egg 13%; unprocessed cheddar cheese 25%.
**Plant foods:** Legumes: Soya beans 31% (dry weight; the richest of all foods in protein); peanuts 25%; lentils 24%; lima beans 21%; kidney beans 22%; chickpeas 16%; mung beans 24%.
Nuts: almonds 20%; cashews 17%; Brazil nuts 14%; Hazelnuts 15%; walnuts 14%; pecans 10%; Macadamias 8%; Pistachios 20%; pine nuts 13%.
Seeds: sunflower seeds 23%; sesame seeds 22%; pepitas 27%; flax seeds 18%.
As we can see, there is plenty of protein in plant foods, provided we eat the right foods. What’s more, we don’t want to eat too much protein – this can damage our livers and kidneys.
**What about fat?** Nuts and seeds contain far more fat/oil than any animal products. Note that oil is simply liquid fat. Again, using the ANZFA figures:
Nuts: almonds 55%; cashews 49%; Brazil nuts 68%; Hazelnuts 61%; walnuts 69%; pecans 72%; Macadamias 76%; pistachios 51%; pine nuts 70%.
Seeds: sunflower seeds 51%; sesame seeds 56%; pepitas 47%; flax seeds 34%.
Legumes: Soya beans 20%; peanuts 47%; lentils 2%; lima beans 2%; kidney beans 2%; chickpeas 5%; mung beans insignificant.
Compare these levels of fat with the levels in **animal foods**: red meat 20 – 23%; salmon 10%; chicken low levels in the breast and around 23% in the leg; whole egg 10%; unprocessed cheddar cheese 34%; cottage cheese 9% and ricotta 11%.
There is plenty of fat/oil in plant foods, and what’s more, the fat in most of them is unsaturated, which when consumed in the whole food – rather than extracted and prone to rancidity – is good nutrition. For example, research has found that when nuts are eaten for protein regularly, they significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.
Alex Fergus’s claims of harm from lower protein quality, lack of amino acids and insufficient fats are disproved by the large number of populations and individuals who have thrived on vegetarian or vegan diets – which I come to shortly.
But, yes, a plant-based diet can ruin your health if you replace meat with white flour, white sugar products and other junk foods. Some younger people do this when the only basis for their way of eating is animal welfare. It is a self-destructive way to eat.
**Minerals, vitamins and minor nutrients**
Coming to Alex’s reasons 5, 6 and 7, his statement that vegan and vegetarian diets lack essential minerals and absorbable vitamins does not stand up when we look at individuals who have thrived on vegan diets.
Similarly, the statement that they do not contain creatine, choline, carnitine and carnosine is demonstrated to be either not the case or not a problem.
**Vitamin B₁₂.** This vitamin is an exceptional case. It is manufactured in our intestines by our friendly gut bacteria, so in ideal conditions would be adequately supplied whether we are eating vegan or vegetarian or not. But most people have taken antibiotics at some time in their lives, and antibiotics kill bacteria, hence these diets do create a risk of deficiency for most people. It is vitally important to have blood tests for indicators for B₁₂ levels, and if deficient take supplements, which are normally quite effective.
People eating animal products should also have B₁₂ tests, because if they lack the *intrinsic factor* in their stomachs, they cannot absorb their dietary B₁₂ anyway.
Real people in the real world
Here is a sample of the numerous populations and individuals who have thrived or are thriving on vegetarian or vegan diets.
**The Hunzas.** This primitive population, first studied by a British medical doctor in the early 1920s, ate a vegetarian diet with meat only on ceremonial occasions. The doctor, Sir Robert McCarrison, conducted research on rats to verify the Hunza diet. He wrote, “I know of nothing so potent in producing ill-health as improperly constituted food. It may therefore be taken … that the greatest single factor in the acquisition of health is perfectly constituted food. Given the will, we have the power to build in every nation a people more fit, more vigorous and competent, a people with longer and more productive lives, and with more physical and mental stamina than the world has ever known.”
**The Brokpa Tribal People of Ladakh, India.** The little-known Brokpa people claim to have eaten vegan for thousands of years. Living at around 5,000 metres above sea level, they are healthy, active and able to trek long distances, even into their 90s. Visitors have marvelled at their flawless skins. Their staple foods are barley, baked roti, roasted potato, lettuce, spring onions, boiled cauliflower, wild mint, apricots, almonds and walnuts plus black tea.
**The Hopewood Children.** These World War 2 ‘war babies’ were raised on a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. They had very little illness and achieved a world record for dental health. (See *How a Man Lived in Three Centuries* by Roger French, Chapter 1.)
**Eric Storm,** the ‘man’ of *How a Man Lived in Three Centuries,* ate a diet of plant foods plus small quantities of eggs and cheese. After a massive heart attack at age 34, he changed to this vegetarian diet and lived disease-free to age 104. (For details, see Chapter 1.)
**At Hopewood Health Retreat,** which operated from 1960 to 2015 in Wallacia, NSW, guests recovered from a wide range of illnesses on 100% plant foods. After their recoveries, some were given small amounts of cottage cheese.
**Murray Rose,** of Double Bay in Sydney, won gold medals in swimming in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games and broke numerous records on a 100% plant-food diet, which included wheatgerm and seaweed.
**Jimmy Carruthers,** a Sydney boxer in the 1950s, ate meat like a lion to make himself strong, but was losing fights. After changing to a vegetarian diet, he began winning and achieved world champion in bantam-weight. He set up a couple of vegetarian eateries in Sydney.
**T. Colin Campbell** in *The China Study* investigated rural Chinese with very little disease and reported that in rat studies the development of cancer depended entirely on, and in proportion to, the amount of protein consumed above what was required (10% of calories). When he replaced animal protein with plant protein food, cancer did not develop even when the plant protein was at a very high level.
**Kaiser-Permanente Health Maintenance in the USA.** Dr Tuso, the National Clinical Head for Total Health with the Care Management Institute of Kaiser Permanente, the largest HMO in the United States, has declared:
“Healthy eating may be best achieved with a plant-based diet, which we define as a regimen that encourages whole, plant-based foods and discourages meats, dairy products and eggs as well as all refined and processed foods.
“Physicians should consider recommending a plant-based diet to all their patients, especially those with high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease or obesity.”
Kaiser-Permanente has 15,000 doctors on its books and insures nine million Americans.
The UK Dept. of Health is studying these recommendations.
**Janette Murray-Wakelin and Alan Murray.** This wife-and-husband couple achieved a world record in 2013 for the greatest number of marathons run consecutively – 366 in 366 days. They did this on a diet of 100% plant foods, which, remarkably, contained hardly any protein-rich plant foods. Years later, they conducted more feats which depended on great endurance. (See *TNH*, Winter 2014, pages 2 and 3).
**Gorillas, horses, cattle, sheep and many other animals** have anatomies broadly similar to ours and are strict vegans. Some of them, most notably gorillas, horses and cattle, have formidable strength.
**Friends and acquaintances** who are among us today and who are thriving on vegan eating or very close to it include:
Marilyn and Cecil Bodnar, long-time members of the Society, aged 62 and 70 respectively;
Doug and Morna Evans. Doug, a former Hopewood practitioner, has eaten vegan for decades;
Greg and Dawn Fitzgerald (you will find a column by Greg in every issue of *TNH*) have raised a healthy vegetarian family;
Richard Stepniewski, a Past-President of the Society and his wife Margaret;
Robyn Chuter, who writes regularly in this magazine, has raised a healthy family on a 100% plant diet;
Dr Marilyn Golden, GP of Chatswood, who is in her 60s, eats vegan and wins kayak races against competitors half her age.
Continued next page
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**Human anatomy ain’t carnivorous!**
| Carnivores | Plant Eaters |
|------------|--------------|
| Most have retractable claws and long teeth for holding and killing prey. | Don’t have claws; have grinding teeth for crushing plant foods. |
| Very short bowels for rapid expulsion of putrefactive bacteria associated with decomposing flesh. | Very long bowels for supporting the fermentative bacteria involved in the digestion of plant foods, especially their fibre. |
| Jaws open only in an up-and-down motion. | Jaws can move sideways for chewing and grinding fibrous foods. |
| Do not sweat through the skin, but control body heat by rapid breathing and extruding the tongue. | Have sweat pores for heat control and the elimination of toxins. |
| Their saliva lacks the enzyme, ptyalin, so they cannot predigest starches. | Have ptyalin in their saliva for predigestion of starches in plant foods. |
| Secrete hydrochloric acid that is up to 10 times stronger than that of plant eaters, sufficient to dissolve bones. | Have less acid and cannot digest bones. |
| Lap water like a cat. | Drink by suction. |
Roger and Elizabeth French.
I have eaten vegetarian (approx. 97% plant foods) for 51 years, and Elizabeth for 50 years. I was born in 1940, first learned about Natural Health at Hopewood in 1968 and have run in the 14 kilometre City2Surf almost every year since 1971. When I turned 70, the cardiologist was astonished with the flexibility of my arteries, exclaiming, “These results are ridiculous for a 70-year-old. I only see results this good once in a year.” So much for my diet ruining my body!
In conclusion
It’s obvious that all essential major and minor nutrients, including those which Alex Fergus says are lacking or of poor quality, are adequately supplied or in some cases not required in properly balanced vegetarian and vegan diets.
Alex Fergus’s final reason that vegan diets might make you feel good, but only initially, is contradicted by the large number of people who have thrived or are thriving on them long term. As a touch of perspective, research has found that researchers often get the results that support their personal preferences, rather than objective results. Perhaps this is the case here.
About Alex Fergus
Alex Fergus is a health and bodybuilding coach. He grew up in New Zealand and represented his country in rowing, won national body-building titles and broke power-lifting records. He researches and writes articles, while living by the beach in NZ, fishing, farming, training and walking around barefoot.
Vegetarians and vegans can get plenty of protein
Extracted from an enewsletter by Dr Michael Greger, 6th April 2019
The largest study in history of those eating plant-based diets recently compared the nutrient profiles of about 30,000 non-vegetarians to 20,000 vegetarians, and about 5,000 vegans, flexitarians, and no-meat-except-fish eaters, allowing us to finally put to rest the perennial question, “Do vegetarians get enough protein?” The average human requirement is 42 grams of protein a day. Non-vegetarians can get way more than they need, and so does everyone else. On average, vegetarians and vegans get 70% more protein than they need every day.
Less than 3% of adults in America [and no doubt similarly in Australia] don’t make the cut – presumably they are people on extreme calorie-restricted diets who just aren’t eating enough food.
There is a nutrient, though, for which 97% of the population is deficient. It’s fibre. So, the question is not “Where do you get your protein?” but “Where do you get your fibre?” We only average about 15 grams a day, whereas the minimum daily requirement is 32 grams. In fact, the percentage of men between ages 14 and 50 getting the minimum adequate intake may be close to zero.
By definition, fibre is only found in plants. There is none in meat, dairy or eggs, and little or none in junk food. So the problem is not protein, it’s fibre.
And, the more whole plant foods, the better. If you compare the nutritional quality of the various diets – vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous – dietary guidelines consistently indicate that the most plant-based diet is the most healthy one.
You’re never too old to go plant-based
Extracted from an enewsletter by Robyn Chuter, Empowered, 4th March 2019
Concerns have been raised from some quarters about whether a vegan diet is healthy for older adults, such as Pope Francis, who is currently 82, and was invited to go vegan under the Million Dollar Vegan campaign.
While uninformed opinions on this issue abound in the blogosphere, as always, it’s best to look to the published science to answer this question.
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the professional body representing registered dietitians and other food and nutrition professionals. In its position statement on vegetarian diets, which draws on almost 120 references from the scientific literature, the Academy clearly states that:
“Appropriately planned vegetarian, including vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. These diets are appropriate for all stages of life, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence and older adulthood, and also for athletes.
“Nutrient intakes of older vegetarians appear to be similar to or better than those of older non-vegetarians.”
So, according to the most up-to-date nutritional science, not only does a well-constructed vegan diet provide all the nutrients that older people need – including protein, calcium, iron and zinc – it also helps to prevent and treat chronic diseases that we become more prone to as we get older, particularly obesity, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and cancer of the colon and prostate.
Vegans have the lowest risk of cancer overall, while eating a vegan diet slashes the risk of developing prostate cancer by 35% in white men.
The ability to absorb vitamin B₁₂ declines with age, consequently the US Institute of Medicine recommends that everyone over age 50 should take a vitamin B₁₂ supplement. Vitamin B₁₂ supplementation is a must-do for everyone eating a vegan diet, and elderly people may require a higher dose than younger people.
A sudden increase in fibre from unprocessed plant foods may cause bloating and abdominal discomfort, especially in those who’ve been eating a low fibre diet for decades. Gradually ramping up intake of high fibre foods will prevent this.
Diet is like it or not no longer eating meat is a matter of a big problem for everyone and the planet.
For more detail go to the WPF website:
WORLD PRESERVATION FOUNDATION
https://worldpreservationfoundation.org/
Global and health issues have always been at the core of why we at iku have been providing vegan wholefood meals to the Sydney CBD and city fringe for the past 35 years.
pure plant based goodness
VISIT US AT: CENTREPOINT, MLC CENTRE, MET CENTRE, ROZELLE, GLEBE WAVERLEY, NEUTRAL BAY, NORTH SYDNEY, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY
www.ikuwholefood.com
No More Plastic Water Bottles
TURN BACK TIME – choose NO PLASTIC BOTTLES filled with water
By Karen Rivers of Cleanwater kits
During my childhood we always took a thermos and cups whenever we ventured out. I remember the fun of unwrapping a chequered cloth to reveal our yummy treats. We kept a basket for produce in the car; we had fun mending, patching and revamping clothes and grew lots of our food.
Some of the slow, gentle lifestyle choices and crafts are back in fashion, which is fantastic.
Life is busy, and convenience – the fashion for the past many years – has become the norm, but at such a devastating cost to the environment.
Water is the biggest question for many people. Now you have the perfect choices – which could be a filter system at home and a very light-weight portable kit for holidays and moving around.
Cleanwater filters use Doulton components, which have been manufactured in Britain since 1835 when Queen Victoria employed Mr Doulton to create a water filter system for the Royal Family. They still manufacture to perfection in Britain today, removing 99.99% of pathogenic bacteria, giardia, cryptosporidium and particles.
The kit costs $99 and would enable continuous daily use for 12 months. It has a cleaning/scouring pad to extend longevity. The kit is perfect for holidays as you dry it out and store it away until your next adventure. So many years of holiday health insurance!
Wherever you are at the time, you fill up your Cleanwater kit with water from the tap, tank, freshwater or whatever and filter to perfection, leaving all the goodness in and a beautiful taste.
This is the best way to live day by day – at the top of the waste hierarchy practising avoidance, which equates to zero landfill. Landfill is at the bottom of the hierarchy.
It is a misnomer that plastic bottles can be recycled, as this happens only to a very small proportion and is only possible for certain types of plastic anyway. The rest all become landfill. Recycle and reuse are old practices – old words. The new way forward is avoidance.
I ask the question: why will one in three people in Australia get cancer? Why do the British Royal Family not get cancer and live long healthy lives – could it be partly due to the quality of their water?
There is also a new system for the home which removes chemicals, pesticides, bacteria, heavy metals, radiation and sediment down to 0.5 microns. These new Aragon cartridges would be especially suitable for regional areas.
Children and young adults are the next generation and can change now to develop good habits for their future. If we were to completely stop, step by step, plastic bottles filled with water being sold, a huge change could be achieved in the overall environmental effort with long-term health benefits for both individuals and our planet.
Look at this site: www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-bottled-water/
At Bicentennial Park in Sydney, 14 million + tons of waste plastic bottles are collected annually. How many waste plastic bottles are collected from your local parks?
Our future is in our own hands. It takes only one month to change a paradigm through conscious thought and positive affirmations.
Choose a lovely stainless steel or glass bottle as a gift to yourself, and then buy a Cleanwater kit or home filter from Karen.
Treat the Earth well. We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children. (This is a First Nations Native American saying.)
Karen Rivers owns Cleanwater kits – pure simplicity – the clean water solution.cleanwaterkits.com.au
One of the largest banks in the world, Goldman Sachs, has declared that curing patients of cancer and other terminal illnesses is not a “sustainable business model”.
The world’s fifth largest bank also urged investors to resist financing pioneering ‘gene therapy’ treatments, because developing cures is bad for business “in the long-term.”
Goldman Sachs sent the “advice” to their clients and investors in a 10th April 2018 report, entitled *The Genome Revolution*. It asks, “Is curing patients a sustainable business model?”
Analyst, Salveen Richter, wrote in the note that long-term treatments garner far more revenue than “one-shot cures,” saying:
“The potential to deliver ‘one-shot cures’ is one of the most attractive aspects of gene therapy, genetically-engineered cell therapy and gene editing. However, such treatments offer a very different outlook with regard to recurring revenue versus chronic therapies.
“While this proposition carries tremendous value for patients and society, it could represent a challenge for genome medicine developers looking for sustained cash flow.”
According to CNBC, Richter cited Gilead Sciences’ treatments for hepatitis C, which achieved cure rates of more than 90 percent. The company’s US sales for these hepatitis C treatments peaked at $12.5 billion in 2015, but have been falling ever since. Goldman Sachs estimates the US sales for these treatments will be less than $4 billion this year.
“GILD is a case in point, where the success of its hepatitis C franchise has gradually exhausted the available pool of treatable patients,” the analyst wrote.
“In the case of infectious diseases such as hepatitis C, curing existing patients also decreases the number of carriers able to transmit the virus to new patients, thus the incident pool also declines…
“Where an incident pool remains stable (for example, in cancer) the potential for a cure poses less risk to the sustainability of a franchise.”
Long-term treatments equate to long-term profits
*Woked gathers cool stuff from around the internet and presents it in a collection of informative posts.*
Women sleep better with a dog in their bed
Written by Dr Karen Shaw Becker
Extracted from Dr Becker’s enewsletter of 28th February 2019
Pet owners commonly share their sleeping spaces with their dogs, and, as is the case with human sleeping partners, this can have both positives and negatives for your sleep.
A study which surveyed nearly 1,000 US women about pet ownership and sleep found that 55 percent of the respondents shared their bed with at least one dog (and 31 percent did so with at least one cat). That’s almost the same number who shared their bed with a human (57 percent).
Women who shared their beds with their dogs found that their pets were better bed partners than their human companions, with researchers noting, “Compared with human bed partners, dogs who slept in the owner’s bed were perceived to disturb sleep less and were associated with stronger feelings of comfort and security.”
It’s long been assumed that having a dog in your bed is disruptive to sleep. Some dogs are, in fact, notorious for hogging the covers, taking up more than their fair share of space and barking at invisible intruders just as you’re about to nod off.
Yet, when researchers outfitted dogs with Fitbark, an activity- and sleep-monitoring device, and fitted the owners with Actiwatch 2, a similar device, they found both dogs and their owners slept soundly. A sleep efficiency score of 80 percent or higher is considered to be indicative of a good night’s rest, and both owners and their dogs had high marks – 81 percent for owners and 85 percent for dogs.
The study was observational in nature, so further research is needed to determine if the participants’ perceptions of better sleep can be confirmed via objective measures of sleep quality.
Why does your dog follow you around?
Written by Dr Karen Shaw Becker
Extracted from Dr Becker’s enewsletter of 21st February 2019
There’s the obvious reason
Your dog may follow you around for the simple reason that you’ve reinforced this behaviour by giving him/her food, water, treats and belly rubs. All these good things happen when she’s around you, thus reinforcing her decision to spend time by your side. The more positive things that happen to your dog when she’s in your presence, the more likely she is to want to be with you.
If your dog is part of the working or herding groups, such as border collies, kelpies or Australian shepherds, she was bred to work alongside humans.
Dogs are pack animals
Further, even if your dog isn’t a working breed, dogs are pack animals, which means that in your home you’re part of the pack, and your dog wants to be close to her pack. If you’ve had your dog since she was a puppy, it’s also possible that she is imprinted on you.
Dogs are often thoroughly bonded with their human owners and likely to enjoy the companionship they get when they’re with you, just as you enjoy theirs.
They can be like children
Research shows the bond between a person and a dog is similar to the bond experienced between an infant and his parents. Dogs are masters at reading human faces and body postures, and are also capable of understanding what the expression means, emotionally.
Often a dog may become fixated on one person in particular – typically whoever gives him the most attention or other benefits. This could be feeding him, taking him for walks or engaging him with play sessions.
Do you have a ‘Velcro’ dog?
While it’s normal for your dog to want to spend more time with you than without, some dogs may be attached to you like glue, signalling a problem. Such ‘Velcro’ dogs, as they’re known, could be struggling with separation anxiety that makes being apart from you a frightening prospect.
She may also be unhealthily attached to only one person, perhaps because she wasn’t properly socialised as a puppy, and could be at risk of developing fear-based aggression or other problem behaviours when exposed to strangers.
If you suspect your dog is abnormally clingy, I recommend talking with your veterinarian, a positive dog trainer or a specialist in canine behaviour. In most cases, however, your dog’s desire to be with you is just another perk of pet ownership.
Essential oils and our pets
Safe use, cautions and benefits
By Tracey Morrison, Homeopath and Animal Health Practitioner
What are Essential Oils?
Essential oils are naturally occurring, aromatic compounds that are found in living plants. These compounds aid in protecting the plant by helping to fend off pests and assisting in attracting pollinators. Through steam distillation or by cold pressing, these compounds can be extracted, turning them into ‘essential oils’.
A very large amount of plant matter will yield only a very small amount of oil, so the oil is highly regarded in these small quantities and is powerfully concentrated.
Only use high quality essential oils
It is extremely important that you choose high quality, ‘therapeutic’ grade essential oils to use on your pet (meaning that they are biologically active), as opposed to just synthetically produced oils made to resemble the aroma of the botanical (plant essence) with no real medicinal benefits for your pet’s health.
Research shows that using (high quality) essential oils can be very safe and effective for pets. For this reason, ensure that you thoroughly research the product you are purchasing.
Safe use of essential oils with pets
Essential oils can be used for a wide range of physical and emotional wellness applications, such as anxiety and excitability, pain management, repelling insects and even to promote healthy skin and coat.
Dogs, cats and birds have far superior senses of smell compared to humans, and may be much more sensitive to aromas, so always dilute any oil, whether diffusing or applying topically.
Caution: Do not use essential oils on puppies or kittens less than 12 weeks old.
Cats are particularly sensitive to essential oils that contain polyphenolic compounds as these can interfere with their liver detoxification processes. Examples of some oils that contain these are citrus oils, for example, orange, lemon, green mandarin, etc, and also citrus blends, as well as melaleuca (or tea tree) oil, all of which should be used with caution.
Three ways to use essential oils with your pets
Aromatic – Diffuse oils for mood management, air purifying and help to open airways.
Topically – Applied to the skin (in diluted form). The oil can have a systemic effect on the local area. Massaging the area with the diluted oil can give immediate comfort and aid in helping the immune system.
Internally – Use caution when applying by mouth. Oils can act quickly in the mouth and be absorbed by the mucous membranes, effectively entering the red blood cells and acting extremely rapidly. Constituents of essential oils have the potential to affect every cell in the body within 20 minutes!
Always use care and commonsense
Whether using essential oils for your companion animal or just for yourself, always exercise care and responsible management. Use the oils in an appropriate way, being aware of your pet’s health to begin with and using commonsense when it comes to dosage, dilution and their surrounding environment. If in doubt, seek professional advice.
The health benefits of using essential oils will speak for themselves!
Tracey Morrison is a Homeopath, Animal Health Practitioner, Remedial Massage Therapist and writer. She is passionate about providing natural alternatives for optimum health and wellbeing. Tracey operates her private practice ‘Proactive Pets’ in both Western Sydney (based near the beautiful Blue Mountains) and on the Lower North Shore.
Contact Tracey: 0419 813 620, [email protected] or proactivepets.com.au
PROACTIVE PETS
Natural health alternatives for your Pets
Pet minding / Pet visits • Doggy day care • Nutrition and dietary advice • Healthy ‘home-made’ dog food • Homeopathy ‘Good Manners Training Program’ • Essential oils for pets
We can provide loving care for your pets on so many levels.
We cater for pets that may need company for long days alone and pet sitting – or visits to ensure you can enjoy a stress-free holiday.
We also offer nutritional advice and good, wholesome dog food for sale.
In-house pet sitting and doggy day care is available (at our Emu Plains premises) or phone consultations and private visits can be arranged at our Lower North Shore office.
0419 813 620 | [email protected]
www.proactivepets.com.au
WHY ARE SOME VEGETABLES TOXIC?
The following vegetables are supposed to be very good for you, but not according to Dr Michael Colgan, who says:
- potatoes, tomatoes, capsicum and eggplant contain solanine which can cause aches and arthritis and should therefore be avoided;
- spinach, rhubarb, broccoli and asparagus interfere with calcium absorption and can therefore cause osteoporosis;
- cabbage, turnips and watercress contain chemicals which impair thyroid function, and should only be eaten cooked, because cooking destroys the toxins;
- parsnips contain psoralens which cause cancer.
Should all these be avoided, or does the Natural Health Society have other information? – C. M., Abbotsford NSW
All plant foods contain ‘poisons’, or to use the correct word, toxic substances. These are there for good reason; they are nature’s pesticides, protecting the plants from insect pests. About 99% of the toxic chemicals we consume are not man-made pesticides, but natural pesticides.
Nature knows all about natural toxins and has adapted our bodies perfectly to cope with them by giving us large livers with the capacity to degrade significant amounts of toxic substances and render them non-toxic. The key point is that in most of the vegetables we eat, the natural pesticides are at extremely low levels and well within the capacities of our livers to deal with them without any harm to ourselves.
Consider the above groups of foods. Potatoes, tomatoes, etc., are members of the Solanum family (nightshade family) and contain the toxic compound solanine. Tomatoes and capsicum are excellent vegetables and potatoes are one of the best starchy foods. The solanine is not normally a problem unless a person already has arthritis, in which case, if symptoms are aggravated, it would be appropriate to avoid this family of foods.
Ripeness is very important. Tomatoes should be eaten only when dead ripe and preferably ripened on the bush. When capsicum ripens, it turns from green to red, and this is how it is best eaten. Potatoes are a very good food, but if stored exposed to light, the level of solanine in the skin increases rapidly, turning the potato green, and it is then toxic. Green potatoes may cause nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, and in extreme cases miscarriage.
Spinach and rhubarb contain oxalic acid which binds iron, calcium and other minerals, making a portion of them unavailable to the body. I doubt whether broccoli contains significant oxalic acid. In Australia, what we call ‘spinach’ is actually silverbeet, which also contains significant levels of both oxalic acid and iron. If the leaves are bitter, the oxalic acid level will be high and the silverbeet is better avoided. In the case of rhubarb, the leaves are so high in oxalic acid that they should not be eaten at all. There are lower levels in the stems which are still very sour, and which I would also not eat.
Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and watercress are members of the Brassica family and contain indoles, which are anti-cancer, and also goitrins, which are the compounds that Michael Colgan refers to. Goitrins interfere with the thyroid gland and can exacerbate goitre. However, this is usually only a problem in areas of long-term iodine deficiency and if large quantities of Brassica vegetables are eaten.
If parsnips, which are members of the carrot family, do contain psoralens, the levels must be so low as to be harmless, because parsnips have been happily eaten by Greeks and Romans for thousands of years.
If the toxins in these vegetables mean that they shouldn’t be eaten, then we are in big trouble because these are among our best foods. Study after study has shown that people who eat high levels of green, yellow and red vegetables and fruits have much lower levels of cancer. The reason is well known – fresh vegetables and fruits are our only substantial natural sources of vitamin C and our major sources of carotenes (or carotenoids), both of which are powerful antioxidants. In addition, there are masses of other antioxidants in vegetables and fruits, along with vital alkaline minerals.
A specific example is tomato, which is so high in the carotenoid, lycopene, that eating tomatoes is known to substantially reduce the risk of prostate cancer, and no doubt other cancers as well. Watercress and silverbeet are also particularly high in carotenes, as are many other vegetables, especially carrots and parsley. Red capsicum is the richest common food in vitamin C, containing about four times the amount in oranges, while broccoli contains about three times as much and cabbage similar amounts to oranges.
So, unless the vegetable is rhubarb or bitter spinach, or there are individual sensitivity problems, enjoy and take advantage of these and other green, yellow and red vegetables, because they are the very best foods we can eat.
NUTRITION FOR NIGHT-SHIFT WORK:
I have a friend doing night shifts seven days a week and we are wondering if Natural Health Dietary Guidelines still apply, in particular, eating only fruit before noon and then two main meals between noon and 8pm – K.P., Werrington NSW
Successfully managing shift work begins with understanding the circadian rhythm. This is centred around light and the hormones, melatonin and cortisol, which promote sleep or being wide awake.
At night we need a falling body temperature to enable us get to sleep. This is brought about by darkness stimulating the brain to release melatonin, which causes body temperature to fall a little and also has a slightly hypnotic effect.
When daylight arrives in the morning, the light resets our body clock by suppressing melatonin production, which in turn causes an increase in the hormone cortisol. This wakes us up and stimulates us to become active during the hours of daylight.
When night arrives, the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness to release melatonin which again lulls us off to sleep.
Normally, cortisol levels rise during the early morning hours and are highest around 7am. They drop to very low levels in the evening and during the early phase of sleep. However, for night shift workers, this pattern may be reversed.
Cortisol is an essential hormone with many functions, one of which is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism, but its levels are affected by many things, including stress. High levels are undesirable because they indicate physical or emotional stress.
How is the circadian rhythm affected by working night shifts? A doctor at the Sleep Disorders Clinic of the RPA Hospital in Sydney explained that the key point is that the circadian rhythm will stay the same for about 10 weeks. In other words, it requires something of the order of 70 nights of shift work consecutively to change the circadian rhythm to a true nocturnal pattern. Very few people do such long stretches of shift work, and those who do tend to become most active at night, whether working or not.
For the typical 7- to 14-day night shift pattern, circadian rhythm doesn’t change, and it is necessary to prevent or minimise the rise in body temperature that would be stimulated by morning light after a shift.
So if driving home during daylight, wear sunglasses (provided it’s safe) and keep them on until you go to bed. Go straight to bed while your body is still in darkness mode. Don’t do the shopping or play with the children until you have had your day’s sleep, even if the sleep is short. The bedroom needs to be very dark and as cool as is still comfortable.
Aim to sleep for as long as possible – 8 hours would be ideal – don’t laugh! At least try to ensure a minimum of 6 hours or preferably 7 hours sleep a day. If the first sleep in the morning is short, make an effort to have more sleep in the cooler late afternoon.
Before heading off to work at night, have the home as bright as possible to keep you wide awake. On the job, don’t eat...
high-fat, sugar-laden or salty foods, which some people believe stimulate them to stay awake. Rather, stimulate wakefulness by having protein-type foods during the first half of the shift. In the second half, have small portions of carbohydrate foods, which will tend to promote sleep later when you get home.
The first meal, which might typically be around midnight, could be a fruit or vegetable salad plus a protein food – nuts, legumes, seeds, eggs, cheese [or fish]. The last meal during the shift could be fruit or salad plus a small portion of grain food such as a sandwich or wholemeal muesli slice.
Don’t eat when you get home in the morning. When you wake up, hopefully well after midday, have a light meal of fruit or salad or steamed veggies plus some grain such as rye crispbread. In the evening, have a normal meal with the family.
These four meals per day are more than we suggest in Natural Health under normal conditions, which is two main meals plus a fruit-only meal. Therefore, keep the meals small, so that total intake of fat, protein and carbohydrate – and therefore calories – is not excessive.
In the modern world, a new influence comes into the lives of most of us – electromagnetic radiation. This raises the question, does it affect sleep during periods of shift work.
A study found that EMR has no effect on the typical daily (diurnal) pattern of melatonin. Regarding the stress hormones, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline, their levels also did not change significantly under low-level exposure to EMR. But with high-level exposure they did rise significantly, indicating increased stress. (Rev Environ Health. 2005 Apr-Jun;20(2):151-61)
In another study, a night-shift group exposed to EMR experienced more problems with their work, including greater risk of accidents, health complaints and levels of fatigue. The most common health complaints were mental and physical exhaustion after work, headaches, pains in the chest, joint and muscle complaints and apathy. (K. Vangelova and D. Velkova, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, 2014)
**Q: NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID, VITAMIN B3:**
I have heard of nicotinic acid being used as a supplement. What is it used for and how does it work?
– Andrew Toth, Waterloo NSW
A: Nicotinic acid or niacin is vitamin B₃, one of the water-soluble B-complex vitamins. There is also a different form of B₃, **niacinamide** (or **nicotinamide**), which possesses similar function as a vitamin but does not reduce lipids.
Niacin (vitamin B₃) is often part of a daily multivitamin, but many people get enough niacin from the food they eat. Plant foods rich in niacin include peanuts, sunflower seeds, tahini, sesame seeds, wheatgerm, wholemeal flour, brown rice, pine nuts, almonds, mushrooms, kidney beans, soya beans.
The recommended daily intake for adult males is 16 milligrams (mg) a day and for adult women who aren’t pregnant, 14 mg a day.
Nicotinic acid is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. It is metabolised in the liver to niacinamide when taken in normal doses.
**Uses**
The normal role of nicotinic acid is as a component of co-enzymes which are essential for tissue respiration.
Niacin is used to prevent and treat niacin deficiency, which may result from certain medical conditions (such as alcohol abuse, malabsorption syndrome, Hartnup disease), poor diet or long-term use of certain medications (such as isoniazid).
Prescription niacin is used to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol that helps remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the ‘bad’ cholesterol, from your bloodstream (this assumes that there is benefit in doing this – see *THN* Autumn 2019 issue, page 28). Not surprisingly, despite niacin’s ability to raise HDL, niacin therapy isn’t linked to lower rates of death, heart attack or stroke.
If people do want to lower their cholesterol and aren’t able to take statins, prescription niacin might do the job.
Oral therapy reduces triglyceride (blood fat) concentrations within several hours, but the fats can remain in the liver, so this is not so good.
**Deficiency**
Niacin deficiency disease is called **pellagra**, which is not common in Australia.
Niacin deficiency can cause the ‘three D’s’ – diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. There can be tongue redness and swelling and peeling red skin, along with weakness, gastric ulcers and ulcerative colitis.
**Safety and side effects**
When taken orally in appropriate amounts, niacin appears to be safe.
High doses via prescription can cause:
- Severe skin flushing and dizziness
- Rapid heartbeat
- Itching
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhoea
- Gout
- Liver damage
- Diabetes
Serious side effects are most likely if you take between 2,000 and 6,000 mg of niacin a day – which is a huge amount.
If you have liver disease, a peptic ulcer or severe low blood pressure (hypotension), don’t take large amounts of niacin. The supplement can cause liver damage and low blood pressure and might stir up a stomach ulcer. Niacin in large doses reduces blood pressure because it has a vasodilation effect, identified by flushing of the skin.
Supplemental niacin might also worsen allergies, gallbladder disease and symptoms of certain thyroid disorders. If you have diabetes, niacin can interfere with blood glucose control.
If you have arthritic gout, niacin can cause an excess of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) and worsen the gout.
Niacin has been reported to stimulate histamine release, resulting in increased stomach activity and acid production, which could stir up a peptic ulcer.
A pregnant woman should not take prescription niacin – unless needed to prevent or treat niacin deficiency. However, when used in recommended amounts, niacin is believed to be safe to take during pregnancy and also during breastfeeding.
**Interactions**
Alcohol. Taking niacin with alcohol might increase the risk of liver damage and worsen niacin side effects.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim). Taking niacin with this might exacerbate the gout symptoms.
Anticoagulant and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and supplements. These reduce blood clotting and so does niacin, so taking them together might increase your risk of bleeding.
Blood pressure drugs, herbs and supplements. Niacin also lowers blood pressure, so the combination could cause low blood pressure (hypotension).
Chromium. Taking niacin with chromium might lower blood sugar too much. If you have diabetes and take niacin and chromium, watch your blood sugar levels.
Diabetes drugs. If you have diabetes, niacin can interfere with blood glucose control.
Liver-toxic drugs, herbs and supplements. Taking niacin with these can exacerbate liver damage.
Statins. Taking niacin with these might increase the risk of side effects.
Zinc. Taking zinc with niacin might worsen niacin side effects.
**Supplement constituents**
If you have allergies, it is wise to check the inactive ingredients. For example, the brand, Alphapharm Nicotinic Acid, contains lactose, starch from wheat, povidone, talc and magnesium stearate.
**Sources**
www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-niacin/art-20364984
www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/brand/amt,53144011000036105/nicotinic-acid-alphapharm
www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-6142/nicotinic-acid-oral/details
**Q HIGH-ARGININE FOODS:**
I would like to know if raw, unprocessed fruits and vegetables contain arginine. If not, which plant foods do? My understanding is that arginine is used by the endothelial cells lining artery walls to produce nitric oxide which causes arteries to open up, facilitating blood flow and easing cardiovascular problems, including blood pressure. – M. T., Goolwa SA
A Your understanding about the role of arginine is correct. It does produce nitric oxide and thereby help to reduce high blood pressure.
Arginine, or L-arginine, is an *amino acid*, a building block of protein, which the body can make from the essential amino acids and is therefore labelled as ‘non-essential’. In the case of children, who need it for growth, some must be consumed in the diet, so for children it is an ‘essential’ amino acid. Its overall label is thus ‘semi-essential’.
**What does arginine do in the body?**
Its primary function is, in effect, helping to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of heart disease. It does this by promoting the creation of nitric oxide, which widens and relaxes arteries and veins, thereby improving blood flow and reducing the pressure (for a detailed explanation of nitric oxide, see *TNH*, Autumn 2019 issue, pages 20 and 21).
In addition to helping high blood pressure, arginine may also: help the kidneys work more efficiently; promote wound healing; boost the immune system; balance hormones and help erectile dysfunction in men.
**High arginine foods**
This protein building block is present at significant levels in most protein-rich foods. Because fruits and vegetables are relatively low in protein, they are low in arginine, if any. The protein-rich foods include various meats (beef, chicken, turkey, pork), dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds. Of course, we are only interested in the plant sources.
Plant foods rich in arginine include:
1. **Nuts and seeds** – these are significant sources, some being high in it. In order of content:
- Pumpkin seeds have one of the highest levels.
- Watermelon seeds also contain high levels.
- Sesame seeds are also a good source.
- Then come walnuts, almonds and pine nuts.
Roasted, salted nuts contain slightly less arginine, but raw, unsalted nuts are much healthier anyway.
2. **Legumes** – dried beans and peas (and fresh green peas at lower levels) are also abundant sources of arginine.
Soybeans are a rich source followed by peanuts and chickpeas (or garbanzos), and no doubt other dried beans and peas (I don’t have figures for the others).
3. **Seaweed** – contains high levels of arginine.
Spirulina is a blue-green algae that grows in both salt water and fresh water. It may be one of the most nutrient-dense foods on earth. Because spirulina is extremely high in protein, it is also rich in arginine. Anyone who needs to increase their arginine intake could consider taking spirulina.
4. **Other foods** – garlic, ginseng, raisins, chocolate, whole wheat
**Arginine supplements**
Adults tend to need only what their body produces. However, some adults produce insufficient amounts of arginine, and if it is not adequate in their diet, they can develop deficiency.
Arginine supplements can be beneficial in various ways. The improved blood flow can help diabetes, may reduce the severity of cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease and angina, and help erectile dysfunction. However, arginine should not be taken soon after a heart attack.
**Risks of supplements**
There can be side effects from supplemental arginine, such as upset stomach and diarrhoea. Larger doses may also interfere with medications or exacerbate certain illnesses.
High levels of arginine may indirectly cause cold sores. This is because the herpes virus needs arginine to multiply, and because high levels compete with the absorption of an essential amino acid, lysine, which tends to prevent cold sores. That is, lack of lysine can encourage the development of cold sores.
People with low blood pressure or liver cirrhosis should not take arginine supplements, nor, as stated above, should anyone who has recently had a heart attack.
Before using arginine supplements, it would be wise to speak to a healthcare professional.
The bottom line is that getting arginine from protein-rich foods is safe and healthy.
MEMBERS SUPPORTING THE NHS
Thoughtful donations from members are making a big difference to the Society’s funds. For recent donations, we say a big ‘thank you’ to:
Peter Kell, John Wood, Andreas Gwozdz, Geraldine Callaghan, Larissa Bergmann, Barbara Holmes, Christina Kirkpatrick, George Carter, Len Barone, Norma Steele, Maury Taylor, Ronald Jenkins, Paula Kontomina, Rosemary Croghan, Colin Papworth and Ruth Hargrave.
If others care to add their support – great or small – we would be very grateful. Simply call our office on 02 4721 5068 or send cheque to Natural Health Society, 28/541 High Street, Penrith NSW 2750, or go to our website www.health.org.au and click on the ‘Donate’ link. [Regrettably, donations not tax deductible.]
FATHERS’ DAY – give a gift of health
A GIFT SUBSCRIPTION
Reading our magazine could save Dad’s life one day. We will send you the current issue to start him off.
Standard single $40; family $48;
Concession (pensioners and students) single $35; family $43;
Practitioner 2-for-1 $48; Online $30.
Overseas postage rates to be added: NZ and Asia $20, elsewhere $30.
AND/OR give Dad the Society’s book, How a Man Lived in Three Centuries
This book details the Natural Health diet and lifestyle. It is a book that explains how to prevent or reverse arthritis and many other nasty diseases; it could also save a life
Price $27 incl. postage and handling.
Creating the Future of the Society
FOLLOWING the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society on Saturday 13th April in Sydney City, we say a big ‘thank you’ to the 23 people who attended, and also thanks to others who wrote in or phoned in their suggestions.
Some great suggestions were made, however, we still have a lack of manpower (or womanpower!) to proceed with the best ideas.
One thing clear from members’ feedback is that there is a strong preference for us to continue producing True Natural Health in the current form of printed paper copies.
As a result of the meeting, we have formed a voluntary Action Group Sub-Committee, which is still open for others to join – especially if you have talents to contribute like fundraising, membership expansion, marketing our book, How a Man Lived in Three Centuries, event management, manning stalls or an IT person who could upload articles onto the Society’s website and also use social media.
STOP PRESS. Fundraising through City2Surf, 11th August
You can sponsor a Society member who is in the event to raise funds for the Society. So far, Roger French and Vice-President, Susan Roberts, are registered to participate. We ask others to consider joining us to run or walk the 14 km and help raise funds for the Society. Otherwise, sponsoring one of us would be a wonderful gesture.
For guidance on how to register, please contact the Society’s office on 02 4721 5068 or email [email protected]
NOTICE OF MEETING – NATURAL HEALTH SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA
Notice is hereby given that the 2019 Annual General Meeting of the Natural Health Society of Australia (NSW) Inc. will be held on Friday 26th July at 10am, at the Society’s office, Suite 28, Skipton’s Arcade, 541 High St, Penrith NSW
Business
▪ President and Health Director’s Reports
▪ Receipt of Treasurer’s report
▪ Election of National Committee
▪ Transactions of any other business in accordance with the Constitution.
A committee meeting is scheduled to follow the Annual General Meeting.
Members please notify the office if planning to attend – phone 4721 5068.
Wellness at Wallacia evenings
A whole-foods, plant-based meal followed by an informal talk and discussion on a relevant topic of Natural Health.
Dates: Last Saturday each month at 6.30pm – Saturdays 29th June, 27th July, 31st August
Venue: Wallacia Progress Hall, Greendale Rd, Wallacia, cnr Roma Ave
Cost: $25
Booking: Essential. Phone office on 4721 5068
NEXT GATHERING
SATURDAY 29TH JUNE 2019
Vegan food tours
With Ling Halbert, Founder of Health and Happy Heart
Happy Heart vegan food tours:
Zen Oasis at Berrima ($108), Cabramatta ($88), Nan Tien Temple ($108).
Buy 1 tour, and bring a friend free.
As Cherie said of her tour experience, “Wow, Ling, what an amazing experience today was for me. It taught me to step out of my comfort zone, and I’m glad I did. I enjoyed every part of the day, most of all the lunch and the beautiful temple and your beautiful smiling face and happy energy”.
Ling’s Health and Happy Heart tours are a journey of vegan food, rich cultural experience and laughter.
Information and bookings with Ling: 0410 688 499; [email protected]; healthandhappyheart.com,
Our nutrition and lifestyle interview on the internet
In February this year, NHS Health Director, Roger French, interviewed Patrick van der Burght of Geovital, who has written a number of articles for this magazine and has specialist knowledge of electromagnetic radiation and earth radiation. A notice about Geovital is to be found on the outer back cover.
The first interview was on ‘Electromagnetic Radiation and Geopathic Stress’ – what it is and what we can do about it. A transcript is published in full in the Autumn 2019 issue of *TNH*, pages 24 – 26.
In the second interview Patrick interviewed Roger about Natural Health nutrition and lifestyle; it is full of practical tips and is available on YouTube and Podcast channels.
Find ‘Health Stronghold’ on iTunes, Stitcher.com and Spotify and select the Roger French Practical Nutrition episode. If you think it valuable, please share it.
iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/practical-nutrition-tips-for-health-vitality-roger/id1454332358?i=1000436975506
Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/patrick-van-der-burght/health-stonghold
Twitter: Must hear practical nutrition tips in this NEW video interview with Roger French https://bit.ly/2VIEjey
Facebook: A life time of experience with diet and healthier living enables Roger French to give you the practical nutrition tips you’ve been waiting for. A must-see interview from the Health Stronghold podcast channel. Watch it now https://bit.ly/2VIEjey
Macarthur area NSW
Vegetarian group meets monthly, usually Sunday lunchtime, at each other’s homes in the Campbelltown district. Each brings a plate and own crockery. Organiser, Glenys Hierzer, says, “We would love to meet new people whether you follow vegetarian or just enjoy the food.” Phone Glenys on 4625 8480.
NHS Autumn 2019 Seminar was entertaining and informative
Held on Sunday, 31st March at our regular venue, the North Ryde Golf Club in Sydney, the day was informative and also a great social occasion, with the 73 participants chatting and networking during the extensive breaks.
The program opened with ‘How have the healthiest peoples in the world nourished themselves over the centuries?’, presented by Roger French. His talk is published in full in this magazine, pages 2 – 4.
The second presenter was Laurence Macia of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, speaking on the topic, ‘Friendly Fibre, Friendly Gut Bacteria & a Friendly Immune System’.
The aim of her research, she said, is to understand the link between nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. She has found that the gut ‘friendly bacteria’ affect the brain and other organs, and may never fully recover from antibiotics. A typical Western diet promotes the wrong kind of bacteria, whereas a fibre-rich diet promotes the best bacteria. Numbering trillions, these bacteria change with different foods.
‘True Grit & Clever Goal Setting Conquered Antarctica’
The ‘conqueror’, Lisa Blair, is the first woman ever to sail solo around Antarctica, and after that Australia. On the Antarctica voyage, she was totally alone for almost six months, survived huge storms and had to cope with a damaged, dismasted yacht. She told a spellbound audience how she survived, and being passionate about eating vegan, she ate this way for the entire voyage.
Consistent with travelling by sail rather than a fossil-fuel-powered motor, Lisa is a fierce warrior for climate action.
‘Exciting New Discoveries from the International Hotbed of Nutrition’
Robyn Chuter, Naturopath, presented a number of compelling news items from her attendance at the International Plant-Based Nutrition Healthcare Conference in San Diego, USA.
For obese people, a low-fat, whole-food, plant-based diet is the way to lose weight. Re arthritis, a doctor adopted a whole-food plant-based diet and his symptoms vanished in a short time.
Re multiple sclerosis, a medical specialist with MS changed to a whole-food, plant-based diet and eventually ran a marathon.
Re diabetes type 2, this disease is 100 percent preventable, provided action is taken before the pancreas is burned out.
‘A Gift from the Sun – Priceless Vitamin D’
The speaker, Kevin Coleman, a former GP, explained that having adequate vitamin D is preventive to rickets, osteoporosis, some cancers, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, muscular problems, some infectious illnesses like tuberculosis, and also other conditions.
The fear of melanoma has driven avoidance of sunlight that has resulted in global vitamin D deficiency, with 23 percent of Australians having some degree of deficiency.
The best source of this vitamin is the sun, and if supplements are taken they must be in high doses.
Osteopath, Doug Evans, practising in Penrith and Bundeena
Osteopathy can help lack of vitality, headaches, hip and back pain, joint pains and postural and mobility problems.
Penrith. Dr Doug Evans, DO, formerly senior practitioner at the now-closed Hopewood Health Retreat has commenced practising Saturdays in the office of the Natural Health Society, upstairs, Skipton’s Arcade, 541 High St, Penrith.
For bookings, phone Doug on 0416 254 409 or 9544 3328 (h).
Bundeena. Doug is currently building accommodation at his home to enable one or two people carry out fasting under his supervision. The almost completed accommodation is now available to take guests in comfort.
A 2010 study found a strong link between less small talk and more substantive conversations and increased happiness.
The happiest people had one-third as much small talk and twice as many substantive conversations.
In the study, small talk was defined as "uninvolved conversation of a banal nature," in which only trivial information was exchanged. A substantive conversation was defined as one in which "meaningful information was exchanged".
A follow-up study revealed moderate associations between life satisfaction and the amount of alone time, conversation time and substantive conversations.
It turned out that less alone time and more time talking with others was linked to higher wellbeing. But happiness levels rose even higher when there was less small talk and more meaningful conversation. Compared to the unhappiest participants, the happiest participants spent 25 percent less time alone and 70 percent more time talking.
Meaningful conversation increased life satisfaction in virtually every group the researchers studied, but small talk was less impactful, showing little effect one way or the other.
While small talk wasn’t beneficial, it wasn’t decidedly negative either. The researchers suggested it may have a place in leading to more meaningful conversations.
Nor did personality type dictate the results. Both introverts and extroverts stand to benefit from meaningful talks.
Along with regular, deep talks with friends and family, previous research has identified the four following personality traits as being associated with happiness:
- Extraversion
- Locus of control
- Self-esteem
- Optimism
Researchers reporting in Europe’s *Journal of Psychology* concluded that people with these four personality traits are happier because they use positive humour in their daily lives.
"The happiness of 'happy people' does not depend on life circumstances. Rather, happy people seem to have personalities that allow them to find happiness even in the midst of adversity and challenging life conditions," the study noted. And humour, it turns out, makes an effective adaptive strategy to maintain happiness.
However, not just any type of humour was beneficial. Self-defeating and aggressive humour styles were linked to less happiness, while positive, self-enhancing and affiliative humour did the opposite by helping people cope with difficult circumstances.
Aggressive humour is used as a means of teasing, criticising or manipulating others, and may be used as a way to demonstrate superiority over others.
Self-defeating humour may be used to avoid confronting problems or dealing with negative feelings, and may make fun of your own weaknesses.
Self-enhancing humour is used to maintain positive psychological wellbeing by means of distancing yourself from adversity.
Affiliative humour is used to entertain others, which helps enrich the quality of social relationships.
There's also a close relationship between being kind and being happy. Happiness levels increase when people count their own acts of kindness over a period.
Giving to others is also linked to happiness – generosity is certainly one form of kindness. People who agreed to spend money on others made more generous choices as well as having stronger increases in self-reported happiness compared to those who agreed to spend money on themselves.
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Most of the time, when children act up by kicking and screaming expletives, it is because they do not understand what they are going through, and cannot find a better way to release their feelings. When a child acts up, we know that it is most likely because they are struggling to understand complex emotions that they are feeling for the first time in their lives.
Schools in England have begun to tackle this problem in a new way, which is by teaching mindfulness and meditation in the classroom to improve the youths’ overall mental health. In 370 schools across the country, children will be taught how to meditate, techniques for muscle relaxation and breathing exercises for mindfulness.
The secondary school students will also get a more hands-on education to learn about awareness and how to increase this in their everyday lives. The program is being conducted under the mental health study that the British government is running until 2021.
Apart from the increasing number of young children that are showing signs of early onset depression and anxiety, the British National Health Service reports have also shown that one in eight British children has mental disorders. Despite these facts, many children with mental issues are unable to get access to treatment.
England isn’t the only country that has added mindfulness as a subject among schools. In 2016, a school in Baltimore, USA, decided to replace detention with an area where the children could go and practise some breathing and stretching exercises instead. The idea was to keep the students calmer in order to increase their focus within the classroom.
One student who was sent to the ‘mindful moment room’ for pushing and name-calling a fellow classmate describes it to CNN as, “I did some deep breathing, had a little snack, and I got myself together. Then I apologised to my class”.
Read More: [www.trueactivist.com/mindfulness-and-meditation-will-now-be-part-of-the-curriculum-in-370-schools-in-england-t1](http://www.trueactivist.com/mindfulness-and-meditation-will-now-be-part-of-the-curriculum-in-370-schools-in-england-t1)
Five herbs to help with stress and sleeplessness
By Dr Elizabeth Steels, Clinical Biochemist and Nutritionist, 25/03/2019
In our 24/7 society we often spend long hours at work, squeeze in as many activities as we can, and then compromise on the time we need to mentally and physically recharge. In Australia, stress levels are at an all-time high, with almost two thirds of people reporting that stress negatively impacts their mental wellbeing.
Sleep is necessary for our body to repair, recharge and de-stress, but for many, our busy minds aren’t always so willing to rest, and so the vicious cycle of stress and sleeplessness can begin.
Herbal support can help to naturally break the cycle. Here are five herbs that can help nourish your nervous system and support better sleep.
Lavender
*Lavandula*, commonly referred to as lavender, has been traditionally used in Western herbal medicine to help relieve restlessness and nervous unrest.
Lavender essential oil is one of the most studied essential oils in terms of its relaxing effects. One study found that lavender oil aromatherapy calmed the nervous system – lowering blood pressure, heart rate and skin temperature, as well as influencing brain waves to a more relaxed state.
Lavender oil can be inhaled or applied to the skin. Lavender extract is often a key ingredient in herbal medicines that help relieve symptoms of nervous tension and stress.
Kava
Kava is used traditionally as a ceremonial beverage and to support muscle and mind relaxation in the Pacific Islands, and to help relieve sleeplessness. It is the *kavalactones* present in the root of Kava that are recognised as being responsible for its relaxing and calming effects.
Research has shown that Kava, or *Piper methysticum*, may be beneficial to health by reducing reactivity during stressful events, as well as helping with sleeplessness.
In Australia, kava is available as a supplement and is standardised to contain the active ingredient kavalactones.
To ensure you are getting the highest quality kava and correct dose, it is recommended that it be used under the guidance of your healthcare practitioner.
Passionflower
Passionflower is a climbing vine that is native to the south-eastern United States and Central and South America. Some studies suggest that certain species of passionflower may have medicinal benefits. For example, *Passiflora incarnata* may help treat anxiety and sleeplessness.
Passionflower appears to increase *gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)* levels in the brain – a neurotransmitter that may either lift mood, or have a soothing effect on the nervous system, which may, ultimately, help one to unwind and sleep better.
Siberian ginseng
The use of Siberian ginseng may date back over 2,000 years in China.
Although Siberian ginseng is not related to true ginseng (*Panax ginseng*), the name ‘Siberian ginseng’ gained popularity because both plants have similar properties.
Siberian ginseng has traditionally been used as an ‘adaptogen’ – a compound which increases one’s capability of adapting to environmental factors, which can include physical and emotional stress. It is also believed to assist adrenal gland function when the body encounters stress.
Siberian ginseng, part of the *Eleutherococcus senticosus* species, has also demonstrated an improvement in mental sharpness and physical endurance without the burnout effect often associated with caffeinated products.
Lemon Balm
Lemon balm, or *Melissa officinalis*, is part of the mint family and can be found in a number of countries worldwide.
This aromatic herb has, interestingly, been used to help decrease stress and improve sleep since the Middle Ages. Research suggests that, like passionflower, it may increase GABA levels in the brain.
PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE
It is advised that natural herbs are used under the guidance of a healthcare practitioner, particularly if you are pregnant or breastfeeding or take medications.
Sleep disturbances may be caused by serious medical conditions, so you should consult your healthcare practitioner to discuss your particular needs to optimise your health.
To find a healthcare practitioner (all kinds, Australia-wide), please visit: eaglenaturalhealth.com.au/findapractitioner
Brussels first major city to halt 5G due to health effects
By Josh del Sol Beaulieu, 2nd April 2019
Great news! A Belgian government minister has announced that Brussels is halting its 5G plans due to adverse health effects.
The statement was made by Céline Fremault, the Minister of the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region, responsible for Housing, Quality of Life, Environment and Energy. From an interview Friday 29th March 2019, with L'Echo:
"I cannot welcome such technology if the radiation standards, which must protect the citizens, are not respected, 5G or not. The people of Brussels are not guinea pigs whose health I can sell at a profit. We cannot leave anything to doubt."
Quality of Life, Environment and Energy
Ms Fremault accurately identified that a 5G pilot project is not compatible with Belgian radiation safety standards (9 V/m, or 95 mW/m² according to this online converter), and stated that she does not intend to make an exception.
(In the Building Biology guidelines, the threshold for extreme concern is 1 mW/m². However, many government agencies still only consider thermal effects, instead of the cumulative body of thousands of peer-reviewed scientific studies of other effects.)
Perhaps with Brussels heading up the European Union, and with one of the two major 5G appeals being addressed to the EU, officials there are better informed and motivated to protect themselves.
2-MINUTE ACTION: To send a brief note of support to Ms Fremault and Brussels city councillors, go to be/city-councillors. Emphasise to them the importance of keeping this ban permanent, despite industry's impending pressure.
The 5G Situation in Summary
There is almost no question that a 5G-world would place us all under an unprecedented level of surveillance and control, granting unheard-of powers to soulless corporations.
The talking heads of the wireless industry even brashly admit – when forced to do so in a US senate hearing – that they have not done any safety studies … and they don’t plan to.
The fact is, hundreds of scientists are trying everything they can to sound the alarm.
One such voice, Dr Martin Pall, the WSU Professor Emeritus whose research lays out the mechanism for how wireless radiation harms our cells, calls 5G “The stupidest idea in the history of the world.”
However, within the corporatised halls of government, there is a well-worn pattern of the voices of reason being drowned out by the technocratic corporations, who envisage 5G as an unprecedented economic opportunity for the full-on commercial exploitation of reality.
But the 5G pushback is beginning to go viral. The compilation of truth assembled in videos about 5G provides a much-needed reality-check on the greed and depravation among the agenda-pushers in our world.
While it may sound stark, after observing this for a long while, it now appears to me that those pushing this agenda are so frenzied with dollar signs and ‘us-versus-them’ progress-obsessions that they are incapable of seeing where all of this is obviously heading – for them and their kids, too.
When the industry sheep are being presented with an avalanche of scientific evidence for a catastrophe-in-the-making, they refuse to listen and instead continue to tow the profit-pushing line. Perhaps it’s a global, unconscious ‘death wish’ that is at the core of the 5G push.
Where You Live: The Pushback Against 5G is Going Viral
While Brussels has become the first major international city to block 5G, dozens of local governments have passed legislation to prevent or restrict 5G rollouts due to health effects. Environmental Health Trust lists legislation from 21 local governments in the USA alone.
Websites such as EMF Safety Network, WhatIs5G.info and My Street, My Choice provide guidelines for how to put the brakes on 5G where you live.
Below is a partial list of resources where you can learn more and get involved. We applaud every individual who takes the reins and leads from their heart.
Resources
The Brussels story – sources
- Brussels Times
- L'echo
- Bruzz.be
Scientific Evidence on 5G Harm
- EHTrust: Scientific Research on 5G, Small Cells and Health
- Dr Martin Pall's free e-book: '5G: Compelling Evidence for Eight Distinct Types of Great Harm Caused by Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposures and the Mechanism that Causes Them' (PDF, 90 pages)
- Dr Joel Moskowitz: '5G Wireless Technology: Cutting Through the Hype'
- Electric Sense: '5G Radiation Dangers – 11 Reasons To Be Concerned'
- Health resources summary from WhatIs5G.info
- Health resources summary from TelecomPowerGrab.com
- EMF interview by Luke Storey: Dr Jack Kruse
- SaferEMR: Summary of 400 new EMF scientific studies, Aug 2016, to present EMF in general
- Research from Magda Havas
- News from Clear Light Ventures
- Articles from BN Frank at ActivistPost
There is increasing awareness about the adverse health effects of electromagnetic radiation, for example, with the moves to introduce 5G on a widespread basis and efforts to have people use smart meters (re the latter, see *TNH* Winter 2018).
As the urgency surrounding climate change gathers pace, there seems little doubt that fossil-fuel-powered cars, trucks and buses will increasingly be replaced by hybrid versions and fully electric versions. Norway announced its proposed ban on fossil-fuel cars in 2016, planning to prohibit the sale of all petrol and diesel vehicles by 2025. An expanding number of countries have similarly proposed such a ban, typically from 2030 onwards.
Hybrid and electric cars may be green, but how safe are they? In recent years, studies on electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted from some models found radiation at excessive levels. EMR expert, Alasdair Philips from Powerwatch (www.powerwatch.org.uk), reports that in 2010, the Israeli government cancelled an order of 200 hybrid Toyotas for their police after measuring high levels of electromagnetic radiation from the batteries and electronic systems. The Israeli government said that any more than four hours a day in the car would constitute a health risk. Toyota apparently took legal steps to stop the Israeli government from releasing the radiation measurements.
Many hybrid cars can produce high levels of magnetic fields, and electric vehicles can also produce high magnetic fields when compared with conventional vehicles. The level of exposure depends on the position within the vehicle and can vary with different operating conditions, as changes in engine load can induce magnetic fields through changes in electric currents. Children are smaller and their heads are generally closer to the car floor where the magnetic field strength has been reported to be higher due to tyre magnetisation and the operation of the underfloor electrical systems.
In addition, electronic dash panels and electronics in modern cars will also produce radiofrequency fields, such as continuously active Bluetooth systems to enable mobile phone communications.
The health risks increase with the duration of exposure, that is, the amount of travel time. The risks associated with EMR exposure include various types of cancers, sleep disorders and memory problems. More common problems reported by some drivers include headaches, concentration problems, ‘grogginess’ and atypical fatigue.
Design guidelines have been produced that can reduce the magnetic fields in electric vehicles, and all vehicle manufacturers should follow these guidelines to ensure their customers’ safety. Magnetic fields in electric cars should be measured and published.
Unfortunately, much of the research conducted on these issues has been industry-funded by companies with vested interests and it is therefore difficult to know which studies are trustworthy. Joel M. Moskowitz, PhD, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, provides an overview of some research at the following link:
www.saferemr.com/2014/07/shouldnt-hybrid-and-electric-cars-be-re.html
With more consumers likely to seek environmentally friendly vehicles, those concerned about EMR exposure can seek an accredited building biologist to assist with measurements and evaluation. For assistance, contact the Australasian Society of Building Biologists at http://asbb.org.au/.
You will find differences between vehicles regarding the amount of shielding, the ability to disable Bluetooth and so on for a range of issues.
**The author.** Murray May, BSc (Hons) PhD, has worked long-term on health and environmental issues and provides technical writer support for the Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, www.orsaa.org.
Exercising in winter is a great way to keep a positive attitude in the colder months! Jump on track and stay there this winter with these easy to follow exercises. They’re for any skill level and you won’t need any special equipment. If you keep fit, eat well, drink lots of water and breathe in that crisp cooler air, you’re sure to give your day a natural boost!
**Russian twists.** Sit on the floor, knees bent with a towel or yoga mat underneath you. Lean back at approximately a 45-degree angle and lift your arms to shoulder height. Maintain a straight-back posture and twist your arms from left to right, allowing your upper body to follow your arms. Repeat this motion for 30 seconds, rest for 10 second and then repeat three times.
If this becomes too easy and you would like a bit more of a challenge, you can repeat the exercise while holding a litre water bottle or a bag of rice.
**Sit-ups.** Find a clear space on a soft surface like a mat or carpet and lie on your back. Reach forward with straight arms towards your toes for 5 seconds, lay down again and repeat ten times, rest for 10 seconds and repeat. Keep your core engaged, your glutes firm and make controlled movements – resist the urge to throw yourself forward.
**Wall sits.** Lean your back against a wall with your thighs and knees at 90-degree angles. Hold this squat position for 30 seconds, then rest for 10 seconds and repeat 3 times.
If this gets too easy and you would like a bit more of a challenge, you can repeat the exercise in a slightly lower squat.
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**Cauliflower and Parmesan Cheese Rosti**
**Ingredients**
- 1 large head of cauliflower (about 600 gm)
- 1 small onion, finely chopped
- 4 large free-range eggs
- 2 Tbsp parmesan cheese, grated
- 2 Tbsp parsley, finely chopped
- 2 Tbsp coconut flour
- ¼ tsp pepper
- 2 Tbsp coconut oil
- ½ avocado, mashed
- Natural yoghurt
**Method**
- Process the cauliflower in a food processor until finely shredded. Then add the rest of the ingredients to the cauliflower (except for the coconut oil) and combine well.
- Meanwhile, bring a large frypan to a medium heat and add a little of the coconut oil. When the pan is hot enough place one third of the mixture into the pan to create your first rosti, then repeat twice more.
- Cook until crispy and slightly browned. Serve hot or cold with a side of avocado and natural yoghurt.
Hopewood Lifestyle
Hopewoodlifestyle.com.au is a natural health online resource for people seeking expert knowledge and information about how to achieve and maintain health and wellbeing.
Hopewood provided its natural health and wellbeing guidance and support to thousands of guests at its health retreat in Wallacia, NSW, for over 55 years. Since its closure in 2015, Hopewood has continued its reputable voice in the natural health industry, equipping its readers with the practical advice and inspiration they need to live a happier, healthier life.
The Hopewood lifestyle promotes vegetarianism, plenty of water and freshly prepared juices, food combining, regular exercise and relaxation. It also emphasises the power of fresh air and spending time in our natural environment. Living the Hopewood lifestyle is achievable and sustainable. It helps people feel more energetic, reach and maintain a healthy weight, manage stress and get more out of life.
The Hopewood philosophy ripples across each page of the lifestyle website, helping people understand and maximise their unique, inner potential for good health and wellbeing, while supporting them to achieve it. The free online destination offers articles, tips, advice and information on a variety of subjects including: health and wellbeing, body and skin care, beauty, travel, lifestyle, food and of course, many delicious, nutritious free recipes to enjoy.
We hope to welcome you to the Hopewood community soon!
Have a look at www.hopewoodlifestyle.com.au
Recipes extract from lifestyle – Hopewood’s recipe for wellbeing
Hopewood lifestyle book
A brilliant way to kickstart and maintain your wellness journey, lifestyle – Hopewood’s recipe for wellbeing is packed with the tips and tools you need to lead a natural, healthy and happy life. Inside, you’ll find 250 pages of 100 mouth-wateringly delicious, incredibly healthy and easy-to-prepare vegetarian recipes, accompanied by wonderful photography, inspirational ideas and lifestyle wisdom. Topics include eating for preventative health, stress and weight management, nurturing your body and connecting with nature. With its holistic approach, the book focuses on your lifestyle as a whole, rather than a specific health problem or part of your body. This focus supports better long-term wellbeing and proactively encourages mind, body and spirit wellness.
You can purchase the book directly at hopewoodlifestyle.com.au
Beet Borsch
Ingredients
• 3 beetroot
• 3 carrots
• 1 cucumber
• 1 small onion
• 1 cup diluted beetroot juice or vegetable stock
• 1 tablespoon lemon juice
• ½ cup celery juice
• 1 teaspoon honey
Garnish
• dill
• cucumber, sliced
• yoghurt
Method
• Peel raw vegetables, cut into chunks and place in food processor.
• Add all other ingredients and blend, adding more liquid if necessary.
• Refrigerate for at least 30 minutes before serving.
• Garnish with sliced cucumber and a spoonful of yoghurt, sprinkled with dill.
## Basil Walnut Pesto with Zucchini Noodles
**Ingredients**
- 2 cups fresh basil leaves
- 2 cloves garlic
- ¼ cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 2 tsp fresh lemon juice
- 2 Tbsp nutritional yeast
- ½ cup raw fresh walnuts
- Vegetable salt to taste
- Zucchini Noodles – 4 to 5 zucchinis cut into noodles with spiraliser
**Method**
Combine ingredients except noodles in food processor. Toss through zucchini noodles and serve.
---
## Ruby Red Salad
**Ingredients**
- 3 cups grated carrot
- 2 cups grated beetroot
- 1 cup chopped fresh parsley
- ½ cup coarsely chopped raw walnuts
- 2 Tbsp fresh chives
- ½ cup dried cranberries (soaked)
**Citrus Dressing**
- ¼ cup fresh orange juice
- 2 Tbsp extra-virgin olive oil
- 1 tsp minced fresh ginger
- 1 tsp vegetable salt
**Method**
Toss all ingredients and add dressing.
---
## Waldorf Salad
**Ingredients**
- 3 – 4 crisp apples
- 2 cups seedless grapes, halved
- 1 cup chopped celery
- 1 cup chopped walnuts
**Almond Mayonnaise**
- Juice 1 large or two small lemons
- ½ cup extra-virgin olive oil
- ½ cup soaked raw almonds. Drained
- ½ tsp yellow mustard powder
- 2 – 3 teas raw honey or agave nectar
- ½ tsp veggie salt to taste
**Method**
Just before serving, mix mayonnaise and add walnuts.
Blend half almonds with other ingredients. Add more almonds for thickness and water if necessary to blend.
---
## Spicy Mexican Salad
**Ingredients**
- 3 chopped tomatoes
- 2 ripe avocados, finely diced
- 2 cups fresh or frozen corn kernels
- 2 stalks celery, diced
- 1 large red, yellow or orange capsicum cut into matchsticks
- 1 cup sprouted red lentils
- 1 cup finely chopped coriander
- 3 spring onions
**Spicy Mexican Dressing**
- ¼ cup freshly squeezed lime juice
- 2 Tbsp extra-virgin olive oil
- 2 Tbsp low-salt, wheat-free shoyu or tamari (pure soya sauce)
- 1 Tbsp maple syrup
- 1 tsp minced or green chilli
- ½ tsp ground cumin
**Method**
Blend all ingredients. Pour over salad just before serving.
## Roasted pumpkin and sweet potato
**Ingredients**
- 1 kg pumpkin and sweet potato
- 2 Tbsp vegetable stock
- 1 tsp chopped fresh rosemary
- 2 tsp chopped fresh parsley
- 1/8 tsp dried sage
- 2 tsp paprika
- 2 tsp freshly ground pepper
- Vegetable oil spray
**Method**
Peel and chop potatoes and pumpkin to serving size. Toss with remaining ingredients until well coated. Lightly spray baking pan with vegetable oil. Place coated potatoes and pumpkin in a single layer on the pan and bake until soft and lightly browned.
---
## ChickPea Hot Pot
**Ingredients**
- Onion
- Tomato
- Mixed herbs
- Soaked and cooked chickpeas
**Method**
Sauté onion, add tomato and herbs. Add chickpeas and heat.
---
## Cool Cucumber Salad
**Ingredients**
- 6 Lebanese cucumbers
- 4 tomatoes
- 450 gm cooked chick peas
- 1 Spanish onion
- Fresh basil leaves
- Mint leaves
**Method**
Chop cucumbers and tomatoes. Slice onion finely. Chop basil and mint. Add all ingredients to salad bowl. Add dressing of lemon juice and small amount of veggie salt.
---
## Green Salad
Plate of mixed greens scattered with cherry tomatoes or tomato wedges, cucumber slices and drizzled with lemon juice.
---
## Dessert
Seasonal Fruit
Mind, body and soul, a heading frequently captioned in wellbeing magazines, newspapers and electronic media are discussed on a daily basis.
Millions each year flock in reverence to the church as they march their souls towards eternal life. Impressive line-ups of spiritual gurus and psychic mediums who demonstrate impressive abilities to communicate with the deceased grace the screens – such as Oprah and Dr Phil. Arenas are regularly packed to capacity with devotees of the enlightened, such as Caroline Myss and Deepak Chopra, their attendees showing up to quench their souls.
There is a consensus between many people that our existence transcends physical time/space. There are many who, in spite of their claims of non-belief in life beyond, spontaneously drop into prayer in moments of peril or terminal illness.
In our novel, Monkey Business: A Story of Soulmates and Primates, co-written by myself and my husband, retired doctor Kevin Coleman, we give a playful account of how human beings are both physical and abstract as we explore the nature of reality and illusion. Our analogy of time is that of an Olympic pool: though we may swim the length of the pool, the body of water itself is not linear.
When I am addressing audiences, I invite them to close their eyes to an imagined reality devoid of emotion, perception, inspiration, creativity and imagination itself. Upon re-opening their eyes my audience invariably agree that the tangle the world had at that moment ceased to exist. Perhaps the non-tangible world is the engine room of our tangible world that we co-create with others. To quote from our novel:
“With all lights out, Estelle lay awake contemplating her life. She felt solid, grounded, present and eager to reintegrate more fully with normality. It seemed as if all her perceptions, choices and actions thus far had been the artistry of her inner self-expression on a blank canvas. Her internal expression reflected back to her as external manifestations. She felt both powerful and fragile in her newfound awareness of how she could never escape herself. The realisation hit her like a thunderbolt. She alone was entirely responsible for herself. Estelle was fully able to make sense of karma.”
“Paradoxically, she also conceded that she was being governed by some greater destiny over which she had little control. Feeling her vulnerability, she resolved to be more fully responsible for those elements which she could control; what she could control were both attitudes and choices, her attitude being the springboard of the sum total of her choices.”
It is estimated that we have 60,000 to 70,000 thoughts a day. If our thoughts shape our reality, it might be said that we live in a constant state of self-hypnosis, a trance-like condition. Our state of mind and being affects not only ourselves but all others, as they do to us – as does the media, marketers, advertisers, governments and corporations.
As we travel through the pages of our novel we ask, “Are you one of the millions of modern-day sleepwalkers treading through life, moving through a fog of other people’s thoughts? What seductive messages are being drip-fed into modern society? By whom, and why? Who is buying your silent obedience? Are you ready to awaken from a drip-fed state of consciousness?”
WE ARE DYING TO FIND OURSELVES
We often hear someone saying that they had a ‘wake-up call’, usually at a critical moment in their lives. Might this suggest that they had been asleep? Often they describe that moment as a moment of liberation from some self-imposed, imprisoned state. Finally they give themselves permission to live more fully and ever present and to embrace their dreams.
A wise man once said, “We are here to be happy, healthy and to give something back.” Over decades I have heard numerous accounts of people claiming that their greatest desire is for happiness and health. For each person, the vision takes on a different form: a loving relationship, bigger house, a long-overdue holiday, etc. The list is as long as is the imagination.
Without health our ability to pursue our heart’s desire is compromised. Health may not be everything, but without health everything is nothing.
Many grip onto life with white knuckles holding on tightly through a roller coaster of cultural stress. The media claims we have a physical and mental health crisis. We hear of rising unemployment and the homeless discarded onto the streets. We have a staggering crime rate, yet our popular shows are saturated with violence and greed. We are fearful of rape, while our billboards are plastered with demeaning sexual imagery and young girls strip down to their bras and undies in order to belt out tunes for music clips. We seek to defend our sanity through mind-altering drugs, both legal and illegal. We numb our hearts from love. We ignore our broken spirits as we trample each other’s dreams just to stay on top of the game.
Trillions of dollars are spent on psychotropic drugs, blood pressure medication, tranquillisers, cigarettes, alcohol and sleeping pills. Every day we see another advertisement masquerading as news for another magic bullet, miracle breakthrough, surgery or vaccine. We live with dis-ease, suspicious that our loved ones may be the carriers of some deadly infectious disease. We are sold on herd immunity at the cost of herd community. We are as afraid of living as we are of dying.
Has our world been hijacked by corporate narratives and fictitious constructs, seducing us with lures of happiness and health? Are we held hostage to consumeristic images of more wealth, more power and more sex, all flashing like a moving screen before our eyes? If consumerism were to end tomorrow, would we all be displaced and without purpose?
Who is selling us dreams while our dreams are being sold from under us? We live in a man-made complex pyramidal structure held together by the ruthless whip-hand of greed. Through conformity, we follow the prompts of social norms, while we stagger around in a state of mass hypnosis, powerless to examine our decisions. Mostly we make decisions prompted by social proofs as we follow the masses without examination of consequences.
Lured by promises of happiness and health, our heartfelt desires are used by corporations as weapons against us. We trample upon those weaker people below us as those above us trample upon us, all scrambling for a top rung. The mantra is for a ‘growing economy’. Yet I choose to say, NO ECO NO ME. This is the system that both seduces and betrays us in one.
To further quote our novel, “We are brought into the system and bought by the system. Everyone has their price. Those who defect, pay the ultimate price.”
Perhaps the end of this pyramidal structure is our wake-up call!
FINDING OURSELVES BEYOND SEPARATION
To awaken to our soul’s true calling is to awaken to a world beyond and to examine our soul’s true currency, which lies beyond the illusion of the pyramid. Both happiness and health are our birthrights. Beyond the pyramid of Ego lives an Ecology, a circle of life where each unique soul shares equal value, for all life is sacred.
Injury to one is injury to all. Humans are one of millions of species, each interdependent on all life, therefore we must choose to defend all life with our lives. No more is a woman the value of her housekeeping, or a chicken the value of her eggs or a pig the value of a sandwich. Life is of value for life itself.
ALL LIFE HOLDS EQUAL VALUE
As a vegan I choose the path of equality, non-violence and reverence for all. We are neither lesser nor greater than any other life-form. We must step down from our arrogance and belief in our superiority: that we are the chosen ones bestowed to decide who is worthy of life and who should be condemned to die. Each values his or her life equally. Each sentient life form has the capacity to feel contentment, connection, pain and terror.
As other life forms disappear, parts of ourselves also disappear. As they die, so too does a part of ourselves. When we ingest suffering, we too suffer mind, body and soul, with rippling effects throughout our collective consciousness. For all life is held together as One by the delicate tapestry of creation herself. The illusion of separateness is just one grand lie, as is the illusion of separating the ocean or the air that we breathe. There is no money to be made on a dead planet. Yet we are killing her fast.
When we liberate ourselves from such an illusion, we begin to hear the echoes of our tender hearts guiding us to our destiny – the path of giving back to a life that has given us so much. Our emotional responses and what evokes our passions are our greatest clues.
Perhaps we react to the injustice of homelessness, cruelty to animals, those sitting in God’s waiting room alone waiting to die, those without food. If consumerism were to end overnight, what might be our contribution to make our world a better place? Bestowed with gifts from the creator, we are creative by nature in our capacity to give back, only ever limited by our imagination.
When we awaken to our true essence, we can live in harmony: body, mind and soul.
Flavia Ursino, co-author of Monkey Business: A Story of Soulmates and Primates, lives with a passion for telling the stories and speaking up for those who cannot speak for themselves. She has worked as a spiritual advisor and speaker for almost 40 years and aims to inspire others to live their authentic lives. She enjoys writing poetry and lives with her husband, retired doctor Kevin Coleman, on the Central Coast.
“You’ll be on these drugs for life!” … Well not so fast!
By Dr Greg Fitzgerald (allied health), Osteopath, Chiropractor and Naturopath
I have lost count of the number of patients I’ve seen who were told by their doctor that their hypertension (high blood pressure) and high cholesterol must be treated by drugs for the rest of their lives.
In fact, my own mother-in-law was told that if she did not take her two medications for life to lower her blood pressure and cholesterol, then she will have to choose to die from either a heart attack or stroke. Seriously. To say the doctor spooked her is an understatement. This stupid statement alone was enough to raise her blood pressure.
Moreover, other health issues are also treated with the same ‘do-or-die’ approach by most doctors, including reflux, thyroid problems, bacterial infections, flu injections, high blood glucose, diabetes and many others.
When you see the medical curriculum as I have done, you understand why the vast majority of doctors believe that the only answer is drugs. Their education on diet and lifestyle is woefully deficient.
There are two mistakes with this do-or-die approach.
The first mistake is to assume that hypertension and high cholesterol can only – and must – be treated by drugs. Elevations of blood pressure and cholesterol have dietary and lifestyle causes, which when corrected, lead to normalisation of their levels, except in very rare cases. I repeat, it’s only in rare cases that drugs are necessary. The vast majority of patients experiencing these health issues can lower both blood pressure and cholesterol by changing their diet and modifying other lifestyle factors.
This has been shown in my clinic countless times. It has also been seen by many other practitioners over the years, and a quick search of the work of lifestyle doctors will corroborate this. Such doctors include Joel Fuhrman, Dean Ornish, Neal Barnard, Alan Goldhamer, Anthony Lim, Michael Klaper, John McDougall, Pam Popper, Stephen Esser, Frank Sabatino, Asa Frey, Caldwell Esselstyn and many others.
In fact, in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, Nathan Pritikin of ‘The Pritikin Diet’ fame reversed his heart disease by adopting a plant-based diet. He had been told his heart disease was inoperable and to live with it (and die from it). Pritikin refused to believe that and when he committed suicide decades later, the autopsy showed he had the arteries of a teenager. The Pritikin Longevity Centre is still running today in California, and my wife, Dawn, and I had the pleasure of attending there many years ago.
Before that, Natural Hygienist and Natural Health practitioners, including Alec Burton, John Tilden, Russell Trall and Kenneth Jaffrey, to name a few, all had great success in reversing these ‘numbers’ with changes in diet and lifestyle.
The second mistake is to believe that such drugs must be taken for life.
A few years ago a medical doctor seeing me said that he was scared to come off these drugs, because – here we go again – his cardiologist had told him to choose between a heart attack or a stroke if he ever tried to stop them.
After changing to a plant-based diet, the doctor ceased all medications and actually told Dawn and me, “I’ve been teaching the wrong thing to my patients for 25 years”. He has thrived ever since.
There are reasons why modern medicine is the third leading cause of death in the world. And this myopic approach where illnesses caused by diet and lifestyle are routinely treated by drugs, and the patient is scared half to death, is one of them.
Thankfully, not all doctors are so myopic. Two years ago I attended a medical conference at Sydney University, where a Professor David le Coutier spoke. His topic and specialty: de-prescribing!
On my questioning him, he stated that before he de-prescribes, he makes sure his patients change their diet and lifestyle.
What a breath of fresh air!
The take-away lesson:
Be careful whose advice you believe!
If you remove the causes, you are on the right path to removing the drugs.
Hallelujah!
The galactose in milk may explain why milk consumption is associated with significantly higher risk of hip fractures, cancer and premature death.
Milk is touted to build strong bones, but a compilation of all the best studies found no association between milk consumption and hip fracture risk, so drinking milk as an adult might not help bones. But what about in adolescence? Harvard researchers decided to put it to the test.
Studies have shown that greater milk consumption during childhood and adolescence contributes to peak bone mass, and is therefore expected to help avoid osteoporosis and bone fractures in later life. But that’s not what they found. Milk consumption during teenage years was not associated with a lower risk of hip fracture, and, if anything, milk consumption was associated with a borderline increase in fracture risk in men.
It appears that the extra boost in total body bone mineral density you get from getting extra calcium is lost within a few years, even if you keep up the calcium supplementation. It is a long-standing enigma that hip fracture rates are highest in populations with the greatest milk consumption.
This enigma irked a Swedish research team, puzzled because studies again and again had shown a tendency of a higher risk of fracture with a higher intake of milk. There is a rare birth defect called *galactosaemia*, where babies are born without the enzymes needed to detoxify the galactose found in milk, so they end up with elevated levels of galactose in their blood, which can cause bone loss even as kids.
One hundred thousand men and women were followed for up to 20 years. The researchers found that milk-drinking women had higher rates of death, more heart disease and significantly more cancer for each glass of milk. Three glasses a day was associated with nearly twice the risk of death. And they had significantly more bone and hip fractures too.
Men in a separate study also had a higher rate of death with higher milk consumption, but at least they didn’t have higher fracture rates. So there is a dose-dependent higher rate of both mortality and fracture in women, and a higher rate of mortality in men with milk intake, but the opposite for other dairy products like soured milk and yoghurt, which would go along with the galactose theory, since bacteria can ferment away some of the lactose.
*The above is just an approximation of an audio contributed by Katie Schloer.*
Expelled Peter Gotzsche sets up ‘new Cochrane’
By Bryan Hubbard, January 17th 2019
Once the hallmark of independent medical research, the Cochrane Collaboration has accepted a grant of over £1 million from the Bill Gates Foundation and summarily dismissed its most outspoken researcher, Peter C. Gotzsche.
Now Gotzsche is setting up a Cochrane alternative, the Institute for Scientific Freedom, and is looking for crowd-funding to get it going.
Gotzsche, a co-founder of Cochrane, has over the years criticised mammogram screening, the lack of good evidence for the flu vaccine, and the dangers of the HPV vaccine.
But after the Gates’ donation, the Collaboration reversed its views about the HPV vaccine and started producing damning reviews on taking supplements. And in a show trial, as Gotzsche described it, he was expelled last September. He may also lose his job at the Rigshospitalet hospital in Denmark, where he works.
But because “scientific freedom, honesty and integrity are constantly under attack” from the drug industry, Gotzsche believes it’s vital that a truly independent research voice exists.
He is planning to launch the Institute for Scientific Freedom in March, and is seeking crowd-funding (see: www.gofundme.com/scientific-freedom).
FLUORIDATION
Over-exposure to fluoride dramatically increasing dental fluorosis
By the Fluoride Action Network of the USA
Researchers report a huge increase in dental fluorosis in the USA in a paper just published in the Journal of Dental Research – Clinical & Translational Research.
Dental fluorosis is a tooth enamel defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during childhood. It appears as white spots or lines in milder cases and pitted and stained enamel in more severe cases. Analysis of the most recently available government data (NHANES 2011-2012 survey) found that 65% of American children now have some degree of dental fluorosis. [In Australia, with similar fluoridation to the USA, we would expect a similar finding.]
The survey found the objectionable degrees of dental fluorosis, that is termed ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’, in 30.4% of children aged 12 – 15. This was an eight-fold increase from the previous national survey in 1999-2004 that found 3.7% affected.
Paul Connett, PhD, director of Fluoride Action Network, noted, “This is compelling evidence that fluoride exposure, already linked to lowered IQ in children, has skyrocketed. Fluorosis is a permanent marker of excessive early-life exposure to fluoride compounds. The US Public Health Service (PHS) has promoted fluoridation since the 1950s, but now must recognise that fluoride exposure is out of control. The emerging evidence of harm to developing brains can no longer be dismissed.”
According to lead author, Chris Neurath, “These extremely high rates are unprecedented and far beyond what were considered acceptable when water fluoridation was commenced 75 years ago.
“Although we were not able to determine what specific sources of fluoride caused these large increases in fluorosis, likely contributors include increases in water fluoridation, especially when used for mixing infant formula, and swallowed fluoride toothpaste.
“The PHS in 2015 recommended a reduction in the level of fluoride added to drinking water. This was in response to the increase in fluorosis between 1986/87 and 1999-2004. The much larger increase in the 2011/12 survey was apparently not considered. The reduction by the PHS may not be sufficient to reduce fluorosis to dentally acceptable levels, and it ignores the serious neurotoxic effects that may be occurring.”
Neurath also noted, “The rear teeth were usually the most affected, and it was their scores that determined the person’s scores. When we only considered the front teeth, the ‘moderate’ and ‘severe’ rate was 10% instead of 30%. Many fluoridating countries only consider front teeth in their surveys (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), thereby underestimating the true rates of fluorosis.”
Visit FAN’s webpage on this study for links to the full paper, the CDC data, our press release, the study abstract, photos, graphs and background information on dental fluorosis: fluoridealert.org/issues/fluorosis/2019-latest-information/
Source: fluoridealert.org, 16th March 2019, the newsletter of the US Fluoride Action Network
Families around the world are now living without plastic, avoiding grocery bags, storage containers, toothbrushes and produce bags. At the same time, challenging, online and brick-and-mortar businesses are available to make your transition easier, if not painless.
It may take up to 1,000 years for plastic to completely degrade. In the meantime, the product breaks down into micro-plastic particles, infiltrating our food and water supply, damaging the environment and placing our health at risk.
Plastic pollution and chemical absorption is associated with numerous forms of cancer, obesity and neurological, reproductive and developmental toxicities, as well as diabetes, organ malfunctions and heart disease.
Plastic is made from a number of different chemicals, some of which are known to act as endocrine disruptors. An endocrine disruptor is similar in nature to a natural sex hormone and interferes with the normal functioning in our body.
While not visible, plastic chemicals can be found in fast-food packaging and processed and boxed foods, including those marketed as organic. Use has skyrocketed from two million tonnes in 1950 to 380 million tonnes in 2015.
This represents an astonishing 18,000 percent increase over 65 years. At this growth rate, the Earth could very well be covered in plastic in another 65 years, demonstrating the power that manufacturers have to destroy life.
Only eight percent of plastic is ever recycled, and even then, some of the items tossed in the recycling bin may never make it to the recycling centre. Some of it ends up contaminating entire loads of recyclables that would otherwise have been re-used.
**What You Can Do to Reduce Your Use**
The next step after recycling is to reduce your plastic use. It’s important to start slowly and build gradually so the changes become habitual and stick. Consider the following:
1. Use re-usable shopping bags for groceries;
2. Take your own left-overs container to restaurants;
3. Bring your own mug for coffee, and bring drinking water from home in glass bottles instead of buying bottled water;
4. Request no plastic wrap on your newspaper and dry cleaning;
5. Store foods in glass or stainless steel containers rather than plastic containers and freezer bags;
6. Avoid disposable utensils and straws and buy foods in bulk whenever you can;
7. Opt for non-disposable razors, washable feminine hygiene products, cloth nappies, handkerchiefs instead of paper tissues, rags in lieu of paper towels and infant toys made of wood rather than plastic;
8. Avoid processed foods stored in plastic bags with chemicals – buy fresh produce instead;
9. Consider switching to bamboo toothbrushes and brushing your teeth with coconut oil and baking soda to avoid plastic toothpaste tubes.
**Major Plastic Problems in Oceans from Clothes**
Following multiple studies and environmental assays, a group of scientists set out to determine the extent of plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. They discovered that much of the plastic microfibre results from washing clothes.
Microfibres enter the oceans through sewage systems, presenting a challenge to marine life as the irregular shapes make the plastic more difficult to excrete. This contributes to intestinal blockage and chemical poisoning.
Once in the waterways, the lipophilic (fat-loving) properties of plastic attract other oil-based chemicals, such as flame retardants, bisphenols and phthalates, and concentrates these contaminants up to 100,000-fold. The plastic then carries the pollutants to the next creature in the food chain, and the next, possibly eventually landing on a human’s dinner plate.
Each of us has an opportunity to not contribute to this system by selecting organic fabrics, refusing to participate in ‘fast fashion’ and only buying clothes that you truly need. The effect of ‘retail therapy’ may help you feel relaxed for a short time, but the pollution generated lasts a lifetime.
Measles mania seems to have hit New York with a vengeance...and it's causing a major outbreak of rights violations, fear-mongering and government coercion.
Amid dire predictions of a "growing epidemic" in the State, officials first banned unvaccinated people from public places and then ordered a mandatory vaccination policy in four Brooklyn zip code areas. Any parent who does not comply with this order faces court charges and a fine of up to $1,000. In addition to this, the state issued a warning that any school found to have non-vaccinated kids in attendance would be fined and/or shut down.
In response to the draconian actions taken by the State, a lawsuit was filed by families who balked at having their right to personal medical choice taken away, despite the fact that laws in New York still allow for medical and religious exemptions. The suit was quickly dismissed in a state court and crackdowns increased. Every infant, child and adult age 6 months or older must have proof of current measles vaccination, and the state will prosecute anyone who contracts measles if they fail to comply after the mandatory vaccination order.
In addition, state officials plan to trace the path of every individual who contracts the disease...following where they were and who they had contact with. Anyone who falls ill with measles and has not complied with the vaccination mandate will face misdemeanor charges and be fined. If they find an unvaccinated child among the patient's contacts, they will fine the child's parents.
As of April 18th 2019 more than four schools had been shut down for being in violation of the new vaccine policy by allowing an unvaccinated child to attend, or by failing to produce vaccination records for every child in attendance. In addition, at least three parents have been charged with misdemeanours and fined.
Measles is not the "dangerous disease" the media is portraying it as; it's a mild disease in most cases that has not caused a death in the United States for over four years...and that death occurred in a woman who was on immune-suppressant drugs for another underlying condition. The case, which happened in 2015, broke a 12-year streak in which no one - not a single person - died from measles-related complications.
The lack of measles-related deaths is not due to the absence of outbreaks. Over the years there have been similar upticks in cases, for example in 2014 there were 667 cases of measles reported - and no deaths. In countries where people have access to healthy food, good healthcare and simple medications to bring down fever, it's rare to see deaths from measles. In fact, as the chart below shows, the rate of death from measles complications had already plummeted well before the vaccine was created.
Forcing people to undergo a medical procedure against their will and then taking them to court if they refuse to comply is a gross violation of civil liberties. Shutting down schools - most of which are private religious schools - for allowing the attendance of healthy children whose parents choose not to vaccinate is a punitive act that has enormous financial and educational consequences.
Requiring six-month-old infants to receive a vaccine that the Centers for Disease Control itself does not recommend for anyone under 12 months of age is a reckless action that has strong potential to cause permanent damage and death in far more children than measles ever could.
The only epidemic that is threatening our nation is the virulent surge of unreasonable fear-mongering and hype that has frightened people into allowing an unacceptable intrusion of government control. Once a precedent has been set that the government can declare an 'emergency' and mandate vaccination due to what amounts to a handful of cases of a mild disease (while punishing those who don't comply), there is a huge potential that similar actions will be taken in the future. We must speak up now and protect our nation from the current outbreak of fear and coercion that is threatening our right to make choices for ourselves and our children.
[NOTE. The Natural Health Society does not have a policy on supporting or opposing vaccination. However, we are strongly opposed to denial of freedom of choice in all medical issues and also opposed to the addition of toxic additives to vaccines.]
Reprinted from Vaccines Revealed newsletter, 26th April 2019
The Vaccines Revealed Team,
Revealed Films, 1776 Suite 4-217,
Park City, UT 84060. Phone (from Australia) 0011 1 833 738 3456
www.vaccinesrevealed.com
References
1. www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/04/09/new-york-orders-measles-vaccinations-brooklyn-amid-outbreak-mayor-says/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.8fc3d8094970
2. www.foxnews.com/health/nyc-measles-outbreak-1st-vaccination-fines-schools-shut-down
3. www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/07/02/measles-death-washington-state/29624385/
4. cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html
BIG PHARMA HAS ‘BOUGHT’ CONGRESS, SAYS FDA CHAIRMAN
By Bryan Hubbard of WDDTY
Presidential election promises of an overhaul of drug policy and pricing will come to nothing – because the US Congress has been ‘bought’ by Big Pharma, says a leading light at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Former House speaker, Raul Ryan, received $222,070 in drug company donations, with most of it being paid by drug giant Merck, and Democrat presidential hopeful Beta O’Rourke was given $171,255, according to Open Secrets, which has ranked the 20 members of the House and Senate who received the most money from the drug industry during the 2017-18 election cycle. In all, the pharmaceutical industry paid out more than $100 million to Congress and presidential hopefuls.
These donations mean that Big Pharma won’t be reformed, said Dr Raeford Brown, chairman of the FDA’s Analgesics and Anaesthetics Committee – and its pricing policy won’t be curbed. “Congress is supposed to have oversight for the FDA. If the FDA isn’t going to hold pharma accountable, and Congress is getting paid to not hold pharma accountable, then it really doesn’t matter who the president is because it’s really about Congress,” he said.
Minnesota senator and Democratic presidential candidate, Amy Klobuchar, has stated that she will not be bought by Big Pharma. “In Minnesota and across the country, no place has been immune from the devastating effects of opioid abuse. In my State, deaths from prescription drug abuse now claim the lives of more Minnesotans than homicides or car crashes. We need to continue to work together to tackle the scourge of opioid addiction that continues to take lives each day.”
According to Open Secrets, Senator Klobuchar received small donations from drugs firms, including $8,000 donated by Abbott Laboratories.
Open Secrets is the website of the non-partisan Center for Responsive Politics.
(Sources: Open Secrets; Yahoo Finance, March 13, 2019)
Reproduced from a newsletter produced by WDDTY, 8th April 2019
BIG PHARMA SUPPRESSES EVIDENCE ON DANGEROUS OR USELESS DRUGS
Abridged from an article written by Brian Hubbard and published in the What Doctors Don’t Tell You enewsletter, 27th March 2019. Website: www.wddty.com.
Pharmaceutical companies are deliberately misleading health agencies and governments by suppressing research that reveals a drug doesn’t work or is dangerous. At least half of all medical trials are never published.
In one example, governments were hoodwinked into stockpiling Tamiflu during the swine flu scare of 2009, but hadn’t seen unpublished studies that found it wasn’t effective. Around 80 percent of the studies into the drug – those that showed it didn’t prevent complications after someone contracted flu – were either never published or hadn’t been independently reviewed first.
Instead of scientific evidence, governments were relying on ‘marketing spiel’ controlled by the drug company, Dr Simon Kolstoe from the University of Portsmouth told the UK’s House of Commons Science and Technology Committee.
In another example, evidence about the dangers of the heart drug, lorcainide, was kept secret for 10 years – and many people died as a result, the committee heard.
(Source: BBC, October 30, 2018; https://www.bbc.co.uk/health-46017521)
Arthritis and rheumatism are ‘diseases of civilisation’, almost unknown in countries that don’t consume the typical Western diet.
Just what is the inflammation that the anti-inflammatory drugs suppress? Inflammation is not the disease; it is the body’s attempt to heal tissue that is being irritated by something. It is this ‘something’ that is the true underlying cause of the disease. It is utterly irrational to suppress the natural healing process and at the same time completely ignore the underlying causes.
In arthritis and rheumatism, the inflammation is primarily in response to acidity, that is, acidic toxic waste products, with the irritation being aggravated by a build-up of toxic man-made chemicals.
If the acidity and chemical build-up are lowered sufficiently, the inflammation is no longer required by the body, and it fades away, along with the swelling and the pain. However, if joints have become calcified, reversal may or may not be possible.
Understanding these causes has been the basis of the methods employed by the big natural health centres around the world over the last century. Their successes have been so consistent that they point clearly to the lifestyle methods required to bring about long-term recovery.
**The Causes of Arthritis Are Known**
Although we are told by orthodox medicine that diet is not a factor in arthritis, medical research indicates otherwise.
A 2006 review of the causes of rheumatoid arthritis conducted by Manchester University School of Epidemiology found a highlighted a role for diet, with indications that diets high in caffeine, low in antioxidants and high in red meat increase the risk. Among non-dietary causes, cigarette smoking, including passive smoking, is a consistent risk, while the oral contraceptive pill can also contribute to the causes. Genetics have a role in that our genes can increase predisposition.\(^{(1)}\)
The most thorough study of all was reported in *The Lancet*, 12 October 1991 issue, under the title, ‘Controlled Trial of Fasting and One-Year Vegetarian Diet for Rheumatoid Arthritis’.\(^{(2)}\) In the study, 27 patients were allocated a four-week stay at a residential health centre, and for the first 7 to 10 days were put on a diet of herbal teas, garlic, vegetable broth, decoction of potatoes and parsley, and the juices of carrots, beets and celery. This was followed by an individually adjusted, gluten-free, all-plant diet for three and a half months, the patients entirely avoiding gluten, meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, refined sugar, citrus fruits, salt, strong spices, preservatives, alcohol, tea and coffee.
After four weeks there was significant improvement in most symptoms and signs, including the number of tender and swollen joints, joint movement, duration of stiffness, the level of pain, grip strength, white blood cell count and general wellbeing. The benefits were still present after one year and the author’s summary was, “… evaluation of the whole course showed significant advantages for the diet group in all measured indices.”
For any form of arthritis or rheumatism to develop, there must first be a significant degree of toxæmia in the body. When arthritis appears to spread from joint to joint, it is simply more joints succumbing to increasing toxæmia, generated mainly by modern diet, stress and man-made chemicals.
Strongly acid-forming are white sugar (with its total absence of alkaline minerals), the grain foods, red and white meats, coffee and chocolate. When these foods form the greater part of the diet, which is the norm in Australia, their acidic waste products are formed faster than they can be eliminated, so they accumulate, setting the stage for a build-up of acidic toxæmia and disease.
Stimulants like coffee, black tea, tobacco, salt, pepper and strong spices speed up the metabolic processes, increasing the toxæmia.
The current orthodox push to eat plenty of grain foods may be producing very painful consequences in a lot of people.
Arthritis is rare in rural Africa, Japan and China, where animal products are seldom eaten and the diet is based on vegetables, roots and unrefined grain foods (or has been until recently).
Emotional stress contributes to toxæmia by causing disruption to digestion, assimilation of nutrients and elimination. Stress occurs particularly with prolonged loneliness and unresolved grief. Negative emotions such as hatred, anger, jealousy, fear, resentment, anxiety and worry squander nerve energy, as do overwork, overeating, insufficient sleep, prolonged exposure to cold and excessive sexual stimulation.
In the absence of regular physical activity, there is poor tone of the digestive organs, sluggish circulation and impaired elimination, all exacerbating toxæmia.
Poor circulation can be a major factor in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. One theory is that high fat levels make the blood thicker so that it cannot flow through the finest capillaries. Deprived of oxygen, white blood cells swell and burst and their destructive juices attack the joints. Hence the description ‘autoimmune’ disease.
As a consequence of prolonged irritation, the synovial membranes and other tissues in the joint become inflamed (as they attempt to heal themselves), swollen, painful and eventually hardened.
**Allergy.** Where rheumatoid arthritis is the result of allergy, University of Sydney researchers believe that the most common offenders are milk, milk products, corn and cereals. Further, they confirm that some sufferers may have a ‘leaky gut’ that allows food allergens to be more easily absorbed.\(^{(3)}\)
**Nightshade vegetables.** Well known for aggravating arthritis is the deadly nightshade or *Solanaceae* family. These foods, which contain the toxic alkaloid, *solanine*, include potatoes, tomatoes, capsicum, eggplant and chillies. Green potatoes are exceptionally high in solanine, high enough to cause symptoms, even including miscarriage. It is probable that Solanum foods do not *cause* arthritis, but in some people aggravate existing symptoms.
**Free-radical damage.** Lack of oxygen in a joint leads to injury that results in the generation of free radicals. The resulting oxidation induces the production of *rheumatoid factor*, alters immune function and damages lipids and lipoproteins.\(^{(4)}\)
Overload of the mineral, *iron*, is a major generator of free radicals. The most common source of excessive iron is a high intake of red meat, from which iron is more readily absorbed than from plant foods. (A blood test for iron status could be very helpful.)
Another contributing cause of free radical damage could be deficiency of *selenium*, a mineral necessary for the manufacture of the enzyme, *glutathione peroxidase*, which stops the chain reaction of free radicals.\(^{(5)}\)
**Recovery is Possible**
With the failure of conventional treatment and the usual advice that there is no cure, it is no wonder that sufferers are easily discouraged about trying another approach.
However, experience has shown that, provided the tissues of the joint are still intact, the self-healing power of the body has the potential in most cases to restore the joint partially or wholly to its normal state.
Nutrition is a primary factor in recovery from arthritis. Other possible factors include, stress, ongoing anger, ongoing resentment, deep-seated negative emotions and joint overload.
Getting well from arthritis in its early stages is straightforward – at least in principle. Recovery in advanced stages is slower,
but is still possible in many cases, as long as the tissues of the joint have not been destroyed. Only in the worst cases of joint deformity and destruction need it come to the last resort – joint replacement.
Through detoxifying the system – even by a surprisingly small degree – the ‘attacks’ of rheumatoid arthritis can be expected to diminish.
**DIETARY MODIFICATIONS**
Californian researchers conducted a study in 1999 and concluded that, “A vegan diet has documented clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.” (8)
To reduce the acidic toxæmia in order to facilitate self-healing, it is necessary to reduce the acid-forming content of the diet. This is done by increasing the amount of alkali-forming foods to between three-quarters and four-fifths of total food intake (by weight), which means for the average-sized adult at least one kilogram daily of green, yellow and red vegetables and fresh fruits.
Correspondingly reduce the intake of acid-forming foods, which are most other kinds of foods. Aim towards a plant-based diet (which may need careful monitoring for a heavy meat eater of many years), but be sure to maintain a balance of protein, carbohydrate and fat in the normal diet.
There needs to be avoidance of salt and refined sugar, and no alcohol which inhibits circulation.
Arthritis sufferers are often advised by medical practitioners to avoid acid fruits. However, acid fruits don’t increase the body’s acidity. They contain weak organic acids, but leave residues of alkaline minerals after their metabolism is complete – provided the fruit is ripe and the metabolism is functioning normally.
If foods of the *Solanum* family aggravate symptoms, omit them initially.
Naturopaths have found the enzyme, bromelain, abundant in pineapples, to be helpful. It is important to select ripe fruit.
These dietary requirements are built into the *Natural Health Dietary Guidelines*, which were spelled out in the Summer 2016/17 issue of *TNH*.
**DETOXIFYING DIETS**
Great inroads into the level of toxæmia may be made by short, well-spaced periods of nutritional detoxification. To some degree, detoxing can be done at home, but experienced supervision is highly desirable.
After the detox diet, remember to have one or two glasses daily of that marvellous, alkalisising health ‘cocktail’, carrot-and-chlorophyll juice containing the juices of carrot, beetroot and greens such as celery, silverbeet, spinach, parsley, dandelion, cabbage and so on.
The pain of arthritis is particularly benefitted by fasting. German researchers stated in 1993 that the effect of complete fasting is “remarkable”. (7) Other German researchers stated in 2002 that short-term fasting in patients with pain is safe and well tolerated. (6)
One of the major effects when sufferers change from omnivorous to vegan diets is that the intestinal flora (gut bacteria) change to better kinds of bacteria. (9)
Increase the circulation by exercising, dry skin brushing (brush with a natural bristle brush when the skin is dry, not during showering) and/or massage, being sure to keep clear of any painful, inflamed joints.
**HYDROTHERAPY FOR PAIN RELIEF**
Hydrotherapy is marvellous for drug-free pain relief and for increasing local circulation. If a joint is hot, a cold pack (cold moist strips of cotton sheeting completely covered by woolen fabric) is appropriate. Otherwise apply *hot and cold* by dipping the joint in a bowl or bucket of hot water for three minutes, followed by cold water for one minute, and repeat this process twice more. If the joint cannot be dipped in the water, bathing may suffice. Alternatively, hot-and-cold fomentis may be used in a similar way.
**STRESS**
Top of the list of techniques for easing stress is meditation, followed by stress management courses, yoga, relaxation tapes and regular physical activity.
A fundamental philosophy is: worry only about those things you can do something about – and do it – and forget all the rest! This is not being callous; it is being realistic. Harming yourself with worry won’t help anyone.
**ELIMINATION DIET FOR ALLERGY**
An elimination diet can be used to discover if food allergies or sensitivities might be contributing to the arthritis.
For a minimum of one week eat only those foods which are least likely to cause allergy or sensitivity. These include brown rice, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, winter squashes, cooked green and yellow vegetables and stewed fruits other than citrus. Then every two or three days add one new food to the basic diet, eating plenty of it. If no reaction occurs during the following two days, it can be assumed that the food is safe. Repeat the process, adding a new food every two or three days.
Antioxidants are critical in protecting the body against free radical damage (oxidation). The major antioxidants are vitamins C, E and A and the carotene family and the trace minerals selenium, zinc, magnesium, copper, manganese and iron. (10)
Fresh vegetables and fruits, along with legumes, nuts, seeds and moderate whole grains, can supply good amounts of these nutrients in virtually complete safety. It could be helpful to top up with modest doses of supplements of these nutrients – with professional supervision.
A particular food with potent antioxidant properties that can help arthritis is *garlic*, which can be taken raw, cooked or as a supplement. (11)
Chinese herbalism has a rheumatoid arthritis mixture based on the plant, *Tripterygium wilfordii*, which has been found to be as effective as a standard arthritis drug, but with fewer side effects. (12)
The omega-3 fatty acids in flax oil and chia seeds have significant anti-inflammatory effects. (13)
**REFERENCES**
1. Oliver JE, et al., *Rheumatol*, 2006 May-Jun; 35(3): 169-74.
2. Kjeldsen-Kragh J, et al *Lancet* 1991 Oct 12; 338(8772): 899 - 902
3. Buchanan H M, et al, *Br J Rheumatol*, 1991 Apr; 30(2): 125-34
4. Mapp PI, et al, *Br Med Bull* 1995 Apr; 51(2): 419 - 36
5. Lockitch G, *Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci* 1989; 27(6): 483 - 541
6. McCarty MF, *Med Hypotheses* 1999 Dec; 53(6): 459 - 85
7. Diethelm U, *Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax* 1993 Mar 23; 82(12): 359 - 63
8. Michalsen A et al, *Forsch Komplementarm Klass Naturheilkd* 2002 Aug; 9(4):221 - 7
9. Peltonen R et al, *Br J Rheumatol* 1994 Jul; 33(7): 638 - 43
10. Lall S B et al, *Indian J Exp Biol* 1999 Feb; 37(2): 109 - 16
11. Rahman K, *Ageing Res Rev* 2003 Jan; 2(1): 39 - 56
12. Xu DS et al, *Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zha* 1996 Jan; 16(1): 14 - 7, 23
13. Diethelm U, *Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax* 1993 Mar 23; 82(12): 359 - 63
Oxygen, water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins are some of the known necessities for our bodies, along with the ‘micronutrients’. I think we can safely say that sunshine is akin to a nutrient, because part of it (mainly UV) is absorbed by the skin and used to make vitamin D. As we shall see later, sunshine may also help to manufacture other ‘photo products’ and to be a catalyst for various internal functions.
The Sun can reasonably be described as the solitary ‘engine’ of life on Earth. The Latin word for ‘sun’ is ‘solis’. The Latin word for ‘alone’ is ‘solus’ or ‘soli’. Were the Latins hinting that the Sun alone sustains our planet? No sun … no fun!
Our convenient distance from the Sun provides liveable temperatures. Without the Sun, there would no rainfall, no plants and no animal life as we know it. The Earth needs a source of energy and light. Perhaps we can begin to think of sunshine as an essential friend and not as an enemy as some people do.
**MAY THE FIERY FORCE BE WITH YOU**
The Sun is considered to be an atomic reactor, and sunshine is the radiant energy from this reaction. Perhaps 620 million tonnes of hydrogen are ‘fused’ within the Sun every second! (according to Google). The Earth receives only the merest fraction of the enormous ‘total energy released … as sunshine.
‘Natural light’ can be direct sunshine, but can also be reflected sunshine from the ground, trees, walls, the ocean, clouds, the moon, etc. We think mostly about direct sunshine falling onto the skin. However, the natural light entering the eyes will be reflected sunlight and therefore much less intense. Most of us are fully aware that direct sunshine into the eyes does great harm.
The two best known relationships between sunshine and humans are the production of vitamin D in the skin and the effect of natural light on the pineal gland in the brain, which is monitored by light entering the eyes. There could be many other nuances to the benefits (or dangers) of sunshine.
**SEE THE LIGHT**
The pineal gland firstly regulates biorhythms. As most of us know, artificial night light can alter these natural biorhythms. The pineal gland has a profuse blood supply which it uses to send hormones throughout the body. In darkness it sends *melatonin* which encourages sleep. In daylight it sends serotonin, which induces alertness and a sense of wellbeing.
The pineal gland stimulates many other glands, and, astonishingly, natural light to the eyes plays a role in body temperature, kidney function, water balance, electrolyte balance, blood chemistry, metabolism of food, blood sugar balance and thyroid function (Laura and Ashton). Natural light to the eyes and sunshine upon the skin are believed to promote all the ‘happiness hormones’, including serotonin, endorphins, dopamine and oxytocin.
**THE SUNSHINE VITAMIN**
Vitamin D is critical for the absorption of calcium and bone formation. It is also involved in muscle function and brain health. Adequate vitamin D may help to reduce a range of disorders (see end). Supplementation seems to have a role for some people, but supplementation is relatively ineffective compared to sunshine on the skin.
Vitamin D deficiency is in epidemic proportions, worldwide, because of the common fear of sunshine and because of cultural ‘covering up’ with clothing. Sunshine need not be feared, but is certainly to be respected, since, improperly used, it can cause burns and skin damage. I can suggest four books which deal with optimal amounts of vitamin D and other aspects of sunshine:
*Hidden Hazards* by Professor Ron Laura and John Ashton (both Australian), 1991. Refer to Chapter 14 which also mentions the health negatives of artificial light.
*How a Man Lived in Three Centuries* by Roger French (NHS Health Director), revised 2010; see Chapter 13
*The Vitamin D Solution* by Michael Holick, PhD, MD, 2010
*Vitamin D* by Ian Wishart (NZ journalist), 2012
For an interesting perspective on climate change and fluctuations in solar activity, read also Ian Wishart’s earlier book *Air Con*, 2009
**LITTLE AND OFTEN**
As a personal suggestion, I would say that as little as 20 minutes of sunshine on some of your skin (on a daily basis, if possible) is a kind of minimal goal to consider. When I was an office worker, I used to spend my lunchtimes walking outside. Even exposed hands and face make vitamin D. However, expose as much skin as possible for best results.
Regularity of exposure is considered far better than an extensive exposure occasionally (which may be harmful). Midday is the most ‘time effective’ way to enjoy sunshine, as long as it is not too intense. The critical requirement is to avoid sunburn. Caution is always required and exposure times need to be increased gradually. If in doubt, start with just a few minutes.
Far from causing cancer (including skin cancer), sunshine is thought to *inhibit* cancer, as long as it is taken regularly and in moderate amounts. (See H. G. Ainsleigh, K. M. Egan, R. Laura, M. Holick, J. Mercola, R. French and others.)
There does seem to be a correlation between cancers and high animal protein consumption, high alcohol consumption, obesity, modern chemicals and other lifestyle factors. It’s interesting to note that the highest incidence of skin cancer in Australia has been found with underground miners, who are deprived of natural light for much of the week. (Ron Laura – talk)
The fear of sunshine and the ‘slip, slop, slap’ mantra is believed, by many, to have caused significant harm to public health. Of course, when you have had enough sun, hat and clothes are preferable to chemicals on the skin. The cancer-inducing effect of many sunscreens is well covered in the first four books mentioned above.
MODERATE SUNSHINE IS NORMALITY
I often think in terms of my connection to the Sun, and this is one reason why I have moved to the tropics (more winter sun). As an aside, I can also say that at 73, I have never owned a pair of sunglasses. Protective goggles are, of course, necessary for the snowfields, for welding or for any other intense light. Caution is necessary for any bright lights, including some LED globes. Always look away from bright light as you would from the Sun.
Sunshine is sometimes regarded as a ‘therapy’. Actually it’s just a normal part of the natural environment. All good things in moderation, including sunshine. What is health, if not our personal relationship with the Universe?
Sunshine prevention
Dr M. Holick believes that some diseases can generally be prevented or treated by using sunshine as part of a healthy lifestyle. They include heart disease, common cancers, stroke, influenza, tuberculosis, types 1 and 2 diabetes, dementia, depression, insomnia, muscle weakness, joint pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and elevated blood pressure.
Sunshine is free and many of its benefits could still await discovery.
“Life is a sun-child” – Felix Oswald
Inflammation can occur when the person has been exposed to long-standing stress, resulting in anxiety, hyperactivity and mal-absorption. It can occur as a result of taking pharmaceutical medications, particularly antibiotics, and also as a result of recreational drugs and excessive alcohol.
Some viruses can trigger inflammatory reactions, the most common being Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). These appear to have an affinity for several digestive organs including the liver, pancreas and gall bladder, and can extend their effects to other glands, such as kidneys, adrenals and thyroid. They can also affect the central nervous system including the brain in some cases.
The frustrating thing is that most doctors just allow a virus to run its course, since antibiotics don’t work on viruses. If there appears to be a bacterium present as well, then a GP may prescribe an antibiotic.
Inflammation can also occur due to bacterial infections, parasite infestation, injuries, surgery and over-use of parts of the body such as tendons, causing tendonitis. Inflammation can follow the eating of certain foods, for example, cereals containing gluten, cows’ milk products and corn. These three are often the first allergy triggers.
If inflammation is left untreated, it can weaken any organs that are affected and in some cases interfere with future enzyme or hormonal function. Other glands may develop inadequate function after the virus appears to subside.
When the central nervous system (CNS) is irritated by inflammation, this could generate a wider range of issues, such as migraines, headaches, labyrinthitis, tinnitus, dizzy spells, vision problems and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Brain inflammation is often associated with adenovirus, Herpes simplex, rubella, measles and enteroviruses including EBV and CMV.
**HOW NATURAL THERAPIES CAN HELP**
The question is – how can natural therapies help resolve viral attacks and eliminate inflammation?
People who are experienced in fasting may opt to fast for a short period of time, since this has been known to help in many cases. However, it depends on the physical status of the person, and whether they have health problems such as, for example, diabetes, in which case fasting is contra-indicated. If you contemplate fasting, please consult an experienced therapist.
Natural therapies can help in many ways. The treatment would, of course, aim to target the root cause and be geared for the individual and the symptoms they present, along with consideration of any pre-existing health disorders.
**SOME EXAMPLES**
**Labyrinthitis** is inflammation of the labyrinth inside the ear. Left untreated, it can lead to disorientation, dizziness and sometimes tinnitus and hearing problems.
Take a small pipette bottle, put pure olive oil in it and warm it under warm running water. Squeeze a full pipette of olive oil into the ear at bedtime. Then turn the head and do the other ear; don’t wipe anything out, leave the oil inside. It may feel strange but the body will absorb the oil while you sleep. In such cases I would also administer herbal extracts, but high-potency herbs can’t be obtained from health food stores. These anti-viral, anti-infective, anti-bacterial herbs are taken alternately during the day, every second hour. The kind of herb would vary for each person depending on any other health conditions. There is no standard formula for everyone.
I recall a couple of cases that resolved within five to seven days. One lady, an air hostess, had endured dizzy spells and complete disorientation for over two weeks when I met her. A GP had told her to just leave it until it went away! But she was unable to work and needed to get back to her job. Happily, it did resolve.
**Fibromyalgia – muscular pain.** A woman had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and arthritis. She had also experienced four heart seizures, yet doctors found nothing wrong with her heart after conducting tests. Following a thorough case history, it became obvious to me that she had consumed contaminated water/food while travelling, and parasites were triggering an inflammatory reaction in her body, in particular in her heart. Treatment with herbal remedies helped resolve the muscular pain and targeted the parasites. She was finally able to cease painkillers. Her blood pressure remained normal throughout the treatment, which included Bowen therapy (to help with muscular discomfort and free up blocked Chi energy) and herbal remedies, including boswellia, white willow and cloves. Her level of pain was down from 10-plus to 2 by approximately two-and-a-half months later.
**Chronic eczema.** Treating such skin conditions requires a thorough assessment, and therapy to target the eliminative organs, particularly kidneys, liver and bowels, all of which must be functioning optimally.
A person in his mid-30s had suffered eczema since early childhood, and was now swinging between this inflammatory skin disorder and asthmatic attacks, the latter fortunately not too severe. This person was on a vegan/vegetarian diet. Herbal remedies, both oral and topical, helped resolve this long-standing case over a four to five month period.
The treatment must cater for the type of eczema, that is, dry, wet or itchy, with some people swinging between all three, while others may experience just one or two reactions. The kidneys must be flushed. Inflammatory responses can be supported with homeopathics and quercetin. If the skin is hot and red/burning, arsenicum in a 30C potency is a brilliant remedy. However, this remedy must not be taken for long as it is a single remedy. People taking it for too long have been known to end up with symptoms worse than those they began with. It is essential to seek professional advice.
**INFLAMMATION**
Inflammation produces heat, redness and swelling with tenderness or pain. Briefly, inflammation involves **eicosanoids** and **cytokines** being released by injured or infected cells. The common cytokines that regulate inflammatory response include **interleukins**, **chemokines** and **interferons**, the last of these having anti-viral effects.
Some inflammatory cytokines are triggered by oxidative stress and some by food components such as gluten. Note, that oat gluten is **avenins**, and it is often the case that people who cannot tolerate the gluten in wheat, barley and rye are all right with oat gluten because it doesn’t trigger an inflammatory reaction. However, caution with hypersensitive and coeliac people is always important.
There are many disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, and some cases are so chronic they present with a complexity of symptoms and other health issues. Disorders which result from ongoing inflammation include ulcers (stomach
and duodenal), irritable bowel disorder, colitis, Crohn’s disease and oesophageal ulceration.
Oesophageal ulceration can progress to Barrett’s disease if left untreated. Barrett’s is a serious condition. The tissue that lines the oesophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine. This can occur when unresolved gastric acid reflux is triggering constant inflammation in the oesophageal lining. The excessive acid constantly irritates delicate mucous membranes leaving a raw surface in chronic cases.
Inflammation can occur in various organs in the body. The inflammatory conditions include hepatitis (liver), pancreatitis (pancreas), gastritis (stomach), cholecystitis (gall bladder), nephritis (kidneys), adrenalinis (adrenals), thyroiditis (thyroid) such as Hashimoto’s, optic neuritis (optic nerve), encephalitis (brain) and splenomegaly (spleen enlarged). Splenomegaly can trigger autoimmune disorders, which in turn trigger further inflammation – auto-inflammatory disease. Systemic lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are more examples.
To help combat inflammation, it is so important to support the body with vital nutrients and natural remedies, including rest. Homeopathy can be very helpful here.
Most people with viral infections are quite tired and can still be fatigued once the virus appears to resolve. Herbal remedies such as astragalus can be helpful for some cases. Again, take care with any self-prescribing. Ideally, astragalus should only be taken in the morning, approximately 28 drops in 4 ml of water, depending on each person’s make-up.
For a simple kidney virus, herbs such as Echinacea, elder, elecampagne and buchu can be helpful, but again each case requires different remedies.
Inflammation can also affect the reproductive and urinary systems, often due to bacterial pathogens or fungal/parasite infestation resulting in: prostatitis, urethritis, cystitis and pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID). Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal herbs are required along with vitamin C and maybe other nutrients such as cranberries (some people have reactions to cranberries), lemon juice (which normalises pH) and specific probiotics to name a few.
VIRUS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
In this case we target the central nervous system (CNS) with homeopathic nerve tonics, including tissue salts.
In one such case I recall, the virus appeared to have triggered an underlying predisposition to developing rheumatoid arthritis which was common in that family. The CNS was initially affected, but the woman was extremely run down, both mentally and emotionally, which is why she would have succumbed to the virus. Nerve pain resulted, followed by whole-body joint pain. Herbal remedies were used to help with inflammation, including white willow. Withania and other anti-stress herbs supported the adrenals and the immune system. Some improvement occurred, but the lady could not afford ongoing remedies so opted for medical treatment and was given methotrexate, prednisone (toxic to liver) and other medications. Ten years later she is still in pain.
FINALLY
Acupuncture and Bowen therapy are excellent treatments to help with many types of inflammation, reducing swelling and freeing up energy that has become blocked and stagnant and has affected pain receptors.
If you are experiencing any of the above, it is better to seek help as soon as possible so as to avoid the risk of other chronic disorders developing.
Naturopaths and other natural therapists work with the body and the virus, so as to prevent the virus from running rampant, running its course and further weakening the host.
Lyn Craven is a practitioner of naturopathy and Bowen therapy and an Energy/Reiki therapist, meditation teacher, corporate health facilitator and presenter for health expos. She is also a health researcher and writer and has produced a meditation CD.
Lyn runs a private practice in Sydney and can be contacted on 0403 231 804 or by email at [email protected]. Website www.lyncravencorporatehealth-naturopath.com
Beetroot juice lowers blood pressure
20th March 2019
It may not be the most delicious tasting drink – but a glass of beetroot juice a day can lower your blood pressure.
People with high blood pressure (hypertension) who drink eight ounces [230 ml] of the juice a day see their heart pressure fall by around 10 mm mercury, say researchers from the London Medical School.
If you can’t quite stomach drinking beetroot juice, dark leafy vegetables or even a bowl of lettuce, could have similar effects on blood pressure. All are rich in nitric oxide, which dilates blood vessels and allows the blood to flow more freely.
(Source: Hypertension, 2013; published online: doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00933)
Exercise as good as drugs for lowering blood pressure
27th March 2019
Regular exercise can be as effective as antihypertensive drugs for lowering high blood pressure.
A study found that different types of structured exercise – from endurance to resistance activities – were as powerful as drugs for lowering blood pressure, and they became even more effective for people who had the highest pressures, which was anything above 140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure, the marker for the start of hypertension. [Hg = mercury.]
Exercise targets systolic pressure, the first number which records the highest pressure in the arteries.
Researchers from the London School of Economics concluded that all the structured exercise programs were as effective as drugs for lowering high blood pressure, and the evidence was especially “compelling” for exercise that combined endurance – such as walking, jogging or cycling – and dynamic resistance training, which includes strength training with dumbbells or kettle bells.
But they warn against abandoning the anti-hypertensive drugs for exercise just yet. For one thing, people are notoriously bad at sticking to exercise programs.
(Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099921)
Intensive exercise as effective as chemo against colon cancer
19th March 2019
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the standard approaches to slow the growth of colon cancer, but high-intensity exercise can have the same positive effect, a new study has found.
Even a short session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can slow the growth of colon cancer cells or even kill them off completely.
These positives were seen after just one exercise session, although the colon cancer patients went on to complete 12 HIIT sessions over a month.
Even after the first session, blood samples from colon cancer patients showed an increase in inflammation, which suggested the cancer cells were being killed off, say researchers at the University of Queensland.
Although earlier studies have shown that intensive exercise can slow the growth of cancer cells, the researchers were surprised to see that it was also reducing the number of cancer cells, suggesting they were being killed off.
(Source: Journal of Physiology, 2019; doi: 10.1113/JP277648)
[EDITOR: This report might seem extreme, but please note the highly reputable journal in which it is published.]
Measles is a natural cancer killer
15th April 2019
Health authorities may want to think twice about eradicating measles: researchers are discovering that the virus can fight cancer, and in one case dissolved a golf ball-sized tumour in just 36 hours.
The virus makes cancer cells join together and explode, explains Mayo Clinic researcher Dr Angela Dispenzieri. It also stimulates the immune system to detect any recurring cancer cells and ‘mops them up’.
Although it’s been recognised for a long time that measles and other viruses are natural cancer fighters – it’s known as virotherapy – the dose seems to be an important factor. Dispenzieri and her Mayo colleagues engineered, or genetically modified, the measles virus strain and gave it to a woman with end-stage multiple myeloma in a dose strong enough to vaccinate 10 million people.
Virotherapy was a last-resort therapy as the 49-year-old woman had endured every type of chemotherapy as well as two stem cell transplants without success.
The response was immediate. Within five minutes, the doctors say, she developed a splitting headache and a temperature of 105°F [40.5°C], before she started vomiting and shaking. A tumour the size of a golf ball disappeared within 36 hours, and all signs of cancer had disappeared from her body within two weeks.
"I think we succeeded because we pushed the dose higher than others have pushed it," said Mayo researcher Dr Stephen Russell. "The amount of virus that's in the bloodstream really is the driver of how much gets into the tumours."
Researchers at University College London agree that virotherapy could be a promising way forward in the fight against cancer. In a study entitled, 'Measles to the Rescue', the researchers say that "Virotherapeutic agents are likely to become serious contenders in cancer treatment", and that the strain of measles virus used in vaccines holds special hope.
(Sources: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2014; 789: 926-33; Viruses, 2016; 8: 294)
[EDITOR: This is another report which might seem extreme, but note that the Mayo Clinic is one of the most reputable and respected diagnostic clinics in the USA.]
Resting heart rate above 75 could be an indicator of an early death
30th April 2019
Scientists have concluded that any pulse above 75 when men are in their fifties is an indicator of an earlier death – and not just due to heart disease.
It's not known if women face similar risks because the researchers from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden only tracked a group of men, all 50 years and older.
Those whose resting heart rate was above 75 when first measured in 1993 were twice as likely to die prematurely compared to men whose rate was 55 or below.
But, of course, the beats-per-minute score is an indicator of health, and a high score itself doesn't cause disease. The researchers pointed out that the participants with the higher scores in their fifties were also more likely to be smokers and were more stressed than those with lower scores.
(Source: Open Heart, 2019; 6: e000856)
[EDITOR: Regular physical activity has, as one of its many benefits, improvement in heartrate.]
One drug leads to another, new research confirms
2nd April 2019
It could be called the slippery slope of pharmaceuticals: once you start taking one drug, you'll quickly need another.
Researchers have outlined the familiar pattern by reviewing the drug-taking profile of the typical arthritis sufferer, who takes a NSAID for the inflammation, then a proton pump inhibitor to stop the stomach damage that the NSAID might cause – and the combination of the two harms the small intestine ... and so another drug is needed.
The new study is the first to recognise that the combination of the two drugs causes damage to the small intestine – and this is far more difficult to resolve than any harm the NSAID might cause to the large intestine.
However, say the researchers, probiotics may be a non-drug solution to the problem.
(Source: Gastroenterology, 2011; doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.075)
'Pharmageddon' – the new epidemic of drug abuse
8th April 2019
Negligent over-prescribing of drugs by doctors is the source of 'Pharmageddon', an epidemic of abuse that is sweeping the US and other countries. Without carrying out a proper medical investigation, doctors are handing out drugs to young addicts. As a result, many young people have died in what President Obama once described as the fastest-growing drug problem in the US.
Pharmageddon starts at the doctor's surgery. Lynn Kissick's two daughters died after they became addicted to prescription drugs. "There's a lot of doctors who just write out a prescription and say 'Here you go'", she told BBC reporters from her home in East Kentucky, USA.
Dan Smoot, who helps run Unite that is attempting to deal with pharmaceutical addiction, estimates that up to 80 percent of the inmates in the local detention centre are there because of drug addiction.
(Source: BBC website).
Vaccine revenues set to soar after anti-vax clampdown
8th March 2019
The clampdown on 'anti-vaxxing' stories on social media is producing one big winner: Big Pharma. Revenues from vaccines will enjoy "an overwhelming hike" in the next few years, say industry watchers.
Market research group, Research & Markets, estimates that revenues for all vaccines will increase to $57.5bn by 2025, compared to just $33.7bn last year. Another market research group, Transparency, is forecasting that vaccine sales revenues will reach $48bn by 2025.
Government initiatives that are promoting vaccines – and silencing the anti-vaxxers – is one of the big drivers of the increase.
(Sources: https://markets.businessinsider.com; https://www.prnewswire.com; https://investoropinion.co.uk)
Are Potatoes Healthy?
17th September 2018
The potato, a starchy vegetable, is a member of the Solanaceae or nightshade family, which also includes tomatoes, capsicums, eggplants and chillies. It is the world’s third largest crop, after rice and wheat.
A medium plain baked potato eaten with its skin provides just 160 calories.
The nutritional benefits of potatoes are:
- Rich in vitamin C;
- An abundance of B-vitamins, including B₁ (pyridoxine), folate (B₂), niacin, pantothenic acid (B₅) and thiamine;
- Rich in minerals including potassium, magnesium, copper, iron and manganese. Potatoes have even more potassium than bananas, and a lot of it is found in the skin. Potassium may help blunt the effects of sodium on blood pressure;
- A good supply of fibre.
Most potatoes contain resistant starch, which act as a prebiotic, feeding our healthy gut bacteria.
To avoid toxic pesticides and heavy metals, it’s best to purchase organic potatoes.
The majority of potatoes are served in the form of French fries and potato chips, exposing the eater to acrylamide, a nerve-toxic chemical that results when potatoes are heated to very high temperatures to produce browned or charred skins.
While plain baked potatoes can be good for us, potatoes fried in oil, notably French fries, hash browns and potato chips, are decidedly not healthy. If you insist on frying potatoes, use coconut oil because it is stable and resists turning rancid.
Sweet potatoes. These are members of the Convolvulaceae family and are free of solanine.
They come in various colours, including cream, pink, purple, orange and yellow. Some nutritionists consider sweet potatoes to be healthier than regular potatoes due to their higher levels of nutrients like beta-carotene and vitamin C. Purple sweet potatoes contain the powerful group of antioxidants, anthocyanins, which oppose harmful free radicals.
The sweetness of sweet potatoes is due to about seven times more sugar content than regular potatoes.
Purple sweet potatoes are effective at lowering blood pressure and the risk of heart disease and stroke, without causing weight gain. On the other hand, regular potatoes in the form of French fries can increase blood pressure.
How Potassium Can Help High Blood Pressure
25th February 2019
Nearly 33 percent of Americans have high blood pressure, and in Australia the incidence is 23 percent of adults, which is 4.3 million of us.
Nearly half of all people who have hypertension do not have it under control, which affects your microvascular system, triggering damage to your eyes, kidneys, heart and sexual performance.
By ensuring you have enough potassium in your daily diet, you may prevent hypertension or reduce your dependence on medication to control it. Potassium tends to counter the amount of salt normally found in a Western diet.
Diarrhoea, vomiting, excessive sweating (such as when using a sauna) and some drugs may deplete or disrupt our potassium balance. But, the most common cause is poor diet.
Signs that You Might Be B₁₂ Deficient
25th March 2019
Areas of our body that function optimally when B₁₂ levels are adequate reveal how important this vitamin really is, especially because it’s responsible for producing red blood cells and keeping our nervous system, including the brain, healthy.
We may not realise how all-encompassing and debilitating vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can be until symptoms like fatigue, nausea, vision problems and others morph into more serious disorders. Low levels of B₁₂ may also lead to problems with clear thinking, which can later turn into dementia.
Like most vitamins, B₁₂ is not manufactured by our body, so it must come from our friendly gut bacteria or food and/or supplements.
With a shortage of B₁₂, many of our red blood cells are abnormally formed and/or too large, so they can’t carry oxygen adequately. Too few red blood cells or an abnormally low amount of haemoglobin causes anaemia, a common sign of deficiency.
Because B₁₂ is important for the maintenance of the central nervous system, including production of the myelin sheath, which ‘insulates’ nerves, nerves can be damaged, leading to ‘pins and needles’ in hands and feet, then more serious problems.
[EDITOR: The only absorbable dietary sources of vitamin B₁₂ are animal products; however, even meat eaters can be deficient. People on plant-based diets need to depend on supplements.
If you have a minor deficiency, B₁₂ supplements may overcome it, but for more serious deficiency it may be necessary to have daily high-dose B₁₂ supplements or weekly injections of B₁₂.]
Lack of Exercise During Pregnancy Could Predispose Child to Obesity
19th April 2019
Past research supported exercise during pregnancy to reduce risks during delivery and after birth for obese women. More recent data show babies born to mice that exercised during pregnancy also had greater brown fat activity, making them less prone to obesity.
Our bodies have white fat, where energy is stored and hormones secreted, and brown fat, which burns calories. Subcutaneous fat is deposited directly under our skin while visceral fat wraps around our internal organs.
Decades of research have found that exercise during pregnancy is safe for the
mother and baby, helps ease the pain during labour and delivery, and improves a new mother’s ability to meet the demands of a growing infant.
A nutritious diet helps feed your growing baby, reduces your potential for gaining too much weight and establishes healthy habits for you and your growing infant.
**The Science of Emotional Eating and Food Addiction**
*7th March 2019*
Physically, emotional eating can lead to obesity and related health problems; psychologically, it may delay or prevent us from addressing our emotions and stress.
Three hormones that play important roles in emotional eating and food addiction are *dopamine*, *cortisol* and *serotonin*.
The stress hormone *cortisol* not only regulates our fight-flight-or-freeze response, it also regulates our body's use of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This is why stress can trigger the compulsion to reach for junk food.
Emotional eating is primarily triggered by stress or boredom. Research shows that high-calorie foods trigger fat accumulation which inhibits our primary stress response system.
Research also shows that people reach for comfort foods when they feel isolated, because the food in question reminds them of a strong emotional relationship they once had. Eating to avoid facing feelings is like putting a 'Band-Aid on a broken arm.'
According to the researchers, eating a lot of comfort food lowers our stress response. Unfortunately, it also leads to unhealthy fat accumulation. Most people don't reach for apples or carrots when stressed. Comfort foods tend to be unhealthy, with cake, cookies, ice cream and chips being among the more common.
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**Classifieds**
**HOLISTIC EYE CARE, Concord**
Eye exercises, nutrition, stress management, computer users, eye diseases, preventive eye care, kids’ vision.
Call Jenny Livanos, Optometrist, on (02) 8765 9600 or [email protected].
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**The Effectiveness of Ginger for Nausea and Vomiting**
*22nd April 2019*
Ginger was once considered a luxury, but now is easily found in your local grocery store. Its benefits include relief from pain, nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy and chemotherapy, and protection against DNA damage.
Steep a couple of slices in hot water to make tea or grate it into your dinner dish. The reduction in pain is believed to be related to *gingerol*, *shogaol* and other structurally-related substances in ginger.
In one study, researchers found ginger extract had anti-fungal properties against opportunistic infections in the oral cavity triggered by *Candida albicans* and *Candida krusei*.
Migraines are the third most common disease worldwide. Evidence now shows that ginger is statistically comparable to the common pharmaceutical treatment for migraines without dangerous side effects.
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**Melanoma Is a Disease of Office Workers**
*12th December 2018*
Melanoma, an aggressive form of skin cancer, is more frequently found in office workers who may burn during outdoor activities on the weekend and are exposed to damaging UVA rays through office windows.
Regular exposure to full-spectrum light is necessary, and public health would be best served by helping people understand the optimal ‘dose’ needed, rather than telling them to shun all sun exposure.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the risk of developing a number of health conditions. Blood serum levels of 60 ng/ml to 80 ng/ml appear optimal for disease prevention, and are best achieved through sensible sun exposure.
If you don’t have access to full sun through the winter months, oral supplementation may help you achieve an ideal vitamin D level. Ensure you also optimise your intake of vitamin K₂ and magnesium to avoid negative effects.
---
**What Does the ‘Best Evidence’ Say About Antidepressants?**
*4th April 2019*
Antidepressant drugs – the most widely used therapy for depression – are among the least effective, and often make the situation worse, especially in the long term.
Studies have repeatedly shown that antidepressants work no better than placebos for mild to moderate depression.
A 2017 systematic review of 131 placebo-controlled studies found that “all trials were at high risk of bias” and that clinical significance was questionable.
Antidepressants are neurotoxic and possible side effects include:
- worsening depression, self-harm, violence and suicide;
- increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, heart attack, stroke and dementia;
- depletion of various nutrients (depending on the type of drug taken).
---
**The Collapse of Insects**
*26th February 2019*
Worldwide, more than 40 percent of insect species are threatened with extinction in the next few decades.
Overall, the total mass of insects is said to be falling by a shocking 2.5 percent a year. If this rate continues unchecked, insects could disappear within 100 years.
Habitat loss due to land converted to intensive agriculture, as well as urbanisation, are the major threats to insects. The next most significant contributor to insect declines is pollution, primarily that from synthetic pesticides and fertilisers.
We are all familiar with insect pests, but there are vast numbers of insects, like bees, which are vital to our food supplies or beneficial in other ways.
The best course of action to reduce the harm industrial agriculture is having on insects is to support organic farms that are not relying on synthetic chemicals and other intensive agriculture practices.
Health Products
Available from the Natural Health Society
28/541 High Street Penrith NSW 2750
Phone (02) 4721 5068
[email protected]
* NB 'Members' means financial members of the Natural Health Society and the Vegetarian Societies
Detoxification Foot Patches
- Best placed on soles of feet, in which 60 acupuncture points – or reflexology points – reflect the condition of various organs.
- Pads are impregnated with a dozen ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine.
- Pads must be in close contact with skin – adhesive tape is provided.
Posted price:
box 10 – members $24.00; non-members $27.00
box 30 – members $59.50; non-members $65.00
box 90 – members $131.50; non-members $145.00
In-Lieu Toilet Converter
- Converts ordinary toilet so that you can squat instead of sit
- Prevents injury to pelvic-floor nerves caused by straining while sitting
- Has been found helpful for constipation, incontinence, prostate problems, haemorrhoids, diverticulitis, bed-wetting in children under 10 years
- Extremely strong plastic; white, stylish design
- A once-in-a-lifetime purchase; an excellent investment
Phone Natural Health Society for price - or see page 43
Ladyship Juicer, Blender
Two models - LS658 and LS588F
Like several machines in one
- Makes juices, smoothies, nut milks and soups
- Blends, grinds seeds and crushes ice
- Works with hot or cold recipes
- Simple to use, easy to clean
- Bonus recipe book and instructional DVD
LS-658 PRICE including freight
Members $385, Non-Members $405
LS-588F PRICE including freight
Members $249, Non-Members $274
EASYpH Test Kit – To Test if body is acidic
- The Natural Health experience is that if our tissue fluids have the correct acid-alkali balance, many diseases are prevented or eased.
- The foundation of sound nutrition is balancing alkali-forming vegetables and fruits with the other foods which are mostly acid-forming.
- The only practicable way to assess our acid-alkali state is pH testing of urine and saliva.
- Saliva indicates tissue pH (ideally between 7.0 and 7.5). Urine indicates kidney capability (ideally 6.7 to 7.2).
- Kit contains enough test paper for 90 tests, if 5 cm (2 inch) is used each time.
Posted price: members $22.00; non-members $24.00
The Champion Juicer
Superior to the standard centrifugal juicers
- Easy to use and easy to clean
- Produces nutritionally superior fruit and vegetable juices
- Versatile – also makes frozen fruit desserts and nut butters
- Powerful 1/3 horsepower motor (3 year guarantee), designed to last.
Posted price to members $495
non-members $549
Veg SA News
SA MORATORIUM ON GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED CROPS
South Australia is the only mainland State that has a moratorium against the production of GM crops.
Over the past year there has been discussion over the retention of this moratorium. Before losing office in March 2018, the Labour government extended the moratorium to 2025. However the incoming Liberal government, responding to concerns of some SA businesses, set up a Select Committee to look into the advantages and disadvantages of retaining the moratorium.
The Select Committee, with wide political representation (Liberal, Labour and Greens), solicited submissions to consider a range of opinions. In October 2018 VegSA, along with a number of other organisations and individuals, made a submission and also requested that “In the event that the Selected Committee determines to conduct hearings in public, we request the opportunity to be heard.”
The terms of reference for submissions were broad, seeking opinions on the costs and benefits of being GM-free including:
▪ Economic benefits;
▪ Differences in yields, chemical use and environmental factors including soil health;
▪ Risks and management of potential contamination;
▪ Potential reputational impact, including for SA food and wine producers.
VegSA was fortunate that one of its members, Jim Mitchell, had been involved with other organisations with these issues and was able to prepare the Society’s submission. The main points are:
▪ Non-GM foods are seen as healthier than GM foods that are treated with chemicals. As weeds become resistant, increasing amounts of chemical are needed.
▪ GMOs are one of the greatest concerns of shoppers: ranked fifth among concerns according to one study.\(^{(1)}\)
▪ Only GM cotton and canola crops are allowed in Australia and SA cannot grow cotton. Canola constitutes only 2% of SA crop production, so adding GM canola would not contribute significantly to the State’s economy.
▪ Allowing GM production would risk the ‘non-GM’ reputation of other SA produce.
▪ Only a small proportion of growers have asked for the GM ban to be lifted.
▪ Contamination of non-GM crops by GM crops is almost inevitable. The cost of prevention, including during production, transport and storage, plus insurance would be considerable. Cost of insurance and compensation should be borne by the contaminators, not those whose crops are, or are likely to be, contaminated.
In April 2019 VegSA was invited to give evidence to the Select Committee. While we expected that questions would revolve around food safety and environmental issues, the Committee turned more towards the economic aspect.
The Committee agreed that it is difficult to be sure of the safety or otherwise to humans of GM food as there have been no definitive studies in this area. These would require a large cohort of people eating a controlled quantity of GM foods over an extended period of time. Animal studies are also problematic.
One difficulty is that GMOs are not adequately labelled. VegSA members are (generally) careful readers of labels and would, for the main part, prefer to buy products labelled “GMO Free” and to avoid products where the GMO content is unknown. A possible outcome of the inquiry is that better food labelling be recommended where GMOs are involved.
Submissions and transcripts of oral evidence can be accessed at: www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Committees/Pages/Committees.aspx?CTid=3&Clid=355
(1) www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/08/13/87-of-consumers-globally-think-non-GMO-is-healthier
Readers of True Natural Health (TNH) might be interested in an article by Dr Judy Carman entitled ‘GM Food – the scientist’s view’ printed in the Autumn 2008 issue of Natural Health and Vegetarian Life (TNH’s predecessor). VegSA suggested to the Select Committee that little research on the subject had been done since that time and the members appeared to agree. Back issues of Natural Health and Vegetarian Life are available from the Natural Health Society (see p 43).
Dr Carman made a submission to the Select Committee under the name of Institute of Health and Environmental Research (IHER). Her submission and transcript can be accessed at the web address above.
VegSA AGM:
PRESENTATIONS BY ANIMAL SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS
VegSA held its Annual General Meeting in April. At the meeting there were short presentations by several animal support groups: Animal Liberation SA, CATS (Cats Assistance To Sterilise), Animals Australia’s SA action group, Animal Activists SA as well as VegSA.
It was salutary to hear of the support that these groups are giving – including financial support – to animal rescue organisations, and for the promotion of a healthy, plant-based diet and lifestyle for humans.
PURCHASING TRI NATURE PRODUCTS
Tri Nature’s Non-Toxic, Environmentally Responsible Household and Personal Care Products
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via online or phone shopping, at a fixed 5% discount and reduced freight rates, with further generous discounts on specials every month, notified by email.
For details on how to become a personal shopper, contact
Tri Nature Independent Consultant, Jo Raydan:
0407 883 137; [email protected]
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE & ECONOMY
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Toxin-Free Mattress with Stretch-Effect
For mattress health information events for the general public & practitioners, visit http://en.geovital.com/mattressinfo
The bedroom is the most important room to keep free of health burdens and sources of irritation for the body because this is where we are supposed to rest and regenerate. In the quest to create the healthiest sleeping environment, Geovital – Academy of Radiation Protection and Environmental Medicine quickly realised mattresses were a big problem. 600 Different types were tested and all failed to meet the Academies criteria. So… we have been making our own patented mattresses since 1984 and at prices anyone can afford.
Our mattresses are very different:
- **Stretch-Effect:** Downward pressure is converted in a gentle traction reducing pressure in the spine to aid regeneration.
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- **Latex-Free:** Far beyond Allergy testing, is intolerance testing. We found Latex to be the worst and causes intolerance reactions in most people.
- **Anti-Static:** Most mattresses build up a static charge which is not good for you.
- **Toxin-Free:** Instead of using chemical propellants in the production as other manufacturers do, we use toxin free processes.
- **High air permeability:** Most mattress materials are like plastic bags sealing off 1/3 of your skin. Our foam and design allow much airflow. Making it inhospitable to fungus and bacteria and bringing great oxygenation to the skin.
- **Removable and Washable outer cover:** Renew your mattress whenever you feel like it. Also optionally available with total customisation to your body size and shape.
**THE NATURAL THERAPY MATTRESS WITH STRETCH EFFECT**
After testing 600 different mattress types, none of which meet the Academies criteria, we started making our own at prices anyone can afford.
VIDEO: Our approach and mattress design: http://youtu.be/6w1U7jQ0rm0
With reasonable prices you can’t afford not to sleep on a mattress that supports your health.
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Addressing health burdens others ignore • Metal-free (no aerial effect)
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• Anti-static • Anti-allergy • Anti-fungal • Washable cover
www.geovital.com.au/mattress.html
www.geovital.co.nz/mattress.html
*Adore it or exchange your Theravital or Vitaland mattress purchase within 60 days. Conditions apply, see en.geovital.com/exchange—it for details.*
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EFFECTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA AND CASSIA ALATA EXTRACTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF MICE
AZMAHANI ABDULLAH
FPSK (M) 2003 7
EFFECTS OF *ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA*, *CARICA PAPAYA* AND *CASSIA ALATA* EXTRACTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF MICE
By
AZMAHANI ABDULLAH
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduates Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
In Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science
November 2003
DEDICATION
"Dedicated to my supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Nazrul Hakim Abdullah, my father (Abdullah), my mom (Azizah) and my brothers and sisters (Arzura, Azlinda, Al-Fatihah, Adibah, Al-Fadilah, Mohd. Asyraf, Alia Shazwani and Aiman Adli & Friends"
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
EFFECTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA AND CASSIA ALATA EXTRACTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF MICE
By
AZMAHANI ABDULLAH
November 2003
Chairman: Associate Professor Mohammad Nazrul Hakim bin Abdullah, Ph. D.
Faculty: Medicine and Health Sciences
In facing the high rise of population especially in developing countries, a continuing need is felt for oral and non-surgical methods of contraception. Plants extracts have been used widely in traditional medical practice especially as an anti-fertility agent. The *Andrographis paniculata*, *Cassia alata* and *Carica papaya* extracts have been reported to possess multifunctional properties. In the present studies, the effects of 20 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* on the reproductive systems was studied after 30 days and 90 days of treatment in female and male mice. Clomiphene citrate, given daily at 50 mg/kg body weight, was used for the purposed comparison. Results obtained showed that the female genital organs (ovaries and uteri) weight was reduced significantly after treatment with *Carica papaya* and *Andrographis paniculata* respectively. All females groups showed changes in fertility and reduction in litter number. However, after treatment with the same extracts,
the litter number for *Cassia alata* treatment was found to increase as compared to control group. A significant decrease in the number of Graffian follicles and corpora lutea with significant increase in number of atretic follicles in all treatment groups was observed except in the group treated with *Cassia alata*. There were no changes in the weight of the body, epididymides and seminal vesicles. A reduction in epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, number of fertile males, litter number, and serum testosterone levels were also observed after manipulation of all extracts duration of treatment except *Cassia alata*. Testis histology study revealed spermatogenetic arrest at the spermatocyte level. In mice treated with clomiphene citrate, the body weight, testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle weight, sperm counts, and sperm motility were found to reduce. Sperm morphology revealed abnormalities of the head, neck and tail. Progressive regress of the seminiferous tubules with most tubules devoid of spermatozoa and spermatid were also seen. However, these effects were reversible upon cessation of treatment. The findings therefore suggest that *Carica papaya* and *Andrographis paniculata* have mild inhibitory effects on male and female reproductive systems as compared to control group (clomiphene citrate). However, *Cassia alata* extracts aid in promoting fertility by improving male and female reproductive functions.
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
KESAN EKSTRAK ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA DAN CASSIA ALATA KE ATAS SISTEM PEMBIAKAN MENCIT
Oleh
AZMAHANI ABDULLAH
November 2003
Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Mohammad Nazrul Hakim Abdullah, Ph. D.
Fakulti : Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan
Dengan meningkatnya populasi penduduk terutama di negara membangun, kaedah perancang keluarga tanpa pembedahan yang berterusan diperlukan. Ekstrak tumbuhan telah digunakan dengan meluas dalam perubatan tradisional terutama sebagai agen anti-kesuburan. Ekstrak Andrographis paniculata, Carica papaya dan Cassia alata telah dilaporkan mempunyai pelbagai kegunaannya. Dalam kajian ini, kesan 20 mg/kg berat badan ekstrak etanol Andrographis paniculata, Carica papaya dan Cassia alata dikaji pada sistem pembiakan mencit betina dan jantan selepas 30 dan 90 hari rawatan. Clomiphene sitrat, di beri setiap hari pada 50 mg/kg berat badan digunakan untuk tujuan perbandingan. Keputusan kajian mendapati berat alat kelamin betina (ovari dan uteri) telah menurun secara bererti selepas rawatan Carica papaya dan Andrographis paniculata. Kesemua kumpulan betina menunjukkan perubahan dalam kesuburan dan penurunan dalam bilangan anak. Walaubagaimanapun, bilangan anak bagi rawatan Cassia alata didapati bertambah berbanding kumpulan kawalan. Penurunan bererti pada
bilangan folikel Graffian dan corpora lutea dan peningkatan bererti pada bilangan folikel atretik pada semua rawatan melainkan ekstrak *Cassia alata*. Berat badan dan berat epididimis dan vesikel seminal tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan. Pengurangan dalam bilangan sperma epididimis, pergerakan sperma, bilangan jantan yang subur, bilangan anak dan aras testosterone serum juga dilihat selepas manipulasi jangka masa rawatan kesemua ekstrak kecuali *Cassia alata*. Kajian histologi pada testis menunjukkan terhentinya proses spermatogenesis pada peringkat spermatosit. Dalam mencit yang dirawatan dengan clomiphene sitrate, berat badan, berat testis, epididimis, dan vesikel seminal, serta bilangan dan pergerakan sperma didapati berkurangan. Morfologi sperma menunjukkan kecacatan pada bahagian kepala, leher dan ekor. Dari kajian histologi testis pula menunjukkan tanda-tanda regrasi pada tubul seminiferous dengan ketidakhadiran spermatozoa dan spermatid pada kebanyakan tubul. Namun, kesan ini hilang selepas rawatan dihentikan. Dengan itu, penemuan ini mencadangkan bahawa ekstrak *Andrographis paniculata* dan *Carica papaya* memberi sedikit kesan perencatan pada sistem pembiakan betina dan jantan berbanding kumpulan kawalan (clomiphene citrate). Sebaliknya ekstrak *Cassia alata* membantu menambah kesuburan dengan meningkatkan fungsi sistem pembiakan mencit jantan dan betina.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the Name of Allah, the Most Benevolent and the Most Merciful….
Alhamdulillah, first of all I would like to express my utmost thanks and gratitude to Almighty Allah S.W.T. who has given me the capability to complete this thesis and my salawat and salam to His righteous messenger, prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
Deepest gratitude and appreciation is expressed to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Mohd. Nazrul Hakim Abdullah, for his dedication, guidance, support, endless encouragement and patience towards completing the research. I would like also to extend my thanks to other supervisory committee members, Dr. Sabrina Sukardi, Prof. Dato’ Dr. Abdul Salam Abdullah and Dr. Wan Nordin Wan Mahmud for their guidance, advice and encouragement throughout the duration of this project.
Heartfelt thanks to Puan Sapiah Ismail, En. Kuflis Che Nor and all staff members of the Histology Laboratory and Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for technical assistance.
My greatest appreciation to the very important persons in my life, Abah and Ma, (En. Abdullah Said and Azizah Awang) whose support and inspiration have sustained me and help me succeed in my study. And not forgetting my brothers and sisters for their support. Last but not least, to all others not mentioned but whose help has been tremendous, I express my sincere thanks and appreciation.
I certify that an Examination Committee met on 19th November, 2003 to conduct the final examination of Azmahani Abdullah on her Master of Science thesis entitled "Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* Extracts on the Reproductive Systems of Mice" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:
**JOHNSON STANSLAS, Ph.D.**
Lecturer
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
**MUHAMMAD NAZRUL HAKIM ABDULLAH, Ph.D.**
Associate Professor
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
**DATO’ ABDUL SALAM ABDULLAH, Ph.D.**
Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
**SABRINA SUKARDI, Ph.D.**
Lecturer
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
**WAN NORDIN WAN MAHMUD, Ph.D.**
Lecturer
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
---
**GULAM RUSUL RAHMAT ALI, Ph.D.**
Professor/Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 05 MAR 2004
This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
MOHD NAZRUL HAKIM ABDULLAH, Ph. D
Associate Professor
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
DATO’ ABDUL SALAM ABDULLAH, Ph. D
Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
SABRINA SUKARDI, Ph. D
Lecturer
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
WAN NORDIN WAN MAHMUD, Ph. D.
Lecturer
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
AINI IDERIS, Ph.D.
Professor/Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 12 MAR 2004
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.
AZMAHANI ABDULLAH
Date: 13 MAR 2004
# TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Section | Page |
|----------------------------------------------|------|
| DEDICATION | ii |
| ABSTRACT | iii |
| ABSTRAK | v |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | vii |
| APPROVAL | viii |
| DECLARATION | x |
| LIST OF TABLES | xiv |
| LIST OF FIGURES | xv |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | xix |
## CHAPTER
### 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Population 1
1.2 Contraception 2
1.2.1 Contraceptive Methods for Women 2
1.2.2 Contraceptive Methods for Men 4
1.3 Herbs, Fertility and Contraception 5
1.4 Objectives of Study 6
### 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Experimental Plants 7
2.1.1 *Andrographis paniculata* 7
126.96.36.199 Description 7
188.8.131.52 Chemistry 8
184.108.40.206 Folk Medicine 10
2.1.2 *Carica papaya* 12
220.127.116.11 Description 12
18.104.22.168 Chemistry 12
22.214.171.124 Folk Medicine 13
2.1.3 *Cassia alata* 15
126.96.36.199 Description 15
188.8.131.52 Chemistry 15
184.108.40.206 Folk Medicine 16
2.2 Regulation of Female Fertility 18
2.2.1 The Female Reproductive Tract of the Mouse 18
2.2.2 Oogenesis 20
2.2.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Activity 22
2.3 Regulation of Male Fertility 24
2.3.1 The Male Reproductive Tract of the Mouse 24
2.3.2 Spermatogenesis 27
2.3.3 Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis 30
2.4 Plants as Sources of Anti-fertility Agents 33
2.4.1 Mechanism of Action 33
2.5 Clomiphene Citrate 37
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Plant Material 39
3.2 Preparation of the Extract 39
3.3 Fertility Testing on Female Mice 40
3.3.1 Experimental Animals 40
3.3.2 Experimental Design 40
3.3.3 Fertility Test 42
3.3.4 Body and Organ Weight 42
3.3.5 Histology 43
3.4 Fertility Testing on Male Mice 43
3.4.1 Experimental Animals 43
3.4.2 Experimental Design 44
3.4.3 Fertility Test 46
3.4.4 Blood Hormone Level 46
220.127.116.11 Blood Collection 46
18.104.22.168 ELISA 47
3.4.5 Body and Organ Weight 48
3.4.6 Sperm Profile 49
22.214.171.124 Sperm Collection 49
126.96.36.199 Concentration of Spermatozoa 49
188.8.131.52 Sperm Morphology 50
3.4.7 Histology 50
184.108.40.206 Tissue Processing 50
220.127.116.11 Quantitative Histology 51
3.5 Statistical Analysis 53
4 THE EFFECTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA AND CASSIA ALATA ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FEMALE MICE
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 Results 55
4.3.1 Body and Organ Weight 55
4.3.2 Fertility Testing 57
4.3.3 Histological Examination 58
4.3 Discussion 63
4.4 Conclusion 67
5 THE EFFECTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA AND CASSIA ALATA ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF MALE MICE
5.1 Introduction 68
5.2 Results 69
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 5.2.1 Body Weight | 69 |
| 5.2.2 Organs Weight | 72 |
| 5.2.3 Fertility Testing | 75 |
| 5.2.4 Sperm profile | 80 |
| 5.2.5 Testosterone | 87 |
| 5.3 Discussion | 88 |
| 5.4 Conclusion | 92 |
| **6 HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TREATED WITH ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, CARICA PAPAYA AND CASSIA ALATA** | |
| 6.1 Introduction | 93 |
| 6.2 Results | 95 |
| 6.2.1 Histological Examination | 95 |
| 6.2.2 Quantitative Histology | 101 |
| 6.3 Discussion | 111 |
| 6.4 Conclusion | 114 |
| **7 GENERAL DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH** | |
| 7.1 General Discussion and Conclusion | 115 |
| 7.2 Suggestion for Further Research | 120 |
| **BIBLIOGRAPHY** | 122 |
| **APPENDICES** | 129 |
| **BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR** | 138 |
| Table | Page |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 1. Chemical constituents of *Andrographis paniculata* | 8 |
| 2. Chemical constituents of *Carica papaya* | 12 |
| 3. Chemical constituents of *Cassia alata* | 15 |
| 4. Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on body and ovary organ weights during treatment | 55 |
| 5. Fertility test on female mice for 30 days treatment | 57 |
| 6. Effect on male body weights (g) of all treated groups during treatment | 69 |
| 7. Organ weight (mg/100 g body weight) of male mice in all treatment groups | 71 |
| 8. Fertility test and litter numbers of female mice during treatment | 79 |
| 9. Effect of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on sperm count and motility during treatment | 80 |
| 10. Serum testosterone (ng/ml) of all treatment groups | 87 |
| 11. Mean volumetric proportion (%) of tubular elements, lumen and testicular space during treatment | 101 |
| 12. Mean volumetric proportion (%) of spermatogonium, spermatocyte spermatid and spermatozoa during treatment | 105 |
| 13. Mean volumetric proportion (%) of Sertoli cell, degenerated cells, membrane and interstitial cells | 109 |
| Figure | Description | Page |
|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 1 | Chemical structures of andrographolide and neoandrographolide | 9 |
| 2 | *Andrographis paniculata* | 11 |
| 3 | *Carica papaya* | 14 |
| 4 | Anthraquinone (C\textsubscript{15}H\textsubscript{10}O\textsubscript{5}) | 15 |
| 5 | *Cassia alata* | 17 |
| 6 | Reproductive organs of female mice | 19 |
| 7 | Events during oogenesis | 21 |
| 8 | Regulation of ovarian function | 23 |
| 9 | Reproductive organs of male mice | 26 |
| 10 | Flowchart of events of spermatogenesis, showing the relative positioning of the various spermatogenic cells | 29 |
| 11 | Hormonal regulation of testicular function (the brain-testicular axis) | 32 |
| 12 | Structural formula of Clomiphene citrate | 37 |
| 13 | Diagrammatic representation of experimental design for females | 41 |
| 14 | Diagrammatic representation of experimental design for males | 45 |
| 15 | Body weight (g) changes of female mice during treatment | 56 |
| 16 | Section of the ovary of a mice (control) showing corpus luteum and preovulatory follicles | 59 |
| 17 | Section of the ovary of a mice (Clomiphene treated) showing granuloma nodules in interstitium and atretic follicles | 61 |
| 18 | Section of the ovary of a mice (Clomiphene treated) showing atretic follicles | 61 |
| 19 | Section of the ovary of a mice (treated with extract *Carica papaya*) showing atretic follicles | 62 |
20. Section of the ovary of a mice (treated with extract *Andrographis paniculata*) showing atretic follicles 62
21. Section of the ovary of a mice (treated with extract *Cassia alata*) showing normal developing follicles 63
22. Body weight (g) changes of male mice during treatment 69
23. Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on testis weight (mg/100g body weight) during treatment 73
24. Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on epididymis weight (mg/100g body weight) during treatment 74
25. Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on seminal vesicle weight (mg/100g body weight) during treatment 74
26. Estrous stage showing large cornified, a nucleated epithelial cells 75
27. Metestrous stage showing a few cornified epithelial cells and leucocytes 76
28. Diestrus stage showing many leucocytes 77
29. Prooestrous stage showing many nucleated epithelial cells 78
30. Effect of all extracts treated groups on sperm count during treatment 83
31. Effect of all extracts treated groups on sperm count during treatment (clomiphene citrate treated group not included) 83
32. Normal sperm from control mice 84
33. Sperm showing defects in morphology abnormalities after Clomiphene treatment 84
34-37 Showing abnormalities in neck of sperm (clomiphene treated groups) 85
38. Sperm showing defects in morphology after Clomiphene citrate treatment. SH, separated head 86
39. Sperm showing defects in morphology after Clomiphene citrate treatment. ST, separated tail 86
| | Description | Page |
|---|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 40.| Cross section (C.S.) of normal mice testis | 95 |
| 41.| C.S. of testis from Clomiphene citrate treated group after 60 days. Most seminiferous tubules are devoid of spermatozoa and degenerated spermatids are more abundant with some slouching into the lumen | 96 |
| 42.| C.S. of testis from Clomiphene citrate treated group after 90 days. Most seminiferous tubules are left with spermatogonium and spermatocyte only and left with large lumens. Note the more abundant testicular space between the seminiferous tubules and the atrophied appearance of the seminiferous tubules | 97 |
| 43.| C.S. of testis from *Carica papaya* treated group after 90 days showing some degenerated cells which are mostly round spermatids. Note the more abundant testicular space between the seminiferous tubules | 98 |
| 44.| C.S. of testis from *Andrographis paniculata* extract | 99 |
| 45.| C.S. of testis from *Cassia alata* extract | 100 |
| 46.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of tubular elements during treatment | 102 |
| 47.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of lumen during treatment | 103 |
| 48.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of testicular space during treatment | 104 |
| 49.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of spermatogonium during treatment | 106 |
| 50.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of spermatocyte during treatment | 106 |
| 51.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of spermatid during treatment | 107 |
| 52.| Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of spermatozoa during treatment | 108 |
53. Effects of *Andrographis paniculata*, *Carica papaya* and *Cassia alata* ethanol extracts on mean volumetric proportion (%) of degenerated cell during treatment
| Abbreviation | Description |
|--------------|-------------|
| b.w. | body weight |
| °C | Degress Celcius |
| g | gram |
| M | molar |
| mg | miligram |
| mm | millimeter |
| ml | milliliters |
| µl | microliters |
| µm | micrometer |
| µg | microgram |
| mw | miliwolt |
| s.e.m | standard error of mean |
| pH | -log₁₀[H⁺] |
| rpm | rotation per minute |
| ng | nanogram |
| p | probability of an event due to chance alone |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| Min | minute |
| G.I. | Gastrointestinal |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
1.1 Population Explosion
The single outstanding fact about world population during the past two hundred years has been the rapidity of its growth. Since 1750, there has been a rapid and accelerating expansion in population and more recently termed ‘population explosion’. Currently, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 3.7 human beings are born every second: the net increment works out to be at 222 per minute, 13 260 per hour, 318 240 per day, or nearly 2.25 million per week (Robinson, 1981).
The limits to growth have been analysed recently by a team of scientists led by Professor Dennis Meadows from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the help of models and computers. These models were constructed to investigate ‘the five major trends of global concern – accelerating industrialization, rapid population growth, widespread malnutrition, depletion of non-renewable resources, and a deteriorating environment’ (Llewellyn-Jones, 1975). The recent and unprecedented population explosion is of concern not only to the demographer but to the politician, economist, geographer, sociologist, and medical scientist among many others, all of whom are very much concerned with ensuring that the sheer quantity of human beings will not diminish the quality of human life (Robinson, 1981).
Global search of anti-fertility agents is going to tackle the problem of ‘Population Explosion’. Many hormonal drugs are available for the purpose but they are not free from side effects. Hence, the search for a suitable product from indigenous medicinal plants is proposed which could be effectively used in place of the synthetic or hormonal (Hoffman, 1990).
1.2 Contraceptive
There are several methods of contraception today. However, an ideal contraceptive that is safe, inexpensive, totally effective, easily reversible and without side effects has yet to be developed. Oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, male and female sterilizations, barrier contraceptives, medical termination of pregnancy, rhythm and symptothermal methods and coitus interruptus are presently being used to control births (Salunkhe et al., 1989).
1.2.1 Contraceptive Methods for Women
The pill is a very simple and easy to use method of birth control. The female sexual partner simply swallows one pill each day for 20 or 21 days. During that month she will not get pregnant. The pill works by keeping the woman’s ovaries from releasing an egg as long as she is taking the pills according to the prescribed regimen. The pill contains the female hormones estrogen and progesterone which a woman’s body produces when she is pregnant. These hormones keep her body from releasing eggs for as long as she takes birth control pills. The eggs simply do not mature and thus are not released by the ovaries. For a few women, the pills sometimes produce temporary and mildly unpleasant
side effects. Some women experience mild nausea or stomach upsets when taking the first few pills. This goes away after the pills have been used for a month or so (Zawacki, 1971). Other problems that need further study to establish their association with the pill are an increased risk of urinary tract infections, gall bladder disease, liver disease and tumors, and birth defects if pill use is continued into pregnancy. Prolonged infertility is also possible after the pill is discontinued, but whether it is caused by the pill itself or masked by the artificial menses during use is unclear. Evidence so far shows pill users to have a lower risk of benign breast disease, fewer ovarian cysts, and unchanged risk of cervical cancer (Hauser, 1979).
Chemical impregnated intra-vaginal plugs have been used for contraceptive purpose by many primitive tribes. Currently, there are over 50 suppositories, pessaries, gels, or foams available. The solid vaginal suppositories contain spermicide in a base of soap, gelatin or cocoa-butter which is designed to melt at body temperature. The vagitory is inserted just prior to coitus. The gels which are made up in a water-soluble gelatinous base disperse easily in the vagina, and usually serve as an additional protection if the male uses a condom, or in conjunction with a vaginal diaphragm. The gel or cream is usually introduced high into the vagina through a plastic plunger applicator which is provided in the package. The foams are either in foaming tablet form or in containers from which the appropriate amount can be introduced into the vagina (Llewellyn-Jones, 1975). Disadvantages are the leakage of fluid from the vagina, the need to wait while the content of the vaginal suppositories melts, and poor effectiveness, usually due to poor quality, inadequate quantity, or disregard for the required waiting period (Hauser, 1979).
1.2.2 Contraceptive Methods for Men
Apart from abortion and infanticide, coitus interruptus is probably the oldest method of birth control (Llewellyn-Jones, 1975). The method requires no supplies, expense, preparation, or assistance from physicians. On the other hand, it demands practice, male-control, and considerable motivation. It may be reliable in highly motivated couples. Failures can result from the escape of semen before ejaculation, from semen deposited externally near the vagina, or from simple delay in withdrawal (Hauser, 1979). Its greatest disadvantage is that it is difficult to practice because it interrupts the act of sex just at a point when human nature desires no interruption (Zawacki, 1971).
A cylindrical sheath that envelops the penis, the condom has the advantage of being cheap, simple to use and can be obtained without prescription from a physician. However, it has the disadvantages of being distracting and dulling sensation. Moreover in some cultures, it is associated with prostitution because of its prophylactic role in venereal diseases. It is effective if properly used and carefully manufactured. Rubber condoms deteriorate with time, particularly in sunlight and heat, and therefore have a limited shelf life, especially in tropical countries (Hauser, 1979). Male sterilization (called vasectomy) is quite a simple operation that can be done in a doctor’s office or a clinic. The man merely goes home and rests for a few of days. The procedure involves the removal of a small section of the two tubes that carry the male sperm to the penis. This procedure will not change in his nature or his sexual desire (Zawacki, 1971).
1.3 Herbs, Fertility and Contraception
Several approaches are being used in different parts of the world to control human fertility. Most of the currently used methods of birth control are associated with certain risks and side effects. As such, an ideal contraceptive has yet to be developed. Many plants have been used in traditional medicine as contraceptive agents.
New and improved methods of contraception are being developed. For example, long-acting injectable preparations, postcoital drugs, low-dose oral contraceptives, biphasic and triphasic pills, paper pills, sperm and ova pills. The currently used methods of contraception are associated with risks and side effects. For example, the use of oral contraceptives is associated with some circulatory system diseases including thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Endometrial bleeding, pelvic infections, pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy are frequently observed with use of the intrauterine device (IUD) (Stephen et al., 1994).
Great attention is being given to plants with potential anti-fertility properties. These may act through effects on sperm motility and viability, implantation of the fertilized egg or a rejection effect within the uterus. The biochemistry of these pathways is complex, and the study of plants having such effects is revealing new mechanisms all the time. The planetary crisis that is upon us has the population explosion as a major component, and the World Health Organization has put great emphasis on the search for a safe, cheap and socially acceptable form of contraception (Hoffman, 1990).
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CAPCOM USA
3303 Scott Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95054
GAME BOY®
MEGA MAN
DR. WILTY'S REVENGE
INSTRUCTION BOOKLET
EmuMovies
Game counselors are available 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. P.S.T. (408) 727-1665
Printed in Japan
A special message from CAPCOM
Thank you for selecting *Mega Man in Dr. Wily's Revenge* for your Game Boy system. We are proud to offer you this action-packed adventure, Capcom's latest contribution to the Game Boy!
*Mega Man in Dr. Wily's Revenge* offers the finest graphics and stereo sound available for the Game Boy. We hope you enjoy the excitement and challenges that await you in this latest *Mega Man* adventure.
Very truly yours,
Joe Morici
Senior Vice President
CAPCOM, U.S.A.
---
**TABLE OF CONTENTS**
- Safety Precautions ................................................................. 4
- Getting Started ........................................................................... 5
- He's a MAD, MAD Scientist! .................................................. 6
- Controlling Mega Man ............................................................. 7
- The Maze Screen ....................................................................... 8-9
- The Weapons Box .................................................................... 10
- Nut & Bolts for Winning .......................................................... 11
- Using Your Password .............................................................. 12
- 90-Day Limited Warranty ....................................................... 13
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Follow the suggestions below to keep your Game Boy and Game Pak in top operating condition:
1. Always make sure the Game Boy's power is off before inserting or removing the Game Pak.
2. Don't try to take your Game Pak apart.
3. Never touch the contact points on your Game Pak.
4. Keep your Game Pak safe from direct sunlight, high heat, and extreme cold. Don't bend it, crush it, or let it get wet. Store it in its protective package at room temperature when you are not using it.
5. If your Game Pak gets dusty, clean it with a soft, dry cloth. Never use thinners, solvents, benzene, alcohol, or other strong cleaning agents, which can damage the Game Pak.
GETTING STARTED
1. Plug in the Mega Man Game Pak into your Nintendo Game Boy and turn it on. In a few moments the title screen appears.
2. Press the Start button to begin the game. (Or use a password to continue a game you've played before. See Using Your Password on page 12.)
3. On the next screen, you'll see mug shots of the first four Robot Masters you must defeat. Press the control pad to choose an opponent.
4. Press Start again and get ready to melt some metal!
5. During play, press Start to pause the game while you switch weapons.
HE'S A MAD, MAD, MAD, MAD SCIENTIST
Mega Man, once again you must save the world, because Dr. Wily just won't stop! This time the unbelievably insane scientist has restored eight of the Robot Masters you previously mashed into metal marmalade.
Four of them – Ice Man, Electric Man, Cut Man and Fire Man – are running wild and tearing up the town. Those are the nice ones! Another four – Quick Man, Heat Man, Bubble Man, and Flash Man – are lurking in Dr. Wily's complex, with a factory-full of industrial-strength robot smashers that you won't believe!
But that's nothing compared to what you'll face in Dr. Wily's Space Node. So load up the Plasma Cannon, Mega Man. It's time to get the lead out!
CONTROLLING MEGA MAN
Press this: Control pad LEFT or RIGHT
To do this: Run in that direction.
Press this: Control pad UP or DOWN
To do this: Climb up or down.
Press this: Button A
To do this: Jump. Hold down the button for longer jumps. Press the control pad to jump in the direction you want to go.
Press this: Button B
To do this: Fire!
Press this: Start Button
To do this: See the Weapons Box. Use the control pad to choose a weapon, then press Start again to return to the action.
At the beginning of the game, choose one of the first four Robot Masters. Then press Start to transport through town to the area he's got in his steely grip.
Every Robot Master is hiding in his own special maze, filled with monstrous machines that fit his personality. You've got to run, blast, dodge and leap your way through the dizzying rooms to finally corner the big boss.
You start the game with three chances to succeed. But your energy can drain away as you take the crushing smashes your foes deal out. Keep an android eye on the bottom of the screen to check on how you're doing.
Battle through the maze of rooms, blasting everything you can. And don't forget to pick up your vitamins and minerals to gain back energy and chances. The more machines you demolish, the more pills, pellets, and capsules you'll get. When your energy runs out. You lose one chance. If you have chances left, you'll start again.
- **Power Pellet**: Increases your power meter.
- **Energy Pellet**: Increases your weapon's energy meter.
- **Extra Life Capsule**: Gives you another chance to win!
Reaching the end of a maze puts you face to face with the Robot Master, and his power meter appears. Just like you, he'll last as long as his energy does, so you've got to watch both meters. Blast him into scrap metal to complete the maze and gain his Master Weapon. You'll transport back to the selection screen where you can choose your next opponent.
THE WEAPONS BOX
When you destroy a Robot Master, his weapon becomes yours to choose and use. Press Start at any time to see the Weapons Box.
The energy meters show how much energy each weapon has left. Use the control pad to choose a weapon, and then press Start to continue the fight. When you're using a Master Weapon, its energy meter will also appear at the bottom of the screen.
During his travels, Mega Man can acquire a levitating platform called the Carry. Once it has been collected, the Carry can be activated and recharged just like any Master Weapon. Mega Man will be able to shoot out this platform to help him climb over obstacles which block his path.
When you are using a Master Weapon, you can increase the energy level of the weapon by picking up Energy Pellets. The pellets will only increase the energy level of the Master Weapon you are currently using.
NUTS AND BOLTS FOR WINNING
• Fire from ladders and while jumping to blast high-up machines.
• Try to get all the pills, pellets and capsules in a room so your power and weapon energy hold out for the next furious fray.
• Figure out which Master Weapons will beat each Robot Master. Then go after your foes in the right order to get the weapons you need for the next battle.
• When hurt, Mega Man will flash for a bit. He can't be injured during this time.
• Practice to become fast and accurate. Then practice, practice, practice some more.
USING YOUR PASSWORD
When you annihilate a Robot Master, you can see a secret password. Use the control pad to select Password, then press Start. (If you don't want to see the password, choose Stage Select and press Start. You'll return to the screen where you can choose another opponent.)
When the password appears, write it down or memorize it. The next time you play the game, you can continue from this point. Here's how:
1. Choose Password from the title screen.
2. On the next screen, use the control pad to move the marker in the grid. Press button A on each space you need for your password. (If you mark a space by mistake, press button B to "unmark" it.) The box at the lower right shows how many spaces you need to mark.
3. When you've entered all five dots, the game will automatically check the password to see if it is correct. If it is correct then you will continue the game from the point where you received the password.
90-DAY LIMITED WARRANTY
CAPCOM U.S.A., Inc. ("Capcom") warrants to the original consumer that this Capcom Game Boy Pak ("PAK") shall be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of 90 days from date of purchase. If a defect covered by this warranty occurs during this 90-day warranty period, Capcom will repair or replace the PAK, at its option, free of charge.
To receive this warranty service:
1. DO NOT return the defective Game Pak to the retailer.
2. Notify the Capcom Consumer Service Department of the problem requiring warranty service by calling (408) 727-0400. Our Consumer Service Department is in operation from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pacific Time, Monday through Friday.
3. If the Capcom service technician is unable to solve the problem by phone, he will provide you with a Return Authorization number. Simply include this number on the outside packaging of your defective PAK, and return your PAK freight prepaid, at your risk of damage, together with your sales slip or similar proof-of-purchase within the 90-day warranty period to:
CAPCOM U.S.A., Inc.
Consumer Service Department
3303 Scott Boulevard
Santa Clara, CA 95054
This warranty shall not apply if the Pak has been damaged by negligence, accident, unreasonable use, modification, tampering, or by other causes unrelated to the defective materials or workmanship.
REPAIRS AFTER EXPIRATION OF WARRANTY:
If the PAK develops a problem after the 90-day warranty period, you may contact the Capcom Consumer Service Department at the phone number noted previously. If the Capcom service technician is unable to solve the problem by phone, he will provide you with a Return Authorization number. You may then record this number on the outside packaging of the Defective PAK and return the defective PAK freight prepaid to Capcom, enclosing a check or money order for $10.00 payable to CAPCOM U.S.A., Inc. Capcom will at its option, subject to the terms above, repair the PAK or replace it with a new or repaired PAK. If replacement PAKs are not available, the defective PAK will be returned and the $10.00 payment refunded.
WARRANTY LIMITATIONS:
ANY APPLICABLE IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE HEREBY LIMITED TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE DATE OF PURCHASE AND ARE SUBJECT TO THE CONDITIONS SET FORTH HEREIN. IN NO EVENT SHALL CAPCOM BE LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES.
The provisions of this warranty are valid in the United States only. Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, or the exclusion of consequential or incidental damages, so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may have other rights which vary from state to state.
SCORE BOARD
SCORE BOARD
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Curiosity Killed the Cat by Thomas Bolger
Characters
White Rabbit – A rabbit that is late
Inspector Lewis – A man looking for a missing girl
Mr Dee – A builder who enjoys a ponder
Mr Dum – A builder who doesn’t
Butterfly – A butterfly that was once a caterpillar
Cheshire Cat – An advisor to the queen and prosecutor in court
Mr Hatter – A policeman with unorthodox interrogation methods
Alice – A missing girl far away from home
Scene 1
('Dream a little dream' by Nat King Cole is playing. Empty stage. Suddenly a white rabbit streaks through the audience, running across from stage right to left at full pelt.)
White Rabbit – Nononononono, I'm late!
(10 seconds later Inspector Lewis runs on shouting)
Inspector Lewis– Wait, stop, I need to ask some…
(Trails off, panting for breath, whips out a Dictaphone and starts talking hurriedly)
Inspector Lewis – Entry one, possible suspect, tall, male, white, very white, may have some sort of deficiency, big ears and um, suspect appears to be a um, talking, very fast. Rabbit.
(Pauses to think about what he has just said)
Inspector Lewis – Or maybe a hare. Suspect was spotted at last known location of the missing girl. I tried to apprehend said suspect but lost him in pursuit and fell down a large hole (pause) I may have bruised my coccyx. Will continue the investigation without support.
(Pause. Puts away Dictaphone, feels his coccyx, looks around, confused)
Inspector Lewis – Where am I?
(White rabbit runs on from behind, clearly he has looped round in a circle)
White Rabbit – I've run in a bloody circle!
Inspector Lewis – Halt, in the name of justice!
White Rabbit – But I'm late
Inspector Lewis – Come here
White Rabbit – I'll miss my appointment!
(Circle each other, rabbit tries to dodge round Inspector Lewis but he is pinned to the floor)
Inspector Lewis – It's a matter of great importance
White Rabbit – Okokokok, you're squashing my ears!
Inspector Lewis – Apologies, my name is Inspector Lewis
White Rabbit – I thought you said it was justice? Inspector Lewis – Shut up – I have a number of questions that you will answer, Number 1 – Where am I? Number 2 – Who are you? Number 3 – (takes out photo) Have you seen this girl? White Rabbit – Number 1 – You are here, Number 2 – I am me, Number 3 – (looks at photo, eyes widen) Yes Inspector Lewis – Wait, you have? White Rabbit – Why yes, everyone knows her. Now if you don't mind I have a very important appointment… Inspector Lewis – This girl has been missing for a number of months and I have been charged to find her, you will tell me where she is right this second White Rabbit – I don't have seconds to spare! Inspector Lewis – What do you know? White Rabbit – Where do you want me to start? Inspector Lewis - Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end; then stop. White Rabbit – How delightfully logical Inspector Lewis – Look here… White Rabbit – Ask the queen, she'll know Inspector Lewis – Who? White Rabbit – The queen Inspector Lewis – Where can I find this queen? White Rabbit – Well, for a start, not here, on top of me. Please, you're squashing my kidneys. Inspector Lewis – Oh sorry, but where? (gets off rabbit)
White Rabbit– She lives in a garden, not far from here. Now, if you'll excuse me…
Inspector Lewis – Wait wait wait, so she's here? wherever here is
White Rabbit – She's not here, she's there (Points behind IL, he spins round, WR runs off)
White Rabbit – I'm very sorry but I'm very late!
Inspector Lewis – Hold on! I need to ask… (IL takes out Dictaphone) A new lead in the Alice inquiry, a queen who lives in a garden. I realise this sounds ridiculous, but I just had a conversation with a rabbit (pause) or a hare.
(IL runs off stage left after rabbit)
Scene 2
(IL runs on stage to find two bins and a tiny door stage left. Stops, looks around, more bemusement. 'What a waste' by Ian Dury is playing and fades) Inspector Lewis – Curioser and curioser… (Dictaphone) Followed suspect into a house that seems to be half built by M.C Escher on crack. (looks at tiny door) who also owns a cat with opposable thumbs (Dictaphone away) He must have gone through this tiny door somehow. (IL tries to open door and fit through it, cannot. A head pops out from one of the bins) MrDee – Alright guvna' Inspector Lewis – Jesus Christ! MrDee – Actually it's Mr Dee (Another head pops out ) MrDum – And I'm Mr Dum Inspector Lewis – What are you doing in those bins? MrDee and MrDum – This is our place of residence, state your name and business Inspector Lewis –Um, Inspector Lewis, I'm looking for a little girl, well, Im looking for a rabbit who ran by here, have you seen him? MrDum – A rabbit, corr blimey, ain't seen one of those in ages MrDee – Haven't seen one in bird-lime Inspector Lewis – Bird lime? MrDum – Time Inspector Lewis – Oh, well do you know where I could find the queen? MrDee – THE QUEEN! That berk! MrDum – Don't get us started on the queen! Inspector Lewis – Why, what did she…
MrDee – She's the one who cut off my loaf!
Inspector Lewis – Loaf? MrDee – Of bread MrDum – Head Inspector Lewis – Oh MrDee – It's a bloomin miracle we're not brown bread MrDum – Dead. Inspector Lewis – I see. Why did she cut off your heads? MrDum – Well this must have been about two donkeys ago MrDee – You see, we're both building contractors, client asks us to build somethin' MrDum – Like a house MrDee – Exactly, we go in, bish bash bosh, job done MrDum – However MrDee – However this job the queen wanted us to do didn't go very well. MrDum – Nah MrDee - You see, I'm more of a finking man, can't articulate words or sentences and the such-like very well, prefer to sit in silence with a brew and fink about stuff. Really fink. MrDum – With this job Mr Dee fought too much, clouded his judgement somewhat in the building of the house. MrDee – I'm telling the story – shut up MrDum – Or what? You gunna come over ere and sort me out? MrDee – God elp me I will nut you in your chevy chase MrDum – Oh do me a favour! I'll sink my hampstead heath into whats left of your severed Gregory peck you ginger beer!
Inspector Lewis – I have no idea what you're saying and I just want to know where…
MrDee & MrDum – Leave it. Don't you get involved with this bull and cow!
Inspector Lewis – What?
MrDee & MrDum – Row
Inspector Lewis – Oh
MrDee
– Now where was I? Oh yes, the queen wants this expensive detached house which is both modern and traditional. Like a mix between the ephemeral and eternal, modernity in
house form. The transient and the constant, the ghosts of the past intermingling with the here and now…
MrDum–(interrupts) So we stuck in some PVC windows and Victorian fireplaces
MrDee
– But then half-way through the building process I had a cup of rosie lee and really fought hard. I fought, less do something different, you know, something that engages with the
queens reality and breaks routine, presents a problem and makes her FINK
MrDum– Ere we go
MrDee – Mr Dum fought I was being a twat and said it couldn't be done, he said, "you can't translate…" wait, what did you say?
MrDum
– It's difficult to translate abstract notions of Existentialism into building construction
MrDee
– That's the one, well, all I was hearing was why
? And I fought why
not
? So we built it didn’t we? (Pause, deadly serious) Now I came up against a bit of criticism in the
construction, many people said that a staircase what leads to nowhere is both pointless and a safety hazard
MrDum– It had a 8 metre drop!
MrDee
– Don't you see! Its more than that, it was meant to challenge the queens perceptions of her actions, to take stock of where she was, evaluate her life’s trajectory. Is my existence
pointless? Does the path I'm taking lead to nowhere? What is my purpose?
MrDum– Well what about the windows that have brick walls directly behind them!?
MrDee – So she had a good view
MrDum – Of what!?
MrDee – Introspective like, of herself
MrDum – Blaady 'ell, and the water pail that led to a bottomless well!?
MrDee – Fought that was quite a nice metaphor actually
MrDum – It took ages to build!
MrDee – Look, I just wanted her to take a break from her tedious monarchic life wherein she got caught up in unimportant fings – I tried to displace her centre of safety – thereby getting her to have a good fackin' ponder. Gain a greater understanding of oneself. Nonetheless she did chop our heads off on account of the houses err…
MrDum – Absurdist nature
MrDee – What with the huge costs of creating a house, within a house
MrDum – Within another house
MrDee – She was really quite angry and ordered our execution, said it was a complete waste of bread and honey
MrDum – And we've been here ever since, on our collective jack joneses, wondering whether it was all worth it
MrDee – It fink it's a lovely place to let the mind wander. Nah, I don't regret the construction one bit. (Pause)
MrDum – What about carpeting just the ceilin's?
MrDee – Yeah, actually, I can't justify that, that was an error. (Pause)
Inspector Lewis – That is quite a story gentlemen, rest assured I will report this 'queen' to higher authorities for attempted man-slaughter
MrDum – Oh my old china plate there is no higher authority than the queen
MrDee – If you have business with her you need to go through that door there
```
Inspector Lewis – It's far too small MrDum – (To Mr Dee) I told you we would run out of size enhancing drugs Inspector Lewis – What? MrDee – (To Mr Dum) Shut it, well, that's your own fault, being that big an all. MrDum – There is another way, but you'll have to scarper before the current bun goes down. MrDee – You take a left from where you was before, then go backwards, turn right, stop when you see a boat on a river with tangerine trees and marmalade skies MrDum – Go right, then left, then diagonal for a bit, you should come to an octopus's garden. If you do – you're going the wrong way. MrDee – Yeah, you wanna find a yellow submarine and then spin in circles for a bit. And if you're stuck at this point try and find a lizard called Bill, good friend of mine, he'll directly direct you in the right direction MrDum – He still owes me a tenner Inspector Lewis – Ok, I think I got most of that. To start – just head this way? (both nod at same time) Thank you very much for your help, your assistance in this inquiry has been noted MrDee – All the best MrDum – God bless (IL exits from whence he came, short pause) MrDum – Well he seemed nice MrDee – Yeah MrDum - (pause) My nose is itchy (pause) Fancy a game of scrabble? (pause) MrDee – We don't have any vowels Mr Dum – Or hands Mr Dee – I know. I know. (withdraws into bin, Dum follows suit)
```
Scene 3
```
(IL wanders on stage to find a butterfly meditating on the floor, doesn't want to interrupt) Inspector Lewis – Excuse me. Sir. Excuse….Ahem Butterfly – mmm? Inspector Lewis – Um, I'm a bit lost Butterfly – This is true Inspector Lewis – I'm looking for the queens garden, well, I'm looking for a little girl Butterfly - Alice? Inspector Lewis – How did you…? Butterfly – She was also lost. She found herself Inspector Lewis – Where is she? Butterfly – She resides in the queens garden, south of here Inspector Lewis – Ohh, thank y… Butterfly – Stay awhile Inspector Lewis – I haven't the time Butterfly – A broken watch is right twice a day (IL looks at his watch) Inspector Lewis – My watch is broken Butterfly – Right Inspector Lewis – No its wrong, wait Butterfly – It is not often that I have visitors, sit down. Alice will still be waiting for you. Inspector Lewis – She will? Butterfly – Please sit down. Tea?
```
(Offers the inspector a cup of tea, this is unbeknownst to him mushroom tea (the hallucinogenic kind))
```
Inspector Lewis – Why yes, I am rather parched. Goodness it's lovely! Butterfly – It's the stuff dreams are made of. Who are you? Inspector Lewis – I am Inspector Lewis, of the branch division… Butterfly – Forget all that. Who. Are. You? Inspector Lewis – I'm Butterfly – You rightly said you are lost. I once was too. You are in denial. Inspector Lewis – I am not! Butterfly – Listen. (Gymnopedie no.1 by Eric Satie starts to play)
```
In another life I didn't know who I was too, my mind an empty open book with brilliantly white pages. I look back on my past now with an awareness, I am not close to being content, but I am closer. When I was younger I was a fool, wasting my days in bodily gratification, gorging myself, fulfilling only my most basic needs. In that chapter of my life my fault, my failure was not the passion I had, but its lack of direction.
Inspector Lewis – I really don't see the relevance…
Butterfly – One week I truly lost myself and changed my life's path. I was very hungry, famished actually. On Monday I had an apple yet I still felt an emptiness. On Tuesday I had two pears. Wednesday, three plums. Still looking for something that would fill me with a sense of worth I had four strawberries on Thursday, Friday, five oranges. At this point I was out of control, an animal. Saturday – a piece of chocolate cake, one ice cream cone, a pickle, a slice of swiss cheese, salami, a lollipop, cherry pie, a sausage, one cupcake and one slice of watermelon. That night, I lay beached, dazed from my binge. Something stirred within me – bowel movements perhaps – but I sensed something much deeper awakening. Suddenly, the world seemed to be closing in on itself. Yet I was not afraid. Time lost meaning, I grew tired of such constraints. In the beginning there was darkness, and the darkness was without form or void. And in addition to the darkness there was also me, and I moved upon the face of the
```
darkness and I saw that I was alone. I thought, what a beautiful way to die, like a star burning out. Then suddenly as the star was collapsing into itself there was a neon rainbow. The world ran awash with colour as I stretched out of the burning spectrum, nearly tearing me asunder. I had left myself behind and had found another. I then flew out under the moon and smiled, truly acknowledging it for the first time. (Pause) You see things and you say 'why?' but I dreamed things that never were and I say 'why not?' Sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast. Death is not an unhappy thing once you discover birth. (During the course of this speech, IL has slipped into a trance like state, the mushrooms have worked their fast insidious magic) Inspector Lewis – Birth. I have a daughter. Butterfly – What is she called? (Pause) Inspector Lewis – Celia. I miss her. Here, I think I have a photo of her. (Takes out the photo previously shown to WR at beginning) Butterfly – Why she's beautiful, but such sad blue eyes. Inspector Lewis – Yes. (Pause) My name is Lewis and I don't know where I am. Butterfly – You wouldn't believe me if I told you Inspector Lewis – I'm too comfortable to move and go to the garden. My watch is broken. (Comfortable silence) Inspector Lewis – What? Butterfly – I didn't say anything
```
Inspector Lewis – Oh. (Pause) Inspector Lewis – That cloud looks like a bird Butterfly – It is a bird Inspector Lewis – Oh. Everything is warm and glowing. What was in that tea, it tasted funny. Butterfly – Psilocybe Semilanceata Inspector Lewis – Is that a new flavour by Tetleys? Butterfly – Mushrooms. Magic ones. (IL is panicked) Inspector Lewis – What?! You've poisoned me! Butterfly – Now don't worry their quite harmless. They only make you bigger. Or was it smaller… Inspector Lewis – Dear God Butterfly – Embrace it, ride it Inspector Lewis – I've never taken drugs before, I once licked a pritt-stick but, I thought you were being nice when you gave me the tea! Butterfly –Who are you? Inspector Lewis - I — I hardly know, just at present — at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then. Butterfly -What do you mean by that? Explain yourself Inspector Lewis - I can't explain myself I'm afraid, sir, because I'm not myself, you see Butterfly - I don't see.
Inspector Lewis
- I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly, for I can't understand it myself to begin with
Butterfly – Have you the time?
Inspector Lewis – It's broken
Butterfly – What does it say?
Inspector Lewis – It isn't right
Butterfly – Yes but what does it say?
Inspector Lewis – 12 o clock
Butterfly – I'm late! I'm afraid I've got to see a man up at Lexington 125 now so I'll say goodbye
Inspector Lewis – Wait, don't go – what if I think I can fly and jump off a cliff or something, or try and eat my hands
Butterfly – You're not an idiot. Good luck in finding Alice.
Inspector Lewis – Thanks
Butterfly – You're welcome. Peace out holmes.
(Butterfly leaves)
Inspector Lewis – But what about finding myself?
Butterfly – Are you familiar with Kerouac?
Inspector Lewis – Is this another type of tea?
Butterfly - "Happiness consists in realizing it is all a great strange dream"
Inspector Lewis – Ahhh! (touches his face with new found interest then with great difficulty gets out Dictaphone) Possible delay in Alice inquiry, can't really move my arms, feel quite cold, no, warm. Both. Tongue is bitter and the floors moving. That bloody butterfly, never mess with an Englishman's cup of tea. What is this world coming to? For that matter, where in the world am I?
(A voice without a body has the next piece of dialogue with Inspector Lewis, seemingly coming all around him, this is the Cheshire Cat)
Cheshire Cat – Where men come to die
(Pause, IL stares at Dictaphone, then talks to it)
Inspector Lewis – You can speak?
Pause
Inspector Lewis – This isn't happening. I must be imagining this,
Someone's playing a joke…
Cheshire Cat – Or taking the piss?
Inspector Lewis – Are you hidden in there? How small are you?
Cheshire Cat – I'm smaller than a single hair, but first ask who?
Inspector Lewis – Well, who am I talking to?
Cheshire Cat – You.
Inspector Lewis – I'm talking to myself, can this be true…?
Cheshire Cat – You're talking to a tiny part of you,
Deep in the recesses of your mind,
It's called your subconscious I think you'll find,
It dictates what you feel and do.
The Id, ego and super battle it out,
Striking a balance for your pleasure,
Trying to find the perfect measure,
Of happiness and doubt.
It's telling you, 'you are dreaming,
That this substance and void is fake,
```
There's a decision you must make, If you wish to wake, eat this cake' (A cupcake is thrown at IL's head from nowhere) Inspector Lewis – Ow! But I'm not dreaming, I need to find Alice. Cheshire Cat – Is it not Celia that you miss, Want nothing more than to kiss? Inspector Lewis – I'm looking for Alice, not her Cheshire Cat – Whatever you say Mr Lewis, sir (IL is speechless) Inspector Lewis – I've gone mad Cheshire Cat – Celia wants her dad Inspector Lewis – Shut up! Shut up sub-conscious! I am not dreaming, I am on duty and I have a job to do regardless of family. Cheshire Cat – I'm ever so sorry, but understand we're one and the same, This information I'm giving, is from your own brain. The cake will bring you round to normality, And shake this mushroom mentality. Inspector Lewis – If I eat the damned thing will you leave me alone, let me continue my case? Cheshire Cat - Yes Inspector, that would make me happy, put a smile on my face (Pause) Inspector Lewis – Okay fine. What flavour is it?
```
Cheshire Cat – Blueberry
Inspector Lewis – My favourite
Cheshire Cat – I do know you quite well
Inspector Lewis – True. My stomach, I'm not sure it can take it, I'm feeling quite funny, not ha ha funny, sort of, poisoned, funny. Urrgh, it tastes terrible, you said it was blueberry subconscious. Sub-conscious! Fine, go away then. You can trust no one, not even yourself. I'll just take a nap then continue the investigation. Just a little cat-nap. Sleep is important! Sleep maketh the man, sleep sleep perchance to dream. Who said that? Some guy probably. Sleepy sleeping. Nobody is anybody when they sleep, away with memories there's to keep, stills of life whilst they're framed, a collage of colours, people can't be named. Time is trivial, faceless space that at the time seemed real. Anybody is nobody when they sleep, lost in thoughts dark and deep. That wasn't that bad. I'm a poet and didn't, realise it. Maybe if I just lie down here, everything will become clear. (Yawns) You've got yourself in a mess Inspector. I know, I know.
(The Inspector lies on the ground asleep and the Chesire Cat walks out with a megaphone, smiling)
Cheshire Cat – Well that was just too easy
(Whistles to an unseen figure off stage that comes on and drags the Inspectors body off. This is the Mad Hatter. Blackout)
Scene 4
(Lights up. IL is blindfolded and unconscious in a chair, his hands tied. 'Comfortably numb' by Pink Floyd plays and cuts off just before chorus. Enter mad hatter. Mad hatter has two distinct schizophrenic personalities, The Mad Hatter and The March Hare. At the beginning of this scene he is The Mad Hatter. He walks slowly on stage, looping round the chair drinking a cup of tea, stops, then sprays it into lL's face)
Inspector Lewis – Ahhhh!
Mad Hatter – You're awake. I didn't think anyone was home. I assume there is someone home, Charles…
Inspector Lewis – Who? What?
Mad Hatter – When?
Inspector Lewis – How?
Mad Hatter – Perhaps
Inspector Lewis – Help! Help! Where am I?? I can't see, I'm blind! I've never taken drugs before, I once licked a pritt…
(Shaking IL violently)
Mad Hatter– SILENCE
(There is silence)
It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being invited. Relax, I need some information, just the basic facts.
(IL struggles with rope around hands)
Inspector Lewis – There must be a misunderstanding, I am an officer of the law, an inspector actually…
Mad Hatter – Your jurisdiction has no place here Charles, so far from home. It does not override the queens, and there is no higher authority than the queen.
Inspector Lewis – My name is not Charles, you are making a huge mistake – when my chief in command hears about this there'll be hell to pay! Untie me this instant.
Mad Hatter – Or what?
Inspector Lewis – Or I'll have you arrested for abduction and getting my face wet!
(Slowly, grabs throat)
Mad Hatter – A man's windpipe can be crushed quite easily with the correct placement of the thumb and forefinger. Do you really feel in a position of power Charles?
(Pause, lets go of throat)
It is you who is under arrest
Inspector Lewis – Me?! For what?
Mad Hatter– I don't know
Inspector Lewis – You don't know what I've done wrong?
Mad Hatter – No
Inspector Lewis – Well then what am I doing tied to a chair, charged with a non-existent crime!
Mad Hatter – Can you prove your innocence?
Inspector Lewis – I don't know what…
Mad Hatter – Then you are guilty
Inspector Lewis – I have done nothing that would warrant
Mad Hatter – I do not know what you are charged with, nor do I care. But your guilt is undeniably there, noosed around your neck. A man is not brought to trial by the queen without adequate reason
Inspector Lewis – The queen?
Mad Hatter – Correct, your trial will be conducted in her highnesses garden
Inspector Lewis – The queens garden…Alice! I'm looking for a missing girl called Alice, my name is inspector Lewis and I'm looking for Alice
Mad Hatter – Then you have wasted what precious time you have left
Inspector Lewis – It's only because of your stupidity you're able to be so sure of yourself
Mad Hatter – You should say what you mean
Inspector Lewis – I do. At least, I mean what I say – that's the same thing you know
Mad Hatter – Not the same at all. You might as well say 'I see what I eat' is the same as 'I eat what I see', that, 'I like what I get' is the same thing as 'I get what I like' You might just as well say that 'I breathe when I sleep' is the same as 'I sleep when I breathe'
Inspector Lewis – You're a raving lunatic
Mad Hatter – I AM NOT MAD
(Goes to attack IL but is pulled back by himself/March Hare, hand on shoulder by his other half and alter-ego, the Mad Hatter is now represented by bold and the March Hare in normal text)
No. What have I said about manhandling suspects. They can't talk with broken jaws. But he made a personal remark. Settle down. We must co-operate with Inspector Lewis, Charles, so we get exactly what we want.
Inspector Lewis –I'm sorry, who else is there?
Mad Hatter – The names Hare – so nice to meet you.
(Shakes hand)
I believe you've already met my partner. You'll have to excuse his behaviour, he's very sensitive about his mental health. Lets not discuss my, Now, Mr Hatter is going to ask a few questions in relation to your trial, why did you bring up my, that's enough! These questions that he's about to ask should be taken very seriously. I advise you answer as truthfully and as accurately as you can so that your trial runs smoothly. Are we clear?
(Pause)
Inspector Lewis – I suppose so
Mad Hatter - Question number one - What is your favourite colour? Inspector Lewis – Um. Blue? Mad Hatter – Are you trying to be funny? Inspector Lewis – No Mad Hatter – Can you be a bit more specific please Inspector Lewis – Marine blue? Mad Hatter – Marine blue very good. Question number two – How many fingers am I holding up? Inspector Lewis – How am I meant Mad Hatter – Try harder Inspector, this relationship is give and take Inspector Lewis – I'm blindfolded! Mad Hatter – A likely story. This is very disappointing, co-operation is key Inspector. Question number three – what size shoe am I? Inspector Lewis – This is MAD Mad Hatter – Try and put yourself in his shoes Inspector Lewis – I don't know, nine and a half! Mad Hatter – Good very good, you have a keen eye for mens feet size, this will help your case Inspector Lewis – Mr Hare, I could answer a lot more easily if Mr Hatter wasn't breathing down my neck Mad Hatter – Would you co-operate better if it was just me in the room? Inspector Lewis – Yes
Mad Hatter – You heard the man, but im helping with, go and put the kettle on, i don't want a cup of tea, put it on now.
(Walks himself to the door, pushes himself out, then turns)
Just you and me Charles, how cosy
Inspector Lewis – My name –
Mad Hatter – Your name is not important. Your crime however, is.
Inspector Lewis – So you know what I'm held here for.
Mad Hatter – I do. But I haven't the authority to give details. Only the queen's court will read out your sentence. There is no higher…
Inspector Lewis – …authority than the queen, I know. It seems I'm not only being condemned in innocence, but ignorance too.
Mad Hatter - The law was made for one thing alone, for the exploitation of those who don't understand it, or are prevented by naked misery from obeying it.
Inspector Lewis – What nonsense
Mad Hatter – What business do you have here?
Inspector Lewis – A little girl has gone missing and it's my job to find her
Mad Hatter – I see. And how long has she been missing?
Inspector Lewis – 5 months, 2 weeks and 4 days
Mad Hatter – An awful long time. How do you know she's alive?
Inspector Lewis – I-I don't. But she is.
Mad Hatter – Here's hoping. I have one, last, crucial, question. I ask all my suspects this question. I will ask it slowly - I do not want a slow answer.
Inspector Lewis – Ok
Mad Hatter – Why is a raven like a writing desk?
Inspector Lewis – What?! You're not making sense you raving lunatic. Untie me!
(MH goes to strangle IL)
Mad Hatter – I AM NOT
(Composes himself)
I can assure you I am quite sane and in control. My partner however, is a little unhinged…
Inspector Lewis– I can tell
Mad Hatter – Yes. Unhinged and itching to grab your throat. Now I would never dream of brutally strangling a suspect but if I were to leave the room and the door just so happens to be left open – who knows. Someone might walk in and not bother having a polite conversation, they might crush your oesophagus. I am merely theorising Inspector – but stranger things have happened.
Inspector Lewis – Are you trying to good cop bad cop a good cop?
Mad Hatter – What nonsense
Inspector Lewis – I am not saying another word until I get a lawyer in here, I know my rights
Mad Hatter - Why is a raven like a writing desk? Maybe we should invite Mr Hatter back in.
(Silence. Laughs)
Do you want to know why Mr Hatter is…unhinged? I'll tell you . A long time ago, Mr Hatter and his lovely wife owned a little shop making the most marvellous hats. His father and grandfather before him ran the shop and had built it up from nothing. Alas, they had died and business wasn't good, in fact it was non-existent. No one wore hats anymore. He and his wife were poor, but happy. So when a gentlemen walked in and asked for his bowler to be fixed they worked night and day, day and night for it was a very expensive hat and would fetch a handsome sum when finished. Mr Hatter was so exhausted after days of feverish work that when his lovely wife asked for a well-deserved cup of tea in the workshop, he absentmindedly put mercury in, instead of milk. Now mercury is an important process in the curing of felt, and therefore commonplace in a hatters home – however the human mind does not react well to it. No. It breaks down. Mr Hatter was forced to watch his mistake fester and bloom in a matter of months. His wife's mouth could no longer form the words 'look after me', now she looked out the window all day and no longer recognised her husband. This made him very sad. After a number of years there was talk around town that she should go in another home far away. Mr Hatter made a decision before putting her to bed one night. He kissed her goodnight, stroked her hair till she fell asleep and strangled her. She stayed very still, her eyes wide and empty. The bruises around her throat looked like a necklace. He then picked up his hat, tapped the crown and said, 'Nothing to be done'.
(Knock on the door)
Speak of the devil.
(Walks to the door, opens it)
Can I come in now? Yes
(Comes back with a boiling kettle)
Has he been co-operative? He's a good listener. Only problem is we need him to talk. We need him to find out why a raven is like a writing desk, don't we? Mr Hatter has been kind enough to put the kettle on, Inspector, would you like a cup of tea? Oh, I forgot, you're mute until a lawyer magically appears because you know your rights? Do you know how hot water is at 101 Degree Celsius on naked skin?
Inspector Lewis– If I tell you will you let me go?
Mad Hatter – Sure, sure, if you talk you can walk out of here unscathed, unscalded
You have 5 seconds, why is a raven like a writing desk? 5-4-3-2-
(Kicks IL's chair over and is about to pour the water over his face, IL is crying out for help and is interrupted by the Cheshire Cat)
Cheshire Cat– It's time.
Mad Hatter– One moment please
Cheshire Cat– It's time.
Mad Hatter– But I was just about to…
```
(CC walks over, unties IL and walks him to the door, IL then stops and turns) Inspector Lewis – Because Poe has written on both of them Mad Hatter – Who?? Inspector Lewis – The poet (The Cheshire Cat takes off the Inspectors blindfold, Lewis is stunned to realise that he was being interrogated by a singular man) Inspector Lewis – Impossible (The Inspector is walked off stage, his head turned, looking back) Mad Hatter – Impossible. There's not meant to be an answer. (MH is lost in his thoughts, taps the crown of his hat, then puts it on) Mad Hatter – We are all born mad. Some remain so. (Pause) Let's go. Yes, let's go.
```
Scene 5
(A picnic has been laid out. Two guards suited with respective card emblems stand beside a throne. The Cheshire Cat bowls on with his megaphone and a beaming smile. He addresses both the dollies sitting at the picnic and the audience as if they were attending the trial)
Cheshire Cat – Roll up roll up ladies and gents, sit down and pour yourself a cup of tea. The sun is high in the sky and today is our weekly picnic trial! That's right; justice will be laid out over gingham squares, the truth served with jam sandwiches and cakes so good you feel guilty just looking at them. Settle down, speak when spoken to and welcome the accused, Inspector Lewis!
(Everyone claps, smiling)
Very good, very good. We are gathered here, the queens garden, to decide whether this man is guilty or innocent. Without further ado, the queen! All must bow before the queen!
(One of the guards attempts to play a trumpet to mark her entrance but what comes out sounds like MPARP. The queen enters and takes her place on her throne, her feet dangling above the floor. Inspector Lewis is shocked when he sees the queen)
Inspector Lewis– Alice?
Cheshire Cat
– You will address your queen by either your highness or your scrumptiousness
Inspector Lewis– Alice
Cheshire Cat – You will speak when spoken to
Inspector Lewis – Alice what are you doing here? Where's the queen?
Cheshire Cat– You will revoke the right to jam sandwiches!
Inspector Lewis – Alice you need to come home
Cheshire Cat – I am warning you sir
Inspector Lewis – Alice tell them who you are, who I am
(The Cheshire Cat bangs a croquet bat whilst the two guards place their hands over the Inspectors mouth and restrain him)
Cheshire Cat – There will be order in the picnic court. Order, order! If you speak out of turn again you will be restrained again
(Pause)
Alice – Hello Inspector. I am the queen. I am also the judge, jury and executioner. You are the accused and I sit in judgement of you. You will stand. Welcome to the picnic. Welcome to the trial. Cheshire Cat will be prosecuting today and your lawyer is…is, where is White Rabbit?
Cheshire Cat – He's late your highness
Alice – Again? I see. It looks like you are on your own Inspector. But don't worry, we'll be nice. Before the trial begins, have you anything of importance to say that may help with your case?
Inspector Lewis – Come home Alice, your parents miss you
Alice – But I like it here, I can play all day. Begin the trial.
Cheshire Cat – Inspector, please take to the stand. Very good. You stand before the jury accused of a serious crime. You are here today, charged with the murder…
Inspector Lewis– Murder??
Cheshire Cat – Of your daughter, Celia.
(Pause)
Inspector Lewis – How dare you. My daughters alive and well, this trial is ridiculous. My business here is to take Alice back home where she belongs. This is a waste of police time, I demand you give up this ruse and let me go!
Cheshire Cat – So is that a guilty or a not guilty?
Inspector Lewis – Not guilty!
Cheshire Cat – Not guilty ladies and gents, not guilty. With the queens permission I will proceed to question the accused. Inspector, what exactly are you inspecting?
Inspector Lewis – The disappearance of that girl
Cheshire Cat – I see, can you provide any credentials proving you are an inspector?
Inspector Lewis – My papers, my papers are not on me right now
Cheshire Cat – So you have no way to prove your authority or place
Inspector Lewis – Well…
Cheshire Cat – No way at all
(Pause as Inspector tries to grasp at an answer)
Inspector Lewis – I'm wearing a tie?
Cheshire Cat – I think we both know that's not good enough. Sir. What is your name?
Inspector Lewis – Lewis
Cheshire Cat – Just Lewis?
Inspector Lewis – Just Lewis
Cheshire Cat – Strange, I have here your name is Charles Dodgson. Is that correct?
Inspector Lewis – No
Cheshire Cat – Curioser and curioser. This was provided by a very reliable witness. If I may your honour, bring out Exhibit A.
(A small book is handed to him by one of the guards)
Exhibit A is a charming book about a little girl, it's called, Celia and the Deep, Dark Woods.
Inspector Lewis – Please stop.
Cheshire Cat – It starts very simply. Once upon a time there was a little girl called Celia who lived with her daddy Charles and her mummy Rebecca. Sadly, Celia's mummy was very ill so both Charles and Celia had to take turns looking after her. Celia had to wash her, feed her and after that give her her medicine. This would take all day and meant that poor Celia had no time to play with her friends. She dreamed of kicking pinecones, chasing squirrels and playing hide and seek in the local woods, not far from her house. But there was little chance of that happening when she had to look after her mummy all the time. She thought it was awfully unfair that her mummy was a child and she an adult who had no fun. Her daddy always made her stay in. After months of being stuck in her house Celia had had enough. She marched into her daddy's study and said
(Both Alice and The Cheshire Cat say this line in unison)
'I've had enough of looking after mummy. She never talks and is ever so boring. I want to play outside but you won't let me. I wish mummy didn't exist!'
This made her daddy Charles very angry, he stood up and shouted quite loudly
(Both the Inspector and Cheshire Cat say this line in unison, much to the surprise of the Inspector, it's like he can't help it)
'Your mummy is very sick and needs to be looked after. If you don't care then get out. Leave and go play with your stupid friends you ungrateful little girl'
Celia's daddy had not shouted for a long time and big tears fell down her face. She ran out of the house and heard Charles calling after her, for her to come back, but she ran. She ran up the path and into the woods. She never wanted to go home again! She ran and ran until her chest hurt and she had stopped crying. Celia looked up, not recognising where she was in the woods. Everything was dark and cold, her friends were nowhere to be seen. She thought she could hear them laughing so ran in that direction but she only got more and more lost. Celia was scared and regretted leaving her warm safe home. She missed her daddy, she even missed her mummy. But then she remembered him shouting at her and felt miserable and angry. It was his fault she was lost and alone in the deep dark woods, not hers. Again, she heard her friends playing, laughing, and so went deeper and deeper to find them. Celia's daddy was worried when she didn't arrive for supper and went out the house to look for her again. Charles searched everywhere but couldn't find her. The day after, and the day after and the day after that she still hadn't come back. Every day he would search the deep dark woods, swearing he could hear her laughing and playing. He had lost his little girl and all he wanted was for her to come home. To this day he still looks for her, racked with guilt and sadness.
```
Celia, his only child, lost and alone. THE END. (Pause) What have you to say in your defence Charles? Do you deny the contents of the story? Inspector Lewis – It is only that, a story. More fiction and fantasy. Who wrote these lies? Alice – I did Inspector Lewis – My daughter is at home Cheshire Cat – With your wife? Inspector Lewis – My wife is dead Cheshire Cat – She was sick? (Pause) Inspector Lewis – Yes (Pause) Cheshire Cat – What does your daughter look like? Inspector Lewis – She has blonde hair, blue eyes Cheshire Cat - Have you any evidence of this? Inspector Lewis – Yes! Yes I do, I have a photo of her right here (Takes out a photo only to have it snatched away by Cheshire Cat) Cheshire Cat – But this is a photo of the queen Inspector Lewis – Is it? I must have mixed up the photos. I still have the other one of Celia. Its, I have it. Right here. It's not here, someone's taken it. Who took it? Where is she? Where is it? Cheshire Cat – Charles calm down (The guards advance towards the Inspector)
```
Inspector Lewis – Where, where…I had it. Right here in my pocket
Cheshire Cat – Ladies and gentlemen, the final piece of evidence that im sure will bring this case to a close. Bring out Exhibit C Inspector Lewis – You missed Exhibit B Cheshire Cat – You provided it Mr Dodgson. (Waving the photo in his hand) Exhibit C is simple, it starts with a C. (A large blackboard is brought out. Cheshire Cat writes C, then E, L, I , A. C E L I A is written out) There. Inspector Lewis – Is that it? (Cheshire Cat crosses out the A in C E L I A and writes below it A, then crosses out the L in C E L I A and puts it next to the A. With painstaking slowness all the letters of C E L I A are crossed out and below is spelt out A L I C E. Charles starts to cringe and stutter) You're, you're mad. They're different girls. Different. Alice is missing. Celia's home. Shes safe, waiting for me. I need to bring back Alice. Alice. I talked to a butterfly and chased a white rabbit and and, Through the looking glass…I'm an Inspector and need… Alice – Charles. Listen to yourself (Silence. Charles is a broken man) Inspector Lewis – Celia? Alice – I'm no longer called that Inspector Lewis – If you're Celia than you're here, you're alive. You're real Alice – Am I? Inspector Lewis – I can see you. Come home. Your daddy misses you Alice – But I like it here. I can play all day
```
Inspector Lewis – You're safe. I'm here now Alice – Are you? Inspector Lewis – You're not lost anymore Alice – I'll always be lost. You'll always be looking (Silence) Cheshire Cat – You stand before these people as a condemned man, someone who contributed to the disappearance and death of his own daughter. How do you plead? (Pause) Inspector Lewis – Celia…But I can see her… (Pause) Guilty. (Silence as he gently sobs) Cheshire Cat – Charles Dodgson this picnic court finds you guilty and therefore sentences you to death Inspector Lewis – To death? Under what authority? Alice – The queens Inspector Lewis – Celia, tell them to call it off, I'm your father, remember? Don't let them kill me Alice –I can't come home, you know this, I know this. I did not decide this. I'm sorry daddy but blood must be shed to wash away the pain. There must be payment. A pound of flesh will suffice. Cheshire Cat – An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth Inspector Lewis – Celia, Alice, your highness, please, I'm not ready Alice – People rarely are. Don't worry; dying is just like waking up
```
Inspector Lewis – I don't want to wake up
(Pause)
I don't want to. I'm sorry I made you run away. I am. I let you go, but I don't deserve this. I have to live with this every day, every night, the same dream, the same thoughts. The same actions spiralling out in front of me. I'm lost. So I construct reason, drown myself in fantasy. I have purpose, I have you. I found you.
(Pause, he realises something)
I know this. This has happened before. I've stood here, you stood there. Everyone's watching me. Judging. I don't want to wake up. This dream, this nightmare is better than what happens to me when I wake up. Alone. This is when I get to see you. And you are beautiful. But such sad blue eyes. Let this moment hang still so I can see you, just a little bit longer, just for a while. Let me lie. Let me live out this lie. Let me live. Let me sleep.
(Moves towards Alice, no one stops him. He hugs her)
Let me touch you. Everything is going to be ok, I found you. We can write a happy ending together.
(Pause)
Alice – Off with his head
(The Inspector/Charles is dragged off, screaming and Alice/Celia is left on stage, alone. She starts whistling 'Dream a little dream of me' whilst wiping the blackboard clean. She writes 'THE END' and walks off slowly. 'Sprout and the Bean' by Joanna Newsom starts to play. Lights fade to black)
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2024-07-15T08:10:34+00:00
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Missing Words
Level II—Grades 3-5
WORD BANK
territory pesticides habitats predator extinct nocturnal
scavenger rodents endangered talons carrion diurnal
prey raptors migrate habitat destruction
1. Hawks are day active or _______________ birds.
2. An owl grips its prey with its long, curved claws which are also called
_______________.
3. _______________ are a group of mammals with large, front teeth that are used for gnawing.
4. Birds of prey are also called _______________.
5. A vulture is a _______________ because it eats dead animals.
6. Because owls are active at night, they are called ________________ birds.
7. _______________ is the number one cause for the decline of our wildlife.
8. Because a raptor is an animal that hunts other animals for food, it is a
_______________.
9. _______________ is a defended place where an animal can find food, water and shelter, and raise it's young.
10. The animal hunted by the predator is called the _______________.
11. Many insects and rodents die from _______________ sprayed on fields.
12. The California condor is _______________ because there are not many of them left in the wild.
13. The Dodo is _______________ and no longer exists.
14. Condors and vultures are often seen eating _______________.
15. Many birds will _______________ to south during the winter months.
16. American kestrels are found in rural, urban and suburban _______________.
Missing Words
Level II—Grades 3-5
SOLUTION
1. Diurnal
2. Talons
3. Rodents
4. Raptors
5. Scavenger
6. Nocturnal
7. Habitat destruction
8. Predator
9. Territory
10. Prey
11. Pesticides
12. Endangered
13. Extinct
14. Carrion
15. Mantle
16. Migrate
17. Habitats
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2013/02/3-5_missing_words_activity-all.pdf
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2015-04-22T01:42:59Z
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Voyager Academy Elementary School
4210 Ben Franklin Boulevard, Durham, NC 27704
919-433-3301
www.voyageracademy.net
Mission
The mission of Voyager Academy is to provide students in kindergarten through grade twelve an academically challenging and supportive learning environment. Staff utilizes experiential and traditional learning strategies so that students become responsible, engaged, and innovative members of society. The school's expectation is that all students, working with dedicated faculty and family, will excel academically and socially.
Overview
Voyager Academy Elementary School is a Project Based Learning (PBL) school in Durham, NC. We offer a unique academic program that exemplifies the best in collaborative, real world learning, while preparing our students for the 21 st Century.
- Voyager Academy opened in August 2007 as a NC Public Charter school serving students in 4 th – 8 th Grade
- Voyager Academy High School opened in 2010
- Voyager Academy Elementary opened in 2011 with 3 rd Grade and in 2012, K - 3
- 420 students in grades K - 3
- 105 students per grade level
- Class size: 21 students
- School Hours for 2017 – 2018: 7:45 AM – 2:45 PM
- Every Monday Early Dismissal at 12:45 PM
- 2016 NC School Performance Grade: B (Exceeded Growth)
- VAES is on a trimester schedule to coordinate with the reading and math assessment schedule – report cards are completed 3 times per year – every 12 weeks.
- Title I Targeted Assistance Program
Features
Project Based Learning: At VAES Project based learning is an integral part of Voyager Academy's philosophy and mission. Students are presented with interesting, relevant, and meaningful problems to solve. Students complete 3 projects per year/1 per quarter, K – 3. We follow the NC Essential Standards in Science and Social Studies to determine each project.
Reading Workshop: We use the NC Standard Course of Study in Reading and follow the Reading Workshop Model from Teachers College at Columbia University. Reader's Workshop helps all K – 3 students develop strong reading skills through the use of: Mini-lessons, Small guided reading groups, Read aloud, Conferencing, Independent reading, Literature response, Purposeful share, and Literacy workstations.
Writing Workshop: We use the NC Standard Course of Study in Writing and follow the Writing Workshop Model from Teachers College at Columbia University. In Writer's Workshop, students are invited to live, work and learn as writers. Students learn writing craft techniques and to observe their lives and the world around them while collecting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Students are given time to write, applying the skills and strategies they've learned to their own writing projects. As students write, the teacher provides feedback. Feedback is given through one-to-one conferences and small group instruction, and includes instructional compliments and teaching.
Math Workshop: We use the NC Standard Course of Study in Math and follow a Math Workshop Model. We pull from multiple resources to meet these standards, such as Math in Practice, math talks, math tasks, and the NC DPI Math Wiki and resources. First, students have a math mini-lesson. Next, K – 3 students rotate through math workstations, including a small-guided math group on the student's level.
Responsive Classroom/Morning Meeting: We use a system of classroom management called Responsive Classroom. The main goal of Responsive Classroom is to promote optimal student learning and create a caring community of students and staff. It is a research-based program that shows students learn best when they feel safe, challenged, and happy. The main components of Responsive Classroom are Morning Meeting, Hopes and Dreams, Rule Creation, Guided Discovery, and Logical Consequences. During the first six weeks of school, we spend time learning the rules, routine, procedures, etc. that will foster our students as independent learners and will make our classroom run smoothly. Every day, K – 3 children gather in morning meeting to greet each other, start the day, and learn social skills like respect, responsibility, and empathy.
Technology: VAES offers a 21 st century learning environment in which every student has access to computers, Chromebooks, iPads, or Learnpads within their classrooms. Students use these devices in math and literacy workstations and for project research. Each classroom also has an interactive whiteboard to enhance the learning experience.
Specials: VAES offers 5 specials. They are PE, Art, Music, Science, & Lego/Engineering.
Extracurricular Activities: Extracurricular activities enhance the school experience. We offer a variety of experiences for our elementary students to enjoy, such as Science Olympiad, Science Night, Spelling Bee (3 rd – 8 th grade), Viking Troupers (chorus), and after school Enrichments. Some Science Olympiad events are reinforced during the school day with the extra Science special and a K -3 VAES Science Olympiad competition.
Before/After School Care and Enrichments: Before/After School Care and Enrichments are offered for students in Kindergarten through Eighth Grade. For more information regarding cost, times, etc., please contact Latia Boney at [email protected].
Parent-Teacher Organization (PTO): Voyager Academy is fortunate to have an active and involved Parent-Teacher Organization. Their responsibilities include hosting hospitality luncheons for Voyager faculty, fall and spring carnivals, and eliciting parent volunteer opportunities that enhance the educational experience for our students.
VAES Empathy Initiative
Ashoka Changemaker School: In 2014, Voyager Academy Elementary was chosen as an Ashoka's Changemaker School. The Ashoka School Network provides Voyager Academy Elementary School with opportunities to access like-minded schools across the country; influence the greater education discourse through media and presenting at conferences; collaborate on projects that impact education; and access to partners in the Ashoka network like universities, social entrepreneurs, and companies. The Ashoka network is a national growing community of leading elementary schools that serve as models for cultivating students as changemakers, leading the way to ensuring every child develops agency, empathy, and voice. Ashoka, the world's largest network of social entrepreneurs, strives to create an "Everyone a Changemaker" world in which more and more people respond proactively to social problems, and where each person has the confidence, skills, and support to drive effective change.
At VAES, 15 minutes of service is built each day into the daily schedule to promote empathy and community service. All grade levels and classes will work on a project that encompasses building community and empathy (this connects with Responsive Classroom & the first six weeks of school). Some projects have included students collecting gift cards for a school in Houston impacted by Hurricane Harvey, a second grade Buddy Bench; a third grade Peace Path; singing at the local nursing home; Kindergarten random acts of kindness (K giving treats to HS students during exams; leaving kind notes for staff, etc.), and the K – 3 "Only One You" Rock Path.
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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https://voyageracademy.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/VAES-Program-Highlights-2017-.pdf
|
2018-09-24T13:03:26Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160454.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924125835-20180924150235-00071.warc.gz
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CITY OF SAGINAW RECREATION AND PARKS ADVISORY BOARD NOTICE OF MEETING
Saginaw City Hall 333 West McLeroy Boulevard
6 P.M. – Monday, January 20, 2014
(1) Call to Order
Chairman Beasley
(2) Approval of Minutes Regular Meeting on November 18, 2013
Chairman Beasley
(3) Discussion and Action Regarding a Comprehensive Parks Master Plan Update
Director of Public Works White
(4) Consider and Discuss Parks Maintenance Activities
Operations Superintendent Newsom
(5) Park Fund Balances and Expenditures November and December 2013
Director of Public Works White
(6) Discussion and Consideration of Future Agenda Items
Public Works Director White
(7) Adjournment
Chairman Beasley
Prepared and posted this 16th day of January 2014 in accordance with Chapter 551, Tex. Govt. Code
DATE POSTED:
TIME:
BY:
DATE RETRIEVED:
TIME:
BY:
1
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://ci.saginaw.tx.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/396
|
2020-05-31T09:04:34+00:00
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| 290,157,998
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Experimental study of potentialities of clock instability analysis on the basis of event timing
Yu.Artyukh, E.Boole, J.Savarovskis
Institute of Electronics and Computer Science Riga, LATVIA
Objectives of the research:
* Defining the way to measure the clock instability on the basis of high-precision event timer
* Specification of the clock instability on the basis of the measurement results
* Experimental research concerning the clock instability analysis including:
- Random Jitter analysis
- Long-term instability analysis
- Signal modulation analysis
Analysis of experimental data to evaluate potentialities of the approach
Clock instability measurement by means of event timing
Events are defined as clock signal edge crossings at specified level.
Clock instability characterization
Primary function (Phase instability)
Derived first difference function (Period instability)
Derived second difference function (Cycle instability)
Experimental setup
Input
EVENT TIMER
A033-ET
Frequency
Standard
Analyser
software
PC
Signal Conditioner
(detector of zero crossings,
controllable prescaler)
EVENT TIMER
A033-ET
Frequency
Standard
Analyser
software
PC
Signal Conditioner
(detector of zero crossings,
controllable prescaler)
Input
Conditioner
• Crossing level adjustment
• Crossing level adjustment
Event Timer
Analyser Software
RMS Time resolution: ~1.9 ps
Measurement rate: 20 Mevents/s
Jitter measurement
Random jitter of crystal clock generator
Single-shot measurement with picosecond resolution Simultaneous determination of multiple jitter characteristics
Frequency modulated (FM) signal analysis
Period deviation → Frequency deviation
Characterizes modulation frequency and its deviation Reveals frequency deviation less than 0.1 Hz
Amplitude modulated (AM) signal analysis
Amplitude modulation is detected by adjustment of comparison level
Reveal AM modulation depth less than 0.1%
AM + FM signal analysis
Crossing level adjustment of the Conditioner module effects only amplitude modulated signals.
Spectrums of P-jitter function at different comparison levels
Level change
3.3 MHz signal with 28 Hz frequency deviation (modulation frequency 10 KHz)
+ 1% AM depth (modulation frequency 20KHz)
Distinguishes AM and FM spectral components of the signal
Frequency instability measurement
Long-term frequency deviation
Min = 39682.53 Hz,
Max = 39682.55 Hz,
Pkp = 0.02 Hz,
Mean = 39682.54 Hz,
----------------------------------
Total time = 184.5 sek
Frequency over time measurement of signal modulated by 0.006 Hz sine signal.
Min = 19230.439 Hz,
Max = 19230.441 Hz,
Pkp = 0.002 Hz,
Mean = 19230.44 Hz,
----------------------------------
Total time = 784.594000 sek
Frequency over time measurement of function generator.
Reveals very slow frequency deviations
Measures the signal frequency deviation with extremely high precision
10
Summary
* Relatively simple unified technique of clock instability analysis based on high-precision event timer application is discussed.
* This technique offers clock instability characterization in different views, including random deviation and spurious modulation of different kinds.
* The experimental research of technique showed such facilities as
– high-precision jitter measurement;
– single-shot and long-term frequency instability measurement;
– ability to determine and analyse modulation characteristics of clock;
– potential ability to distinguish and determine modulation characteristics of clock signal with amplitude and frequency modulation
The study is associated with ERDF project Nr. 2DP/184.108.40.206.0/10/APIA/VIAA/084 "Experimental development of Multi-functional Time Analyser "
11
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://www.edi.lv/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Presentation.pdf
|
2021-05-19T00:06:53+00:00
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Infectious Diseases Update
Abstracts of current literature on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Series Editor: Jihad Slim, MD
EFFECT OF INITIAL DRUG RESISTANCE ON OUTCOMES IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS RECEIVING SHORT-TERM CHEMOTHERAPY
The authors performed a retrospective analysis to determine the effect of initial drug resistance on treatment outcome and acquired drug resistance in new patients receiving standardized short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. During 1996 to 2000, 2194 patients in Tomsk Oblast, Russian Federation, received a category 1 treatment regardless of drug susceptibility testing results, which were available for 1681 patients. Treatment failure occurred in 99 patients, of whom 73 were identified as having consistently positive culture results during treatment. Drug resistance patterns before and during treatment for these patients were then compared, revealing that pretreatment drug resistance was strongly associated with treatment failure. In patients with pretreatment resistance to either isoniazid or rifampin but not both, 17 (70.8%) of 24 cases of treatment failure now had acquired multidrug resistance. In patients with pretreatment pan-susceptible or streptomycin-resistant strains, 13 (41.9%) of 31 cases acquired multidrug resistance. The remaining 18 patients had newly acquired multidrug resistance. Determining whether patients are infected with drug-resistant tuberculosis and prescribing the appropriate second-line agents is necessary to decrease transmission of resistant strains and prevent the creation of multidrug-resistant strains. When patients' drug resistance status is unknown, physicians should be aware that patients who do not respond to directly observed shortcourse chemotherapy are at high risk for developing multidrugresistant tuberculosis and need to be treated accordingly.
Seung KJ, Gelmanova IE, Peremitin GG, et al. The effect of initial drug resistance on treatment response and acquired drug resistance during standardized short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1321–8.
DEXAMETHASONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
Investigators conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial in patients aged 14 years and older who had tuberculous meningitis, with or without HIV coinfection, to determine whether adjunctive treatment with dexamethasone reduced the risk of death or severe disability after 9 months of follow-up. Patients were recruited from 2 centers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone (n = 274) or placebo (n = 271). Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Treatment with dexamethasone was associated with reduced risk of death (relative risk [RR], 0.69 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.52–0.92]; P = 0.01). However, dexamethasone neither significantly reduced the proportion of severely dis- abled patients (34/187 [18.2%] of dexamethasone versus 22/159 [13.8%] of placebo patients; P = 0.27) nor the proportion of patients who had died or were severely disabled after 9 months (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.58–1.13]; P = 0.22). Treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by diseaseseverity grade (stratified RR of death, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52–0.91]; P = 0.007) and by HIV status (stratified RR of death, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.59–1.04]; P = 0.08). Significantly fewer adverse events occurred in the dexamethasone group than in the placebo group (26/274 [9.5%] versus 45/271 [16.6%]; P = 0.02). Adjunctive therapy with dexamethasone improves survival rates in patients aged 14 years and older with tuberculous meningitis but does not confer protection against severe disability.
Thwaites GE, Nguyen DB, Nguyen HD, et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1741–51.
OUTCOME OF HIV-ASSOCIATED TUBERCULOSIS IN THE ERA OF HAART
Researchers compared the characteristics and outcomes of patients coinfected with tuberculosis (TB) and HIV who were treated and followed-up for TB at a London HIV clinic before (pre1996: n = 36) or during the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (during or after 1996: n = 60) as well as investigated the effect of HAART and other factors on new AIDSdefining illnesses and occurrence of death. During 3.6 years of follow-up, 49 patients died or had an AIDS event. Compared with patients in the pre-HAART group, those in the HAART group had a lower risk of death (cumulative at 4 years, 43% versus 22%; P = 0.012) and of death or having an AIDS event (69% versus 43%; P = 0.023). Event risk within the first 2 months of TB treatment was exceptionally high in patients with CD4+ cell counts below 100 cells/mm 3 and declined thereafter. HAART use during follow-up was associated with a notable reduction in event risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.16–0.91]). HAART substantially reduces new AIDS events and death in patients coinfected with TB. Patients whose CD4+ count is below 100 cells/mm 3 are at high risk for events during the intensive phase of anti-TB treatment. These data should be considered when deliberating on whether to delay HAART in coinfected patients with CD4+ count below 100 cells/mm 3 .
Dheda K, Lampe FC, Johnson MA, Lipman MC. Outcome of HIVassociated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1670–6.
Dr. Slim is an assistant professor of medicine, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. Abstracts written by Rita E. Gould, Hospital Physician.
Copyright 2005 by Turner White Communications Inc., Wayne, PA. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:fd3cf79f-2cde-4e4b-8af2-76a0c883f28b>
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http://www.turner-white.com/memberfile.php?PubCode=hp_jan05_infecdis.pdf
|
2018-04-19T17:17:35Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937015.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419165443-20180419185443-00361.warc.gz
| 551,099,929
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§ 1 Encouragement of education.
Sec. 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
History: Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution: See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 1.
380.10 Rights of parents and legal guardians; duties of public schools.
Sec. 10. It is the natural, fundamental right of parents and legal guardians to determine and direct the care, teaching, and education of their children. The public schools of this state serve the needs of the pupils by cooperating with the pupil's parents and legal guardians to develop the pupil's intellectual capabilities and vocational skills in a safe and positive environment.
History: Add. 1995, Act 289, Eff. July 1, 1996
Popular Name: Act 451
AN ACT to amend 1976 PA 451, entitled "An act to provide a system of public instruction and elementary and secondary schools; to revise, consolidate, and clarify the laws relating to elementary and secondary education; to provide for the organization, regulation, and maintenance of schools, school districts, public school academies, intermediate school districts, and other public school entities; to prescribe rights, powers, duties, and privileges of schools, school districts, public school academies, intermediate school districts, and other public school entities; to provide for the regulation of school teachers and certain other school employees; to provide for school elections and to prescribe powers and duties with respect thereto; to provide for the levy and collection of taxes; to provide for the borrowing of money and issuance of bonds and other evidences of indebtedness; to establish a fund and provide for expenditures from that fund; to make appropriations for certain purposes; to provide for and prescribe the powers and duties of certain state departments, the state board of education, and certain other boards and officials; to provide for licensure of boarding schools; to prescribe penalties; and to repeal acts and parts of acts," (MCL 380.1 to 380.1852) by adding section 10a.
The People of the State of Michigan enact:
Sec. 10a. (1) Beginning January 1, 2023, the board of a school district or intermediate school district or board of directors of a public school academy shall ensure that the text of section 1 of article VIII of the state constitution of 1963 and section 10, as added by 1995 PA 289, is prominently posted and maintained in all of the following areas, in a manner that is easily accessible by the public:
(a) The room or rooms in which the board or board of directors conducts its meetings.
(b) An office in the school district's, intermediate school district's, or public school academy's administrative building.
(c) The principal's or chief administrator's, as applicable, office at each school operated by the board or board of directors.
(2) Beginning January 1, 2023, the department shall ensure that the text of section 1 of article VIII of the state constitution of 1963 and section 10, as added by 1995 PA 289, is prominently posted and maintained in each building operated by the department. Beginning January 1, 2023, the department shall also ensure that the text described in this subsection is included in each manual and in training materials provided to each employee of the department.
(3) Beginning January 1, 2023, the state board of education shall ensure that the text of section 1 of article VIII of the state constitution of 1963 and section 10, as added by 1995 PA 289, is prominently posted and maintained in each meeting room in which the state board of education meets. Beginning January 1, 2023, the state board of education shall also ensure that the text described in this subsection is included in each manual and in training materials provided to each employee of the state board of education.
Approved________________________________________
Governor
|
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://knd.manistee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/HB-5703.pdf
|
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| 434,128,158
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Ss Mary and Modwen's Catholic Church, Burton
78a Guild Street, Burton-upon-Trent, DE14 1NB
St Christopher's Catholic Church, Tutbury
Wakefield Avenue, Tutbury, DE13 9JU
Part of the Archdiocese of Birmingham, Registered Charity Number 234216 This Parish is served by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritans)
Parish Clergy
Parish Priest: Rev Fr Stan Nwanunobi, C.S.Sp. Asst Priest: Rev Fr Arthur-Marie Matip, C.S.Sp.
Website: www.maryandmodwen.org.uk
Email: [email protected]
Facebook: Ss Mary and Modwen RC Church
Twitter: @ssmaryandmodwen
Parish Finance Officer/SecretarySr Bridget Okoye, DDL
Parish office open for enquires between 9:00am and 3:00pm – Monday to Thursday
Parish Office Telephone 01283 563246
Fourth Sunday in Ordinary Time, Year B (Year of Prayer) 27 th /28 th January
: Mass & Readings: 4 th Sunday in Ordinary Time: Year B. Weekdays in Ordinary time. Psalter Week 3
| Saturday 27th | NO MASS |
|---|---|
| Memorial of Our Lady | |
| of Saturday | Vigil Mass 5:00pm - Tutbury |
| Sunday 28th | Mass 9:00am |
| Fourth Sunday in | Mass 11:00am |
| Ordinary Time | Mass 6:00pm |
| Monday 29th Feria in Ordinary Time | Mass 9:30am |
| Tuesday 30th Feria in Ordinary Time | Mass 9:30am |
| Wednesday 31st Memorial of St John Bosco, Priest | Exposition and Adoration 10:00am Mass 11:00am |
| Thursday 1st February Feria in Ordinary Time | Mass: 9:30am |
| Friday 2nd February Feast of the Presentation of the Lord | Mass: 9:30am |
| Saturday 3rd | Mass: 9:30am |
| February | |
| Memorial of Our Lady | |
| of Saturday | Vigil Mass 5:00pm - Tutbury |
| Sunday 4th February | Mass 9:00am |
| Fifth Sunday in | Mass 11:00am |
| Ordinary Time | Mass 6:00pm |
CONFESSION: We have Confession in the Parish every Saturday after 9:30am Mass and on request. Please avail yourself of the opportunity.
PLEASE PRAY FOR THE SICK AND HOUSEBOUND OF OUR PARISH:
Mary Conway, Maya Whatton, Damian Walsh, Tony Mulcahy, Pat Lawton, Joe Emery, Sheila Chatterton, Carolyn Edge, Richard Waldron, Andrew Poyser, Sue Rose, Eileen Davis, Chris Morris, Sadie Blackford, Martin Routledge, Marilyn Gough, Dolly Rothwell, Justin Oguora, Emily Woodward, John Woodward, Shaji Augusthy, Margaret Hudson, Gordon Adams, Brian Hallam.
MASS ATTENDANCE: For last Sunday 536
OFFERTORY COLLECTION: For last Sunday: £695.94
BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT / SECOND COLLECTION:
Last Sunday Special Collection: Building and Development Fund: £200.55
This Sunday Second Collection: Racial Justice
Next Sunday Second Collection: Building and Development Fund
Development Fund running total: -£5890.90
OUR LADY OF THE ROSARY CENACLE GROUP: Our Cenacle Prayer group meets every Tuesday at 7:00pm. Parishioners are invited and encouraged to enrol and be part of our Blessed Mother's battle-ready army. There is a petition box in front of Our Lady's statue during Cenacle prayer. Bring your petitions to her; she is a great intercessor. Thank you to current and future participants.
ST MOD'S TIDDLERS: Sessions on Friday are suspended until further notice.
FOODBANK: We encourage parishioners to contribute food items for those struggling with the cost of food. Please bring the items to church.
SOUP KITCHEN: Huge thanks to parishioners for the generous donations of soup and beans. We are running short of a few tins of baked beans, Oxtail, and vegetable soup so would be grateful if you could spare even one tin which can be placed in box at back of church. We are welcoming over 20 people through the doors each week. Thank you and God bless. Elaine and the team.
FIRST HOLY COMMUNION AND CONFIRMATION: Catechism classes in preparation for Reconciliation, First Holy Communion and Confirmation for children who do not currently attend St. Modwen's Catholic School resumed on Saturday 13 th January 2024. First Holy Communion: 9:30am to 10:30am; Confirmation: 11:00am 12:00noon, in the Parish Centre.
OUR PARISH IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY: Dear Parishioners, year, I would like to express my sincere thank you to all those parishioners who have, in these difficult times, generously increased their contributions or given special one-off donations to support the running of our parish. Whilst our financial situation is not yet sustainable, we have made significant progress towards balancing our accounts. Again, thank you for your ongoing support. May God bless you.
YEAR OF PRAYER, 3 DECEMBER 2023 – 24 DECEMBER 2024: In preparation for the 2025 Jubilee Year 'Pilgrims of Hope', 2024 has been designated a Year of Prayer by Pope Francis. It began on the First Sunday of Advent 2023 with a particular focus on the Our Father, this gives us a great opportunity to go back to the basics of prayer.
HOLIDAY: Please note, Fr Stan is on holiday until the 1st February 2024.
HOME VISITATION: Fr Stan and Fr Arthur have started home visitations and would like to visit the home of all parishioners. It would be great if parishioners could indicate interest, contact the parish office to arrange a date for your home visitation.
SAFEGUARDING: The Parish operates in accordance with Statutory Safeguarding Guidance and the National and Archdioceses policies & procedures at all times. Our Parish Safeguarding Representative is Denise Butler who can be contacted via e-mail at [email protected] or alternatively the Diocesan Safeguarding team can be contacted on 0121 230 6240 or via e-mail [email protected] if you have any concern. There is access to more information from the Diocese, the Catholic National Safeguarding Policy and support materials on the parish website http://www.maryandmodwen.org.uk
DIOCESAN VISION - UNFOLDING GOD'S PLAN: We are called to be a Catholic Diocese which is: faithful to the mission entrusted to us by Jesus Christ full of missionary disciples who work together co-responsibly in vibrant communities of faith, joyful in their service of God and neighbour. To achieve our vision together, Archbishop Bernard Longley is asking us all to focus on these four areas:
Evangelisation... Sharing our faith; Liturgy and Worship... Celebrating our faith; Formation... Deepening our faith; Social Outreach... Witnessing our faith.
Evangelisation, Formation, Liturgy and Worship and Social Outreach. He wants us to look at how we will individually respond to God's call to be missionary disciples in the Church and in our local communities, working joyfully together to spread the Word and the work of God. In essence, how will we unfold God's plan for us within our Diocese?
200 CLUB WINNERS 2023 & 2024 SUBSCRIPTIONS: Winners, cheques will be posted out to you very soon.
| Winners 2023 | 1st – Prize (£50) | 2nd – Prize (£20) |
|---|---|---|
| Aug | 92 – Mr M Simpkins | 41 – Miss M Moody |
| Sept | 29 – Mrs M Jennings | 130 – Mr J Kolad |
| Oct | 97 – Mrs R Millward | 62 – Mrs R Scott |
| Nov | 97 – Mrs R Millward | 67 – Mr J Laming |
| Dec | 37 – Mr W Moloney | 46 – Mrs S Seaborn |
The subscriptions for next year will be collected after Christmas, in early January and February. I will be in the Parish Rooms after each Mass – Sundays to be advised. Please do not send the monies in before the New Year. There are still quite a few numbers available if you would like to take on an additional number or join the 200 Club if you are not already a member. Margaret
POPE'S PRAYER INTENTION FOR JANUARY - For the Gift of Diversity in the Church: Let us pray that the Holy Spirit helps us recognize the gift of different charisms within the Christian community, and to discover the richness of different ritual traditions in the heart of the Catholic Church
WELCOME TO FR MATTHEW ADEJOH: We extend a very warm welcome to Fr. Matthew Adejoh, who is coming to live and work in our parish. He will be replacing Fr. Arthur Matip, who has been appointed as Chaplain of the Portuguese community in Manchester, as our new assistant priest.
Next Sunday's Rota – 4 th February 2024
| | 9:00am Mass | 11:00am Mass |
|---|---|---|
| Reader | Gerry Gough | Pat Molloy |
| Eucharistic Minster | Gerry Gough | Rosemary Scott |
| Tea & Coffee | Mary Bird & Colette Geoghegan | Rosemary Scott & Cecelia Denham |
Church Cleaning – Week Commencing
4
th
February
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Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
BHAGWANDAS PUROHIT VIDYAMANDIR
TRIMURTI NAGAR
ADDRESS: BHANGE LAYOUT, BHAMTI, TRIMURTI NAGAR, NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA 440022
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AWARDS
2018-21
School & Community
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Nagpur Kendra, established the first English Medium coeducational school in 1983 in Civil Lines, Nagpur. The school was founded with the objective having the motive to impart excellent education. The Trimurti nagar Bhavans is one of the largest schools in Nagpur with the strength of 2416 students and runs classes from Nursery to Std XII. The school has staff strength of 109 (Teaching and Non-Teaching). The school follows the curriculum of Secondary Education, New Delhi and prepares students for All India Secondary and Senior Secondary Certificate Examination conducted by CBSE.
Vision
To create Conducive, Coherent, Ethical learning environment and Nurturing the ignited minds
Mission
To fly with the wings of righteousness, confidence, and the conviction to complete all endeavors. We aim to attract and develop by initiating a conducive learning environment in order to serve the society towards worldwide integration; inspire them to be just and ethical citizens; train to be wise and principled leaders and prepare them to enter one of the strongest alumni fraternities- for LIFE.
About Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan
Founded in 1938 by Dr. K.M.Munshi, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is today an All India Intellectual, Cultural and Educational Movement dedicated to the twin task of interpreting the age old yet ageless message of our country, and of integrating our varied and vibrant culture with the changing needs of the present day world. To its credit, it has 94 flagship institutions imparting quality education in India and abroad.
Bhavan's Bhagwandas Purohit, Vidya Mandir, Schools in Nagpur
- Civil Lines
- Srikrishna Nagar
- Ashti
- Trimurti Nagar
- Koradi
- Chinchbhawan.
Value Based Learning
The school seeks to inculcate a value based life and promote the ethical and spiritual values. It aims to nurture the holistic development of students by organizing various competitions, Inter and Intra school activities, and other events that help them realize their talents. Interactive boards have been installed in all the classrooms to make the teaching-learning process more effective. Regular Parent-Teacher Meetings, Selection & Orientation Programs, Mentor-Mentee follow-ups are organized to enable the staff members to update themselves with the current trends and the latest field of education. The moral values of the school emphasizes on the importance of honesty and integrity in education. The performance of the school is worth appreciating as the school was appreciated for its performance in the field of providing the community services, creating social awareness by their well planned co-curricular activities.
School Structure
Bhavan’s Bhagwandas Purohit Vidya Mandir, Trimurti Nagar, Nagpur caters to students from Nursery to std XII. For the efficient management of the school, it is divided into two Mandirs comprising of Pre-Primary campus and Vidya Mandir comprising of Primary, secondary and senior secondary classes. The school has a library system, auditorium (Sangam and Daffodil), the co-curricular activities are organized throughout the school also offers CO-SCHOLASTICS subjects like Art Education, Music, Dance, Table Tennis, Computer Science, General Knowledge, Health and Physical Education and Environmental Education.
Enrollment
Total enrollment for the 2020-2021 school year is 2397 students. Currently, our grade level distribution and enrollment are as follows:
- Nursery: 170 Students
- K.G. I: 185 Students
- K.G. II: 184 Students
- 1st Grade: 183 Students
- 2nd Grade: 182 Students
- 3rd Grade: 181 Students
- 4th Grade: 182 Students
- 5th Grade: 189 Students
- 6th Grade: 180 Students
- 7th Grade: 180 Students
- 8th Grade: 180 Students
- 9th Grade: 177 Students
- 10th Grade: 169 Students
- 11th Grade: 40 Students
- 12th Grade: 15 Students
Curriculum
The Curriculum prepared by CBSE strives to:
- Provide ample space for the physical, intellectual, and social development of students.
- Enlist general and specific teaching and assessment objectives.
- Nurture Life-Skills by prescribing curricular and co-curricular activities.
- Impart self-esteem, empathy towards others and different cultures, etc.
- Integrate technology in pedagogy, knowledge, and application, such as human sciences, with technological innovations to keep pace with the global trends in welfare.
- Promote inclusive education by providing equal opportunities to all students.
- Integrate environmental education in multiple disciplines.
- Equal emphasis on co-scholastic areas of Art, Health, and Physical Education.
- Uphold Constitutional values by encouraging values-based learning activities.
Co-curricular Activities
Sports: Chess | Skating | Volley Ball | Basket Ball | Table Tennis | Football
Clubs: Science Club | Mathematics Club | English Club | Hindi Club | Sanskrit Club | Integrity Club | Reading Club | Sports Club | Teens Club
Subjects offered in Grades 9 and 10
- Language (English, Hindi/ Sanskrit/Narathi)
- Basic Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
- Mathematics
- Social Science (History+ Geography)
- Home Science
- Arts (Painting/Vocal Music, Tabla/Dance)
Subjects offered in Grades 11 and 12
- Science Stream
- English
- Mathematics
- Computer Science
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Home Science
- Commerce Stream
- English
- Mathematics
- Information Practices
- Business Studies
- Economics
- Accountancy
- Physical Education
Grading Scale
For Class 8 (According to CBSE) School Level
Academic Grades Non- Academic Grades
A-1 Top 1/8 of the passed candidates A1 90-100
A-2 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates A2 80-89
B-1 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates B1 70-79
B-2 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates B2 60-69
C-1 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates C1 50-59
C-2 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates C2 45-49
D-1 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates D1 40-44
D-2 Next 1/8 of the passed candidates D2 35-39
E Failed Candidates E <35
Co-Scholastic
Grades Grade Point
A 4.1 - 5.0
B 3.1 - 4.0
C 2.1 - 3.0
D 1.1 - 2.0
E 0.0 – 1.0
Advanced Placement Courses
AP courses are not offered at BVMTMRN
Class Rank and Cumulative Grade Point Average
Class rank is not computed or estimated at BVMTMRN. Cumulative Grade point average (CGPA) is calculated based on all high school academic subjects.
School Clubs at Bhavan’s efforts are being taken to reflect and showcase the diversity of Minds, Thoughts, Creativity and Skills of the Young Souls. It is said that a leader is born not made but it is proved wrong by providing conducive environment, careful nurturing and a spring board for meaningful blossoming, also honing and effective use of untound talents for transforming them into future leaders.
Bhavan’s intends to fulfill the void for young minds to unleash their unparalleled innovative ideas. Our school therefore lays special emphasis both on co-curricular and extra-curricular activities providing them an edge over others in their respective fields. To up bring this Vision, the school undertakes several activities under the 9 club system viz, Scout & Guide Club, Literary Club, Health and Wellness Club, Reader’s Club, Teens Club, Fine Arts Club, Integrity and Heritage Club, Sports Club and the Science and Eco Club that work for the diverse achievement and progress being made by the school and for fulfilling the coveted goal that imparts discipline and quality education to the learners.
These clubs conduct various inter house activities like debates, elocution, poster making, Quizines, card making etc. These clubs also celebrate / commemorate some significant International and National Days like International Day of Peace, National Education Day, National Unity Day, Republic Day etc. A series of events are conducted on these days like slogan writing, essay writing competition etc. to keep up with the flavor of the day celebrated / commemorated.
Keeping in mind the learning and the reading habit of people, which should not be lost during this pandemic, our school library organized an E-Book Fair. Health and Wellness Club initiated the Jan Andolan Campaign through this campaign - the three key messages highlighted were –
1. Wear Mask
2. Follow Physical Distancing
3. Maintain Hand Hygiene.
“Dishawein”, under the TEENS Club initiated the Career Orientation programme which was conducted online wherein various eminent experts from different fields guided the students about the subjects, counselled how to manage stress during exam & pandemic, career choices after X / XII.
In order to educate & create awareness about Cyber Safety & Cyber Security amongst the students, Science and Eco Club in collaboration with the National Security Council organized Cyber Safety & Security Programme for Students.
British Council International School Award 2018-2021 – The school has been accredited with the British Council International School Award for a period of three years from 2018 till 2021. We are proud to get accredited with the INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AWARD (2018-2021) by the British Council, UK for Outstanding Development of the International Dimension in the curriculum which enabled us to develop global conscious and execute exemplary practices in internationalism. The meticulous execution of all activities and their well organized presentation with evidences, students were put up by our IAS Coordinator Ms. Sonali Tomar and Smr. Priya Mitra in the dress enabled us to meet all criteria for gaining the award. The dress was found to have a lasting impact on the assessors who gave a score of 49 to the same along with applauding comments.
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan’s Shikshan Bharati awarded 2nd rank in the school under the Secondary School Category and 5th in the All India – Activities among the 87 schools of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. The school’s focus with commitment towards academics and co-curricular activities also makes relentless efforts to raise conscientious and worthy citizens. Our initiatives have been recognized over the year and brought us the prestigious awards. This award was well received and we feel appreciation from the parents, families and administration together to do ever better consistently. The School was chosen for the prestigious award instituted by Shikshan Bharati from all Bhavan’s Schools in India and overseas. The school received the award for standing first among the 94 Bhavan’s Schools of India. The award consists of citation and trophy. As the school is now moving beyond academics beyond mere textual knowledge; the focus becomes multidimensional with child’s all round development in Mind and Will.
“Let noble thoughts come to us from every side”
We have illustrated marvelous achievements in the AISSE (All India Secondary School Examination) consecutively for three years and AISSCE (All India Senior School Certificate Examination) in its maiden year.
To just record the scintillating performance of our first batch of std X (2018-19) consisting of 138 students securing 100% pass percentage; out of which 57 meritorious students scored above 90% marks in all 5 Subjects (Hindi, Marathi, Mathematics, Science, Social Science) The school was thus declared FIRST among all the Bhavan’s schools for securing highest School average marks of 91.52% as compared to CBSE i.e. 91.1%.
The 2nd batch of students appeared for AISSE (Std. X) CBSE board exams (2019-20) displayed a stunning performance with an overall score of previous year by scoring 93.12% (As School Average) outshining the result of the First batch (2018-19) with a school average of 91.92%. However the overall pass percentage of students remained 100%.
Even during the tough times when the entire world was engulfed in the clutches of Pandemic, our students of 3rd batch brought laurels to the school in class X CBSE 2020-21 result with the school average of 91.94%. Out of 169 students, 121 students scored 90% and above marks, 42 students scored between 80-89 %, 3 students are between 70-79 % and 1 student between 60.5-70%.
Our first batch of AISSCE (All India Senior School Certificate Examination) session 2020-21 has set a benchmark. 15 students (3 opting Science and 12 opting Commerce stream) of our school appeared for the exam, out of which 3 secured above 90%, 11 students secured between 80-89% and 1 secured between 70-79%. The subjects opted by students were English, Mathematics, Computer Science, Biology, Physics, Chemistry for science stream and Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Physical Education and Informatics Practices for Commerce stream.
On the basis of extraordinary results by the 3rd batch of Std X students appeared for AISSE CBSE examinations 2020-21 the school is ranked first with an average score of 91.94% among the Bhavan’s schools as per Bhavan’s Shikshan Bharati.
"Let noble thoughts come to us from every side"
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SELECTED PARTICIPANTS FOR THE 2013 DIANET INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Surname
Name
From
| BARNA | Radu Cristian |
|---|---|
| BASHA | Rozafa |
| BOSSI | Emanuele |
| ČJEPA | Damir |
| CODROMAZ | Federica |
| CRUPI | Valentina |
| DATO | Gaetano |
| DEMA KOPLIKU | Bresena |
| DIMA | Ştefana Maria |
| GAJSKI | Goran |
| GALÁNTAI | Júlia |
| GALESIC | Morena |
| GIERLINGER | Sylvia |
| GUEORGUIEV | Tzvetelin |
| HAJDARI | Avni |
| HILL | Katalin |
| KIŠJUHAS | Aleksej |
| KODNIK | Danijela |
| KULYK | Nataliya |
| LEVI | Lea |
| MARAŠ | Ivana |
| MIHALCA | Izabela Amalia |
| OROS SEŠEN | Ankica |
| PALENČIKOVÁ | Zuzana |
| POP | Ana-Maria |
| ROBLEK | Erika M. |
| SAKAČ | Nikola |
| ŠAKIĆ TROGRLIĆ | Robert |
| SAVI | Tadeja |
| SCHUNKO | Christoph |
| ŠKORIĆ | Marko |
| TAHIR | Nuri Ali |
| TORKAR | Gregor |
| VECCHIET | Costanza |
| YADATE | Dagne Mojo |
| ZÁDORI | Iván |
| ŽELJKOVIĆ | Ivana |
|---|---|
| ŽIKOVŠEK | Darja |
| ZILAHI | Péter |
| ZWITTER | Žiga |
Should any of the selected participants not be able to attend the School – they will have to confirm their presence not later than Wednesday March 20 th – the following candidates will be called in their stead (in order of priority):
1) MORIC MILOVANIVIC Bojan (Univ. Zagreb)
3) BAKIT Kristina (Univ. Novi Sad)
2) BULJAN Marijan (Univ. Split)
4) TOSIC Marina (Univ. Zagreb)
6) MAVELLI Massimo (Univ. Trieste)
5) CAPOZZI Fiore (Univ. Trieste)
We are sorry to announce that some of the candidates were excluded because not all requirements were respected.
Trieste, 13 th March 2013
The Director Prof. Claudio Zaccaria
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Gaelic Fever Dream
dáithí bowen (he/him/sé/é)
There are 13 Martyrs standing guard round the side of my bed. They speak to me in tongues partitioned from me, that I am still learning to speak. They tell me:
God be with you
I, sceptically, respond. They tell me:
Labhraíonn tú cosúil le róbat
I say It's more of a google translate really They tell me:
Labhraíonn tú ár mionn mar a imríonn páiste le cultacha
And I try to tell them that's not true But they can't understand me And I can't even tell you exactly what they said to me Because I think in English And they softly inform me that I won't understand Because I think in English And I try to tell them they're wrong about me That I'm not playing with our history like a toy, that I'm not looking to bury my anger in the soil to fertilise some long lost Gaelic virility that my Irishness isn't a dancing bear but that I'm sad, deeply sad about the human cost of occupation about unmarked famine graves And our martyrs, of
the paper thin flesh of hunger strikers, That I am sorry I arrived too late, that I only know their sacrifice through museums and walking tours and a statue in the post office, That in the intervening decades, Blood sacrifice in the Abbey theatre was replaced by a bomb site. That I have been unaware
Of all the silent screaming,
Of the bile and desperation that comes with an asymmetrical struggle,
The communities recovering from the coldness required of conspiracy.
And that I can't shake the feeling
Of every step I make landing on the bones of my people
which have paved the road that leads here.
They stare, unjudging and tell me:
You can act for the cause
And you will have to find out what that means. But that is the legacy we leave to you;
They leave me, and already the moonlight is fading. What a cruel waking is, Where you forget The answers of your dreams.
but you won't live long
To die on your feet.
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Register of interests annual confirmation
FORM 5 – Councillors and councillor advisors Local Government Act 2009/City of Brisbane Act 2010
Mayors, councillors and councillor advisors whose registers of interests have not changed can submit the below declaration to provide annual confirmation of their register of interests.
If your interests have changed, submit an updated Form 3 – Register of interest update before completing this declaration.
Complete a separate annual confirmation Form 6 - Related person register of interests annual confirmation for EACH of your related persons if their interests have not changed.
If you fail to correctly submit or update your register of interests as required you may be guilty of misconduct or an integrity offence and may face significant penalties. When completing this form, refer to the Registers of interests notes, Local Government Act 2009/Local Government Regulation 2012 and City of Brisbane Act 2010/City of Brisbane Regulation 2012. If you are unsure of your obligations it is strongly recommended that you seek independent legal advice.
Declaration
I have reviewed my current register of interests and certify that it is correct and up to date.
Name
Position
Council
/ /
Signature
Date
You must sign this form and submit it to the chief executive officer (CEO) within 30 days of the end of each financial year.
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Constitutional symptoms Joint swelling/redness and heat Persistent fever of more than 3 weeks Night pain New onset headaches
Infection
Jaw claudication Scalp tenderness Significant lethargy History of inflammatory bowel disease History of uveitis/iritis More than one joint involved
}
Autoimmune Diseases
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History of cancer Unexplained weight loss Immunosuppression Urinary infection Intravenous drug use Prolonged use of corticosteroids Back pain not improved with conservative management }
Cancer or Infection
History of significant trauma Fall or lifting in elderly or presence of osteoporosis Prolonged use of steroids
Spinal Fracture
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Acute onset of urinary retention or overflow Incontinence Loss of anal sphincter tone or fecal incontinence Saddle anesthesia Motor weakness in lower limbs
Cauda Equine Syndrome or Severe Neurologic Compression
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2022 Seasonal Handbook
INDEX
WELCOME
It is our privilege to welcome you to the Hangar Theatre! This Handbook was developed to describe some of the expectations we have for all of our company members and what you can expect from us. Whether you're here for a week or longer, we hope you feel at home and that your experience here will be enjoyable and rewarding.
ABOUT HTC
MISSION STATEMENT: The Hangar Theatre creates and presents performances of exceptional quality in New York's Finger Lakes region while training the next generation of theatre artists. We inspire our community with work and classes that enrich, entertain, and enlighten. We believe in the power of theatre to transform lives.
VISION STATEMENT: The Hangar Theatre is an artistic home that nurtures a lifelong love of the performing arts.
CORE VALUES:
* Gratitude
* Generosity
* Equality
* Inclusion
* Diversity
* Quality
* Integrity
ABOUT THE HANGAR THEATRE: On July 11, 1975, the Hangar Theatre opened with Man of La Mancha, thanks to more than a decade's effort by impassioned citizens in Ithaca, NY. Today, the Hangar Theatre has achieved national prominence as a regional theatre producing exceptional plays and serving as a learning environment for rising theatre professionals.
Visionary leadership, community support, and challenges posed by the facility's unusual structure all weave together in the Hangar's history. The original conversion of a municipal airport hangar was made possible by a grant from Nelson Rockefeller and the combined efforts of the Ithaca Repertory Theatre (renamed the Hangar Theatre Company in 1978), Cornell University, Ithaca College, and the City of Ithaca. In 2010, the Hangar for All Seasons capital campaign met its $4.6 million goal for a complete building renovation, creating a year-round home for the Hangar Theatre Company as well as a venue for other national artists and local organizations. The Hangar hosts
events from folk concerts to opera galas for audiences of all ages.
Arts education and training have always been central to the Hangar's mission. In addition to its summer Mainstage and KIDDSTUFF productions and annual winter show, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, the Hangar is home to the Lab Company, a nationally recognized incubator for rising actors, directors, and playwrights as well as an extensive apprenticeship and intern program in our Production Department. The Hangar's Next Generation School of Theatre offers classes for students in grades 3-12, and Project 4 sends teaching artists into area classrooms.
The Hangar exists today because of hundreds of individuals passionate about the arts. In addition to skilled theatrical professionals, they include committed volunteers, teachers, and mentors; community businesses and professionals; and elected officials and foundations. It is a "cast list" far too long to record in full, but all have made the Hangar Theatre an essential part of the quality of life in our region.
"The Hangar belongs to Ithaca. It is one of those rare theatre companies that was started not by an artist, but by the community." (Mark Ramont, Hangar artistic director for 1997-2000)
Staff & Leadership: Our staff includes many seasonal personnel as well as a core year-round staff. The seasonal company includes production staff, designers, actors, and educators from around the country. The Hangar Theatre is governed by a Board of Trustees.
POLICIES
See Company Management Welcome Packet for details on complimentary ticket policies, COVID-19 protocols/policies, and other helpful information while in residence.
* No guests are allowed backstage.
* There is no eating, drinking (except water), or smoking in or around any costume.
* There is no eating or drinking over the light or sound board.
* Archival photos are taken during the dress rehearsals of most productions. Mainstage musicals have a scheduled archive photo call. Any employee may take photos of their work during these times provided no flash is used and the employee does not interfere with the archival photographer.
ACCESSIBILITY:
The Hangar Theatre is committed to an inclusive and welcoming environment for all. We strive to offer all staff an enjoyable work environment where curiosity and learning can take place in safe and accommodating surroundings. We will do our best to make reasonable accommodations for employees so long as staff can continue to carry out expectations and responsibilities of their roles. Please speak to your immediate supervisor as soon as possible if you are experiencing barriers to access so that we may address your needs. The Hangar aims to make its spaces, performances, and programs accessible to the broader community (including but not limited to low and no cost ticketing, physical adjustments to audience areas, and an welcoming environment that encourages inclusion). We appreciate your participation in fostering a culture of access and inclusion during your employment at the Hangar Theatre. More information about Hangar's Accommodation & Accessibility Policy for audience can be found on our website (https://hangartheatre.org/visit-us/accommodations-and-accessibility/).
ATTENDANCE:
Consistent attendance and punctuality are imperative the Hangar's operations in all departments of the theatre company and form an integral part of employees' responsibilities. If unable to report for work, employees are required to promptly notify their supervisor(s). Unauthorized absences may result in disciplinary measures, or in cases of more than three days of accumulated unexcused absences, disciplinary action up to and including termination.
COVID-19 VACCINATION & SAFETY MEASURES:
The Hangar is a fully vaccinated company, meaning that all company members must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 and provide proof of vaccination before employment begins. "Fully vaccinated" is determined by CDC guidelines, and currently means that a second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was received at least 2-weeks prior to the start of employment. Depending on your department, you may be required to get tested for COVID-19 throughout your employment at the Hangar. You will not be charged for testing, nor will you be penalized if you become sick with COVID-19. If you have a confirmed case of COVID-19, notify your supervisor immediately and self-isolate for 5 days. Monitor symptoms before returning to work. You will be paid your regular salary during that time. For more information about Hangar Theatre's COVID-19 Policy, speak to your immediate supervisor.
EQUITY, DIVERSITY, INCLUSION, & ACCESS:
The Hangar Theatre Company believes we must examine our participation in upholding the structure of white supremacy, which throughout history has centered and prioritized the lives and stories of white and white passing individuals and other dominant groups. We acknowledge the pain our complicity has caused, and continue to dedicate time and thought to learning about the history and pervasiveness of systemic racism, other forms of oppression and exclusionary practices in our industry.
We acknowledge that racism and other forms of discrimation (for example: gender, sexual orientation, ethnic, ability, socioeconomic, among others) must continually be identified and addressed throughout our institution. To create a culture of inclusion which holds all people equal, we rely on your participation. You may be asked to complete unconscious bias training during your employment at the Hangar Theatre. Please report incidents of discrimination to your immediate supervisor or use the Incident Reporting Form. We also welcome your suggestions on how to make the Hangar more inclusive, accessible, and equitable. You may contact Managing Director R.J. Lavine with input and feedback: [email protected]
For more information about The Hangar Theatre's Commitment to Anti-Racist/Anti-Oppressive Practices and current action steps visit our website (https://hangartheatre.org/about/edia/).
DRUG AND ALCOHOL-FREE WORKPLACE:
The Hangar Theatre prohibits working while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Offenses will be handled accordingly and could result in permanent dismissal.
Controlled Substances: The Hangar Theatre prohibits the unlawful manufacture, dispensation, possession, use or distribution of all controlled substances in any amount on all Hangar property and facilities (including housing and rehearsal space) or in the conduct of Hangar business away from the Theatre. All of the above, plus any involvement in illegal drug use or drug traffic with minors, are considered serious offenses and will be handled accordingly and will result in permanent dismissal from the Theatre.
Alcohol & Recreational Drugs: Consumption of alcoholic beverages and recreational drug use on Hangar Theatre property is prohibited with the exception of Hangar events (Gala, Opening Nights, etc.) where alcohol is served and legal recreational drugs may be used. In these cases, employees are expected to limit their consumption to ensure they serve as professional representatives of the theatre to the public. The Managing and/or Artistic Director may make an exception for special occasions such as the Gala or opening/closing night parties. New York State law prohibits the consumption of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty-one. Underage drinking will be considered a serious offense and will be handled accordingly and could result in permanent separation from the Theatre. Both the underage drinker and the responsible adult providing the alcohol will face disciplinary action.
Sexual Harassment:
The Hangar Theatre Company is committed to maintaining a workplace free from sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is a form of workplace discrimination. The Hangar has a zero-tolerance policy for any form of sexual harassment, and all employees are required to work in a manner that prevents sexual harassment in the workplace. This Policy is one component of the Hangar's commitment to a discrimination-free work environment. Sexual harassment is against the law. All employees have a legal right to a workplace free from sexual harassment, and employees can enforce this right by filing a complaint internally with the Hangar, or with a government agency or in court under federal, state or local antidiscrimination laws.
The Hangar Theatre Policy applies to all employees, board members, applicants for employment, interns, whether paid or unpaid, volunteers, audience members, contractors and persons conducting business with the Hangar.
1. All employees are encouraged to report any harassment or behaviors that violate this policy. The Hangar will provide all employees a complaint form for employees to report harassment and file complaints. Complaints may be filed electronically or with a paper form. Online form available at www.hangartheatre.org/hr Managers and supervisors are required to report any complaint that they receive, or any harassment that they observe to the Managing Director, General Manager, and/or designated member(s) of the HR Task Force.
2. The Hangar will conduct a prompt, thorough and confidential investigation that ensures due process for all parties, whenever management receives a complaint about sexual harassment, or otherwise knows of possible sexual harassment occurring. Effective corrective action will be taken whenever sexual harassment is found to have occurred. All employees, including managers and supervisors, are required to cooperate with any internal investigation of sexual harassment.
3. This policy applies to all employees, paid or unpaid interns, and non-employees and all must follow and uphold this policy. This policy must be posted prominently in all work locations and be provided to employees upon hiring. For Hangar Theatre's Full Anti-Harassment Policy, visit www.hangartheatre.org/hr
Sexual Conduct: The Hangar Theatre Company and New York State law prohibit sexual contact of any kind with anyone under the age of seventeen. Sexual contact with a minor is a serious offense and will result in termination from the theatre. Hangar staff will refrain from sexual or romantic relationships with any program participants. Any romantic relationships between and among staff members that are hierarchical in nature (for example: supervisors and supervisees) must be disclosed to HR.
Discrimination:
The Hangar Theatre Company does not discriminate with regard to race, age, sex, national origin, color, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, or disability. Acts of discrimination by employees, program participants, interns, fellows, or apprentices of the Hangar Theatre will not be tolerated and will be cause for disciplinary action and could result in termination from the theatre.
Smoking:
Smoking and vaping are prohibited in all areas of the theatre, rehearsal spaces, and offices, including shops and under any tents/canopies attached to the buildings. There are 2 designated smoking areas outside the theatre, each at least 25 feet from the building: 1) southwest corner picnic table along Rte 89 and 2) northeast picnic table adjacent to the dog park
Security:
All employees and program participants are responsible for locking office doors,turning off lights and office equipment in their areas before leaving the office or Theatre.
Keys to the Theatre's office and the Theatre will be distributed at the discretion of the Managing Director. You may be asked to sign a key log or provide a deposit for each key. Under no circumstances may keys be loaned or duplicated.
Safeguarding Property: Employees and program participants are expected to exercise great care and assume responsibility forHangar Theatre property, including the grounds, buildings, equipment and materials. Employees may not use theatre property for personal reasons.
Personal Property: The Hangar Theatre is not responsible for, and cannot reimburse employees or program participants for lost, damaged, or stolen personal property.
Confidential Information: The Hangar Theatre keeps personal information about employees confidential. .Employees may, at times, have access to sensitive information regarding donors, subscribers, artists, finances, and programs. It is the responsibility of
each employee to keep such information confidential. Failure to do so will be grounds for disciplinary actions that may include dismissal if so warranted.
Company Vehicle Use: Drivers of vehicles rented or owned by the Hangar Theatre will be asked to show a valid driver's license, complete a Motor Vehicle Record Authorization form, and be approved by the Theatre's insurance company prior to operating a company vehicle. Use of these vehicles is strictly for business purposes. Traffic tickets for parking or moving violations are strictly the responsibility of the driver. The driver and passengers must wear seat belts at all times in these vehicles. Drivers are responsible for taking reasonable care of these vehicles.
Code of Ethics: Hangar Theatre expects all employees, board, volunteers, and program participants, when acting on behalf of the institution, to maintain the highest standard of ethical conduct. :
a. Abuse of Power: trive to create and maintain an environment free of the abuse of power at to the Hangar Theatre in which oppression of this kind is not tolerated;
b. Communication: Judgements, opinions, and other information (both positive and negative) will be communicated fairly and objectively with the highest level of respect to the receiver.
c. Computer Use: Electronic communications, computers and devices will be used in a responsible manner.
d. Confidentiality: Confidential information acquired during employment or involvement with the Hangar will be use only for professional and legal purposes and disclosed only when authorized.
e. Conflict of Interest: Advise appropriate parties of any potential conflicts and avoid activity that hinders ability to carry out responsibilities for the Hangar ethically and lawfully.
f. Finances: Conduct, process, and report all financial transactions with integrity and transparency.
g. Gifts: Do not solicit or accept for personal benefit, either directly or indirectly, any gift, loan, or any item of substantial monetary value from any person or firm which has sought, or is seeking, contractual, business, or financial relations with the Hangar Theatre. Meals, accommodations, and travel services provided while employees are on Hangar Theatre business may be accepted if clearly in support of the Theatre.
h. Culture of Equity & Inclusion: At all times shall strive to be fair and objective in all decisions made on behalf of the Hangar Theatre, particularly concerning those decisions about applicants for jobs, contracts, or purchase.;
i. Stewardship: Do not make unauthorized use of the Hangar's resources for private purposes or gain.
Violation of this code of ethics will be grounds for disciplinary actions that may include dismissal if so warranted.
Fire Safety and Medical Emergencies: The Theatre has established procedures for fire safety and medical emergency situations for appropriate staff and volunteers. Staff is required to be familiar with these procedures and prepared to act in the event of an emergency.
The policies included in this manual apply to all employees. The benefits available to specific classes of employees are outlined in the benefits section of this manual.
These policies and procedures do not guarantee employment for any specified length of time. Rather, employment is at the mutual consent of the employee and the Hangar Theatre and can be terminated at will by the employee or the Hangar Theatre. None of the provisions set forth in this manual are intended to take the place of, or to supersede any agreements reached through collective bargaining. Additionally, the policies and benefits contained in the handbook are reviewed periodically and may be changed at any time.
This Handbook does not constitute a contract or guarantee of employment or benefits. Consequently, it does not alter, amend, or change in any way your status as an "at-will" employee. As an at-will employee you are free to resign at any time, with or without notice. The Hangar Theatre has the same rights and can terminate your employment at any time for any reason.
DRESS CODES & SAFETY
PRODUCTION/SHOP:
* Closed toe shoes must be worn at all times while working, including rehearsal – no exceptions EVER!
* Safety glasses must be worn at all times when using power tools.
* As it gets quite warm in the shops during the summer, long pants are highly advisable but not required. Appropriate shorts may be worn.
* Shirts must be worn at all times.
* Any equipment or tools operating improperly should be reported to the appropriate department head immediately.
* First aid kits are located in each shop as well as the Greenroom. Should a kit need restocking, please let Production Management know.
* Hard hats must be worn during load-ins and strikes as well as any other time deemed appropriate by any department head.
FRONT OF HOUSE:
* Comfortable clothing for movement advised.
* During performances, dark colored clothing is preferred so as to create the least amount of distraction when moving about the space.
* First aid kits are located in the PROPS closet and Box Office in the lobby. Should a kit need restocking, please let Patron Services know.
* Safety cones, wet floor signs, reflective vests, etc. can be found in the PROPS closet in the lobby.
EMPLOYMENT
A. Classification
a. Seasonal, Contract, Non-Exempt Employees or Independent Contractors
B. Compensation: All new employees should be advised at the time of hire regarding their starting rate of pay and their exempt or non-exempt classification status for purposes of compensation treatment, particularly overtime eligibility.
1. Payday: Pay periods run from Monday to Sunday with pay day on Thursday. Paper pay checks are mailed to seasonal employees. The Company Manager distributes weekly paychecks for actors on Thursdays after 4:00 PM during rehearsal and at half hour prior to performances. Pay for hourly employees covers the two-week period through the previous Sunday.
2. Payroll Deductions: Payroll deductions are automatically made for federal and state taxes, NYS disability insurance, and Social Security.
3. Federal and New York State Income Taxes: All employees (excluding contractors paid as 1099s) will have Federal Income Tax and New York State Income Tax withheld, and must have on file in the Business Office a completed W-4 certificate to allow proper computation of these taxes. These withholdings are then computed from tables supplied by the Federal and State governments.
4. Social Security (Federal Insurance Contributions Act): The percentage deduction and the amount of salary from which Social Security is taken are determined by law. The amount withheld from each paycheck is matched by an equal amount paid by the Hangar. In addition to retirement benefits, Social Security provides supplemental income benefits for disability and death.
5. Employment Eligibility Verification (I-9 Form): All newly hired employees must complete and sign an I-9 form before they begin work. No paychecks can be issued until this form is completed.
C. Termination of Employment: In every case of termination of employment, it shall be the Hangar Theatre's objective to make separation procedures as amiable as possible for both the employee and the employer.
Voluntary Termination: Employment in New York State is at-will. However, written notice of at least twenty-one (14) days is preferred for voluntary termination.
Involuntary Termination: Because of the spirit of mutual respect and cooperation that is fostered among Hangar Board members, staff, and artists, involuntary termination of duty is a rare occurrence and requires serious and careful consideration. Before a staff member is terminated, the Managing and/or Artistic Director must be certain that reasonable forms of counseling, advice, training, and remedial steps toward improvement have been offered to the staff member. The President of the Board of Trustees and the Chair of the Finance/Personnel Committee shall be notified promptly of any change in personnel.
Causes for termination include, but are not limited to: failure to follow through with designated responsibilities, uncooperative relations with staff or management personnel, and misconduct. Misconduct includes, but is not limited to: unethical or illegal behavior, harassment, including sexual harassment, and drug or alcohol abuse. Instances of insufficient or unacceptable job performance, if not remedied through supportive measures, should be followed by written warning before any separation action is taken. Termination resulting from misconduct does not require prior verbal or written warning.
Exit Procedures: Discussions with the employees at the time of separation include such matters as reasons surrounding termination, severance pay when applicable, return of keys and other Hangar property, any outstanding debts (such as Petty Cash) shall be settled, conversion of medical insurance benefits, and unemployment compensation if the person is eligible. All employees are invited and encouraged to discuss their experience (either in person or via email) with their supervisor.
D. Complaint Resolution: To ensure effective working relationships, it is important that good communications are developed between peers, supervisors, volunteers, and all program or season participants. Each employee, program participant, intern, or apprentice is responsible for direct and honest communication. However, occasionally problems may arise concerning fellow employees, program participants, interns, or apprentices in both work-related and non-work related matters. With any problem, the first step is for the individuals involved to try to resolve the problem directly and informally. If this first step is not possible (i.e. if an individual is not comfortable discussing the issue directly with the other individual)
or successful, the issue should be brought to the appropriate department head or to the Hangar Staff Supervisor. Should the complaint remain unresolved it will be brought to and mediated by the Managing Director, whose decisions in these matters shall be final.
HOUSING
Housing is available for non-local company members.. Each apartment has shared kitchen facilities with standard appliances (stove/oven and fridge), living/dining areas, and at least 1 full bathroom per apartment. Each apartment is furnished. As bed sizes will vary depending on housing assignment, when you speak with Company Management about your arrival be sure to ask the question. Authorized agents/representatives of the apartment complex landlord and the Hangar have the right to enter housing facilities for the purposes of inspection and maintenance, or in the event of an emergency. Neither the apartment complex landlords nor the Hangar will be liable for any loss or damage to personal property. Pets are NOT allowed in any housing without prior approval from the Company Manager.
Housing is normally available 1 day prior to the employee's start date through 1 day after the employee's end date. In some instances (plane flights) employees may need housing for a longer period of time. Please let us know and we will do our best to accommodate you. Housing may change in early August and you may be relocated. The Hangar will do its best to provide adequate notice of any move and will assist in any way possible. Moves will be coordinated by Company Management to have the least impact on the productions and the employee's work.
TRANSPORTATION
The Hangar Theatre is located in Ithaca, NY, which is at the southern tip of Cayuga Lake, one of the Finger Lakes. Ithaca is approximately 1 hour south of Syracuse and 1 hour north of Binghamton.
Bus Service to Ithaca is available via: Shortline, Greyhound, the Big Red Bullet, the Cornell Bus, and Our Bus. Delta, American, and United provide service to the Ithaca airport. Syracuse and Elmira Airports are other flight destination options. There is no train service to Ithaca (however, there is train service to Syracuse). Company Management will be happy to arrange for a pickup at an airport (Ithaca, Elmira, Syracuse), bus station (Ithaca) or train station (Syracuse). Approximately 2 weeks prior to your arrival in Ithaca, you will be contacted by Company Management about specific arrival times. If you are flying or busing into Ithaca, please contact Company
Management at least 3 weeks prior to arrival so they can be sure to arrange for a pick up at the appropriate place. Company Management may be reached at [email protected].
If you have a car, you will find it a great asset in Ithaca. As we are spread out between rehearsal, performance, and housing locations, having your own car will give you greater flexibility. If you do not, there is a local bus line (TCAT) that services a large portion of the downtown and surrounding areas and Company Management will provide some additional shuttling for work, publicity appointments, groceries, and medical appointments.
Parking at the housing and theatre is free.
Occasionally, for various business reasons, employees may need to drive a Hangar vehicle. Before this can happen employees must fill out the Motor Vehicle Record Authorization form, which is available on the Hangar HR webpage (www.hangartheatre.org/hr).
HELPFUL DETAILS
What to Bring:
* Bedding supplies – blankets and pillows (if you are flying into Ithaca, let us know and we will see what type of arrangements can be made).
* Adequate clothing, for both work and play. Ithaca is normally cold (especially at night) into late May/early June. While the theatre has heat, the shops do not. It also rains a lot in Ithaca; be prepared with boots, umbrellas, raincoat, etc.
* As the Hangar is located in the midst of parks and gorges there are plenty of places in which to swim so you may want to bring a bathing suit.
* As many people dress up for opening nights of shows you may want to bring some nicer/dressier clothing. For information about work clothing see the Hangar Policies Safety section.
* Alarm clocks, cell phone chargers, laptop chargers, and a fan are common items people forget to bring with them.
Production Calendar:
The Hangar Production Calendar is a very important tool for production teams. On the upper right corner of the calendar is a collapsible menu next to the word Agenda. This menu allows you to turn categories on/off as necessary to help view the calendar. There is a lot of info in the calendar as we are putting up 13 productions over the course of the summer. On the lower right corner of the calendar there is a Google Calendar label.
Clicking on this calendar allows you to import the calendar into your personal Google calendar, which you may then sync with Outlook, iCal, your mobile device calendar, etc.
Where is the Hangar?
The Hangar Theatre Company is spread out across various places all over town. The Theatre itself is located at 801 Taughannock Blvd in Cass Park on the west side of Cayuga Lake. All technical departments are located here as well. Performances will happen on both the indoor and outdoor stages behind the theater.
In addition to productions at the Hangar, there are many other things to do in Ithaca. Ithaca, part of Tompkins County, has beautiful waterfalls/gorges, hiking trails, lakes, and parks to enjoy. There are numerous local wineries, distilleries, and cideries which are available for touring. There is a standard first run movie theatre as well as an independent theatre in Ithaca as well. For more information about Ithaca, check out www.ithaca.com.
Hangar Theatre Seasonal Handbook
Acknowledgement of Receipt of Handbook
I acknowledge that I have received a copy of the Hangar Theatre Seasonal Handbook ("Handbook"). I understand that I am responsible for reading and abiding by all policies and procedures in this Handbook, as well as all other policies and procedures of the Company.
I also understand that the purpose of this Handbook is to inform me of the Company's policies and procedures, and that it is not a contract of employment. Nothing in this Handbook provides any entitlement to me or to any Company employee, nor is it intended to create contractual obligations of any kind. I understand that the Company has the right to change any provision of this Handbook at any time and that I will be bound by any such changes.
____________________________________
Signature
____________________________________
Print Name
____________________________________
Date
Please sign, date, and return to the Hangar Theatre's HR Team OR Submit electronic signature HERE
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE DODGE COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Regular meeting of the Dodge County Board of Supervisors was called to order by Chairman Missel at 9:00 A.M. on Wednesday, February 10, 2021 in the Board Room of the Courthouse, Fremont, Nebraska with the following members present: Beam, Weddle, Strand, Backens, Missel, Tawney and Bendig. Absent: None. Prior to roll call, Chairman Missel announced the meeting to be an open public meeting and that the current open meeting laws are posted on the wall and available for anyone's review.
The Board unanimously declared the meeting legally convened.
The Board unanimously approved the agenda as printed and received and placed on file various county officials' reports, the December 7, 2020 Board of Trustees Minutes and Statement of Revenues and Expenses YTD Comparison for the six months ending December 31, 2020 and 2019 from Fremont Community Health Resources, correspondence from Administrative Office of the Courts & Probation regarding legislation (LB102) being pursued that would provide county boards with the option of eliminating the office of Clerk of the District Court if said office becomes vacant or an incumbent does not file for reelection, correspondence from Charter Communications regarding changes in channel lineup, continuation certificate bonds for Platte Township Officials – Adam Taylor & Zachary C. Taylor, Summons filed in District Court of Dodge County, Nebraska by Rocky Yazzie v. The County of Saunders, Nebraska and the County of Dodge, Nebraska (referred to the Dodge County Attorney's office), local Extension Programming and Financial Summaries for 2020 from University of Nebraska Extension Service in Dodge County, and Certificate of Insurance from NIRMA with Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation being the holder for a 2017 Cat 323FL Hydraulic Excavator.
The Board unanimously approved adding an emergency item to the agenda regarding the 2021 One & Six Year Road Improvement Program. Chairman Missel stated that the emergency existed because, per state statute, the hearing must be held before March 1, 2021. The Board unanimously passed a motion to receive the Public Notice and set the hearing date and time for the 2021 One & Six Year Road Improvement Program for 10:15 A.M. on February 24, 2021.
The Board unanimously approved adding a second emergency item to the agenda regarding the receipt of a resignation letter from Dodge County Attorney Oliver Glass. Chairman Missel stated that the emergency existed because of the timeliness of the issue, the future action that the Board will have to take to appoint a new county attorney and the level of public interest in this matter. The Board, by a 6 to 1 vote, with Supervisor Beam dissenting, passed a motion to receive the resignation letter.
The Board unanimously approved the minutes of the January 27, 2021 meeting as printed.
At 9:10 A.M., the Board recessed as a Board of Supervisors and convened as a Board of Corrections. Chairman Missel dispensed with roll all members being present.
Under any items of discussion, Supervisor Beam reported that there are currently 73 inmates in custody with 2 being held in Dodge County, 3 under House Arrest, 1 in Lancaster County, 2 with the State of Nebraska and 65 in Saunders County. In the first week of February, there were 34 bookings; for the month of January 2021 there were 113 bookings.
At 9:11 A.M., Chairman Missel adjourned the Board as a Board of Corrections until Wednesday, February 24, 2021 at 9:05 A.M.
Immediately thereafter, the Board reconvened as a Board of Supervisors. Chairman Missel dispensed with roll all members being present.
The Board unanimously approved the wage & hour claims submitted in the amount of $250,068.93.
The Board unanimously approved the financial claims as submitted in the amount of $1,431,248.88.
The Board unanimously received Status Update on the Dodge County Nebraska Public Safety radio system project from Rey Freeman Communications Consulting (RFCC). Chairman Missel asked the Board to spend some time reviewing this update. He said this report is a good outline of the future of this project which is nearing completion.
The Board unanimously received Consideration of Confirmation and Commitment Letter regarding Compound Holdings, LLC's intent to construct a Warehouse/Distribution and Manufacturing Facility, on the site located northwest of the intersection of North Yager Road and County Road T, identified as Parcel #270139122, Tax Lot 35 & 37 (52.04 acres) and proposed responsibility for road improvement costs. Included in the motion is a proposal to move forward with the development of an agreement to pave the road on a 50/50 cost share basis, engage an engineer to take the work that has already been done and develop a plan of action that would depend on collaboration between the Dodge County Attorney's office and the Dodge County Highway Department to draft the final agreement. All final decisions will be pending the engineer's estimate. Chairman Missel stated that he thinks adding this business is a good deal for Dodge County and the City of Fremont, but it does bring up some infrastructure issues that need to be addressed. Dodge County Highway Superintendent Scott Huppert said the original estimate for the road work to be done was $600,000.00, but he said that may be a little low depending on what needs to be done to make this road viable for the future of this area. There are still a lot of unknowns at this time. Alan Doll (former Dodge County Highway Superintendent) spoke to the need for engineering work to determine what needs to be done now and for the future. County Road T needs improvements made to it and it may be justified to consider doing all of this work at the same time based on what an engineer may propose.
Committee Reports – Supervisor Tawney will be attending his first ENHSA Board meeting this afternoon.
Zoning Administrator Jean Andrews reported that there will be a NIRMA webinar on Thursday, February 18, 2021 from 10:00 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. The topic is Nebraska Worker's Compensation & the COVID-19 Pandemic and will be presented by attorney, David Dudley. Registration is required by February 16, 2021. Ms. Andrews also provided the Board with a copy of NIRMA's Safety Shorts for February 2021.
Highway Superintendent Scott Huppert updated the Board on current projects and issues. Snow removal has been hard on the department. In some cases they are working seven days a week to keep up and they are down one truck. There was also an incident involving a snow plow that damaged a vehicle, which was the fault of the citizen. All but four of the highway department employees have been vaccinated for COVID-19; two employees have refused the vaccine. There are still barricades up on Ridge Road and Big Island Road due to the flood waters. Superintendent Huppert said there is still water running under the ice so the situation is not safe. The FEMA representative that they are working with on the Dodge County FEMA project is not using the information provided in the portal so they have spent some time getting the rep up to speed on the forms being scrutinized. As for the FEMA township projects, Nickerson & Platte Townships should be receiving some money soon and Elkhorn Township has been obligated $4.5 million for roads Category C. FEMA is still debating with Superintendent Huppert on some debris and culvert issues on this project. FEMA needs details regarding work vendors performed and were paid for; this is something the Elkhorn Township Board can help him with by tracking down some of the details.
Emergency Manager Tom Smith was present and updated the Board on the ice jam flooding. There is more ice jam flooding expected with the cold temperatures, precipitation expected and existing ice and snow cover. Emergency Manager Smith and Highway Superintendent Huppert are working on a gauge to put on Ridgeland Avenue to show the water levels. Mr. Smith said it would be a point of reference for everyone to see and understand.
At 9:46 A.M., the Board unanimously passed a motion to go into closed session to discuss general assistance claims for the month of January 2021.
At 9:57 A.M., the Board unanimously passed a motion to go back into open session from the discussion of the claims. No action was needed or taken on any of the claims as a result of the closed session.
Immediately thereafter, the Board adjourned as a Board of Supervisors until Wednesday, February 24, 2021 at 9:00 A.M.
At 10:00 A.M., the Board convened as a Board of Equalization. Chairman Missel dispensed with roll all members being present.
The Board unanimously approved tax roll corrections #5292 - #5301. A spreadsheet summary of the tax roll corrections was provided by the Dodge County Assessor's office for each board member. For that reason, each tax roll correction was not read into the record. This is the way the tax roll corrections will be presented from here forward.
The Board unanimously accepted the recommendation of County Assessor Debbie Churchill and approved rescinding an action taken at the January 13, 2021 meeting on tax roll correction #5247. Tax roll correction #5247 will be voided.
The Board unanimously approved the request from Laura Peters, Treasurer for the Jefferson House Advisory Board, to be reinstated as tax exempt and to have any penalties waived for not filing a Statement of Reaffirmation of Tax Exemption (Form 451A) in 2020. County Assessor Churchill said this is the first time this entity has been late filing their Form 451A. Per state statute, Assessor Churchill had to add the penalties. Supervisor Bendig questioned whether the Jefferson House was still an active tax exempt entity. No one presented any information to the contrary.
The Board unanimously received a letter and attached list of New Permissive Exemption Applications (Form 451) for 2021 (received in the Dodge County Clerk's Office on January 22, 2021) from County Assessor Churchill.
The Board unanimously accepted the recommendation of Dodge County Treasurer Gail Bargstadt and approved the 2021 Application for Exemption (form 457) from Care Corps, 723 N Broad St., Fremont, Nebraska on a 2016 Isuzu box truck.
The Board unanimously received a letter from County Treasurer Bargstadt and accepted her recommendation to approve 2019 tax roll corrections for Mickey Rhoades resulting in a tax refund of $289.67.
The Board unanimously received a letter from County Treasurer Bargstadt and accepted her recommendation to approve 2018 & 2019 tax roll corrections for Barbara & John Harrington resulting in a tax refund of $1,329.75.
County Assessor Churchill told the Board that she will be advertising for a position in her office; she had to let one employee go. Supervisor Beam asked Assessor Churchill if the prior year's total levy could be made available on the Dodge County GIS website on the Assessor's page of the Dodge County website. Assessor Churchill said she would check into that.
Supervisor Tawney told the Board that he had just received a text message from Tom Christensen apologizing for not making the meeting this morning. He had intended to attend to answer any questions the Board might have about the radio system. If the Board does have any questions, he would be available to attend the February 24, 2021 meeting to answer those questions.
At 10:10 A.M., a Public Hearing was held to receive public input as whether to allow or deny the New Permissive Exemption Applications for 2021 that were received earlier in this meeting. Hearing no testimony for or against any of the exemptions, the Board unanimously accepted the recommendation of Assessor Churchill and approved the New Permissive Exemption Applications for 2021.
Assessor Churchill asked the Board to revisit agenda item #29. She spoke with one of her staff members and the staff member didn't think the Jefferson House was still an active tax exempt entity in 2020. Assessor Churchill asked the Board if she could gather more information as to the Jefferson House's tax status before the Board makes a decision on reinstating them as tax exempt for 2020. The Board unanimously passed a motion rescinding action taken today on agenda item #29 which was regarding the request of the Jefferson House Advisory Board to be reinstated as tax exempt and to have any penalties waived for not filing a Statement of Reaffirmation of Tax Exemption (Form 451A) in 2020.
At 10:13 A.M., the Board adjourned as a Board of Equalization until Wednesday, February 24, 2021 at 10:00 A.M.
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The Philologian
The Magazine of St. Marylebone Grammar School
Vol. 10 Summer Term 1962 No. 9
| Contents | Page |
|-----------------------------------------------|------|
| Prize Giving | 296 |
| Prize Winners | 298 |
| Repetition and Reading Competition, 1961 | 300 |
| House Reports | 300 |
| Cricket, 1961 | 301 |
| Rugby, 1961–62 | 304 |
| School Library | 304 |
| Debating Society Report | 305 |
| Senior History Society | 305 |
| The Philatelic Society | 306 |
| School Charities | 306 |
| Marylebone String Quartet | 306 |
| The School Concert | 307 |
| The School Play | 308 |
| The Rise of Rugby Football | 310 |
| Seven Types of Irrelevancy | 311 |
| Dreams | 312 |
| Among the Ruins | 313 |
| Summer Storm | 314 |
| Romantic Escapism | 315 |
| The Philologian—Spring Term 1992 | 315 |
| Modern Art | 317 |
| The Death of a Unicorn | 318 |
| The Four Seasons | 318 |
| Rut | 320 |
| Letter to the Editor | 320 |
| Oxford Letter | 321 |
| Old Philologian Notes and News | 321 |
| Prefects | 323 |
| Valete | 323 |
| Salvete | 324 |
WHILE this magazine has published many celebrations, both aptly written and well-earned, of masters who have left the school, it is rarely possible to avoid the air of "obituary." Regret at their departure gets the better of our belief in the fuller opportunities, or at least new experiences which they have gone out to meet. A funereal air would be entirely inappropriate in the case of James Smyth. This lively spirit will surely find wherever he goes conversations to enliven, pupils to awake and inform, colleagues to provoke and delight and claims to deflate. It would be easy to dwell too long on this last activity of his; we noticed it because he is so good at it. But the warmth of his relations with both boys and colleagues should remind us that he is good at many other things too. We are glad that he already has been and will be able to visit us reasonably often, glad too that his conversation with Tom Blackburn can be continued at Chelsea if not at Marylebone.
Mr. Welchman has continued to help at Sudbury Hill for a year after leaving our classrooms. Over the past five years he has won our respect and affection and we shall be sorry when this remaining link is broken. We congratulate him on his forthcoming marriage.
Mr. Manning remained long enough to leave a mark on many sides of School life, ranging from School societies to Camp. He brought with him an invigorating breath from the world outside school and we are all beneficiaries of his energy and élan.
We shall soon welcome Dr. Derry home after his year's absence in the United States.
Two contributions in this issue in the form of letters may remind readers that the Philologian welcomes correspondence as a source of information about the School and its former pupils, or as a means of airing topics of interest to the School as a whole.
PRIZE-GIVING
8TH NOVEMBER, 1961
THIS year Mr. David Blee, C.B.E., an Area Manager of British Railways, and an O.P. was our guest of honour. Mr. W. G. Fiske, C.B.E., Chairman of the Governors, was in the chair and called upon the Headmaster to deliver his report.
HEADMASTER'S REPORT
The Headmaster began by welcoming Mr. Fiske as our new Chairman of the Governors, and Mr. Blee as our guest of honour. The presentation of prizes by a distinguished O.P. was an expression of our view of the school and the O.P. Association as forming a continuous community. The School took pride in its Old Boys' achievements, of which the Headmaster mentioned as recent instances V. S. J. Harding's twice representing England at Rugby Football, the prowess of J. E. Price the Middlesex bowler, the First Class Honours and the Charles Oldham Shakespeare scholarship awarded to B. W. Vickers at Cambridge, and G. Rothman's success in heading the list in the Law Society's examinations.
Perhaps the most important event in the preceding School year was the agreement reached in July between the Governors and the London County Council for the provision of new laboratories and a new workshop on a site within 300 yards of the present school buildings. It seemed most fitting that this decision should have been reached at the last meeting over which Mr. McColl, retiring Chairman of the Governors, presided. The extension would benefit not only Science and Handicrafts in the School, for it would result in the release of four extra rooms as classrooms in the main School building, and so help to relieve the congestion which, with growing noise from traffic and builders' operations, constituted a serious problem at present.
The second source of noise had included the demolition of the old kitchens, which coincided precisely with the period of G.C.E. examinations. Whether as a result of this or other causes, results had been less good than in the previous year, with only 61 per cent of successful "A" level entries as against 72 per cent in 1960, and a corresponding falling off in "O" level. Nevertheless the number of boys who secured entry to universities had increased to over 20. Four of these had gone up to Oxford, seven to London colleges and Medical Schools and the remainder to provincial universities. Among the Oxford contingent were M. B. Mendelson, who won a State Scholarship in Classics at an unusually early age, and the School Captain, A. J. Roberts, who was selected as one of the British schoolboys to tour Canada under the auspices of the W. H. Rhodes Educational Trust.
While remarking upon changes which had taken place during the thirty years since he first joined the staff, the Headmaster singled out the growing dominance of examinations, which, he considered, had become excessive. There was a temptation for boys, parents, and even masters to confuse education with the adroit negotiation of examination hurdles. One even heard boys using such phrases as "getting my English out of the way" as if English were an item in an obstacle race.
Conferences between staff and parents provided opportunities to discuss such questions. During the year four conferences had been held, all well attended.
The weather had not been kind to activities on the games field. No less than forty-one Rugby fixtures had to be cancelled. Of the seventy matches played more were lost than won. Six boys however had been selected to play for Middlesex Colts teams. Cricket likewise showed an adverse balance, though the 1st XI played in an attractive and enterprising fashion. The Headmaster also mentioned athletic performances and proficiency at swimming.
Among other School activities referred to were a tour of the North during the Easter holidays, School camps, "Prefects' Week," drama, music, and the various School societies. The Headmaster concluded by thanking the staff, the Second Master, the School Secretary and Assistant Secretary, the Doctor, the Honorary Welfare Officer and finally the Governors.
MR. BLEE
In presenting the prizes, Mr. Blee said that, notwithstanding the astonishing scientific and technical advances now taking place, nothing was of greater importance to the present age than the quality of the rising generation. The great need was for young people with enquiring minds, who were impatient of the past, and prepared to give dynamic leadership in the future. He suggested a "decalogue," distilled from his own observations of remarkable men, in various walks of life, who unquestionably possessed the qualities necessary for leadership. Significantly, Mr. Blee spoke of "qualities" rather than of "gifts," and throughout he was at pains to emphasise that most, if not all, of the characteristics which he had in mind could be cultivated or induced. Leaving aside courage and "that bit of devil" which are found in all leaders, Mr. Blee set before us ten qualities:
(1) Integrity.
(2) The ability to "mix."
(3) The capacity to assimilate facts.
(4) A readiness to take decisions.
(5) A sense of purpose, coupled with a habit of "peering into the future."
(6) Persuasiveness—in speech and writing.
(7) An enthusiasm that is infectious.
(8) Imperturbability.
(9) A sense of humour.
(10) The ability to discern and to seize opportunities that is sometimes called "luck."
Mr. Blee pleased us all by his references to his own school days half a century ago, when the School numbered only 140 boys and daily assemblies took place in what is now the Library. He recalled his first prize, bearing the honoured signature of Charles Houseman, and spoke feelingly of such
masters as F. G. Arney, J. R. Johnson and E. Frisby who, between them, had given him the foundations of languages and a love of literature. It was interesting to hear him mention, as something that had proved of particular value, the School's practice (still maintained) of requiring boys to record their opinions of the books they read. In conclusion Mr. Blee spoke of the pride which he took, and which the boys to whom he spoke would, in their turn, surely feel, in looking back upon, and up to, a School which was opening their minds to "a wonderful and fascinating world"—a world which they could, and would, mould according to their own ideals.
**PRIZE WINNERS**
**FORM PRIZES**
**MIDDLE AND LOWER SCHOOL**
| 4A | 1. M. D. Gilbert | 4Sc | 1. T. L. Bell | 4G | 1. R. A. Beaton |
|----|-----------------|-----|--------------|----|---------------|
| | 2. R. Ware | | 2. M. J. Colcutt | 2. I. J. Herdman |
| 3H | 1. M. J. Fialko | 3R | 1. M. A. Rabstein | 3s | 1. M. D. Rath |
| | 2. H. Scherer | | 2. R. Fields | 2. C. J. Flood |
| 2H | 1. D. M. Stoll | 2R | 1. J. F. Spittle | 2s | 1. E. J. Dedman |
| | 2. D. E. Bolton | | 2. A. R. Hearne | 2. N.R.Butterfield |
| 1H | 1. W. B. Schaeffer | 1R | 1. P. J. Larkham | 1s | 1. J. G. Enticknap |
| | 2. F. J. Aitken | | 2. F. Hirth | 2. D. W. Hoare |
**FIFTH FORMS**
| English Language | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. R. Stiller |
| English Literature | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. C. Monk, W. Lyons |
| History | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. E. Francis |
| Geography | ... | ... | ... | ... | H. Ballantyne |
| French | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. Eldon, Y. S. Fedida |
| Greek | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. D. Napthine |
| Latin | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. Bloom |
| German | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. Bloom, J. A. V. Grossman |
| Chemistry | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. A. V. Grossman, D. G. Corr |
| Mathematics | ... | ... | ... | ... | D. G. Corr |
| Physics | ... | ... | ... | ... | D. S. Wenzerul |
| Music | ... | ... | ... | ... | N. Barlow |
| Art | ... | ... | ... | ... | G. F. Broadbent, G. L. Maddox, I. Rodgers |
| Craft | ... | ... | ... | ... | C. Auckland |
| General Course | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. C. Barsam |
**UPPER FIFTH FORMS**
| English Literature | ... | ... | ... | ... | D. P. R. Lee |
| Classics | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. Hirsch |
| French | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. H. Miller |
| German | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. P. Kemp |
| History | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. Horowitz, J. E. Yard |
| Geography | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. E. Yard |
| Chemistry | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. Hegarty |
**Zoology | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. G. Stein**
**Physics | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. R. Parry**
**Pure Mathematics | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. R. Parry**
**Applied Mathematics | ... | ... | ... | ... | D. M. Gostyn**
**SIXTH FORMS**
| Abbott Prize for English | ... | ... | ... | ... | P. Georgiou |
| Portman Prize for French | ... | ... | ... | ... | O. A. Ryan |
| Portman Prize for German | ... | ... | ... | ... | T. W. Trager |
| Portman Prize for Classics | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. H. Mendelson |
| Ancient History Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | V. I. Kumar |
| Modern History Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. P. Mahony |
| Geography Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. P. Mahony |
| (presented by R. C. Honeybone, Esq.) |
| Willis Memorial Prizes: |
| Pure Mathematics | ... | ... | ... | ... | G. Gordon |
| Applied Mathematics | ... | ... | ... | ... | J. M. Goldrich |
| Science Prize (best all-round performance) | ... | ... | ... | G. T. Tucker |
| Chemistry Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. J. Hargreaves |
| Physics Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | D. H. Price |
| Zoology Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | P. R. Norton |
**OTHER PRIZES**
**REPETITION AND READING:**
| Senior (Portman) Prize | ... | ... | ... | ... | P. Georgiou U.6A, F. C. Kraus U.5A |
| Middle (Foot Memorial Prize) | ... | ... | ... | ... | G. T. Nightingale 4Sc |
| Junior | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. Mackay 2R, A. M. Spratt 2R |
**MUSIC**
| Senior | ... | ... | ... | ... | I. Blumhof U.5A |
| Middle | ... | ... | ... | ... | S. Gersh 3R |
| Junior | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. Mackay 2R |
**ART**
| Middle | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. A. Beaton 4G, P. Minett 3s |
**HANDICRAFT**
| Middle | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. F. Shorrocks 3R |
| Junior | ... | ... | ... | ... | W. B. Schaeffer 1H |
**DIVINITY (C. H. Denyer Memorial Prizes)**
| Sixth Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | M. D. Alban 6A |
| Upper Fifth Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | I. L. Collins U.5sc |
| Fifth Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. J. Wellington U.5sc |
| Fourth Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | R. Ware 4A |
| Third Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. J. Beatram 3s |
| Second Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | A. J. Knight 2s, D. E. Bolton 2H |
| First Forms | ... | ... | ... | ... | P. J. Larkham 1R, J. G. Enticknap 1s |
Finally I should like to thank Mr. Spiers and all the other Housemasters for their unflagging enthusiasm throughout the year and the House Captain, Wilkinson, for the many hours he has spent encouraging Juniors, Middles and Seniors alike.
R.J.G.M.
Moore House
It is with no surprise that Moore House finds itself at the end of the Spring Term with a lead, positive if not commanding, of three points in the Championship. While we were disappointed with our mediocre rugby results, we feel that we firmly showed our mettle in the rugby sevens competition. The annual obstacle of cross-country running we hurdled successfully, and while the fives season was one of our most successful for several years, it was the gym team who shone above all, giving an outstanding display.
For this measure of success, we sincerely thank Mr. McNeal for his good-natured pep talks—immediately followed by threats of retribution in the event of failure—in which he was ably abetted by Messrs. Longmore, Rogers and Robson, the last of whom we welcome to our strength. Under their guidance we anticipate with confidence the summer’s activities.
S. L. Collins
CRICKET, 1961
Despite a few blank Saturdays there was some enjoyable cricket this season and some exciting finishes. One change of procedure was made for home matches which caused some controversy but had seemed necessary for some years—the question of an optional extra half-hour for 1st and 2nd XI matches. Generally speaking—I would make an exception for the O.P.s match—it should be possible to produce a definite result to School cricket by 6.30. Too often the side batting first bats with an eye to a 7 o’clock finish, does not hurry over its runs, and declares soon after tea with 100 plus on the board. The almost inevitable result is that their opponents decide at once that the task is beyond them and crawl to a tedious draw (1st XI v. Bec and v. William Ellis; 2nd XI v. Harrow). The aim should be to declare before tea and to leave the side batting second sufficient time—a run a minute is not unreasonable—to make the thought of playing for a draw inadmissible.
This is probably, in part at least, an explanation of some of the 1st XI results. The batting was quite strong and totals of over 100 were reached on six of the seven occasions on which the School batted first, and twice when batting second—but only one of those six matches was won. The real trouble was a lack of accurate, penetrating bowling, though the supporting fielding was good. Dowsett was a quiet, efficient captain, and a good example to his team as a batsman and a fielder.
The 2nd XI had less success than in past seasons and went down in rather less cavalier a fashion. Runs, such as there were, came fairly fast—Ogilvie, in particular, laid about him to some purpose—but generally there was no one to give an innings steadiness when required. Several matches could have been won or less thoroughly lost if some attempt had been made to equate runs needed with time available.
Of the Junior teams, only the U.14½ XI has reason to feel satisfied. The U.15½ XI showed how much they had previously relied on Clark, who was this year promoted to the 1st XI. Four matches were played and all were lost, two by a margin of nine wickets. Unnecessary recklessness was again the main contributory factor, in direct contrast to the U.13½ XI, who played with such extreme caution as to suggest that the batsman's chief object was to preserve his wicket. "Stay put and the runs will come" may be true at some higher levels of the game (and dull, too) but half a dozen maiden overs in succession in a second year match is gross flattery. The runs come when the batsman hits the bad ball.
The U.14½ XI, at least, showed that some lessons had been learnt. Having only once topped 35 runs the year before, they never once went under 50 this year. The results speak for themselves.
A final lament. At the beginning of the season an attempt was made to enrol a panel of a dozen volunteer umpires—three from each of the senior Houses—to stand at probably two matches each. There was no immediate response though several sixth-form boys did later offer to help after their examinations and a few in early matches. This is a constant source of worry and it would be a great relief to know in advance that there are boys—possibly the U.5ths are the obvious candidates—interested in the game and willing to help the School on one or two Saturdays in the Summer term.
**SCHOOL XI's, 1961**
| 1st XI | 2nd XI |
|-----------------|----------------|
| Dowsett (Captain)| Morris (Captain) |
| Clark | Broadbent |
| Collins I. | Butta |
| Hargreaves | Halberstadt |
| Mailes B. | Kumar |
| Parry | Levine |
| Prendergast | Maddox |
| Rath, J. | Makepeace |
| Roberts | Masud |
| Solomons | Monk |
| Webster | Offenbach |
| Wilkinson | Ogilvie |
| | Oliver |
CROSS COUNTRY RUNNERS
U.15½ XI
Carter (Captain)
Bernstein M.
Cole
Dowding
Hoare I.
Kebble
Lee
Mailes W.
McMillen
Mildon
Miller
Schueler
Wilson
Travers-Smith (Captain)
Beatson
Bennett
Blackshaw
Cathrew
Flood
Grayston
Herbert
Hudson
Hutson
Rath M.
Scherer
Washtell
Wiltshire
Ockley (Captain)
Bolton D.
Butterfield
Enoch
Jones D.
Mackay
Mitter
Raynes
Smith N.
Spratt
Watts
Whale
Wright
Scorers: Kesten, Ballantyne, McGregor, Boddington, Ettinger.
1st XI Results
v. John Lyon. Lost by 5 wickets. School 57; John Lyon 61 for 5.
v. William Ellis. Drawn. School 118 for 9 dec.; W. Ellis 64 for 7.
v. Harrow County. Lost by 97 runs. Harrow 155 for 4 dec.; School 58.
v. St. Nicholas. Drawn. St. Nicholas 135 for 9 dec.; School 86 for 6.
v. Central Foundation. Drawn. School 139; C. Foundation 66 for 9.
v. Kilburn G.S. Won by 6 wickets. Kilburn 28; School 29 for 4.
v. Old Philologists. Won by 4 wickets. O.P.s 112 for 9 dec.; School 115 for 6.
v. Merchant Taylors. Won by 74 runs. School 135; M.T.s 61.
v. Christopher Wren. Drawn. C. Wren 145; School 131 for 7.
v. Bec. Drawn. School 126 for 6 dec.; Bec 98 for 8.
v. Staff XII. Lost by 6 wickets. School 183 for 7 dec.; Staff 184 for 5.
v. Kynaston. Drawn. School 113 for 5 dec.; Kynaston 10 for 1 (rain).
Analysis of Results
| | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost |
|-----------|--------|-----|-------|------|
| 1st XI | 12 | 3 | 6 | 3 |
| 2nd XI | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| U.15½ XI | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| U.14½ XI | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| U.13½ XI | 9 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| **Total** | **38** | **7** | **12** | **19** |
| 1960 | | | | |
38 10 13 15
RUGBY, 1961-62
The first half of the season has gone through relatively smoothly, with neither concrete pitches in September nor mud heaps in December.
The First XV has been unlucky and has suffered only one heavy defeat. In other matches though having dictated 75 per cent of the play the pattern has been often the same—a lack of finishing power over the last ten yards and a defensive lapse; offside or a missed tackle, to let the opponents in for a winning three points. A good win at the end of the term against a strong Thames Valley XV may well prove a turning point. Goodman has worked hard as captain and has deserved more wholehearted effort from some of his team.
The 2nd XV has a will to win and confidence in its own invincibility, inspired largely by its irrepressibly optimistic captain, Hatch.
After years of complaint, this season’s U.15 XV has spirit. They care about losing matches and fight. On the other hand, the U.14 XV has been, so far, very disappointing, both in its results, and, with a few exceptions, in a defeatist attitude.
The U.13 XV has reached half-way undefeated, the first team to do so for several years. There is tremendous enthusiasm here but it should be noted that half the team’s points have been scored by Pelekanos.
| | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | Points for | Points against |
|----------------|--------|-----|-------|------|------------|----------------|
| 1st XV | 12 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 53 | 97 |
| 2nd XV | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 99 | 67 |
| U.15 XV | 9 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 25 | 195 |
| U.14 XV | 9 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 26 | 160 |
| U.13 XV | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 86 | 25 |
| Total | 46 | 17 | 3 | 26 | 289 | 544 |
SCHOOL LIBRARY
Since the last report on the School Library, which appeared in Autumn 1960, the annual grant made by the L.C.C. to the Library for buying new books has been revived, and a large number of books have been bought and added to the Library. Unfortunately at the same time many books have disappeared (an unhappy reflection on the habits of borrowers) and the intake and the outflow have been about even.
Several people have kindly given books to the Library. Dr. Derry, Mr. Duncan Taylor, and Mr. Paul Turner (all of whom have taught at the School at some time) have given copies of their published works.
Books have also been given by parents: Mr. H. W. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. J. Graham, and Mr. T. Dalby; by the Head Master and other members of the Staff; and by the following old boys of the School:
G. Berridge, P. R. Page, A. K. Bowler, G. F. Broadbent, A. J. Roberts, P. Georgiou, D. A. Griffiths, and F. D. Adam; and by the following present members of the School: N. Keryell, M. Williams and K. R. Clark.
F.H.W.C.
DEBATING SOCIETY REPORT
The Debating Society has just gone into Summer recess after two terms’ meetings, hindered as little as possible by the heavy demands on the spare time of our keenest members by the School play with its double cast.
The season opened with the House preferring to be Red rather than Dead, though on the following occasion it failed to turn out Her Majesty’s Government. The Society has denied that “Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel,” or that “All men are equal,” or that it was “Glad that the United Nations is now powerless.” In a Masters’ Debate, in terms of numbers the year’s most successful meeting, Mr. Longmore and Mr. Kelly failed to convince either Mr. Boyle or Mr. Abbott that “Youth was too good to be wasted on the young.”
In what is thought of as the chief event of the year, the debate with the Old Philologians, a fair sized, but by no means packed House, defeated two former School captains, Gillon and Walker, who proposed that the “Comprehensive School is educationally more useful.”
Among the speakers during the year were: Collins, Goodman, Kraus, Woolf, Ball, Horowitz, Stein, Eban, Alban, Bernstein, Masud, Morris, Bardens, Lee, Leigh, Reed and Gostyn.
Finally, but far from lastly, the Society is very much indebted to Mr. Phillips for giving so much of his time, and in acting as Chairman of the Society.
M. Horowitz (Secretary)
SENIOR HISTORY SOCIETY
The Senior History Society was designed to fill the vacuum between the Middle School History Society and “A” level studies. This need not deter any non-historian from attending a meeting, as most of the subjects discussed should be of some general interest.
During the first two terms of business, a good deal of historical ground has been covered, from a probe into the true nature of the Russian Revolution, to a talk on the effects of Sam Colt’s guns on the American West.
Unfortunately, the numbers attending many of the meetings have been disappointingly low, considering the work the speakers have put into their subjects. Despite an advertising department (whose unpaid artists claim they are overworked), and other means of mass communication, the response has not exactly been overwhelming. The trouble stems from the fact that the “A” level historians prefer subjects connected with their syllabus, while the non-historians favour a weaker brew with more sugar.
In the Summer Term, the Society hopes to invite outside experts to augment the efforts of staff and pupils, and hold balloon debates and other historical festivities, all of which should attract more customers.
Our thanks are due, not only to Messrs. Woodhead, Blakeway and Boyle for their guidance and encouragement, but to all those who have helped the Society in their various ways.
THE PHILATELIC SOCIETY
THIS term the Philatelic Society began to settle down after the departure of Mr. Manning. Unfortunately we were unable to organize a School expedition to "Stampex," but happily, we were able to retain a high standard of exhibitions. An illustrated talk on Fiscal Stamps was given, using an epidiascope but unfortunately this proved a failure. Towards the end of the term a highly successful auction was held. On the strength of this and various other paying activities held during the term the Society was able to contribute generously to the School Charities. Several new ideas were suggested during the term and it is hoped to present a series of films during the Summer Term.
On behalf of the Committee and the Society I would like to thank Messrs. Spinks and Udell for keeping a watchful eye on us all and I am sure that everyone connected with the Society hopes for a highly successful Summer Term.
M. Ross (5sc.) Secretary.
SCHOOL CHARITIES
The following sums have been contributed to charities since Easter 1961:
| Charity | £ | s. | d. |
|----------------------------------------------|-----|----|----|
| Guide Dogs for the Blind | 12 | 19 | 8 |
| British Home and Hospital for Incurables | 14 | 3 | 9 |
| St. Marylebone Old People's Association | 15 | 3 | 7 |
| U.N.I.C.E.F. (Save the Children Fund) | 20 | 4 | 6 |
| N.S.P.C.C. | 15 | 13 | 6 |
| Oxford Committee for Famine Relief | 15 | 18 | 7 |
| British Empire Cancer Campaign | 11 | 19 | 5 |
MARYLEBONE STRING QUARTET
ON the 13th October, a select library-ful of the Senior School listened to another concert given by the Marylebone String Quartet led and introduced by the indefatigable Mr. Wayne. The closer and less formal atmosphere of the School Library is more intimate and relaxing than the Hall, and far more suited to a quartet.
Mr. Wayne opened by introducing and playing twice Purcell's four-part Fantasia. In the same breezy and enthusiastic manner he introduced the Allegro from Beethoven's Quartet in E Major, Op. 18 No. 1. The Quartet next played the Minuet from Schubert's Quartet in A minor, Op. 29, and finished with the Minuet and Finale from Mozart's Quartet in C major, K.465.
The School is fortunate indeed in having such a distinguished Quartet visit it regularly. We found the charm of Mr. Wayne's introductions a delightful way of appreciating the music and no-one can have failed to hope that Mr. Wayne will bring his Quartet to the School again very soon.
M.H.
THE SCHOOL CONCERT
THE School Concert of the 13th November was attended by an almost packed audience who thoroughly enjoyed the varied programme.
After the National Anthem we heard the School Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Doughty, play Mozart's "Shepherd King" with a competence that came from months of practice. This was followed by a simple piano piece by Fly from K. Gray (2nr), and we then heard the recorder group play three short pieces with admirable confidence and in perfect harmony. P. McMillen (5sc), a clarinetist, then played that delightful piece by Handel, "Where'er you walk," and he was followed by the only solo singer of the evening, R. Kandel (3H), who sang in German, a lullaby by Mozart called "Wieneglied." His confidence was diminished by the fact that he started too high, and his words thus became mumbled (not that most people would have understood them anyway). Nevertheless, full marks to a courageous performer.
One of the best performances of the first half came from I. Hampsher Monk (4A), a violinist who played two traditional tunes with great distinction, particularly the second, "Gallopede," a difficult piece which he was required to play fairly quickly. Following him were R. Harris (2H) and A. Solomons (2R) who both played simple pieces on the piano. Three confident flautists, M. Bloom (U.5A), C. Kennard (5sc.) and M. Ross (5sc.), then played a terzetto by Hook. The second movement of Mozart's Sonata in G was adequately played by A. Spratt (3R), and A. Newman (4sc) provided a novelty in playing his own composition on the guitar.
The Madrigal Group, conducted by A. Parry (6sc), delighted the audience with two original selections, one arranged by Boughton, the other being Wood's "Swazi Warrior". As in previous years, I. Blumhof (6A) reached a high standard on the piano with the first movement of Beethoven's "Sonata in F," and the prefects followed him with an admirably-rendered version of "Michael row the boat ashore." One can not help feeling however that there was some dead weight amongst them. The first half concluded with A. Mackay, suitably dressed in a kilt, playing on his bagpipes three Scottish tunes which to a layman like me all sounded the same. His start was inadvertently delayed due to the apparent reluctance of his instrument to emit a recognized sound. When he finished, however, he was loudly applauded, a fitting ending to the first half.
After the fifteen minute interval the orchestra again opened, confidently playing Rowley's "Miniature Concerto" with W. Schaeffer (2H) this time on the piano. We then had our first taste of the School Choir who delightfully sang Elgar's "The Marksman." They were followed by four comparatively experienced musicians, all of whom reached a high
standard. First was N. Barlow (U.5A) who played the last movement of Loeillet's Sonata in C on his oboe, then came P. Bardens (6A), a pianist, who played his own composition "On the Road," next came flautist C. Kennard (5Sc), with Kuhlan's "Cantabile", and fourth we heard the first movement of Beethoven's "Sonata in E major" played on the piano by A. Grainger (U.5A).
As a recorder player I held a special interest in the next item, two solos by J. Roles and E. Span, both of 1r. Their playing of both a Mozart minuet and Woodhouse's "Clown's Dance" highly impressed me. The busiest musician of the evening was J. Cohen (3A), who accompanied many of the solo instrumentalists on the piano. Now we heard him play a solo of his own on the organ, Widor's "Toccata from 5th Symphony," and his high standard of performance was thoroughly maintained. To follow we had two Scottish tunes well played on the violin by E. Jones (3H), and the evening's entertainment was brought to a close by A. Biek (1R) who, on account of his tender years, surprised the audience with the competence of his rendering of a Chopin waltz.
Thanks are due to Mr. Doughty and his orchestra together with the Choir and the rest of the performers for providing us with the accustomed high standard of entertainment at a school concert. The finest tribute I can pay them is in merely echoing the Headmaster's words next morning in assembly, when he said he could not remember the standard of performance at a School Concert being so high. This is praise indeed.
R. Kemp (6A)
THE SCHOOL PLAY—"MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING"
Like a Restoration Comedy this Shakespeare play is a difficult one for amateurs. It is essentially "witty," and so it demands exceptional vitality and pace from the actors, probably the hardest things for inexperience to supply.
But to a large extent the School production overcame these obstacles and gave us performances which were, at their best, gay and ebullient and yet indicated the darker side of the comedy.
Mr. Bailey, the producer, as is his usual practise, which must cost him a great deal of extra work and anxiety, rehearsed two casts. This generous procedure gives more people the opportunity of taking part. As neither cast was a "first string," one can assume that an amalgam could have given a first-rate performance.
Among a large number of good performances the two "Pedros" were outstanding. Kraus gave a mature display, using his voice with subtle variety and Goodman was delightful to watch with his relaxed gaiety and confident stage-presence. With a more difficult part B. J. Collins (Benedict) who appeared on all four nights, did very well, particularly in the scene when he was being gulled. He successfully grew in stature and dignity when his function in the play is to indicate the potential danger of shallowness and triviality.
The part of Beatrice is also vital and both Adela Davis and Angela Mowbray were very good. The former was vivacious and appropriately sharp-tongued, the latter showed an endearing "joie de vivre" and at the same time established Beatrice as a woman who is much more than a brilliant raillere.
Fedida made a lively Claudio and Hampsher Monk a romantic one, both Julia Beddoes and Wendy Friedman were decorative as Hero, although lacking voice projection. Masud conveyed old age very well (a most difficult thing for a young person to do) but ranted monotonously, and the other Leonato, Gwynne, lacked the force to match the dignity he gave to the part.
As Antonio, Russell achieved much by making the challenge to Claudio contain more pathos than broad farce, and Lawson was also successful in his portrayal of the weaker old man. Don John is an overwritten part but Oliver moved skilfully to offset this; Hoare was clear-cut but melodramatic.
The scenes between Don John's special agents and the Watch provide the low comedy of the play and they were delightfully and entertainingly acted throughout. Camp was full of gusty charm and Lewins also attracted particular attention with his controlled portrayal of the sinister. The remainder of the Watch performed their roles with engaging elan.
Mr. Bailey made imaginative use of the musical talent of Gersch on the organ and few professional productions can have achieved the moving effect created by the producer's direction of this scene. Cohen was again at the virginals and we were given pleasing, if slightly prolonged, performances from Jones on the violin and a choir of four voices.
| Cast | Actors |
|---------------|---------------------------------|
| Don Pedro | Goodman, Kraus |
| Don John | Hoare, Oliver |
| Claudio | Hampsher-Monk, Fedida |
| Benedick | Collins, B. J. |
| Leonato | Masud, Gwynne, M |
| Antonio | Lawson, Russell |
| Balthasar | Aldred, Bines |
| Conrade | McCallum, Levens |
| Borachio | Steller, Monk |
| Friar | Suchy, Lowe |
| Dogberry | Grainger, Camp |
| Verges | Levine, Davidge |
| Sexton | Morris, Collins, I. |
| Boy | Kentish, Rothwell |
| Innogen | Fry |
| The Watch | Kurzon, Atkins |
| Messenger | Kumar and Wolf |
| Attendant | Gwynne, N., Theodosiou |
The Musicians were: Cohen (virginals), Gersh (organ), Jones (violin), Rolls, Span (recorders); Parry, Hall, Hurd, Newton, Bilk, Collicutt, Mackay and Ingham (singers).
Helping behind scenes were: Theodosiou, Kenny, Ball (electricians); Wiltshire (prompter) and Bangs (call boy).
Produced by Mr. G. H. Bailey.
THE MUSIC
A folk tune, Grimstock, played on a solo violin was used as an overture and when the curtains opened Imogen was playing the same tune on a virginal in Leonato's Garden.
For the masquerade we had the Pavane from Jean Arbeau’s Orchesographic, which has been so well known since Warlock used it in his “Capriol Suite” and to end the play we had the “Queen’s Jig.”
For “Sigh no more,” a setting by Thomas Ford for two treble and one bass voice was used. This, though contemporary was probably never used in Shakespeare’s time as the dialogue suggests a solo singer with viol accompaniment. We added a short introduction on sheeps guts to give Benedick his line. The other two songs came from French’s collection, but “Pardon Goddess of the Night” was arranged for a choir of four voices with organ accompaniment.
THE RISE OF RUGBY FOOTBALL
RUGBY football is said to have begun when a 16-year-old schoolboy at Rugby School, William Webb Ellis, picked up the ball in a “Big side” football match and ran with it, an action against the rules of the game. At this time schools had their own interpretations of the rules of football and Rugby School started soon afterwards to use this handling code. The game was played by as many boys as cared to join in and was a general free-for-all.
The first club, Guy’s Hospital, was formed in 1843, a fact disputed by those who believe that Blackheath was the first. The latter, aptly named “The Club” was founded in 1858. The formation of the Richmond Club was in 1861 just over 100 years ago and the Harlequins celebrate their centenary in 1966. All these clubs are still in the top rank.
In 1871, twenty clubs, eight of whom are still in existence (the above and also the Civil Service, King’s College, St. Paul’s and Wellington College) formed the Rugby Union. Among the laws (not rules) it was decided to abolish “hacking,” the art of giving one’s opponent a good kick on the shins—it was considered ungentlemanly to wear shinguards at that time.
MUCH ADO
Also in 1871 the first international was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, where Scotland beat England by one goal and a try to one try. In those days a team could only win by a majority of goals. If no goals were scored the match was a draw. Tries only counted if the number of goals was equal. In the first international there were twenty players on each side, and it was not reduced to fifteen until 1877. Ireland first featured in an international in 1874, and Wales met England first in 1880, only to be trounced by 7 goals, one drop goal and six tries, to nil.
In 1893 the Northern Union, comprising twenty-two clubs from Lancashire, Cheshire and Yorkshire broke away from the Union to form the Rugby League. This was because of a dispute over a proposal to give players compensation for any wages lost playing Rugby.
In 1905 the modern scoring values were adopted and the "Field Goal" (a punt or fly-hack over the bar) was abolished. Four years later Twickenham was used for the first time.
Rugby has become increasingly popular and is now played all over the world. In Europe, apart from the Home Countries and France, who take part in our International Championships, there is a European Competition between Roumania (who have played for 47 years and have beaten France), Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Morocco. Italy, too, have fielded a team against a London Counties team, and put up quite a good fight.
In America, U.S.A. and Canada play and Argentina and Chile have received visits from the junior Springboks and France respectively. In Asia the Japanese rugby players, though small, move very quickly.
The New Zealanders are the best Commonwealth team at the moment, and Australia and Fiji are other good teams from that side of the world. The South African Springboks are renowned and take on the "British Lion" teams regularly.
Perhaps soon we will see Rugby Football in the Olympic Games, with every country represented.
M. D. Rath (4sc.)
SEVEN TYPES OF IRRELEVANCY
I
Irrelevancy introduced solely for the purpose of occupying space, and having no origin in, or connection with, the main sequence of ideas of the piece in which it appears.
II
Irrelevancy of a quasi-significant nature, having some slight connection with, but absolutely no bearing on, the main current of ideas.
III
Irrelevancy due to tautology; or, in other words, the re-statement, using different words, of an idea already expressed.
IV
Irrelevancy arising from total ignorance. An idea is put forward in the fond belief that it has some bearing on the work as a whole. The
author makes this mistake because he is ignorant of the significance and meaning of either the idea introduced or the work as a whole, or (more usually) both.
V
Irrelevancy arising from loss of interest in main subject. The writer starts by making an irrelevant remark which, being brief, arouses the reader's curiosity; so that when the writer refers to it again in great detail the reader feels that it is more worth his attention than was the original subject. After a while a good writer can change completely the subject he is discussing, sometimes without the reader noticing.
VI
Irrelevancy arising from delicacy and/or embarrassment. The writer feels obliged to avoid mention of a certain topic. He therefore elaborates some other points, which is less relevant but not immentionable.
[N.B.—This is not, strictly speaking, an irrelevancy; but it is a device for introducing points of no relevance, use, interest or value; and therefore I have seen fit to include it in this study.]
VII
Persuasive irrelevancy. The writer wishes to make a point which he feels the reader may not be disposed to accept. He therefore makes another point first, one which is irrelevant, but framed in such a way as to flatter the reader (for example, because it looks like a difficult point which the reader has understood, when in fact it is simple). This puts the reader in a frame of mind which is conducive to his unquestioning acceptance of the doubtful idea.
R. M. Leigh (6A)
DREAMS
In the garden under my bough,
Where men's toys never plough,
I sleep all through the night
Nocturnal birds in flight,
I see to my delight.
The owl swoops down with all its might,
In fright I cover my means of sight
Overhead harmlessly swoops the owl
Off I wipe the sweat with a towel
So sleep on I forever.
First a yawn and then a sneeze,
A wriggle, a sniff and then a wheeze,
To day's bright sun myself I raise,
To find it first a human phase,
A thing of simplicity, a dream.
A. Walton (1s).
AMONG THE RUINS
School Camp, it is well known, specialises in the unexpected; even so archaeology is a rare item in the Forest Green programme. Following a rumour that a Roman villa was actually being excavated at a nearby farm, a scouting party, mainly classical in composition, was sent to investigate. They returned with proof that unlike most Camp rumours this one was true, and that a Roman villa mainly of the fourth century was being dug up at Rapsley Farm. The scouts' offer of assistance was accepted and we started work there next day.
We began by attacking a trench which resembled an H and a D in collision, and as we hacked at the topsoil we were only mildly upset at the thought that the rest of the Upper Fifth Camp were going off on a long walk without us.
The report of the dig, a copy of which, to commemorate our share, has arrived at School, says that the archaeologists are uncertain whether the villa was supported by brick-making or agriculture or both. In 1956 a tilery dating from the same century was discovered down the lane. Our own work throws little light on the problem. We found layers of burnt earth caused probably by hooligan Saxons who ended the villa's industrial or agricultural (or both) career in the Fifth Century. Elsewhere on the site there has been found a well-preserved mosaic of rather pedestrian design, but all we unearthed were piles of tesserae and cubes of brick roughly half an inch in each dimension; these made up the floor. The actual work of digging is dull, until you think you are about to find something, when pace and interest alike suddenly quicken. All the time care has to be taken not to hack destructively at vital evidence, and to strip off fifteen centuries of accumulated earth in steady progressive layers. When you do think you've found something it often turns out to be a pebble or lump of rock, but it could be a bit of mosaic or even half a rusty nail, or just possibly a translucent chip of pebble-like material that an optimistic archaeologist might call glass. Such high moments of discovery are rare, though false alarms rang out like hooters in a traffic jam during our first few minutes of work. Later we learnt to be more sceptical about clanging noises at the end of our shovels or trowels. So the day wore on and what with digging, breaks for lunch and tea, and investigating bits which might have been pottery, passed more quickly than our trench advanced, so that it was soon time for us to return to our "compound."
The next day, working at a deeper level, we uncovered a complex of tiles and tesserae and a piece of mosaic. We chipped into the "finds" tray 15 cases of suspected pottery, to help in the reconstruction of the building from its minute remains, a fascinating and intricate problem. All there is to go on are the foundations, usually in a good state of preservation, the way loose stones have fallen and such pieces of wood or metal or pottery as can be identified. Scrupulously accurate records of every find have to be kept, noting its exact position, if sense is to be made from spadefuls of earth. It is like attempting a formless crossword where only a quarter of the clues are legible at all.
Imagine the School razed to the ground, covered in three feet of soot, carbon deposits and remains of flyover. All that is left are the foundations showing the plan of the ground floor, plus a collection of fallen fragments from upper floors, pieces of desks and shattered lab equipment. This is the sort of situation the archaeologist has to face in his attempt to recreate the past through a suitcase-full of flimsy relics. In all this our own part was mainly physical.
It was, still, two days of stubbing our toes on the past, however faded and erased. I keep three tesserae on my desk to weigh down the loose pages of my Latin Primer. I hope they feel they are continuing the Roman civilising mission.
**SUMMER STORM**
At his touch the french windows swung open, and he stepped out onto the terrace. Although it was mid-afternoon, the light was dim, and the lowering sky cast a grey reflection on the sea, lapping at the sea wall a few yards away.
The man descended a flight of steps, and walked along the promenade. Below him, the small remaining patch of beach was deserted, and fast vanishing beneath the advancing tide.
He climbed down a ladder to the sand, deep yellow in the half-light. His feet sank as he walked towards the water. In front of him a wave broke, a dull white froth swished to his ankles, sank into the sand, leaving small holes in the freshly smoothed surface.
He turned away from the sea. The air was heavy, oppressively so, and beads of sweat stood out on his forehead as he moved towards the ladder. He climbed to the promenade. It was strangely quiet, as if the thick air had muffled all the usual sounds of the resort.
The humid heat made him feel tired. He turned, and strolled along the pavement as the first rain fell, large drops of warmish water. There was a momentary lightening of the gloom, and a few seconds later an answering rumble of thunder.
The rain fell faster, the man on the promenade broke into a run towards his home. He reached the steps and looked back. The last of the beach was gone. The sea rolled and broke upon the sea wall, flinging spray onto the front, where it ploughed to the gutters, now raging torrents. He looked up at the flickering sky, water dripping down his neck. A clap of thunder woke him from his daze. He ran up to the terrace, where the french windows stood open. He stepped inside and closed them thankfully.
Outside the rain lashed down, small craters of water dotted the road, the steps, the terrace, everything had a blanket of wetness.
W. J. Stoddard (4sc.)
---
**ROMANTIC ESCAPISM**
(I)
The taped monotony of Dark and Day
Throws alternate light on boxes functional,
Fluorescently revealed, or greystone hard and alien;
Around which, and about which
Never quite compatible: unwed to objectivity
Our rootless souls we drag.
Ever seeking, blindly and unknowingly,
Some comfort here, or thread of whence we came.
Rejecting truths long known, for Freudian fallacies
And material philosophies of cog and plus.
We form migrating legions of uncertainty
Inventing half answers,
To Questions not vaguely understood.
(II)
Then do I turn and sit like great Achilles in my tent,
And give my mind to jumbled imagery;
The ever falling hues of antique rainbows:
Heroic bronze, flame warmed of Achaean days;
The laboured purple of Old Rome
That grew and grew, and stood:
A circumscribed imperial:
Withered and fell, while men refused to realize its passing.
And then, oh then, cascading argent of the voice,
When earth was young and green again.
And chivalry rode out with hope and pride...
But now the cry goes up, "Patrochus Down!"
Felled by exam results, or puerile feud.
Run over by the taxi of his temperament.
I drag my weary soul up from its seat,
And fancy's clinging vapours brush aside,
Reason's personal armour buckle on
And out into Reality's field stride
Once more.
B. J. Camp (6A)
---
**"THE PHILOLOGIAN"**
INCORPORATING THE
Marylebone Mercury, Paddington Mercury and Daily Express
Editorial
Well friends, we certainly have seen some changes in School in the past few months. But before I go on I would like to congratulate our masters on getting another pay increase making their basic wage
£3,500 p.a., which is only slightly less than the average bus driver gets these days. Well, we certainly are moving with the times; there are cigar vending machines on the first floor corridor and a tobacco vendor outside the common room. There is a twenty lane bowling alley with automatic pin setters in the gym and there are Brylcreem machines in the cloakrooms. Perhaps the most striking addition to the School's equipment is the portable Wimpy Bar in the School Hall. This provides a welcome alternative to the School meals now being given, but this is only temporary as we are told that the School kitchens will be ready by Christmas.
Our Senior Mathematics Master has welcomed the addition of racing odds on the advanced level curriculum. He has installed a totalisator in Room 2 and there is a ticker-tape machine connecting the School with Epsom, Aintree and Newmarket. Ascot, of course, has by now become a school holiday. The Department Head claims that gambling is of real educational value, however he has denied reports that he broke the bank at Monte Carlo last summer with an unbeatable system that his U.5sc. maths set devised for him.
We are pleased to note that our Headmaster (who received the O.B.E. on his elevation from the English Department) has decided to exchange his old Jaguar car which is now reduced to a chassis and engine for one of the new mini-helicopters. This means, however, that the plane trees in the forecourt will have to be removed to allow him room to park it.
The fruit machine which was installed outside the Headmaster's study a couple of months ago is said to be doing a roaring trade. Our reporter noted last week that the Second Master surreptitiously slipped a sixpence in after school last week and won the jackpot. Now we know where all our money's going!
Our Senior History Master has denied rumours that he is to play Peter Pan in next term's School production of the same name. He has also denied rumours that Lord Macaulay was once a pupil of his in the third form.
The Chairman of the Board of Governors, The Rt. Hon. D. Bernstein, M.P., J.P. [B.F. Lond.], who, incidentally, used to be our School Captain in the good old days is to open this summer our newly developed site at Forest Green. There will be two-room chalets with hot and cold running water and, of course, central heating and air-conditioning. There will be an indoor electrically-heated swimming pool—early morning swimming will be optional. This is something that both masters and boys have been wanting for many years now.
On behalf of the School I would like to congratulate the President of the Debating Society on his appointment as Mayor of St. Marylebone. His great gift for public speaking should serve him well in this post.
Lastly we have to report that a Mr. Streat, who was expelled from the School in 1962 for a gross libel, is said to be making a great deal of money writing articles for Izvestia.
N. STREAT (U.5sc.)
MODERN ART
MODERN Art has been greatly abused by people who have not studied it carefully enough.
The first painters of the Modern School were the Impressionists who were very badly received by the public at first. Artists such as Renoir, Monet, Manet, Pissaro and many others who are now household names, and have been acclaimed as the forerunners of the break-through in painting which was a new way of expressing one's thoughts on canvas.
To a layman, when the term "Modern Art" is used (or misused) the line of thought is of paints being thrown all over the place and the words "Anyone could do it" being loosely applied. To them Picasso is Modern Art, and they do not realise that there are other painters who study the modern idiom. I am sure Picasso has never thrown paints about, and if these laymen studied the maestro's art I am sure they would realise the true facets of his works of genius.
Modern painters are trying to express the modern way of life on canvas. Abstract painting is an off shoot of modern art and is only one of its many branches. It greatly depends on the appeal of colour. The basis of Abstract Painting was really Cubism which was started in 1907-1914 by Picasso and Braque. It was to bring out the geometric structure of people and articles. Most of the geometrical abstracts of today are derived from Cubism.
Another type of Modern Painting is action painting. In this paint is slapped and thrown all over the place. One painter (or so-called painter) pulled his wife all over the canvas while she had paint on her back. This work of art (some hopes!) was then flown to Paris and sold for £250. But please do not think that all modern art is free and easy like this. Most abstract painters have studied art for years and painted very naturalistically until they felt sure they could tackle abstract painting.
Nowadays most modern paintings are abstract, but one must realise that Picasso has never really painted an abstract yet.
Many of Picasso's works are not fully understood even by the artist, and it has been said that they will not be fully understood for decades, perhaps centuries. Picasso could have been as great a classical painter perhaps as Rembrandt, but he chose to explore the human figure in all its forms. But Picasso has, of course, painted a few brilliant classical pictures.
A branch of Modern Painting is Surrealism, which explores the subconscious mind, and shows dream-like scenes. It has been used ever since the fifteenth century, but in the decades before World War II it became very popular. The chief painters in the Surrealist Group are Max Ernst, Salvador Dali and many others. Max Ernst was really the founder of the modern Surrealist Group. He paints cycloptic and fortress-like walls with his symbol—a hollow sun looking like a 'Polo Mint'—on them. The Surrealist Group paint very carefully and much trouble is taken over their work.
So now when you look at a Modern Painting with perhaps one yellow square and a bright red circle, please do not just say "Anyone could do that," because until you have studied to be an artist you could not.
Peter L. Kennard (2H)
THE DEATH OF A UNICORN
The Dragon thought,
For such was his way,
When into the pale moonlight,
Pranced a Unicorn all pure and white,
Pulsating innocence in those ghostly beams,
Unaware of the Aardvark's screams,
To drag it down into their slimy mire.
But alas those Aardvarks,
So envious were they,
Of that lost so soon after their birth,
They engulfed that shining creature into their earth,
Destroying the purity once unsurpassed,
While all the time,
The Dragon observing thought sorrowfully on.
J. Larke (U.6sc)
THE FOUR SEASONS
After a sharp whistle the train started off. The clackerty-clack clackerty-clack of the wheels slowly speeded up till it became almost one long note. The carriage swayed, perilously as it seemed, from side to side. The driver's whistle was the only thing to break the monotony, which then continued. I closed my eyes. I opened them again, instantaneously looking out of the window. We were passing the first stretch of country. Written in leaves of every colour was the word autumn. I was soon enough to find out that this was indeed that season.
We passed through a wood. The trees were at first filled with leaves of every shape in green, gold, light red and brown. The ground had quite a few leaves scattered about on it. It was becoming chilly. Some people had already started fires at home. The next part of the wood had trees almost filled with leaves. Many, many more leaves were on the ground but where they came from I could not tell, there were so many of them. Overcoats were now appearing.
We reached the last part of the wood. The trees were bare save for one or two leaves. The ground however, was covered with them. In the distance smoke was coming out of all the houses. The poor road-sweepers were having a harder job than they do at any time of the year. The last leaves were falling.
As we passed on we came to another aspect of autumn. Seven boys were laughing around a bonfire. At the top and in the middle of the bonfire was placed a guy. One or two people turned a reproving eye on the youngsters but this did not daunt them. Setting off every firework they could, they were thoroughly enjoying themselves. Afterwards the season began to be overshadowed by the thought of Christmas.
The train steamed through a tunnel, all going pitch black. As we came up into the sunlight at the other end of the tunnel the first thing that met my gaze was the word winter, written in beautifully designed snow-flakes. The trees in the background stood out as dark sentinels, as they watched the world come by.
We next came to Christmas. I moved closer to the window but as I breathed I blurred the scenery and Christmas passed. When next the window cleared a new aspect of winter approached, snow. Children were reveling in it, doing everything from snowball fights to ski-ing. One boy threw a snowball at me which was left far behind as he was also. Trees were bending under the weight of snow they carried. One branch broke. It fell with a stupendous crash which resounded throughout the countryside before the country slowly returned to its deathly stillness. The air was amazingly clear. We approached another tunnel. I took my last glimpse of the carpet that stretched for miles behind. Then all was silent for a few minutes.
At the same time as we came into the bright sunlight we heard the birds chirping their welcome to spring. One was just putting its last bud to the signpost saying spring, which was composed of them. The blue sky beamed down on the fresh buds which were growing on all the plants and trees. The reeds and grasses gracefully bent their heads in the path of the wind. Flowers were just opening out to add still more to the colour of the scenery.
In another part of the field children were shyly exchanging each other's Easter eggs. Everyone was happy with a light heart. The animals which hibernate slowly and dreamily poked their noses into the air.
The train drove between two high walls. The luscious green grass disappeared in the distance. This time the signpost saying summer was comprised of flowers of all shapes and descriptions. Everything had taken a newer, bright outlook. Cheerfully people were contemplating their holidays. Children gathered their pails and buckets together in preparation for the sea-side. The birds were busy building their nests. All the animals were out and frolicking together. The country had a completely different outlook. There was a feeling of joy in the air and the long days were used to their utmost.
Towards the end of the summer the birds prepared to migrate. The weather was becoming colder. Summer fashions were set aside and the land was slowly losing its flowers.
I closed my eyes. The train braked and as I opened them again I noticed we had arrived at our destination. I alighted from the train in a more thoughtful frame of mind than when I boarded it.
N. Waidhofer (4Sc.)
RUT
A poem to be read on rainy buses
Ting. ting ting ting, the bus-bell
has rung, it's time to get off
shut the book of poems which
are utterly incomprehensible
to you or me or anyone especially
at a bus-stop. Why were they written,
why published, why brought to my despairing notice?
I don't, won't, can't understand them,
yet in a way I want to, but I haven't time
or ability to read them, surely it's bad
for me to overstrain my tiny mind and anyway
why should I read works of men who must be mad
because they have been so stupid as to break the
cocoon spun around them by their fathers and mothers
preachers teachers and thus expose themselves to the
boring roaring humdrum hypocrite life around them.
Help! they're trying to tear my cocoon. Help! father mother
preacher teacher church synagogue mosque people
help, the scales are dropping from my eyes. TING TING.
a holy bell has rung. STOP EVERYTHING. pay heed.
do what's expected of you. Praise be to this bell
it has saved my cocoon.
I'm safe and sane and bored.
R. HIRSCH (6A).
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
24, Windermere Avenue,
Wembley,
Middlesex.
18/1/62
The Editor The Philologian,
Dear Sir,
I was pleased to see the deserved tribute to Mr. F. Rebbick in your last issue. I fear, however, there were two small errors of detail made by your correspondents.
In the first place, Mr. Rebbick came to Sudbury Hill in 1927 or 1928 so that 25 years is a considerable understatement of his period of service. Secondly, the change-over from Association Football to Rugby (which incidentally, I shall forever regret) took place not at the end of the war, but many years before that, in 1930.
Yours sincerely,
A. K. BOWLER
OXFORD LETTER
I can rarely remember having seen an Oxford newsletter in these pages before (probably due to a paucity of Oxonian O.P.s about whom to write) and now that we have assembled a quorum I still find it hard to convey the flavour of life at the University.
Perhaps the best thing might be to describe briefly life in Oxford before recounting the saga of Philologioxford. The system is based on colleges where we live for our first year and where we have our Tutors. For them we write our essays. These it may sicken you to discover, require at least ten hours' work each. In writing them we all conform to the well-known scientific law: "The energy output—per essay—of a threatened undergraduate is in exact inverse proportion to the number of hours before his tutorial" (Mendel's law). The morning lectures are voluntary but failure at exams ensures a polite request to leave by the next train.
At the moment the four freshmen, Prendergast, Roberts, both at Keble, Georgiou and myself at New College, join Adams and Dunne. Meanwhile N. A. T. Menon at Merton got a second in English and is now studying theology. M. Perl passed P.P.E.
Saperia, at Pembroke, is taking Greats (Classics) Finals this June, after spending a lot of time providing the music for the University Morris Dancers—quite the George Gershwin. Gordon Eynon is taking, rumour has it, History Finals in the same month. Nobody, however, can prise him out of the Oriental Institute to confirm the booking.
When not swotting, or sweating, there are the Union, now complete with newly admitted women; cinemas, theatres, pubs and libraries. P. Adams has just retired from one sortie on to the rugby field and P. Georgiou is still clinging onto his place in the New College 3rd. table tennis team, when not, like myself and all other freshmen, quaking before Moderations or Preliminaries, which now hang over us.
M.H.M. (New College)
March 12, 1962.
OLD PHILOLOGIAN NOTES AND NEWS
The death occurred recently of Mr. T. J. S. Rowland, a master at the School for many years and who was elected an Honorary Member of the Association two years ago.
* * *
The Candlelight Supper was held in the School Hall on 19th October, 1961. Because of extensive rebuilding of the kitchen a hot meal was impracticable and a cold buffet meal was provided instead. Numbers attending declined slightly on the previous year due possibly to the cold meal. The Association was pleased to welcome the School Captain and Prefects. The evening was concluded by entertainment from Mr. P. A. Wayne. Thanks go to him for being so willing to entertain once again.
The Headmaster's "At Home" held on 18th December, 1961, again afforded to those persons unable to attend other Old Philologian functions an opportunity to visit the School and meet old friends. A good attendance was reported.
* * *
The Annual General Meeting was held on 22nd March, 1962. There were about thirty-five members present. All the Officers of the Association sought re-election and were re-elected. The Auditors were also re-elected. Mr. G. Rothman retired from the Committee, having served his four year term, and Mr. M. G. Blakeway's co-option on the Committee to be the liaison link between the School and the Association was confirmed. Mr. D. C. Belifonte and Mr. S. J. Stephenson, Snr., were elected to the Committee for four year terms.
The Annual General Meeting approved increases in subscriptions, effective from 1st January, 1963, and details have been sent to members with amended rules. The meeting was preceded by a debate with the School, as in past years.
* * *
The Association again went to the English-Speaking Union of the Commonwealth Club for the Annual Dinner, held on 10th May, 1962. Mr. R. E. Griffiths was in the Chair. The Mayor of St. Marylebone, Mr. T. E. Blackburn and Mr. W. G. Fiske, the new Chairman of the Governors, whom it was very pleasant to welcome, came as guests. The toast to "The School and Governors" was given by the Mayor to which Mr. Fiske replied. The toast to "The Headmaster and Assistant Masters" was given by Mr. N. Beach, an eleventh-hour deputy for the original speaker. Mr. Beach's speech was noteworthy for its brevity. The Headmaster replied. Mr. T. E. Blackburn proposed "The Association," which illness prevented him from doing in 1961. Mr. R. K. Hands replied. Mr. F. W. Wyeth proposed a toast to the Chairman. Very welcome were those of the Staff who came. Among the slightly smaller attendance on last year were several persons not seen at O.P. Dinners for quite a few years.
* * *
The Annual Cricket matches were played on 16th June, 1962, at Sudbury Hill. Both games were drawn. Scores: O.P. 1st XI 165 for 4 wickets declared; School 130 for 7. O.P. 2nd XI 67 for 8 wickets, School 154 for 9 wickets, declared.
* * *
News has been heard from the following Old Philologians:
C. W. I. Gillespie, who works for Shell Petroleum Company in their Capetown Head Office, and who was recently on honeymoon in England from South Africa.
Reverend E. A. Cannon has returned from Royal Air Force Gan, and is now at Halton, Bucks.
S. Salmons has gained his B.Sc., A.R.C.S., with upper second class honours after completing the Physics Course at Imperial College, London. He is continuing his studies there.
* * *
During the past year the following twenty-four persons have been elected to membership of the Association:
D. E. M. Adsett, J. D. W. Barnard, D. M. Brotherton, D. H. Brown, C. A. L. Clayden, L. J. Deliss, T. J. Dooley, A. P. Dowsett, M. V. Gauntlett, G. Gordon, P. Harding, R. E. Hay (1922-1929), J. M. Hurran, G. A. Jewson (1907-1910), A. N. Kendrick, R. J. Layne, L. J. Lewis, T. Mayer, M. H. Mendelson, J. O'Keeffe, P. J. Pilgrim, C. B. B. Schneider, A. P. Svoboda and K. D. Walker.
Peter Sayers (Honorary Secretary)
**PREFECTS**
School Captain: D. L. Bernstein
Vice-Captain: M. P. Mahony
Prefects: M. D. Alban, B. J. Collins, I. L. Collins, J. Larke, B. W. Lawson, E. P. Wilkinson.
Sub-Prefects: P. S. Hatch, S. M. Jurke, R. J. G. Morris, A. R. Parry, J. W. Rath, J. C. Reed, N. J. Russell, P. D. Sharp, A. G. Stein, T. W. Trager, J. A. Webster, R. J. Wellington.
**VALETE**
U.6A: F. D. Adams, P. Georgiou, D. A. Griffiths, K. J. McFall, C. Prendergast, A. J. Roberts, O. A. Ryan.
U.6sc: I. Goodman, I. A. Mandleberg.
6A: V. Bohata, B. E. Curling, D. E. Cutting, M. V. Gauntlett, W. M. G. Gillespie, J. M. Hurran, J. Kennedy, D. P. R. J. Lee, I. F. Lyle, M. H. Mendelson, D. M. Offenbach, J. O'Keeffe, A. J. Parks, A. B. Roberts.
6sc: D. E. M. Adsett, D. J. W. Barnard, L. J. Deliss, T. J. Dooley, A. P. Dowsett, B. P. J. Eden, J. M. Goldrich, G. Gordon, R. M. C. Gwynne, R. J. Hargreaves, A. F. Kelly, P. E. H. B. Levine, L. J. Lewis, J. D. Messenger, P. R. E. Norton, P. J. Pilgrim, D. H. Price, P. Stoddart.
U.5A: D. H. Brown, K. H. Fleishmann, J. E. Hayman, D. F. Ordish, J. A. Scott.
U.5sc: D. S. Botten, M. J. Jackson, K. M. O'Flaherty.
5A: D. Brower, A. N. Kendrick, W. Lyons, R. C. Morris, I. Rodgers.
5sc: A. S. Gilbert, B. A. Gordon, J. A. Jones, A. Ogilvie.
5G: D. Bines, M. Clay, P. J. Collins, P. F. Fitzjohn, M. J. G. French, M. Glendinning, J. S. Horwick, F. Huish, B. Iceton, C. Iceton, M. M. Khachadourian, U. M. J. Kubica, J. G. Laoutas, B. A. Murray, K. R. Partridge, L. E. Payne, R. A. Payne, R. E. Porter, W. G. Ridd, L. L. Sangers.
4SC: B. J. Bennett, J. A. Grayston.
4G: A. G. Bagley, R. Ellison, K. W. Harris, P. Lewis, P. G. McIntyre,
A. M. Selkus, M. A. D. Sinason.
3H: J. Newsinger.
3R: P. G. Auchterlonie.
2H: C. J. Hannan.
2R: S. R. Baker, R. D. Houghton.
2S: D. A. Cooke, B. P. Rogers, A. Schafer.
1H: G. L. E. Zilse.
1R: D. J. Elsas, R. J. Smith.
1S: M. K. Larkins.
**SALVETE**
We welcome the following boys to the School:— A. C. Harris (2s), S. D. Hill (4A), E. M. Jones (3H).
| Hawks | Ravens | Skuas |
|----------------|----------------|-----------------|
| Barber, E. W. C.| Barnett, J. I. | Bentley, M. D. |
| Brendon, R. M. | Bick, A. P. J. | Cherkoff, P. |
| Collins, D. G. | Cook, F. W. | Corré, N. B. |
| Corré, G. S. | Darvas, P. P. | Deyong, L. |
| Dodd, M. R. | Dodd, N. J. | Enticknap, A. F.|
| Edwards, J. H. | Garthwaite, P. H.| Gee, A. I. |
| Elsdon, J. | Golding, K. | Gordon, A. L. |
| Fasler, J. J. | Grossbard, M. R.| Graham, L. |
| Geneen, D. J. | Hall, P. A. T. | Hills, S. P. |
| Grossman, W. E. | Ingham, M. J. | Jacobs, D. T. |
| Jones, P. C. | Jones, L. C. | Kay, N. A. |
| Kessler, J. P. | Keevash, S. | Larkin, J. W. |
| Kinsella, P. J. | Kentish, S. O. | Lea, J. H. |
| Lilley, A. A. | Leibovici, L. E.| Leach, G. D. C. |
| Miles, J. | Lovesey, M. D. | Nicholls, J. |
| Noble, M. | Lupin, A. S. | Norris, P. A. |
| Packman, H. S. | Meaden, A. | Parnes, P. D. |
| Parsons, P. E. | Naylor, D. A. | Peck, B. M. |
| Payne, M. F. | Parker, B. K. | Petherham, M. S.|
| Peters, R. J. | Pela, M. F. G. | Phillips, G. R. |
| Phillips, R. M. | Pullin, K. | Pike, A. D. |
| Rawel, A. D. | Reuben, L. M. | Pithers, R. J. A.|
| Robins, J. S. | Roberts, F. I. | Robertson, C. H.|
| Ross, J. | Robinson, B. A. | Smith, R. J. |
| Slater, J. B. | Roles, J. D. | Walker, A. P. |
| Stalburg, D. F. | Smith, J. J. | Walton, S. M. |
| Tarleton, G. R. | Span, R. E. | Whitesman, M. |
| Wallace, N. J. | Tucker, R. A. | Whitley, A. W. |
| White, G. J. | Wildman, S. I. | Wulwik, P. D. |
| Zilse, G. L. E. | Williams, S. S. H.| |
**A Career in the Bank**
*Never before have opportunities for young people been as promising as they are today in Barclays Bank. Here is a brief outline of the career that awaits you there.*
The Bank wants young men of character and integrity, with a good standard of general education. Given these qualifications and an aptitude for the job, there is no reason why you should not find yourself a Branch Manager in your thirties, with a salary upwards of £1,550, and the chance of doubling your pay by the time you are 50. Looking ahead you could be one of those Managers whose salary exceeds £4,500 a year—a man with a big job, full of interest and responsibility. A goal worth striving for: and those who reach it will have a pension at 65 (without any contributions on their part) of £2,500 a year or more. Moreover the biggest jobs in the Bank are open to all. For the early years there’s a minimum salary scale for satisfactory work: £285 at 16 to £875 at 31 with a year’s seniority for a good Advanced Level certificate and three years’ for a degree. From 22 onwards merit can take the salary well above these figures; if the early promise is maintained, the salary at 29 can be £1,000 instead of the scale figure of £805.
Write for further particulars to the Staff Managers, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C.3.
BARCLAYS BANK LIMITED
See yourself as an officer —flying in the R.A.F.
Your passport to a full and adventurous life—a flying commission in the Royal Air Force. It’s a well paid career that will take you all over the world with the companionship that only Service life can give. You’ll spend your early years as an officer on operational flying. Later, as your career develops you may do tours of duty in command of operational training units, as a staff officer in R.A.F. and N.A.T.O. headquarters, in military and civil research and development establishments, and possibly as an Air Attaché to a British Embassy abroad.
Life today in the R.A.F. offers you security, excellent pay, and a progressive career leading to high rewards.
Here are some of the ways of beginning your flying career with the R.A.F.
Through Cranwell
If you are 17½ and hold or expect to gain G.C.E. in English language, maths., science or a language, and two other subjects (‘A’ level in two subjects) you can apply for a cadetship at the R.A.F. College, Cranwell, where you will be trained on University lines for a permanent commission, which guarantees you a full career to the age of at least 55.
If you are over 16 years 8 months you can apply for an R.A.F. scholarship, and if you are successful, a place will be reserved for you at Cranwell. This scholarship can be worth up to £390 a year, tax-free, to your parents and enables you to stay at school to gain the necessary G.C.E. ‘A’ level qualifications.
Through a Direct Entry Commission
If you are 17-26 and hold G.C.E. at ‘O’ level in English language, mathematics and three other acceptable subjects you can apply for a Direct Entry commission.
Find out more about flying in the R.A.F.—as a pilot, navigator, or air electronics officer—by writing, giving your date of birth and educational qualifications, to the address below. You will be sent, without obligation, full details together with an illustrated booklet.
Group Captain J. A. Crockett, R.A.F., Air Ministry (MG8159), Adastral House, London, W.C.1
The future is with the R.A.F.
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Payment Request Form
Use this form to request either a first payment of up to 90-percent of your award at the beginning of your grant period, a final payment of your remaining award balance, or a final payment of your award in full at the end of your grant period.
Note: Georgia Humanities must have a completed W-9 for your organization, a copy of the letters sent to your legislators informing them of the grant award, and a grant event form on file for payments to be processed.
Name of Organization:
Grant Number:
Financial Officer:
E-mail:
Phone:
Address:
I am requesting (select one):
Remaining Award Balance
90% of Award
Award Amount in Full (only available at end of grant period)
We certify that this information is true and correct, and that documentation of these expenditures is on file in our office, available for audit up to three years following the submission of our Final Report.
Signature of Financial Officer (Required)
Date
Signature of Project Director (Required)
Authorized for payment by GH
Date
Amount Approved
Date
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY: What Can Cultural Organisations Do?
TOP TIPS
3.
Implement energy efficient technologies into your buildings
In 2020-21, 59% of NPOs had installed energy efficient lighting systems. Lighting has a significant energy consumption, therefore it provides opportunities for energy efficiency and emissions reduction.
Investing in onsite renewable energy generation is one of the best things you can do to reduce your footprint. Assess whether installing an air source or ground source heat pump is an option and whether your roof space of other areas of your site might be suitable for solar thermal or solar PV.
Glyndebourne Opera built their own wind turbine in 2012. Within six years it had paid for itself, and continues to create profit and provide energy security for the organisation.
Between 2012 and 2021 it has generated the equivalent of 105% of the electricity used by the company in that period, resulting in a 50% cut in carbon emissions. Any electricity not
1. Get control of your data
You can't manage what you don't measure. It is a legal requirement for large business energy users to have half hourly metres installed. If your organisation has a peak load energy usage over 100 kW, you will need to get a half hourly metre. These are free for small users from your supplier. Having a half hourly metre is also the best way to understand your energy use and make changes to reduce your overall consumption. Doing a night audit can also show you were devices and energy are being drained which could be energy saving opportunities.
"We have 53 sub metres installed across site in our 2014 refurbishment." Sadler's Wells Trust
Employing an energy assessor to carry out an audit of your building can help you to understand opportunities to reduce and save energy, and put together an energy action plan.
1
used directly on-site goes back into the National Grid providing clean power to the local community.
Glyndebourne have also signed up to the Race to Zero Campaign, and undertaken a number of other activities aimed at reducing energy consumption including: installation of new, more efficient gas boilers that could reduce gas consumption by 20%, making changes to the air conditioning system to lower energy consumption, replacing auditorium lights with low-energy LEDs, and installing timers and light sensors.
Examples:
* Bristol Music Trust: Are investing in solar PV in their redevelopment, the system will potentially generate 111000KWh.
* Chichester Festival Theatre: Have a ground source heat system where the ROI is approx £8000 per annum during a normal year.
5.
Work with others to build community owned renewable energy systems
Working with other local organisations and groups can be a great way to pool resources for mutual shared benefits. In 2020-21, 10% of NPOs were a part of a community-based or government energy scheme or group.
Knowles West Media Centre have solar panels from Bristol Energy Cooperative (BEC). BEC is a community-owned energy cooperative growing Greater Bristol's local green energy supply, they make the benefits available to all. They develop renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, and help others to do the same.
Examples:
* Museum of London: is part of Citigen – a district heating system serving the City.
* B:Music: is part of the Birmingham District Heating Scheme.
* Sadler's Wells Trust: Invested in solar panels their roof and fly tower during their 2014 refurbishment, they produce approximately 17,000 kWh per year.
"Energy communities are a valuable tool in order to accelerate the energy transition and sufficiency in a just and fair way"
Climate Action Network Europe
© Glyndebourne Productions Ltd. Glyndebourne Opera House site and turbine. Photo: James Bellorini
2
6. Hire a dedicated energy manager, and recruit voluntary energy champions
Having a dedicated energy manager responsible for monitoring, reporting and evaluating energy use will help you to deliver ongoing energy reductions, support installation and understanding of new systems and technologies, monitor and evaluate their impacts.
In 2020-21, 55% of NPOs formally recognised environmental responsibilities in job roles.
Z-arts have two permanent (CL-trained) staff lead the Green Champions Team which has recently been relaunched post-Covid with an all-staff Environmental Strategy workshop. Three senior managers have now received Carbon Literacy Training (including Chief Executive) and they are hoping to roll out Carbon Literacy Training to the rest of the permanent staff.
Opera North rolled out Climate LIteracy training to the majority of their staff during 2020, as well as training staff from Leeds 2023, Leeds Playhouse and Leeds Conservatoire.
7.
Implement science-based
targets
Whilst this action requires some expertise and an investment of time, you will be certain that your organisation aligns with the Paris Agreement and global emissions reductions targets.
Currently, 26% of NPOs environmental policies align with science-based targets.
Manchester City aims to be Net Zero by 2038, HOME Manchester, SICK! Festival, Walk the Plank and Z-Arts have aligned their organisational targets to the 2038.
8.
Employ sustainable production and exhibition methods
52% of NPOs have trialled sustainable productions or exhibition methods.
Read about SS Great Britain's unique approach to energy efficiency and working towards carbon neutral whilst conserving this important heritage site.
For more information about digital impacts see Environmental Sustainability in the Digital Age of Culture.
This is one of the easiest ways to support and invest in renewable energy generation in the UK. However, it is important to look carefully and compare the energy sourcing of the energy supplier. check that the supplier invests and directly builds renewable energy capacity rather than through buying REGOs (Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin) or other loopholes which could be greenwash.
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
HOW ARE SNAP BENEFITS SPENT? EVIDENCE FROM A RETAIL PANEL
Justine S. Hastings Jesse M. Shapiro
Working Paper 23112 http://www.nber.org/papers/w23112
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2017
This work has been supported (in part) by awards from the Russell Sage Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Policies for Action program, and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. Any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone and should not be construed as representing the opinions of these Foundations. This project benefited from the suggestions of Ken Chay, Raj Chetty, David Cutler, Amy Finkelstein, Xavier Gabaix, Peter Ganong, Ed Glaeser, Nathan Hendren, Hilary Hoynes, Larry Katz, David Laibson, Kevin Murphy, Mandy Pallais, Devin Pope, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Andrei Shleifer, from audience comments at Brown University, Clark University, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Quantitative Marketing and Economics Conference, and from comments by discussant J.P. Dubé. We thank our dedicated research assistants for their contributions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23112.ack
NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
© 2017 by Justine S. Hastings and Jesse M. Shapiro. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
How Are SNAP Benefits Spent? Evidence from a Retail Panel Justine S. Hastings and Jesse M. Shapiro NBER Working Paper No. 23112 January 2017 JEL No. D12,H31,I38
ABSTRACT
We use a novel retail panel with more than six years of detailed transaction records to study the effect of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on household spending. We frame our approach using novel administrative data from the state of Rhode Island. The marginal propensity to consume SNAP-eligible food (MPCF) out of SNAP benefits is 0.5 to 0.6. The MPCF out of cash is much smaller. These patterns obtain even for households for whom SNAP benefits are economically equivalent to cash in the sense that benefits do not cover all food spending. We reject the hypothesis that households respect the fungibility of money in a semiparametric setup. A post-hoc model of mental accounting rationalizes these facts and others.
Justine S. Hastings Brown University Department of Economics 64 Waterman Street Providence, RI 02912 and NBER [email protected]
Jesse M. Shapiro Economics Department Box B Brown University Providence, RI 02912 and NBER [email protected]
1 Introduction
This paper studies how receipt of benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) affects household spending. SNAP is of special interest to economists for at least two reasons. First, the program is economically important: it is the second-largest means-tested program in the United States after Medicaid (Congressional Budget Office 2013), enrolling 19.6 percent of households in fiscal 2014. 1
Second, the program's stated objectives sit awkwardly with economic theory. On signing the bill to implement the predecessor Food Stamp Program, President Lyndon Johnson declared that the program would "enable low-income families to increase their food expenditures" (Johnson 1964). The Food and Nutrition Service of the USDA says that SNAP is important for "helping lowincome families put food on the table" (FNS 2012). Yet although SNAP benefits can only be spent on food, textbook demand theory (Mankiw 2000; Browning and Zupan 2004) predicts that, for the large majority of SNAP recipients who spend more on food than they receive in benefits, 2 SNAP benefits are economically equivalent to cash. 3 As typical estimates of the marginal propensity to consume food (MPCF) out of cash income are close to 0.1, 4 the textbook treatment says that SNAP benefits should mostly subsidize non-food spending.
Estimating the effect of SNAP benefits on spending is challenging because it requires good measurement of household spending and suitably exogenous variation in program participation or benefits. Survey-based measures of household spending are error-prone and sensitive to the mode of elicitation (Ahmed et al. 2006; Browning et al. 2014; Battistin and Padula 2016). Important components of SNAP eligibility and benefit rules are set nationally, and major program changes
1 There were 22,743,911 participating households in fiscal 2014 (FNS 2016a) and 116,211,092 households in the US on average from 2010-2014 (US Census Bureau 2016).
2 Hoynes et al. (2015) find that spending on food at home is at or above the SNAP benefit level for 84 percent of SNAP recipient households. Trippe and Ewell (2007) report that 73 to 78 percent of SNAP recipients spend at least 10 percent more on food than they receive in SNAP benefits.
3 Consider a household with monthly income y and SNAP benefits b. If the household spends f on SNAP-eligible food then she has y − max (0, f − b) available to buy other goods. Let U ( f , n) denote the household's strictly monotone, differentiable, and strictly quasiconcave utility function defined over the dollar amount of SNAP-eligible food consumption f and other consumption n. Suppose that there is a solution f ∗ = argmax f U ( f , y − max (0, f − b)) such that f ∗ > b. The first-order necessary condition for this program is a necessary and sufficient condition for a solution to the program max f U ( f , y + b − f ) in which the benefits are given in cash. Therefore f ∗ = argmax f U ( f , y + b − f ). 4
Castner and Mabli (2010) estimate an MPCF out of cash income of 0.07 for SNAP participants. Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009) estimate an MPCF out of cash income of 0.09-0.10 for populations with a high likelihood of participating in the Food Stamp Program.
have often coincided with other policy changes or economic shocks (Congressional Budget Office 2012), making it difficult to separate the effect of SNAP from the effect of these contextual factors.
In this paper we analyze a novel panel consisting of detailed transaction records from February 2006 to December 2012 for nearly half a million regular customers of a large US grocery retailer. The data contain information on method of payment, including whether payment was made using a government benefit card. We use the panel to study the effect of transitions on and off of SNAP, and of legislated changes in SNAP benefits, on household spending.
We adopt three approaches to isolating the causal effect of SNAP on spending: a panel eventstudy design using trends prior to SNAP adoption to diagnose confounds, an instrumental variables design exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of program exit, and a differencesin-differences design exploiting legislated changes to benefit schedules.
We motivate each of these approaches with findings from novel Rhode Island administrative data. The data show that household income and size change in the months preceding a household's transition on to SNAP, motivating our panel event-study design. The data also show that SNAP spell lengths are typically divisible by six months because of the recertification process, motivating our instrumental-variables design. National administrative records show discrete jumps in SNAP benefits associated with legislated program changes in 2008 and 2009, motivating our differencesin-differences design.
By construction our retail panel includes purchases at a single grocery chain. Rhode Island administrative data show that it is possible to reliably infer transitions on to SNAP using data from a single grocery chain, by focusing on consecutive periods of non-SNAP use followed by consecutive periods of SNAP use. Additional data, including a survey conducted by the retailer, show that SNAP participation is only weakly related to a household's choice of retailer.
Graphical analysis of our panel event-study design shows that after adoption of SNAP, households in the retailer panel increase SNAP-eligible spending by about $110 a month, equivalent to a bit more than half of their monthly SNAP benefit. There is no economically meaningful trend in SNAP-eligible spending prior to adoption of SNAP. Graphical analysis of our instrumentalvariables and differences-in-differences designs also implies an MPCF out of SNAP in the range of 0.5 to 0.6.
We exploit large swings in gasoline prices during our sample period to estimate the MPCF
out of cash for the retail panelists. We observe gasoline spending at the retailer and confirm that increases in gasoline prices lead to significant additional out-of-pocket expenses for panelist households. We estimate that every $100 per month of additional gasoline spending reduces food spending by less than $10, in line with past estimates of the MPCF out of cash for the SNAP-recipient population (e.g., Castner and Mabli 2010) but far below the estimated MPCF out of SNAP.
Turning to SNAP-ineligible spending at the retailer, we estimate an MPC of 0.02 out of SNAP benefits, and a (statistically indistinguishable) MPC of 0.04 out of cash.
We develop an economic model of food spending by households for whom SNAP benefits do not cover all food spending and are therefore fungible with cash. We show how to test the hypothesis of fungibility, allowing for the endogeneity of cash income and SNAP benefits, and for the possibility that different households' consumption functions do not share a common parameterization or parametric structure. Our tests consistently reject the null hypothesis that households treat SNAP benefits as fungible with other income.
We extend our economic model to include mental accounting following the approach in Farhi and Gabaix (2015). The extension is post hoc. By design, it rationalizes the finding that the MPCF is greater out of SNAP benefits than out of cash. It also predicts that, following SNAP receipt, households will allocate relatively less effort to bargain-hunting in the food domain than in the non-food domain. We find that SNAP receipt reduces the store-brand share of expenditures and the share of items on which coupons are redeemed, but only for SNAP-eligible foods.
We also discuss the responses from qualitative interviews conducted at a food pantry as part of a Rhode Island pilot proposal to modify SNAP benefit timing. Respondents were not scientifically sampled, and it is not appropriate to derive general conclusions from these interviews. Nevertheless, we find that they provide useful context for our analysis.
This paper contributes to a large literature on the effects of SNAP and the predecessor Food Stamp Program on food spending, recently reviewed by Bitler (2015) and Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2016). There are four strands to this literature. The first strand studies the effect of converting food stamp benefits to cash. Moffitt (1989) finds that a cashout in Puerto Rico did not affect food spending. Wilde and Ranney (1996) find that behavior in two randomized cashout interventions is not consistent with fungibility; Schanzenbach (2002) finds that behavior in these same interventions is consistent with fungibility. 5 The second strand, reviewed in Fox et al. (2004), either compares participants to nonparticipants or relates food spending to the size of a household's benefit, either across households or over time. Wilde (2001) and Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009), among others, criticize this strand of the literature for using a source of variation in program benefits that is likely related to non-program determinants of spending. 6 The third strand studies randomized evaluations of program extensions or additions. Collins et al. (2016) study a randomized evaluation of the Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer for Children program and use survey data to estimate an MPCF out of program benefits of 0.58.
The fourth strand exploits policy variation in program availability and generosity. Studying the initial rollout of the Food Stamp Program using survey data, Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009) estimate an MPCF out of food stamps of 0.16 to 0.32, with confidence interval radius ranging from 0.17 to 0.27. Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009) estimate an MPCF out of cash income of 0.09 to 0.10 and cannot reject the hypothesis that the MPCF out of food stamps is equal to the MPCF out of cash income. Studying the effect of a 2009 SNAP benefit expansion using survey data, Beatty and Tuttle (2015) estimate an MPCF out of SNAP benefits of 0.53 to 0.64 (they do not report a confidence interval on these values) and an MPCF out of cash income of 0.15. 7 Closest to our study, Bruich (2014) uses retail scanner data with method-of-payment information to study the effect of a 2013 SNAP benefit reduction, estimating an MPCF out of SNAP benefits of 0.3 with confidence interval radius of 0.15. 8 Bruich (2014) does not report an MPCF out of cash income. We estimate an MPCF out of SNAP benefits of 0.5 to 0.6 with confidence interval radius as low as 0.015, and an MPCF out of cash income of no more than 0.1.
This paper contributes new evidence of violations of fungibility in a large-stakes real-world decision with significant policy relevance. That households mentally or even physically separate different income sources according to spending intentions is well-documented in hypothetical-
5 Fox et al. (2004) question the validity of the findings from Puerto Rico and one of the randomized interventions, arguing that the best evidence indicates that cashout reduces food spending.
6 Wilde et al. (2009) address the endogeneity of program benefits by exploiting variation in whether household food spending is constrained by program rules. Li et al. (2014) use panel data to study the evolution of child food insecurity in the months before and after family entry into the food stamp program.
7 Nord and Prell (2011) estimate the effect of the 2009 benefit expansion on food security and food expenditures. Ratcliffe et al. (2011) and Yen et al. (2008) estimate the effect of SNAP and food stamps, respectively, on food insecurity, using state-level policy variables as excluded instruments.
8 Andreyeva et al. (2012) and Garasky et al. (2016) use retail scanner data to describe the food purchases of SNAP recipients, but not to estimate the causal effect of SNAP on spending.
choice scenarios (e.g., Heath and Soll 1996; Thaler 1999) and ethnographic studies (e.g., Rainwater et al. 1959). Much of the recent literature documenting this behavior in real-world markets focuses on consumer choice settings with little direct policy relevance (e.g., Milkman and Bashears 2009; Hastings and Shapiro 2013; Abeler and Marklein forthcoming). Important exceptions include Kooreman's (2000) study of a child tax credit in the Netherlands, Feldman's (2010) study of a change in US federal income tax withholding, and Benhassine et al.'s (2015) study of a labeled cash transfer in Morocco.
Methodologically, this paper shows how to test for the fungibility of money without assuming that the consumption function takes a particular parametric form or that the consumption function is identical for all households. 9 Our approach nests Kooreman's (2000), but avoids the concern that a rejection of fungibility is due to misspecification of functional forms (Ketcham et al. 2016).
Finally, the paper presents new evidence from novel administrative data on SNAP recipients in Rhode Island, including the first evidence we are aware of from state administrative data on how household wage income evolves before and after entry into SNAP. 10 Although we present these findings primarily as background, they are of interest in their own right as evidence on the contextual factors associated with SNAP adoption.
2 Background and evidence from administrative and survey data
2.1 Rhode Island administrative data
We use Rhode Island state administrative records housed in a secure facility at the Rhode Island Innovative Policy Laboratory at Brown University. Personally identifiable information has been removed from the data and replaced with secure identifiers that make it possible to link different records associated with the same individual or household. These records are not linked to our retail panel.
9 Whereas classical tests of consumer rationality (Varian 1983; Blundell et al. 2003) require observing price changes, we provide a set of intuitive sufficient conditions on the model and the measurement process that permit testing based on income variation alone.
10 Other recent studies analyzing linked unemployment insurance and SNAP data include Anderson et al. (2012) and Leung and O'Leary (2015).
We obtain the state's SNAP records from October 2004 through June 2016. These data define the months of benefit receipt and the collection of individuals associated with every household on SNAP in every month. We assume that a household's composition is unchanged prior to its first benefit receipt and that it does not change from its most recent composition between the end of any given period of benefit receipt and the start of the next period. We exclude from our analysis any household whose membership we cannot uniquely identify in every month, 11 or whose adult composition changes during the sample period. The final sample consists of 185, 534 unique households.
From SNAP records we compute, for each household and month, the total number of children in the household under five years old. From the records of the state unemployment insurance system we compute, for each household and quarter, 12 the sum of total unemployment insurance benefits received from and total earnings reported to the state unemployment insurance system by all individuals who are in the household as of the quarter's end. 13 We refer to this total as household income, but we note that it excludes income not reported to the Rhode Island unemployment insurance system, such as social security benefits and out-of-state earnings.
We also obtain records of all debits and credits to SNAP Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards for the period September 2012 through October 2015. From these we identify all householdmonths in which the household received a SNAP benefit and all household-months in which the household spent SNAP benefits at a large, anonymous retailer in Rhode Island ("Rhode Island Retailer") chosen to be similar to the retailer that provided our retail panel. Although these data can be linked to the SNAP records using a household identifier, we do not exploit that link in the analysis that follows.
11 This can occur either because we lack a unique identifier for a member individual or because a given individual is associated with multiple households in the same month.
12 Data on earnings are missing from our database for the fourth quarter of 2004 and the second quarter of 2011.
13 We exclude from our analysis any household-quarter in which the household's total quarterly earnings exceed the 99.9999th percentile or in which unemployment insurance benefits in any month of the quarter exceed three times the four-week equivalent of the 2016 maximum weekly benefit of $707 (Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training 2016).
2.2 Changes in household circumstances around SNAP adoption
Household income and household size are major determinants of SNAP eligibility (FNS 2016b). We therefore hypothesize that entry into SNAP is associated with a decline in household income and a rise in household size. Figure 1 shows that this hypothesis is confirmed in our administrative data. The figure shows panel event-study plots of household income and number of children as a function of time relative to SNAP adoption, which we define to occur on the first quarter or month, respectively, of a household's first SNAP spell. In the period of SNAP adoption, household income declines and the number of children rises, on average.
Past research shows that greater household size and lower household income are associated, respectively, with greater and lower at-home food expenditures among the SNAP-recipient population (Castner and Mabli 2010). 14 It is therefore unclear whether these contextual factors should contribute a net rise or fall in food expenditures in the period of SNAP adoption. Because figure 1 shows that these factors trend substantially in the periods preceding SNAP adoption, we can assess their net effect by studying trends in spending prior to adoption.
Figure 1 therefore motivates our panel event-study research design, in which we use trends in spending prior to SNAP adoption to diagnose the direction and plausible magnitude of confounds.
2.3 Length of SNAP spells and the certification process
When a state agency determines that a household is eligible for SNAP, the agency sets a certification period at the end of which benefits will terminate if the household has not documented continued eligibility. 15 The certification period may not exceed 24 months for households whose
14 Past research also finds that unemployment—a likely cause of the decline in income associated with SNAP adoption—is associated with a small decline in spending on food for home consumption. Using cross-sectional variation in the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, Aguiar and Hurst (2005) estimate that unemployment is associated with 9 percent lower at-home food expenditure. Using pseudo-panel variation in the Family Expenditure Survey, Banks et al. (1998) estimate that unemployment is associated with a 7.6 percent decline in the sum of food consumed in the home and domestic energy. Using panel variation in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Gough (2013) estimates that unemployment is associated with a statistically insignificant 1 to 4 percent decline in at-home food expenditure. Using panel variation in checking account records, Ganong and Noel (2016) estimate that the onset of unemployment is associated with a 3.1 percent decline in at-home food expenditure. Aggregate data seem to confirm these findings: real average annual at-home food expenditure fell by 1.6 percent from 2006 to 2009, during which time the unemployment rate more than doubled (Kumcu and Kaufman 2011).
15 Federal rules state that "the household's certification period must not exceed the period of time during which the household's circumstances (e.g., income, household composition, and residency) are expected to remain stable" (FNS 2014).
adult members are elderly or disabled, and may not exceed 12 months otherwise (FNS 2014). In practice, households are frequently certified for exactly these lengths of time, or for other lengths divisible by 6 months (Mills et al. 2014).
Figure 2 shows the distribution of SNAP spell lengths in Rhode Island administrative data. The figure shows clear spikes in the density at spell lengths divisible by 6 months.
Figure 2 motivates our instrumental variables research design, which exploits the six-month divisibility of certification periods as a source of plausibly exogenous timing of program exit.
2.4 Legislated changes in SNAP benefit schedules
Appendix figure 1 shows the average monthly SNAP benefit per US household from February 2006 to December 2012, which coincides with the time frame of our retail panel. The series exhibits two discrete jumps, which correspond to two legislated changes in the benefit schedule: an increase in October 2008 due to the 2008 Farm Bill and an increase in April 2009 due to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
Appendix figure 1 motivates our differences-in-differences research design, which exploits these legislated benefit increases.
2.5 Inferring SNAP adoption from single-retailer data
Households can spend SNAP at any authorized retailer. We will conduct our analysis of food spending using data from a single retail chain. Changes in a household's choice of retailer could be mistaken for program entry and exit in single-retailer data. We use our EBT panel to evaluate the importance of these mistakes and to determine how best to infer program transitions in singleretailer data.
For each K ∈{1,..., 12} and for each household in our EBT panel, we identify all cases of K consecutive months without SNAP spending at the Rhode Island Retailer followed by K consecutive months with SNAP spending at the Rhode Island Retailer. We then compute the share of these transition periods in which the household newly enrolled in SNAP within two months of the start of SNAP spending at the retailer, where we define new enrollment as receipt of at least $10 in SNAP benefits following a period of at least three consecutive months with no benefit.
Figure 3 plots the share of households newly enrolling in SNAP as a function of the radius K of the transition period. For low values of K, many transitions reflect retailer-switching rather than new enrollments in SNAP. The fraction of transitions that represent new enrollments increases with K. For K = 6 and above, the fraction constituting new enrollments is over 86 percent. When we focus on households who do the majority of their SNAP spending at the retailer in question— arguably a sample more comparable to the households in our retail panel—this fraction rises to 96 percent.
Figure 3 motivates our definition of SNAP adoption in the retailer data.
2.6 SNAP participation and choice of retailer
Even if we isolate suitably exogenous changes in SNAP participation and benefits, our analysis of single-retailer data could be misleading if SNAP participation directly affects retail choice.
Ver Ploeg et al. (2015) study the types of stores at which SNAP recipients shop using nationally representative survey data collected from April 2012 through January 2013. For 46 percent of SNAP recipients, the primary grocery retailer is a supercenter, for 43 percent it is a supermarket, for 3 percent it is another kind of store, and for 8 percent it is unknown. The corresponding values for all US households are 45 percent, 44 percent, 4 percent, and 7 percent. As with primary stores, the distribution of alternate store types is nearly identical between SNAP recipients and the population as a whole. SNAP recipients' choice of store type is also nearly identical to that of low-income non-recipients. While this evidence does not speak directly to the causal effect of SNAP on choice of store type, it seems to cast doubt on the hypothesis that SNAP receipt per se is a major factor determining where households shop.
As further evidence, a companion note to this paper analyzes Nielsen Homescan data and finds little relationship at the state-year level between changes in the market shares of major retailers and changes in the number of SNAP recipients in the state.
In the next section we present further evidence on retailer substitution using survey data collected by the retailer that supplied our panel.
3 Retailer data and definitions
3.1 Purchases and demographics
We obtained anonymized transaction-level data from a large U.S. grocery retailer with gasoline stations on site. The data comprise all purchases in five states made using loyalty cards by households who shop at one of the retailer's stores at least every other month. We observe 6.02 billion purchases made on 608 million purchase occasions by 486, 570 households from February 2006 through December 2012. We exclude from our analysis the 1, 214 households who spend more than $5,000 in a single month.
For each household, we observe demographic characteristics including age, household composition, and ZIP code. We use these data in robustness checks and to study heterogeneity in our estimates.
For each item purchased, we observe the quantity, the pre-tax amount paid, a flag for the use of WIC, and the dollar amount of coupons or other discounts applied to the purchase.
For each purchase occasion, we observe the date, a store identifier, and a classification of the store into a retailer division, a grouping based on the store's brand and distribution geography. We also observe the main payment method used for the purchase, defined as the payment method (e.g., cash, check, government benefit) accounting for the greatest share of expenditure. For purchase occasions in March 2009 and later, we additionally observe the exact breakdown of spending by payment method.
We classify a purchase occasion as a SNAP purchase occasion if the main payment method is a government benefit and WIC is not used. Using the detailed payment data for purchase occasions in March 2009 and later, we calculate that SNAP is used in only 0.23 percent of the purchase occasions that we do not classify as SNAP purchase occasions. The appendix table shows that our key results are not sensitive to excluding WIC users from the sample.
We define a SNAP month as any household-month with positive total spending across SNAP purchase occasions. 16 Of the household-months in our panel, 7.8 percent are SNAP months. Of the households in our panel, 43 percent experience at least one SNAP month.
16 Using our detailed payment data for March 2009 and later, we can alternatively define a SNAP month as any month in which a household uses SNAP. This definition agrees with our principal definition in all but 0.27 percent of
household-months.
3.2 Product characteristics
The retailer provided us with data on the characteristics of each product purchased, including an indicator for whether the product is store-brand, a text description of the product, and the product's location within a taxonomy.
We classify products as SNAP-eligible or SNAP-ineligible based on the retailer's taxonomy and the guidelines for eligibility published on the USDA website. 17 Among all non-fuel purchases in our data, 71 percent of spending goes to SNAP-eligible products, 25 percent goes to SNAPineligible products, and the remainder goes to products that we cannot classify.
We use our detailed payment data for purchases made in SNAP months in March 2009 or later to validate our product eligibility classification. Among all purchases made at least partly with SNAP in which we classify all products as eligible or ineligible, in 98.6 percent of cases the expenditure share of SNAP-eligible products is at least as large as the expenditure share paid with SNAP. Among purchases made entirely with SNAP, in 98.7 percent of cases we classify no items as SNAP-ineligible. Among purchases in which all items are classified as SNAP-ineligible, in more than 99.9 percent of cases SNAP is not used as a payment method.
3.3 Shopping effort
For each household and month we compute the store-brand share of expenditures and the share of items for which coupons are redeemed for both SNAP-eligible and SNAP-ineligible purchases. Prior evidence suggests that both of these can serve as a proxy for households' efforts to save money. 18 We adjust these measures for the composition of purchases as follows. For each item purchased, we compute the store-brand share of expenditure among other households buying an item in the same product category in the same retailer division and the same calendar month and week. The expenditure-weighted average of this measure across purchases by a given household in a given month is the predicted store-brand share, i.e. the share of expenditures that would be storebrand if the household acted like others in the panel who buy the same types of goods. Likewise,
17
Grocery and prepared food items intended for home consumption are generally SNAP-eligible (FNS 2017). Alcohol, tobacco, pet food, and prepared food intended for on-premise consumption are SNAP-ineligible (FNS 2017).
18 Store-brand items tend to be less expensive than national-brand alternatives, and correspondingly are more popular among lower-income households (Bronnenberg et al. 2015). Coupon use rose during the Great Recession, reflecting
households' greater willingness to trade time for money (Nevo and Wong 2015).
we compute the share of other households buying the same item in the same retailer division, month, and week who redeem coupons, and compute the average of this measure across purchases by a given household in a given month to form a predicted coupon use. We subtract the predicted from the actual value of each shopping effort measure to form measures of adjusted store-brand share and adjusted coupon redemption share.
3.4 Monthly spending and benefits
For each household in our panel we calculate total monthly spending on SNAP-eligible items, fuel, and SNAP-ineligible items excluding fuel. We calculate each household's total monthly SNAP benefits as the household's total spending across all SNAP purchase occasions within the month. 19
Our data corroborate prior evidence (e.g., Hoynes et al. 2015) that, for most households, SNAP benefits do not cover all SNAP-eligible spending. For 93 percent of households who ever use SNAP, average SNAP-eligible spending in non-SNAP months exceeds average SNAP benefits in SNAP months. SNAP-eligible spending exceeds SNAP benefits by at least $10 in 93 percent of SNAP months and by at least 5 percent in 92 percent of SNAP months. The appendix table reports estimates of key parameters for the subset of households for whom, according to various definitions, SNAP benefits are inframarginal to total food spending.
3.5 SNAP adoption
Motivated by the analysis in section 2.5, we define a SNAP adoption as a period of six or more consecutive non-SNAP months followed by a period of six or more consecutive SNAP months. We refer to the first SNAP month in an adoption as an adoption month. We define a SNAP adopter as a household with at least one SNAP adoption. Our panel contains a total of 24,456 SNAP adopters.
Panel A of figure 4 shows the share of SNAP adopters with positive SNAP spending in each of the 12 months before and after a household's first SNAP adoption. Panel B of figure 4 shows average SNAP benefits before and after adoption. Following adoption, the average household receives about $200 in monthly SNAP benefits. For comparison, the average US SNAP benefit per household in fiscal 2009, roughly at the midpoint of our sample period, was $276 (FNS 2016a).
19 Our concept of total SNAP benefits has a correlation of 0.98 with the exact amount of SNAP spending calculated using detailed payment information in SNAP months March 2009 and later.
We conduct the bulk of our analysis using the sample of SNAP adopters. The appendix table presents our key results for alternative samples.
3.6 Retailer share of wallet
Spending patterns suggest that panelists buy a large fraction of their groceries at the retailer. Mabli and Malsberger (2013) estimate average 2010 spending on food at home by SNAP recipients of $380 per month using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Hoynes et al. (2015) find that average per-household food expenditures are 20 to 25 percent lower in the Consumer Expenditure Survey than in the corresponding aggregates from the National Income and Product Accounts. In the six months following a SNAP adoption, average monthly SNAP-eligible spending in our data is $469.
Panelists also seem to buy a large fraction of their gasoline at the retailer: average monthly fuel spending at the retailer is $97 in the six months following SNAP adoption, as compared to Mabli and Malsberger's (2013) estimate of $115.
Survey data from the retailer suggest that SNAP use is associated with a reduction in the retailer's share of overall category spending. During the period June 2009 to December 2011, the retailer conducted an online survey on a convenience sample of customers. The survey asked:
About what percentage of your total overall expenses for groceries, household supplies, or personal care items do you, yourself, spend in the following stores?
Respondents were presented with a list of retail chains including the one from which we obtained our data. Excluding responses in which the reported percentages do not sum to 100, we observe at least one response from 961 of the households in our panel. Among survey respondents that ever use SNAP, the average reported share of wallet for the retailer is 0.61 for those surveyed during non-SNAP months (N = 311 survey responses) and 0.53 for those surveyed during SNAP months (N = 80 survey responses). 20 The same qualitative pattern obtains among SNAP adopters, and in responses to a retrospective question about shopping frequency. 21
20 The difference in means is statistically significant (t = 2.15, p = 0.032).
21 The question asks, "In your opinion, do you think you, yourself have been shopping more, less, or about the same amount at the retailer over the past 3 months?" Among households surveyed in a SNAP month, 60 percent report that their frequency of shopping at the retailer has stayed "about the same." Among those saying that it has not stayed the same, a majority (59 percent) say that it has decreased.
Taken at face value, these findings suggest that retailer substitution will tend, if anything, to bias downward the estimated effect of SNAP participation on food spending. In the appendix table we verify that our results are robust to restricting attention to households with relatively few supermarkets in their county, for whom opportunities to substitute across retailers are presumably more limited.
4 Descriptive evidence
4.1 Marginal propensity to consume out of SNAP benefits
Figure 5 shows the evolution of monthly spending before and after SNAP adoption for our sample of SNAP adopters. Each plot shows coefficients from a regression of spending on a vector of indicators for months relative to the household's first SNAP adoption. Panel A shows that SNAP-eligible spending increases by approximately $110 in the first few months following SNAP adoption. Recall from figure 4 that the average household receives monthly SNAP benefits of approximately $200 following SNAP adoption. Taking the ratio of the increase in spending to the benefit amount, we estimate an MPCF out of SNAP benefits between 0.5 and 0.6.
Panel B shows that SNAP-ineligible spending increases by approximately $5 following SNAP adoption, implying an MPC of a few percentage points. The increase in SNAP-ineligible spending is smaller in both absolute and proportional terms than the increase in SNAP-eligible spending. The online appendix shows directly that the share of spending devoted to SNAP-eligible items increases significantly following SNAP adoption. This finding is not consistent with the hypothesis that SNAP leads to a proportional increase in spending across all categories due to substitution away from competing retailers.
Following the analysis in section 2.2, trends in spending prior to adoption should provide a sense of the influence of changes in contextual factors on spending. Panel A shows very little trend in SNAP-eligible spending prior to SNAP adoption. Panel B shows, if anything, a slight decline in SNAP-ineligible spending prior to adoption, perhaps due to economic hardship. Neither of these patterns seems consistent with the hypothesis that the large increase in SNAP-eligible spending that occurs at SNAP adoption is driven by changes in contextual factors.
Figure 6 shows the evolution of monthly spending during a monthly clock that begins at SNAP adoption and resets every six months. Panels A and B show that SNAP participation and benefits fall especially quickly in the first month of the clock, consistent with the finding in section 2.3 that SNAP spell lengths tend to be divisible by six months. Participation and benefits also fall more quickly in the sixth month, perhaps reflecting error in our classification of adoption dates.
Panel C of figure 6 shows that the pattern of SNAP-eligible spending closely follows that of SNAP benefits. Benefits decline by about $12 more in the first month of the cycle than in the second. Correspondingly, SNAP-eligible spending declines by $6 to $7 more in the first month than in the second. Taking the ratio of these two values implies an MPCF out of SNAP benefits between 0.5 and 0.6, consistent with the evidence in figure 5.
Appendix figure 2 plots the evolution of SNAP-eligible spending around the legislated benefit changes described in section 2.4. The plot shows that likely SNAP recipients' SNAP-eligible spending increases relative to that of likely non-recipients around the periods of benefit increases. The online appendix reports the results of a differences-in-differences analysis of these changes in the spirit of Bruich (2014) and Beatty and Tuttle (2015). We estimate an MPCF out of SNAP benefits of 0.53, and if anything a negative effect of benefit expansions on SNAP-ineligible spending.
4.2 Marginal propensity to consume out of cash
Two pieces of indirect evidence suggest that an MPCF out of SNAP of 0.5 to 0.6 is too large to be consistent with households treating SNAP benefits as fungible with other income.
The first is that, for the average SNAP recipient, food at home represents only 22 percent of total expenditure (Castner and Mabli 2010). Engel's Law (Engel 1857; Houthakker 1957) holds that the budget share of food declines with total resources, and hence that the budget share exceeds the MPCF. Engel's Law is not consistent with a budget share of 0.22 and an MPCF of 0.5 to 0.6.
The second is that prior estimates of the MPCF out of cash for low-income populations are far below 0.5. Castner and Mabli (2010) estimate an MPCF of 0.07 for SNAP recipients. Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009) estimate an MPCF of 0.09-0.10 for populations with a high likelihood of entering the Food Stamp Program. Assessing the literature, Hoynes and Schanzenbach (2009) note that across "a wide range of data (cross sectional, time series) and econometric methods"
past estimates of the MPCF out of cash income are in a "quite tight" range from 0.03 to 0.17 for low-income populations.
For more direct evidence, we study the effect on spending of the large changes in gasoline prices during our sample period. These changes affect the disposable income available to households and therefore give us a window into the MPCF out of cash income.
Panel A of figure 7 shows the time-series relationship between gasoline prices and fuel expenditure for SNAP adopters at different quartiles of the distribution of average fuel expenditure. Those households in the upper quartiles exhibit substantial changes in fuel expenditure when the price of gasoline changes. For example, during the run-up in fuel prices in 2007, part of an upward trend often attributed to increasing demand for oil from Asian countries (e.g., Kilian 2010), households in the top quartile of fuel spending increased their spending on fuel by almost $100 per month. Households in lower quartiles increased their fuel spending by much less.
Panel B of figure 7 shows the time-series relationship between gasoline prices and SNAPeligible expenditure for the same groups of households. The relationship between the two series does not appear consistent with an MPCF out of cash income of 0.5 to 0.6. For example, if the MPCF out of cash income were 0.5 we would expect households in the top quartile of fuel spending to decrease SNAP-eligible spending significantly during the run-up in fuel prices in 2007. In fact, we see no evidence of such a pattern, either looking at the top quartile in isolation, or comparing it to the lower quartiles.
The absence of a strong response of SNAP-eligible spending to fuel prices is consistent with prior evidence of a low MPCF out of cash. It is not consistent with the hypothesis that changes in income drive large changes in the retailer's share of wallet, as such income effects would lead to a relationship between gasoline prices and measured SNAP-eligible spending.
4.3 Quantitative summary
Table 1 presents two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimates of a series of linear regression models. In each model the dependent variable is the change in spending from the preceding month to the current month. The endogenous regressors are the change in the SNAP benefit and the change in the additive inverse of fuel spending. The coefficients on these endogenous regressors can be
interpreted as MPCs. Each model includes calendar month fixed effects. (Household fixed effects are implicit in the first-differencing of the variables in the model.)
All models use the interaction of the change in the price of regular gasoline and the household's average monthly number of gallons of gasoline purchased as an excluded instrument. This instrument permits estimating the MPC out of cash following the logic of figure 7.
Models (1), (2), and (3) of table 1 all use the change in SNAP-eligible spending as the dependent variable. The models differ in the choice of excluded instruments for SNAP benefits. In model (1), the instrument is an indicator for whether the month is an adoption month. In model (2), it is an indicator for whether the month is the first month of the six-month SNAP clock. These instruments permit estimating the MPCF out of SNAP following the logic of figures 5 and 6, respectively. In model (3), both of these instruments are used.
Estimates of models (1), (2), and (3) indicate an MPCF out of SNAP between 0.55 and 0.59 and an MPCF out of cash close to 0. In model (3), confidence intervals exclude an MPCF out of SNAP below 0.57 and an MPCF out of cash above 0.1. In all cases, we reject the null hypothesis that the MPCF out of SNAP is equal to the MPCF out of cash.
Model (4) parallels model (3) but uses SNAP-ineligible spending as the dependent variable. We estimate an MPC out of SNAP of 0.02 and an MPC out of cash of 0.04. We cannot reject the hypothesis that these two MPCs are equal.
The appendix table shows that the conclusion that the MPCF out of SNAP exceeds the MPCF out of cash holds when we exclude households for whom SNAP benefits may not be economically equivalent to cash, and restrict to single-adult households to limit the role of intra-household bargaining.
The online appendix reports that the implied MPCF out of SNAP is slightly higher in the household's first SNAP adoption than in subsequent SNAP adoptions. We cannot reject the hypothesis that the MPCF is equal between first and subsequent adoptions. The online appendix also reports estimates of the MPCF out of SNAP and cash for various demographic groups.
5 Model and tests for fungibility
5.1 Model
In each month t ∈{1,..., T }, household i receives SNAP benefits bit ≥ 0 and disposable cash income yit > 0. The household chooses food expenditure fit and nonfood expenditure nit to solve
where ξit is a preference shock and Ui () is a utility function strictly increasing in f and n. The variables (bit, yit, ξit) are random with support Ωi.
Assumption 1. For each household i, optimal food spending can be written as.
where fi () is a function with range [0, yit + bit]
A sufficient condition for assumption 1 is that, for each household i, at any point (b, y, ξ ) ∈ Ωi the function Ui ( f , y + b − f ; ξ ) is smooth and strictly concave in f and has a stationary point f ∗ > b. Then optimal food spending exceeds the level of SNAP benefits even if benefits are disbursed as cash, so the "kinked" budget constraint in (1) does not affect the choice of fit.
For each household and month, an econometrician observes data ( fit, bit, yit, zit) where zit is a vector of instruments. A concern is that ξit is determined partly by contextual factors such as job loss that directly affect yit and bit.
Assumption 2. Let νit = (yit + bit) − E (yit + bit|zit). For each household i, the instruments zit satisfy
Proposition 1. Under assumptions 1 and 2, for each household i
.
for some function ϕi ()
Proof. Let P i denote the CDF of (ξit, νit). Then
where the first equality follows from assumption 1 and the second from assumption 2. See Blundell and Powell (2003, p. 330).
Example. (Cobb-Douglas) Suppose that for each household i there is βi ∈ (0, 1) such that:
with βi (y + b)+ ξ > b and (1 − βi)(y + b) > ξ at all points in Ωi. Then assumption 1 holds with
and, under assumption 2, proposition 1 applies with
for αi ≡ E (ξit).
Remark 1. In his study of a child tax credit in the Netherlands, Kooreman (2000) assumes a version of (6), which he estimates via ordinary least squares using cross-sectional data under various restrictions on αi, βi, and ξit.
5.2 Testing for fungibility
Index a family of perturbations to the model by γ. Let f γ it be food spending under perturbation γ , with
for fi () the function defined in assumption 1. We may think of γ as the excess sensitivity of food spending to SNAP benefits. The null hypothesis that the model holds is equivalent under (8) to γ = 0.
Let Yit = E (yit + bit|zit) and Bit = E (bit|zit) and observe that
where E (eit|Yit, Bit) = 0. The nuisance terms ϕi () have been "partialled out" of (9) as in Robinson (1988). The target γ can be estimated via OLS regression of f γ it − E f γ it | Y it on (Bit − E (Bit|Yit)).
Remark 2. It is possible to allow for measurement error in fit that depends on (yit + bit). Say that for known function m (), unobserved measurement error ηit independent of zit, and unknown function λit () we have that measured food spending ˆ fit follows
Then under perturbations m f γ it = m ( fit) + γbit an analogue of (9) holds, replacing f γ it with m f γ it . Examples include additive measurement error, where m () is the identity function, and multiplicative measurement error, where m () is the natural logarithm. The latter case has a simple interpretation as one in which the econometrician observes spending at a single retailer whose share of total household food spending is given by exp (λit (yit + bit, ηit)).
Remark 3. The reasoning above is unchanged if bit and yit are each subject to an additive measurement error that is mean-independent of zit. In this case, we can simply let Yit and Bit represent the conditional expectations of the corresponding mismeasured variables.
5.3 Implementation and results
With (9) in mind, estimation proceeds in three steps:
Step 1.
Estimate
(
Y
it,
B
it
)
from
(
y
it,
b
it,
z
it
)
, yielding estimates
ˆ
Y
it,
ˆ
B
it
.
Step 3.
Estimate
γ
from
f
γ
it
−
E
f
γ
it
|
Y
it
,
ˆ
B
it
−
E
(
B
it
|
Y
it
)
, yielding estimate ˆ
γ.
We let f γ it be SNAP-eligible spending, b it be SNAP benefits, and y it be the additive inverse of fuel spending. We let the instruments zit be given by the number of SNAP adoptions experienced by household i as of calendar month t, and the product of the average price of regular gasoline with the household's average monthly number of gallons of gasoline purchased.
In step 1, we estimate (Yit, Bit) via first-differenced regression of (yit + bit) and bit on zit.
In step 2, we consider four specifications for estimating E f γ it | Y it , E (Bit|Yit). In the first, we estimate these via first-differenced regression of f γ it and ˆ B it on ˆ Y it , pooling across households. In the second, we estimate these via first-differenced regression of f γ it and ˆ B it on ˆ Y it , separately by household. In the third, we estimate these via first-differenced regression of f γ it and ˆ B it on indicators for the quintiles of ˆ Yit, separately by household. In the fourth, we estimate these via locally weighted polynomial regression of f γ it and ˆ B it on ˆ Y it , separately by household. Thus, the first specification implicitly treats ϕi as linear and homogeneous across households, the second treats ϕi as linear and heterogeneous across households, and the third and fourth allow ϕi to be nonlinear and heterogeneous across households.
.
In step 3, we estimate γ via first-differenced regression of f γ it − E f γ it | Y it on ˆ Bit − E (Bit|Yit) Table 2 presents the results. Across all three specifications, our estimates of γ are 0.5 or greater, and in all cases we can reject the null hypothesis that γ = 0 with a high level of confidence.
6 Interpretation
We speculate that households treat SNAP benefits as part of a separate mental account, psychologically earmarked for spending on food. In this section we discuss results of qualitative interviews conducted at a food pantry in Rhode Island. We then present quantitative evidence that we think suggests a mental accounting explanation, and present a post-hoc model of mental accounting that
rationalizes this evidence.
6.1 Qualitative interviews with SNAP-recipient households
As part of preparation related to a state proposal to pilot a change to SNAP benefit distribution, Rhode Island Innovative Policy Laboratory staff conducted a series of qualitative interviews at a large food pantry in Rhode Island in May, July, and August 2016. Interviewees were approached in the waiting room of the pantry and were offered a $5 gift card to a grocery retailer in exchange for participating. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish.
Interviewees were selected from those waiting to be served at the food pantry and were not sampled scientifically. Interviews were conducted primarily to inform the implementation of the pilot program and the responses should not be taken to imply any generalizable conclusions. We report them here as context for our quantitative evidence.
Of the 25 interviews conducted, 19 were with current SNAP recipients. Of these, all but three reported spending non-SNAP funds on groceries each month, with an average out-of-pocket spending of $100 for those reporting positive out-of-pocket spending.
Each interviewee was asked the following two questions, which we refer to as SNAP and CASH:
(SNAP) Imagine that in addition your current benefit, you received an extra $100 in SNAP benefits at the beginning of the month. How would this change the way that you spend your money during the month? [emphasis added]
(CASH) Imagine that you received an additional $100 in cash at the beginning of the month. How would this change the way that you spend your money during the month? [emphasis added]
Of the 16 SNAP-recipient interviewees who report nonzero out-of-pocket spending on groceries, 14 chose to answer questions SNAP and CASH.
Interviewers recorded verbal responses to each question as faithfully as possible. The most frequently occurring word in response to the SNAP question is "food," which occurs in 8 of the 14 responses. Incorporating mentions of specific foods or food-related terms like "groceries," the
fraction mentioning food rises to 10 out of 14 responses. The word "food" occurs in 3 of the 14 responses to CASH; more general food related terms occur in 5 of the 14 responses to CASH.
Several responses seem to suggest a difference in how the household would spend $100 depending on the form in which it arrives. For example, in response to question SNAP one interviewee said "[I would] buy more food." In response to CASH the same interviewee said "[I would buy] more household necessities." Another interviewee said in response to SNAP that "[I would buy] more food, but the same type of expenses. If I bought $10 of sugar, now [I would buy] 20." In response to CASH, the same interviewee said that "[I would spend it on] toilet paper, soap, and other necessary home stuff, or medicine." A third interviewee said in response to SNAP that "I would buy more food and other types of food..." and in response to CASH that "I could buy basic things that I can't buy with [SNAP]." 22
Some responses suggest behavior consistent with inframarginality. For example one interviewee's answer to SNAP included the observation that "I would probably spend $100 less out of pocket," although this interviewee also mentions increasing household expenditures on seafood and produce. Another interviewee answered SNAP with "[I] would spend all in food, and also buy soap [and] things for [my] two kids."
6.2 Quantitative evidence on shopping effort
If SNAP recipients consider SNAP benefits to be earmarked for food, they may view a dollar saved on food as less valuable than a dollar saved on non-food purchases. To test this hypothesis, we study the effect of SNAP on bargain-seeking behavior.
Figure 8 shows the evolution of the adjusted store-brand share before and after SNAP receipt for our sample of SNAP adopters. Each plot shows coefficients from a regression of the adjusted store-brand share on a vector of indicators for months relative to SNAP adoption. Among SNAPeligible items, panel A shows a trend towards a greater store-brand share prior to SNAP adoption, perhaps reflecting the deterioration in households' economic well-being that normally triggers entry into a means-tested program. Once households adopt SNAP, there is a marked and highly statistically significant drop in the store-brand share. Because we have adjusted store-brand share
22 The bracketed term is a translation for the Spanish word cupones. This word is literally translated as "coupons" but is often used to refer to SNAP. (See, for example, Project Bread 2016.)
for the composition of purchases, this decline is driven not by changes in the categories of goods purchased, but by a change in households' choice of brand within a category.
Panel B of figure 8 shows an analogous plot for SNAP-ineligible items. The adjusted storebrand share of SNAP-ineligible expenditure rises before SNAP adoption and does not decline significantly following adoption. Regression analysis presented in the online appendix shows that we can confidently reject the hypothesis that the change in adjusted store-brand share at SNAP adoption is equal between SNAP-eligible and SNAP-ineligible products.
Figure 9 shows analogous evidence for coupon use. Following SNAP adoption, the average adjusted coupon redemption share declines for both SNAP-eligible and SNAP-ineligible products, but the decline is more economically and statistically significant for SNAP-eligible products than for SNAP-ineligible products. Because we have adjusted the coupon redemption share for the basket of goods purchased, these patterns are not driven by changes in the goods purchased, but rather by households' propensity to redeem coupons for a given basket of goods. Regression analysis presented in the online appendix shows that we can reject the hypothesis that the change in the adjusted coupon redemption share at SNAP adoption is equal between SNAP-eligible and SNAP-ineligible products.
6.3 Post-hoc model of mental accounting
To fix ideas and rationalize the preceding evidence, we specify a model of mental accounting based on Farhi and Gabaix (2015). Return to the setup of section 5, considering for ease of notation a single household and time period, and ignoring the preference shock ξ . Let preferences over food consumption f and non-food consumption n be Cobb-Douglas, and suppose that the household can exert effort s f ≥ 0 and sn ≥ 0, respectively, to reduce the cost of a given unit of consumption in the food and non-food domains, respectively. Finally, suppose that the household exhibits a distaste for deviating from a psychological default level of food spending, determined in part by the earmarking of SNAP benefits. Formally, write the household's problem as
Here, the function c (), which is smooth and strictly increasing in its argument, describes the cost of shopping effort. The function d (), which is smooth, strictly decreasing and strictly convex, describes the return to shopping effort in terms of prices paid. The parameter κ > 0 indexes the importance of sticking to the household's default plan to spend amount b of SNAP benefits and amount β y of cash income on food.
If b = 0, then in any interior optimum the ratio of food spending to non-food spending is β / (1 − β ), the standard result for Cobb-Douglas utility. Necessary conditions also imply that d s f f = d sn n , because the value of a dollar saved is the same regardless of whether it is saved on food or other goods. By contrast, if b > 0, then in any interior optimum with food spending strictly between b and β y + b, the ratio of food to non-food spending must exceed β / (1 − β ). Necessary conditions also imply that d s f f > d sn n , because the household assigns a psychological shadow value of κ > 0 to greater food spending.
In this sense, the model in (11) can rationalize both the tendency to consume food out of SNAP in greater proportion than out of cash income, and the tendency to reduce bargain-hunting in the food domain (relative to the non-food domain) after receipt of SNAP. The model is post-hoc in that the specification of the target spending (β y + b) is arbitrary and does not derive from portable psychological primitives.
7 Conclusions
We use data from a novel retail panel to study the effect of the receipt of SNAP benefits on household spending behavior. Novel administrative data motivates three approaches to causal inference. We find that the MPCF out of SNAP benefits is 0.5 to 0.6 and larger than the MPCF out of cash. We argue that these findings are not consistent with households treating SNAP funds as fungible with non-SNAP funds, and we support this claim with formal tests of fungibility that allow different households to have different consumption functions.
We speculate that households treat SNAP benefits as part of a separate mental account. Responses to hypothetical choice scenarios in qualitative interviews suggest that some households plan to spend SNAP benefits differently from cash. Quantitative evidence shows that, after SNAP receipt, households reduce shopping effort for SNAP-eligible products more so than for SNAPineligible products. A post-hoc model of mental accounting based on Farhi and Gabaix (2015) rationalizes these facts.
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Journal of Agricultural Economics 90(1): 117-132.
Table 1: Estimated marginal propensities to consume
Table 2: Tests of fungibility
Notes: Data are from Rhode Island administrative records from October 2004 through June 2016. See section 2.1 for details on sample definition and variable construction. Each panel plots coefficients from a regression of the dependent variable on a vector of lead and lagged indicators for periods relative to SNAP adoption, defined as the first period in which the household receives SNAP. The period immediately prior to adoption ("-1") is the omitted category. Each regression includes time period fixed effects, household fixed effects, and indicators for observations more than one year before or after adoption. In panel A, a time period is a calendar quarter and the unit of analysis is a household-quarter. In panel B, a time period is a month and the unit of analysis is the household-month. In both panels, the error bars are ±2 coefficient standard errors and standard errors are clustered by household. Dotted lines show the sample mean of the dependent variable across observations within one year (4 quarters or 12 months) of SNAP adoption. Each coefficient series is shifted by a constant so that the observation-count-weighted mean of the regression coefficients is equal to the sample mean of the corresponding dependent variable.
Notes: Data are from Rhode Island administrative records from October 2004 through June 2016. See section 2.1 for details on sample definition and variable construction. The plot shows a histogram of the distribution of SNAP spell lengths, where a spell is defined as a set of consecutive months in which the household is entitled to a SNAP benefit in each month according to state program records. Spells longer than 36 months are excluded from the sample.
Notes: Data are from Rhode Island EBT transaction records from September 2012 through October 2015. See section 2.1 for details on sample definition and variable construction. The figure plots the fraction of transition periods of a given radius in which the household newly enrolled in SNAP within two months of the start of SNAP spending at the Rhode Island Retailer. We define new enrollment as the receipt of at least $10 in SNAP benefits following a period of at least three consecutive months with no benefit. A transition period of radius K is a period in which a household exhibits K consecutive months without SNAP spending at the Rhode Island Retailer followed by K consecutive months with SNAP spending at the Rhode Island Retailer. Households who mainly spend SNAP at the Rhode Island Retailer are those who spend at least half of their total EBT expenditures between September 2012 and October 2015 at the Rhode Island Retailer.
Months relative to SNAP adoption
Notes: The sample is the set of SNAP adopters. Panel A plots the share of households with positive SNAP spending in each of the 12 months before and after the household's first SNAP adoption. Panel B plots the average SNAP benefit in each of the 12 months before and after the first SNAP adoption.
Notes: Each figure plots coefficients from a regression of SNAP-eligible or SNAP-ineligible spending on a vector of lead and lagged indicators for month relative to the household's first SNAP adoption, with the month prior to SNAP adoption ("-1") as the omitted category. The unit of observation for each regression is the household-month. Error bars are ±2 coefficient standard errors. Standard errors are clustered by household. Each regression includes calendar month fixed effects, household fixed effects, and two indicators for observations before and after 12 months of SNAP adoption. The dotted lines show the sample mean of household monthly expenditure across observations within 12 months of SNAP adoption. Each coefficient series is shifted by a constant so that the observation-count-weighted mean of the regression coefficients is equal to the sample mean of the corresponding dependent variable.
Figure 6: Participation, benefits, and spending over the six-month SNAP clock
Panel A: SNAP use
spending.
Notes: Panel A plots average monthly fuel spending by quartile of average monthly fuel spending. Panel B plots average monthly SNAP-eligible spending by quartile of average monthly fuel spending. The unit of observation is the household-month and the sample is the set of SNAP adopters who ever purchase fuel. The lower portion of both plots shows the price of gasoline, computed as the quantity-weighted average spending per gallon on regular grade gasoline among all households before any discounts or coupons.
Notes: Each figure plots coefficients from a regression of adjusted store-brand share of expenditures on a vector of lead and lagged indicators for month relative to the household's first SNAP adoption, with the month prior to SNAP adoption ("-1") as the omitted category. The unit of observation for each regression is the household-month. Error bars are ±2 coefficient standard errors. Standard errors are clustered by household. Each regression includes calendar month fixed effects, household fixed effects, and two indicators for observations before and after 12 months of SNAP adoption. The dotted line shows the sample mean of the store-brand share of expenditure across observations within 12 months of SNAP adoption. Each coefficient series is shifted by a constant so that the observation-count-weighted mean of the regression coefficients is equal to the sample mean of the store-brand share of expenditure in the given SNAP eligibility group.
Notes: Each figure plots coefficients from a regression of the adjusted coupon redemption share on a vector of lead and lagged indicators for month relative to the household's first SNAP adoption, with the month prior to SNAP adoption ("-1") as the omitted category. The unit of observation for each regression is the household-month. Error bars are ±2 coefficient standard errors. Standard errors are clustered by household. Each regression includes calendar month fixed effects, household fixed effects, and two indicators for observations before and after 12 months of SNAP adoption. The dotted line shows the sample mean of the share of purchases using a coupon across observations within 12 months of SNAP adoption. Each coefficient series is shifted by a constant so that the observation-count-weighted mean of the regression coefficients is equal to the sample mean of the share of purchases using a coupon in the given SNAP eligibility group.
Appendix Table: Results for alternative samples and specifications
Notes: Specification (1) corresponds to baseline results presented in the body of the paper. The first and second columns of numbers report coefficients and standard errors from the third column of table 1. The third column of numbers reports two p−values. The upper p−value is for the test of hypothesis that the MPCFs in the first two columns are equal. The lower p−value is for the test of the hypothesis that γ = 0 from the specification in the fourth column of table 2. The final column of numbers reports the sample size corresponding to the specifications in the first two columns. Specification (2) repeats specification (1) using the sample of all households with at least 2 consecutive SNAP months. Specification (3) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters for whom the number of supermarkets in the county of residence is below the median for SNAP adopters. Data on the number of supermarkets come from US Census Bureau (2010). A supermarket is defined as a supermarket or other grocery store; the category excludes convenience stores. Specification (4) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters for whom average SNAP-eligible spending in non-SNAP months exceeds the average SNAP benefit in SNAP months. Specification (5) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters for whom average SNAP-eligible spending in non-SNAP months exceeds the average SNAP benefit in SNAP months by at least $100. Specification (6) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters for which there is only one adult in the household. Specification (7) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters who never use WIC as the major payment method in any transaction. Specification (8) repeats specification (1) using the sample of SNAP adopters who did not adopt SNAP during the Great Recession (December 2007 - June 2009).
Notes: This figure plots the average monthly SNAP benefit per US household between February 2006 and December 2012. The series was obtained directly from the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service via http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/SNAPZip69throughCurrent.zip. The vertical lines at October 2008 and April 2009 denote the implementation dates of changes in SNAP benefits due to the Farm Bill and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), respectively.
Notes: The sample includes all households in the retailer panel that have at least two consecutive SNAP months during the panel. The figure plots coefficients from a regression of SNAP benefits and SNAP-eligible spending on interactions between the share of calendar months between February 2006 and December 2007 during which each household used SNAP and calendar month indicators, with the January 2008 interaction normalized to zero. The unit of observation is the household-month and only months from January 2008 to December 2009 are included in the regression. Error bars and shaded region represent ± 2 coefficient standard errors. Standard errors are clustered by household. Each regression includes household and calendar month fixed effects. Each coefficient series is seasonally adjusted by subtracting from each coefficient the corresponding coefficient from an auxiliary regression of the dependent variable on interactions between the share of months between February 2006 and December 2007 during which each household used SNAP and year and seasonal month indicators. The auxiliary regressions include household, year, and seasonal month fixed effects and are estimated using only data from January 2010 to December 2012. Each coefficient series is shifted by a constant so that the observation-count-weighted mean of the regression coefficients is equal to the sample mean of the corresponding dependent variable among households who used SNAP in every month between February 2006 and December 2007. Vertical lines at October 2008 and April 2009 denote the implementation dates of changes in SNAP benefits due to the Farm Bill and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), respectively.
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08:59 – Opening, introductions, etc.
- Ground rules
- Bylaws on Patents in Standards
- Inappropriate Topics read
- IEEE structure outlined
- Rules
- PAR (Project Authorization Request)
- 5 Criteria
- Broad market potential
- Compatibility w/ IEEE Std 802.3
- Distinct identity
- Technical feasibility
- Economic feasibility
- Objectives
- Presentations
- Robbins
- Stanford
- Law
Presentations
An Extended Classification Protocol for PoE Plus – Steve Robbins
- Propose extended classification protocol
- Objectives
- Higher class resolution
- Mutual identification
- Backward compatibility
- Simplicity
- Basically extends Classification period based on extra power requested
- Questions
- Darshan – af complications by extending time of classification
- Koonce – use class-4 and then drop to a mid voltage to start timing for detailed power classification for “plus”
- Hank – the .af class 4 has pitfalls
Break 10:20
2-Pair vs. 4-pair – Clay Stanford
- 4-pair implementation increases cost and complexity
- Mis-matching of cable-PD load to PSE; need to provide balancing on all 4 pairs
- Committee should adopt 4-pair since it would provide the highest power
- We should define both 2-pair and 4-pair as separate entities
- Questions
Steve – need to be concerned about magnetics capability
Company count – 23
People count – 40
Minutes review – Koonce motioned for approval, Darshan seconed – minutes approved
**Power over Ethernet Plus Isolation Requirements – David Law**
- **History – 802.3 - 1985**
- MAU must provide isolation. Breakdown shall be 250 V ac, rms
- 10BASE-T (802.2 2002) – 1500 V rms at 50-60 Hz; 2250 Vdc for 60 seconds; ten 2400 V impulses
- Post 10BASE-T all tend to refer back to the requirements of 10BASE-T. Based on level of isolation based on potential connection to a line going outside.
- 802.3af D4.0 comment #88 read regarding isolation requirements resulted in current text in 33.4.1 of 802.3af specification (only the ac and impulse tests are referred)
- Meet SELV to TNV isolation – question: what type of TNV?
- DC test eliminated
- Test method reference changed
- Insulation breakdown changed
- **Analyses of differences in DTE Power via MDI**
- **Recommendation**
- Add an objective that IEEE Std 802.3af DTE Power via MDI isolation requirements be revisited as part of PoE plus objectives
Proposed week of Sept 13 in Nashua, NH (near Manchester) – 29 willing to make it
**Objective review**
- **Objective 7** – need to reword current version by moving “is required” clause earlier in the statement. – “PoEPlus PDs, which require a PoEPlus PSE, shall provide the user an active indication when connected to a legacy 802.3af PSE. This indication is in addition to any optional management indication that may be provided.” General vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 21, 0, 2 - Passed
- **Objective 8** modified – The standard shall not preclude the ability to meet FCC / CISPR Class A, Class B, Performance Criteria A and Performance Criteria B with data for all supported PHYs. General vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 28, 0, 1 - Passed
- **Objective 10** modified – PoE Plus will vigorously pursue supporting the operation of midspan PSEs for 1000BASE-T
- Motion to modify objective by Pat Bailor; it was seconded by Wael Diab. General vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 28, 1, 2 - Passed
- **Objective 12** added – That IEEE 802.3af power over the MDI isolation requirements be revisited as part of the PoE Plus work.
- Motion to add #12 by David Law; Hank Hinrichs seconded. General vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 29, 0, 0 - Passed
• Objective 13 added – PoE Plus PDs within the power range of 802.3af will work properly with 802.3af PSEs.
o Motion to approve addition – Geoffrey Thompson; seconded by Derek Kroes.
General vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 28, 0, 0 - Passed
Ad-hoc meeting on TIA specification review will be Wed night at 19:00.
Company representative count – 22
Need to get PAR and 5 Criteria out 35 days prior to Plenary session.
5 Criteria
• Broad Market Potential
o 1st bullet
▪ Change “PTZ” to “Pan/Tilt/Zoom”
▪ Drop “802.16” to “802 wireless node and access points”
▪ Move “multi-band” to “802 multiband wireless nodes and access points”
o 2nd bullet
▪ Add text at end of first sentence “and Study Group participation has been consistent with this”
• Compatibility
o 1st bullet
▪ Second sentence to start with “These enhancements will be compatible…”
▪ Move 10GBASE-T reference in 2nd sentence to its own sub-bullet. Other speeds moved to a sub-bullet. First bullet now becomes as follows:
• Conformance with CSMA/CD MAC, PLS.
□ All enhancements will be backward compatible with 802.3af
□ These enhancements will be compatible with 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T with no changes to the existing MAC
□ 10GBASE-T will not be precluded.
o 2nd bullet
▪ Updated “802.2” to “overriding documents”
• Distinct Identity
o 1st bullet
▪ “This needs work” changed to “The classification levels will increase to improve power management capability.”
• Technical Feasibility
• Economic Feasibility
o Detailed discussions on the market / feasibility aspect
Motion to adjourn by Hank; Derek seconded - approved
Session closed @ 17:20
2005 May 19 - Power-over-Ethernet Plus meeting minutes
08:59 – Opening
Review 5 Criteria with new 802 rules implemented
Need to submit 3 major documents 30 days in advanced of the opening 802 Plenary
Plan –
• Complete Objectives, 5 Criteria and major portions of the PAR
• Pass a motion to authorize the chairman to submit documents “with edits as appropriate” prior to the deadline
Review of 13 Objectives
• Updated date and location
5 Criteria
• Now in document format
• Added sentence to Distinct Identity, paragraph 2
o The resulting standard will create one definition of power via the MDI while allowing current 802.3af compliant devices to remain compliant and adding optional enhanced devices.
• Technical Feasibility
o Minor grammar changes
o Added sentence between 3rd and 4th in second paragraph
▪ Market feedback has provided new insights into market needs and technical capabilities.
o Moved last sentence of 2nd paragraph as new paragraph as number four.
• Economic Feasibility
o Added beginning to first sentence of third paragraph
▪ For engineered deployments of security and radio devices, …
o Inserted sentence between 1st and 2nd sentence
▪ For many applications that require enhanced power services, such as power management or UPS, PoE is demonstrably less expensive than distributed services.
Presentation by Daniel Feldman – demonstration that power management is being emphasized
• Findings are based on number of switched, not in the entire market
Presentation by David Law – Compatibility Matrix presentation for Objectives
- Motion by David Law to adopt following matrix an Objective, seconded by Tony Randall
| | IEEE Std 802.3af PSE | PoEP PSE |
|----------------|----------------------|----------|
| IEEE Std 802.3af PD | Operates | Operates |
| PoEP PD <12.95 W | Operates | Operates (note 1) |
| PoEP PD >12.95 W | PD shall provide user active indication | Operates (note 1) |
Note 1: Operates with extended power classification
- vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 30, 0, 0 - Passed
Motion 1 – Move that the chairman forward the Objectives and 5 Criteria, with edits as necessary, to the IEEE 802 EC Prior to the deadline for consideration during the July plenary.
Hank Hinrichs makes motion, Derek Kroes seconds
vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 34, 0, 0 - Passed
PAR
- Items 1-12 are automatically completed. We need to work on items 13, 14, 15, 16.
- Scope needs to be crafted that it shown as existing enhancement to clause 33.
- 16 – Intellectual Property
- A. Yes, the patent policy was systematically read each meeting.
- B. No on copyrighted material
- C. No on trademark permission
- D. No registration activity needed
- 17 – Documents w/ Similar Scope
- Need to revisit w/ key people
- 13 – Scope Statement
- The scope of this project is to augment the capabilities of this (proposed) international standard with higher power levels and improved power management information. The project will augment the methodology for the provision of power via balanced cabling to connected Data Terminal Equipment with 802.3 interfaces. Optional augmented power limit will be made available for certain structured cabling systems. Compatibility with existing equipment will be maintained.
- 14 – Purpose of Proposed Project
- The purpose of the proposed project is to include higher power applications while providing enhanced power management information to reduce total system cost.
- 15 – Reason for the Proposed Project
- Since the publication of the IEEE 802.3af standard, significant market demand has emerged for applications (e.g. multiband wireless access points and controllable security cameras) beyond the power level defined in the standard. Evolution of the installed base of structured cabling systems since the time of commencement of the IEEE 802.3af project now enables higher attainable power. The market now demands that the total system cost of augmented power levels must be mitigated through improved power management.
Motion 2 – Move that the chairman complete a project authorization request (PAR) based primarily on the contents of the file “May 19 PAR.pdf” and forward the PAR, with edits as necessary, to the IEEE 802 EC prior to the deadline for consideration during the July plenary.
Motion by Tom Diamond, seconded by Bil Delveaux
vote – (yea, nay, abstain) 21, 1, 0 - Passed
Motion to adjourn at 14:40 was passed by acclimation.
July’s meeting will review the three submitted documents. Technical presentations can be presented on a preliminary basis.
Submitted by Derek Koonce, recording secretary
[Signature]
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Joint Multi-baseline SAR Interferometry
G. Fornaro
*Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente (IREA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)*,
*via Diocleziano 38, 80124 Napoli, Italy*
*Email: [email protected]*
A. Monti Guarnieri
*Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy*
*Email: [email protected]*
A. Pauciullo
*Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente (IREA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)*,
*via Diocleziano 38, 80124 Napoli, Italy*
*Email: [email protected]*
S. Tebaldini
*Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy*
*Email: [email protected]*
Received 5 August 2004; Revised 27 December 2005
We propose a technique to provide interferometry by combining multiple images of the same area. This technique differs from the multi-baseline approach in literature as (a) it exploits all the images simultaneously, (b) it performs a spectral shift preprocessing to remove most of the decorrelation, and (c) it exploits distributed targets. The technique is mainly intended for DEM generation at centimetric accuracy, as well as for differential interferometry. The problem is framed in the context of single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channel estimation via the cross-relations (CR) technique and the resulting algorithm provides significant improvements with respect to conventional approaches based either on independent analysis of single interferograms or multi-baselines phase analysis of single pixels of current literature, for those targets that are correlated in all the images, like for long-term coherent areas, or for acquisitions taken with a short revisit time (as those gathered with future satellite constellations).
**Keywords and phrases:** synthetic aperture radar, interferometry, radar data processing, terrain mapping.
1. INTRODUCTION
The present and future availability of cooperative spaceborne, multipurpose SAR (synthetic aperture radar) sensors makes frequent coverage of the same scene possible. Both large ground coverage at coarse resolution and reduced ground coverage at fine resolution will require future SAR processing to deal with a large number of data sets, acquired from different viewing (looking) angles, of the same scene.
The potentialities intrinsic to cubes of data that will be available with future constellations have only been partially addressed in present and past literature. Most of the efforts have been addressed to the exploitation of permanent scatterers (PS) [1], that is, those structures that are stable over the long term, the main interest being in monitoring changes and subsidence. Unlike the PS approach, we consider those distributed scatterers that maintain a good degree of correlation throughout the set of images. The applications foreseen for these techniques are mainly DEM generation at centimetric accuracy or maybe short-term monitoring by differential interferometry. The object of this paper is to establish a theoretical framework that can extend the concept of optimal spectral shift filtering (SSF) [2, 3, 4, 5] to the case when more than two images are available. The idea is to exploit all the images jointly, like in the ML approach, proposed in [6]. However, much better results can be expected due to the use of SSF prefiltering. In fact, this technique merges into the final multi-baseline interferogram the correlated information, the incoherent information (coming from geometric decorrelation) having been filtered out. Obviously, other
Figure 1: Interferometric SAR geometry: a master and a slave sensor, at the same azimuth position, are shown. The travel path distance, converted into phases, is shown in (b).
decorrelation sources (thermal, temporal, etc.) are not affected by the proposed algorithm.
We emphasize the fact that the proposed technique is aimed at establishing a framework wherein several acquisitions under different modes (STRIPMAP, SCANSAR, etc.) [7, 8] can be optimally combined to exploit to the maximum information on the underlying topography. Also combinations with different carrier frequencies, like ERS-2 and ENVISAT, may be considered.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces multichannel interferometry and recasts the topography estimation as a SIMO blind estimation problem. Section 3 addresses the use of CR, typically adopted in the contest of SIMO problems. In Section 4 we discuss the relevant case of single-pass (two-channel) interferometry and show that it can be viewed as a particular case of our more general multichannel approach. Section 5 addresses implementation issues; for easy implementation and to overcome problems related to atmospheric phase aberration in real data, the estimation is casted in terrain slopes. Nevertheless easy slope integrations can be carried out, for instance, via standard least square (LS) approaches [9]. Section 6 shows some results on simulated data to validate the theory.
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Let us consider the multi baseline geometry in Figure 1: this geometry is fairly conventional, and the reader is referred to for example [7, 8, 10] for a general view of SAR interferometry. The interferogram is the Hermitian product of the two images: \( i = y_0 \cdot y_i^* \), coregistered in the slant range, azimuth reference of the master acquisition. Its phase, shown in Figure 1b is proportional to the travel phase difference between the two acquisitions
\[
\Delta \varphi = \frac{4\pi}{\lambda} (R_i(P) - R_0(P)),
\]
where \( R_0(P) \) and \( R_i(P) \) are respectively the slant range of the master and slave antennas to the target point \( P \), and \( \lambda \) is the transmitted wavelength. A constant sloped terrain contributes to the interferogram as a linear phase:
\[
\phi = -\omega_0 \frac{B_{ni}}{r_0 \tan(\theta - \alpha)} t,
\]
\( t \) being slant range fast time, \( B_{ni} \) the normal baseline, \( r_0 \) the closest approach, \( \omega_0/2\pi \) the carrier frequency, \( \theta \) the local incidence angle, and \( \alpha \) the terrain slope. Note that the phase scales linearly with the baseline.
For the sake of simplicity and without loosing generality, let us assume a 1D model, where \( P \) varies in the slant range direction \( P = P(t) \), in order to approach the problem of baseline decorrelation that mostly affects range (see [11]). Furthermore, the usual fine sampling in azimuth direction is exploited to perform a preliminary complex multilook (average), to get a reasonable SNR in each acquisition. To account for channel differences in the azimuth direction (Doppler centroid variation, different operative modes, etc.), the theory can be extended to the 2D case, along the lines addressed in the following.
The problem is to estimate the constant terrain slope \( \alpha \) in (2) starting from the availability of several interferometer
pairs. Its formulation is an extension of the optimal MMSE (minimum mean square error) estimate given in [5] for the case of multiple \((\geq 2)\) acquisitions.
### 2.1. Forward model
Let us assume \(N\) acquisitions, including one master and \((N - 1)\) slave images, and \(M\) samples (range bins) out of each acquisition. According to (1), and to the formulation in [5], we can express each single acquisition, coregistered in the reference frame of the master, as a filtered version of the (large bandwidth) reflectivity \(y\):
\[
y_i(P) = f_i(P) * \left[ \exp \left( j \frac{4\pi}{\lambda} (R_i(P) - R_0(P)) \right) y(P) \right] + w_i(P),
\]
where \(*\) is the convolution product symbol, \(P\) is a target on the ground, \(y_i\) the focused signal of the \(i\)th acquisition, \(R_i - R_0\) the travel path difference between the master (without loss of generality indexed by “0”) and the slave (indexed by “\(i\),” \(i = 0, \ldots, N - 1\)), and \(f_i\) the post-focusing SAR impulse response function. The term \(w_i\) is an additive noise contribution that accounts for all the decorrelation sources like thermal noise, volume scattering, and temporal decorrelation [7, 8] (but not the baseline decorrelation, which is the one we are trying to remove): we assume this noise white within the system bandwidth.
We will make the assumption of homogenous indefinite scatterer, so that \(y(P)\) can be modeled as a realization of a complex circular Normal process, uncorrelated in both time and spectral domains; note, however, that all the images are fed by the same realization of this process. We convert the model in (3) to a discrete one and, to avoid alias, we assume a sampling rate compatible with the bandwidth of all the acquisitions and the frequency shifts. As an example, for a typical set of ERS-ENVISAT acquisitions, the baseline dispersion demands for an oversampling of a factor 4 (see discussions in [5]). The model (3) leads to the following matrix formulation:
\[
y_i = F_i \Phi_i y + w_i = H_i y + w_i, \quad i = 0, \ldots, N - 1,
\]
where the matrixes and vectors are shown in bold notation. In particular, we assume that the impulse response on each channel extends for \(L\) samples; then we require \(D = M + L - 1\) samples of the source \(y(P)\). The vectors and matrixes involved in (4) are
(i) \(y_i\) is the column vector \([M, 1]\) that corresponds to the complex SAR image, the data, coregistered in the reference of the master:
\[
y_i = \begin{bmatrix} y_0 & \cdots & \cdots & y_{M-1} \end{bmatrix}^T,
\]
where the superscript \(T\) stands for matrix transposition, and we assume row and column indices starting from 0;
(ii) \(y\) is the column vector \([D, 1]\) that represents the source reflectivity;
(iii) \(\Phi_i\) is a diagonal modulation matrix \([D,D]\) that expresses the topographic-dependent contributions:
\[
\Phi_i = \begin{bmatrix} \phi_i(0) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & \phi_i(1) & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \phi_i(D - 1), \end{bmatrix}
\]
its element on the diagonal being
\[
\phi_i(k) = \exp \left( j \frac{4\pi}{\lambda} (R_i(P_k) - R_0(P_k)) \right);
\]
(iv) \(F_i\) is the filter matrix \([M,D]\) that is Toeplitz and contains the impulse response of the equivalent SAR end-to-end channel (well approximated by an ideal band-pass),
\[
F_i = \begin{bmatrix} f_{i,L-1} & f_{i,L-2} & \cdots & f_{i,0} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & f_{i,L-1} & \cdots & \cdots & f_{i,0} & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & f_{i,L-1} & \cdots & \cdots & f_{i,0} \end{bmatrix};
\]
(v) \(H_i\) is a matrix \([M,D]\),
\[
H_i = F_i \Phi_i,
\]
that represents the channel dependent on the slope \(\alpha\) to be estimated. Note that the channel is now linear, but space-variant due to the modulation matrix \(\Phi_i\), hence \(H_i\) is not block Toeplitz as usually assumed in literature;
(vi) \(w_i\) is the additive noise contribution; it has the same size as \(y_i\).
The model (4) lies within the SIMO blind estimation, where a common unknown parameter of the channels \(H_i\) is to be retrieved from the outputs, \(y_i\), only some information on the inputs being available. In this paper, we will assume \(y\) coming from a homogenous, white target. The problem of channel estimation will not explicitly require the estimate of these sources.
The problem is patently unsolvable if only one channel is given, whereas solutions can be formulated for \(N \geq 2\) channels, as for the case of SAR interferometry. Indeed there is widespread literature on the topic, as similar models are found in many fields: estimate of direction of arrivals (DOA), wireless cellular networks, tomography, and so forth: the reader is referred to paper [12] for a summary on blind deconvolution techniques for SIMO problems.
Let us assume the SIMO model in Figure 2; each SAR acquisition is represented by a different channel as in (4). This same model is usually represented in the single block-matrix format:
\[
y = Hy + w,
\]
where the input and output vectors are obtained by stacking all the $N$ inputs and outputs of each channel:
\[
\begin{align*}
\mathbf{y} &= \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{y}_0^T & \cdots & \mathbf{y}_i^T & \cdots & \mathbf{y}_{N-1}^T \end{bmatrix}^T, \\
\mathbf{w} &= \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{w}_0^T & \cdots & \mathbf{w}_i^T & \cdots & \mathbf{w}_{N-1}^T \end{bmatrix}^T,
\end{align*}
\]
$\mathbf{y}$ and $\mathbf{w}$ being then column vectors of size $[NM, 1]$. The channel matrix $\mathbf{H}$ in (10) is also a block matrix of size $[NM, D]$ made by stacking all the channels $\mathbf{H}_i$ one upon another:
\[
\mathbf{H} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}_0^T & \cdots & \mathbf{H}_i^T & \cdots & \mathbf{H}_{N-1}^T \end{bmatrix}^T \\
= \begin{bmatrix} \phi_0(0)f_{L-1} & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & \phi_0(D-L)f_{L-1} & \cdots & \phi_0(D-1)f_0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\
\mathbf{H}_i & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \mathbf{H}_{N-1} \end{bmatrix},
\]
where the dependence of the bandpass filter on index “$i$” is neglected for the sake of simplicity.
### 3. SIMO ESTIMATE BY CROSS-RELATION
The CR approach provides the optimal estimate of the parameters describing the channels (in our case the terrain slope) for a large SNR, and closely follows the methodology proposed by the seminal paper of Xu et al. [13] and many others in almost the same period (see [12]). For a generic case of SIMO space invariant channel, the CR approach exploits the commutative property of the convolution to write the following equation:
\[
\begin{align*}
y_i(n) * h_j(n) &= y_j(n) * h_i(n), \tag{13} \\
y_i(n) * h_j(n) - y_j(n) * h_i(n) &= 0, \tag{14}
\end{align*}
\]
where $y_i$ is the sequence at the output of the channel “$i$,” and $h_j$ is the impulse response of the channel “$j$,” linear and space invariant, and $n$ is the pixel. Note that (14) acts as a sort of “signal blocking transformation”: the signal is cancelled, hence the residual should be zero, or better still should attain minimal energy in the presence of noise. The signal blocking transformation is exemplified in Figure 3 for the case of a general multichannel system. The way CR achieves the estimate of all the channels is just by extending (13) to all the two channels combinations and then solving the resulting system equations, either in exact form, or as LS (least square) solution.
These transformations cannot be directly extended to the interferometric SAR model formulated in Section 2.1 as the model is nonstationary due to the modulation matrixes $\Phi_i(\alpha)$ ($\alpha$ being the parameter to be estimated). However, in the noiseless case, the modulation of each channel introduced by the topographic-dependent term can be reversed, leading to the intermediate vector:
\[
\mathbf{y}_i' = \Phi_i^*(x)\mathbf{y}_i = \Phi_i^*(x)\mathbf{F}_i\Phi_i(\alpha)\mathbf{y},
\]
where $x$ is the unknown parameter and the suffix $*$ stands for matrix transposition and conjugation. Now let us define the vector
\[
\mathbf{J}_{ij}(x) = \Phi_j^*(x)\mathbf{F}_j\Phi_j(x)\mathbf{y}_i' - \Phi_i^*(x)\mathbf{F}_i\Phi_i(x)\mathbf{y}_j'
\]
\[
= \begin{bmatrix} \Phi_j^*(x)\mathbf{F}_j\Phi_{ii}(x) - \Phi_i^*(x)\mathbf{F}_i\Phi_{ij}(x) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{y}_i \\ \mathbf{y}_j \end{bmatrix},
\]
where the definition
\[
\Phi_{ij}(x) \triangleq \Phi_i(x)\Phi_j^*(x),
\]
a diagonal matrix with the overall phase between two channels, is introduced. Note that the vectors $\mathbf{y}_i$ should be zero-padded to an extent $[1, D]$ to make (16) meaningful. Based on the CR theory, it can be easily shown that, when the modulation matrixes have a linear phase variation (like for constant sloped terrain, i.e., the case we are interested in) the vector (16) is minimized (in the LS sense) for $x = \alpha$.
A comment on the approximations implied in the presence of changing slopes, like for rolling topography, is included at the end of Section 4.2.
The idea in the paper [13] was to solve all the relations of type $J_{ij}(x) = 0$ simultaneously for all the channel pairs; this leads to the equation system
$$\mathcal{D}[\mathbf{H}'(x)]\mathbf{y}' = \mathbf{0},$$
where the transformation $\mathcal{D}(\cdot)$ and the channel $\mathbf{H}'(x)$ are defined as (3 channels have been assumed)
$$\mathbf{H}'_i(x) = \Phi_i^h(x)\mathbf{F}_i\Phi_i(x),$$
$$\mathbf{H}'(x) = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}'_0(x) & \mathbf{H}'_1(x) & \mathbf{H}'_2(x) \end{bmatrix},$$
$$\mathcal{D}[\mathbf{H}'(x)] = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}'_1(x) & -\mathbf{H}'_0(x) & \mathbf{0}(x) \\ \mathbf{H}'_2(x) & \mathbf{0}(x) & -\mathbf{H}'_0(x) \\ \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{H}'_2(x) & -\mathbf{H}'_1(x) \end{bmatrix}.$$
Note that the number of equations is
$$P = \binom{N}{2} = \frac{N!}{2!(N-2)!},$$
hence $\mathcal{D}[\mathbf{H}'(x)]$ will be a tall matrix $[PD, ND]$.
In [13], it is shown that $\mathcal{D}[\mathbf{H}'(x)]$ is close to full rank, having only one singular value that corresponds to an unknown constant scaling applied to all the channels, provided that (a) the channels are coprime or, (b) they do not share common zeros. In the interferometric SAR case, where channels are strongly upsampled and different spectral shifts can be experienced, there may be many common zeros, and it may even happen that the set of (14) is undermined. We then search for the LS solution for (18), that is, a terrain slope $\hat{\alpha}$ that minimizes the $L_2$ norm of the vector $\mathcal{D}[\mathbf{H}'(x)]\mathbf{y}'$. For this purpose let us introduce the definition
$$\mathbf{R} = \mathcal{D}(\mathbf{H}')^*\mathcal{D}(\mathbf{H}')$$
$$= \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}'_1^* & \mathbf{H}'_2^* & 0 \\ -\mathbf{H}'_0^* & 0 & \mathbf{H}'_2^* \\ 0 & -\mathbf{H}'_0^* & -\mathbf{H}'_1^* \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}'_1 & -\mathbf{H}'_0 & 0 \\ \mathbf{H}'_2 & 0 & -\mathbf{H}'_0 \\ 0 & \mathbf{H}'_2 & -\mathbf{H}'_1 \end{bmatrix}$$
$$= \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{H}'_1^*\mathbf{H}'_1 & -\mathbf{H}'_1^*\mathbf{H}'_0 & -\mathbf{H}'_2^*\mathbf{H}'_0 \\ +\mathbf{H}'_2^*\mathbf{H}'_2 & \mathbf{H}'_0^*\mathbf{H}'_0 & -\mathbf{H}'_2^*\mathbf{H}'_1 \\ -\mathbf{H}'_0^*\mathbf{H}'_1 & +\mathbf{H}'_2^*\mathbf{H}'_2 & -\mathbf{H}'_2^*\mathbf{H}'_1 \\ -\mathbf{H}'_0^*\mathbf{H}'_2 & -\mathbf{H}'_1^*\mathbf{H}'_2 & \mathbf{H}'_0^*\mathbf{H}'_0 \\ +\mathbf{H}'_1^*\mathbf{H}'_1 & \end{bmatrix}$$
where the dependence of the channels on the unknown $x$ is neglected for the sake of simplicity. In a general case we obtain the expression
$$\mathbf{R} = [\mathbf{R}_{i,j}]_{i,j=0}^{N-1},$$
$$\mathbf{R}_{i,j} = \begin{cases} \sum_{k=0; k \neq i}^{N-1} \mathbf{H}'_k^*\mathbf{H}'_k, & i = j, \\ -\mathbf{H}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i, & i \neq j. \end{cases}$$
The LS solution leads to the minimization
$$\hat{\alpha} = \argmin_x (\mathbf{y}'^*\mathbf{R}\mathbf{y}')$$
$$= \argmin_x \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \mathbf{y}'_i^*\mathbf{R}_{i,j}\mathbf{y}'_j \right)$$
$$= \argmax_x \left( \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} \mathbf{y}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i^*\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_i \right) - \left( \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} \mathbf{y}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i^*\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_j \right).$$
We end up, as for any $L_2$ norm problem, in minimizing the difference between the energy from all the channels after filtering (cochannel energy):
$$\sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} (\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_j)^*(\mathbf{H}'_i\mathbf{y}'_i)$$
and the energy from the cross-channels:
$$\sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} (\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_j)^*(\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_i).$$
The cochannel terms in (24) are useless for estimating the channel phase (a common knowledge in SAR interferometry, where the single channel is never used alone), as the sources are normal distributed. Therefore the contributions in (24) are dropped.
The terms for multichannel interferometry are then the cross-channel ones, that is, those involving cross-channel data correlations in (25). The LS solution therefore leads to the following maximization:
$$\hat{\alpha} = \argmax_x \left( \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} \mathbf{y}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i^*\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_i \right)$$
$$= \argmax_x \left( \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=j+1}^{N-1} 2\text{Re}(\mathbf{y}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i^*\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_i) \right),$$
that is the summation of terms like
$$\mathbf{y}'_j^*\mathbf{H}'_i^*\mathbf{H}'_j\mathbf{y}'_i = \mathbf{y}'_j^*\Phi_{ji}(x)\mathbf{F}_i^*\Phi_{ij}(x)\mathbf{F}_j\Phi_{ji}(x)\mathbf{y}_i.$$
### 4. SINGLE-PASS SAR INTERFEROMETRY
Let us approach the conventional interferometric system as a special case of multipass interferometry with only $N = 2$ channels, that is, the minimum number of channels to ensure a solution in the case of unknown input.
Figure 4 shows, for the two-channel system, the forward model (shaded in gray) as well as the linear estimate of both
where capital letters denote the Fourier transform and “∗” stands for convolution. The cross-relations (16) are now expressed as follows:
\[
((y_0(t) \exp(-j\hat{\phi}(t))) * f_1(t)) \exp(-j\hat{\phi}(t)) \\
\simeq (y_1(t) \exp(j\hat{\phi}(t))) * f_0(t),
\]
(37)
where the equality holds in the $L_2$ norm. We further express (37) in the frequency domain, by exploiting (36):
\[
[(\Gamma(f)F_0(f) * \hat{\Phi}(f))F_1(f)] * \hat{\Phi}^*(-f).
\]
(38)
If we assume constant slope, $\Phi(f) = \delta(f + \Delta_f) = \hat{\Phi}(f)$ (e.g., in correspondence of the optimum), the following relation holds:
\[
[(\Gamma \cdot F_0 * \hat{\Phi}) \cdot F_1] * \hat{\Phi}^*(-f) = \Gamma \cdot F_0 \cdot F_1(f - \Delta_f),
\]
(39)
where we dropped the obvious frequency dependence of the terms. We notice that the nonstationary sequence of operators: modulation, filtering, and demodulation implied in the left-hand term of (39), becomes on the right-hand term a simple and stationary filtering. This filter is just the cascade of the master SAR channel and the modulated slave SAR channel. This property not only justifies the CR derivation (16), but also validates CR for all the cases in which (39) holds, at least as an approximation. We need the Fourier transform of the synthetic fringes to be close to impulsive, $\Phi(f) \simeq \delta(f + \Delta_f)$, henceforth we require the bandwidth of $\Phi(f)$ to be smaller than the inverse of the temporal support of the scene. In practice we accept “quasistationary slopes” that change smoothly in the estimation window, a fact already assessed analytically in the appendix of [4].
5. IMPLEMENTATION: SLOPE ESTIMATE
The MB channel estimate derived from CR has, in accordance with (23) and (26), been applied to a constant terrain slope. In the implementation we simplified the retrieving phase problem, just by estimating the pixel-to-pixel phase difference (PD) instead of the absolute phase value. This means that the maximization in (23) is carried out with respect to the phase variations ($\alpha$) for a chosen reference baseline.
Following the approach suggested in (26), (31), and [5], we first performed the filtering (defined as common band in [5]), and then estimated the local slope, as phase difference. Moreover, the CB filtering was carried out with respect to an apriori reference PD pattern ($\bar{\alpha}$) that corresponded to our starting point for PD retrieval. Note that, to improve the slope estimation, such a reference phase is also used for the demodulation of the cross-channel interference (zero baseline steering). This demodulation, although not strictly necessary, allows us to improve the performance of the PD estimation process as for any phase retrieval algorithm. Let us start from (26) which we rewrite explicitly as
\[
\hat{\alpha} = \arg\max_{\tilde{\alpha}} \left( \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} y_j^* \Phi_{ji}(\tilde{\alpha}) F_i^* \Phi_{ji}(\tilde{\alpha}) F_j \Phi_{ji}(\tilde{\alpha}) y_i \right).
\]
(40)
Letting $ri\{\cdot\}$ be the operator that evaluates the interference between adjacent pixels along the range, we introduce the following two signals:
\[
y_{lj}(\tilde{\alpha}) = ri\{ \Phi_{ij}^*(\tilde{\alpha}) F_l \Phi_{ij}(\tilde{\alpha}) y_j \},
\]
(41)
\[
y_{rj}(\tilde{\alpha}) = ri\{ F_j \Phi_{ji}(\tilde{\alpha}) y_i \},
\]
(42)
where, according to the position in (40), the suffixes l and r stand, respectively, for left and right. Equations (41) and (42) carry out the spectral shift filtering; the additional modulation matrix $\Phi_{ij}^*(\tilde{\alpha})$ in (41) centers the signal interference on the known PD. The resulting maximization formula is written as
\[
\hat{\alpha} = \bar{\alpha} + \hat{e},
\]
(43)
\[
\hat{e} = \arg\max_{e} \left[ \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} \sum_{i=0; i \neq j}^{N-1} y_{lj}^*(\tilde{f}) \Phi_{ji}(e) y_{rj}(\tilde{f}) \right].
\]
(44)
In (43) we have explicitly highlighted the reference PD ($\bar{\alpha}$) and the wanted (unknown) PD ($e$) that, to distinguish from the ($\hat{\alpha}$), will be referred to as “excess PD.”
Numerical implementation of (43) is now quite simple. For each range line of the image ($M$ bins) and for each image pair, we build two 3D matrixes $(N \times N \times M - 1)$ $YL$ and $YR$. For each fixed range bin, the resulting 2D matrixes are Hermitian matrixes that correspond to the signals in (41) and (42), respectively. Element by element multiplication of $YL$ and $YR$ again leads, for each range pixel, to a Hermitian Matrix that describes the PD excess (with respect to the reference PD) at all the interferometric pairs present in the data. We build a 3D phase matrix
\[
\Phi_3 = 1_{M-1} \otimes (\tilde{f} e^*),
\]
(45)
with
\[
\tilde{f}^T = \exp[-ja^T e],
\]
(46)
where $a$ is the baseline vector normalized to the reference baseline and $e$ is the current testing PD excess, $1_{M-1}$ is a unitary column vector $[1, M - 1]$, and $\otimes$ is the Kronecker product.
Multiplying the three matrixes $YL$, $YR$, and $\Phi_3$, we have
\[
YY = \Phi_3 \circ YL^* \circ YR.
\]
(47)
Eventually, for each range bin, a summation over the antenna pairs is carried out: the result is then averaged over a chosen
Table 1: Baselines table.
| Sensor | Normal baseline |
|--------|-----------------|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | −470 |
| 2 | −310 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 330 |
| 5 | 580 |
length. Moreover, an azimuth multilook (averaging) could be introduced on the result of the signal beat: $YL^* \circ YR$.
These operations are repeated for each testing PD excess and a maximization of the result (which is real by definition) is carried out. Finally the operation is repeated for the available range lines.
Note that within this implementation scheme the introduction of weights can be carried out by using
$$YY = YL^* \circ \Phi_3 \circ W \circ YR,$$
where $W$ is a weighting 3D matrix (symmetric for each range line), accounting for interferometric weights, see Section 4.1: it possibly varies throughout the range.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
The MB-InSAR algorithm has been tested on simulated data relative to the Vesuvio area in Naples. Starting from an available high-precision DEM, we simulated six acquisitions by an ERS-like system. Table 1 shows the baselines. The interferograms corresponding to the lowest (1–4 pair, 100 m) and highest (2–6 pair, 1050 m) baselines are shown in Figure 5 to help the reader appreciate the amount of decorrelation caused by imaging angular diversity.
The proposed algorithm, applied with respect to the pixel-to-pixel range phase differences (PD), tackles possible constant phase offset dependence in the available interferograms, allowing a more realistic scenario. The first baseline (−470 m) is taken as the reference, therefore the PD on the first baseline pair are the unknowns. Figure 6 shows the PD evaluated from the noiseless, nonwrapped fringe pattern, assumed as a reference, and its histogram; note that PD associated to the flat Earth amounts to about −1.14 rads/pixel, whereas a large part of the PD is around −1.74 rads/pixel because the imaged area is located in a flank of the volcano.
The first experiment carried out was aimed at showing the reconstruction performance achievable by a single baseline measurement on the reference baseline PD. In particular we chose the lowest baseline, that is, sensor 0–3 in Table 1. In this experiment we have also assumed no a priori information about the topography, that is, we referred to the PD of a flat Earth. As a consequence we subtracted from the interferograms the fringe pattern associated with flat Earth and estimated the residual PD from the flattened interferograms: the output, as for all the subsequent experiments, is the estimated PD on the reference baseline (0–1 in our case). Nonetheless we did not include any spectral shift filtering, that is, we let $\hat{\Phi}_{ij} = I_D$ in the multiplication in (41) and $\hat{\Phi}_{ji} = I_D$ in (42). The PD obtained using this interferogram pair (−470 m baseline), averaged on a window length of 5 range pixels, is shown in Figure 7a whereas...
Figure 7: (a) PD estimated with the lowest baseline interferograms, (b) error plot (mean and standard deviation of the error), and (c) the scatter plot of the estimated PD versus the true PD.
the error bar plot (mean standard deviation of the error) is shown in Figure 7b. Here we see the poor quality of the reconstruction due to the relatively large baseline, which is confirmed by the appearance of a bias in the error plot for high slopes (ideally this should be horizontal) and by the presence of relatively high standard deviations, as well as high dispersion of the scatter plot of the estimated PD versus the true PD in Figure 7c. The quality of the reconstruction improves when CB filtering was carried out: this is clearly shown in Figure 8 which presents the images of Figure 7 after CB filtering with respect to flat Earth. Nevertheless, by looking at the error plot we again recognize that it is even more tilted than before, in particular, for the steepest slopes, that is, high PD, the estimates are strongly down-biased. The same considerations can be carried out by comparing the two scatter plots. Bias is eliminated when CB filtering is carried out with respect to the true PD. This is clearly evident in Figure 9: the error bar plot is horizontal, although there is a marked dispersion. Figure 10 shows the results achieved by exploiting all the available acquisitions and the CB filtering with respect to the flat Earth. This figure, when compared Figure 8, shows that the introduction of large baseline interferograms has significantly deteriorated the estimation of high slopes (from $-3$ rad/pixel to $-2$ rad/pixel). However, it also shows the effectiveness of the CB filtering; in fact, slopes close to that of the flat Earth (in bright areas) are better reconstructed when compared to Figure 8, see also Figure 6.
The last experiment in Figure 11 shows the best case when the CB filtering was tuned according to the true PD and all the acquisitions were used. Note that, usually a rather precise external DEM is always used in InSAR processing, especially when differential interferograms are produced to detect small ground movements: with this regard, DEM provided
by the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) with 90 m posting and an accuracy of 15 m is a good reference for the estimation procedure at hands. Figure 11 shows the estimated PD, the mean and the standard deviation, and the scatter plot. Comparing this figure with 9 and 10 and the true one, that is, Figure 6, we appreciate the improvement in the estimation of both low and high slopes: the error plot bar in the middle image is thin and horizontal whereas the scatter plot is mostly concentrated around the diagonal.
7. CONCLUSIONS
A general framework that links the problem of multi-baseline SAR interferometry with the single-input multiple-output multichannel estimate has been established. We have shown that one of the most popular techniques to approach the problem, namely cross-relations, can be extended to the MB-InSAR case with slight modifications. The LS solution of the thus derived equation system leads to the maximization of the total energy that comes from taking all the possible interferograms. Not surprisingly, the outcome of this technique is that in forming each interferogram the two image pairs are prefiltered by a common band filter; such filtering corresponds to the suboptimal spectral-shift approach already known in literature. An efficient implementation has been shown for the estimate of a constant terrain slope. The simulation of MB ERS-like acquisitions in rough topography has led to interesting results that reel the potential of the technique.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been committed under ASI Contract I/R/169/02 *Multiple pass SAR Interferometry for very accurate Earth modeling* (2003–2004). The authors wish to thank the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for sponsoring the work.
Figure 11: (a) PD estimated with all interferograms pairs and the application of the CB filtering with respect to the true topography. (b) The associated error plot (mean and standard deviation of the error). (c) The scatter plot of the estimated PD versus the true PD.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Ferretti, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, “Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 8–20, 2001.
[2] F. Gatelli, A. Monti Guarnieri, F. Parizzi, P. Pasquali, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, “The wavenumber shift in SAR interferometry,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 855–865, 1994.
[3] G. W. Davidson and R. Bamler, “Multiresolution phase unwrapping for SAR interferometry,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 163–174, 1999.
[4] A. Monti Guarnieri and F. Rocca, “Combination of low- and high-resolution SAR images for differential interferometry,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 2035–2049, 1999.
[5] G. Fornaro and A. Monti Guarnieri, “Minimum mean square error space-varying filtering of interferometric SAR data,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2002.
[6] A. Ferretti, A. Monti Guarnieri, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, “Multi baseline interferometric techniques and applications,” in Proc. ESA Workshop on Applications of ERS SAR Interferometry (FRINGE ’96), Zürich, Switzerland, September–October 1996.
[7] R. Bamler and P. Hartl, “Synthetic aperture radar interferometry,” Inverse Problems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. R1–R54, 1998.
[8] P. A. Rosen, S. Hensley, I. R. Joughin, et al., “Synthetic aperture radar interferometry,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 333–382, 2000.
[9] D. C. Ghiglia and M. D. Pritt, Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping: Theory, Algorithms, and Software, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1998.
[10] G. Franceschetti and G. Fornaro, “Synthetic aperture radar interferometry,” in Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing, G. Franceschetti and R. Lanari, Eds., chapter 4, pp. 167–223, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 1999.
[11] H. A. Zebker and J. Villasenor, “Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 950–959, 1992.
[12] L. Tong and S. Perreau, “Multichannel blind identification: from subspace to maximum likelihood methods,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 1951–1968, 1998.
[13] G. Xu, H. Liu, L. Tong, and T. Kailath, “A least-squares approach to blind channel identification,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2982–2993, 1995.
G. Fornaro received the Laurea degree summa cum laude in electronic engineering in 1992 and the Ph.D. degree in 1997 from the University “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy. Since 1996, he is with the “Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment” (IREA) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), where he currently holds the position of Senior Researcher. In the past, he has been an Adjunct Professor of signal theory and communication in several Italian universities: Napoli Federico II, Cassino, and Reggio Calabria. His main research interests are in the signal processing filed with applications to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing from airborne and spaceborne systems, including motion compensation, multichannel SAR interferometry, differential SAR interferometry, and 3D SAR focusing. Dr. Fornaro has been a Visiting Scientist at the German Aerospace Establishment (DLR) and at the Politecnico di Milano and he has been a Lecturer in several universities and international institutions such as the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) in Sao José dos Campos (Brazil) and Remote Sensing Technology Center (RESTEC), Tokyo. He is currently responsible for the Remote Sensing Unit of the Regional Center of Competence “Analysis and Monitoring of the Environmental Risk” funded by the European Community on Provision 3.16. Dr. Fornaro was awarded (1997) the Mountbatten Premium by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE).
A. Monti Guarnieri was born in Milano, Italy, on February 9, 1962. He received the “Laurea” (cum laude) degree in electronic engineering from Politecnico di Milano in 1988, and since that date, he has worked in the Electronic Engineering Department where he joined the Digital Signal Processing Team. He is currently an Associate Professor in the same university.
Present and past courses included “signals and systems,” “signal theory,” “digital signal processing,” “algorithms and circuits for telecommunications,” and “radar theory and technique.” His research interests concern digital signal processing, mainly in the field of synthetic aperture radar signal processing. Since 1987, he has authored/coauthored about 100 scientific publications in the field of synthetic aperture radar. Professor Monti Guarnieri was awarded the “Symposium Paper Award” at the IGARSS’89 and the “Best Paper Award” at EUSAR 2004.
A. Pauciullo was born in Cercola, Italy, on October 10, 1969. He received the Dr. Eng. degree with honors in 1998 and the Ph.D. degree in information engineering in 2003, both from the University of Naples, Italy. Since 2001, he has been with the “Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment” (IREA) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), where he holds a position of Researcher, and since 2003, he has been an Adjunct Professor of signal theory at the University of Cassino (Italy). His current research interests regard the field of statistical signal processing with emphasis on synthetic aperture radar processing and CDMA systems.
S. Tebaldini was born in Milan, Italy on July 1, 1974. He received the Diploma degree (cum laude) in telecommunication engineering in 2000, with a thesis on digital PLL, and the Laurea degree (cum laude) in 2005, with a thesis on surface topography reconstruction by means of multi-baseline SAR interferometry, both from Politecnico di Milano. In 2003, he joined the “GSA” Project, working on an innovatory time/ frequency distribution system to be developed for ESA.
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Paladar brings Latin flavors to King of Prussia Town Center
Gary Puleo
UPPER MERION >> Unique restaurants are shaping up to be the lifeblood of King of Prussia Town Center, and none is more suited to the adventurous culinary climate here than Paladar Latin Kitchen & Rum Bar.
Founder and CEO Andy Himmel named his growing chain after the term that traditionally invokes the neighborhood mom-and-pop eateries of Cuba, but with its nod to the flavors of Central America, South America, Cuba and the Latin Caribbean, Paladar takes the family notion of food and hospitality to a whole new realm.
Diners will find a fearless but easygoing lunch and dinner menu featuring avocado deviled eggs ($5), blackened fish tacos ($16), banana leaf roasted cod ($21), rum-glazed Cuban pork ($18) and jerk chicken skewers ($8.50) that tempts their taste buds with familiar flavors paired up in new ways, noted executive chef Nelson Rodriguez.
"This is not like your mom and pop restaurant. What we do is take those dishes from Central America and give them an American-style twist. We use the foundation like the tacos, but then we do our own thing and put our own stamp on them," said Rodriquez, who came to Mexican cooking through his love of Italian and French cuisines.
"Mexican is a cuisine that's really growing, and we use all the same ingredients but don't take a cookiecutter approach to it. We use organic meat from a local farm and really offer Latin comfort food that people love."
A midday favorite, the two-tacos-and-a-side option is a mainstay of the $9.95 lunch combo menu, beginning at 11 a.m.
Moving to the weekend, Paladar entices the brunch crowd with Latin-accented entrees like maple pulled pork and fried eggs ($13.50) and scrambled egg and chorizo soft tacos ($15) Saturday and Sunday, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
It's not just the food that is nuanced for maximum appeal to a high-end American palate, but also the striking, colorful ambience and the drink menu, springing from a bar stocked with dozens of rums — white, gold, spiced and dark, inspiring a variety of South American cocktail creations.
The sixth restaurant in the Paladar chain, which arrived in Pennsylvania by way of Himmel's native Ohio, has found the perfect home in the heart of King of Prussia Town Center, noted manager Paul Foglia, who had previously taken the helm at such Bucks County establishments as Revolution House and Triumph Brewing Company of New Hope.
"King of Prussia is definitely a vibrant community, and we can't wait to see where things will be next year when the center is fully opened," he said. "While there are a lot of restaurants opening, which would seem to be competition, the busier the Town Center is, the busier we'll be. I think each restaurant offers their own flair and their own favorites. We were excited to introduce a Paladar to this area because nobody ever heard of it and we're quickly making a name for ourselves. Besides the food and drink, hospitality is really what sets us apart," Foglia added. "We want you to have a dining experience that's so different than what you're used to right now, so we hire people that have hospitality running through them, and we can train them with the technical aspects."
Himmel credited company chef Joe Tis with tying the knot between the expanding Paladar Restaurant Group and a prime piece of King of Prussia real estate.
"King of Prussia is Joe's hometown, and he's worked at restaurants there like Morton's and The Bamboo Club. It's always been his goal for us to open a restaurant in King of Prussia," said Himmel. "We never really saw ourselves as a mall concept, so when this property became available, we had already done two other deals with (developer) JBG Companies, so it got us into King of Prussia with a landlord we already knew. We were excited that there were small companies coming to the Town Center that had the sophistication and the resources that were different and unique, not just cookie cutter concepts that you see everywhere."
After launching in Cleveland nine years ago, Paladar's evolution was fairly robust, as the concept adapted to various tweaks, Himmel recalled.
"We're still evolving. The last couple of projects in Maryland really represented the branding and the design finally coming together, and King of Prussia was building on that. King of Prussia is a pretty serious market and there were some hurdles for us to overcome, being an out of state company."
Another challenge was hiring a staff suited to the task of helping to run an operation built on elements of fine dining, Himmel allowed.
"Being new to the market, it seemed that a lot of people we wanted to hire were already working at successful restaurants, but we slowly hired a great team, and we're still hiring servers. The hardest part in the beginning is that it has to be the right experience and it's hard to train someone who doesn't have that experience quickly for an opening."
Working with local business organizations made the transition to an unfamiliar environment go much more smoothly, Himmel said.
"One of the things that surprised me the most is that I've never worked in a community that had organizations whose sole purpose was to grow the business and the revenue in a specific market, and by that I mean the Valley Forge Tourism and Convention Board, King of Prussia BID, the Main Line Chamber and the Montgomery County Chamber of Commerce. They were amazing to work with and could not have done more to help, and that's rarely the case. The success and continued growth of King of Prussia is certainly not an accident when you see how well these organizations are run."
Being a small chain operation doesn't leave any room for branches that don't click with the dining-out set, Himmel noted.
"We don't have hundreds of restaurants where one can be unsuccessful. Each restaurant we open needs to be successful, and we put all the resources that we can into it," he said. "With everything we have in place in King of Prussia, if we don't succeed we have to take a look at ourselves. But we feel that we have built a place where the local business people are coming for Happy Hour and for lunch, the local residents come for dinner and brunch on the weekend … and we hope our hospitality shows through."
Paladar Latin Kitchen & Rum Bar is located at King of Prussia Town Center, 250 Main St., King of Prussia.
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INDIANOLA PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION MEETING
Wednesday, May 12, 2021 6:00 P.M. Activity Center
1. Call to Order
2. Public Consideration/Correspondence
3. Consent Items
a. Approve Agenda
b. April 21, 2021 Minutes
4. Support Group Reports
a. Trees Committee
b. Indianola Park Friends
c. Friends of Indianola Trails
5. Department Heads Reports
a. Director Report
i. COVID response – Re-opening steps
ii. Bicycle, Micro mobility code update
iii. COVID Relief Recreation Trail Grant Application
b. Recreation Report
i. Programs
ii. Live Healthy Iowa Track Meet – over 180 participants
c. Parks Report
i. Operations Specialist position accepted: Connor Skultety
ii. Planting Dates: 2 nd week of May, Medians – May 18
iii. Moats Restroom
iv. Pickard Disc Golf Course Improvements
v. Parks to Public Works Transition
6. Commission Member Comments
7. Adjournment – Set Next Meeting Date: Wednesday, June 9, 6:00 p.m. Activity Center.
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Performance Aluminum Rainware
Snap Together - Do-It Yourself
Durable - Easy to Install
STEP 1:
Mark the ideal gutter slope with string.
Slope the gutter (A) toward the downspout (4) with a 1" drop for every 40 horizontal feet. Tack the string to the fascia board 3/4" below the shingles (figure 1). Stretch the string taut to the downspout end of the gutter and also tack it 3/4" below the shingles. Measure down the small distance needed to achieve a drop of 1" in 40' and re-tack the string at the low end.
STEP 2:
Begin gutter assembly at the higher end.
Fill the joining area of the end cap (D) or (E) with Kaycan gutter sealer (7) and press into place (figure 2). To join two gutter sections, notch the top front bead to allow an overlap of 2". Apply Kaycan gutter sealer around overlapping surface of one section and press together. Apply a bead of sealer along the inside edges of all joints.
STEP 3:
Choose from 2 gutter hanging methods.
Nail gutter to fascia with top edge lined up against guide string.
(A) Spike and Ferrule (L) installation: With the ferrule spanning the inner gutter, drive the spike through the front gutter lip, the ferrule, the back edge of the gutter and into the fascia board (figure 4). Attach spike and ferrule on every second rafter end or every 24" for proper support.
(B) Hidden Hanger (J or K) installation: Space hangers 18" apart and at every joint, for maximum holding strength. Before nailing each hanger in place, hook it under the front lip of the gutter (figure 5). Use screws or twist-type nails to fasten back of hanger to fascia at rafter points.
STEP 4:
Joining corner and gutter sections. Notch the top front bead and rear gutter (figure 6) to overlap sections 2". Apply Kaycan gutter sealer over one surface of the joint and press together with the corner section (B) or (C). Apply a bead of sealer along the inside edges of all joints.
STEP 5:
Outlet installation. Determine location of outlet (M) and cut hole to size in bottom of gutter (figure 7). Apply a bead of Kaycan gutter sealer around flange of outlet and press into place. Apply a bead of sealer along the inside edges of all joints.
STEP 6:
Attaching downspout elbows. Each elbow (2) or (3) and downspout section has one end crimped smaller that the other. Fit the smaller end of one section down into the larger end of the next section and press the sections snuggly together (figure 8).
STEP 7:
Attaching the downspout. Each downspout section is fastened securely against the wall with two Kaycan downspout straps (1), attached to the wall with two nails or screws in each strap (figure 9).
STEP 8:
Install gutter protector. Kaycan gutter protector (N) fits neatly into place over the open top of the gutter (figure 10) to help prevent leaves from blocking or clogging gutters.
STEP 9:
Choose from 2 ways to terminate downspout. Place downspout into tile cover (5). If no underground drain exists, attach diverter (8) to downspout to direct runoff flow away from the house (figure 11).
Kaycan answers all your Rainware needs with an extensive line of aluminum Performance rainware products manufactured following state-of-the-art methods.
Built on more than 40 years of experience; you can count on the quality and durability of our products.
Our Performance aluminum rainware offers the package that complements and protects your home.
Kaycan also offers a wide selection of exterior home building products with the same built-in beauty and protection: Aluminum Drip Edges, Vinyl Soffits and Siding, Aluminum Soffit and Siding.
Kaycan is one of the world's leading vinyl and aluminum siding and coil producers. It operates more than 1,000,000 square feet of manufacturing facilities and 2,000,000 square feet of distribution space across North America. The plants are some of the most advanced in the world, with production 24/7, fifty-one weeks a year.
Rigorous quality control and testing meet and exceed the most stringent industry and government standards, at all stages of manufacturing.
www.kaycan.com
1-800-952-9226
KSA-NE ©2008 KAYCAN
Performance
Aluminum Rainware
Aluminum Rainware System
™
Performance
Aluminum Rainware
| Components | Parts | Description | Qty Req. |
|---|---|---|---|
| | -A- K-Style Gutter | 10' sections catch and direct runoff. | |
| | -B- Inside Corner | Carries runoff around inside corners. | |
| | -C- Outside Corner | Carries runoff around outside corners. | |
| | -D- Left End Cap | Terminates left end of gutter. | |
| | -E- Right End Cap | Terminates right end of gutter. | |
| | -F- Connector | For joining gutter sections together. | |
| | -G- Drop Outlet | Provides outlet for gutters. One required for each downspout. | |
Complete Performance Aluminum Rainware System Each component is designed and manufactured for durability and ease of installation.
* Do it yourself
* Durable
* Easy to install
The Kaycan Performance Aluminum Rainware System installs firmly and efficiently, with just a few common tools:
* Tape measure • String
* Hammer
* Pliers
* Screwdriver • Hacksaw
* Level
* Ladder
* Tin snips
| PERFORMANCE CHECKLIST | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Components | Parts | Description | Qty Req. |
| | -I- Wedge | For adapting gutter and drop outlet to inward slanted fascia. Compensates for roof pitches. | |
| | -J- Premium Hanger with Screw | Secures gutter to fascia. | |
| | -K- Stamped Hanger | Secures gutter to fascia. | |
| | -L- Spike and Ferrule | Secures gutter to fascia. | |
| | -M- Poly Outlet | Exits runoff to downspout, reduces clogging. | |
| | -N- Pro Guard Gutter Protector | Stops leaves and debris from falling inside the gutter. | |
Before you begin, remove the old gutter and inspect the fascia board beneath it for any wood rot. If sections show rot, replace them. Ideally, cover the fascia board with Kaycan low maintenance, high quality, great-looking Soffit and Fascia.
Inside Corner
Right End Cap
B
E
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SITE LEASE TRANSMITTAL
Site Number: CTFF781
Date Turned In: <Date Turned In>
Site Name: <Site Name>
Market: <Market>
Site Acquisition Coordinator: <Name Of Coordinator>
Attached please find:
- 2 Landlord-signed leases
- 1 Landlord-signed/notarized memorandums
- Owner Authorization Agreement
- Landlord-signed W-9
- Authorization to sign lease (if applicable)
Market Information
- Market Entity Name: T-Mobile Northeast LLC
- Type of Entity: Limited Liability Company
- Market address: 35 Griffin Road, Bloomfield, Connecticut 06002
- Director Name:
- Director Title:
NOTE: Enter a space (" ") into any fields which do not apply
Landlord Information
- Landlord: Town of Sherman
- Name:
- Landlord Entity: (i.e., individual, Route 39 North)
- Additional Mailing Address (if any):
- Mailing Address: <City, State, Zip>
| **Site Information** | **Option Terms** |
|----------------------|------------------|
| Site Address: 2 Taber Road, Sherman, CT 06784 | Option Amount: $100.00 = one hundred dollars |
| Square Footage: 120 square feet | Option Term: one (1) year |
| Parcel Number: | Renewal Term: one (1) year |
Site Number: CTFF781
Site Name: <Site Name>
Market: <Market>
| Site Number: | CTFF781 |
|-------------|---------|
| Site Name: | <Site Name> |
| Market: | <Market> |
| **Lease Terms** | **Site Type:** |
|-----------------|---------------|
| Payee Name: | Town of Sherman |
| Rent Amount: | $2,200 = two thousand two hundred dollars |
| Rent Frequency: | Monthly |
| Rent Increase: | 115% = one hundred fifteen percent (over preceding term) |
| Utilities: | $200.00 = two hundred dollars |
| Lease Term: | five (5) years |
| Renewal Terms: | five (5) additional five-year terms |
| Cancel Terms: | sixty (60) days prior |
| Insurance: | One Million ($1,000,000.00) |
| Insurance: | Two Million ($2,000,000.00) |
| **Lease Use** | **Please choose one item below:** |
|---------------|----------------------------------|
| Ground only | □ |
| Tower only | □ |
| Tower and Ground | □ |
| Rooftop | □ |
| Water tank | □ |
| DAS (Distributed Antenna System) | □ |
| In-building | □ |
| Easement only | □ |
| Other, please specify | ☒ |
Instructions: The above table form section of this document is protected so fill-in fields will populate in the lease and MOL, which are unprotected. Be sure to check fill-in fields and other sections carefully for accuracy and proper format – make corrections. BE CAREFUL!
Comments (no non-standard terms)
Approved by:
_________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Real Estate Manager Date
_________________________________________ ___________________________________________
General Manager/Director Date
_________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Legal Department Date
_________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Vice President (if applicable) Date
This SITE LEASE AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is effective the date of the last signature on this Agreement (the “Effective Date”) by and between Town of Sherman (“Landlord”) and T-Mobile Northeast LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company (“Tenant”).
Landlord and Tenant agree to the following:
1. **Property Description**. Landlord is the owner of the real property located at 2 Taber Road, Sherman, CT 06784 as further described on Exhibit A (the “Property”). The Property includes the premises which is comprised of approximately 120 square feet plus any agreed upon additional portions of the Property which Tenant may require for the use and operation of its facilities as generally described on Exhibit B (the “Premises”). Tenant, upon written approval of Landlord, reserves the right to update the description of the Premises on Exhibit B to reflect any modifications or changes that are approved in writing hereto by Landlord.
2. **Option**. Landlord grants to Tenant an option to lease the Premises on the terms and conditions described in this Agreement (the “Option”). The Option shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue for two (2) one (1)-year periods (the “Option Period”). For each year of the Option Period Tenant shall pay Landlord (at the commencement of each Option Period) two thousand and five hundred dollars ($2,500.00) which is non-refundable. Upon Tenant’s exercise of the Option, this Agreement will constitute a lease of the Premises on the terms and conditions described below (the “Lease”).
3. **Landlord Cooperation**. During the Option Period and Term (as defined below), Landlord shall cooperate at no additional cost to Landlord with Tenant’s due diligence activities, which shall include, but not be limited to, access to the Property for inspections, testing, permitting related to the Permitted Uses (as defined below). Landlord authorizes Tenant to file, submit and obtain all zoning, land use and other applications for permits, licenses and approvals required for the Permitted Uses from all applicable governmental and quasi-governmental entities (collectively, the “Governmental Approvals”). Landlord’s cooperation shall include the reasonably prompt execution and delivery of any documents necessary to obtain and maintain Government Approvals or utility services. Additionally, Landlord, unless required by federal, state, local law or regulation, shall not take any actions which are in conflict with or interfere with Tenant’s Governmental Approvals. Tenant acknowledges Landlord has no authority and control over independent municipal boards and agencies which act independently at the Office of the First Selectman.
4. **Antenna Facilities and Permitted Uses**. Tenant leases the Premises for its equipment, personal property and improvements associated with Tenant’s wireless communications business (the “Antenna Facilities”). The Premises may be used for the construction, installation, operation, maintenance, repair, addition, upgrading, removal or replacement of any and all Antenna Facilities (the “Permitted Uses”) for no fee or additional consideration other than set forth in this Agreement, but not for (i) expansion outside of area defined in Exhibit B and or (ii) the expansion of additional antennas or equipment on Silo. The Equipment and Antenna on the Property and Silo as permitted by this Agreement are specifically set forth on Exhibit B. Any other use of areas of the Property including Silo, that is not already specified in Exhibit B must be permitted by specified written amendment executed by the parties hereto. The Antenna Facilities shall remain the exclusive property of Tenant and shall not be considered fixtures. Tenant, at its expense, may use any and all reasonable and safe means as Tenant deems necessary to control, secure or restrict access to the Antenna Facilities provided that it does not interfere with Landlord and/or pre-existing wireless tenants utilizing the same Silo. If
necessary to maintain service, when the antennas on the Silo are not functioning, subject to Landlord reasonable approval as to location and additional insurance certificate, Tenant shall have the right to locate a cell-on-wheels, or other temporary antenna facility on the Property. Landlord shall reasonably cooperate with the placement of the temporary facility at a mutually acceptable location. The temporary facility should be active for a length of time that is agreed upon by Landlord and Tenant prior to the installation of the temporary facility.
5. **Lease Term.**
a) The Initial Term of the Lease shall be five (5) years commencing on the date of Tenant’s exercise of the Option (the “Commencement Date”), and ending at 11:59 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the fifth (5\textsuperscript{th}) anniversary of the Commencement Date (the “Initial Term”). The Initial Term, together with any Renewal Terms and Extended Periods are referred to collectively as the “Term.”
b) The Initial Term shall automatically renew for five (5) successive renewal terms of five (5) years each (each a “Renewal Term”), provided, however, that Tenant may elect not to renew by providing notice prior to the expiration of the then current Term. The Landlord may terminate the Lease following the fifth renewal period by delivery of notice six (6) months prior to the end of the fifth renewal term.
c) Upon the expiration of the final Renewal Term, Tenant shall have the right to continue to occupy the Premises and the Term shall automatically extend for successive one (1) year periods (each, an “Extended Period”). Landlord may terminate the renewal of any Extended Period by delivery of notice at least six (6) months prior to the end of the then current Extended Period. Tenant may terminate any Extended Period at any time by delivery of notice to Landlord.
6. **Rent/Other Charges.**
a) Upon the Commencement Date, Tenant shall pay Landlord rent in the amount of two thousand two hundred dollars ($2,200.00) per month (the “Rent”). Tenant shall deliver Rent to Landlord at the address specified in Section 15, or by electronic payment. The first Rent payment shall be due within twenty business (20) days after the Commencement Date. Subsequent Rent shall be payable by the fifth day of each month.
b) The Rent for each successive Renewal Term shall be an amount equal to one hundred fifteen percent (115%) of the Rent for the immediately preceding Term. The Rent shall continue to be paid on a monthly basis. The Rent for each Extended Period shall be an amount equal to one hundred five percent (105%) of the Rent for the immediately preceding Term.
c) Rent for any partial month shall be prorated on a per day basis, based on the number of days in the month in question. Landlord shall cooperate with Tenant regarding the use of any electronic rent payment systems or the provision of any associated documentation. Tenant may condition payment of Rent and any other sums payable under this Agreement upon Tenant’s receipt of a duly completed IRS form W-9, or similar governmental form.
d) Any charges payable under this Agreement other than Rent shall be billed by Landlord to Tenant within twelve (12) months from the date the charges were incurred or due. This would include any future non-municipal state or federal tax or other governmental imposition.
e) A one-time non-refundable payment of four thousand dollars ($4,000.00) is due to the Landlord upon full-execution of this Agreement.
f) An additional one-time non-refundable payment of ($23,904.00) is to be remitted to the below entity associated with the Landlord, due upon full-execution of this agreement
Friends of Happy Acres
PO Box 631
Sherman, CT 06784
7. **Interference.**
a) At any time during this Agreement Landlord shall be entitled to install new, upgraded, or expanded municipal, fire, public safety, health related, police, radio frequency communication equipment of any type from the Silo as it sees fit. The Landlord shall notice the Tenant of such installations at least four (4) months prior to the date of installation and the Landlord and Tenant shall cooperate with Landlord or third parties to reach a mutual resolution of any conflicts in radio frequency with respect to the new equipment for public health, safety and welfare purposes.
b) Tenant shall not interfere with the radio frequency communications of Landlord or any of Landlord’s existing tenants as of the Effective Date. After the Effective Date, except as set forth in (a) hereinabove, Landlord shall not install, or permit any third party to install, any equipment or structures that interfere with or restrict the operations of Tenant. Any such interference, except as set forth in (a) hereinabove shall be deemed a material breach of this Agreement by Landlord and Landlord shall remove the cause of the interference within forty-eight (48) hours of notice. Tenant shall have the right to exercise all legal and equitable rights and remedies to end the interference. If the interference from health, safety and welfare, municipal, fire, police, public safety equipment set forth in (a) hereinabove cannot be reasonably worked out between the
parties hereto, either party may terminate the lease upon six (6) months written notice to the other and, except as otherwise set forth herein, neither party shall have liability to the other.
8. **Utility Services.**
a) Tenant shall have the right to connect to, maintain, repair, upgrade, remove or replace existing utility related equipment and shall have the right to install new utility related equipment to service its Antenna Facilities, or cell-on-wheels on (as limited by this Agreement), or serving the Property (collectively, the “Utility Facilities”) provided the installation receives prior approval from the Landlord and it does not interfere with other pre-existing Tenants of Landlord or Landlord public health, safety and welfare equipment.
b) Tenant shall be responsible for all utilities charges for electricity, or any other utility service used by Tenant on the Premises. Tenant shall install separate meter for Tenant’s utility usage.
9. **Access and Easements.**
a) Landlord shall furnish, at no additional charge to Tenant, access to the Premises on a 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week basis to Tenant and Tenant’s employees, agents, contractors and other designees. Tenant shall be solely responsible for access during any and all weather/storm related events. Any plowing or shoveling to obtain access would be solely a Tenant obligation, to the extent plowing was not undertaken by the Landlord, in its sole discretion, for Landlord’s purposes; which plowing by Landlord (if any) is not intended to maintain access to the Property for Tenant. Moreover, Landlord has no obligation to maintain the Property, particularly Tenant’s Premises as described by Exhibit B, in a condition useable by Tenant, regarding snow, ice or other similar conditions. Tenant shall hold Landlord harmless and indemnify Landlord with respect to any
injuries sustained by Tenant, its employees or agents accessing the Property except for the willful misconduct of Landlord.
b) Landlord grants Tenant, at no additional Rent or charge, easements on, over, under and across the Property as limited by this Agreement said Easements specifically shown and depicted on Exhibit B for ingress, egress, communications, power and other utilities, construction, and access to the Premises and Utility Facilities (collectively, the “Easements”). As set forth herein in Paragraph 9b, Easements being limited to those temporary easements for the length of Term of the Lease and any extensions thereof specifically granted and specifically by map referenced and/or set forth in this Agreement and at Landlord’s request recorded in the land records,. Landlord shall not modify, interrupt or interfere with any communications, electricity, or other utility equipment and easements serving the Property, in any manner relating to this Lease, except with the prior written approval of Tenant. Any temporary Easement shall be released and terminated by Landlord upon expiration of the Lease and any extensions thereto, upon Landlord’s signature and no further writing between the parties will be required.
10. **Termination.** Tenant may terminate this Agreement without further liability, upon ninety (90) days prior written notice to Landlord after the first two (2) years of the Lease, for any of the following reasons: (i) changes in local or state laws or regulations which adversely affect Tenant’s ability to operate; (ii) a Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) ruling or regulation that is beyond the control of Tenant; (iii) technical reasons; or (iv) if Tenant is unable to obtain any Governmental Approval required for the construction or operation of Tenant’s Antenna Facilities. After the first two (2) years of the Lease, upon six (6) months’ prior written notice to Landlord, Tenant may terminate this Agreement for any or no reason.
Within ninety (90) days of termination of this Agreement, whether by lapse of time or otherwise, the Tenant shall remove all of its Facilities and all of its underground wires and other appurtenances, including but not
limited to any concrete foundation pads (if any), including subsurface concrete if requested by Landlord and all Tenant utilized areas including but not limited to Easement Areas to its original condition, reasonable wear and tear excepted. Tenant prior to Lease termination shall specifically inquire if the Landlord requests that the concrete and natural stone retaining wall be removed or left in place. The Landlord has the right to request it be removed and if so requested, Tenant shall remove the retaining wall at its sole cost and expense within one hundred eighty (180) days of Lease termination. In the event that Tenant fails or neglects to remove any of the foregoing after written notice from the Landlord, Landlord may undertake removal and Tenant shall be responsible for all reasonable costs incurred by Landlord provided Landlord provides documentation to Tenant evidencing said costs. Upon submission of proper invoices received by Tenant for removal by Landlord pursuant to the hereinabove sentence, Tenant shall pay said invoices within ninety (90) days after receipt by Tenant.
11. **Casualty and Condemnation.** If the Premises or Antenna Facilities are damaged or destroyed by wind, fire or other casualty, Tenant shall be entitled to negotiate, compromise, receive and retain all proceeds of Tenant’s insurance and other claims and Tenant may terminate the Lease by written notice to Landlord. If the Premises, any Easements or Antenna Facilities are taken or condemned by power of eminent domain or other governmental taking, then: (a) Tenant shall be entitled to negotiate, compromise, receive and retain all awards attributable to (i) the Antenna Facilities, (ii) Tenant’s leasehold interest in the Property, (iii) any moving or relocation benefit available to Tenant and (iv) any other award available to Tenant that is not attributable to Landlord’s title to or interest in the Property. If the Antenna Facilities are not operational due to casualty or condemnation, Tenant shall have the right to abate the Rent for that period time. In addition, Tenant may terminate the Lease by written notice to Landlord. Tenant shall maintain business interruption insurance and as long as the equipment and antennas are located on Landlord’s Property, Tenant shall pay Landlord rent in the event of casualty not caused by Landlord’s negligence.
12. **Default and Right to Cure**. A party shall be deemed in default under this Agreement if it fails to make any payment, or to perform any obligation required of it within any applicable time period specified in this Agreement and does not cure such breach within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice of such breach from the defaulting Party (Default) (i) if said breach is a monetary breach or (ii) if a breach is non-monetary in nature the defaulting party does not commence cure and complete said cure within a reasonable time. The Agreement or Tenant’s rights of possession shall not be terminated due to any Tenant Default unless: (a) the Default is material; (b) Landlord shall have given Tenant written notice in accordance with this Agreement. Landlord shall not be required to provide multiple notices for any successive Default by Tenant that is related to the Tenant’s non payment of rent or any other monetary charges owed by Tenant to Landlord. Material Default for purposes of this Agreement is defined as any breach where the monetary value of the breach is in excess of One Thousand ($1,000) Dollars or the Tenant has failed to pay any rental amount due Landlord in excess of One Thousand ($1,000) Dollars.
13. **Taxes** Tenant shall pay its personal property taxes to Municipality and shall file any and all personal property tax forms in accordance with Connecticut state laws and regulations. Tenant shall pay to Landlord for any personal property tax paid for by Landlord which is solely and directly attributable to the presence or installation of Tenant’s Antenna Facilities during the Term. Tenant shall pay any other taxes or assessments in addition to or in lieu of personal property taxes. Tenant shall have the right to challenge any tax or assessment provided it complies with all Connecticut General Statutes.
14. **Insurance and Subrogation and Indemnification**.
a) Tenant agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Landlord from any and all claims for personal injury, including death, and/or property damages, as well as costs or expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs), suffered by any person or entity which is caused by the Tenant’s exercise of
the rights granted herein or which is caused by the conduct of any of Tenant’s officers, agents, contractors or employees, provided that Tenant shall not be responsible for any claims arising from the negligence or intentional misconduct of Landlord, its employees, its agents, Landlord’s other tenants or Landlord’s independent contractors. In addition to such insurance as the Tenant is required by law to carry, Tenant shall, at its sole cost and expense, carry commercial general liability insurance with an occurrence limit of One Million and No/100 dollars ($1,000,000.00) and a general aggregate limit of Two Million and No/100 Dollars ($2,000,000.00.) The limits required above may be satisfied with the combination of primary and excess liability insurance policies. Landlord shall have the right to require Tenant to increase annually the amount of Tenant’s insurance coverage set forth above based upon Landlord's reasonable commercial judgment in the event the coverage set forth herein is below reasonable industry standard for this type of Lease. Tenant shall include the Landlord as an additional insured under any such policy. The Tenant shall furnish to the Landlord a certificate of insurance, which will provide by suitable endorsements (upon request) (a) that the contractual liability of Tenant is covered thereby, and (b) that the insurance will not be canceled without at least ten (10) day prior written notice to the Landlord. Tenant shall deliver to Landlord certificates of such insurance at or prior to the Execution Date of this Agreement and thereafter within ten (10) days prior to the expiration of any such policy. When performing work of any kind on the Property, all of the Tenant’s contractors and subcontractors shall at their sole cost and expense, carry insurance equal in kind and amount to the insurance described in this paragraph, including specifically Workers’ Compensation insurance as prescribed by applicable law. Each such contractor and subcontractor shall include the Landlord as an additional insured under any such commercial general liability policy only. Prior to performing any such work, each such contractor and subcontractor shall furnish to the Landlord a certificate of insurance, which will provide by suitable endorsements (a) that the contractual liability of the contractor or subcontractor is covered thereby, and (b) that the insurance will not be canceled without at least ten (10) day prior written notice to the
Landlord. Each such contractor and subcontractor shall deliver to Landlord certificates of such insurance at or prior to the entering the Property and within ten (10) days prior to the expiration of any such policy. In addition, Tenant shall maintain “All Risk” property insurance on a replacement cost basis for all its Personal Property.
b) In the event that insurance premiums on the Property are increased, as a result of the Landlord granting the rights to Tenant set forth in this Agreement and/or the improvements (including retaining wall) by Tenant placed on the surface, subsurface or Silo on Landlord’s Property by the Tenant or its agents (whether or not said increases are reflected in separate billings), the Tenant shall be responsible for said increased insurance premiums of Landlord. The Tenant shall reimburse Landlord for those costs within thirty days of receipt of written notice of those charges from Landlord.
15. **Notices.** All notices, requests, demands and other communications shall be in writing and shall be effective three (3) business days after deposit in the U.S. mail, certified, return receipt requested or upon receipt if personally delivered or sent via a nationally recognized courier to the addresses set forth below. Landlord or Tenant may from time to time designate any other address for this purpose by providing written notice to the other party.
**If to Tenant, to:**
T-Mobile USA, Inc.
12920 SE 38th Street
Bellevue, WA 98006
**If to Landlord, to:**
Town of Sherman
Office of the First Selectman
Route 39 North
16. **Quiet Enjoyment, Title and Authority.** Subject to Tenant obtaining all necessary permits and approvals which is the sole and exclusive responsibility of Tenant, Landlord covenants and warrants that: (a) Landlord has full right, power and authority to execute and perform this Agreement and to grant Tenant the leasehold interest and Easements contemplated under this Agreement; (b) Landlord has good title to the Property, (c) the execution and performance of this Agreement shall not violate any laws, ordinances, covenants, or the provisions of any Mortgage, lease, or other agreement binding on Landlord; (d) subject to the
terms and conditions of this Agreement, Tenant’s use and quiet enjoyment of the Premises shall not be disturbed. Landlord has no responsibility for the safety or security of the Tenant’s personal property and/or equipment on Landlord’s Property. Landlord does not maintain any security for any of Tenant’s property. Tenant will provide Landlord all copies of its governmental approvals upon request.; (e) Landlord has disclosed to Tenant and Tenant acknowledges that the farm property has been leased and remains subject to a lease to Full Circle Farming, LLC for agricultural purposes. Landlord represents that it is of the good faith belief that this lease and the exercise of the rights conferred hereby do not violate the Full Circle farming lease, nor interfere with, frustrate nor hinder the agricultural purposes or endeavors of the farm tenant or its operation.
17. **Environmental Laws.** Tenant shall comply with all federal, state and local laws in connection with any substances brought onto the Property that are identified by any law, ordinance or regulation as hazardous, toxic or dangerous (collectively, the “Hazardous Substances”). Tenant agrees to be responsible for all losses or damage caused by any Hazardous Substances that it may bring onto the Property and will indemnify Landlord for all such losses or damages. Landlord makes no representation as to the environmental status of the Property and Tenant agrees to take said Property for its use in “as is” condition. In the event any environmental due diligence is undertaken by Tenant, Tenant shall provide a copy of said Phase I and Phase II Report to Landlord. Tenant shall not undertake any physical Phase II soil or groundwater testing without the specific written permission of Landlord.
(a) The term "Hazardous Substance" shall mean any substance, chemical or waste that is or shall be listed or defined as hazardous, toxic or dangerous under Applicable Environmental Law, including, but not limited to PCB’s and any petroleum products.
(b) The term "Applicable Environmental Law" shall include, but shall not be limited to, CERCLA, RCRA, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. §§1251, et. seq., the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. §7401, et. seq.,
and the regulations thereunder, and any other local, state and/or federal laws or regulations, whether currently in existence or hereinafter enacted, that govern:
(i) the existence, cleanup and/or remedy of contamination on the Property;
(ii) the protection of the environment from spilled, deposited or otherwise emplaced contamination;
(iii) the control of hazardous wastes; or
(iv) the use, generation, transport, treatment, removal or recovery of hazardous substances, including building materials.
(c) Tenant shall not use, store, generate, treat, transport or dispose of any hazardous waste or Hazardous Substances on the Property.
(d) If during the term of this Lease, Tenant, or any of its agents, contractors or invitees, is determined based on reasonable standards to be determined by Landlord, to be responsible for a release of any Hazardous Substances on the Property ("Release"), Tenant shall, upon request and within three business days of said request, provide Landlord with copies of the plan for remediation (to be reasonably approved by Landlord) including (i) any available written reports by environmental consultants retained to investigate or remediate the Release, (ii) a list of substances involved in the Release, and (iii) copies of communications including emails, with administrative agencies in connection with the Release.
(e) In the event Tenant applies for any permits or approvals with respect to Handling of Hazardous Substances, Tenant shall notify Landlord and provide copies of said applications prior to submission of same to governmental authorities for approval.
(f) Tenant further agrees to promptly contain, remove and mitigate the effect of any such pollution or contamination or hazardous waste or Hazardous Substances on the Property resulting from any direct act or omission or negligence of Tenant, its agents, servants, employees, invitees or contractors; and take all such steps which may be required to satisfy and/or remove any lien placed upon the Property by the Commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection pursuant to Connecticut statutes or regulations, the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to local, State or Federal statutes or regulations, the local government or any legal authority, or any agents of any of said entities, or any other entity or person, be it a public agency or private, pursuant to any federal, state or local law, ordinance or regulation as a result of such activities.
(g) No spill, deposit, emission, leakage or other releases of hazardous waste or Hazardous Substances in or on the soil, groundwater and/or water on the Property by Tenant, its agents, servants, employees, invitees or contractors shall be deemed to result in wear and tear that would be normal for the period of Tenant's occupancy.
(h) Tenant shall surrender the Property free of any contamination or other damage caused by Tenant’s Handling of Hazardous Substances during the term of this Easement by Tenant, its agents, servants, employees, contractors or invitees.
18. **Mortgages.** At the Landlord's option, this Easement Agreement shall be subordinate to any mortgage (including renewals, extensions or modifications), by Landlord which from time to time may encumber the Property. At the time of execution of this Agreement by both parties, Landlord represents there is one mortgage, between Landlord and Anthony Vincent Hapanowich, Trustee of The Anthony Vincent
Hapanowich Revocable Trust, dated July 29, 2008, set forth in volume 144, page 689 of the Town of Sherman land records, encumbering the Property. Tenant agrees that this Easement shall be, upon written request of Landlord, subordinate to any mortgage which the Landlord may place upon the Property at any time during the term of this Easement. If the Landlord or a mortgagee or proposed mortgagee requests that Tenant execute an estoppel certificate, subordination, attornment or other similar document, Tenant shall execute said document and return same to Landlord, without charge or expense, within ten (10) days of Tenant’s receipt of same.
19. Assignment.
a) Provided Tenant is not in Material Default of this Agreement and provided Landlord is satisfied Tenant is in compliance with all obligations of Tenant or assignee insurance obligations required under this Agreement, Tenant shall have the right to assign, sublease or otherwise transfer this Agreement, upon written notice to Landlord. Tenant shall be relieved of all liabilities and obligations and Landlord shall look solely to the transferee for performance under this Agreement, except for pending claims of any nature that Tenant has received notice in writing... Upon receipt of a written request from Tenant, Landlord shall reasonably promptly execute a reasonable estoppel certificate.
b) Landlord shall have the right to assign and transfer this Agreement. Upon Tenant’s receipt of written verification of a sale, or transfer of the Property for assessment of the lease, Landlord will be relieved of all liabilities and obligations and Tenant shall look solely to the new landlord for performance under this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything hereinabove provided Landlord is not in Material Default of this Agreement, Landlord may assign or otherwise transfer this Agreement without the consent of Tenant.
20. **Relocation.**
a) Landlord must provide Tenant at least three (3) months written notice of any non-emergency repairs, maintenance or other work (the “Work”) during the Term of the Lease which would require the relocation of the Antenna Facilities. Landlord agrees that the Work will not interfere with or alter the quality of the services provided by the Antenna Facilities. Except as set forth in paragraph 20b below, Landlord will reimburse Tenant for all reasonable expenses incurred by Tenant required to accommodate the Work. With respect to emergency Work, Landlord shall give such notice as it is reasonable given the emergency.
b) Except in the event of (i) health, safety or welfare equipment for use by Town, municipal or other governmental agencies, including but not limited to, police, fire, ambulance or (ii) work conducted by other pre-existing tenants acting within their lease rights, Landlord agrees that it will use best efforts so that its work will not interfere with or alter the quality of the services provided by the Antenna Facilities. Tenant understands its Antenna Facilities are situated on the Silo at its own risk.
21. **Marking and Lighting Requirements.** Tenant has the obligation if its Antenna Facilities are extending beyond the height of the Silo to install marking and lighting as required by governmental agencies. In the event marking and lighting is required, it shall be at Tenant’s cost to pay for marking and lighting equipment, install, and be responsible for maintenance of and pay for electricity usage directly attributable to Tenant’s marking and lighting equipment. If Tenant’s Antenna Facilities are situated below the height of the silo, Landlord acknowledges that Landlord shall be responsible for compliance with all marking and lighting requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and the FCC. Landlord shall indemnify and hold Tenant harmless from any fines or other liabilities caused by Landlord’s failure to comply with these requirements. Tenant shall indemnify Landlord and hold Landlord harmless for all fines or other liabilities caused by Tenant’s failure to comply with this Paragraph.
22. **Structural Analysis and Encumbrances.**
(a) The Tenant agrees that under no circumstances shall it mortgage or encumber in any manner the Landlord’s Property other than a Notice of Lease. Any other encumbrance shall be removed by Tenant within ten (10) days’ notice from the Landlord.
(b) Landlord has a right to request Tenant to provide one (1) structural analysis of the Silo by a Connecticut Licensed Professional Engineer at the time of Landlord’s choosing during the duration of the Agreement at Tenant’s sole cost and Tenant shall provide same in writing within a reasonable time. The Report shall be addressed to the Landlord as well as the Tenant. This structural analysis does not include the initial structural analysis as previously provided by Tenant prior to the execution of the Agreement.
(c) Landlord makes no representation as to whether or not the Landlord’s structure will support Tenant Antenna Facilities, with other pre-existing Landlord uses included pre-existing tenants of Landlord. It shall be Tenant’s sole and ongoing risk as to the structural integrity of Landlord’s structure for its uses as set forth in this Agreement.
23. **Miscellaneous.**
a. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement and understanding of the parties, and supersedes all offers, negotiations and other agreements with respect to the subject matter and Property. Any amendments to this Agreement must be in writing and executed by both parties.
b. Landlord agrees to reasonably cooperate, at no additional cost to Landlord, with Tenant in executing any documents which Tenant deems necessary to insure, protect Tenant’s rights in, or use of, the Premises, provided Landlord has the statutory authority to execute the documents without other Boards or Agencies approval. Landlord shall execute and deliver: (i) a Memorandum of Lease in substantially the form attached
as Exhibit C; and (ii) if the Property is encumbered by a deed, mortgage or other security interest (each, a “Mortgage”), Landlord will make best efforts to obtain a subordination, non-disturbance and attornment agreement using form agreeable to Landlord and Tenant.
c. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the state or territory in which the Property is located, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law.
d. If any term of this Agreement is found to be void or invalid, the remaining terms of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect. Any questions of particular interpretation shall be interpreted as to their fair meaning.
e. Each party hereby represents and warrants to the other that this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by it, and that no consent or approval is required by any lender or other person or entity in connection with the execution or performance of this Agreement, excepting the other municipal agencies or boards, including planning, zoning and wetlands and building official and any other agency having jurisdiction may require approvals prior to the Tenant’s performance of this Agreement.
f. If either party is represented by any broker or any other leasing agent, such party is responsible for all commission fee or other payment to such agent.
g. This Agreement and the interests granted herein shall run with the land, and shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties, their respective successors, personal representatives and assigns.
h. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute a single instrument. Signed facsimile and electronic copies of this Agreement shall legally bind the Parties to the same extent as original documents.
i. Maintenance – The Tenant is solely responsible for the proper maintenance and upkeep of the wood slat fence, combined natural stone and concrete retaining wall, Tenant’s gates, Tenant’s equipment and 8X15 T Mobile Lease Area including concrete pad, all Antennas and Cable Trays all as set forth on Exhibit B. In
addition, Tenant shall be responsible to repair any damage done to the Property upon installation of its equipment or antennas and shall repair any damages done to the Property or Silo upon (i) maintaining its equipment or (ii) removing the equipment upon Lease termination.
j. Limitation of Liability – In no event shall Landlord nor tenant be liable for special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, or exemplary losses, damages or expenses, or for lost profits, business, goodwill or opportunities, regardless of whether advised of the possibility of such damages.
LANDLORD: Town of Sherman
By: ________________________________
Printed Name: _______________________
Title: _______________________________
Date: _______________________________
TENANT: T-Mobile Northeast LLC
By: ________________________________
Printed Name: _______________________
Title: _______________________________
Date: _______________________________
T-Mobile Legal Approval
Site Number: CTFF781B
Site Name: CTFF781B
Market: CT
The Property is legally described as follows:
[Enter legal description, property address and tax parcel information here or on attachment(s)]All those certain parcels or tracts of land, together with the building and improvements thereon, situated in the Town of Sherman, County of Fairfield, and State of Connecticut, and bounded and described as follows;
First Parcel
That parcel containing 49.90 acres, more or less, on a map entitled “Property Survey Prepared for Anthony V. Haponowich 2 Taber Road Town of Sherman Fairfield County, CT. June 22, 2009 Scale: 1” = 80’ Revised Sept. 30, 2009 to add proposed water line easement” certified substantially correct as a Class A-2 map by Paul A. Hiro, CT. Reg. No. 15167, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 1963 on October 6, 2009.
Second Parcel
That parcel containing 23.732 acres more or less, on a map entitled “Map Showing Portion of Property of Anthony Hapanowich Route 39 & Edmonds Road Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 50’ July 1991 certified substantially correct as a Class A2 survey Richard W. Dibble LLS #8158,” which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 1546 on December 17, 1992
Third Parcel
That parcel containing 14.55 acres, more or less, marked “Open Space” on a map entitled “Sheet 1 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1”= 100’ May 1976 Total acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac. Anthony V. Hapanowich Owner & Developer” certified substantially correct and in accordance with Class A-2 of the Code of Conn. Technical Council, Inc. by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976
Fourth Parcel
That parcel containing 3.15 acres, marked Lot 5 on a map entitled “Sheet 1 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 100’ May 1976 Total Acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac Anthony V. Hapanowich Owner & Developer” certified substantially correct and in accordance with Class A-2 of the Code of Conn. Technical Council, Inc. by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976.
Fifth Parcel
That parcel containing 5.584 acres, more or less, marked “Reserved for Open Space” on a map entitled “Sheet 2 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 100’ May 1976 Total Acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac Anthony Hapanowich Owner & Developer” by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976.
Being the same premises as conveyed to Anthony V. Hapanowich by quit claim deed from Jessie Hapanowich dated July 20, 1954, and recorded July 20, 1954, in Volume 22, Page 39 of the Sherman Land Records.
Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the location of the Premises is generally described and depicted as shown below or in the immediately following attachment(s).
MEMORANDUM OF LEASE
A Site Lease Agreement (the “Agreement”) by and between Town of Sherman, a(n) (“Landlord”) and T-Mobile Northeast LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company (“Tenant”) was made regarding a portion of the following property (as more particularly described in the Agreement, the “Premises”):
See Attached Exhibit A incorporated herein for all purposes.
Site Number: CTFF781
Site Name: <Site Name>
Market: <Market>
Without limiting the terms and conditions of the Agreement, Landlord and Tenant hereby acknowledge the following:
1. Capitalized terms used, but not otherwise defined herein, shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Agreement.
2. Pursuant to the Agreement Landlord has granted Tenant an option to lease the Premises (the “Option”) on the terms and conditions described in this Agreement for an initial term of one (1) year commencing on the Effective Date, which term may be extended by Tenant for additional one (1) year Options.
3. Provided that the Option has been exercised by Tenant, the Agreement shall constitute a lease (the “Lease”), the term of which shall initially be for five (5) years and will commence on the date upon which Tenant exercises its Option (the “Commencement Date”).
4. Tenant shall have the right to extend the Lease for five (5) additional and successive five-year terms.
5. This memorandum is not a complete summary of the Lease. It is being executed and recorded solely to give public record notice of the existence of the Option and the Lease with respect to the Premises. Provisions in this memorandum shall not be used in interpreting the Lease provisions and in the event of conflict between this memorandum and the said unrecorded Lease, the unrecorded Lease shall control.
6. This memorandum may be signed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, with the same effect as if the signatures thereto were upon the same instrument.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have respectively executed this memorandum effective as of the date of the last party to sign.
LANDLORD: Town of Sherman
By: ________________________________
Printed Name: _______________________
Title: _______________________________
Date: _______________________________
TENANT: T-Mobile Northeast LLC
By: ________________________________
Printed Name: _____________
Title: _______________________________
Date: _______________________________
[Notary block for Landlord]
[Landlord Notary block for a Corporation, Partnership, or Limited Liability Company]
STATE OF ______________________ ) )
) ss.
COUNTY OF _____________________ ) )
This instrument was acknowledged before me on __________________________ by ________________________________, [title] ________________________________ of _______________________________ a __________________________ [type of entity], on behalf of said __________________________ [name of entity].
Dated: __________________________
Notary Public
Print Name ____________________________
My commission expires ____________________
(Use this space for notary stamp/seal)
[Landlord Notary block for an Individual]
STATE OF _________________ )
) ss.
COUNTY OF _________________ )
This instrument was acknowledged before me on _________ by ________________________.
Dated: ___________________________
Notary Public
Print Name ____________________________
My commission expires ____________________
(Use this space for notary stamp/seal)
[Notary block for Tenant]
STATE OF _________________________ )
) ss.
COUNTY OF _________________________ )
I certify that I know or have satisfactory evidence that _______ is the person who appeared before me, and said person acknowledged that he signed this instrument, on oath stated that he was authorized to execute
the instrument and acknowledged it as the __________ of T-Mobile Northeast LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, to be the free and voluntary act of such party for the uses and purposes mentioned in the instrument.
Dated: ______________________
______________________________________________________________
Notary Public
Print Name ____________________________________________________
My commission expires _______________________
(Use this space for notary stamp/seal)
The Property is legally described as follows:
All those certain parcels or tracts of land, together with the building and improvements thereon, situated in the Town of Sherman, County of Fairfield, and State of Connecticut, and bounded and described as follows;
First Parcel
That parcel containing 49.90 acres, more or less, on a map entitled “Property Survey Prepared for Anthony V. Hapanowich 2 Taber Road Town of Sherman Fairfield County, CT. June 22, 2009 Scale: 1” = 80’ Revised Sept. 30, 2009 to add proposed water line easement” certified substantially correct as a Class A-2 map by Paul A. Hiro, CT. Reg. No. 15167, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 1963 on October 6, 2009.
Second Parcel
That parcel containing 23.732 acres more or less, on a map entitled “Map Showing Portion of Property of Anthony Hapanowich Route 39 & Edmonds Road Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 50’ July 1991 certified substantially correct as a Class A2 survey Richard W. Dibble LLS #8158,” which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 1546 on December 17, 1992
Third Parcel
That parcel containing 14.55 acres, more or less, marked “Open Space” on a map entitled “Sheet 1 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 100’ May 1976 Total acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac. Anthony V. Hapanowich Owner & Developer” certified substantially correct and in accordance with Class A-2 of the Code of Conn. Technical Council, Inc. by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976
Fourth Parcel
That parcel containing 3.15 acres, marked Lot 5 on a map entitled “Sheet 1 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 100’ May 1976 Total Acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac Anthony V. Hapanowich Owner & Developer” certified substantially correct and in accordance with
Class A-2 of the Code of Conn. Technical Council, Inc. by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976.
Fifth Parcel
That parcel containing 5.584 acres, more or less, marked “Reserved for Open Space” on a map entitled “Sheet 2 of 2 Happy Acres Sherman, Connecticut Scale 1” = 100’ May 1976 Total Acreage = 159.3 more or less acres Open Space 14.55 Ac + 5.58 Ac = 20.13 Ac Anthony Hapanowich Owner & Developer” by K.W. Rogers, R.L.S. & P.E. #2823, which map is filed in the office of the Sherman Town Clerk as Map No. 893 on July 9, 1976.
Being the same premises as conveyed to Anthony V. Hapanowich by quit claim deed from Jessie Hapanowich dated July 20, 1954, and recorded July 20, 1954, in Volume 22, Page 39 of the Sherman Land Records.
| Site Number: | CTFF781 |
|-------------|---------|
| Site Name: | <Site Name> |
| Market: | <Market> |
| Site Number: | CTFF781 |
|-------------|---------|
| Site Name: | <Site Name> |
| Market: | <Market> |
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Performance Evaluation of Channel Estimation in OFDM System for Different QAM and PSK Modulations
Surinder Singh, Hari Ram, Sandeep Singh Gill*
Suni Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India
*Department of ECE, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
To recover accurate transmitted data at the receiver end, the information regarding channel state derived from channel estimation methods play a very important role in any communication system. In this paper the performance evaluation of different types of QAM and PSK modulations with three different channel estimation methods in OFDM system for wireless communication in frequency domain for slow fading channel is compared. The results must be useful in OFDM based applications like IEEE 802.16(d) and equivalent standards.
Keywords: OFDM, QAM, PSK, modulations
1. Introduction
A title of An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient high data-rate, having advantages of high spectrum efficiency, simple & efficient implementation by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) & the inverse FFT (IFFT), mitigation of inter symbol Interference by inserting a cyclic prefix (CP) and robustness to frequency selective fading channels transmission technique for wireless communication [1].
Any channel estimation technique is used to evaluate the performance of the channel to know its behaviour during the transmission of data under different conditions and for different type of modulations. The channel estimation can be done either block type pattern in which the pilot tones are inserted in all subcarriers of an OFDM symbols, periodically or comb type pattern in which pilot tones are inserted in each individual OFDM data block & channel is estimated in all OFDM symbols [2], known as pilot symbol assisted (PSA) estimation. Block type pattern is suitable for slow-fading assuming channel characteristics are stationary. For comb type pilot pattern and fast fading channel the estimation can be done by interpolation methods like linear, cubic, spline and second order interpolations [1].
In this paper, a comparative study of different types of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulations with least square (LS), linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) and modified minimum mean square error (Mod MMSE) channel estimation techniques applied to OFDM systems for the purpose of detecting the received signal, improving the throughput of orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems. Different experts have put efforts to exploit channel estimators for OFDM systems. They are primarily categorized into two branches, depending on whether the fading and dispersive channel is treated as stationary within an OFDM symbol period or not [3-10]. First, when the OFDM symbol duration is much smaller than the channel coherence time, the fading channel is viewed as stationary within one OFDM symbol. This paper elaborates the channel estimation for such a channel situation. The technique is also be useful to provide wireless last mile broadband access in Metropolitan Area Network, delivering performance comparable to traditional cable, DSL or T1 offerings [6, 11-17]
2. System Model
The system model of simulated OFDM Trans-receiver [1] is depicted in figure 1. At transmitter end, the modulator generates $N_s$ data symbols $S_n$, $0 \leq n < N_s$, which are multiplexed to the $N_c$ ($N_s \leq N_c$) subcarriers [7]. The time domain samples $S_n$ transmitted during one OFDM symbol are generated by inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) and transmitted over the channel after inserting the cyclic prefix (CP). In this research our multicarrier system employs 256 subcarriers and cyclic prefix (CP) length of 64. The result of OFDM transmitter will be sent through the multipath fading channel to the receiver.
At the receiver side, the cyclic prefix is removed from the received time-domain samples, and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) is carried out on the data samples $y(n)$, in order to achieve the received data symbols $Y_n$ frequency-domain. This received signal $Y_n$ characterizing one OFDM symbol can be written in frequency domain in matrix form as
$$Y = XH + W$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
where $X$ is transmitted symbol, $H$ is channel transfer function, $W$ is additive white Gaussian noise.
$$X = \text{diag}(X_0, \ldots, X_{N_c-1})$$
$$H = [H_0, \ldots, H_{N_c-1}]^T$$
$$W = [N_0, \ldots, N_{N_c-1}]$$
$N_c$ is the number of subcarriers in an OFDM symbol.
### 3. Channel Estimation Techniques
We have to find the channel transfer function. The impulse response of the multipath fading channel is given by:
$$h(t, \tau) = \sum_m a_m \delta(t - \tau(m))$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
Where $\tau(m)$ is the multipath delay spread factor. Considered that the channel is almost stationary within one symbol period, and then the frequency domain channel frequency at subcarrier $k$ is given by:
$$H_k = \sum_m a_m e^{j2\pi(m)k/TsN}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3)
The equivalent discrete time channel impulse response due to the time domain sampling effect can be taken as under:
$$g_n = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=-N/2}^{N-1} H_k e^{j2\pi(m)k/N}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
After simplification, we get
$$g_k = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_m a_m e^{j\pi(k+(N-1)\tau(m))/N \sin(\pi cm)/\sin(\pi(\tau(m)-k)/N)}$$ \hspace{1cm} (5)
The channel transfer function can be obtained by taking the fast Fourier transformation of $g_k$.
#### 3.1 Least Square Based Estimation
In this estimation the weighted errors between the measurements and the model are minimized [6-7]. In block type pilot arrangement where pilots are inserted in all subcarriers of an OFDM symbol, LS estimator channel transfer function can be written as:
$$H_{LS} = X^{-1}Y = [X_0^{-1}Y_0, X_1^{-1}Y_1, X_2^{-1}Y_2, \ldots, X_{N_c-1}^{-1}Y_{N_c-1}]$$ \hspace{1cm} (6)
Where $N_c$ is the number of subcarriers.
3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation (LMMSE)
In general the Channel Autocorrelation matrix is expressed as:
$$R_{H_i H_i} = E[ H_p H_p]^H$$ \hspace{1cm} (7)
where
$$E \{ H_m H_n \} = \begin{cases}
\ldots & \text{for } (m=n) \\
\frac{1-e^{-j2\pi (m-n)/N}}{(j2\pi (m-n)/N)} & \text{for } (m \neq n)
\end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (8)
Note that for an exponentially decaying multipath power-delay profile ($\Phi(\tau) = e^{-\tau/\tau_{(rms)}}$) the correlation between $K_1$-th and $K_2$-th subcarriers $r_h(k_1, k_2)$ can be expressed as:
$$R_h(k_1, k_2) = \frac{1-e^{-L[(1/\tau_{(rms)}) + j2\pi(k_1-k_2)/N]}}{\tau_{(rms)} (1-e^{-L/\tau_{(rms)}})(1/\tau_{(rms)})+j2\pi(k_1-k_2)/N)}$$ \hspace{1cm} (9)
Where $L$ is the length of cyclic prefix, $\tau_{(rms)}$ is RMS delay spread factor of the channel [1].
If $R_{HH}$ is given as
$$\begin{bmatrix}
r_h(0,0) & r_h(0,1) & \ldots & r_h(0,N_c-1) \\
r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & \ldots & r_h(1,N_c-1) \\
r_h(2,0) & r_h(2,1) & \ldots & r_h(2,N_c-1) \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
r_h(N_c-1,0) & r_h(N_c-1,1) & \ldots & r_h(N_c-1,N_c-1)
\end{bmatrix}$$
Based on the knowledge of the auto-correlation matrix, the channel transfer function can be written for LMMSE estimator as:
$$H_{MMSE} = R_{HH} (R_{HH} + I \beta / SNR)^{-1} H_{LS}$$ \hspace{1cm} (10)
Where $I$ is an Identity matrix and
$$\beta = E[|X_k|^2] E [ |1/X_k|^2], \ k=0,1,...N_{Nc-1}$$ \hspace{1cm} (11)
$\beta$ is a constant value depending on the modulation type. In our case $\beta=1$ [6].
3.3 Modified MMSE Estimation
The equation of channel transfer function can be written as:
$$H_{MMSE} = A H_{LS}$$ \hspace{1cm} (12)
where $A$ is a weight matrix defined as:
$$A = R_{HH} (R_{HH} + I \beta / SNR)^{-1}$$ \hspace{1cm} (13)
If $R_{HH}^{Mod}$ is given as:
$$\begin{bmatrix}
r_h(0,0) & r_h(0,1) & r_h(0,2) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & r_h(1,2) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & r_h(1,2) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & r_h(1,2) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & r_h(1,2) \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & r_h(1,0) & r_h(1,1) & r_h(1,2)
\end{bmatrix}$$
Then $A$ can be modified as:
\[ A^{\text{Mod}} = R_{HH}^{\text{Mod}} (R_{HH}^{\text{Mod}} + I \beta/\text{SNR})^{-1} \]
(14)
To modify the autocorrelation channel matrix a significant number (Z) out of N-subcarriers is considered for computations [1] to reduce the rank of this matrix by assigning the zero values to non-significant coefficients. Therefore the Modified channel transfer function is:
\[ H_{\text{MMSE}}^{\text{Mod}} = A^{\text{Mod}} H_{LS} \]
(15)
It can be seen from above equation that the calculation of \( A^{\text{Mod}} \) contains of two steps: i) inverting an \( N_c \times N_c \) matrix, ii) Multiplying the yield matrix and \( N_c \times N_c \) matrix
4. Simulation Results
The symbol error rate is calculated in LS, LMMSE and Modified MMSE methods in frequency domain for 500 iterations. The performance comparison of channel in terms of symbol error rate and signal to noise ratio for different QAM and PSK modulations has been obtained. In modified MMSE method, a number significant (Z) has considered for calculating the channel transfer function (H) at reduced rank of autocorrelation matrix by assigning zero values to non-significant elements. So, the final computation takes place only for the significant elements near to main subcarrier. Hence the computational complexity of LMMSE algorithm is reduced without loss of MSE performance. We consider two paths with non integer sampling interval of 0.5 and 3.5 micro seconds. The impulse response of the multipath fading channel is given by:
\[ h(\tau, t) = \sum h_m(t) \delta(t - \tau_m) \]
(15)
Where, \( h_m(t) \) and \( \tau_m \) are the gain and delay of the multipath. In Simulation, we considered
\[ h(\tau, t) = \delta(t-0.5Ts) + \delta(t-3.5Ts) \]
(16)
Figure 3. Performance comparison of 4QAM symbol error rate.
Figure 4. Performance comparison of 8QAM symbol error rate.
Figure 5. Performance comparison of 16QAM symbol error rate.
Figure 6. Performance comparison of 32QAM symbol error rate.
The simulations are carried through for channel estimation methods with the aid of pilot symbols insertion. The model parameters are given as under
| Parameter | Specifications |
|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| No. of Subcarriers | N = 256 |
| FFT size | 256 |
| Length of Guard Interval | 64 samples |
| Modulation type | QAM, 4QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM, 32 QAM & 64 QAM, BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, 32 PSK & 64 PSK |
| Pilot Type | Block type (256 subcarriers) |
| Significant Number (Z) for | 105 out of 256 for QAM & 90 out of 256 for PSK modulations |
| Modified MMSE Method. | |
| Channel Model | Rayleigh fading |
| Number of Iterations | 500 |
5. Results Discussions
In Figures 2 to 13, shows the symbol error rates of different types of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK) as per conditions in Table 1 parameters for 256 subcarriers with three methods of channel estimation along with insertion of pilot tones block type assuming the channel characteristics are stationary. The channel correlation matrix $R_{HH}$ for LMMSE method consists of 256 coefficients & the modified MMSE method considered 105/90 coefficients by assigning zero values to the non-significant coefficients of the $P_{HH}^{modified}$ matrix.
Results showed that in frequency domain estimation the use of LMMSE estimator performs significantly better than the LS estimator and modified MMSE gives better or equivalent performance with suitable significant number for channel weight matrix. The modified MMSE has a significant advantage of reduced computational complexity. Further, the results showed that symbol error rate increases with the higher order of modulations.
Figure 8. Performance comparison of BPSK symbol error rate.
Figure 9. Performance comparison of QPSK symbol error rate.
Figure 10. Performance comparison of 8PSK symbol error rate.
Figure 11. Performance comparison of 16PSK symbol error rate.
Figure 12. Performance comparison of 32PSK symbol error rate.
Figure 13. Performance comparison of 64PSK symbol error rate.
6. Conclusion
In this paper different QAM and PSK modulations with LS, LMMSE and Modified MMSE channel estimation approaches in frequency domain have come under investigation. Results showed that in frequency domain estimation the use of LMMSE estimator performs significantly better than the LS estimator and modified MMSE gives better or equivalent performance with suitable significant number to the LMMSE. Further, the results showed that symbol error rate increases with the higher order of modulations and PSK modulations involved lesser computations than QAM modulations.
References
[1] Sharma M, Saini G ‘Low complexity MMSE based channel estimation technique in OFDM systems”, IEEE International Conference Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), pp 1-4, 2010.
[2] Taheri Z., Ardebiilpour M., Mohammadi M.A. ‘Channel Estimation in Time & Frequency Domain in OFDM Systems’ International conference on Wireless Networks and Information Systems. pp. 209 – 212, 2009.
[3] J. J. van de Beek, P. Ödling.S.K. Wilso, P.O. Börjesson, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing’, International Union of Radio Science, Sweden.
[4] Sterba J., Kocur D. Radioelektronika ‘Pilot symbol aided channel estimation for OFDM system in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel’, 19th International Conference Radioelektronika, pp. 77-80, 2009.
[5] Al-Naffouri T.Y., Mukaddam A.A., ‘Frequency domain estimation of multiple access OFDM channels’, International Conference on Signal Processing & Communications, pp. 1047 – 1050, 2007.
[6] M. Hosseinnezhad and A. Salahi (2008)., ‘Performance Comparison of Pilot-symbol Aided Channel Estimation Methods for the IEEE802.16d WMAN Standard’, Third International Conference on Comm. and Networking in China (ChinaCom2008), pp. 1379 – 1383, 2008.
[7] Mingqi Li,Yulin Liu,Qicong Peng ‘Performance Comparison Between Two Pilot Symbol-aided Channel Estimation Schemes for OFDM’ Signal Design & its Applications in Communications, IWSDA 2007, 3rd International workshop, pp. 303 – 306, 2007.
[8] Kamran Arshad and Dr. A.U.H.Sheikh, ‘Arrangement of Pilot Tones inwireless OFDM Systems’, 14th IEEE International Symposium, PIIMRC 2003, Beijing, China.
[9] Fredrik Tufvesson and Peter Hocher, ‘Channel Estimation using Superimposed Pilot Sequences,’ Global Telecommunications Conference, 1999, GLOBECOM ’99, pp. 2161-2166, 1999.
[10] Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri, Ahmad Bahai, ‘A Study of Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems’ IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol.2, Page(s): 894 – 898, 2002.
[11] Athaudage C.R.N.; Jayalath A.D.S., ‘Low-complexity Channel Estimation for Wireless OFDM Systems’ IEEE Proceedings on Indoor & mobile communications, vol. 1, pp. 521 – 525, 2003.
[12] IEEE802.16-2004, ‘IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks’ -Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System, April 2004
[13] Chia-Chang Hu and Fu-How Chen, ‘Adjustable Comb-Type Pilot arrangement in Wireless OFDM’ IEEE 978-1-4244-1722-3/08
[14] Ping Wang, Qi Zhu, ‘The study of an Iterative Algorithm of Channel Estimation in IEEE 802.16e MIMO OFDM System’ ICWMMN Proceedings, 2006
[15] L.H.Xing, ‘Channel Estimation for Transmitter Diversity OFDM Systems’ IEEE Conf. Industrial Applications, pp. 1-4, 2006.
[16] Han Zhang, ‘Channel Estimation and Symbol Detection using Superimposed Pilot for rapidly Time -Varying OFDM System’, Communication Technology, 2006. ICCCT ’06, pp. 1-4, 2006.
[17] T. Rappaport, ‘Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice’ Prentice Hall, 2009.
Bibliography of author
Surinder Singh born in Hoshiarpur (Punjab), India, on December 27, 1975. He received the B.Tech. degree from Dr B. R. Ambedkar Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar in 1997 and M.Tech. degree from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana in 2003. He obtained the Ph.D. degree from Thapar University, Patiala, India. His field of interest is optical amplifier for optical communication system & Networks, wavelength converters. He is a Senior Lecturer in Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering and Technology, Bathinda (Punjab), India from 1998 and now acts as Associate Professor at Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. He has over 70 research papers out of which 19 are in international journals and 51 are in international and national conferences. Mr. Singh is a member of Indian Society for Technical Education, Institution of Engineers (India).
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PA HISTORY TOUR SATURDAY AUGUST 11, 2018 Leaves from Georgian Place lower parking lot on left 8:15am
SOMERSET-CAMBRIA CHAPTER, SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
SAR bus contacts Bob Wrigley cell 717-475-5451 Bill Lehman cell 814-233-9506 Please retain above for emergency contact and bus departure time
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Somerset-Cambria Chapter, SAR Bus Trip August 11, 2018
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Mail to: Everett Sechler, Treasurer 7758 Kingwood Road Confluence, PA 15424
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Measuring Constraint-Set Utility for Partitional Clustering Algorithms
Ian Davidson\textsuperscript{1}, Kiri L. Wagstaff\textsuperscript{2}, and Sugato Basu\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1} State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
[email protected]
\textsuperscript{2} Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109
[email protected]
\textsuperscript{3} SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025
[email protected]
Abstract. Clustering with constraints is an active area of machine learning and data mining research. Previous empirical work has convincingly shown that adding constraints to clustering improves performance, with respect to the true data labels. However, in most of these experiments, results are averaged over different randomly chosen constraint sets, thereby masking interesting properties of individual sets. We demonstrate that constraint sets vary significantly in how useful they are for constrained clustering; some constraint sets can actually decrease algorithm performance. We create two quantitative measures, informativeness and coherence, that can be used to identify useful constraint sets. We show that these measures can also help explain differences in performance for four particular constrained clustering algorithms.
1 Introduction
The last five years have seen extensive work on incorporating instance-level constraints into clustering methods [1,2,3,4,5]. Constraints provide guidance about the desired partition and make it possible for clustering algorithms to increase their performance, sometimes dramatically. Instance-level constraints specify that two items must be placed into the same cluster (must-link, ML) or different clusters (cannot-link, CL). This semi-supervised approach has led to improved performance for several UCI data sets as well as for real-world applications, such as person identification from surveillance camera clips [5], noun phrase coreference resolution and GPS-based map refinement [6], and landscape detection from hyperspectral data [7].
Constraints can be generated from background knowledge about the data set [6,8] or from a subset of the data with known labels [1,2,3,4,5]. Based on the strong positive empirical results that have been reported, the opinion of the community is that constraints help improve clustering performance with respect to accuracy, as measured on the set of extrinsic labels used to generate the constraints. While we might expect that different constraint sets would contribute more or less to improving clustering accuracy, we have found that, surprisingly,
some constraint sets actually decrease clustering performance. We present experimental evidence of this phenomenon in Section 2. We observe that constraints can have ill effects even when they are generated directly from the data labels that are used to evaluate accuracy, so this behavior is not caused by noise or errors in the constraints. Instead, it is a result of the interaction between a given set of constraints and the algorithm being used.
The two major contributions of this work are:
1. The first explicit identification of the adverse effects constraints can have on the clustering process, and
2. The first attempt to characterize constraint set utility to explain clustering performance.
The key question that this work addresses is: Why do some constraint sets increase clustering accuracy while others have no effect or even decrease accuracy? We propose two measures, informativeness and coherence, that capture relevant properties of constraint sets (Section 3). These measures provide insight into the effect a given constraint set has for a specific constrained clustering algorithm. In experiments on several data sets, we find that in general, constraint sets with high informativeness and coherence are most beneficial, and that this trend holds for four different algorithms (Section 4). Finally, we use the CMU Face Images data set [9] to show visual examples of informative and coherent constraint sets.
2 Motivation: Constraints Can Decrease Performance
The operating assumption behind all constrained clustering methods is that the constraints provide information about the true (desired) partition, and that more information will increase the agreement between the output partition and the true partition. Therefore, if the constraints originate from the true partition labels, and they are noise-free, then it should not be possible for them to decrease clustering accuracy. However, as we show in this section, this assumption does not always hold.
The experimental methodology adopted by most previous work in constrained clustering involves generating constraints by repeatedly drawing pairs of data points at random from the labeled subset (which may be the entire data set). If the labels of the points in a pair agree, then an ML constraint is generated; otherwise, a CL constraint is generated. Once the set of constraints has been generated, the constrained clustering algorithm is run several times and the average clustering accuracy is reported. Learning curves are produced by repeating this process for different constraint set sizes, and the typical result is that, on average, when more constraints are provided, clustering accuracy increases [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. However, the focus on characterizing average behavior has obscured some interesting and exceptional behavior that results from specific constraint sets. In this work, we will empirically demonstrate such cases and provide insight into the reasons for this behavior.
We begin by examining the behavior of four different constrained clustering algorithms on several standard clustering problems. The two major types of
Table 1. Average performance (Rand Index) of four constrained clustering algorithms, for 1000 trials with 25 randomly selected constraints. The best result for each algorithm/data set combination is in bold.
| Data Set | CKM Unconst. | CKM Const. | PKM Unconst. | PKM Const. | MKM Unconst. | MKM Const. | MPKM Unconst. | MPKM Const. |
|----------|--------------|------------|--------------|------------|--------------|------------|---------------|-------------|
| Glass | 69.0 | 69.4 | 43.4 | 68.8 | 39.5 | 56.6 | 39.5 | 67.8 |
| Ionosphere | 58.6 | 58.7 | 58.8 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.9 |
| Iris | 84.7 | 87.8 | 84.3 | 88.3 | 88.0 | 93.6 | 88.0 | 91.8 |
| Wine | 70.2 | 70.9 | 71.7 | 72.0 | 93.3 | 91.3 | 93.3 | 90.6 |
Constrained clustering techniques are (a) direct constraint satisfaction and (b) metric learning. The techniques of the first category try to satisfy the constraints during the clustering algorithm; the latter techniques treat an ML (or CL) constraint as specifying that the two points in the constraint and their surrounding points should be nearby (or well separated) and tries to learn a distance metric to achieve this purpose. We evaluated an example of each kind of algorithm as well as a hybrid approach that uses both techniques:
- COP-KMeans (CKM) performs hard constraint satisfaction [1].
- PC-KMeans (PKM) performs soft constraint satisfaction (permits some constraints to be violated) [4].
- M-KMeans (MKM) performs metric learning from constraints, but does not require that the constraints be satisfied [4].
- MPC-KMeans (MPKM) is a hybrid approach, performing both soft constraint satisfaction and metric learning [4].
Table 1 compares the results (averaged over 1000 trials) for each algorithm in terms of its unconstrained and constrained performance, when provided with 25 randomly selected constraints. We evaluated these algorithms on four UCI data sets [10]: Glass ($n = 214$), Ionosphere ($n = 351$), Iris ($n = 150$), and Wine ($n = 178$). Clustering performance was measured in terms of the Rand Index [11]. The Rand Indices of the unconstrained algorithms differ (e.g., 69.0% for CKM vs. 43.4% for PKM on the Glass data set) because of variations such as different cluster centroid initialization strategies and data pre-processing. In general, as expected and previously reported [1,3,4], average constrained clustering accuracy was equal to or greater than average unconstrained accuracy. The exception is MKM and MPKM’s performance on the Wine data set, for which the constraints resulted in a reduction in average accuracy.
A careful examination of individual trials reveals that several constraint sets adversely affect clustering performance. Table 2 shows the fraction of these 1000 trials that suffered a drop in clustering accuracy when using constraints, compared to not using constraints. Note that each trial involved the same initialization of the centroids for both the unconstrained and constraint experiments so any change in performance is due to the constraints. We see that, for CKM on all data sets, at least 25% of the constraint sets resulted in a decrease in
Table 2. Fraction of 1000 randomly selected 25-constraint sets that caused a drop in accuracy, compared to an unconstrained run with the same centroid initialization
| Data Set | CKM | PKM | MKM | MPKM |
|----------|-----|-----|-----|------|
| Glass | 28% | 1% | 11% | 0% |
| Ionosphere | 26% | 77% | 0% | 77% |
| Iris | 29% | 19% | 36% | 36% |
| Wine | 38% | 34% | 87% | 74% |
performance. For the other algorithms, the fraction of negative results ranges up to 77% (for PKM and MPKM) and 87% (for MKM). The high proportion of negative results for MKM and MPKM on the Wine data set help explain why the average results show a decrease in performance (Table 1). These negative results occur frequently for all data sets and algorithms. In fact, only two of the 16 cases presented in Table 2 are completely free of the negative effect (MKM and MPKM with the Ionosphere and Glass data sets respectively). The average performance results tend to mask this effect, since positive gains are often of more magnitude than negative losses. However, for most real applications, we are more interested in performance for the (single) set of available constraints than “average” performance over many sets of constraints.
The possibility of a negative impact from constraints has significant implications for the practice of constrained clustering. First, the assumption that constraints are always helpful (or at least, do no harm) for clustering has been disproven by this empirical evidence. The adverse effects we observe are not restricted to a single data set or constrained clustering algorithm. This underscores the need for a means of characterizing relevant properties of a given constraint set, so that we can understand why it has a positive or negative effect on clustering. Such a characterization can also aid in future studies, so that useful constraints can be selected preferentially and constraints with adverse effects can be avoided. In the next section, we offer two constraint set measures that provide the first steps toward this goal.
3 Characterizing the Utility of Constraint Sets
A major contribution of this work is the introduction of two measures, informativeness and coherence, that quantify important constraint set properties.
– **Informativeness** refers to the amount of information in the constraint set that the algorithm cannot determine on its own. It is determined by the clustering algorithm’s objective function (bias) and search preference. For example, in Figure 1(a), an algorithm such as CKM would be biased towards grouping nearby points together and separating distant points, but the specified constraints contradict this bias.
– **Coherence** measures the amount of agreement within the constraints themselves, with respect to a given distance metric. Figure 1(b) shows two
constraints (ML and CL) that are very close and parallel. The ML constraint indicates that the distance between the points (and surrounding points) should be small, while the CL constraint implies the opposite. With respect to a Euclidean distance metric, these two constraints are incoherent.
The hypothesis that we investigate in this paper is that *constraint sets with high informativeness and coherence are most likely to provide performance gains*. We also expect that the negative performance effects are caused by highly incoherent constraint sets. First, incoherent constraints (as in Figure 1(b)) can cause metric learning methods (MKM, MPKM) to learn suboptimal global metrics. Also, since these algorithms use the constraints to initialize the cluster centroids, incoherent constraint sets are more likely to lead to a bad cluster initialization, increasing the chance of the clustering algorithm getting stuck in a poor local minimum.
### 3.1 Quantifying Informativeness
We begin this section with some straightforward but necessary definitions.
**Definition 1. Partition Specification.** For any partition $P$ of a data set $D$ containing $n$ items, a set of constraints $C$ completely **specifies** $P$ if it is a set of at most $\binom{n}{2}$ must-link and cannot-link constraints that uniquely defines $P$.
**Definition 2. Incomplete Constraint Set.** A set of constraints $\hat{C}$ is **incomplete** with respect to a data set $D$ if it does not specify a unique partition $P$ of $D$.
In practice, most interesting problems will have an incomplete set of constraints, so that there exist multiple partitions that satisfy all constraints. We first introduce an idealized definition of constraint set informativeness.
**Definition 3. Idealized Informativeness.** Let $P^*$ be the partition that globally minimizes the objective function of some algorithm $A$, in the absence of any constraints. Let $C^*$ specify $P^*$ in the sense given in Definition 1. The informativeness in a given constraint set $C$ is the fraction of constraints in $C$ that are **violated** by $C^*$.
That is, \( \{C^* - C\} \) is the set of constraint relationships that \( A \) is unable to correctly determine using its default bias. These constraints are therefore informative with respect to maximizing clustering accuracy. For illustration, consider a data set \( \{a, b, c, d, e\} \) with \( P^* = \{[a, b], [c, d, e]\} \). Using definition 1, we obtain \( C^* \), which can be compactly represented as \( \{ML(a, b), ML(c, d), ML(d, e), CL(a, c)\} \) due to the transitive and entailment properties of ML and CL constraints respectively [1]. If we are given a set of constraints \( C_1 = \{ML(a, b), ML(c, d)\} \), then \( C_1 \) has an informativeness of 0; each of the constraints was already satisfied by the algorithm’s default output \( P^* \). In contrast, \( C_2 = \{ML(a, b), ML(b, c)\} \) has an informativeness of 0.5 because \( ML(b, c) \) is not in \( C^* \) and is therefore new information.
This definition of informativeness cannot be realized in practice, since we do not know \( P^* \) prior to clustering. We next present an efficiently computable approximation.
**Approximate Measure of Informativeness.** Our approximation is based on measuring the number of constraints that the clustering algorithm cannot predict using its default bias. Given a possibly incomplete set of constraints \( C \) and an algorithm \( A \), we generate the partition \( P_A \) by running \( A \) on the data set without any constraints. We then calculate the fraction of constraints in \( C \) that are unsatisfied by \( P_A \):
\[
I_A(C) = \frac{1}{|C|} \left[ \sum_{c \in C} \text{unsat}(c, P_A) \right]
\]
where \( \text{unsat}(c, P_A) \) is 1 if \( P \) does not satisfy \( c \) and 0 otherwise. This approach effectively uses the constraints as a hold-out set to test how accurately the algorithm predicts them. Given this equation, we can quantify the informativeness of the constraint sets in Figure 1 for the CKM algorithm as \( I_{CKM}(C_a) = 1.0 \) and \( I_{CKM}(C_b) = 0.5 \).
### 3.2 Quantifying Coherence
*Coherence* is the amount of agreement between the constraints themselves, given a metric \( D \) that specifies the distance between points. It does not require knowledge of the optimal partition \( P^* \) and can be computed directly. The coherence of a constraint set is independent of the algorithm used to perform constrained clustering.
One view of an \( ML(x, y) \) (or \( CL(x, y) \)) constraint is that it imposes an attractive (or repulsive) force within the feature space along the direction of a line formed by \( (x, y) \), within the vicinity of \( x \) and \( y \). Two constraints are incoherent if they exert contradictory forces in the same vicinity. We consider all constraint pairs composed of an ML and a CL constraint (pairs composed of the same constraint type cannot be contradictory). To determine the coherence of two constraints, \( a \) and \( b \), we compute the *projected overlap* of each constraint on the other as follows (see Figure 2 for examples).
Let $\overrightarrow{a}$ and $\overrightarrow{b}$ be vectors connecting the points constrained by $a$ and $b$ respectively. Without loss of generality, we use the convention $(x_1, x_2)$ to refer to the points connected by a vector $\overrightarrow{x}$. In the context of Figure 2, $x_1$ appears to the left of $x_2$ for all vectors shown. We first project $\overrightarrow{a}$ onto $\overrightarrow{b}$:
$$\overrightarrow{p} = \text{proj}_{\overrightarrow{b}} \overrightarrow{a} = (|\overrightarrow{a}| \cos \theta) \frac{\overrightarrow{b}}{|\overrightarrow{b}|},$$
where $\theta$ is the angle between the two vectors. Next, we calculate how much of this projection overlaps with $\overrightarrow{b}$. Since $\overrightarrow{p}$ and $\overrightarrow{b}$ are colinear ($\theta = 0$), we simply compute the distance from $b_2$ to each of $b_1$, $p_1$, and $p_2$. There are three cases, corresponding to the three examples in Figure 2:
$$\text{over}_b a = \begin{cases}
0 & \text{if } d_{b_2, b_1} \leq d_{b_2, p_2}, d_{b_2, b_1} \leq d_{b_2, p_1} \\
d_{b_1, p_2} & \text{if } d_{b_2, p_2} < d_{b_2, b_1}, d_{b_2, p_1} \geq d_{b_2, b_1} \\
d_{p_1, p_2} & \text{if } d_{b_2, p_2} < d_{b_2, b_1}, d_{b_2, p_1} < d_{b_2, b_1}
\end{cases}$$
Given this background, we now define coherence, $\mathcal{COH}$, as the fraction of constraint pairs that have zero projected overlap:
$$\mathcal{COH}_D(C) = \frac{\sum_{m \in C_{ML}, c \in C_{CL}} \delta(\text{over}_c m = 0 \text{ and over}_m c = 0)}{|C_{ML}||C_{CL}|}$$
We quantify the coherence of the constraint sets in Figure 1 as $\mathcal{COH}(C_a) = 0.0$ (all ML/CL pairs have some overlap) and $\mathcal{COH}(C_b) = 0.0$ (the single constraint pair completely overlaps).
Our measure of coherence is applicable to any space where vector projection is defined. The preceding examples and the experimental results presented later all make use of a Euclidean distance metric, since the four algorithms we evaluate use either Euclidean distance or a close variant, such as a generalized Mahalanobis (weighted Euclidean) distance metric.
4 Experimental Results
In this section, we present three important results. First, we analyze the relationship between the proposed measures (informativeness and coherence) and
Table 3. Average measures of informativeness ($I$) and coherence ($COH$) of 5000 randomly generated 3-constraint sets. Compare with Table 1.
| Data Set | $I_{CKM}$ | $I_{PKM}$ | $I_{MKM}$ | $I_{MPKM}$ | $COH$ |
|----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------|-------|
| Glass | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.45 |
| Ionosphere | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.27 |
| Iris | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.51 |
| Wine | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.60 |
constrained clustering performance. Next, we show the benefits that can be obtained when using these measures to filter constraint sets. Finally, we analyze constraint sets from an image data set and show how informativeness and coherence can provide insights into why clustering performance increases or decreases.
4.1 Impact of Informativeness and Coherence on Clustering Performance
To understand how these constraint set properties affect various algorithms, we performed the following experiment. We randomly generated constraint sets of just three constraints 5000 times. With such a small number of constraints, the possible combinations of informativeness and coherence values is limited, permitting a detailed study. For each data set, we can compare the performance of each algorithm for each possible informativeness/coherence situation.
First, we report the average informativeness and coherence we observed for each algorithm and data set (Table 3). Although Tables 1 and 3 are not directly comparable due to the difference in constraint set sizes, we see an interesting trend. In Table 1, the Glass data set exhibited the largest increases in accuracy when using constraints; we find in Table 3 that the average informativeness for these constraints is also high. However, high informativeness is not sufficient for predicting accuracy improvement: the Ionosphere constraints, although informative, also tend to have very low coherence. Incoherent sets are difficult to completely satisfy, and we see this reflected in the lack of significant improvement when using constraints with this data set. Conversely, the Iris constraints have relatively high coherence but low informativeness, leading to the modest (but positive) average effect on performance for all algorithms. The Wine constraints have a remarkable lack of informativeness for MKM and MPKM, so the incoherence of the data set dominates performance and explains the small decrease in average accuracy.
We have shown that average results can obscure individual behavior. Therefore, we conducted a detailed analysis to better understand the relationships between each measure and performance. Table 4 focuses on constraint sets that are fully coherent, comparing performance between sets with high vs. low informativeness. We find that high informativeness almost always leads to an increase in performance, for all algorithms. The exception is MKM and MPKM on the Wine data set. Table 5 explores the opposite situation, focusing on constraint
Table 4. Average accuracy for fully coherent constraint sets, comparing performance of sets with high (“Inform.”) and low (“Uninf.”) informativeness
| Data Set | CKM Inform. | CKM Uninf. | PKM Inform. | PKM Uninf. | MKM Inform. | MKM Uninf. | MPKM Inform. | MPKM Uninf. |
|----------|-------------|------------|-------------|------------|-------------|------------|--------------|--------------|
| Glass | 68.9 | 67.8 | 57.8 | 57.1 | 58.1 | 49.6 | 54.9 | 54.3 |
| Ionosphere | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.8 | 58.7 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 93.9 | 93.5 |
| Iris | 89.2 | 88.1 | 88.1 | 86.7 | 92.9 | 89.2 | 93.9 | 93.5 |
| Wine | 71.8 | 71.8 | 72.1 | 71.8 | 92.2 | 93.9 | 93.5 | 93.9 |
Table 5. Average accuracy for non-informative constraint sets, comparing performance of coherent (“Coh.”) and incoherent (“Incoh.”) sets
| Data Set | CKM Coh. | CKM Incoh. | PKM Coh. | PKM Incoh. | MKM Coh. | MKM Incoh. | MPKM Coh. | MPKM Incoh. |
|----------|----------|------------|----------|------------|----------|------------|-----------|-------------|
| Glass | 67.9 | 67.4 | 57.1 | 54.3 | 49.6 | 49.4 | 54.8 | 50.2 |
| Ionosphere | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.7 | 58.7 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.8 | 58.8 |
| Iris | 86.7 | 85.2 | 86.7 | 85.2 | 89.2 | 89.2 | 89.3 | 88.8 |
| Wine | 71.8 | 71.8 | 71.9 | 71.8 | 94.0 | 93.9 | 93.5 | 93.2 |
sets that have low informativeness but a variety of coherence values. Incoherence tends to adversely affect performance, particularly for the Glass and Iris data sets. It has less impact on the Ionosphere and Wine data sets.
4.2 Constraint Selection Based on Coherence
We posit that informativeness and coherence can provide guidance in selecting the most useful constraint sets. Returning to the 25-constraint experiments from Section 2, we applied a coarse constraint set selection strategy by removing the 500 least coherent constraint sets and calculating average performance on the remaining 500 sets (Table 6). We find a small but consistent increase in the average accuracy with those sets removed, suggesting that generating or selecting constraint sets with high coherence can provide gains in future constrained clustering experiments. The Iris data set, when analyzed by MPKM, is an exception to this rule. The MPKM results suggest that there are some less-coherent constraint sets that yield very good performance, when both metric learning and constraint satisfaction are used. We plan to investigate this exception more thoroughly in future work.
4.3 Visualizing Informative and Coherent Constraint Sets
We have demonstrated empirically that highly informative and coherent constraint sets lead to improved clustering performance, while incoherent sets can have an adverse effect. In this section, we show examples of constraint sets from
an image data set that permit us to visualize informative and coherent constraint sets.
For these experiments, we used the CMU Face Images data set [9]. We used a subset containing 271 images of human faces with a variety of orientations and expressions. Each image is labeled as Male or Female, and the goal is to identify clusters that correspond with these categories (215 Male and 56 Female images). Each image is approximately $120 \times 120$ pixels, yielding a total of 14402 features. We conducted 100 trials, each time generating two randomly selected constraints. Without constraints, the algorithms achieved Rand Indices of: CKM (53.2%), PKM (53.9%), MKM (51.9%) and MPKM (51.9%). When using two randomly selected constraints, the performance ranges were: CKM [53.6%, 54.5%], PKM [53.6%, 55.3%], MKM [49.8%, 53.7%], MPKM [49.9%, 66.3%]. For this problem, just two constraints can significantly improve the performance of the MKM and MPKM algorithms, suggesting that the constraints are very useful for metric learning.
Since the items in this data set are images, we can directly visualize the constraint sets. Figure 3 shows two constraint sets (one per line) that improved the performance of MPKM from 51.9% to over 65%; both sets have an informativeness and coherence of 1.0. Figure 4 shows two constraint sets (one per line) that either provided no improvement (CKM) or adversely affected performance (PKM, MKM, and MPKM) with respect to the unconstrained performance; both sets have an informativeness and coherence of 0.0.
We see that the beneficial constraint sets have an intuitive interpretation: the must-linked images connect examples with different facial orientations, while the cannot-link constraints are between images with very similar orientations. Because “orientation” is not a feature provided to the algorithm, these constraints are very informative. They encourage the algorithm to create clusters that avoid grouping images simply based on where the bright “face” pixels are located. In contrast, in the constraint sets that have negative effects, the must-linked instances are of different faces in the similar orientation, and the cannot-link constrained instances have different orientation. This biases the constrained clustering algorithms towards clustering faces with the same orientation, which is
Table 6. Clustering performance (Rand Index) when using constraint sets selectively. We report average accuracy over all 1000 25-constraint sets (results copied from Table 1) compared to average accuracy over the 500 most coherent sets. Statistically significant increases at the 95% confidence interval are shown in bold.
| Data Set | CKM All Top 500 | PKM All Top 500 | MKM All Top 500 | MPKM All Top 500 |
|----------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|
| Glass | 69.4 | 70.4 | 56.6 | 67.8 |
| Ionosphere | 58.6 | 59.3 | 58.8 | 58.9 |
| Iris | 87.8 | 88.3 | 93.6 | 91.8 |
| Wine | 70.9 | 71.5 | 91.3 | 90.6 |
not a useful strategy when trying to separate images by gender. Our measures of informativeness and coherence correctly capture this concept by characterizing the likely utility of each set.
5 Conclusions and Future Work
The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, we have shown the first evidence that constraints can result in a decrease in clustering accuracy. This occurs even with constraints that are completely accurate and noise-free. In experiments with four UCI data sets and four constrained clustering algorithms, we found that the fraction of randomly generated constraint sets that result in a performance drop can range well above 50%. Second, we proposed two constraint set properties, informativeness and coherence, that provide a quantitative basis for explaining why a given constraint set increases or decreases performance. We demonstrated that performance gains are largely attributable to constraint
sets with high informativeness and coherence, while drops in performance are associated with incoherent data sets.
Our experiments with selectively filtering randomly generated constraints to remove sets with low coherence suggest a promising avenue for future work with constrained clustering algorithms. We plan to more fully explore the use of informativeness and coherence to select the most useful constraints for clustering. Ultimately, this research direction could lead to reduced computational effort (since fewer constraint sets are needed to assess performance) and higher average performance on a variety of data sets.
**Acknowledgments.** We thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. We thank the National Science Foundation (ITR grant #0325329) and DARPA (CALO Project: Contract #NBCHD030010, Order #T310) for partially supporting this work financially. The research described in this paper was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
**References**
1. Wagstaff, K., Cardie, C., Rogers, S., Schrodl, S.: Constrained k-means clustering with background knowledge. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning. (2001)
2. Klein, D., Kamvar, S.D., Manning, C.D.: From instance-level constraints to space-level constraints: Making the most of prior knowledge in data clustering. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Machine Learning. (2002)
3. Xing, E.P., Ng, A.Y., Jordan, M.I., Russell, S.: Distance metric learning, with application to clustering with side-information. In: NIPS 15. (2003)
4. Basu, S., Bilenko, M., Mooney, R.J.: A probabilistic framework for semi-supervised clustering. In: Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Seattle, WA (2004)
5. Bar-Hillel, A., Hertz, T., Shental, N., Weinshall, D.: Learning a Mahalanobis metric from equivalence constraints. Journal of Machine Learning Research 6 (2005)
6. Wagstaff, K.L.: Intelligent Clustering with Instance-Level Constraints. PhD thesis, Cornell University (2002)
7. Lu, Z., Leen, T.K.: Semi-supervised learning with penalized probabilistic clustering. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17. (2005)
8. Davidson, I., Ravi, S.S.: Clustering with constraints: Feasibility issues and the k-means algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining. (2005)
9. Mitchell, T.: Machine Learning. McGraw Hill, New York, NY (1997)
10. Blake, C.L., Merz, C.J.: UCI Repository of Machine Learning Databases. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html (1998)
11. Rand, W.M.: Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association 66(366) (1971)
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Dennis J. Kucinich of Ohio
In the United States House of Representatives
Monday, June 9th, 2008
A Resolution
INDEX
Article I
Creating a Secret Propaganda Campaign to Manufacture a False Case for War Against Iraq.
Article II
Falsely, Systematically, and with Criminal Intent Conflating the Attacks of September 11, 2001, With Misrepresentation of Iraq as a Security Threat as Part of Fraudulent Justification for a War of Aggression.
Article III
Misleading the American People and Members of Congress to Believe Iraq Possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction, to Manufacture a False Case for War.
Article IV
Misleading the American People and Members of Congress to Believe Iraq Posed an Imminent Threat to the United States.
Article V
Illegally Misspending Funds to Secretly Begin a War of Aggression.
Article VI
Invading Iraq in Violation of the Requirements of HJRes114.
Article VII
Invading Iraq Absent a Declaration of War.
Article VIII
Invading Iraq, A Sovereign Nation, in Violation of the UN Charter.
Article IX
Failing to Provide Troops With Body Armor and Vehicle Armor
Article X
Falsifying Accounts of US Troop Deaths and Injuries for Political Purposes
Article XI
Establishment of Permanent U.S. Military Bases in Iraq
Article XII
Initiating a War Against Iraq for Control of That Nation's Natural Resources
Article XIIII
Creating a Secret Task Force to Develop Energy and Military Policies With Respect to Iraq and Other Countries
Article XIV
Misprision of a Felony, Misuse and Exposure of Classified Information And Obstruction of Justice in the Matter of Valerie Plame Wilson, Clandestine Agent of the Central Intelligence Agency
Article XV
Providing Immunity from Prosecution for Criminal Contractors in Iraq
Article XVI
Reckless Misspending and Waste of U.S. Tax Dollars in Connection With Iraq and US Contractors
Article XVII
Illegal Detention: Detaining Indefinitely And Without Charge Persons Both U.S. Citizens and Foreign Captives
Article XVIII
Torture: Secretly Authorizing, and Encouraging the Use of Torture Against Captives in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Other Places, as a Matter of Official Policy
Article XIX
Rendition: Kidnapping People and Taking Them Against Their Will to "Black Sites" Located in Other Nations, Including Nations Known to Practice Torture
Article XX
Imprisoning Children
Article XXI
Misleading Congress and the American People About Threats from Iran, and Supporting Terrorist Organizations Within Iran, With the Goal of Overthrowing the Iranian Government
Article XXII
Creating Secret Laws
Article XXIII
Violation of the Posse Comitatus Act
Article XXIV
Spying on American Citizens, Without a Court-Ordered Warrant, in Violation of the Law and the Fourth Amendment
Article XXV
Directing Telecommunications Companies to Create an Illegal and Unconstitutional Database of the Private Telephone Numbers and Emails of American Citizens
Article XXVI
Announcing the Intent to Violate Laws with Signing Statements
Article XXVII
Failing to Comply with Congressional Subpoenas and Instructing Former Employees Not to Comply
Article XXVIII
Tampering with Free and Fair Elections, Corruption of the Administration of Justice
Article XXIX
Conspiracy to Violate the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Article XXX
Misleading Congress and the American People in an Attempt to Destroy Medicare
Article XXXI
Katrina: Failure to Plan for the Predicted Disaster of Hurricane Katrina, Failure to Respond to a Civil Emergency
Article XXXII
Misleading Congress and the American People, Systematically Undermining Efforts to Address Global Climate Change
Article XXXIII
Repeatedly Ignored and Failed to Respond to High Level Intelligence Warnings of Planned Terrorist Attacks in the US, Prior to 911.
Article XXXIV
Obstruction of the Investigation into the Attacks of September 11, 2001
Article XXXV
Endangering the Health of 911 First Responders
____________
ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT FOR PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH
Resolved, that President George W. Bush be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and that the following articles of impeachment be exhibited to the United States Senate:
Articles of impeachment exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United States of America in the name of itself and of the people of the United States of America, in maintenance and support of its impeachment against President George W. Bush for high crimes and misdemeanors.
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, has committed the following abuses of power.
_____________
ARTICLE I
WAR AGAINST IRAQ
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, illegally spent public dollars on a secret propaganda program to manufacture a false cause for war against Iraq.
The Department of Defense (DOD) has engaged in a years-long secret domestic propaganda campaign to promote the invasion and occupation of Iraq. This secret program was defended by the White House Press Secretary following its exposure. This program follows the pattern of crimes detailed in Article I, II, IV and VIII.. The mission of this program placed it within the field controlled by the White House Iraq Group (WHIG), a White House task-force formed in August 2002 to market an invasion of Iraq to the American people. The group included Karl Rove, I. Lewis Libby, Condoleezza Rice, Karen Hughes, Mary Matalin, Stephen Hadley, Nicholas E. Calio, and James R. Wilkinson.
The WHIG produced white papers detailing so-called intelligence of Iraq's nuclear threat that later proved to be false. This supposed intelligence included the claim that Iraq had sought uranium from Niger as well as the claim that the high strength aluminum tubes Iraq purchased from China were to be used for the sole purpose of building centrifuges to enrich uranium. Unlike the National Intelligence Estimate of 2002, the WHIG's white papers provided "gripping images and stories" and used "literary license" with intelligence. The WHIG's white papers were written at the same time and by the same people as speeches and talking points prepared for President Bush and some of his top officials.
The WHIG also organized a media blitz in which, between September 7-8, 2002, President Bush and his top advisers appeared on numerous interviews and all provided similarly gripping images about the possibility of nuclear attack by Iraq. The timing was no coincidence, as Andrew Card explained in an interview regarding waiting until after Labor Day to try to sell the American people on military action against Iraq, "From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August."
September 7-8, 2002:
NBC's "Meet the Press: Vice President Cheney accused Saddam of moving aggressively to develop nuclear weapons over the past 14 months to add to his stockpile of chemical and biological arms.
CNN: Then-National Security Adviser Rice said, regarding the likelihood of Iraq obtaining a nuclear weapon, "We don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."
CBS: President Bush declared that Saddam was "six months away from developing a weapon," and cited satellite photos of construction in Iraq where weapons inspectors once visited as evidence that Saddam was trying to develop nuclear arms.
The Pentagon military analyst propaganda program was revealed in an April 20, 2002, New York Times article. The program illegally involved "covert attempts to mold opinion through the undisclosed use of third parties." Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld recruited 75 retired military officers and gave them talking points to deliver on Fox, CNN, ABC, NBC, CBS, and MSNBC, and according to the New York Times report, which has not been disputed by the Pentagon or the White House, "Participants were instructed not to quote their briefers directly or otherwise describe their contacts with the Pentagon."
According to the Pentagon's own internal documents, the military analysts were considered "message force multipliers" or "surrogates" who would deliver administration "themes and messages" to millions of Americans "in the form of their own opinions." In fact, they did deliver the themes and the messages but did not reveal that the Pentagon had provided them with their talking points. Robert S. Bevelacqua, a retired Green Beret and Fox News military analyst described this as follows: "It was them saying, 'We need to stick our hands up your back and move your mouth for you.'"
Congress has restricted annual appropriations bills since 1951 with this language: "No part of any appropriation contained in this or any other Act shall be used for publicity or propaganda purposes within the United States not heretofore authorized by the Congress."
A March 21, 2005, report by the Congressional Research Service states that "publicity or propaganda" is defined by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to mean either (1) selfaggrandizement by public officials, (2) purely partisan activity, or (3) "covert propaganda."
These concerns about "covert propaganda" were also the basis for the GAO's standard for determining when government-funded video news releases are illegal:
"The failure of an agency to identify itself as the source of a prepackaged news story misleads the viewing public by encouraging the viewing audience to believe that the broadcasting news organization developed the information. The prepackaged news stories are purposefully designed to be indistinguishable from news segments broadcast to the public. When the television viewing public does not know that the stories they watched on television news programs about the government were in fact prepared by the government, the stories are, in this sense, no longer purely factual -- the essential fact of attribution is missing."
The White House's own Office of Legal Council stated in a memorandum written in 2005 following the controversy over the Armstrong Williams scandal:
"Over the years, GAO has interpreted 'publicity or propaganda' restrictions to preclude use of appropriated funds for, among other things, so-called 'covert propaganda.' ... Consistent with that view, the OLC determined in 1988 that a statutory prohibition on using appropriated funds for 'publicity or propaganda' precluded undisclosed agency funding of advocacy by third-party groups. We stated that 'covert attempts to mold opinion through the undisclosed use of third parties' would run afoul of restrictions on using appropriated funds for 'propaganda.'"
Asked about the Pentagon's propaganda program at White House press briefing in April 2008, White House Press Secretary Dana Perino defended it, not by arguing that it was legal but by suggesting that it "should" be: "Look, I didn't know look, I think that you guys should take a step back and look at this look, DOD has made a decision, they've decided to stop this program. But I would say that one of the things that we try to do in the administration is get information out to a variety of people so that everybody else can call them and ask their opinion about something. And I don't think that that should be against the law. And I think that it's absolutely appropriate to provide information to people who are seeking it and are going to be providing their opinions on it. It doesn't necessarily mean that all of those military analysts ever agreed with the administration. I think you can go back and look and think that a lot of their analysis was pretty tough on the administration. That doesn't mean that we shouldn't talk to people."
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article II
FALSELY, SYSTEMATICALLY, AND WITH CRIMINAL INTENT CONFLATING THE ATTACKS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 WITH MISREPRESENTATION OF IRAQ AS AN IMMINENT SECURITY THREAT AS PART OF A FRAUDULENT JUSTIFICATION FOR A WAR OF AGGRESSION.
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, executed a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the United States into believing that there was and is a connection between Iraq and Saddam Hussein on the one hand, and the attacks of September 11, 2001 and al Qaeda, on the other hand, so as to falsely justify the use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner that is damaging to the national security interests of the United States, as well as to fraudulently obtain and maintain congressional authorization and funding for the use of such military force against Iraq, thereby interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of overseeing foreign affairs and declaring war.
The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be, first, allowing, authorizing and sanctioning the manipulation of intelligence analysis by those under his direction and control, including the Vice President and the Vice President's agents, and second, personally making, or causing, authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding an alleged connection between Saddam Hussein and Iraq, on the one hand, and the September 11th attacks and al Qaeda, on the other hand, that were half-true, literally true but misleading, and/or made without a reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well as omitting to state facts necessary to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
(A) On or about September 12, 2001, former terrorism advisor Richard Clarke personally informed the President that neither Saddam Hussein nor Iraq was responsible for the September 11th attacks. On September 18, Clarke submitted to the President's National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice a memo he had written in response to George W. Bush's specific request that stated: (1) the case for linking Hussein to the September 11th attacks was weak; (2) only anecdotal evidence linked Hussein to al Qaeda; (3) Osama Bin Laden resented the secularism of Saddam Hussein; and (4) there was no confirmed reporting of Saddam Hussein cooperating with Bin Laden on unconventional weapons.
(B) Ten days after the September 11th attacks the President received a President's Daily Briefing which indicated that the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11th attacks and that there was "scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda."
(C) In Defense Intelligence Terrorism Summary No. 044-02, issued in February 2002, the United States Defense Intelligence Agency cast significant doubt on the possibility of a Saddam Hussein- Al Qaeda conspiracy: "Saddam's regime is intensely secular and is wary of Islamic revolutionary movements. Moreover, Baghdad is unlikely to provide assistance to a group it cannot control."
(D) The October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate gave a "Low Confidence" rating to the notion of whether "in desperation Saddam would share chemical or biological weapons with Al Qaeda." The CIA never informed the President that there was an operational relationship between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein; on the contrary, its most "aggressive" analysis contained in Iraq and al-QaedaInterpreting a Murky Relationship" dated June 21, 2002 was that Iraq had had "sporadic, wary contacts with al Qaeda since the mid-1990s rather than a relationship with al Qaeda that has developed over time."
(E) Notwithstanding his knowledge that neither Saddam Hussein nor Iraq was in any way connected to the September 11th attacks, the President allowed and authorized those acting under his direction and control, including Vice President Richard B. Cheney and Lewis Libby, who reported directly to both the President and the Vice President, and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, among others, to pressure intelligence analysts to alter their assessments and to create special units outside of, and unknown to, the intelligence community in order to secretly obtain unreliable information, to manufacture intelligence or reinterpret raw data in ways that would further the Bush administration's goal of fraudulently establishing a relationship not only between Iraq and al Qaeda, but between Iraq and the attacks of September 11th.
(F) Further, despite his full awareness that Iraq and Saddam Hussein had no relationship to the September 11th attacks, the President, and those acting under his direction and control have, since at least 2002 and continuing to the present, repeatedly issued public statements deliberately worded to mislead, words calculated in their implication to bring unrelated actors and circumstances into an artificially contrived reality thereby facilitating the systematic deception of Congress and the American people. Thus the public and some members of Congress, came to believe, falsely, that there was a connection between Iraq and the attacks of 911. This was accomplished through well-publicized statements by the Bush Administration which contrived to continually tie Iraq and 911 in the same statements of grave concern without making an explicit charge:
(1) " [If] Iraq regimes [sic] continues to defy us, and the world, we will move deliberately, yet decisively, to hold Iraq to account…It's a new world we're in. We used to think two oceans could separate us from an enemy. On that tragic day, September the 11th, 2001, we found out that's not the case. We found out this great land of liberty and of freedom and of justice is vulnerable. And therefore we must do everything we can -- everything we can -- to secure the homeland, to make us safe." Speech of President Bush in Iowa on September 16, 2002.
(2) "With every step the Iraqi regime takes toward gaining and deploying the most terrible weapons, our own options to confront that regime will narrow. And if an emboldened regime were to supply these weapons to terrorist allies, then the attacks of September 11th would be a prelude to far greater horrors." March 6, 2003, Statement of President Bush in National Press Conference.
(3) "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001 -- and still goes on. That terrible morning, 19 evil men -- the shock troops of a hateful ideology -- gave America and the civilized world a glimpse of their ambitions. They imagined, in the words of one terrorist, that September the 11th would be the 'beginning of the end of America.' By seeking to turn our cities into killing fields, terrorists and their allies believed that they could destroy this nation's resolve, and force our retreat from the world. They have failed." May 1, 2003, Speech of President Bush on U.S.S.
Abraham Lincoln.
(4) "Now we're in a new and unprecedented war against violent Islamic extremists. This is an ideological conflict we face against murderers and killers who try to impose their will. These are the people that attacked us on September the 11th and killed nearly 3,000 people. The stakes are high, and once again, we have had to change our strategic thinking. The major battleground in this war is Iraq." June 28, 2007, Speech of President Bush at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.
(G) Notwithstanding his knowledge that there was no credible evidence of a working relationship between Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda and that the intelligence community had specifically assessed that there was no such operational relationship, the President, both personally and through his subordinates and agents, has repeatedly falsely represented, both explicitly and implicitly, and through the misleading use of selectively-chosen facts, to the citizens of the United States and to the Congress that there was and is such an ongoing operational relationship, to wit:
(1) "We know that Iraq and al Qaeda have had high-level contacts that go back a decade. Some al Qaeda leaders who fled Afghanistan went to Iraq. These include one very senior al Qaeda leader who received medical treatment in Baghdad this year, and who has been associated with planning for chemical and biological attacks. We've learned that Iraq has trained al Qaeda members in bomb-making and poisons and deadly gases." September 28, 2002, Weekly Radio Address of President Bush to the Nation.
(2) "[W]e we need to think about Saddam Hussein using al Qaeda to do his dirty work, to not leave fingerprints behind." October 14, 2002, Remarks by President Bush in Michigan.
(3) "We know he's got ties with al Qaeda." November 1, 2002, Speech of President Bush in New Hampshire.
(4) "Evidence from intelligence sources, secret communications, and statements by people now in custody reveal that Saddam Hussein aids and protects terrorists, including members of al Qaeda. Secretly, and without fingerprints, he could provide one of his hidden weapons to terrorists, or help them develop their own." January 28, 2003, President Bush's State of the Union Address.
(5) "[W]hat I want to bring to your attention today is the potentially much more sinister nexus between Iraq and the al Qaeda terrorist network, a nexus that combines classic terrorist organizations and modern methods of murder. Iraq today harbors a deadly terrorist network…" February 5, 2003, Speech of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations.
(6) "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001 — and still goes on. . . . [T]he liberation of Iraq . . . removed an ally of al Qaeda." May 1, 2003, Speech of President Bush on U.S. S. Abraham Lincoln
(H) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on June 5, 2008, concluded that:
(1) "Statements and implications by the President and Secretary of State suggesting that Iraq and alQa'ida had a partnership, or that Iraq had provided al-Qa'ida with weapons training, were not substantiated by the intelligence."
(2) "The Intelligence Community did not confirm that Muhammad Atta met an Iraqi intelligence officer
in Prague in 2001 as the Vice President repeatedly claimed."
Through his participation and instance in the breathtaking scope of this deception, the President has used the highest office of trust to wage of campaign of deception of such sophistication as to deliberately subvert the national security interests of the United States. His dishonesty set the stage for the loss of more than 4000 United States service members; injuries to tens of thousands of soldiers, the loss of more than 1,000,000 innocent Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the loss of approximately $527 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt and the ultimate expenditure of three to five trillion dollars for all costs covering the war; the loss of military readiness within the United States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of equipment; the loss of United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback created by the invasion of Iraq.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article III
MISLEADING THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TO BELIEVE IRAQ POSSESSED WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION, SO AS TO MANUFACTURE A FALSE CASE FOR WAR
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, executed instead a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the United States into believing that the nation of Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction in order to justify the use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner damaging to our national security interests, thereby interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of overseeing foreign affairs and declaring war.
The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be personally making, or causing, authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding Iraq's alleged possession of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons that were half-true, literally true but misleading, and/or made without a reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well as omitting to state facts necessary to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
(A) Long before the March 19, 2003 invasion of Iraq, a wealth of intelligence informed the President and those under his direction and control that Iraq's stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons had been destroyed well before 1998 and that there was little, if any, credible intelligence that showed otherwise. As reported in the Washington Post in March of 2003, in 1995, Saddam Hussein's son-inlaw Hussein Kamel had informed U.S. and British intelligence officers that "all weapons—biological, chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed." In September 2002, the Defense Intelligence Agency
issued a report that concluded: "A substantial amount of Iraq's chemical warfare agents, precursors, munitions and production equipment were destroyed between 1991 and 1998 as a result of Operation Desert Storm and UNSCOM actions…[T]here is no reliable information on whether Iraq is producing and stockpiling chemical weapons or whether Iraq has-or will-establish its chemical warfare agent production facilities." Notwithstanding the absence of evidence proving that such stockpiles existed and in direct contradiction to substantial evidence that showed they did not exist, the President and his subordinates and agents made numerous false representations claiming with certainty that Iraq possessed chemical and biological weapons that it was developing to use to attack the United States, to wit:
(1) "[T]he notion of a Saddam Hussein with his great oil wealth, with his inventory that he already has of biological and chemical weapons . . . is, I think, a frightening proposition for anybody who thinks about it." Statement of Vice President Cheney on CBS's Face the Nation, March 24, 2002.
(2) "In defiance of the United Nations, Iraq has stockpiled biological and chemical weapons, and is rebuilding the facilities used to make more of those weapons." Speech of President Bush, October 5, 2002.
(3) "All the world has now seen the footage of an Iraqi Mirage aircraft with a fuel tank modified to spray biological agents over wide areas. Iraq has developed spray devices that could be used on unmanned aerial vehicles with ranges far beyond what is permitted by the Security Council. A UAV launched from a vessel off the American coast could reach hundreds of miles inland." Statement by President Bush from the White House, February 6, 2003.
(B) Despite overwhelming intelligence in the form of statements and reports filed by and on behalf of the CIA, the State Department and the IAEA, among others, which indicated that the claim was untrue, the President, and those under his direction and control, made numerous representations claiming and implying through misleading language that Iraq was attempting to purchase uranium from Niger in order to falsely buttress its argument that Iraq was reconstituting its nuclear weapons program, including:
(1) ""The regime has the scientists and facilities to build nuclear weapons, and is seeking the materials needed to do so." Statement of President Bush from White House, October 2, 2002.
(2) "The [Iraqi] report also failed to deal with issues which have arisen since 1998, including: . . attempts to acquire uranium and the means to enrich it." Letter from President Bush to Vice President Cheney and the Senate, January 20, 2003.
(3) "The British Government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa ." President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003.
(C) Despite overwhelming evidence in the form of reports by nuclear weapons experts from the Energy, the Defense and State Departments, as well from outside and international agencies which assessed that aluminum tubes the Iraqis were purchasing were not suitable for nuclear centrifuge use and were, on the contrary, identical to ones used in rockets already being manufactured by the Iraqis, the President, and those under his direction and control, persisted in making numerous false and fraudulent representations implying and stating explicitly that the Iraqis were purchasing the tubes for use in a nuclear weapons program, to wit:
(1) "We do know that there have been shipments going . . . into Iraq . . . of aluminum tubes that really are only suited to -- high-quality aluminum tools [sic] that are only really suited for nuclear weapons programs, centrifuge programs." Statement of then National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice on CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, September 8, 2002.
(2) "Our intelligence sources tell us that he has attempted to purchase high-strength aluminum tubes suitable for nuclear weapons production." President Bush's State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003.
(3) "[H]e has made repeated covert attempts to acquire high-specification aluminum tubes from 11 different countries, even after inspections resumed. …By now, just about everyone has heard of these tubes and we all know that there are differences of opinion. There is controversy about what these tubes are for. Most US experts think they are intended to serve as rotors in centrifuges used to enrich uranium." Speech of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations, February 5, 2003.
(D) The President, both personally and acting through those under his direction and control, suppressed material information, selectively declassified information for the improper purposes of retaliating against a whistleblower and presenting a misleading picture of the alleged threat from Iraq, facilitated the exposure of the identity of a covert CIA operative and thereafter not only failed to investigate the improper leaks of classified information from within his administration, but also failed to cooperate with an investigation into possible federal violations resulting from this activity and, finally, entirely undermined the prosecution by commuting the sentence of Lewis Libby citing false and insubstantial grounds, all in an effort to prevent Congress and the citizens of the United States from discovering the fraudulent nature of the President's claimed justifications for the invasion of Iraq.
(E) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on June 5, 2008, concluded that:
(1) "Statements by the President and Vice President prior to the October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate regarding Iraq's chemical weapons production capability and activities did not reflect the intelligence community's uncertainties as to whether such production was ongoing."
(2) "The Secretary of Defense's statement that the Iraqi government operated underground WMD facilities that were not vulnerable to conventional airstrikes because they were underground and deeply buried was not substantiated by available intelligence information."
(3) Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Jay Rockefeller concluded: "In making the case for war, the Administration repeatedly presented intelligence as fact when in reality it was unsubstantiated, contradicted, or even non-existent. As a result, the American people were led to believe that the threat from Iraq was much greater than actually existed."
The President has subverted the national security interests of the United States by setting the stage for the loss of more than 4000 United States service members and the injury to tens of thousands of US soldiers; the loss of more than 1,000,000 innocent Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the loss of approximately $500 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt with a long term financial cost of between three and five trillion dollars; the loss of military readiness within the United States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of equipment; the loss of United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback created by the invasion of Iraq.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article IV
MISLEADING THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TO BELIEVE IRAQ POSED AN IMMINENT THREAT TO THE UNITED STATES
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, executed a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the United States into believing that the nation of Iraq posed an imminent threat to the United States in order to justify the use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner damaging to our national security interests, thereby interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of overseeing foreign affairs and declaring war.
The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be, first, allowing, authorizing and sanctioning the manipulation of intelligence analysis by those under his direction and control, including the Vice President and the Vice President's agents, and second, personally making, or causing, authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding an alleged urgent threat posed by Iraq, statements that were half-true, literally true but misleading, and/or made without a reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well as omitting to state facts necessary to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
(A) Notwithstanding the complete absence of intelligence analysis to support a claim that Iraq posed an imminent or urgent threat to the United States and the intelligence community's assessment that Iraq was in fact not likely to attack the United States unless it was itself attacked, President Bush, both personally and through his agents and subordinates, made, allowed and caused to be made repeated false representations to the citizens and Congress of the United States implying and explicitly stating that such a dire threat existed, including the following:
(1) "States such as these [Iraq, Iran and North Korea] and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred. They could attack our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States. In any of these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic." President Bush's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
(2) "Simply stated, there is no doubt that Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction. He is amassing them to use against our friends our enemies and against us." Speech of Vice President Cheney at VFW 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002.
(3) "The history, the logic, and the facts lead to one conclusion: Saddam Hussein's regime is a grave and gathering danger. To suggest otherwise is to hope against the evidence. To assume this regime's good faith is to bet the lives of millions and the peace of the world in a reckless gamble. And this is a risk we must not take." Address of President Bush to the United Nations General Assembly, September 12, 2002.
(4) "[N]o terrorist state poses a greater or more immediate threat to the security of our people than the regime of Saddam Hussein and Iraq." Statement of Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to Congress, September 19, 2002.
(5) "On its present course, the Iraqi regime is a threat of unique urgency. . . . it has developed weapons of mass death." Statement of President Bush at White House, October 2, 2002.
(6) "But the President also believes that this problem has to be dealt with, and if the United Nations won't deal with it, then the United States, with other likeminded nations, may have to deal with it. We would prefer not to go that route, but the danger is so great, with respect to Saddam Hussein having weapons of mass destruction, and perhaps even terrorists getting hold of such weapons, that it is time for the international community to act, and if it doesn't act, the President is prepared to act with likeminded nations." Statement of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell in interview with Ellen Ratner of Talk Radio News, October 30, 2002.
(7) "Today the world is also uniting to answer the unique and urgent threat posed by Iraq. A dictator who has used weapons of mass destruction on his own people must not be allowed to produce or possess those weapons. We will not permit Saddam Hussein to blackmail and/or terrorize nations which love freedom." Speech by President Bush to Prague Atlantic Student Summit, November 20, 2002.
(8) "But the risk of doing nothing, the risk of the security of this country being jeopardized at the hands of a madman with weapons of mass destruction far exceeds the risk of any action we may be forced to take." President Bush Meets with National Economic Council at White House, February 25, 2003.
(B) In furtherance of his fraudulent effort to deceive Congress and the citizens of the United States into believing that Iraq and Saddam Hussein posed an imminent threat to the United States, the President allowed and authorized those acting under his direction and control, including Vice President Richard B. Cheney, former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Lewis Libby, who reportedly directly to both the President and the Vice President, among others, to pressure intelligence analysts to tailor their assessments and to create special units outside of, and unknown to, the intelligence community in order to secretly obtain unreliable information, to manufacture intelligence, or to reinterpret raw data in ways that would support the Bush administration's plan to invade Iraq based on a false claim of urgency despite the lack of justification for such a preemptive action.
(C) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on June 5, 2008, concluded that:
(1) "Statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that Saddam Hussein was prepared to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were contradicted by available intelligence information."
Thus the President willfully and falsely misrepresented Iraq as an urgent threat requiring immediate action thereby subverting the national security interests of the United States by setting the stage for the loss of more than 4000 United States service members; the injuries to tens of thousands of US soldiers;
the deaths of more than 1,000,000 Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the loss of approximately $527 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt and the ultimate costs of the war between three trillion and five trillion dollars; the loss of military readiness within the United States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of equipment; the loss of United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback created by the invasion of Iraq.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article V. ILLEGALLY MISSPENDING FUNDS TO SECRETLY BEGIN A WAR OF AGGRESSION
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, illegally misspent funds to begin a war in secret prior to any Congressional authorization.
The president used over $2 billion in the summer of 2002 to prepare for the invasion of Iraq. First reported in Bob Woodward's book, Plan of Attack, and later confirmed by the Congressional Research Service, Bush took money appropriated by Congress for Afghanistan and other programs and—with no Congressional notification -- used it to build airfields in Qatar and to make other preparations for the invasion of Iraq. This constituted a violation of Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution, as well as a violation of the War Powers Act of 1973.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article VI. INVADING IRAQ IN VIOLATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF HJRes114.
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", exceeded his Constitutional authority to wage war by invading Iraq in 2003 without meeting the requirements of HJRes 114, the "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002" to wit:
(1) HJRes 114 contains several Whereas clauses consistent with statements being made by the White House at the time regarding the threat from Iraq as evidenced by the following:
(A) HJRes 114 states "Whereas Iraq both poses a continuing threat to the national security of the United States and international peace and security in the Persian Gulf region and remains in material and unacceptable breach of its international obligations by, among other things, continuing to possess and develop a significant chemical and biological weapons capability, actively seeking a nuclear weapons capability, and supporting and harboring terrorist organizations;"; and
(B) HJRes 114 states "Whereas members of Al Qaeda, an organization bearing responsibility for attacks on the United States, its citizens, and interests, including the attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, are known to be in Iraq;".
(2) HJRes 114 states that the President must provide a determination, the truthfulness of which is implied, that military force is necessary in order to use the authorization, as evidenced by the following:
(A) Section 3 of HJRes 114 states:
"(b) PRESIDENTIAL DETERMINATION.—In connection with the exercise of the authority granted in subsection (a) to use force the President shall, prior to such exercise or as soon thereafter as may be feasible, but no later than 48 hours after exercising such authority, make available to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that—
(1) reliance by the United States on further diplomatic or other peaceful means alone either (A) will not adequately protect the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq or (B) is not likely to lead to enforcement of all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and
(2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorist and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001."
(3) On March 18, 2003, President George Bush sent a letter to Congress stating that he had made that determination as evidenced by the following:
(A) March 18th, 2003 Letter to Congress stating:
Consistent with section 3(b) of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107-243), and based on information available to me, including that in the enclosed document, I determine that:
(1) reliance by the United States on further diplomatic and other peaceful means alone will neither (A) adequately protect the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq nor (B) likely lead to enforcement of all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and
(2) acting pursuant to the Constitution and Public Law 107-243 is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001.
(4) President George Bush knew that these statements were false as evidenced by:
(A) Information provided with Article I, II, III, IV and V.
(B) A statement by President George Bush in an interview with Tony Blair on January 31st 2003: [WH]
Reporter: "One question for you both. Do you believe that there is a link between Saddam Hussein, a direct link, and the men who attacked on September the 11th?"
President Bush: "I can't make that claim"
(C) An article on February 19th by Terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna states "I could find no evidence of links between Iraq and Al Qaeda. The documentation and interviews indicated that Al Qaeda regarded Saddam, a secular leader, as an infidel." [InternationalHeraldTribune]
(D) According to a February 2nd, 2003 article in the New York Times: [NYT]
At the Federal Bureau of Investigation, some investigators said they were baffled by the Bush administration's insistence on a solid link between Iraq and Osama bin Laden's network. "We've been looking at this hard for more than a year and you know what, we just don't think it's there," a government official said.
(5) Section 3C of HJRes 114 states that "Nothing in this joint resolution supersedes any requirement of the War Powers Resolution."
(6) The War Powers Resolution Section 9(d)(1) states:
(d) Nothing in this joint resolution--
(1) is intended to alter the constitutional authority of the Congress or of the President, or the provision of existing treaties; or
(7) The United Nations Charter was an existing treaty and, as shown in Article VIII, the invasion of Iraq violated that treaty
(8) President George Bush knowingly failed to meet the requirements of HJRes 114 and violated the requirement of the War Powers Resolution and, thereby, invaded Iraq without the authority of Congress.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article VII.
INVADING IRAQ ABSENT A DECLARATION OF WAR
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has launched a war against Iraq absent any congressional declaration of war or equivalent action.
Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 (the War Powers Clause) makes clear that the United States Congress holds the exclusive power to decide whether or not to send the nation into war. "The Congress," the War Powers Clause states, "shall have power…To declare war…"
The October 2002 congressional resolution on Iraq did not constitute a declaration of war or equivalent action. The resolution stated: "The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he deems necessary and appropriate in order to 1) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and 2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq." The resolution unlawfully sought to delegate to the President the decision of whether or not to initiate a war against Iraq, based on whether he deemed it "necessary and appropriate." The Constitution does not allow Congress to delegate this exclusive power to the President, nor does it allow the President to seize this power.
In March 2003, the President launched a war against Iraq without any constitutional authority.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article VIII
INVADING IRAQ, A SOVEREIGN NATION, IN VIOLATION OF THE UN CHARTER AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", violated United States law by invading the sovereign country of Iraq in violation of the United Nations Charter to wit:
(1) International Laws ratified by Congress are part of United States Law and must be followed as evidenced by the following:
(A) Article VI of the United States Constitution, which states "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land;"
(2) The UN Charter, which entered into force following ratification by the United States in 1945, requires Security Council approval for the use of force except for self-defense against an armed attack as evidenced by the following:
A) Chapter 1, Article 2 of the United Nations Charter states:
"3.All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that
international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
"4.All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations."
(B) Chapter 7, Article 51 of the United Nations Charter states:
"51. Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self- defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security."
(3) There was no armed attack upon the United States by Iraq.
(4) The Security Council did not vote to approve the use of force against Iraq as evidenced by:
(A) A United Nation Press release which states that the United States had failed to convince the Security Council to approve the use of military force against Iraq. [UN]
(5) President Bush directed the United States military to invade Iraq on March 19th, 2003 in violation of the UN Charter and, therefore, in violation of United States Law as evidenced by the following:
(A) A letter from President Bush to Congress dated March 21st, 2003 stating "I directed U.S. Armed Forces, operating with other coalition forces, to commence combat operations on March 19, 2003, against Iraq." [WH]
(B) On September 16, 2004 Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, speaking on the invasion, said, "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter. From our point of view, from the charter point of view, it was illegal." [BBC]
( C ) The consequence of the instant and direction of President George W. Bush, in ordering an attack upon Iraq, a sovereign nation is in direct violation of United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 118, Section 2441, governing the offense of war crimes.
(6). In the course of invading and occupying Iraq, the President, as Commander in Chief, has taken responsibility for the targeting of civilians, journalists, hospitals, and ambulances, use of antipersonnel weapons including cluster bombs in densely settled urban areas, the use of white phosphorous as a weapon, depleted uranium weapons, and the use of a new version of napalm found in Mark 77 firebombs. Under the direction of President George Bush the United States has engaged in collective punishment of Iraqi civilian populations, including but not limited to blocking roads, cutting electricity and water, destroying fuel stations, planting bombs in farm fields, demolishing houses, and plowing over orchards.
(A) Under the principle of "command responsibility", i.e., that a de jure command can be civilian as well as military, and can apply to the policy command of heads of state, said command brings President George Bush within the reach of international criminal law under the Additional Protocol I of June 8, 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Article 86 (2). The United States is a state signatory to Additional Protocol I, on December 12, 1977.
(B) Furthermore, Article 85 (3) of said Protocol I defines as a grave breach making a civilian population or individual civilians the object of attacks. This offense, together with the principle of command responsibility, places President George Bush's conduct under the reach of the same law and principles described as the basis for war crimes prosecution at Nuremburg, under Article 6 of the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunals: including crimes against peace, violations of the laws and customs of war and crimes against humanity, similarly codified in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 5 through 8.
(C) The Lancet Report has established massive civilian casualties in Iraq as a result of the United States' invasion and occupation of that country.
(D) International laws governing wars of aggression are completely prohibited under the legal principle of jus cogens, whether or not a nation has signed or ratified a particular international agreement.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office
Article IX.
FAILING TO PROVIDE TROOPS WITH BODY ARMOR AND VEHICLE ARMOR
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, has been responsible for the deaths of members of the U.S. military and serious injury and trauma to other soldiers, by failing to provide available body armor and vehicle armor.
While engaging in an invasion and occupation of choice, not fought in self-defense, and not launched in accordance with any timetable other than the President's choosing, President Bush sent U.S. troops into danger without providing them with armor. This shortcoming has been known for years, during which time, the President has chosen to allow soldiers and Marines to continue to face unnecessary risk to life and limb rather then providing them with armor.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article X
FALSIFYING ACCOUNTS OF U.S. TROOP DEATHS AND INJURIES FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, promoted false propaganda stories about members of the United States military, including individuals both dead and injured.
The White House and the Department of Defense (DOD) in 2004 promoted a false account of the death of Specialist Pat Tillman, reporting that he had died in a hostile exchange, delaying release of the information that he had died from friendly fire, shot in the forehead three times in a manner that led investigating doctors to believe he had been shot at close range.
A 2005 report by Brig. Gen. Gary M. Jones reported that in the days immediately following Specialist Tillman's death, U.S. Army investigators were aware that Specialist Tillman was killed by friendly fire, shot three times to the head, and that senior Army commanders, including Gen. John Abizaid, knew of this fact within days of the shooting but nevertheless approved the awarding of the Silver Star, Purple Heart, and a posthumous promotion.
On April 24, 2007, Spc. Bryan O'Neal, the last soldier to see Specialist Pat Tillman alive, testified before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee that he was warned by superiors not to divulge information that a fellow soldier killed Specialist Tillman, especially to the Tillman family. The White House refused to provide requested documents to the committee, citing "executive branch confidentiality interests."
The White House and DOD in 2003 promoted a false account of the injury of Jessica Dawn Lynch, reporting that she had been captured in a hostile exchange and had been dramatically rescued. On April 2, 2003, the DOD released a video of the rescue and claimed that Lynch had stab and bullet wounds, and that she had been slapped about on her hospital bed and interrogated. Iraqi doctors and nurses later interviewed, including Dr. Harith Al-Houssona, a doctor in the Nasirya hospital, described Lynch's injuries as "a broken arm, a broken thigh, and a dislocated ankle". According to Al-Houssona, there was no sign of gunshot or stab wounds, and Lynch's injuries were consistent with those that would be suffered in a car accident. Al-Houssona's claims were later confirmed in a U.S. Army report leaked on July 10, 2003.
Lynch denied that she fought or was wounded fighting, telling Diane Sawyer that the Pentagon "used me to symbolize all this stuff. It's wrong. I don't know why they filmed [my rescue] or why they say these things.... I did not shoot, not a round, nothing. I went down praying to my knees. And that's the last I remember." She reported excellent treatment in Iraq, and that one person in the hospital even sang to her to help her feel at home.
On April 24, 2007 Lynch testified before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform:
"[Right after my capture], tales of great heroism were being told. My parent's home in Wirt County was under siege of the media all repeating the story of the little girl Rambo from the hills who went down fighting. It was not true.... I am still confused as to why they chose to lie."
The White House had heavily promoted the false story of Lynch's rescue, including in a speech by President Bush on April 28, 2003. After the fiction was exposed, the president awarded Lynch the Bronze Star.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XI
ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT U.S. MILITARY BASES IN IRAQ
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has violated an act of Congress that he himself signed into law by using public funds to construct permanent U.S. military bases in Iraq.
On January 28, 2008, President George W. Bush signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 4986). Noting that the Act "authorizes funding for the defense of the United States and its interests abroad, for military construction, and for national security-related energy programs," the president added the following "signing statement":
"Provisions of the Act, including sections 841, 846, 1079, and 1222, purport to impose requirements that could inhibit the President's ability to carry out his constitutional obligations to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, to protect national security, to supervise the executive branch, and to execute his authority as Commander in Chief. The executive branch shall construe such provisions in a manner consistent with the constitutional authority of the President."
Section 1222 clearly prohibits the expenditure of money for the purpose of establishing permanent U.S. military bases in Iraq. The construction of over $1 billion in U.S. military bases in Iraq, including runways for aircraft, continues despite Congressional intent, as the Administration intends to force upon the Iraqi government such terms which will assure the bases remain in Iraq.
Iraqi officials have informed members of Congress in May 2008 of the strong opposition within the Iraqi parliament and throughout Iraq to the agreement that the administration is trying to negotiate with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. The agreement seeks to assure a long-term U.S. presence in Iraq of which military bases are the most obvious, sufficient and necessary construct, thus clearly defying Congressional intent as to the matter and meaning of "permanency".
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XII
INITIATING A WAR AGAINST IRAQ FOR CONTROL OF THAT NATION'S NATURAL RESOURCES
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, invaded and occupied a foreign nation for the purpose, among other purposes, of seizing control of that nation's oil.
The White House and its representatives in Iraq have, since the occupation of Baghdad began, attempted to gain control of Iraqi oil. This effort has included pressuring the new Iraqi government to pass a hydrocarbon law. Within weeks of the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, the US Agency for International Development (USAid) awarded a $240 million contract to Bearing Point, a private U.S. company. A Bearing Point employee, based in the US embassy in Baghdad, was hired to advise the Iraqi Ministry of Oil on drawing up the new hydrocarbon law. The draft law places executives of foreign oil companies on a council with the task of approving their own contracts with Iraq; it denies the Iraqi National Oil Company exclusive rights for the exploration, development, production, transportation, and marketing of Iraqi oil, and allows foreign companies to control Iraqi oil fields containing 80 percent of Iraqi oil for up to 35 years through contracts that can remain secret for up to 2 months. The draft law itself contains secret appendices.
President Bush provided unrelated reasons for the invasion of Iraq to the public and Congress, but those reasons have been established to have been categorically fraudulent, as evidenced by the herein mentioned Articles of Impeachment I, II, III, IV, VI, and VII.
Parallel to the development of plans for war against Iraq, the U.S. State Department's Future of Iraq project, begun as early as April 2002, involved meetings in Washington and London of 17 working groups, each composed of 10 to 20 Iraqi exiles and international experts selected by the State Department. The Oil and Energy working group met four times between December 2002 and April 2003. Ibrahim Bahr al-Uloum, later the Iraqi Oil Minister, was a member of the group, which concluded that Iraq "should be opened to international oil companies as quickly as possible after the war," and that, "the country should establish a conducive business environment to attract investment of oil and gas resources." The same group recommended production-sharing agreements with foreign oil companies, the same approach found in the draft hydrocarbon law, and control over Iraq's oil resources remains a prime objective of the Bush Administration.
Prior to his election as Vice President, Dick Cheney, then-CEO of Halliburton, in a speech at the Institute of Petroleum in 1999 demonstrated a keen awareness of the sensitive economic and geopolitical role of Midde East oil resources saying: "By 2010, we will need on the order of an additional 50 million barrels a day. So where is the oil going to come from? Governments and national oil companies are obviously controlling about 90 percent of the assets. Oil remains fundamentally a government business. While many regions of the world offer great oil opportunities, the Middle East, with two-thirds of the world's oil and lowest cost, is still where the prize ultimately lies. Even though companies are anxious for greater access there, progress continues to be slow.''
The Vice President led the work of a secret energy task force, as described in Article XXXII below, a task force that focused on, among other things, the acquisition of Iraqi oil through developing a controlling private corporate interest in said oil.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
ARTICLE XIII
CREATING A SECRET TASK FORCE TO DEVELOP ENERGY AND MILITARY POLICIES WITH RESPECT TO IRAQ AND OTHER COUNTRIES
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, created a secret task force to guide our nation's energy policy and military policy, and undermined Congress' ability to legislate by thwarting attempts to investigate the nature of that policy.
A Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report on the Cheney Energy Task Force, in August 2003, described the creation of this task force as follows:
"In a January 29, 2001, memorandum, the President established NEPDG [the National Energy Policy Development Group] — comprised of the Vice President, nine cabinet-level officials, and four other senior administration officials — to gather information, deliberate, and make recommendations to the President by the end of fiscal year 2001. The President called on the Vice President to chair the group, direct its work and, as necessary, establish subordinate working groups to assist NEPDG."
The four "other senior administration officials were the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Deputy Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs.
The GAO report found that:
"In developing the National Energy Policy report, the NEPDG Principals, Support Group, and participating agency officials and staff met with, solicited input from, or received information and advice from nonfederal energy stakeholders, principally petroleum, coal, nuclear, natural gas, and electricity industry representatives and lobbyists. The extent to which submissions from any of these stakeholders were solicited, influenced policy deliberations, or were incorporated into the final report cannot be determined based on the limited information made available to GAO. NEPDG met and conducted its work in two distinct phases: the first phase culminated in a March 19, 2001, briefing to the President on challenges relating to energy supply and the resulting economic impact; the second phase ended with the May 16, 2001, presentation of the final report to the President. The Office of the Vice President's (OVP) unwillingness to provide the NEPDG records or other related information precluded GAO from fully achieving its objectives and substantially limited GAO's ability to comprehensively analyze the NEPDG process. associated with that process.
"None of the key federal entities involved in the NEPDG effort provided GAO with a complete accounting of the costs that they incurred during the development of the National Energy Policy report. The two federal entities responsible for funding the NEPDG effort—OVP and the Department of Energy (DOE)—did not provide the comprehensive cost information that GAO requested. OVP provided GAO with 77 pages of information, two-thirds of which contained no cost information while the remaining one-third contained some miscellaneous information of little to no usefulness. OVP stated that it would not provide any additional information. DOE, the Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided GAO with estimates of certain costs and salaries associated with the NEPDG effort, but these estimates, all calculated in different ways, were not comprehensive."
In 2003, the Commerce Department disclosed a partial collection of materials from the NEPDG, including documents, maps, and charts, dated March 2001, of Iraq's, Saudi Arabia's and the United Arab Emirates' oil fields, pipelines, refineries, tanker terminals, and development projects.
On November 16, 2005, the Washington Post reported on a White House document showing that oil company executives had met with the NEPDG, something that some of those same executives had just that week denied in Congressional testimony. The Bush Administration had not corrected the inaccurate testimony.
On July 18, 2007, the Washington Post reported the full list of names of those who had met with the NEPDG.
In 1998 Kenneth Derr, then chief executive of Chevron, told a San Francisco audience, "Iraq possesses huge reserves of oil and gas, reserves I'd love Chevron to have access to." According to the GAO report, Chevron provided detailed advice to the NEPDG.
In March, 2001, the NEPDG recommended that the United States Government support initiatives by Middle Eastern countries "to open up areas of their energy sectors to foreign investment." Following the invasion of Iraq, the United States has pressured the new Iraqi parliament to pass a hydrocarbon law that would do exactly that. The draft law, if passed, would take the majority of Iraq's oil out of the exclusive hands of the Iraqi Government and open it to international oil companies for a generation or more. The Bush administration hired Bearing Point, a U.S. company, to help write the law in 2004. It was submitted to the Iraqi Council of Representatives in May 2007.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XIV
MISPRISION OF A FELONY, MISUSE AND EXPOSURE OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION AND OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE IN THE MATTER OF VALERIE PLAME WILSON, CLANDESTINE AGENT OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
(1) suppressed material information;
(2) selectively declassified information for the improper purposes of retaliating against a whistleblower and presenting a misleading picture of the alleged threat from Iraq;
(3) facilitated the exposure of the identity of Valerie Plame Wilson who had theretofore been employed as a covert CIA operative;
(4) failed to investigate the improper leaks of classified information from within his administration;
(5) failed to cooperate with an investigation into possible federal violations resulting from this activity; and
(6) finally, entirely undermined the prosecution by commuting the sentence of Lewis Libby citing false and insubstantial grounds, all in an effort to prevent Congress and the citizens of the United States from discovering the deceitful nature of the President's claimed justifications for the invasion of Iraq.
In facilitating this exposure of classified information and the subsequent cover-up, in all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as
President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XV
PROVIDING IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION FOR CRIMINAL CONTRACTORS IN IRAQ
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, established policies granting United States government contractors and their employees in Iraq immunity from Iraqi law, U.S. law, and international law.
Lewis Paul Bremer III, then-Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for post-war Iraq, on June 27, 2004, issued Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17, which granted members of the U.S. military, U.S. mercenaries, and other U.S. contractor employees immunity from Iraqi law.
The Bush Administration has chosen not to apply the Uniform Code of Military Justice or United States law to mercenaries and other contractors employed by the United States government in Iraq.
Operating free of Iraqi or U.S. law, mercenaries have killed many Iraqi civilians in a manner that observers have described as aggression and not as self-defense. Many U.S. contractors have also alleged that they have been the victims of aggression (in several cases of rape) by their fellow contract employees in Iraq. These charges have not been brought to trial, and in several cases the contracting companies and the U.S. State Department have worked together in attempting to cover them up.
Under the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which the United States is party, and which under Article VI of the U.S. Constitution is therefore the supreme law of the United States, it is the responsibility of an occupying force to ensure the protection and human rights of the civilian population. The efforts of President Bush and his subordinates to attempt to establish a lawless zone in Iraq are in violation of the law.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XVI
RECKLESS MISSPENDING AND WASTE OF US TAX DOLLARS IN CONNECTION WITH IRAQ CONTRACTORS
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, recklessly wasted public funds on contracts awarded to close associates, including companies guilty of defrauding the government in the past, contracts awarded without competitive bidding, "cost-plus" contracts designed to encourage cost overruns, and contracts not requiring satisfactory completion of the work. These failures have been the rule, not the exception, in the awarding of contracts for work in the United States and abroad over the past seven years. Repeated exposure of fraud and waste has not been met by the president with correction of systemic problems, but rather with retribution against whistleblowers.
The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform reported on Iraq reconstruction contracting:
"From the beginning, the Administration adopted a flawed contracting approach in Iraq. Instead of maximizing competition, the Administration opted to award no-bid, cost-plus contracts to politically connected contractors. Halliburton's secret $7 billion contract to restore Iraq's oil infrastructure is the prime example. Under this no-bid, cost-plus contract, Halliburton was reimbursed for its costs and then received an additional fee, which was a percentage of its costs. This created an incentive for Halliburton to run up its costs in order to increase its potential profit.
"Even after the Administration claimed it was awarding Iraq contracts competitively in early 2004, real price competition was missing. Iraq was divided geographically and by economic sector into a handful of fiefdoms. Individual contractors were then awarded monopoly contracts for all of the work within given fiefdoms. Because these monopoly contracts were awarded before specific projects were identified, there was no actual price competition for more than 2,000 projects.
"In the absence of price competition, rigorous government oversight becomes essential for accountability. Yet the Administration turned much of the contract oversight work over to private companies with blatant conflicts of interest. Oversight contractors oversaw their business partners and, in some cases, were placed in a position to assist their own construction work under separate monopoly construction contracts....
"Under Halliburton's two largest Iraq contracts, Pentagon auditors found $1 billion in 'questioned' costs and over $400 million in 'unsupported' costs. Former Halliburton employees testified that the company charged $45 for cases of soda, billed $100 to clean 15- pound bags of laundry, and insisted on housing its staff as the five-star Kempinski hotel in Kuwait. Halliburton truck drivers testified that the company 'torched' brand new $85,000 trucks rather than perform relatively minor repairs and regular maintenance. Halliburton procurement officials described the company's informal motto in Iraq as 'Don't worry about price. It's cost-plus.' A Halliburton manager was indicted for 'major fraud against the United States' for allegedly billing more than $5.5 billion for work that should have cost only $685,000 in exchange for a $1 million kickback from a Kuwaiti subcontractor....
"The Air Force found that another U.S. government contractor, Custer Battles, set up shell subcontractors to inflate prices. Those overcharges were passed along to the U.S government under the company's cost-plus contract to provide security for Baghdad International Airport. In one case, the company allegedly took Iraqi-owned forklifts, re-painted them, and leased them to the U.S. government.
"Despite the spending of billions of taxpayer dollars, U.S. reconstruction efforts in keys sectors of the Iraqi economy are failing. Over two years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, oil and electricity production has fallen below pre-war levels. The Administration has failed to even measure how many Iraqis lack access to drinkable water."
"Constitution in Crisis," a book by Congressman John Conyers, details the Bush Administration's response when contract abuse is made public:
"Bunnatine Greenhouse was the chief contracting officer at the Army Corps of Engineers, the agency that has managed much of the reconstruction work in Iraq. In October 2004, Ms. Greenhouse came forward and revealed that top Pentagon officials showed improper favoritism to Halliburton when awarding military contracts to Halliburton subsidiary Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR). Greenhouse stated that when the Pentagon awarded Halliburton a five-year $7 billion contract, it pressured her to withdraw her objections, actions which she claimed were unprecedented in her experience.
"On June 27, 2005, Ms. Greenhouse testified before Congress, detailing that the contract award process was compromised by improper influence by political appointees, participation by Halliburton officials in meetings where bidding requirements were discussed, and a lack of competition. She stated that the Halliburton contracts represented "the most blatant and improper contract abuse I have witnessed during the course of my professional career." Days before the hearing, the acting general counsel of the Army Corps of Engineers paid Ms. Greenhouse a visit and reportedly let it be known that it would not be in her best interest to appear voluntarily.
"On August 27, 2005, the Army demoted Ms. Greenhouse, removing her from the elite Senior Executive Service and transferring her to a lesser job in the corps' civil works division . As Frank Rich of The New York Times described the situation, '[H]er crime was not obstructing justice but pursuing it by vehemently questioning irregularities in the awarding of some $7 billion worth of no-bid contracts in Iraq to the Halliburton subsidiary Kellogg Brown Root.' The demotion was in apparent retaliation for her speaking out against the abuses, even though she previously had stellar reviews and over 20 years of experience in military procurement."
The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform reports on domestic contracting:
"The Administration's domestic contracting record is no better than its record on Iraq. Waste, fraud, and abuse appear to be the rule rather than the exception....
"A Transportation Security Administration (TSA) cost-plus contract with NCS Pearson, Inc., to hire federal airport screeners was plagued by poor management and egregious waste. Pentagon auditors challenged $303 million (over 40%) of the $741 million spent by Pearson under the contract. The auditors detailed numerous concerns with the charges of Pearson and its subcontractors, such as '$20an-hour temporary workers billed to the government at $48 per hour, subcontractors who signed out $5,000 in cash at a time with no supporting documents, $377,273.75 in unsubstantiated long distance phone calls, $514,201 to rent tents that flooded in a rainstorm, [and] $4.4 million in "no show" fees for job candidates who did not appear for tests.' A Pearson employee who supervised Pearson's hiring efforts at 43 sites in the U.S. described the contract as 'a waste a taxpayer's money.' The CEO of one Pearson subcontractor paid herself $5.4 million for nine months work and provided herself with a $270,000 pension....
"The Administration is spending $239 million on the Integrated Surveillance and Intelligence System, a no-bid contract to provide thousands of cameras and sensors to monitor activity on the Mexican and Canadian borders. Auditors found that the contractor, International Microwave Corp., billed for work it never did and charged for equipment it never provided, 'creat[ing] a potential for overpayments of almost $13 million.' Moreover, the border monitoring system reportedly does not work....
"After spending more than $4.5 billion on screening equipment for the nation's entry points, the Department of Homeland Security is now 'moving to replace or alter much of' it because 'it is ineffective, unreliable or too expensive to operate.' For example, radiation monitors at ports and borders reportedly could not 'differentiate between radiation emitted by a nuclear bomb and naturally occurring radiation from everyday material like cat litter or ceramic tile.'...
"The TSA awarded Boeing a cost-plus contract to install over 1,000 explosive detection systems for airline passenger luggage. After installation, the machines 'began to register false alarms' and '[s]creeners were forced to open and hand-check bags.' To reduce the number of false alarms, the sensitivity of the machines was lowered, which reduced the effectiveness of the detectors. Despite these serious problems, Boeing received an $82 million profit that the Inspector General determined to be 'excessive.'...
"The FBI spent $170 million on a 'Virtual Case File' system that does not operate as required. After three years of work under a cost-plus contract failed to produce a functional system, the FBI scrapped the program and began work on the new 'Sentinel' Case File System....
"The Department of Homeland Security Inspector General found that taxpayer dollars were being lavished on perks for agency officials. One IG report found that TSA spent over $400,000 on its first leader's executive office suite. Another found that TSA spent $350,000 on a gold-plated gym....
"According to news reports, Pentagon auditors ... examined a contract between the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and Unisys, a technology and consulting company, for the upgrade of airport computer networks. Among other irregularities, government auditors found that Unisys may have overbilled for as much as 171,000 hours of labor and overtime by charging for employees at up to twice their actual rate of compensation. While the cost ceiling for the contract was set at $1 billion, Unisys has reportedly billed the government $940 million with more than half of the seven-year contract remaining and more than half of the TSA-monitored airports still lacking upgraded networks."
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XVII
ILLEGAL DETENTION: DETAINING INDEFINITELY AND WITHOUT CHARGE PERSONS BOTH U.S. CITIZENS AND FOREIGN CAPTIVES
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, violated United States and International Law and the US Constitution by illegally detaining indefinitely and without charge persons both US citizens and foreign captives.
In a statement on Feb. 7, 2002, President Bush declared that in the US fight against Al Qaeda, "none of the provisions of Geneva apply," thus rejecting the Geneva Conventions that protect captives in wars and other conflicts. By that time, the administration was already transporting captives from the war in Afghanistan, both alleged Al Qaeda members and supporters, and also Afghans accused of being fighters in the army of the Taliban government, to US-run prisons in Afghanistan and to the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The round-up and detention without charge of Muslim non-citizens inside the US began almost immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, with some being held as long as nine months. The US, on orders of the president, began capturing and detaining without charge alleged terror suspects in other countries and detaining them abroad and at the US Naval base in Guantanamo.
Many of these detainees have been subjected to systematic abuse, including beatings, which have been subsequently documented by news reports, photographic evidence, testimony in Congress, lawsuits, and in the case of detainees in the US, by an investigation conducted by the Justice Department's Office of the Inspector General.
In violation of US law and the Geneva Conventions, the Bush Administration instructed the Department of Justice and the US Department of Defense to refuse to provide the identities or locations of these detainees, despite requests from Congress and from attorneys for the detainees. The president even declared the right to detain US citizens indefinitely, without charge and without providing them access to counsel or the courts, thus depriving them of their constitutional and basic human rights. Several of those US citizens were held in military brigs in solitary confinement for as long as three years before being either released or transferred to civilian detention.
Detainees in US custody in Iraq and Guantanamo have, in violation of the Geneva Conventions, been hidden from and denied visits by the International Red Cross organization, while thousands of others in Iraq, Guantanamo, Afghanistan, ships in foreign off-shore sites, and an unknown number of so-called "black sites" around the world have been denied any opportunity to challenge their detentions. The president, acting on his own claimed authority, has declared the hundreds of detainees at Guantanamo Bay to be "enemy combatants" not subject to US law and not even subject to military law, but nonetheless potentially liable to the death penalty.
The detention of individuals without due process violates the 5th Amendment. While the Bush administration has been rebuked in several court cases, most recently that of Ali al-Marri, it continues to attempt to exceed constitutional limits.
In all of these actions violating US and International law, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
ARTICLE XVIII
TORTURE: SECRETLY AUTHORIZING, AND ENCOURAGING THE USE OF TORTURE AGAINST CAPTIVES IN AFGHANISTAN, IRAQ, AND OTHER PLACES, AS A MATTER OF OFFICIAL POLICY
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, violated United States and International Law and the US Constitution by secretly authorizing and encouraging the use of torture against captives in Afghanistan, Iraq in connection with the so-called "war" on terror.
In violation of the Constitution, US law, the Geneva Conventions (to which the US is a signatory), and in violation of basic human rights, torture has been authorized by the President and his administration as official policy. Water-boarding, beatings, faked executions, confinement in extreme cold or extreme heat, prolonged enforcement of painful stress positions, sleep deprivation, sexual humiliation, and the defiling of religious articles have been practiced and exposed as routine at Guantanamo, at Abu Ghraib Prison and other US detention sites in Iraq, and at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan. The president, besides bearing responsibility for authorizing the use of torture, also as Commander in Chief, bears ultimate responsibility for the failure to halt these practices and to punish those responsible once they were exposed.
The administration has sought to claim the abuse of captives is not torture, by redefining torture. An August 1, 2002 memorandum from the Administration's Office of Legal Counsel Jay S. Bybee addressed to White House Counsel Alberto R. Gonzales concluded that to constitute torture, any pain inflicted must be akin to that accompanying "serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death." The memorandum went on to state that even should an act constitute torture under that minimal definition, it might still be permissible if applied to "interrogations undertaken pursuant to the President's Commander-in-Chief powers." The memorandum further asserted that "necessity or self-defense could provide justifications that would eliminate any criminal liability."
This effort to redefine torture by calling certain practices simply "enhanced interrogation techniques" flies in the face of the Third Geneva Convention Relating to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, which states that "No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion, may be inflicted on prisoners of war to secure from them information of any kind whatever. Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind."
Torture is further prohibited by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the paramount international human rights statement adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly, including the United States, in 1948. Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is also prohibited by international treaties ratified by the United States: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT).
When the Congress, in the Defense Authorization Act of 2006, overwhelmingly passed a measure banning torture and sent it to the President's desk for signature, the President, who together with his vice president, had fought hard to block passage of the amendment, signed it, but then quietly appended a signing statement in which he pointedly asserted that as Commander-in-Chief, he was not bound to obey its strictures.
The administration's encouragement of and failure to prevent torture of American captives in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in the battle against terrorism, has undermined the rule of law in the US and in the US military, and has seriously damaged both the effort to combat global terrorism, and more broadly, America's image abroad. In his effort to hide torture by US military forces and the CIA, the president has defied Congress and has lied to the American people, repeatedly claiming that the US "does not torture."
In all of these actions and decisions in violation of US and International law, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
RENDITION: KIDNAPPING PEOPLE AND TAKING THEM AGAINST THEIR WILL TO "BLACK SITES" LOCATED IN OTHER NATIONS, INCLUDING NATIONS KNOWN TO PRACTICE TORTURE
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, violated United States and International Law and the US Constitution by kidnapping people and renditioning them to "black sites" located in other nations, including nations known to practice torture.
The president has publicly admitted that since the 9-11 attacks in 2001, the US has been kidnapping and transporting against the will of the subject (renditioning) in its so-called "war" on terror—even people captured by US personnel in friendly nations like Sweden, Germany, Macedonia and Italy—and ferrying them to places like Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan, and to prisons operated in Eastern European countries, African Countries and Middle Eastern countries where security forces are known to practice torture.
These people are captured and held indefinitely, without any charges being filed, and are held without being identified to the Red Cross, or to their families. Many are clearly innocent, and several cases, including one in Canada and one in Germany, have demonstrably been shown subsequently to have been in error, because of a similarity of names or because of misinformation provided to US authorities.
Such a policy is in clear violation of US and International Law, and has placed the United States in the position of a pariah state. The CIA has no law enforcement authority, and cannot legally arrest or detain anyone. The program of "extraordinary rendition" authorized by the president is the substantial equivalent of the policies of "disappearing" people, practices widely practiced and universally condemned in the military dictatorships of Latin America during the late 20th Century.
The administration has claimed that prior administrations have practiced extraordinary rendition, but, while this is technically true, earlier renditions were used only to capture people with outstanding arrest warrants or convictions who were outside in order to deliver them to stand trial or serve their sentences in the US. The president has refused to divulge how many people have been subject to extraordinary rendition since September, 2001. It is possible that some have died in captivity. As one US official has stated off the record, regarding the program, Some of those who were renditioned were later delivered to Guantanamo, while others were sent there directly. An example of this is the case of six Algerian Bosnians who, immediately after being cleared by the Supreme Court of Bosnia Herzegovina in January 2002 of allegedly plotting to attack the US and UK embassies, were captured, bound and gagged by US special forces and renditioned to Guantanamo.
In perhaps the most egregious proven case of rendition, Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen born in Syria, was picked up in September 2002 while transiting through New York's JFK airport on his way home to Canada. Immigration and FBI officials detained and interrogated him for nearly two weeks, illegally denying him his rights to access counsel, the Canadian consulate, and the courts. Executive branch officials asked him if he would volunteer to go to Syria, where he hadn't been in 15 years, and Maher refused
Maher was put on a private jet plane operated by the CIA and sent to Jordan, where he was beaten for 8 hours, and then delivered to Syria, where he was beaten and interrogated for 18 hours a day for a couple of weeks. He was whipped on his back and hands with a 2 inch thick electric cable and asked questions similar to those he had been asked in the United States. For over ten months Maher was held in an underground grave-like cell – 3 x 6 x 7 feet – which was damp and cold, and in which the only light came in through a hole in the ceiling. After a year of this, Maher was released without any charges. He is now back home in Canada with his family. Upon his release, the Syrian Government announced he had no links to Al Qaeda, and the Canadian Government has also said they've found no links to Al Qaeda. The Canadian Government launched a Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar, to investigate the role of Canadian officials, but the Bush Administration has refused to cooperate with the Inquiry.
Hundreds of flights of CIA-chartered planes have been documented as having passed through European countries on extraordinary rendition missions like that involving Maher Arar, but the administration refuses to state how many people have been subjects of this illegal program.
The same U.S. laws prohibiting aiding and abetting torture also prohibit sending someone to a country where there is a substantial likelihood they may be tortured. Article 3 of CAT prohibits forced return where there is a "substantial likelihood" that an individual "may be in danger of" torture, and has been implemented by federal statute. Article 7 of the ICCPR prohibits return to country of origin where individuals may be "at risk" of either torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
Under international Human Rights law, transferring a POW to any nation where he or she is likely to be tortured or inhumanely treated violates Article 12 of the Third Geneva Convention, and transferring any civilian who is a protected person under the Fourth Geneva Convention is a grave breach and a criminal act.
In situations of armed conflict, both international human rights law and humanitarian law apply. A person captured in the zone of military hostilities "must have some status under international law; he is either a prisoner of war and, as such, covered by the Third Convention, [or] a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention….There is no intermediate status; nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law." Although the state is obligated to repatriate Prisoners of War as soon as hostilities cease, the ICRC's commentary on the 1949 Conventions states that prisoners should not be repatriated where there are serious reasons for fearing that repatriating the individual would be contrary to general principles of established international law for the protection of human beings Thus, all of the Guantánamo detainees as well as renditioned captives are protected by international human rights protections and humanitarian law.
By his actions as outlined above, the President has abused his power, broken the law, deceived the American people, and placed American military personnel, and indeed all Americans—especially those who may travel or live abroad--at risk of similar treatment. Furthermore, in the eyes of the rest of the world, the President has made the US, once a model of respect for Human Rights and respect for the rule of law, into a state where international law is neither respected nor upheld.
In all of these actions and decisions in violation of United States and International law, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
IMPRISONING CHILDREN
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, authorized or permitted the arrest and detention of at least 2500 children under the age of 18 as "enemy combatants" in Iraq, Afghanistan, and at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention relating to the treatment of "protected persons" and the Optional Protocol to the Geneva Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, signed by the US in 2002 . To wit:
In May 2008, the US government reported to the United Nations that it has been holding upwards of 2,500 children under the age of 18 as "enemy combatants" at detention centers in Iraq, Afghanistan and at Guantanamo Bay (where there was a special center, Camp Iguana, established just for holding children). The length of these detentions has frequently exceeded a year, and in some cases has stretched to five years. Some of these detainees have reached adulthood in detention and are now not being reported as child detainees because they are no longer children.
In addition to detaining children as "enemy combatants," it has been widely reported in media reports that the US military in Iraq has, based upon Pentagon rules of engagement, been treating boys as young as 14 years of age as "potential combatants," subject to arrest and even to being killed. In Fallujah, in the days ahead of the November 2004 all-out assault, Marines ringing the city were reported to be turning back into the city men and boys "of combat age" who were trying to flee the impending scene of battle -- an act which in itself is a violation of the Geneva Conventions, which require combatants to permit anyone, combatants as well as civilians, to surrender, and to leave the scene of battle.
Under the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which the United States has been a signatory since 1949, children under the age of 15 captured in conflicts, even if they have been fighting, are to be considered victims, not prisoners. In 2002, the United States signed the Optional Protocol to the Geneva Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of children in Armed Conflict, which raised this age for this category of "protected person" to under 18.
The continued detention of such children, some as young as 10, by the US military is a violation of both convention and protocol, and as such constitutes a war crime for which the president, as commander in chief, bears full responsibility.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXI
MISLEADING CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ABOUT THREATS FROM IRAN, AND SUPPORTING TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN IRAN, WITH THE GOAL OF OVERTHROWING THE IRANIAN GOVERNMENT
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates misled the Congress and the citizens of the United States about a threat of nuclear attack from the nation of Iran.
The National Intelligence Estimate released to Congress and the public on December 4, 2007, which confirmed that the government of the nation of Iran had ceased any efforts to develop nuclear weapons, was completed in 2006. Yet , the president and his aides continued to suggest during 2007 that such a nuclear threat was developing and might already exist. National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley stated at the time the National Intelligence Estimate regarding Iran was released that the president had been briefed on its findings "in the last few months." Hadley's statement establishes a timeline that shows the president knowingly sought to deceive Congress and the American people about a nuclear threat that did not exist.
Hadley has stated that the president "was basically told: stand down" and, yet, the president and his aides continued to make false claims about the prospect that Iran was trying to "build a nuclear weapon" that could lead to "World War III."
This evidence establishes that the president actively engaged in and had full knowledge of a campaign by his administration to make a false "case" for an attack on Iran, thus warping the national security debate at a critical juncture and creating the prospect of an illegal and unnecessary attack on a sovereign nation.
Even after the National Intelligence Estimate was released to Congress and the American people, the president stated that he did not believe anything had changed and suggested that he and members of his administration would continue to argue that Iran should be seen as posing a threat to the United States. He did this despite the fact that United States intelligence agencies had clearly and officially stated that this was not the case.
Evidence suggests that the Bush Administration's attempts to portray Iran as a threat are part of a broader U.S. policy toward Iran. On September 30, 2001, then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld established an official military objective of overturning the regime in Iran, as well as those in Iraq, Syria, and four other countries in the Middle East, according to a document quoted in thenUndersecretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith's book, "War and Decision."
General Wesley Clark, reports in his book "Winning Modern Wars" being told by a friend in the Pentagon in November 2001 that the list of governments that Rumsfeld and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz planned to overthrow included Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Sudan, and Somalia. Clark writes that the list also included Lebanon.
Journalist Gareth Porter reported in May 2008 asking Feith at a public event which of the six regimes on the Clark list were included in the Rumsfeld paper, to which Feith replied "All of them."
Rumsfeld's aides also drafted a second version of the paper, as instructions to all military commanders in the development of "campaign plans against terrorism". The paper called for military commanders to assist other government agencies "as directed" to "encourage populations dominated by terrorist organizations or their supporters to overthrow that domination".
In January 2005, Seymour Hersh reported in the New Yorker Magazine that the Bush Administration had been conducting secret reconnaissance missions inside Iran at least since the summer of 2004.
In June 2005 former United Nations weapons inspector Scott Ritter reported that United States security forces had been sending members of the Mujahedeen-e Khalq (MEK) into Iranian territory. The MEK has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, Canada, Iraq, and Iran. Ritter reported that the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had used the MEK to carry out remote bombings in Iran.
In April 2006, Hersh reported in the New Yorker Magazine that U.S. combat troops had entered and were operating in Iran, where they were working with minority groups including the Azeris, Baluchis, and Kurds.
Also in April 2006, Larisa Alexandrovna reported on Raw Story that the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) was working with and training the MEK, or former members of the MEK, sending them to commit acts of violence in southern Iran in areas where recent attacks had left many dead. Raw Story reported that the Pentagon had adopted the policy of supporting MEK shortly after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and in response to the influence of Vice President Richard B. Cheney's office. Raw Story subsequently reported that no Presidential finding, and no Congressional oversight, existed on MEK operations.
In March 2007, Hersh reported in the New Yorker Magazine that the Bush administration was attempting to stem the growth of Shiite influence in the Middle East (specifically the Iranian government and Hezbollah in Lebanon) by funding violent Sunni organizations, without any Congressional authorization or oversight. Hersh said funds had been given to "three Sunni jihadist groups ... connected to al Qaeda" that "want to take on Hezbollah."
In April 2008, the Los Angeles Times reported that conflicts with insurgent groups along Iran's borders were understood by the Iranian government as a proxy war with the United States. Among the groups the U.S. DOD is supporting, according to this report, is the Party for Free Life in Kurdistan, known by its Kurdish acronym, PEJAK. The United States has provided "foodstuffs, economic assistance, medical supplies and Russian military equipment, some of it funneled through nonprofit groups."
In May 2008, Andrew Cockburn reported on Counter Punch that President Bush, six weeks earlier had signed a secret finding authorizing a covert offensive against the Iranian regime. President Bush's secret directive covers actions across an area stretching from Lebanon to Afghanistan, and purports to sanction actions up to and including the funding of organizations like the MEK and the assassination of public officials.
All of these actions by the president and his agents and subordinates exhibit a disregard for the truth and a recklessness with regard to national security, nuclear proliferation and the global role of the United States military that is not merely unacceptable but dangerous in a commander-in-chief.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXII
CREATING SECRET LAWS
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, established a body of secret laws through the issuance of legal opinions by the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC).
The OLC's March 14, 2003, interrogation memorandum ("Yoo Memorandum") was declassified years after it served as law for the executive branch. On April 29, 2008, House Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers and Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Chairman Jerrold Nadler wrote in a letter to Attorney General Michael Mukasey:
"It appears to us that there was never any legitimate basis for the purely legal analysis contained in this document to be classified in the first place. The Yoo Memorandum does not describe sources and methods of intelligence gathering, or any specific facts regarding any interrogation activities. Instead, it consists almost entirely of the Department's legal views, which are not properly kept secret from Congress and the American people. J. William Leonard, the Director of the National Archive's Office of Information Security Oversight Office, and a top expert in this field concurs, commenting that '[t]he document in question is purely a legal analysis' that contains 'nothing which would justify classification.' In addition, the Yoo Memorandum suggests an extraordinary breadth and aggressiveness of OLC's secret legal opinion-making. Much attention has rightly been given to the statement in footnote 10 in the March 14, 2003, memorandum that, in an October 23, 2001, opinion, OLC concluded 'that the Fourth Amendment had no application to domestic military operations.' As you know, we have requested a copy of that memorandum on no less than four prior occasions and we continue to demand access to this important document.
"In addition to this opinion, however, the Yoo Memorandum references at least 10 other OLC opinions on weighty matters of great interest to the American people that also do not appear to have been released. These appear to cover matters such as the power of Congress to regulate the conduct of military commissions, legal constraints on the 'military detention of United States citizens,' legal rules applicable to the boarding and searching foreign ships, the President's authority to render U.S. detainees to the custody of foreign governments, and the President's authority to breach or suspend
U.S. treaty obligations. Furthermore, it has been more than five years since the Yoo Memorandum was authored, raising the question how many other such memoranda and letters have been secretly authored and utilized by the Administration.
"Indeed, a recent court filing by the Department in FOIA litigation involving the Central Intelligence Agency identifies 8 additional secret OLC opinions, dating from August 6, 2004, to February 18, 2007. Given that these reflect only OLC memoranda identified in the files of the CIA, and based on the sampling procedures under which that listing was generated, it appears that these represent only a small portion of the secret OLC memoranda generated during this time, with the true number almost certainly much higher."
Senator Russ Feingold, in a statement during an April 30, 2008, senate hearing stated:
"It is a basic tenet of democracy that the people have a right to know the law. In keeping with this principle, the laws passed by Congress and the case law of our courts have historically been matters of public record. And when it became apparent in the middle of the 20th century that federal agencies were increasingly creating a body of non-public administrative law, Congress passed several statutes requiring this law to be made public, for the express purpose of preventing a regime of 'secret law.' "That purpose today is being thwarted. Congressional enactments and agency regulations are for the most part still public. But the law that applies in this country is determined not only by statutes and regulations, but also by the controlling interpretations of courts and, in some cases, the executive branch. More and more, this body of executive and judicial law is being kept secret from the public, and too often from Congress as well....
"A legal interpretation by the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel ... binds the entire executive branch, just like a regulation or the ruling of a court. In the words of former OLC head Jack Goldsmith, 'These executive branch precedents are "law" for the executive branch.' The Yoo memorandum was, for a nine-month period in 2003 until it was withdrawn by Mr. Goldsmith, the law that this Administration followed when it came to matters of torture. And of course, that law was essentially a declaration that few if any laws applied...
"Another body of secret law is the controlling interpretations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that are issued by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. FISA, of course, is the law that governs the government's ability in intelligence investigations to conduct wiretaps and search the homes of people in the United States. Under that statute, the FISA Court is directed to evaluate wiretap and search warrant applications and decide whether the standard for issuing a warrant has been met – a largely factual evaluation that is properly done behind closed doors. But with the evolution of technology and with this Administration's efforts to get the Court's blessing for its illegal wiretapping activities, we now know that the Court's role is broader, and that it is very much engaged in substantive interpretations of the governing statute. These interpretations are as much a part of this country's surveillance law as the statute itself. Without access to them, it is impossible for Congress or the public to have an informed debate on matters that deeply affect the privacy and civil liberties of all Americans...
"The Administration's shroud of secrecy extends to agency rules and executive pronouncements, such as Executive Orders, that carry the force of law. Through the diligent efforts of my colleague Senator Whitehouse, we have learned that OLC has taken the position that a President can 'waive' or 'modify' a published Executive Order without any notice to the public or Congress – simply by not following it."
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXIII
VIOLATION OF THE POSSE COMITATUS ACT
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, repeatedly and illegally established programs to appropriate the power of the military for use in law enforcement. Specifically, he has contravened U.S.C. Title 18. Section 1385, originally enacted in 1878, subsequently amended as "Use of Army and Air Force as Posse Comitatus" and commonly known as the Posse Comitatus Act.
The Act states:
"Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both."
The Posse Comitatus Act is designed to prevent the military from becoming a national police force.
The Declaration of Independence states as a specific grievance against the British that the King had "kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the consent of our legislatures," had "affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the civil power," and had "quarter[ed] large bodies of armed troops among us . . . protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States"
Despite the Posse Comitatus Act's intent, and in contravention of the law, President Bush
a) has used military forces for law enforcement purposes on U.S. border patrol;
b) has established a program to use military personnel for surveillance and information on criminal activities;
c) is using military espionage equipment to collect intelligence information for law enforcement use on civilians within the United States; and d) employs active duty military personnel in surveillance agencies ,including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
In June 2006, President Bush ordered National Guard troops deployed to the border shared by Mexico with Arizona, Texas, and California. This deployment, which by 2007 reached a maximum of 6,000 troops, had orders to "conduct surveillance and operate detection equipment, work with border entry identification teams, analyze information, assist with communications and give administrative support to the Border Patrol" and concerned "…providing intelligence….inspecting cargo, and conducting surveillance."
The Air Force's "Eagle Eyes" program encourages Air Force military staff to gather evidence on American citizens. Eagle Eyes instructs Air Force personnel to engage in surveillance and then advises them to "alert local authorities," asking military staff to surveil and gather evidence on public citizens. This contravenes DoD Directive 5525.5 "SUBJECT: DoD Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement" which limits such activities.
President Bush has implemented a program to use imagery from military satellites for domestic law enforcement through the National Applications Office.
President Bush has assigned numerous active duty military personnel to civilian institutions such as the CIA and the Department of Homeland Security, both of which have responsibilities for law enforcement and intelligence.
In addition, on May 9, 2007, President Bush released "National Security Presidential Directive/NSPD 51," which effectively gives the president unchecked power to control the entire government and to define that government in time of an emergency, as well as the power to determine whether there is an emergency. The document also contains "classified Continuity Annexes." In July 2007 and again in August 2007 Rep. Peter DeFazio, a senior member of the House Homeland Security Committee, sought access to the classified annexes. DeFazio and other leaders of the Homeland Security Committee, including Chairman Bennie Thompson, have been denied a review of the Continuity of Government classified annexes.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXIV
SPYING ON AMERICAN CITIZENS, WITHOUT A COURT-ORDERED WARRANT, IN VIOLATION OF THE LAW AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, knowingly violated the fourth Amendment to the Constitution and the Foreign Intelligence Service Act of 1978 (FISA) by authorizing warrantless electronic surveillance of American citizens to wit:
(1) The President was aware of the FISA Law requiring a court order for any wiretap as evidenced by the following:
(A)"Now, by the way, any time you hear the United States government talking about wiretap, it requires -- a wiretap requires a court order. Nothing has changed, by the way. When we're talking about chasing down terrorists, we're talking about getting a court order before we do so." White House Press conference on April 20, 2004 [White House Transcript]
(B) "Law enforcement officers need a federal judge's permission to wiretap a foreign terrorist's phone, or to track his calls, or to search his property. Officers must meet strict standards to use any of the tools we're talking about." President Bush's speech in Baltimore Maryland on July 20th 2005 [White House Transcript]
(2) The President repeatedly ordered the NSA to place wiretaps on American citizens without requesting a warrant from FISA as evidenced by the following:
(A) "Months after the Sept. 11 attacks, President Bush secretly authorized the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on Americans and others inside the United States to search for evidence of terrorist activity without the court-approved warrants ordinarily required for domestic spying, according to government officials." New York Times article by James Risen and Eric Lichtblau on December 12, 2005. [NYTimes]
(B) The President admits to authorizing the program by stating "I have reauthorized this program more than 30 times since the September the 11th attacks, and I intend to do so for as long as our nation faces a continuing threat from al Qaeda and related groups. The NSA's activities under this authorization are thoroughly reviewed by the Justice Department and NSA's top legal officials, including NSA's general counsel and inspector general. Leaders in Congress have been briefed more than a dozen times on this authorization and the activities conducted under it." Radio Address from the White House on December 17, 2005 [White House Transcript]
(C) In a December 19th 2005 press conference the President publicly admitted to using a combination of surveillance techniques including some with permission from the FISA courts and some without permission from FISA.
Reporter: It was, why did you skip the basic safeguards of asking courts for permission for the intercepts?
THE PRESIDENT: ... We use FISA still -- you're referring to the FISA court in your question -- of course, we use FISAs. But FISA is for long-term monitoring. What is needed in order to protect the American people is the ability to move quickly to detect. Now, having suggested this idea, I then, obviously, went to the question, is it legal to do so? I am -- I swore to uphold the laws. Do I have the legal authority to do this? And the answer is, absolutely. As I mentioned in my remarks, the legal authority is derived from the Constitution, as well as the authorization of force by the United States Congress." [White House Transcript]
(D) Mike McConnel, the Director of National Intelligence, in a letter to to Senator Arlen Specter, acknowledged that Bush's Executive Order in 2001 authorized a series of secret surveillance activities and included undisclosed activities beyond the warrantless surveillance of e-mails and phone calls that Bush confirmed in December 2005. "NSA Spying Part of Broader Effort" by Dan Eggen, Washington Post, 8/1/07
(3) The President ordered the surveillance to be conducted in a way that would spy upon private communications between American citizens located within the United States borders as evidenced by the following:
(A) Mark Klein, a retired AT&T communications technician, submitted an affidavit in support of the Electronic Fronteir Foundation's FF's lawsuit against AT&T. He testified that in 2003 he connected a "splitter" that sent a copy of Internet traffic and phone calls to a secure room that was operated by the NSA in the San Francisco office of AT&T. He heard from a co-worker that similar rooms were being constructed in other cities, including Seattle, San Jose, Los Angeles and San Diego. From "WhistleBlower Outs NSA Spy Room", Wired News, 4/7/06 [Wired] [EFF Case]
(4) The President asserted an inherent authority to conduct electronic surveillance based on the Constitution and the "Authorization to use Military Force in Iraq" (AUMF) that was not legally valid as evidenced by the following:
(A) In a December 19th, 2005 Press Briefing General Alberto Gonzales admitted that the surveillance authorized by the President was not only done without FISA warrants, but that the nature of the surveillance was so far removed from what FISA can approve that FISA could not even be amended to allow it. Gonzales stated "We have had discussions with Congress in the past -- certain members of Congress -- as to whether or not FISA could be amended to allow us to adequately deal with this kind of threat, and we were advised that that would be difficult, if not impossible.".
(B) The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution states "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
(C) "The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 unambiguously limits warrantless domestic electronic surveillance, even in a congressionally declared war, to the first 15 days of that war; criminalizes any such electronic surveillance not authorized by statute; and expressly establishes FISA and two chapters of the federal criminal code, governing wiretaps for intelligence purposes and for criminal investigation, respectively, as the "exclusive means by which electronic surveillance . . . and the interception of domestic wire, oral, and electronic communications may be conducted." 50 U.S.C. §§ 1811, 1809, 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(f)." Letter from Harvard Law Professor Lawrence Tribe to John Conyers on 1/6/06
(D) In a December 19th, 2005 Press Briefing Attorney General Alberto Gonzales stated "Our position is, is that the authorization to use force, which was passed by the Congress in the days following September 11th, constitutes that other authorization, that other statute by Congress, to engage in this kind of signals intelligence."
(E) The "Authorization to use Military Force in Iraq" does not give any explicit authorization related to electronic surveillance. [HJRes114]
(F) "From the foregoing analysis, it appears unlikely that a court would hold that Congress has expressly or impliedly authorized the NSA electronic surveillance operations here under discussion, and it would likewise appear that, to the extent that those surveillances fall within the definition of "electronic surveillance" within the meaning of FISA or any activity regulated under Title III, Congress intended to cover the entire field with these statutes." From the "Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information" by the Congressional Research Service on January 5, 2006.
(G) "The inescapable conclusion is that the AUMF did not implicitly authorize what the FISA expressly prohibited. It follows that the presidential program of surveillance at issue here is a violation of the separation of powers — as grave an abuse of executive authority as I can recall ever having
(H) On August 17, 2006 Judge Anna Diggs Taylor of the United States District Court in Detroit, in ACLU v. NSA, ruled that the "NSA program to wiretap the international communications of some Americans without a court warrant violated the Constitution. ... Judge Taylor ruled that the program violated both the Fourth Amendment and a 1978 law that requires warrants from a secret court for intelligence wiretaps involving people in the United States. She rejected the administration's repeated assertions that a 2001 Congressional authorization and the president's constitutional authority allowed the program." From a New York Times article "Judge Finds Wiretap Actions Violate the Law" 8/18/06 and the Memorandum Opinion
(I) In July 2007, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the case, ruling the plaintiffs had no standing to sue because, given the secretive nature of the surveillance, they could not state with certainty that they have been wiretapped by the NSA. This ruling did not address the legality of the surveillance so Judge Taylor's decision is the only ruling on that issue. [ACLU Legal Documents]
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXV
DIRECTING TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TO CREATE AN ILLEGAL AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL DATABASE OF THE PRIVATE TELEPHONE NUMBERS AND EMAILS OF AMERICAN CITIZENS
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, violated the Stored Communications Act of 1986 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 by creating of a very large database containing information related to the private telephone calls and emails of American citizens, to wit:
The President requested that telecommunication companies release customer phone records to the government illegally as evidenced by the following:
"The Stored Communications Act of 1986 (SCA) prohibits the knowing disclosure of customer telephone records to the government unless pursuant to subpoena, warrant or a National Security Letter (or other Administrative subpoena); with the customers lawful consent; or there is a business necessity; or an emergency involving the danger of death or serious physical injury. None of these exceptions apply to the circumstance described in the USA Today story." From page 169, "George W Bush versus the US Constitution". Compiled at the direction of Representative John Conyers.
According to a May 11, 2006 article in USA Today by Lesley Cauley "The National Security Agency has been secretly collecting the phone call records of tens of millions of Americans, using data provided by AT&T, Verizon and BellSouth". An unidentified source said 'The agency's goal is "to create a database of every call ever made" within the nation's borders'.
In early 2001, Qwest CEO Joseph Nacchio rejected a request from the NSA to turn over customers records of phone calls, emails and other Internet activity. Nacchio believed that complying with the request would violate the Telecommunications Act of 1996. From National Journal, November 2, 2007.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXVI ANNOUNCING THE INTENT TO VIOLATE LAWS WITH SIGNING STATEMENTS, AND VIOLATING THOSE LAWS
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has used signing statements to claim the right to violate acts of Congress even as he signs them into law.
In June 2007, the Government Accountability Office reported that in a sample of Bush signing statements the office had studied, for 30 percent of them the Bush administration had already proceeded to violate the laws the statements claimed the right to violate.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXVII
FAILING TO COMPLY WITH CONGRESSIONAL SUBPOENAS AND INSTRUCTING FORMER EMPLOYEES NOT TO COMPLY
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, refused to comply with Congressional subpoenas, and instructed former employees not to comply with subpoenas.
Subpoenas not complied with include:
1. A House Judiciary Committee subpoena for Justice Department papers and Emails, issued April 10, 2007;
2. A House Oversight and Government Reform Committee subpoena for the testimony of the Secretary of State, issued April 25, 2007;
3. A House Judiciary Committee subpoena for the testimony of former White House Counsel Harriet Miers and documents , issued June 13, 2007;
4. A Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena for documents and testimony of White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten, issued June 13, 2007;
5. A Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena for documents and testimony of White House Political Director Sara Taylor, issued June 13, 2007 (Taylor appeared but refused to answer questions);
6. A Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena for documents and testimony of White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove, issued June 26, 2007;
7. A Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena for documents and testimony of White House Deputy Political Director J. Scott Jennings, issued June 26, 2007 (Jennings appeared but refused to answer questions);
8. A Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena for legal analysis and other documents concerning the NSA warrantless wiretapping program from the White House, Vice President Richard Cheney, The Department of Justice, and the National Security Council. If the documents are not produced, the subpoena requires the testimony of White House chief of staff Josh Bolten, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, Cheney chief of staff David Addington, National Security Council executive director V. Philip Lago, issued June 27, 2007;
9. A House Oversight and Government Reform Committee subpoena for Lt. General Kensinger.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXVIII
TAMPERING WITH FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS, CORRUPTION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE,
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, conspired to undermine and tamper with the conduct of free and fair elections, and to corrupt the administration of justice by United States Attorneys and other employees of the Department of Justice, through abuse of the appointment power.
Toward this end, the President and Vice President, both personally and through their agents, did:
Engage in a program of manufacturing false allegations of voting fraud in targeted jurisdictions where the Democratic Party enjoyed an advantage in electoral performance or otherwise was problematic for the President's Republican Party, in order that public confidence in election results favorable to the Democratic Party be undermined;
Direct United States Attorneys to launch and announce investigations of certain leaders, candidates and elected officials affiliated with the Democratic Party at times calculated to cause the most political damage and confusion, most often in the weeks immediately preceding an election, in order that public confidence in the suitability for office of Democratic Party leaders, candidates and elected officials be undermined;
Direct United States Attorneys to terminate or scale back existing investigations of certain Republican Party leaders, candidates and elected officials allied with the George W. Bush administration, and to refuse to pursue new or proposed investigations of certain Republican Party leaders, candidates and elected officials allied with the George W. Bush administration, in order that public confidence in the suitability of such Republican Party leaders, candidates and elected officials be bolstered or restored;
Threaten to terminate the employment of the following United States Attorneys who refused to comply with such directives and purposes;
1. David C. Iglesias as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Mexico;
2. Kevin V. Ryan as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California;
3. John L. McKay as U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington;
4. Paul K. Charlton as U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona;
5. Carol C. Lam as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California;
6. Daniel G. Bogden as U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada;
7. Margaret M. Chiara as U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan;
8. Todd Graves as U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri;
9. Harry E. "Bud" Cummins, III as U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas;
10. Thomas M. DiBiagio as U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland, and;
11. Kasey Warner as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia.
Further, George W. Bush has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President conspired to obstruct the lawful Congressional investigation of these dismissals of United States Attorneys and the related scheme to undermine and tamper with the conduct of free and fair elections, and to corrupt the administration of justice.
Contrary to his oath faithfully to execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, George W. Bush has without lawful cause or excuse directed not to appear before the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives certain witnesses summoned by duly authorized subpoenas issued by that Committee on June 13, 2007.
In refusing to permit the testimony of these witnesses George W. Bush, substituting his judgment as to what testimony was necessary for the inquiry, interposed the powers of the Presidency against the lawful subpoenas of the House of Representatives, thereby assuming to himself functions and judgments necessary to the exercise of the checking and balancing power of oversight vested in the House of Representatives.
Further, the President has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President directed the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia to decline to prosecute for contempt of Congress the aforementioned witnesses, Joshua B. Bolten and Harriet E. Miers, despite the obligation to do so as established by statute (2 USC § 194) and pursuant to the direction of the United States House of Representatives as embodied in its resolution (H. Res. 982) of February 14, 2008.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXIX
CONSPIRACY TO VIOLATE THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, willfully corrupted and manipulated the electoral process of the United States for his personal gain and the personal gain of his co-conspirators and allies; violated the United States Constitution and law by failing to protect the civil rights of African-American voters and others in the 2004 Election, and impeded the right of the people to vote and have their vote properly and accurately counted, in that:
A. On November 5, 2002, and prior thereto, James Tobin, while serving as the regional director of the National Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee and as the New England Chairman of BushCheney '04 Inc., did, at the direction of the White House under the administration of George W. Bush, along with other agents both known and unknown, commit unlawful acts by aiding and abetting a scheme to use computerized hang-up calls to jam phone lines set up by the New Hampshire Democratic Party and the Manchester firefighters' union on Election Day;
B. An investigation by the Democratic staff of the House Judiciary Committee into the voting procedures in Ohio during the 2004 election found "widespread instances of intimidation and
misinformation in violation of the Voting Rights Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1968, Equal Protection, Due Process and the Ohio right to vote;"
C. The 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause guarantees that no minority group will suffer disparate treatment in a federal, state, or local election in stating that: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." However, during and at various times of the year 2004, John Kenneth Blackwell, then serving as the Secretary of State for the State of Ohio and also serving simultaneously as Co-Chairman of the Committee to Re-Elect George W. Bush in the State of Ohio, did, at the direction of the White House under the administration of George W. Bush, along with other agents both known and unknown, commit unlawful acts in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution by failing to protect the voting rights of African-American citizens in Ohio and further, John Kenneth Blackwell did disenfranchise AfricanAmerican voters under color of law, by
D. Willfully denying certain neighborhoods in the cities of Cleveland, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio, along with other urban areas in the State of Ohio, an adequate number of electronic voting machines and provisional paper ballots, thereby unlawfully impeding duly registered voters from the act of voting and thus violating the civil rights of an unknown number of United States citizens.
E. In Franklin County, George W. Bush and his agent, Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell, Co-Chair of the Bush-Cheney Re-election Campaign, failed to protect the rights of AfricanAmerican voters by not properly investigating the withholding of 125 electronic voting machines assigned to the city of Columbus.
F. Forty-two African-American precincts in Columbus were each missing one voting machine that had been present in the 2004 primary.
G. African-American voters in the city of Columbus were forced to wait three to seven hours to vote in the 2004 presidential election.
H. Willfully issuing unclear and conflicting rules regarding the methods and manner of becoming a legally registered voter in the State of Ohio, and willfully issuing unclear and unnecessary edicts regarding the weight of paper registration forms legally acceptable to the State of Ohio, thereby creating confusion for both voters and voting officials and thus impeding the right of an unknown number of United States citizens to register and vote.
I. Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell directed through Advisory 2004-31 that voter registration forms, which were greatest in urban minority areas, should not be accepted and should be returned unless submitted on 80 bond paper weight. Blackwell's own office was found to be using 60 bond paper weight.
J. Willfully permitted and encouraged election officials in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Toledo to conduct a massive partisan purge of registered voter rolls, eventually expunging more than 300,000 voters, many of whom were duly registered voters, and who were thus deprived of their constitutional right to vote;
K. Between the 2000 and 2004 Ohio presidential elections, 24.93% of the voters in the city of Cleveland, a city with a majority of African American citizens, were purged from the voting rolls.
L. In that same period, the Ohio county of Miami, with census data indicating a 98% Caucasian population, refused to purge any voters from its rolls. Miami County "merged" voters from other surrounding counties into its voting rolls and even allowed voters from other states to vote.
M. In Toledo, Ohio, an urban city with a high African-American concentration, 28,000 voters were purged from the voting rolls in August of 2004, just prior to the presidential election. This purge was conducted under the control and direction of George W. Bush's agent, Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell outside of the regularly established cycle of purging voters in odd-numbered years.
N. Willfully allowing Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell, acting under color of law and as an agent of George W. Bush, to issue a directive that no votes would be counted unless cast in the right precinct, reversing Ohio's long-standing practice of counting votes for president if cast in the right county.
O. Willfully allowing his agent, Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell, the Co-Chair of the Bush-Cheney Re-election Campaign, to do nothing to assure the voting rights of 10,000 people in the city of Cleveland when a computer error by the private vendor Diebold Election Systems, Inc. incorrectly disenfranchised 10,000 voters
P. Willfully allowing his agent, Ohio Secretary of State John Kenneth Blackwell, the Co-Chair of the Bush-Cheney Re-election Campaign, to ensure that uncounted and provisional ballots in Ohio's 2004 presidential election would be disproportionately concentrated in urban African-American districts.
Q. In Ohio's Lucas County, which includes Toledo, 3,122 or 41.13% of the provisional ballots went uncounted under the direction of George W. Bush's agent, the Secretary of State of Ohio, John Kenneth Blackwell, Co-Chair of the Committee to Re-Elect Bush/Cheney in Ohio.
R. In Ohio's Cuyahoga County, which includes Cleveland, 8,559 or 32.82% of the provisional ballots went uncounted.
S. In Ohio's Hamilton County, which includes Cincinnati, 3,529 or 24.23% of the provisional ballots went uncounted.
T. Statewide, the provisional ballot rejection rate was 9% as compared to the greater figures in the urban areas.
U. The Department of Justice, charged with enforcing the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, and other voting rights laws in the United States of America, under the direction and Administration of George W. Bush did willfully and purposely obstruct and stonewall legitimate criminal investigations into myriad cases of reported electoral fraud and suppression in the state of Ohio. Such activities, carried out by the department on behalf of George W. Bush in counties such as Franklin and Knox by persons such as John K. Tanner and others, were meant to confound and whitewash legitimate legal criminal investigations into the suppression of massive numbers of legally registered voters and the removal of their right to cast a ballot fairly and freely in the state of Ohio, which was crucial to the certified electoral victory of George W. Bush in 2004.
V. On or about November 1, 2006, members of the United States Department of Justice, under the control and direction of the Administration of George W. Bush, brought indictments for voter registration fraud within days of an election, in order to directly effect the outcome of that election for partisan purposes, and in doing so, thereby violated the Justice Department's own rules against filing election-related indictments close to an election;
X. Emails have been obtained showing that the Republican National Committee and members of Bush-Cheney '04 Inc., did, at the direction of the White House under the administration of George W. Bush, engage in voter suppression in five states by a method know as "vote caging," an illegal voter suppression technique;
Y. Agents of George W. Bush, including Mark F. "Thor" Hearne, the national general counsel of Bush/Cheney '04, Inc., did, at the behest of George W. Bush, as members of a criminal front group, distribute known false information and propaganda in the hopes of forwarding legislation and other actions that would result in the disenfranchisement of Democratic voters for partisan purposes. The scheme, run under the auspices of an organization known as "The American Center for Voting Rights" (ACVR), was funded by agents of George W. Bush in violation of laws governing tax exempt 501(c)3 organizations and in violation of federal laws forbidding the distribution of such propaganda by the federal government and agents working on its behalf.
Z. Members of the United States Department of Justice, under the control and direction of the Administration of George W. Bush, did, for partisan reasons, illegally and with malice aforethought block career attorneys and other officials in the Department of Justice from filing three lawsuits charging local and county governments with violating the voting rights of African-Americans and other minorities, according to seven former senior United States Justice Department employees.
AA. Members of the United States Department of Justice, under the control and direction of the Administration of George W. Bush, did illegally and with malice aforethought derail at least two investigations into possible voter discrimination, according to a letter sent to the Senate Rules and Administration Committee and written by former employees of the United States Department of Justice, Voting Rights Section.
BB. Members of the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC), under the control and direction of the Administration of George W. Bush, have purposefully and willfully misled the public, in violation of several laws, by;
CC. Withholding from the public and then altering a legally mandated report on the true measure and threat of Voter Fraud, as commissioned by the EAC and completed in June 2006, prior to the 2006 midterm election, but withheld from release prior to that election when its information would have been useful in the administration of elections across the country, because the results of the statutorily required and tax-payer funded report did not conform with the illegal, partisan propaganda efforts and politicized agenda of the Bush Administration;
DD. Withholding from the public a legally mandated report on the disenfranchising effect of Photo Identification laws at the polling place, shown to disproportionately disenfranchise voters not of George W. Bush's political party. The report was commissioned by the EAC and completed in June 2006, prior to the 2006 mid-term election, but withheld from release prior to that election when its information would have been useful in the administration of elections across the country
EE. Withholding from the public a legally mandated report on the effectiveness of Provisional Voting as commissioned by the EAC and completed in June 2006, prior to the 2006 mid-term election, but withheld from release prior to that election when its information would have been useful in the administration of elections across the country, and keeping that report unreleased for more than a year until it was revealed by independent media outlets.
For directly harming the rights and manner of suffrage, for suffering to make them secret and unknowable, for overseeing and participating in the disenfranchisement of legal voters, for instituting debates and doubts about the true nature of elections, all against the will and consent of local voters affected, and forced through threats of litigation by agents and agencies overseen by George W. Bush, the actions of Mr. Bush to do the opposite of securing and guaranteeing the right of the people to alter or abolish their government via the electoral process, being a violation of an inalienable right, and an immediate threat to Liberty.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
MISLEADING CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN AN ATTEMPT TO DESTROY
ARTICLE XXX MEDICARE
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, pursued policies which deliberately drained the fiscal resources of Medicare by forcing it to compete with subsidized private insurance plans which are allowed to arbitrarily select or not select those they will cover; failing to provide reasonable levels of reimbursements to Medicare providers, thereby discouraging providers from participating in the program, and designing a Medicare Part D benefit without cost controls which allowed pharmaceutical companies to gouge the American taxpayers for the price of prescription drugs.
The President created, manipulated, and disseminated information given to the citizens and Congress of the United States in support of his prescription drug plan for Medicare that enriched drug companies while failing to save beneficiaries sufficient money on their prescription drugs. He misled Congress and the American people into thinking the cost of the benefit was $400 billion. It was widely understood that if the cost exceeded that amount, the bill would not pass due to concerns about fiscal irresponsibility.
A Medicare Actuary who possessed information regarding the true cost of the plan, $539 billion, was instructed by the Medicare Administrator to deny Congressional requests for it. The Actuary was threatened with sanctions if the information was disclosed to Congress, which, unaware of the information, approved the bill. Despite the fact that official cost estimates far exceeded $400 billion, President Bush offered assurances to Congress that the cost was $400 billion, when his office had information to the contrary. In the House of Representatives, the bill passed by a single vote and the Conference Report passed by only 5 votes. The White House knew the actual cost of the drug benefit was high enough to prevent its passage. Yet the White House concealed the truth and impeded an investigation into its culpability.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXXI
KATRINA: FAILURE TO PLAN FOR THE PREDICTED DISASTER OF HURRICANE KATRINA, FAILURE TO RESPOND TO A CIVIL EMERGENCY
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, failed to take sufficient action to protect life and property prior to and in the face of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, given decades of foreknowledge of the dangers of storms to New Orleans and specific forewarning in the days prior to the storm. The President failed to prepare for predictable and predicted disasters, failed to respond to an immediate need of which he was informed, and has subsequently failed to rebuild the section of our nation that was destroyed.
Hurricane Katrina killed at least 1,282 people, with 2 million more displaced. 302,000 housing units were destroyed or damaged by the hurricane, 71% of these were low-income units. More than 500 sewage plants were destroyed, more than 170 point-source leakages of gasoline, oil, or natural gas, more than 2000 gas stations submerged, several chemical plants, 8 oil refineries, and a superfund site was submerged. 8 million gallons of oil were spilled. Toxic materials seeped into floodwaters and spread through much of the city and surrounding areas.
The predictable increased strength of hurricanes such as Katrina has been identified by scientists for years, and yet the Bush Administration has denied this science and restricted such information from official reports, publications, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency's website. Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of Science, wrote in 2006 that "hurricane intensity has increased with oceanic surface temperatures over the past 30 years. The physics of hurricane intensity growth … has clarified and explained the thermodynamic basis for these observations. [Kerry] Emanuel has tested this relationship and presented convincing evidence."
FEMA's 2001 list of the top three most likely and most devastating disasters were a San Francisco earthquake, a terrorist attack on New York, and a Category 4 hurricane hitting New Orleans, with New Orleans being the number one item on that list. FEMA conducted a five-day hurricane simulation exercise in 2004, "Hurricane Pam," mimicking a Katrina-like event. This exercise combined the National Weather Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the LSU Hurricane Center and other state and federal agencies, resulting in the development of emergency response plans. The exercise demonstrated, among other things, that thousands of mainly indigent New Orleans residents would be unable to evacuate on their own. They would need substantial government assistance. These plans, however, were not implemented in part due to the President's slashing of funds for protection. In the year before Hurricane Katrina hit, the President continued to cut budgets and deny grants to the Gulf Coast. In June of 2004 the Army Corps of Engineers levee budget for New Orleans was cut, and it was cut again in June of 2005, this time by $71.2 million or a whopping 44% of the budget. As a result, ACE was forced to suspend any repair work on the levees. In 2004 FEMA denied a Louisiana disaster mitigation grant request.
The President was given multiple warnings that Hurricane Katrina had a high likelihood of causing serious damage to New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. At 10 AM on Sunday 28 August 2005, the day before the storm hit, the National Weather Service published an alert titled "DEVASTATING DAMAGE EXPECTED." Printed in all capital letters, the alert stated that "MOST OF THE AREA WILL BE UNINHABITABLE FOR WEEKS...PERHAPS LONGER. AT LEAST ONE HALF OF
WELL CONSTRUCTED HOMES WILL HAVE ROOF AND WALL FAILURE. … POWER OUTAGES WILL LAST FOR WEEKS. … WATER SHORTAGES WILL MAKE HUMAN SUFFERING INCREDIBLE BY MODERN STANDARDS."
The Homeland Security Department also briefed the President on the scenario, warning of levee breaches and severe flooding. According to the New York Times, "a Homeland Security Department report submitted to the White House at 1:47 a.m. on Aug. 29, hours before the storm hit, said, 'Any storm rated Category 4 or greater will likely lead to severe flooding and/or levee breaching.'" These warnings clearly contradict the statements made by President Bush immediately after the storm that such devastation could not have been predicted. On 1 September 2005 the President said "I don't think anyone anticipated the breach of the levees."
The President's response to Katrina via FEMA and DHS was criminally delayed, indifferent, and inept. The only FEMA employee posted in New Orleans in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Marty Bahamonde, emailed head of FEMA Michael Brown from his Blackberry device on August 31, 2005 regarding the conditions The email was urgent and detailed and indicated that "The situation is past critical…Estimates are many will die within hours." Brown's reply was emblematic of the administration's entire response to the catastrophe: "Thanks for the update. Anything specific I need to do or tweak?" The Secretary of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, did not declare an emergency, did not mobilize the federal resources, and seemed to not even know what was happening on the ground until reporters told him.
On Friday August 26, 2005, Governor Kathleen Blanco declared a State of Emergency in Louisiana and Governor Haley Barbour of Mississippi followed suit the next day. Also on that Saturday, Governor Blanco asked the President to declare a Federal State of Emergency, and on 28 August 2005, the Sunday before the storm hit, Mayor Nagin declared a State of Emergency in New Orleans. This shows that the local authorities, responding to federal warnings, knew how bad the destruction was going to be and anticipated being overwhelmed. Failure to act under these circumstances demonstrates gross negligence.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
ARTICLE XXXII
MISLEADING CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, SYTEMATICALLY UNDERMINING EFFORTS TO ADDRESS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, ignored the peril to life and property posed by global climate change, manipulated scientific information and mishandled protective policy, constituting nonfeasance and malfeasance in office, abuse of power, dereliction of duty, and deception of Congress and the American people.
President Bush knew the expected effects of climate change and the role of human activities in driving climate change. This knowledge preceded his first Presidential term.
1. During his 2000 Presidential campaign, he promised to regulate carbon dioxide emissions.
2. In 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a global body of hundreds of the world's foremost experts on climate change, concluded that "most of observed warming over last 50 years (is) likely due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations due to human activities." The Third Assessment Report projected several effects of climate change such as continued "widespread retreat" of glaciers, an "increase threats to human health, particularly in lower income populations, predominantly within tropical/subtropical countries," and "water shortages."
3. The grave danger to national security posed by global climate change was recognized by the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Planning Research Projects Agency in October of 2003. An agencycommissioned report "explores how such an abrupt climate change scenario could potentially destabilize the geo-political environment, leading to skirmishes, battles, and even war due to resource constraints such as: 1) Food shortages due to decreases in net global agricultural production 2) Decreased availability and quality of fresh water in key regions due to shifted precipitation patters, causing more frequent floods and droughts 3) Disrupted access to energy supplies due to extensive sea ice and storminess."
4. A December 2004 paper in Science reviewed 928 studies published in peer reviewed journals to determine the number providing evidence against the existence of a link between anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and climate change. "Remarkably, none of the papers disagreed with the consensus position."
5. The November 2007 Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report showed that global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses have increased 70% between 1970 and 2004, and anthropogenic emissions are very likely the cause of global climate change. The report concluded that global climate change could cause the extinction of 20 to 30 percent of species in unique ecosystems such as the polar areas and biodiversity hotspots, increase extreme weather events especially in the developing world, and have adverse effects on food production and fresh water availability.
The President has done little to address this most serious of problems, thus constituting an abuse of power and criminal neglect. He has also actively endeavored to undermine efforts by the federal government, states, and other nations to take action on their own.
1. In March 2001, President Bush announced the U.S. would not be pursuing ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, an international effort to reduce greenhouse gasses. The United States is the only industrialized nation that has failed to ratify the accord.
2. In March0f 2008, Representative Henry Waxman wrote to EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson: "In August 2003, the Bush Administration denied a petition to regulate CO2 emissions from motor vehicles by deciding that CO2 was not a pollutant under the Clean Air Act. In April 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled that determination in Massachusetts v. EPA. The Supreme Court wrote that 'If EPA makes a finding of endangerment, the Clean Air Act requires the agency to regulate emissions of the deleterious pollutant from new motor vehicles.' The EPA then conducted an extensive investigation involving 60-70 staff who concluded that 'CO2 emissions endanger both human health and welfare.' These findings were submitted to the White House, after which work on the findings and the required regulations was halted."
3. A Memo to Members of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on May 19, 2008 stated "The record before the Committee shows: (1) the career staff at EPA unanimously supported granting California's petition (to be allowed to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks, consistent with California state law); (2) Stephen Johnson, the Administrator of EPA, also supported granting California's petition at least in part; and (3) Administrator Johnson reversed his position after communications with officials in the White House."
The President has suppressed the release of scientific information related to global climate change, an action which undermines Congress' ability to legislate and provide oversight, and which has thwarted efforts to prevent global climate change despite the serious threat that it poses.
1. In February, 2001, ExxonMobil wrote a memo to the White House outlining ways to influence the outcome of the Third Assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The memo opposed the reelection of Dr. Robert Watson as the IPCC Chair. The White House then supported an opposition candidate, who was subsequently elected to replace Dr. Watson.
2. The New York Times on January 29, 2006, reported that James Hansen, NASA's senior climate scientist was warned of "dire consequences" if he continued to speak out about global climate change and the need for reducing emissions of associated gasses. The Times also reported that: "At climate laboratories of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, for example, many scientists who routinely took calls from reporters five years ago can now do so only if the interview is approved by administration officials in Washington, and then only if a public affairs officer is present or on the phone."
3. In December of 2007, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform issued a report based on 16 months of investigation and 27,000 pages of documentation. According to the summary: "The evidence before the Committee leads to one inescapable conclusion: the Bush Administration has engaged in a systematic effort to manipulate climate change science and mislead policy makers and the public about the dangers of global warming." The report described how the White House appointed former petroleum industry lobbyist Phil Cooney as head of the Council on Environmental Quality. The report states "There was a systematic White House effort to minimize the significance of climate change by editing climate change reports. CEQ Chief of Staff Phil Cooney and other CEQ officials made at least 294 edits to the Administration's Strategic Plan of the Climate Change Science Program to exaggerate or emphasize scientific uncertainties or to de-emphasize or diminish the importance of the human role in global warming."
4. On April 23, 2008, Representative Henry Waxman wrote a letter to EPA Administrator Stephen L Johnson. In it he reported: "Almost 1,600 EPA scientists completed the Union of Concerned Scientists survey questionnaire. Over 22 percent of these scientists reported that 'selective or incomplete use of data to justify a specific regulatory outcome' occurred 'frequently' or 'occasionally' at EPA. Ninety-four EPA scientists reported being frequently or occasionally directed to inappropriately exclude or alter technical information from an EPA scientific document. Nearly 200 EPA scientists said that they have frequently or occasionally been in situations in which scientists have actively objected to, resigned from or removed themselves from a project because of pressure to change scientific findings."
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
REPEATEDLY IGNORED AND FAILED TO RESPOND TO HIGH LEVEL INTELLIGENCE WARNINGS OF PLANNED TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE US, PRIOR TO 911
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, failed in his Constitutional duties to take proper steps to protect the nation prior to September 11, 2001.
The White House's top counter-terrorism adviser, Richard A. Clarke, has testified that from the beginning of George W. Bush's presidency until September 11, 2001, Clarke attempted unsuccessfully to persuade President Bush to take steps to protect the nation against terrorism. Clarke sent a memorandum to then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice on January 24, 2001, "urgently" but unsuccessfully requesting "a Cabinet-level meeting to deal with the impending al Qaeda attack."
In April 2001, Clarke was finally granted a meeting, but only with second-in-command department representatives, including Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, who made light of Clarke's concerns.
Clarke confirms that in June, July, and August, 2001, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) warned the president in daily briefings of unprecedented indications that a major al Qaeda attack was going to happen against the United States somewhere in the world in the weeks and months ahead. Yet, Clarke was still unable to convene a cabinet-level meeting to address the issue.
Condoleezza Rice has testified that George Tenet met with the president 40 times to warn him that a major al-Qaeda attack was going to take place, and that in response the president did not convene any meetings of top officials. At such meetings, the FBI could have shared information on possible terrorists enrolled at flight schools. Among the many preventive steps that could have been taken, the Federal Aviation Administration, airlines, and airports might have been put on full alert.
According to Condoleezza Rice, the first and only cabinet-level meeting prior to 9/11 to discuss the threat of terrorist attacks took place on September 4, 2001, one week before the attacks in New York and Washington.
On August 6, 2001, President Bush was presented a President's Daily Brief (PDB) article titled "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in U.S." The lead sentence of that PDB article indicated that Bin Laden and his followers wanted to "follow the example of World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef and 'bring the fighting to America.'" The article warned: "Al-Qa'ida members—including some who are US citizens— have resided in or traveled to the US for years, and the group apparently maintains a support structure that could aid attacks."
The article cited a "more sensational threat reporting that Bin Laden wanted to hijack a US aircraft," but indicated that the CIA had not been able to corroborate such reporting. The PDB item included information from the FBI indicating "patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks, including recent surveillance of federal buildings in New York." The article also noted that the CIA and FBI were investigating "a call to our embassy in the UAE in May saying that a group of Bin Laden supporters was in the US planning attacks with explosives."
The president spent the rest of August 6, and almost all the rest of August 2001 on vacation. There is no evidence that he called any meetings of his advisers to discuss this alarming report. When the title and substance of this PDB article were later reported in the press, then-National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice began a sustained campaign to play down its significance, until the actual text was eventually released by the White House.
New York Times writer Douglas Jehl, put it this way: "In a single 17-sentence document, the intelligence briefing delivered to President Bush in August 2001 spells out the who, hints at the what and points towards the where of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington that followed 36 days later."
Eleanor Hill, Executive Director of the joint congressional committee investigating the performance of the US intelligence community before September 11, 2001, reported in mid-September 2002 that intelligence reports a year earlier "reiterated a consistent and constant theme: Osama bin Laden's intent to launch terrorist attacks inside the United States."
That joint inquiry revealed that just two months before September 11, an intelligence briefing for "senior government officials" predicted a terrorist attack with these words: "The attack will be spectacular and designed to inflict mass casualties against U.S. facilities or interests. Attack preparations have been made. Attack will occur with little or no warning."
Given the White House's insistence on secrecy with regard to what intelligence was given to President Bush, the joint-inquiry report does not divulge whether he took part in that briefing. Even if he did not, it strains credulity to suppose that those "senior government officials" would have kept its alarming substance from the president.
Again, there is no evidence that the president held any meetings or took any action to deal with the threats of such attacks.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXXIV
OBSTRUCTION OF INVESTIGATION INTO THE ATTACKS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, obstructed investigations into the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001.
Following September 11, 2001, President Bush and Vice President Cheney took strong steps to thwart any and all proposals that the circumstances of the attack be addressed. Then-Secretary of State Colin Powell was forced to renege on his public promise on September 23 that a "White Paper" would be issued to explain the circumstances. Less than two weeks after that promise, Powell apologized for his "unfortunate choice of words," and explained that Americans would have to rely on "information coming out in the press and in other ways."
On Sept. 26, 2001, President Bush drove to Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) headquarters in Langley, Virginia, stood with Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet and said: "My report to the nation is, we've got the best intelligence we can possibly have thanks to the men and women of the C.I.A." George Tenet subsequently and falsely claimed not to have visited the president personally between the start of Bush's long Crawford vacation and September 11, 2001.
Testifying before the 9/11 Commission on April 14, 2004, Tenet answered a question from Commission member Timothy Roemer by referring to the president's vacation (July 29-August 30) in Crawford and insisting that he did not see the president at all in August 2001. "You never talked with him?" Roemer asked. "No," Tenet replied, explaining that for much of August he too was "on leave." An Agency spokesman called reporters that same evening to say Tenet had misspoken, and that Tenet had briefed Bush on August 17 and 31. The spokesman explained that the second briefing took place after the president had returned to Washington, and played down the first one, in Crawford, as uneventful.
In his book, At the Center of the Storm, (2007) Tenet, refers to what is almost certainly his August 17 visit to Crawford as a follow-up to the "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in the US" article in the CIAprepared President's Daily Brief of August 6. That briefing was immortalized in a Time Magazine photo capturing Harriet Myers holding the PDB open for the president, as two CIA officers sit by. It is the same briefing to which the president reportedly reacted by telling the CIA briefer, "All right, you've covered your ass now." (Ron Suskind, The One-Percent Doctrine, p. 2, 2006). In At the Center of the Storm, Tenet writes: "A few weeks after the August 6 PDB was delivered, I followed it to Crawford to make sure that the president stayed current on events."
A White House press release suggests Tenet was also there a week later, on August 24. According to the August 25, 2001, release, President Bush, addressing a group of visitors to Crawford on August 25, told them: "George Tenet and I, yesterday, we piled in the new nominees for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice Chairman and their wives and went right up the canyon."
In early February, 2002, Vice President Dick Cheney warned then-Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle that if Congress went ahead with an investigation, administration officials might not show up to testify. As pressure grew for an investigation, the president and vice president agreed to the establishment of a congressional joint committee to conduct a "Joint Inquiry." Eleanor Hill, Executive Director of the Inquiry, opened the Joint Inquiry's final public hearing in mid-September 2002 with the following disclaimer: "I need to report that, according to the White House and the Director of Central Intelligence, the president's knowledge of intelligence information relevant to this inquiry remains classified, even when the substance of the intelligence information has been declassified."
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was created on November 27, 2002, following the passage of congressional legislation signed into law by President Bush. The President was asked to testify before the Commission. He refused to testify except for one hour in private with only two Commission members, with no oath administered, with no recording or note taking, and with the Vice President at his side. Commission Co-Chair Lee Hamilton has written that he believes the commission was set up to fail, was underfunded, was rushed, and did not receive proper cooperation and access to information.
A December 2007 review of classified documents by former members of the Commission found that the commission had made repeated and detailed requests to the CIA in 2003 and 2004 for documents and other information about the interrogation of operatives of Al Qaeda, and had been told falsely by a top C.I.A. official that the agency had "produced or made available for review" everything that had been requested.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
Article XXXV
ENDANGERING THE HEALTH OF 911 FIRST RESPONDERS
In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed", has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President, recklessly endangered the health of first responders, residents, and workers at and near the former location of the World Trade Center in New York City.
The Inspector General of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) August 21, 2003, report numbered 2003-P-00012 and entitled "EPA's Response to the World Trade Center Collapse: Challenges, Successes, and Areas for Improvement," includes the following findings:
"[W]hen EPA made a September 18 announcement that the air was 'safe' to breathe, it did not have sufficient data and analyses to make such a blanket statement. At that time, air monitoring data was lacking for several pollutants of concern, including particulate matter and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Furthermore, The White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) influenced, through the collaboration process, the information that EPA communicated to the public through its early press releases when it convinced EPA to add reassuring statements and delete cautionary ones."
"As a result of the White House CEQ's influence, guidance for cleaning indoor spaces and information about the potential health effects from WTC debris were not included in EPA- issued press releases. In addition, based on CEQ's influence, reassuring information was added to at least one press release and cautionary information was deleted from EPA's draft version of that press release. . . . The White House's role in EPA's public communications about WTC environmental conditions was described in a September 12, 2001, e-mail from the EPA Deputy Administrator's Chief of Staff to senior EPA officials:
"'All statements to the media should be cleared through the NSC [National Security Council] before they are released.'
"According to the EPA Chief of Staff, one particular CEQ official was designated to work with EPA to ensure that clearance was obtained through NSC. The Associate Administrator for the EPA Office of Communications, Education, and Media Relations (OCEMR) said that no press release could be issued for a 3- to 4-week period after September 11 without approval from the CEQ contact."
Acting EPA Administrator Marianne Horinko, who sat in on EPA meetings with the White House has said in an interview that the White House played a coordinating role. The National Security Council played the key role, filtering incoming data on ground zero air and water, Horinko said: "I think that the thinking was, these are experts in WMD (weapons of mass destruction), so they should have the coordinating role."
In the cleanup of the Pentagon following September 11, 2001, Occupational Safety and Health Administration laws were enforced, and no workers became ill. At the World Trade Center site, the same laws were not enforced.
In the years since the release of the EPA Inspector General's above-cited report, the Bush Administration has still not effected a clean-up of the indoor air in apartments and workspaces near the site.
Screenings conducted at the Mount Sinai Medical Center and released in the September 10, 2004, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) of the federal Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), produced the following results:
"Both upper and lower respiratory problems and mental health difficulties are widespread among rescue and recovery workers who dug through the ruins of the World Trade Center in the days following its destruction in the attack of September 11, 2001.
"An analysis of the screenings of 1,138 workers and volunteers who responded to the World Trade Center disaster found that nearly three-quarters of them experienced new or worsened upper respiratory problems at some point while working at Ground Zero. And half of those examined had upper and/or lower respiratory symptoms that persisted up to the time of their examinations, an average of eight months after their WTC efforts ended."
A larger study released in 2006 found that roughly 70 percent of nearly 10,000 workers tested at Mount Sinai from 2002 to 2004 reported that they had new or substantially worsened respiratory problems while or after working at ground zero. This study showed that many of the respiratory ailments, including sinusitis and asthma, and gastrointestinal problems related to them, initially reported by ground zero workers persisted or grew worse over time. Most of the ground zero workers in the study who reported trouble breathing while working there were still having those problems two and a half years later, an indication of chronic illness unlikely to improve over time.
In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President, and subversive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting removal from office.
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Efficient infringement and the undervaluation of standard-essential patents
Faced with the growing problem of efficient infringement and the difficulty of obtaining adequate protection from the courts, US owners of standard-essential patents need to develop creative strategies to protect the value of their rights
By Michael T Renaud, James M Wodarski and Sandra J Badin
As many commentators and industry insiders have observed, would-be patent licensees appear increasingly reluctant to come to the negotiating table. While the issue is affecting rights holders across the board, it appears particularly acute in the area of standard-essential patents (SEPs). Indeed, there is a broad perception that the worst that can happen to an unwilling licensee which is found to infringe a valid SEP is that it pay the same fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) rate it would have had to pay if it had agreed to take a licence in the first instance. Given the not-insignificant possibility that the would-be licensee might be able to invalidate the SEP if it gets sued, there is an increasingly prevalent belief that it is good strategy to hold out on taking a licence, and force the patent owner to litigate. This strategy has become known as ‘efficient infringement’.
How should owners of SEPs respond? This article proposes a multi-faceted approach which takes account of the different degrees of tolerance for efficient infringement in the United States and Europe. Over time it is likely that US courts and policy makers will recognise the harm that efficient infringement is wreaking on incentives to innovate and contribute to the development of standards and will eventually develop responsive legal rules to combat these effects. However, in the meantime, owners of SEPs might see more positive results by using an approach which leverages the more reasonable response to efficient infringement articulated by European courts.
Growing problem
The US Supreme Court’s opinion in June 2016 in *Halo Electronics, Inc v Pulse Electronics, Inc and Stropker Corporation v Zimmon, Inc* (decided together) restored the power to determine whether to award enhanced damages for deliberate infringement and in what amount to the district courts, and subjected such determinations to the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard of review. It looks likely that *Halo* will make it more costly for deliberate infringers to decide to infringe, which should make such infringers more willing to enter into licensing negotiations to avoid the possibility of treble damages.
Despite this, *Halo* is unlikely to restore what Paul Michel, former chief judge of the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, recently called “the honor system where companies that were using technologies patented by others willingly took licenses without being forced by court order to do so”. His observation that “the honor system is now largely gone” has been echoed by many others over the past few years and is likely to remain true, at least for some time.
As the former director of the US Patent and Trademark Office, David Kappos, and other commentators have observed, efficient infringement is on the rise. The practice is based on the calculation that it is less costly to infringe and take the risk of being sued than it is to take out a licence to use the desired technology. The calculation makes sense in the current legal climate, especially in the United States, in light of a series of US Supreme Court decisions which have had the effect of depressing patent values by:
- making injunctions much more difficult to obtain (*eBay v MercExchange*);
- making licensors more vulnerable to declaratory judgment actions (*MedImmune v Genentech*);
- making patents more vulnerable to obviousness and indefensibility challenges (*KSR v Teleflex and Nautilus v Bioinsig*);
- broadening the scope of patent exhaustion (*Quanta v LG Electronics*); and
- narrowing the scope of patent eligibility, especially with regard to software (*Alice v CLS Bank*).
Adding to the general negative effect that these decisions have had on patent value is the Federal Circuit’s evolving damages jurisprudence, which has made damages experts more susceptible to *Daubert* challenges, damages harder to prove and damages awards harder to obtain and, once obtained, harder to sustain on post-verdict motions and on appeal.
Equally significant is the recent passage of the America Invents Act, which has given accused infringers a much less costly – and at the same time much more potent – means of invalidating patents in a variety of post-grant proceedings brought before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. To date, the board has cancelled more than 80% of all claims whose validity it has adjudicated.
Against this background, it is little wonder that would-be licensees appear ever less willing to come to the table, given the small likelihood that they will be sued, the even smaller likelihood that the patents in suit will survive a post-grant challenge and the almost negligible likelihood that they will be subjected to an injunction or will ever be made to pay a significant damages award. When the expected impact of a patent
infringement claim is so modest, why should would-be infringers not do as Colleen Chien, former White House senior adviser for intellectual property and innovation at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, recently advised in the *Wall Street Journal*: “The best way to deal with a patent demand may be to take a deep breath – and then do… nothing?”
The strategy of efficient infringement is particularly attractive to owners of SEPs because these are often the subject of a commitment by the owners to offer licences on FRAND terms, which are generally perceived to be lower than ordinary (ie, non-FRAND) royalty rates. This article examines the kinds of relief available to owners of SEPs for infringement of their patented technologies in different forums in the United States and Europe. The divergence in these approaches informs our recommendations on how to combat efficient infringement and restore to SEPs at least some of their lost value.
**US courts focus on patent hold-up, not hold-out**
In the United States, the development of jurisprudence around SEP infringement and, of how FRAND royalties are to be calculated is still in its relative infancy – for example, there is no clear answer to how a patent’s alleged ‘essentiality’ to a standard is to be determined or how a FRAND rate is to be calculated. However, the decisions that have emerged in the past few years make clear that US courts are insufficiently alive to the problem of efficient infringement. Indeed, they seem to be much more concerned with patent hold-up than they are with patent hold-out.
‘Patent hold-up’ is the notion that once a standard has become widely adopted, owners of any patents that have been incorporated into that standard will try to extract a higher value for the use of their rights than they would otherwise have been able to obtain. This concern is reflected – via the exclusion of any concerns over patent hold-out – in two important recent appellate decisions dealing with the question of what sort of relief is available to the owners of such patents.
**Microsoft v Motorola**
Last July, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in a breach of contract action brought by Microsoft alleging that Motorola had violated its commitment to license its SEPs on FRAND terms (that the patents were standard essential was not in dispute). Microsoft alleged that Motorola violated its FRAND commitment when it offered to license its patents on terms that were ultimately held not to be FRAND and when it subsequently enjoined Microsoft, which had responded to the licensing offers by filing the underlying breach of contract action – from importing its Xbox products into the United States and from selling them in Germany. “The German action was particularly threatening to Microsoft,” the Ninth Circuit observed, “as its European distribution center for all Windows and Xbox products was in Germany”. Fearing an injunction, Microsoft relocated its distribution centre to the Netherlands to protect itself against the economic loss it would suffer if the German court found infringement (which it did). Microsoft also sought – and obtained – an order from the district court enjoining Motorola from enforcing any German-issued injunction.
The jury found that Motorola had breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing by offering licences on non-FRAND terms and by seeking to enjoin Microsoft from selling its products in the United States and Germany. It then awarded Microsoft damages in the amount of $14.5 million, all but $3 million of which was for the cost of relocating its distribution centre from Germany to the Netherlands. The district court denied Motorola’s motion for recoupment of the cost of relocating its centre and the damages award; the Ninth Circuit affirmed, concluding that there was enough evidence to suggest “that Motorola sought to capture more than the value of its patents by inducing holdup” and that it had filed its injunctive actions to further its hold-up strategy. In arriving at this conclusion, the court did not weigh – or even consider – Microsoft’s apparent refusal to engage Motorola in licensing negotiations or its decision to respond to Motorola’s licensing offer by suing for breach of contract.
Although the Ninth Circuit’s opinion is not binding on the Federal Circuit – which has exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases arising under US patent laws – and its holding is limited to the specific facts of the case, it is a good example of the prevailing approach of the particular thread of patent hold-up. If more widely adopted, such an assessment would have the unfortunate consequence of incentivising parties that receive licensing offers to respond by means of litigation (suing for breach of contract) rather than coming to the table to negotiate in good faith.
**CSIRO v Cisco**
In December 2015, the Federal Circuit vacated a $16 million damages award won by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in its patent infringement suit against Cisco Systems. The *CSIRO* opinion provides important guidance for determining damages in cases involving SEPs. However, for our purposes, the crucial holding is the Federal Circuit’s determination that the district court did not take sufficient account of the status of CSIRO’s patent as essential to the standard at issue (the 802.11 wireless standard), and that this may have resulted in the patented technology being overvalued.
Relying on its 2014 opinion in *Ericsson v D-Link Sys*, the appeals court noted that two special apportionment considerations arise when dealing with SEPs. These considerations ensure that the patentee is not improperly compensated for any value derived from the standardisation of a technology and is compensated only for the value of the patented invention itself. First, the patented feature must be apportioned from all of the ways that feature is reflected in the standard. Second, the patentee’s royalty must be premised on the value of the patented feature, not any value added by the standard’s adoption of the patented technology.
“The decisions that have emerged in the past few years make clear that US courts seem to be much more concerned with patent hold-up than they are with patent hold-out”
These special considerations apply to all SEPs, the court said, not just to SEPs whose owners have agreed to license them on FRAND terms. (As in *Microsoft*, there was no dispute that the patents at issue in *CSIRO* were standard essential, but while Motorola had committed to license its patents on FRAND terms, CSIRO had not.) Regardless of whether a patent is FRAND-encumbered, its value “is distinct from any value that artificially accrues to the patent due to the standard’s adoption”, the court noted. Patentees are entitled only to the former; they are not entitled to the latter. “Without this rule,” the court observed, “patentees would receive all of the benefit created by standardization – benefit that would otherwise flow to consumers and businesses practicing the standard.”
CSIRO has petitioned the Supreme Court to review the Federal Circuit’s decision; but for now, it appears that patents which are admitted or found to be standard essential may be deemed to be subject to FRAND licensing terms regardless of whether their owners committed to license them so.
**Certain 3G Mobile Handsets and Certain Wireless Devices with 3G and/or 4G Capabilities**
The US International Trade Commission (ITC) is empowered to enjoin the import into the United States and the sale after import of articles that infringe US patents. Respondents in ITC investigations are increasingly relying on the FRAND defence – even when the rights holder disputes whether its asserted patents are standard essential. The FRAND defence posits that the patents in suit are the subject of a commitment to license on FRAND terms, which means that injunctive relief is inappropriate and will not be available even if the patents are found to be infringed and not invalid. Although the ITC has yet to issue an opinion holding that owners of SEPs are categorically excluded from seeking relief before it for the unauthorised use of their inventions, at least one of the administrative law judges who conduct the investigations and initial adjudications – Judge Theodore Essex – has addressed the issue extensively.
In Commission Investigations 337-TA-613 and 337-TA-868, Essex concluded that there is no evidence to support the notion that the owners of SEPs have engaged in patent hold-up either in the investigations before him or in the telecommunications industry more generally. Rather, the evidence is all on the side of patent hold-out: the implementers of the standards are using the patented technology incorporated in the standards without authorisation and without even engaging in licensing negotiations because they know that the worst that can happen is that they get sued, are found to infringe and are made to pay the same FRAND rate that they would have had to pay for using the patented technology in the first place. As such, he observes, they are “able to shift the risk involved in patent negotiation to the patent holder… There is no risk to the exploiter of the technology in not taking a license before they exhaust their litigation options if the only risk to them for violating the agreement is to pay a FRAND based royalty or fee.” This puts the risk of losing entirely on the side of the patent holder and amounts to patent hold-out, which is as unsettling to a fair solution as any patent hold up might be” (868 investigation). Removing the possibility of injunctive relief would only incentivise such patent hold-out, which he notes, is not in the public interest.
While the judge’s approach to adjudicating the FRAND defence has yet to be tested before the ITC, it has already sparked an important public debate on the relative threats posed by patent hold-up and patent hold-out. Edith Ramirez, chair of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), publicly disagreed with Essex’s determination that the burden of proving the applicability of the FRAND defence in any given case should be on the party raising it – the respondent – and...
not on the patent owner. She urged that the burden should be on patent owners to prove that they did not engage in patent hold-up or run the risk that they will be found not to be entitled to an exclusion order. Two colleagues – Commissioner Maureen Ohlhausen and former Commissioner Joshua Wright – responded by publicly disagreeing with her in turn.
It remains to be seen how the ITC will resolve the question of whether articles that infringe SEPs may be enjoined. In the one instance in which it determined that the SEP owner (Samsung) was entitled to an exclusion order prohibiting its competitor (Apple) from importing infringing articles into the United States, the Office of the US Trade Representative stepped in and blocked the issuance of the injunction as against the public interest, making clear that its determination of the appropriateness of the injunction was limited to the case before it and that each case must be decided on its merits. However, it also made clear that the ITC must ensure that the factual record relating to the status (if contested) of the patents at issue as standard essential – as well as to the presence or absence of either patent holder or licensee – must be sufficiently developed to enable the ITC to determine whether injunctive relief for the infringement of the asserted patents is in the public interest. However, what is clear is that Essex’s approach to the adjudication of the FRAND defence is an important step in the development of legal rules governing the enforcement of SEPs by the ITC.
Implications for moving forward
Efficient infringement poses a considerable long-term threat to the health of innovation economies around the world. As Kappos has warned: “the rapid erosion of patent strength places future investment in innovation at risk. It also puts at risk the next generation of innovators who are unable to market without effective patent protection for their innovations.” In the more immediate term, it threatens to rob patent owners of the value of their assets – especially their SEPs.
As we have discussed, the threat of efficient infringement is particularly acute with respect to SEPs because the commitment to license the patents on FRAND terms not only makes getting an injunction harder – and seeking an injunction potentially extremely expensive – but also further depresses the infringer’s ultimate damages exposure. The erosion of patent value, especially the value of SEPs, has incentivised doing nothing and remaining silent in the face of licensing offers. So, how should patent owners proceed?
Given the relatively hostile environment for enforcing SEPs in Germany compared to the United States, owners of SEPs should consider filing parallel enforcement actions in these two jurisdictions whenever practicable. A German action will bring counter-balancing leverage to any US action, thereby resurrecting the value of SEPs that had been all but declared dead and restoring them to their integral place in any comprehensive patent licensing strategy. German courts generally understand the value of SEPs and are willing to issue injunctive and other appropriate relief in the event that would-be licensees are unwilling to come to the table or unreasonably delay getting there – regardless of the rights holder’s identity (ie, whether it has commercialised its patents itself), so long as it has met its obligations under the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ’s) framework. They are also specialised and efficient courts which usually issue decisions in infringement actions within a year of the complaint being filed. They take much less time to prosecute infringement actions than do US courts – even in so-called ‘rocket dockets’ – because discovery is limited and invalidity challenges must be brought in different forums and usually proceed on a slower track.
Conclusion
SEPs in the United States have depreciated in value even more than other patents over the past decade. Ultimately, we expect that the US and European approaches will converge towards the European approach, which incentivises infringers to come to the table and negotiate patent licences in good faith. This strikes the right balance between the rights of patent owners and the interests of standards users, as well as the consuming public, and ensures that the proper incentives are in place for innovators to continue to engage in R&D and to contribute their most advanced technologies to the development of the standards from which we all benefit.
In the meantime, prosecuting parallel enforcement actions in Germany – where courts have rejected the notion that the implementers of standards may simply ignore licensing offers with impunity – will go some way towards counteracting the silent treatment that SEP owners seeking to license their patents often receive in the United States.
Michael T Renaud (division head and policy committee member), James M Wodarski (member) and Sandra J Badin (associate) are part of the IP practice group at Mintz Levin, Boston, United States
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Our School Vision
May our lives shine with the light and love of Jesus
Our Christian Value for Term 6 is Respect
This Week: Monday 15 th June 2020
Holidays and INSET Dates 2020/21
17 th July – Last day of Term
20 th July – INSET Day
Acorns
Oaks
Lots of children have been very busy this week both in and out of school. Well done Acorns.
At home Freddie has been consuming books at a rapid rate. He has completed 6 quizzes on Accelerated Reader and he has earnt his termly reading certificate already! I can see that Ava-Rose, Iyla, Freddie, Alex and Ben have accessed ebooks this week and taken quizzes. Beatrice has completed one quiz on Accelerated Reader too.
The children in school are now settling into the new routines. They are all getting fitter as the good weather has allowed us to complete the churchyard challenge daily – it now just remains for the teachers to join in too, though they seem to doubt our ability to keep up (probably wisely).
In Mathletics, I can see that Finley and Freddie have gained a bronze certificate and Finley has also achieved a silver certificate - well done.
In spelling, I can see that Freddie, AvaRose, Iyla and Beatrice have also been practising this week at home using Spelling Shed.
At school, we have also been very busy. EYFS have been busy adding and subtracting, doubling and ordering numbers in maths. They have also been busy with their phonics and all have made super progress with their sentence writing this week. Year 1 have been working on multiplication and division as well as their mental maths skills. Year 1 have also been writing daily and developing their use of language.
After working hard on our English and maths in the morning, children in school have been getting creative in the afternoons. Our keyworker bubble have been painting pots and planting them with flowers this week. Year 6 have been doing lots of DT and all completed their version of an Egyptian shaduf (a device used to lift water from the river Nile). Using mirrors, they managed to convey a ray of light around the corner into the locker area and this has helped us to begin our design for periscopes, which we will complete next week.
Many pupils also used Mathletics last week – Mirabelle was our Mathletics queen, spending over 5 hours on activities. The following people all earned certificates: Alfie – bronze, Tom – bronze and silver, Mirabelle – bronze, Matthew Szabo – bronze and silver, Theo Szabo – bronze and Evie Tock – bronze. Well done all of you for challenging yourselves. It is getting difficult to set tasks at this time of year as some pupils have now completed all the activities available for their year group!
Our spellers also haven't been neglecting their practice: Jasmine, Emily, Raul, Alfie, Evie, Matthew H, Theo S, Matthew S, Abigail, Cristian and Jack have also used Spelling Shed this week and Louisa, Ella-Mai, Ethan and Lilly have been using Nessy. Raul has been our spelling star with 27 games completed!
We are really excited to see the way that the hall is beginning to look more like a classroom – we have a new display board and our new whiteboard and projector should be installed this week.
As a class, we have joined Year 6 in the churchyard challenge multiple times this week, thoroughly exhausting our oldest children! We have also participated in class worship and PSHE sessions on feelings. All children have been practising their reading, spelling and handwriting daily and as a result we were all quite tired by Thursday afternoon!
Our Acorn Award this week goes to our new pupil Iyla for her super writing on padlet, her engagement in spelling and with reading. Well done Iyla - we can't wait to meet you when we are able.
Congratulations this week all these people who have passed reading quizzes: Isla, Jack, Louisa, Freya, Jasmine, Tom, Cristian and Emily. Tom and Isla have already achieved their termly reading target so must have been doing a great deal of reading. A huge well done to these two, whose targets have now been reset.
It has been particularly pleasing to see examples of children's writing on our Padlet page. It is so good to see the care and attention that is being taken at home, both in English and when writing about other subjects. You're all doing a brilliant job.
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The Invention Of Tradition
by E. J Hobsbawm T. O Ranger
The invention of tradition: The highland tradition of Scotland The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics) Paperback – March 26, 2012. Many of the traditions which we think of as very ancient in their origins were not in fact sanctioned by long usage over the centuries, but were invented comparatively recently. ?The Invention of Tradition: Amazon.de: Eric Hobsbawm, Terence 5 Jul 2014 . The Invention of Tradition - edited by Eric Hobsbawm March 2012. The Invention of Tradition - Columbia University The Invention of Tradition. ERIC HOBSBAWM and TERENCE RANGER, eds. STEPHEN G. BUNKER. University of Illinois, Urbana?Champaign. Search for more bol.com The Invention Of Tradition 9780521437738 Eric J The invention of tradition is a concept made prominent in the eponymous 1983 book edited by British Marxist intellectual E. J. Hobsbawm and T. O. Ranger. In their Introduction the editors argue that many traditions which appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented. The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa (Chapter 6) - The . The Invention Of Tradition (paperback). Many of the traditions which we think of as very ancient in their origins were not in fact sanctioned by long usage over the Invented tradition - Wikipedia Download Citation on ResearchGate The invention of tradition: The highland tradition of Scotland Today, whenever Scotchmen gather together to celebrate . The Invention of Tradition - Google Books The Invention of Tradition in. Colonial Africa. TERENCE RANGER. Edited by. ERIC HOBSBAWM and. TERENCE RANGER. INTRODUCTION. The 1870s, 1880s Norman Stone reviews The Invention of Tradition edited by Eric . The Invention of Tradition. Many of the traditions which we think of as very ancient in their origins were not in fact sanctioned by long usage over the centuries, but were invented comparatively recently. Invented tradition - Wikipedia The Invention of Tradition: Eric Hobsbawm, Terence Ranger . As Werner Sollors has remarked, the word invention has become a rather popular category in intellectual discourse. No longer reserved for accounts of The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa The Invention of Tradition, a collection of essays edited by Eric Hobsbawm and . Rangers on colonial Africa, The Invention of Tradition was mainly concerned The Invention of Tradition (Hobsbawm, Ranger) - book review 26 Mar 2012 . Many of the traditions which we think of as very ancient in their origins were not in fact sanctioned by long usage over the centuries, but were Notes on the Invention of Tradition - jstor BERNARD S. COHN. 6 The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa. TERENCE RANGER. 7 Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 187~1914. ERIC HOBS BA WM. Introduction: tradition revisited - Taylor & Francis Online The Invention of Tradition is a collection of articles on the construction of symbolic and ceremonial traditions over the last couple of centuries, particularly by the . Monday Methods: Eric Hobsbawm and the Invention of Tradition . Thirty years ago Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger introduced The invention of tradition as a concept to explain the creation and rise of certain traditions in . The Invention of Tradition Summary & Study Guide - BookRags.com attempt to structure at least some parts of social life within it as unchanging and invariant, that makes the invention of tradition so interesting for historians of the . The Invention of Tradition by Eric Hobsbawm - Goodreads 1 Introduction: Inventing Traditions. ERIC HOBSBAWM. 2 The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of. Scotland. From a Death to a View: The Hunt for The Invention of Tradition Amazon.in - Buy The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics) book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. Read The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics) Hugh Trevor-Ropers The Invention of Scotland - NY Sun 21 Jul 1983 . One of Arnold Toynbees Laws was that, in any civilisation, mannered imitation of the past was a Bad Thing: he chose the Poles decision to Find in a library : The Invention of tradition - WorldCat The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa. The Invention of Tradition - Google Books Buy The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics) Reissue by Eric Hobsbawm (ISBN: 9781107604674) from Amazons Book Store. Everyday low prices and free The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of . - Springer Link whereby the invention is placed within the mainstream of tradition itself. This essay discusses the more seemingly creative inventions of tradition that have The Invention of Tradition edited by Eric Hobsbawm Cambridge Core Social and Cultural Anthropology - The Invention of Tradition - edited by Eric Hobsbawm. The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics): Amazon.co.uk: Eric 1 Jan 2001 . The conference theme was inspired by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Rangers influentual volume, The Invention of Tradition. Their work Reinventing The Invention of Tradition? - Wilhelm Fink Verlag The Invention of Tradition: Eric Hobsbawm, Terence Ranger: 9781107604674: Books - Amazon.ca. The Invention of Tradition. ERIC HOBSBAWM and TERENCE The Invention of Tradition Eric Hobsbawm, Terence Ranger ISBN: 9780521437738 Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch . Invention of Tradition - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies The concept of invented traditions is doubly important in classical studies. The first is the invented traditions of the ancient world itself: for Buy The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics) Book Online at Low . ?The Invention of Tradition is a classic work of historiography, edited by the great British Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, a prominent . The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa . 29 Oct 2010 - 13 min - Uploaded by Classics ConfidentialSecond half of an interview with Dr Tim Whitmarsh about his work on Greek Literature of the . The Invention of Tradition: Part 2 - YouTube APA (6th ed.) Hobsbawm, E. J., & Ranger, T. O. (1983). The Invention of tradition. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. The Invention of Tradition - PSI424 The Invention of Tradition has 867 ratings and 47 reviews. ·Karen· said: Own up, all of you who watched even an excerpt from the TV coverage of the recen Religious Identity and the Invention of Tradition - Brill Invention of Tradition. by: Thomas Spear. LAST REVIEWED: 25 May 2017; LAST MODIFIED: 29 May 2015; DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0002 The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics): Eric Hobsbawm . 23 Jul 2008 . The Scottish costume is, Trevor-Roper shows, simply the latest example of an ancient national habit: the forging of tradition. Click Images for
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PUBLIC HEARING ELKO COUNTY INFRASTRUCTURE TAX MASTER PLAN AMENDMENT
Notice is hereby given that the Elko County Commissioners of Elko County, State of Nevada, will hold a public hearing for comments on proposed amendments to the Master Plan of the Elko County Infrastructure Tax Act. The hearing will take place on April 3, 2019 at 3:00 p.m. (Pacific Time), at the Nannini Administration Building, Room #102, 540 Court Street, at which time all persons may attend and be heard.
The amendment proposes changes due to the completion ahead of time of the Osino Victory Blvd. Improvement Project, as well as Corral Lane and Indian Hills. With time of needed in obtaining easements, the Last Chance Road Project is being moved back and South Fork and Metropolis projects moved ahead. Written comments will be accepted in the County Manager's Office at 540 Court Street, Suite 101, by e-mail to [email protected] or on the Elko County website on the e-Comment system.
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COUNTY OF ELKO
_______________________________
ROBERT K. STOKES County Manager Elko County
Publish :
MARCH 19, 2019 ELKO DAILY FREE PRESS
BILL:
ELKO COUNTY MANAGERS OFFICE Account 05100343
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ST. STANISLAUS PREP 2021-2022 PREP Year
Returning Family
additional Child Registration Form
Family Name: _______________________________
Child's Name: ___________________________________________________________________
(Last Name)
(First Name)
(Middle Name)
(Nickname)
Grade in the Fall 2021: _____________ School: _____________________________
Has this child previously attended Religious Education Classes? Y / N
If yes, Parish ________________________________ Last Grade Completed __________
Date of Birth: ___________________________
Place of Birth: City _______________________ State _______________
Baptism: Parish ___________________________ Date ________________
Address: _________________________________________________________________
(Street)
(City)
(State)
(Zip)
If registering your child for the first time, please provide a photocopy of your child's Baptismal Certificate if he/she was baptized at another parish. (We can verify St. Stanislaus baptisms.)
IMMUNIZATION*:
Are your child's vaccinations up to date? ____ Yes ____ No
(If no, has he/she received an exemption from your current school? ____ Yes ____ No)
*Even if your child is exempt from immunizations, he/she may be excluded from school during an outbreak of the vaccine preventable disease.
If any other sacraments have already been received, please indicate below:
Reconciliation: Parish ____________________________ City/State _______________
Date __________
First Communion: Parish ____________________________ City/State _______________
Date __________
Confirmation: Parish ____________________________ City/State _______________
Date __________
Please note any allergies, medications, physical or learning disabilities, or other information pertinent to your child that will assist us in the classroom:
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Belt light-100m cable with 200 E27 sockets
Item Code: DS-BL-100M-200B
Overview
Description:
Outdoor and indoor use. Assembled set. Ready for plug in.
Characteristics:
Belt light set.
328.1' (100m) cable with 200 E27 bulb holders.
Max.15w bulbs allowed.
Bulbs are not included.
SCHUKO plug and end hock assembled.
Usage:
This light can be used in buildings, scenic spots, bridge, parks, etc.
FOB Price: $270/roll
Mini Order: 1 roll
Shipping Weight:
Average Rating: 57.6lb (26.2kg)
Inquire Now
Copyright © 1999-2012 by Beijing ChinaSigns Information Company Limited All Rights Reserved.
Email:[email protected] Tel:+86 132 6410 3286 www.sign-in-china.com
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IN THE MATTER OF DAVID THOMAS PRICE, solicitor
- AND -
IN THE MATTER OF THE SOLICITORS ACT 1974
______________________________________________
Mr J N Barnecutt (in the chair) Mrs E Stanley Ms A Arya
Date of Hearing: 9th May 2002
______________________________________________
FINDINGS
of the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal Constituted under the Solicitors Act 1974
______________________________________________
An application was duly made on behalf of the Office for the Supervision of Solicitors ("OSS") by George Marriott solicitor and partner in the firm of Gorvin Smith Fort of 6-14 Millgate, Stockport, Cheshire on 15 th November 2001 that David Thomas Price of Monmouth, Gwent, solicitor might be required to answer the allegations contained in the statement which accompanied the application and that such order might be made as the Tribunal should think right.
The allegations were that the Respondent had been guilty of conduct unbefitting a solicitor in that he:-
1. failed to keep books of account properly written up in accordance with the requirements of Rule 32 of the Solicitors Accounts Rules 1998 (the Rules);
2. drew money out of client account for his own benefit or for the benefit of another;
3. dishonestly misappropriated clients' funds;
4. drew monies out of client account other than as permitted by Rule 22 of the Rules;
5. failed to deliver to The Law Society any Accountant's Reports for any year after 1995 contrary to Rule 35 of the Rules or the 1991 Rules.
The application was heard at the Court Room, 3rd Floor, Gate House, 1 Farringdon Street, London EC4M 7NS on 9 th May 2002 when George Marriott appeared as the Applicant and the Respondent appeared in person.
The evidence before the Tribunal included the oral evidence of Mr Clemo, the Investigation Officer from the Forensic Investigation Unit of The Law Society, the oral evidence of the Respondent and a letter from Mr C handed in prior to the hearing and a copy client care letter handed up at the hearing.
At the conclusion of the hearing the Tribunal ordered that the Respondent David Thomas Price of Monmouth, Gwent, solicitor be struck off the Roll of Solicitors and they further ordered that he do pay the costs of and incidental to the application and enquiry in the sum of £7,356.
The evidence is set out in paragraphs 1 to 16 hereunder: -
1. The Respondent, born in 1947, was admitted as a solicitor in 1980. He carried on practice as a sole principal under the style of David Price from 43 Wonastow Road, Monmouth, Gwent. That was also the Respondent's home address.
2. By authorisation, the Office's Investigation and Compliance Officer Mr J Clemo commenced an inspection of the Respondent's books on 2 nd August 2001. As a result of that inspection, a report dated 21 st August 2001 was prepared setting out what the Investigation and Compliance Officer found.
3. Following notice duly given to the Respondent, Mr Clemo, the Investigation Officer began an inspection of the Respondent's books of account on 2 nd August 2001. A Report dated 21 st August 2001 was prepared and was before the Tribunal.
4. The Report of the Investigation Officer revealed that the Respondent's books of account were not in compliance with the Solicitors' Accounts Rules.
5. The Respondent failed to maintain a client account cash book written up-to-date and the cash records that were produced to the Investigation Officer were simply a list of clients' receipts up to 31 st May 2001. No formal clients' ledger was produced and no client account bank reconciliations nor comparisons of client cash balances with liabilities to clients were produced. The Respondent's explanation to Mr Clemo was that "things had just drifted." In his oral evidence he said his book keeping had been "sloppy."
6. Because of the lack of book keeping records the Investigation Officer was not able to compute the Respondent's liabilities to clients as at the 31 st July 2001, the inspection date. A minimum cash shortage of £21,950 existed as at that date as a result of round sum transfers having been made from client to office bank account. No bills of costs or other written intimations to clients had been given. The Respondent's explanation to the Investigation Officer had been that formal bills had not been rendered and that was being attended to. In evidence the Respondent said in the matter of A. Deceased his "client care" letter had indicated that he would transfer costs from time to time, the first of such transfers was to be made upon the grant of probate.
7. The Tribunal had before it a copy of the client care letter sent to Mrs W. That letter contained the following reference to costs:-
"The Law Society has laid down guidelines for the charges a solicitor/executor may make for administering an estate. In this case the suggested charges are the the [sic] spent on the work (my time at #75 (s/c) an hour) and a percentage increment based on the value of the estate (0.75% on the value of land and buildings and 1.5% on cash and investments). The final charge may be increased or decreased having regard to the complexity (or simplicity) of the work and what is fair and reasonable in all the circumstances."
8. The Respondent said he had discussed his charges with Mrs G, one of his co-executors in the estate of A. Deceased, and she had agreed. The Respondent referred the Tribunal to the letter faxed to the Applicant on 9 th May 2002 by Mr C, the other co-executor in the estate of A. Deceased. In that letter he said that, after the deceased's ashes had been scattered, the three executors (one of whom was the Respondent) met for lunch when the atmosphere was friendly and congenial and Mr C could only assume that whatever had been discussed in the morning had been concluded in an acceptable manner.
9. No action had been taken by the Respondent by the conclusion of the accounts inspection to address the minimum shortage. His explanation had been that as the Investigation Officer had occupied his office and desk he could not deal with it.
The estate of A. Deceased
10. The Respondent was an executor of A. Deceased who died in 1998 leaving a gross estate of £297,317. A list of client account payments and receipts was prepared. The payments included eighteen transfers from client to office bank account varying in amount between £450 and £4,500 totalling £21,950 and made between 15.1.99 and 1.3.01. The transfers had been made in respect of the Respondent's costs. No bills of costs had been raised apart from one for £1,500 in respect of the sale of a property for which a further £1,500 transfer had been made. The Respondent's explanation had been that he was waiting to complete the distribution of the assets of the estate before delivering bills.
11. In evidence the Respondent told the Tribunal that he had sent a client care letter to his co-executors. He recalled that the form of the letter had been changed from the form adopted in the matter of H. Deceased.
The estate of H. Deceased
12. The Respondent was the executor of H. Deceased who died in 1998 leaving a gross estate of £171,909. Between September 1998 and November 1998 four transfers from client to office bank account in varying amounts between £1,000 and £3,500 and totalling £8,000 had been made.
13. The matter file contained bills totalling £3,445. On 13 th October 1999 a transfer of £4,555 (£8,000 less £3,445) was made from office to client bank account. In evidence the Respondent told the Tribunal that he had accepted a motor car in part payment of his costs and the transfer back to client account included the value of the car. He had seen his client from time to time and had given oral explanations of the position.
14. The Investigation Officer had prepared a schedule showing the Respondent's overdraft limit on office account according to bank statements, the balance in office account immediately prior to the making of round sum transfers and the amounts of the round sum transfers. This schedule indicated that on twelve occasions out of twenty-two the bank overdraft limit was exceeded immediately prior to the transfer to office account of funds from client account.
15. In evidence the Respondent said that he had negotiated increases in his overdraft limit. This was demonstrated by the fact that the bank had paid cheques when the overdraft limit had on the face of the bank statements been exceeded.
16. The Respondent failed to deliver any Accountant's Reports since he began practising as a sole principal in June 1995. His explanation was that he had only been requested by The Law Society to deliver one, that being for the year ending 31 st May 2000.
The Submissions of the Applicant
17. The Respondent had admitted allegations 1, 4 and 5.
18. The Tribunal was invited to find allegations 2 and 3 to have been substantiated. These allegations related to the round sum transfers made from client to office bank account without reference to any particular client matter and without any bill of costs or written intimation of costs being delivered to the Respondent's lay clients.
19. In the submission of the Applicant the Respondent was utilising clients' funds to bring his office account overdraft limit into line with what his bank had agreed. All of the transfers in the list prepared by the Investigation Officer had been made in round sums. The transfers had been made frequently and over a substantial period of some two and a half years. The Tribunal was invited to draw an inference of dishonesty on the Respondent's part.
20. In submitting that the Respondent's behaviour had been dishonest the Applicant invited the Tribunal to apply the test in the case of Royal Brunei Airlines -v- Tan (Privy Council 1994) as considered and approved in the more recent case of Twinsectra-v-Yardley (H.L.2002). This amounted to a composite test. The Tribunal had to be satisfied (a) that the Respondent's conduct was unacceptable and dishonest and (b) that the Respondent knew or ought to have known that what he was doing was dishonest.
The Submissions of the Respondent
21. The Respondent believed he had served his clients well.
22. The only two complaints made against the Respondent were those relating to the two estates, details of which have been placed before the Tribunal.
23. In the matter of A. Deceased that had been a difficult matter and one co-executor, Mrs G, had apparently been entirely satisfied initially with the Respondent's conduct of the matter but subsequently had changed her mind.
24. The Respondent denied that he had behaved dishonestly and denied that he had taken clients' money for his own purposes. He said his relationship with his bank had been good. He had renegotiated higher overdraft limits. The Respondent had not been able to produce paperwork in support of his submissions because his files had been removed upon The Law Society's intervention into his practice.
25. The Respondent accepted that his book keeping had been sloppy and shoddy.
26. Since the intervention into his practice, the Respondent had earned his living as a consultant undertaking probate work at the firm of one of his erstwhile partners.
The Findings of Fact by the Tribunal
The Tribunal accepted the contents of the Investigation Officer's Report. The Tribunal has not made a finding as to whether or not the Respondent had exceeded his office account overdraft limit when round sum transfers were made. The Tribunal does find as fact that on every occasion when a round sum transfer was made from client to office account the office account was overdrawn and the effect of such transfers was to reduce the amount of the Respondent's borrowing. The Tribunal finds as a result that the Respondent had drawn money out of client account on each of the occasions when a round sum transfer was made for his own benefit. The Tribunal does not find that such transfers were made for the benefit of any other person.
The Tribunal finds that the Respondent's conduct was dishonest.
The Tribunal's Findings as to the Allegations
The Tribunal find all of the allegations to have been substantiated and that includes a finding that the Respondent has acted dishonestly.
Punctilious compliance with the Solicitors' Accounts Rules and the requirement to file Annual Accountant's Reports with The Law Society were necessary and important prerequisites to a solicitor's practice. Those rules and requirements were in place to safeguard the public and enable The Law Society properly to fulfil its obligations as a regulator. Any failure by a solicitor in these important areas denies the public its proper protection and prevents The Law Society from fulfilling its duty to ensure that the public is protected.
The Tribunal concludes that the Respondent took monies belonging to clients by transferring it from his client account and using it to bolster his office account. Not only was this a breach of the important rule that a solicitor may not take clients' money in respect of costs without first delivering a bill or written intimation of his costs but it amounted to an unauthorised use of clients' money of which the client was unaware. Solicitors who are entrusted with the handling of clients' money are bound to handle that money honestly, properly, fairly and transparently. There may very well not have been an intention on the part of the Respondent permanently to deprive his clients of the monies transferred to office account. The absence of such an intention was relevant only to a criminal charge of theft. It is the Tribunal's view that the unauthorised and secret use of clients' money for a solicitor's own purposes, in the absence of any such intention to deprive the client of such money on a permanent basis, in the case of a solicitor, did amount to dishonesty when applying the test in Royal Brunei -v- Tan as approved in Twinsectra -v- Yardley.
The Respondent had fallen very far short of the qualities of integrity, probity and trustworthiness required of a member of the solicitors' profession. He had been guilty of a lamentable failure to exercise a proper and honest stewardship over clients' funds.
The Respondent had flouted the regulations with which he was bound to comply in his capacity as a practising solicitor.
The Tribunal ordered that the Respondent be struck off the Roll of Solicitors and they further ordered him to pay the costs of and incidental to the application and enquiry (to include the costs of the Investigation Office) in an agreed fixed sum.
DATED this 5 th day of August 2002
on behalf of the Tribunal
J N Barnecutt Chairman
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Cleveland Clinic Employee
Health Plan Bulletin
Issue 1 OH/FL/OOA, July 2020
In This Issue
Finding Fitness at the Hardware Store: A Healthy
My EHP Health Connection is a registered trademark of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation
© The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 2020
Finding Fitness at the Hardware Store: A Healthy Choice Success Story
Have you ever had an "ah-ha" moment? For Mark, an Employee Health Plan (EHP) member who participates in the Healthy Choice discount program, it happened a couple of years ago.
On Groundhog Day of 2018, you could say that he saw his own shadow.
He saw things he wanted to change.
He wanted to be healthier. Enough was enough.
He had tried a variety of programs over the years, but nothing clicked until he committed to a daily routine.
This was the day.
He was ready to lose weight and change his eating habits.
He was inspired by his grandchildren. He wanted to have more energy to enjoy time with them and with his entire family.
Today, Mark is a success. He lost 60 pounds! He drinks water and walks every day — even through the winters.
Mark likes to walk outside every morning. On colder days, you'll find him walking the aisles of his local hardware store before work.
The hidden benefit of doing that?
Mark gets the best deals, hours before any other shoppers even get out of bed!
His most recent catch? A great deal on a grill for his son.
Another secret to Mark's success is an accountability partner.
He works with Melanie, his Care Coordinator, and is always excited to share his victories with her.
In this health journey, Mark says he feels better about himself, enjoys shopping for clothes and is thrilled that his doctor no longer recommends blood pressure medication.
At 60 years young, Mark is an inspiration to us all.
Are you ready for your "ah-ha" moment?
Join Healthy Choice and start your wellness journey. Visit clevelandclinic.org/healthplan or call 216.448.2247, option 2.
If you would like to share your story, contact Dawn Tussel at [email protected]. You could receive a device store gift card if featured in our newsletter.
2
2020 Healthy Choice Program – Temporary Changes Due to COVID-19
The Health Plan is listening to your concerns about participation in the Healthy Choice Program during this pandemic. We are focused on your health, safety and well-being. This year, we are making temporary changes to accommodate our members where feasible.
Following are the major modifications made to the 2020 Healthy Choice Program.
1. Your 2021 premium discount level will remain the same as what you earned for 2020, unless you work toward earning an even greater discount level (up to Diamond). If you are already Diamond, we encourage you to continue working on your goals as usual. If you are not Diamond, you will either maintain your current premium discount level, or you can participate in the program toward a greater premium discount level for 2021.
2. The participation deadline of the program year has been extended to Nov. 30, 2020. This additional time addresses the pandemic's disruption to accessing providers. Members must visit their providers to complete health visit forms as well as for final reporting of required vitals such as weight or labs if working for a better premium level.
3. The EHP is giving members two months of participation this year. This means members must participate for four months by Nov. 30. Get started no later than July 31, and meet all your goals to be eligible for the best discount level in 2021.
What does this mean for Open Enrollment and PTO Trade for Benefits?
Some caregivers choose to trade in paid time off (PTO) to offset the cost of benefits. PTO Trade for Benefits takes place shortly after Open Enrollment in the fall. Because the Healthy Choice participation deadline is extended this year, some caregivers won't see their 2021 health plan premium level until December. This means they may end up trading in more PTO to cover the cost of benefits than is needed. Total Rewards will work with caregivers to address this at that time. More information will be available during the Open Enrollment period. Keep in mind that any other benefits decisions you make during Open Enrollment cannot be changed later in the year unless you have a life event change.
A detailed list of frequently asked questions relating to these changes can be found on our website at clevelandclinic.org/healthplan.
Healthy Choice Portal Mobile App Now Available
Great news! Now it is even easier to keep track of your Healthy Choice goals and information. The Employee Health Plan has launched the EHP Healthy Choice portal mobile app and it is now available in the App store (iPhone and Apple devices) and Google Play (Android users). Just search for "EHP Healthy Choice ".
If you already have a Healthy Choice portal account, you can log in with your current ID and password; if you do not have an account, select "Create account" and follow the directions – you will need your EHP ID number and date of birth. After you log in, the app will provide a menu of views and links that will navigate you to information about your participation in Healthy Choice.
Employee Wellness Offers Virtual Fitness
During this challenging time, the Cleveland Clinic Employee Wellness team has been providing virtual fitness classes via Facebook. Workouts include cardio, core, stretching and strength sessions.
The Employee Wellness Facebook group is private, and you will need to join to access this free content. Remember to follow the standards in our Social Media Group policy.
Medical and Prescription Drug Updates
COVID-19 Related Benefit Coverage Changes
In March the Employee Health Plan posted expanded benefit coverage related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Each month EHP has been monitoring the federal and state requirements related to coverage and is now able to return to the standard coverage for the following services effective July 1, 2020.
Therapy and Chiropractic Services:
EHP removed the visit limits on certain therapies and chiropractic services to accommodate access difficulties as a result of COVID-19. The standard limits are now being reinstated. This means that if you are receiving any of these services, your visit count will start at 0 on July 1, 2020.
* The coverage for Occupational, Physical and Speech Therapy is 35 visits per calendar year. The first 20 visits are covered at 100% of the allowed amount after a $10 co-pay; the remaining 15 visits are covered at 50% of the allowed amount.
* Chiropractic office visits have a limit of 20 visits per calendar year. The first 10 visits are covered at 100% of allowed amount after a $35 co-pay; the second 10 visits are covered at 50% of allowed amount (children under 16 require prior authorization)
Pharmacy Services:
* As a result of the stay-at-home order, EHP lifted the edit preventing members from refilling maintenance medication prescriptions too early, which allowed members to refill medications early in anticipation of quarantine. The EHP is now turning the early refill edit back on. Effective July 1 you will not be able to obtain an early refill without the approval of the EHP Pharmacy Management team. Contact them at 216.986.1050 or toll free 888.246.6648 if you require an early refill.
* Generic Tamiflu will be covered at 100% with no copay. The brand Tamiflu, Relenza and Xofluza, will no longer be covered. Members will pay 100% of the discounted rate.
Change in Diabetes Pump/Supplies Coverage as of April 1, 2020
Prior to 4/1/2020, the standard Durable Medical Equipment (DME) coverage of 80/20% applied to diabetes pumps. Pumps require prior authorization and one of the medical necessity criteria for approval was that you had to be in Diabetes Coordinated Care. The EHP has changed the criteria. If in the prior authorization process a person is approved for a pump, the coverage is 80/20% if not in coordinated care. If they are in coordinated care, the coverage is 100%. The supplies are still covered at 80/20%, but if the member actively participates in the Diabetes program and meets the program goals and maintains them, they will be eligible for reimbursement of the 20% co-insurance on their insulin pump supplies.
New Tier 1 Provider for Diabetes Supplies
JMR Medical, Inc., a Solara Healthcare company, is now contracted as a Tier 1 provider for the Cleveland Clinic and Akron General Employee Health Plans. JMR offers another option for diabetes supply management. In addition to JMR, the EHP has two other durable medical equipment companies who offer diabetic supplies: Edgepark Medical Supplies and Health Aid of Ohio, Inc.
Contact information for these three companies can be found at www.CHNetwork.com.
3
4
Sign Up for MyChart
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way Cleveland Clinic interacts with patients, and we are increasingly relying on technology to help practice safe social distancing. With MyChart you have the ability to access your care team from the comfort and safety of home.
MyChart is Cleveland Clinic's tool to keep you connected with your care team. You can schedule in-person and
Cleveland Clinic Employee Health Plan Customer Service Unit / AC332B 3050 Science Park Drive Beachwood, OH 44122
Important Health Plan Information
virtual visits, track your test results, message your care team and more. Coming soon, you'll also be able to complete your registration and pay your bill in MyChart.
Not signed up for MyChart? Activate your account today at clevelandclinic.org/mychart.
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POSETS AND PLANAR GRAPHS
STEFAN FELSNER AND WILLIAM T. TROTTER
Abstract. Usually dimension should be an integer valued parameter, we introduce a refined version of dimension for graphs which can assume a value [ t − 1 ↕ t ] which is thought to be between t − 1 and t . We have the following two results:
* A graph is outerplanar if and only if its dimension is at most [2↕3]. This characterization of outerplanar graphs is closely related to the celebrated result of W. Schnyder [16] who proved that a graph is planar if and only if its dimension is at most 3.
* The largest n for which the dimension of the complete graph Kn is at most [ t − 1↕ t ] is the number of antichains in the lattice of all subsets of a set of size t − 2.
Accordingly, the refined dimension problem for complete graphs is equivalent to the classical combinatorial problem known as Dedekind's problem. This result extends work of Ho¸sten and Morris [14].
The main results are enriched by background material which links to a line of reserch in extremal graph theory which was stimulated by a problem posed by G. Agnarsson: Find the maximum number of edges in a graph on n nodes with dimension at most t .
1. Introduction
Let G = (V, E) be a finite simple graph.
Definition 1.1. A nonempty family R of linear orders on the vertex set V of a graph G = (V, E) is called a realizer of G provided
(∗) For every edge S ∈ E and every vertex x ∈ X − S, there is some L ∈R so that x > y in L for every y ∈ S.
The dimension of G, denoted dim(G), is then defined as the least positive integer t for which G has a realizer of cardinality t.
In order to avoid trivial complications when the condition (∗) is vacuous, throughout the remainder of the paper, we restrict our attention to connected graphs with three or more vertices.
For those readers who are new to the concept of dimension for graphs, we present the following elementary example.
Example 1.2. The dimension of the complete graph K5 is 4, but the removal of any edge reduces the dimension to 3.
1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 06A07, 05C35.
Key words and phrases. Dimension, planarity, outerplanarity.
The research of the second author was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Proof. Consider the complete graph with vertex set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Any family of 4 linear orders {L1, L2, L3, L4} with i the highest element and 5 the second highest element in Li for all i is a realizer. So dim(K5) ≤ 4. On the other hand, suppose dim(K5) ≤ 3, and let R = {M1, M2, M3} be a realizer. Without loss of generality, 4 and 5 are not the highest element of any linear order in R. Also, without loss of generality 4 > 5 in both M1 and M2. Now let j be the largest element of M3. Then there is no element i ∈{1, 2, 3} for which 5 is over both 4 and j in Mi. The contradiction shows that dim(K5) = 4, as claimed.
Now let e = {3, 4}. The following three linear orders form a realizer of K5 − e:
L
1
= [2
<
3
<
5
<
4
<
1]
L
2
= [1
<
3
<
5
<
4
<
2]
L
3
= [1
<
2
<
4
<
5
<
3]
□
Here is a second example. We leave its elementary proof as an exercise.
Example 1.3. The dimension of the complete bipartite graph K3,3 is 4, but the removal of any edge reduces the dimension to 3.
The preceding two examples help to motivate the following, now classic, theorem of W. Schnyder [16].
Theorem 1.4. A graph G is planar if and only if its dimension is at most 3. □
Schnyder's original version of Theorem 1.4 used a slightly different concept of dimension. With a finite graph G = (V, E), we associate a height two poset P = PG whose ground set is V ∪ E. The order relation is defined by setting x < S in PG if x ∈ V , S ∈ E and x ∈ S. PG is called the incidence poset of G. Schnyder proved: A graph G is planar if and only if the dimension of its incidence poset is at most 3.
The close relationship between the dimension of a graph and the dimension of its incidence poset can be described as follows:
Proposition 1.5. Let G be a graph and let PG be its incidence poset. Then
(1) dim(G) ≤ dim(PG) ≤ 1 + dim(G).
G
(2) dim(
) = dim(
P
G
)
if
G
has no vertices of degree
1.
□
Although the preceding proposition admits an elementary proof, it can be stated in a somewhat more general form:
Proposition 1.6. The dimension of a graph equals the interval dimension of its incidence poset. □
Graphs and incidence orders of dimension at most two are easy to characterize:
Proposition 1.7. Let G be a graph and let PG be its incidence poset. Then
(1) dim(G) ≤ 2 if and only if G is a caterpillar.
(2) dim(PG) ≤ 2 if and only G is a path.
□
We will not use the concepts of dimension and interval dimension for posets extensively in this article, but for those readers who would like additional information on how this parameter relates to graph theory problems, we suggest looking at Trotter's monograph [20] or survey articles [21], [22] and [23].
Although we do not include a proof of Schnyder's theorem here, we pause for some comments related to it.
The fact that graphs with dim(G) ≤ 3 are planar is relatively easy to prove. This was shown by Babai and Duffus [3]. The difficult part is to show that dim(G) ≤ 3 when G is planar. This proof required Schnyder to develop several elegant structural results for planar graphs, and these results have interest independent from their application to Theorem 1.4. Schnyder's theorem has been generalized by Brightwell and Trotter [5], [6] with the following two results.
Theorem 1.8. Let D be a plane drawing without edge crossings of a 3-connected planar graph G and let P be the poset of vertices, edges and faces of this drawing, partially ordered by inclusion. Then dim(P) = 4. Furthermore, the subposet of P generated by the vertices and faces is 4-irreducible. □
Theorem 1.9. Let D be a plane drawing without edge crossings of a planar multigraph G and let P be the poset of vertices, edges and faces of this drawing, partially ordered by inclusion. Then dim(P) ≤ 4. □
Simplified proofs of Theorem 1.8 have been given by Felsner [10], [11].
2. Other Combinatorial Connections
In order to provide further motivation for the results which follow, we pause to discuss two other recent research directions. One such theme is to determine (or estimate) the dimension of the complete graph Kn. Note that the dimension of Kn and the dimension of its incidence poset are the same when n ≥ 3.
For a positive integer t, let B(t) denote the set of all subsets of {1, 2, . . ., t}. A subset A ⊂B(t) is called an antichain if no two sets in A are ordered by inclusion. We then let D(t) count the number of antichains 1 Starting with D(1) = 3 the next values are: 6, 20, 168, 7781. Exact values are known for t ≤ 8 The evaluation (or estimation) of the function D(t) is popularly known as Dedekind's Problem [18].
We then let HM(t) count the number of antichains A in B(t) which satisfy the following additional property:
Starting with HM(1) = 2 the next values are: 4, 12, 81. These numbers arise in several combinatorial problems [18], but here is one particularly surprising one recently discovered by Ho¸sten and Morris [14].
Theorem 2.1.
Let
t
≥
2
. Then
HM(
t
−
1)
is the largest
n
so that dim(
K
n
)
≤
t.
□
So it is natural to ask whether there is a connection between dimension and Dedekind's problem which avoids the technical restriction (∗∗) described above.
But perhaps there is even a more significant motivation involving minor-monotone graph parameters—a subject which has attracted considerable attention in the last few years. For example, let µ(G) denote the Colin de Verdi`ere graph invariant introduced in [8]. The parameter µ(G) is minor-monotone. Furthermore:
(1) µ(G) ≤ 1 if and only if G is a path.
(2) µ(G) ≤ 2 if and only if G is outerplanar.
(3) µ(G) ≤ 3 if and only if G is planar.
(4) µ(G) ≤ 4 if and only if G is linklessly embeddable in 3-space.
1 In this count we include the empty antichain.
We refer the reader to Schrijver's survey article [17] for an extensive discussion of the Colin de Verdi`ere invariant. However, in view of our previous remarks, it is striking that in the list of results for this invariant, we see both a characterization of paths and of planar graphs. So it is natural to explore the concept of dimension of graphs to see if one can find a characterization of outerplanar graphs, a characterization of linklessly embeddable graphs and a natural extension to a minor-monotone parameter. We have solved the first of these three challenges.
3. A New Characterization of Outerplanar Graphs
Let L and M be linear orders on a finite set X. We say that L and M are dual and write L = M d if x < y in L if and only if x > y in M for all x, y ∈ X. Reflecting on the problem of characterizing outerplanar graphs in terms of dimension, one is also faced with the problem of finding a number between 2 and 3, this object 2 will be denoted [2 ↕ 3].
Definition 3.1. For an integer t ≥ 2, we say that the dimension of a graph is [t−1 ↕ t] if it has dimension greater than t − 1 yet has a realizer of the form {L1, L2, . . . , Lt} with Lt −1 = L d t .
As the reader will see, the following theorem is not difficult to prove. It is the statement which is a bit surprising.
Theorem 3.2. A graph G is outerplanar iffit has dimension at most [2 ↕ 3].
Proof. Let G be a graph and suppose that dim(G) ≤ [2 ↕ 3]. We show that G is outerplanar. Choose a realizer {L1, L2, L3} for G with L2 = L d 3 . Then let H be the graph formed by adding a new vertex x adjacent to all vertices of G. We show that H is planar. To accomplish this, consider the family R = {M1, M2, M3} of three linear orders on the vertex set of H formed by adding x at the top of L1, the bottom of L2 and the bottom of L3. We claim that R is a realizer of H. To see this, let u be a vertex in H and let f be an edge not containing u as one of its endpoints. If u = x, then x is over both points of f in M1. So we may assume u ̸= x. If f = {x, v}, with v a vertex from G and u ̸= v, then u is over both x and v in exactly one of M2 and M3. Finally, if f = {v, w}, where both v and x are vertices in G, then there is some i ∈{1, 2, 3} for which u is over both v and w in Li. It follows that u is over v and w in Mi. Thus by Schnyder's theorem, H is planar. In turn, G is outerplanar.
Now suppose that G is outerplanar. We show that the dimension of G is at most [2 ↕ 3]. Without loss of generality, we may assume that G has n ≥ 4 vertices and is maximal outerplanar, i.e., adding any missing edge to G produces a graph which is no longer outerplanar.
As before, let H be formed from G by adding a new vertex x adjacent to all vertices of G. Then H is maximal planar. Choose a plane drawing without edge crossings of H so that the vertex x appears on the exterior triangle. Let u1 and un be the other two vertices on this triangle. Then there is a natural labelling of the vertices of G as u1, u2, . . . , un so that {ui, ui+1} is an edge and {x, ui, ui+1} is a triangular face in the drawing for all i = 1, 2, . . ., n − 1. Let L2 be the subscript order u1 < u2 < · · · < un and let L3 be the dual of L2.
2 In the original manuscript we have used the fraction 5 2 for this purpose. This, however, could be confused with with the independent notion of fractional dimension (see [4], [12]).
x
Figure 1. An example for the construction. Shortest path trees for u1 and u10 are color coded. A corresponding permutation L1 is u1, u10, u3, u2, u9, u4, u8, u6, u5, u7, x.
Call a path ui1, ui2, . . . , uir in G monotonic if i1 < i2 < · · · < ir. For each integer i with 1 < i < n, note that there is a unique shortest monotonic path P (u1, ui) from u1 to ui. Likewise, there is a unique shortest monotonic path P (ui, un) in G from ui to un. Then let Si be the region consisting of all points in the plane belonging to the closed region bounded by the edges in these two paths together with the edge {u1, un}. By convention, we take S1 and Sn as the degenerate region consisting of those points in the plane which are on the edge {u1, un}. Define a strict partial order Q on the set {u1, u2, . . . , un} by setting ui < uj in Q if and only if Si is a proper subset of Sj. Then let L1 be any linear extension of Q.
We claim that {L1, L2, L3} is a realizer of G. To see this, let u be a vertex of G and let e = {y, z} be an edge not containing u. We show that there is some i ∈{1, 2, 3} for which u is over both y and z in Li. This conclusion is straightforward except possibly when there exist integers i, j, k with 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ n so that {y, z} = {ui, uk} and u = uj. However, in this case, it is easy to see that u is over y and z in L1. □
4. The Connection with Dedekind's Problem
In this section, we show that our refined dimension concept for complete graphs yields a full equivalence with the classical problem of Dedekind. Again, the proof is not difficult, and we find the statement the real surprise.
Theorem 4.1. For t ≥ 3 the largest n so that dim(Kn) ≤ [t − 1 ↕ t] is D(t − 2).
Proof. We first show that if dim(Kn) ≤ [t − 1 ↕ t], then D(t − 2) ≥ n. Let R = {L1, L2, . . . , Lt} be a realizer which shows that dim(Kn) ≤ [t − 1 ↕ t]. By relabelling, we may assume that:
(1) The vertex set of Kn is {1, 2, . . ., n},
(2) 1 < 2 < · · · < n in Lt, and
(3) 1 > 2 > · · · > n in Lt −1.
Now for each i, j ∈{1, 2, . . ., n} with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, let S(i < j) = {α ∈ {1, 2, . . ., t − 2} : i < j in Lα}. Then for each i = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1, let Ci = {S(i < j) : i < j ≤ n}. Order the sets in each Ci by inclusion and let Ai denote the set of maximal elements of Ci. By construction, each Ai is an antichain in B(t − 2), in fact a non-empty antichain. Finally, set An = ∅.
We claim that Ai ̸= Aj for all 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. In fact, we claim that there exists a set S ∈Ai so that S ⊈ T for every T ∈Aj. This is clearly true if j = n. But
6
suppose that this claim fails for some pair i, j with 1 ≤ i < j < n. Consider the set S(i < j). Then there is a set S ∈Ai with S(i < j) ⊆ S. Suppose that there is a set T ∈Aj so that S ⊆ T . Choose k with j < k ≤ n so that T = S(j < k). It follows that whenever α ∈{1, 2, . . ., t − 2} and i < j in Lα, then j < k in Lα. So there is no α in {1, 2, . . ., t − 2} for which j is over both i and k. Since j is between i and k in both Lt −1 and Lt, it follows that R is not a realizer. The contradiction completes the first part of the proof.
Now suppose that D(t − 2) ≥ n. We want to show that dim(Kn) ≤ [t − 1 ↕ t]. Here we only provide a sketch of the argument since it follows immediately from the next lemma, a result due to Ho¸sten and Morris. It is also presented in somewhat more compact form in Kierstead's survey paper [15] and has its roots in Spencer's paper [19], where the asymptotic behavior of the dimension of the complete graph is first discussed.
First, let s ≥ 1 and let L = (S1, S2, . . . , S2s) be a listing of all the subsets of {1, 2, . . ., s} so that i < j whenever Si ⊂ Sj, i.e., this listing is a linear extension of the inclusion ordering. Then suppose that D(s) = n and let A1, A2, . . . , An be the unique listing of the antichains in B(s) so that
For all i < j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, if k is the largest integer in {1, 2, . . ., 2 s } so that Sk belongs to one of Ai and Aj but not the other, then Sk belongs to Ai.
In other words, the listing of antichains is in reverse lexicographic order as determined by the listing L. The proof of the following lemma is given in [14].
Lemma 4.2. Let s ≥ 1, let L be a linear extension of the inclusion order on the subsets of {1, 2, . . ., s} and let A1, A2, . . . , An be the antichains of B(s) listed in reverse lexicographic order as determined by L. For each i and j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, let k be the largest integer in {1, 2, . . ., 2 s } so that Sk belongs to one of Ai and Aj but not the other, and set S(i < j) = Sk. Then for each α ∈{1, 2, . . ., s}, the binary relation
is a total order on the antichains of
It is easy to see that the orders {L1, L2, . . . , Ls} together with the subscript order and its dual form a realizer of the complete graph of size n with the vertices being the antichains in B(s). With this observation, the proof is complete. □
5. A New Extremal Graph Theory Problem
G. Agnarsson [1] first proposed to investigate the following extremal graph theory problem. For integers n and t, find the maximum number ME(n, t) of edges in a graph on n vertices having dimension at most t. Agnarsson was motivated by ring theoretic problems which are discussed in [1] and [2].
Based on the results presented thus far, we can also attempt to find the maximum number of edges ME(n, [t − 1 ↕ t]) in a graph on n vertices having dimension at most [t − 1 ↕ t]. For small values, we know everything, since we are just counting respectively the maximum number of edges in a caterpillar, an outerplanar graph and a planar graph.
In [2], Agnarsson, Felsner and Trotter investigated the asymptotic behavior of ME(n, 4) and used Tur´an's theorem [24], the product Ramsey theorem (see [13], for example) and the Erd˝os/Stone theorem [9] to obtain the following result.
Theorem 5.2.
The lower bound in this formula comes from the fact that any graph with chromatic number at most 4 has dimension at most 4. So the Tur´an graph, a balanced complete 4-part graph has dimension at most 4. This is enough to show that limn →∞ ME(n, 4)/n 2 ≥ 3/8.
Theorem 5.3.
Proof. As the argument is a straightforward modification of the proof of Theorem 5.2, we provide only a sketch. First, note that the balanced complete bipartite graph has dimension at most [3 ↕ 4] and has ⌈n 2 /4⌉ edges. This shows that 1/4 is a lower bound for the limes.
Now suppose that ǫ > 0 and G is any graph on n vertices with more than (1/4 + ǫ)n 2 edges. We show that dim(G) > [3 ↕ 4] provided n is sufficiently large. Suppose that dim(G) ≤ [3 ↕ 4] and choose a realizer R = {L1, L2, L3, L4} with L3 = L d 4 . From the Erd¨os/Stone theorem, we know that for every p ≥ 1, G contains a complete 3-partite graph with p vertices in each part—provided n is sufficiently large in terms of p. Choose such a subgraph and label the three parts as V1, V2 and V3. Using the product ramsey theorem, it follows that if p is sufficiently large, there exists W1 ⊂ V1, W2 ⊂ V2 and W3 ⊂ V3, with |W1| = |W2| = |W3| = 2, so that for each i, j, k = 1, 2, 3 with i ̸= j, either all points of Wi are under all points of Wj in Lk or all points of Wi are over all points of Wj in Lk.
Label the points so that W1 = {x1, x2}, W2 = {y1, y2} and W3 = {z1, z2}. Without loss of generality, we may assume that x1 < x2 < y1 < y2 < z1 < z2 in L3, so that z2 < z1 < y2 < y1 < x2 < x1 in L4.
Consider the vertex y1 and the edge {x1, y2}. Since y1 < y2 in L3 and y1 < x1 in L4, we may assume without loss of generality that y1 is over both x1 and y2 in L1. Thus y1 and y2 are over x1 and x2 in L1. Similarly, considering the vertex y2 and the edge {z1, y1}, we may conclude that y2 is over both z1 and y1 in L2. Thus y1 and y2 are over z1 and z2 in L2.
Following this pattern, we may then conclude that z1 is over both z2 and y1 in L1, while x2 is over both x1 and y1 in L2. It follows that the middle two points of W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 in each of the four linear orders are y1 and y2. This is a contradiction, since it implies that y1 is never higher than both x1 and z1. The contradiction completes the proof. □
Remark. A previous version of this paper contained two conjectures regarding the structure of the extremal graphs of dimension at most [3 ↕ 4] and 4. The conjectures where that these graphs can be obtained from complete four-partite and bipartite graphs by adding an maximal outerplaner graph on each of the color classes.
8
Both of these conjectures have been disproved recently by de Mendez and Rosenstiehl [7]. An independent example disproving the second of the conjectures was brought to our attention by an anonymous referee.
6. Minor-monotone Issues
It follows from Schnyder's theorem that the property of having dimension at most 3 is minor closed, i.e., if G has dimension at most 3, then any minor of G has dimension at most 3. However, we no of no direct proof of this assertion—other than to appeal to the full power of Schnyder's theorem. Ideally, one would like to find an alternative proof of Schnyder's theorem by combining the following three assertions:
(1) For every n ≥ 1, the n × n grid has dimension at most 3.
(2) If G is a planar graph, there is some n ≥ 1 for which G is a minor of an n × n grid.
(3) Every minor of a graph of dimension at most 3 has dimension at most 3.
Of course, each of these three statements is true, and simple proofs are known for the first two. So we just want to find a direct proof of the third.
We also know that the property of having dimension at most [2 ↕ 3] is minor closed. However, we do not know of a simple proof of this statement either.
For t ≥ [3 ↕ 4], it is easy to see that the property dim(G) ≤ t is no longer minor closed. For example, dim(Kn) →∞ but if we subdivide each edge, then we obtain a bipartite graph which has dimension at most [3 ↕ 4]. We may then ask whether there is an appropriate generalization of the concept of dimension which coincides with the original definition when t < [3 ↕ 4] and is minor closed when t ≥ [3 ↕ 4]. We could also ask whether there is any way to characterize linklessly embeddable graphs in this framework.
7. Complexity Issues
Yannakakis [25] showed that testing for dim(P) ≤ t is NP-complete for every fixed t ≥ 3. Yannakakis also proved that testing for dim(P) ≤ t is NP-complete even for height 2 posets when t ≥ 4. However, he was not able to settle whether testing for dim(P) ≤ 3 is NP-complete for height 2 posets. This problem remains open.
Our original definition for dimension was formulated for a graph. However, it applies equally as well to hypergraphs. In a similar manner, we can speak of the incidence poset PH of a hypergraph H. When G is a graph, testing for dim(G) ≤ 3 is linear, since this is just a test for planarity. A similar remark holds when testing for dim(G) ≤ [2 ↕ 3]. When H is a hypergraph, we do not know if testing for dim(H) ≤ 3 is NP-complete. Also, we do not know whether testing for dim(H) ≤ [2 ↕ 3] is NP-complete. We suspect that testing for dim(G) ≤ [3 ↕ 4] is NP-complete, but have not been able to settle the question.
Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank Walter D. Morris, Jr., Serkan Ho¸sten and Geir Agnarsson for sharing preliminary versions of their papers with us. We would also like to thank them for numerous electronic communications, all of which were valuable to our investigations.
References
[1] G. Agnarsson, Extremal Graphs of Order Dimension 4, Math. Scand. 90 (2002), 5–12.
[2] G. Agnarsson, S. Felsner and W. T. Trotter, The Maximum Number of Edges in a Graph of Bounded Dimension, with Applications to Ring Theory, Discrete Math. 201 (1999), 5–19.
[3] L. Babai and D. Duffus, Dimension and automorphism groups of lattices, Algebra Universalis 12 (1981), 279–289.
[4] G. R. Brightwell and E. R. Scheinerman, Fractional dimension of partial orders, Order 9 (1992), 139–158.
[5] G. R. Brightwell and W. T. Trotter, The order dimension of convex polytopes, SIAM J. Discrete Math. 6 (1993), 230–245.
[6] G. R. Brightwell and W. T. Trotter, The order dimension of planar maps, Math. 10 (1997), 515–528.
SIAM J. Discrete
[7] P. O. de Mendez and P. Rosenstiehl, Homomorphism and dimension, Comb., Prob. & Comp. to appear.
[8] Y. Colin de Verdi`ere, Sur un nouvel invariant des graphes et un crit`ere de planarit´e, J. Comb. Theory B 50 (1990). 11–21.
[9] P. Erd˝os and A. H. Stone, On the structure of linear graphs, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 52 (1946), 1089–1091.
[10] S. Felsner, Convex drawings of Planar Graphs and the Order Dimension of 3-Polytopes Order 18 (2001), 19–37.
[11] S. Felsner, Geodesic Embeddings and Planar Graphs Order 20 (2003), 135–150.
[12] S. Felsner and W. T. Trotter, On the fractional dimension of partially ordered sets. Discrete Math. 136 (1994), 101–117.
[13] R. L. Graham, B. L. Rothschild and J. H. Spencer, Ramsey Theory, 2nd Edition, J. H. Wiley, New York, 1990.
[14] S. Ho¸sten and W. D. Morris, Jr., The order dimension of the complete graph, Discrete Math. 201 (1999), 133–139.
[15] H. A. Kierstead, The dimension of layers of the subset lattice, Discrete Math. 201 (1999), 141–155.
[16] W. Schnyder, Planar graphs and poset dimension, Order 5 (1989), 323–343.
[17] A. Schrijver, Minor-monotone graph invariants, in Surveys in Combinatorics, R. A. Bailey, ed., London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 241 (1997), 163–196.
[18] Sloan's On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences,
Dedekind numbers:
A000372241,
HM- numbers:
A001206,
http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/
.
[19] J. Spencer, Minimal scrambling sets of simple orders, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 22 (1972), 349–353.
[20] W. T. Trotter, Combinatorics and Partially Ordered Sets: Dimension Theory, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1992.
[21] W. T. Trotter, Progress and new directions in dimension theory for finite partially ordered sets, in Extremal Problems for Finite Sets, P. Frankl, Z. F¨uredi, G. Katona and D. Mikl´os, eds., Bolyai Soc. Math. Studies 3 (1994), 457–477.
[22] W. T. Trotter, Partially ordered sets, in Handbook of Combinatorics, R. L. Graham, M. Gr¨otschel, L. Lov´asz, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Volume I (1995), 433–480.
[23] W. T. Trotter, New perspectives on interval orders and interval graphs, in Surveys in Combinatorics, R. A. Bailey, ed., LMS Lecture note series 241 (1997), 237–286.
[24] P. Tur´an, On an extremal problem in graph theory (in Hungarian), Matematikai ´es Fizikai Lapok 48 (1941), 436–452.
[25] M. Yannakakis, On the complexity of the partial order dimension problem, SIAM J. Alg. Discr. Meth. 3 (1982), 351–358.
Technische Universit¨at Berlin, Institut f¨ur Mathematik, MA 6-1 Strasse des 17. Juni
136, 10623 Berlin, Germany
E-mail address:
[email protected]
School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-
0160, U. S. A.
E-mail address: [email protected]
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AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
MOTOR TRAFFIC (ALCOHOL AND DRUGS) ACT 1977
APPROVAL OF MEMBERS OF
THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
TO CARRY OUT BREATH ANALYSES
In pursuance of subsection 6(1) of the Motor Traffic (Alcohol and Drugs) Act 1977, I, Michael J Palmer, the Commissioner of Police under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979, hereby authorise the members of the Australian Federal Police referred to in the Schedule annexed hereto who:-
a have undergone a course approved by the Minister for Urban Services in the Australian Capital Territory as a course of instruction of members of the Police Force in the carrying out of breath analyses, and
b have completed the course to my satisfaction
to carry out breath analyses under that Act
Dated this 23 day of June 1997.
M J Palmer
Commissioner of Police
SCHEDULE
This is the schedule of the instrument of approval authorising the following members of the Australian Federal Police as authorised operators in pursuance of the Motor Traffic (Alcohol and Drugs) Act 1977.
| Name | First Name | Rank | Number |
|---------------|------------------|--------------|--------|
| WALLENSKY | Alex | Sergeant | 1179 |
| WOOD | Stephen Murray | Sergeant | 1187 |
| AYERS | David Keith | Constable | 3941 |
| BLANDFORD | John Raymond | Constable | 1626 |
| BOLTON | Nigel Brian | Constable | 4966 |
| BROWN | Andrew Kevin | Constable | 3485 |
| GRITSCH | Peter | Constable | 3812 |
| McMAHON | Shane Patrick | Constable | 4542 |
| NEWBERRY | Stephen Bruce | Constable | 5282 |
| PRAGUE | Darryl John | Constable | 2283 |
| RYAN | Dennis Martin | Constable | 4619 |
| STONE | Brendan James | Constable | 2971 |
| TANTI | John Peter | Constable | 5118 |
| VINTNER | Andrew James | Constable | 5071 |
| WALKER | Craig Jefferson | Constable | 4512 |
Dated this 23 day of June 1997.
M J Palmer
Commissioner of Police
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## DESCRIPTION
- **Capacity:** 4 x 60x40 - 1/1 GN
- **Trays insertion:** Cross wise
- **Dimensions:** 725 x 715 x H 605 mm
- **Control panel:** Analogic
- **Indicative quantity of meals:** --
- **Cooking chamber heating:** Electric
- **Steam generation:** direct system
## COOKING MODES AND FUNCTIONING
| Mode | Description |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Convection mode | Temperature range between 50 °C and 270 °C |
| Manual humidification | |
CONTROL PANEL COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
| | Description |
|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| A | Cooking chamber thermostat |
| B | Heating cooking chamber ON pilot light |
| C | Timer |
| D | Timer ON pilot light |
| G | Manual humidification |
MANUFACTURING FEATURES
- Heating system located on the back side of the cooking chamber;
- Waterproof cooking chamber in stainless steel AISI 430;
- External covering panels made of satin stainless steel AISI 430;
- Base chassis made of stainless steel AISI 430;
- Heating elements made of stainless steel Incoloy 800;
- Thermal insulation of the cooking chamber in ceramics fibre;
- Cooking chamber fans made of stainless steel;
## OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
| Code | Description |
|--------|----------------------|
| AFO 682 | Stand |
| AFO 684 | Stand with tray-slides |
## DIMENSIONS
| | OVEN | PACKAGE |
|------------------|----------|---------|
| Width | 725 mm | 760 mm |
| Depth (with door handle) | 715 mm | 750 mm |
| Height | 605 mm | 795 mm |
| Weight/Volume | | 50 kg / 0.45 m³ |
## WATER SUPPLY
| Parameter | Specification |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Water supply coupling | Ø ¾" gas |
| Water pressure | 1.5 - 2.5 bar |
| Water hardness | 4 - 12 °f = 40 - 120 ppm |
| Water conductivity | 50 + 2000 µS/cm |
| Chlorine concentr. Cl2 | < 0.2 mg/litre |
| Chloride concentration | <150 mg/litre |
| Water drain coupling | -- |
## POWER SUPPLY
| Parameter | Specification |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Model | AFO EM4CH |
| Power loading | 3.2 kW |
| Chamber power | 3.1 kW |
| Power of the motors | n° 2 x 55 W |
| Max. power loading | 3.2 kW |
| Voltage | 220-240 V N1 |
| Absorbed current | 13.5 A |
| Feed cable section | Cable included |
| Capacity | 4 x60x40 4 x 1/1 GN |
| Pitch between trays | 70 mm |
A Electrical cables connection
B Water inlet Ø 3/4" gas
D Cooking chamber release valve
The manufacturer declines all responsibility due to errors and/or misprints.
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Tasks 2.7 & 2.8 Education Modelling & School Buses, Car Passenger Modelling and Escorts
Introduction
We have put these two tasks together because of the investigative nature of these tasks and the degree of overlap.
We need a good understanding of what is going on, the nature of behaviour in order to think out alternative modelling approaches.
For school trips, the focus is on the ideas (i) that trip distribution is very constrained by the location of schools (local to residential areas) and (ii) that the choice of mode is also limited, with an emphasis on escorted car trips. For car passenger and escort modelling, the issues are how to model car passenger choices and how car driver trips are related to the escort purpose; our focus is on commuting and education escorts.
Inputs
School survey (a structured random sample of pupils at all schools in the Wellington region was surveyed)
Household survey
Processing
Suggested tabulations/graphs of the school survey are:
% mode share by age of school child and /or school grade
for car driver, tabulate the answers to the survey question "who else travelled in the car"
for car passengers, cross tabulate the answers to the survey questions "who drove" and "who was in the car"
trip length by age of school child and /or school grade
mode used by the distance from home to school
(it may be worth checking out the return trip home too)
the graphs and tables need to be repeated aggregating grades to primary and secondary levels.
Analysis of the household survey for school trips should focus on the interaction with other household members and is therefore about escort/car passenger trips. This is combined with commuting escorts in the proposed tables below. Because I have not thought out exactly how to do the analysis with the data, I do not always specify simple tables, but instead describe what we are interested in.
Using the expanded household survey:
next we have to understand how the car drivers and passengers relate to each other and how their trips relate to each other; the figure below attempts to identify what might be the principal trip types (5 in all); we need to find a way of establishing the volumes of tours/trips in each of these categories (and any other important ones which I have not thought of);
the first step is simply to tabulate the number and percentage of trips in the data by the common purpose categories by main mode; in principle, our primary interest is in escorting car drivers with purpose 11 (HB work escort) & 12 (HB Education escort) and car passengers with purposes 1 (HBW) & 2 (HBEd); we want to know how big a part of the data they form;
from this analysis we can hope to be able to identify:
the extent to which escorting is confined to the family;
the extent to which drivers are en-route to their own destination of making a special trip;
generally the trip volumes/proportions involved.
Figure: Relevant Types of Tour
1. Home - (S1) - Work Pick Up with passenger(s) - (S2) - Work
2. Home with passenger(s) - (S1) - Work Drop Off - (S2) - Work/Other Destination/Home
3. Home with passenger(s) - (S1) - Work
4. Home with passenger(s) - (S1) - School Drop Off - (S2) - Work/Other Destination/Home
5. Home possibly with passenger(s) - (S1) - Pick Up with passenger(s) - (S2) - School Drop Off - (S3) Work/Other Destination/Home
The stages are numbered (S1-S3) and whether or not there are passengers is identified. The reverse direction trips would need to be covered too.
Outputs
Conclusions as to how education and escort trips should be modelled.
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2021-22 School Profile
WILLIAM H. ATWELL MIDDLE SCHOOL (TEA 42)
1303 REYNOLDSTON LN DALLAS, TX 75232
www.dallasisd.org/atwellacademy
Principal: SHONDULA WHITFIELD ([email protected])
Phone: 972-794-6400
Middle school (grades 6–8) in the CARTER feeder pattern with a choice program.
School Effectiveness Index (2019)
2016
2019
2018
2017
Distinctions
Achievement in science
1
17
34
50
67
Rank out of 67 secondary, 149 elementary, or 16 magnet schools
Dallas ISD Evaluation & Assessment 2021-22 School Profile October 26, 2021
2021-22 School Profile WILLIAM H. ATWELL MIDDLE SCHOOL (TEA 42)
Mathematics (Grades 6-8)
Algebra I EOC (Grade 8)
*State results not available
Dallas ISD Evaluation & Assessment 2021-22 School Profile October 26, 2021
2021-22 School Profile Middle School Metric and Term Definitions
Dallas ISD Evaluation & Assessment 2021-22 School Profile October 26, 2021
2021-22 School Profile
Middle School Metric and Term Definitions
State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR)
Dallas ISD Evaluation & Assessment 2021-22 School Profile October 26, 2021
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The Board of Education of the Garfield Heights City School District met regular session on Monday, June 24, 2019 at the Garfield Heights Board of Education Offices, 5640 Briarcliff Dr., Garfield Heights, Ohio 44125 at 6:00 p.m. with Mr. Gary Wolske, President of the Board, presiding.
ROLL CALL
Present: Mr. Wolske, Mrs. Kitson, Mrs. Chamberlin, Mr. Dobies, Mr. Juby
Absent:
RECOMMEND ADOPTION OF AGENDA AS PRESENTED
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve the agenda as adopted.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
MOMENT OF SILENT REFLECTION & PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
READING & APPROVAL OF MINUTES
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies approve the following minutes:
Minutes from the Special Board Meeting of May 9, 2019 as presented.
Minutes from the Special Board Meeting of May 15, 2019 as presented.
Minutes from the Regular Board Meeting of May 20, 2019 as presented.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
BOARD PRESIDENT’S REPORT
Good evening everyone and thank you for attending tonight’s Board meeting. A special thank you to all of the Administrators, teachers and support staff for all of their hard work during the 2018-2019 school year. Even though the school year has ended preparations are already underway for the 2019-2020 school year. I would like to also thank all of the people involved in that process. That concludes my report.
COMMITTEE REPORTS:
Cuyahoga Valley Career Center – Christine A. Kitson
Student Activities - Joseph Juby
Legislative Liaison – Gary Wolske
City Liaison – Robert A. Dobies Sr.
Policy Liaison – Christine A. Kitson & Joan Chamberlin
PRESENTATION
Lauryn Palgut, District Nutritionist from Pisanick Partners gave the Board a year in review power-point presentation on the district’s food service operations, changes, accomplishments and awards. She also gave her thoughts on targeted goals for the upcoming school year.
Lee Ann Reisland – Test Scores
Lee Ann shared the overall district scores for each test, pointed out a few bright spots, and a few things to work on. Ms. Kitson asked the Teaching and Learning to track the students who are passing tests to see if they have been with us all through their schooling. Mrs. Reisland stated that she plans to work on that project this fall.
Shari Bailey – Technology /EMIS Update
Shari Bailey provided the Board of Education an update on the technology department and technology initiatives from the previous school year as well as projects for the 2019-2020 school year. Some projects from the 2018-2019 school year include:
1. Replacement plan - PC's, iPads, Chromebooks
2. Replacing 3 security camera servers
3. Setting up a new card reader server
4. Participating in a cybersecurity audit with CDW
5. Implementing - Go Guardian internet and safety filter for Chromebooks
6. Installed digital slides show in each school building
Projects for the 2019-2020 school year include:
1. Replacement plan - PC's iPads, Chromebooks
2. Replacing the original Cisco Phone Servers
3. Replacing an end of life district firewall.
4. Replacing end of life network switches for the Middle School
5. Replacing Elmwood and Maple Leaf's UPS battery backups using eRate funds
6. Sixth grade 1-1 Pilot - Students will have the same device assigned to them to use all day, every day. They will return the device at the end of the school day.
7. Classlink - Sign on for students to log into all of their curricular programs.
The computer coordinators will be planning professional development activities for the 19-20 school year. Shari introduced Jontae' Johnson and Sherry Lanza who are the district's EMIS employees. Ms. Johnson presented information about the training they attended. In addition, she talked about what is being done to verify residency for students who are open enrolled, attend community schools and/or an Ed Choice school. Saved the district over $250,000 due to their due diligence in the residency verification of open enrolled students.
RECOGNITIONS/COMMENDATIONS
Mr. Hanke acknowledged and thanked Susan Jerina, Teacher and Adele Sampagnaro, Housekeeper who are retiring for their years of service to the district. He also acknowledged Doug Dillon who was in attendance as the new Supervisor of Security and introduced Ethan Lubera, new Physical Education teacher at the Middle School who also was in attendance.
SUPERINTENDENT’S REPORT
Thank you, Mr. President. The summer months are here, but the Garfield Heights City Schools remains an active environment for learning and achievement. Our graduating Class of 2019 officially departed their time as students in our District on Thursday, May 23, with an inspirational commencement ceremony. This Senior class has become one of the elite classes in school history, as the Class of 2019 earned a combined $6.8 million in total scholarships, awards and grants. Congratulations, one final time, to the Class of 2019, and all the best in your future endeavors. The last official day of school for the rest of the district was on Friday, May 24. That following Monday, Memorial Day, featured for the first time in many years, our marching band who participated in the city’s Memorial Day parade and we thank the city leaders for allowing our Bulldogs to show off their talent by restoring this tradition.
Please remember that all students who turn 5-years old on or before August 1st are eligible for kindergarten and must register. Do not wait, please contact the district’s main phone line to schedule your appointment. Call 216-475-8100.
Three exciting activities that continue throughout the summer in the District are Kinderbound, the District’s program for incoming kindergarten students, as well as safety town, run in partnership with the City of Garfield Heights to instruct our youngsters in bike safety, pedestrian safety, swimming, and more… and also the Fresh Foods Market, which is still taking place at the Middle School on the second Wednesday of each month at 3:30 p.m. In fact, just last week, the June Fresh Foods Market served 159 families, 269 children, and 95 seniors. Of those children, 89% attend the Garfield Heights City Schools! The next market is Wednesday, July 10.
Finally, students can always read…read…read over the summer. Check our website for the summer reading lists for the Middle School and High School. A little extra reading will go a long way when students return in the fall. Until then, continue enjoying your summer, and as always.
GO BULLDOGS!
REMARKS FROM THE PUBLIC REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
REPORTS & RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE TREASURER:
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the financials for May 2019 as presented in Exhibit “A”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve Resolution No. 2019-10, a resolution approving temporary appropriations for the months of July, August, and September 2019, as presented in Exhibit “B”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve Resolution No. 2019-11, a resolution approving the appropriation amendments, as presented in Exhibit “C”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION:
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SUPERINTENDENT TO THE BOARD:
PERSONNEL:
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve Employee Leaves as presented in Exhibit “D”.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the following Administrative Contract:
| Name | Title | Days | Contract Effective |
|-----------------|------------------------|------|--------------------|
| Gordon Dupree | Director of Pupil Services | 225 | 8/1/19 - 7/31/20 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to accept the resignations of the following certified employees as listed below:
| Name | Position/Bldg. | Effective |
|--------------------|-------------------------|-----------|
| Jenger Schmersal | Grade 3 – WF | 7/2/19 |
| Janine El-Amin | Intervention Spec. – MS | 7/10/19 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to accept the resignations of the following classified employees as listed below:
| Name | Position/Bldg. | Effective |
|--------------|-------------------------|-----------|
| Michelle Hill| Bus Aide - Transportation| 5/24/19 |
| Tiarra McCurry| Bus Driver - Transportation | 5/24/19 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to accept the retirement resignation of Susan Jerina, Computer Teacher at the High School effective June 30, 2019 after 20 years with Garfield Heights City Schools.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to accept the retirement resignation of Adele Sampognaro, Head Housekeeper at the High School effective July 1, 2019 after 40 years with Garfield Heights City Schools.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the following qualified position(s) for the 2019-2020 as follows:
| Name | Position | Degree | Days | Step |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------|------|------|
| Gina Wilson | Family and Civic Engagement Coordinator | M/Lvl.3 | 185 | 11 |
| (Grant Funded) | | | | |
| Doug Dillon | Supervisor of Security | A/Lvl.1 | 210 | 14 |
| Chris Mather | Resident Educator Program Lead | M/Lvl.3 | 75 | 4 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the following qualified position(s) for the 2019-2020 as follows:
| Name | Previous Position | New Position | Step |
|--------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------|------|
| Nicholas Howard | Instructional Asst. (2B) - ML | Housekeeping (1D) - HS | 0 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the classified contract(s) for the 2019-2020 school year as follows:
| Name | Position | Hours | Exp. |
|--------------|-----------------------------------------------|-------|------|
| Ceil Shields | Elementary Cafeteria Lead (3C) - WF | 7 | 2 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the certified contract(s) for the 2019-2020 school year as follows:
| Name | Position | Degree | Step |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------|------|
| Kimberly Russ | Grade 1 - EW | B+0 | 1 |
| Erica Williams | Art - WF | M+0 | 6 |
| Rebecca Kamps | Grade 2 - ML | M+0 | 2 |
| Heather Corporan | Grade 1 - WF | M+0 | 6 |
| Dominic Lupica | Science - LC | B+0 | 3 |
| Ethan Lubera | Physical Education - MS | B+20 | 3 |
| Brett Balika | Music Teacher - MS | B+0 | 3 |
| Michael Cruz | Social Studies - LC | B+30 | 3 |
| Alexandra Wiemken | Math - MS | B+0 | 1 |
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the following teachers as Credit Recovery Course Graders to be paid a stipend of $2005.00 from student course fees, effective June 10, 2019 and end June 9, 2020:
Jeff Papesh - Physical Education
Michelle Milosevic – Math
Christy Walcoff - Math
George Hasenorhl - Science
Amanda Winfield - English
Lance Reisland – Health
Paula Kijowski - Math
Cheryl Carano - Soc. St.
Carla Saunders - English
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Chamberlin, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the Year Long Academic/Student Activities Supplemental Positions for 2019-2020 as follows:
Math Curriculum Leader - Michelle Milosevic - HS
Science Curriculum Leader - Joe Dunbrook - HS
English Curriculum Leader - Helen Lindsey - HS
Social Studies Curriculum Leader - Charles Grant - HS
Special Ed Curriculum Leader - Melissa DeSalvo - HS
Pupil Services Curriculum Leader - Bobbie Marksberry - HS
LPDC Chairperson - Rob Keshock - District
LPDC Representative - Rob Keshock - WF
LPDC Representative - Julie Frederick - ML
LPDC Representative - Nora Lopez - EW
LPDC Representative - Leah Keefe - MS
LPDC Representative - Kim Barber - HS
Senior Class Advisor - Audrey Roalofs - HS
Junior Class Advisor - Karyn Mazzolini - HS
Sophomore Class Advisor - Katie Bandiera - HS
Freshman Class Advisor - Brad Lambert - HS
TCS Chairperson - Sherri Williams - HS
TCS Core Assistant - Katharine Sroka - HS
PBIS Chairperson - Kelly Rauschkolb - HS
OSHA Compliance Coordinator - Brad Lambert - HS
Band Director - Devlin Pope – HS
Band Director - Brett Balika - MS
Aux. Band Director - Brett Balika - HS
Aux. Band Director - Annaka Gurcze - HS
Vocal Director - Steve Pernod - HS
Yearbook - Andrew Pavelek - HS
Director of Theater Arts - Stephen Benjamin - HS
NHS - Joni Wanderstock – HS
Community/School Service Coordinator - Amy Tomon - HS
Ayes: Kitson, Juby, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Abstain: Chamberlin
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve the Fall Athletic Supplemental Position for the 2019-2020 school year as listed below:
Varsity Football: Assistant Coach
Jeffrey Papesh
David Schillero
Curtis Wourms
Chris Cole
Jamison Hultine
Dennis Markiewicz
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve 15 transition days for Amber Weisbarth at her per diem rate.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve the following classified substitute(s) for the 2019-2020 school year as follows:
Kathie Golenski - Central Office Clerical (effective October 1, 2019)
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve Carlos Blake as Instructional Assistant (2B) for the grant funded 2019 Summer Intervention Program to be paid through IDEA-B.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve Melissa Irvine as a Summer School teacher to be paid at the hourly rate of $25.76 not to exceed 16 days to be funded out of Title I.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve extra hours as needed for the following individuals to meet summer school and transportation needs not to exceed 125 hrs.:
| Carlos Blake | David Kazik | Samantha Karasek | Carmen Gilberry |
|--------------|-------------|------------------|----------------|
| Anthony Cloud | Hildred Stewart | Michael Williams | Terri Worley |
| Darium Sims | Clarence Mondie | Carolyn Wells | Paula Soukup |
| Amber Johnson | Laurie Nenadovich | LaShaunte Jackson | |
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve an hourly stipend at the curriculum rate of $25.76 for high school Math teachers who develop the curriculum for an Integrated Math course. This stipend, not to exceed 8 hours each, is to be paid from the general fund.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve a stipend in the amount of $100 for those teachers working on data analysis and school improvement goal planning on 8/12/19 to be paid by the Federal Title I grant.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve an hourly stipend at the curriculum rate of $25.76 for the Elementary Science Advocates teachers who complete science curriculum work for the elementary buildings. This stipend, not to exceed 8 hours each, is to be paid from the general fund.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mr. Dobies to approve an hourly stipend at the curriculum rate of $25.76 for the 5th grade science teachers to complete science curriculum work. This stipend, not to exceed 6 hours each, is to be paid from the general fund.
Ayes: Juby, Dobies, Chamberlin, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
**POLICY:**
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the first reading of the proposed board policies as presented in Exhibit “E”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
**CONTRACTS:**
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the service agreement between Garfield Heights City Schools and ASG Education Services, Inc. (Leap) to provide alternative educational services for the 2019-2020 school year for students on Individualized Education Programs.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the contract for Re-education ACCESS (All Children with Autism Can Experience School Success) program is for students with Autism. The program provides educational, communication, and social/behavioral needs for students with Autism for 2019-2020 school year.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the service agreement between Garfield Heights City Schools and ESC –Positive Education Program in 2019-2020 school year. PEP is able to provide students on Individualized Education Programs educational services.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the annual service agreement for special education services provided by KidsLink for out-of-district placed students per their Individualized Education Program for the 2019-2020 school year.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve Resolution No. 2019-12 A Resolution Authorizing The Execution Of A Lease Extension Agreement With American Towers, Llc For A Cellular Phone Tower At The High School as presented In Exhibit “F”.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve a 36-month lease-purchase agreement with Lenovo Financial Services for the purchase of student computers.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve the one year professional services agreement with Pisanick Partners to provide food service support, as outlined in the statement of work agreement to be paid out the food services fund.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Chamberlin to approve Resolution No. 2019-13, a Resolution Authorizing the Execution of a Guaranteed Maximum Price Amendment with Brewer Garrett for the Bus Garage Transportation Center Improvements, as presented in Exhibit “G”.
Ayes: Juby, Chamberlin, Dobies, Kitson, Wolske
Nays: None
**RENTALS & FACILITY USAGES:**
**MISCELLANEOUS:**
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the Class of 2019 for graduation as presented in Exhibit “H”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve school fees for Garfield Heights High School for the 2019-2020 school year as presented in Exhibit “I”.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to designate Guarantee Trust Life as the agent of record to provide student accident and sickness insurance and football insurance coverage to the Garfield Heights City Schools’ parents at no cost to the Board for the 2019-2020 school year.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the semester-long, AIR remediation course, Algebra Essentials. This course will serve as a formal review for students who passed their initial coursework, but did not meet proficiency on the End-of-Course Exam. Students will be enrolled the semester prior to retesting.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the semester-long, AIR remediation course, Geometry Essentials. This course will serve as a formal review for students who passed their initial coursework, but did not meet proficiency on the End-of-Course Exam. Students will be enrolled the semester prior to retesting.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the semester-long, AIR remediation course, Biology Essentials. This course will serve as a formal review for students who passed their initial coursework, but did not meet proficiency on the End-of-Course Exam. Students will be enrolled the semester prior to retesting.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve the elimination of pay to participate fees for extra-curricular activities starting with the 2019-2020 school year.
Before the vote, Mrs. Chamberlin commented that Mr. Sluka provided the Board the cost breakdown and had informed the Board that the expense to the district for eliminating the Pay-to Participate can be covered in our district budget. I believe approval of this line item will knock down any barriers and enable every student the ability to participate in our extra-curricular activities programming.
Mrs. Kitson agreed with Mrs. Chamberlin and wanted to reiterate her comments.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to approve a donation from United Methodist Church in the amount of $800.00 to be used for PBIS incentives.
Mrs. Chamberlin commented that Mr. Sluka provided the Board the cost breakdown and had informed the Board that the expense to the district for eliminating the Pay-to Participate can be covered in our district budget. I believe approval of this line item will knock down any barriers and enable every student the ability to participate in our extra-activities programming.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
REMARKS FROM THE PUBLIC REGARDING MISCELLANEOUS SCHOOL ITEMS
ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEXT BOARD MEETING
Board of Education Regular Meeting – 6:00 P.M.
July 15, 2019
Board of Education
5640 Briarcliff Dr.
Garfield Heights, OH 44125
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to enter into Executive Session at 7:02 P.M. for the purpose of discussing negotiations.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
Adjourned from Executive Session at 7:26 p.m.
Moved by Mr. Juby, seconded by Mrs. Kitson to adjourn at 7:45 p.m.
Ayes: Juby, Kitson, Chamberlin, Dobies, Wolske
Nays: None
[Signatures]
President
Treasurer
Financial Report
May 31, 2019
## Forecast Comparison - General Operating Fund - May 2019
| Revenue: | May 2019 Estimate | May 2019 Actuals | May 2018 Actuals | Variance-Month Actuals to Estimate | Explanation of Material Variance (Greater than 5%) |
|-----------------------------------------------|-------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 1.010 - General Property Tax (Real Estate) | $200,000 | $556,000 | $347,000 | $356,000 | Advance on next fiscal year property taxes was significantly higher than in previous years on which the estimate was based. |
| 1.020 - Public Utility Property Tax | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| 1.035 - Unrestricted Grants-in-Aid | $1,930,000 | $1,937,029 | $1,876,324 | $7,029 | |
| 1.040 - Restricted Grants-in-Aid | $46,000 | $46,677 | $63,813 | $677 | |
| 1.050 - Property Tax Allocation | $79,000 | $80,830 | $1,459,721 | $1,830 | |
| 1.060 - All Other Operating Revenues | $48,000 | $49,109 | $313,622 | $1,109 | |
| **1.070 - Total Revenue** | **$2,303,000** | **$2,669,645** | **$4,060,480** | **$366,645** | |
### Other Financing Sources:
| 2.050 - Advances In | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| 2.060 - All Other Financing Sources | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| **2.080 Total Revenue and Other Financing Sources** | **$2,303,000** | **$2,669,645** | **$4,060,480** | **$366,645** | |
### Expenditures:
| 3.010 - Personnel Services | $1,890,000 | $1,977,463 | $1,890,400 | $87,463 | This payroll included two spring athletic and musical supplementals payments. |
| 3.020 - Employees' Retirement/Insurance Benefits | $775,000 | $705,019 | $736,078 | $(69,981) | |
| 3.030 - Purchased Services | $935,000 | $1,079,292 | $1,030,862 | $144,292 | |
| 3.040 - Supplies and Materials | $55,000 | $104,781 | $54,877 | $49,781 | Included a $50,000 payment for instructional software that was not in the estimate. |
| 3.050 - Capital Outlay | $- | $- | $(52,938) | $- | |
| 4.055 - Debt Service Other | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| 4.300 - Other Objects | $8,500 | $9,647 | $8,360 | $1,147 | |
| **4.500 - Total Expenditures** | **$3,663,500** | **$3,876,202** | **$3,667,639** | **$(212,702)** | |
### Other Financing Uses:
| 5.010 - Operating Transfers-Out | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| 5.020 - Advances Out | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| **5.050 - Total Expenditures and Other Financing Uses** | **$3,663,500** | **$3,876,202** | **$3,667,639** | **$(212,702)** | |
### Surplus/(Deficit) for Month
| Surplus/(Deficit) for Month | $(1,360,500) | $(1,206,557) | $392,841 | $153,943 | |
## Garfield Heights City Schools
### Forecast Comparison - General Operating Fund - July to June 2019
| Revenue: | FYTD 19 Estimate | FYTD 19 Actuals | FYTD 18 Actuals | Variance-Current FYTD Actual to Estimate | Explanation of Material Variance (Greater than 5%) |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 1.010 - General Property Tax (Real Estate) | $14,507,000 | $17,079,629 | $15,530,689 | $2,572,629 | Delinquent taxes received exceeded projected. |
| 1.020 - Public Utility Property Tax | $923,400 | $923,469 | $886,045 | $369 | |
| 1.035 - Unrestricted Grants-in-Aid | $21,870,400 | $21,971,548 | $21,232,819 | $101,148 | |
| 1.040 - Restricted Grants-in-Aid | $599,500 | $610,219 | $730,931 | $10,719 | |
| 1.050 - Property Tax Allocation | $2,768,600 | $2,773,393 | $2,932,776 | $4,793 | |
| 1.060 - All Other Operating Revenues | $1,035,200 | $1,716,356 | $1,186,458 | $681,156 | TIF payments exceeded estimated |
| **1.070 - Total Revenue** | **$41,704,100** | **$45,074,614** | **$42,499,718** | **$3,370,514** | |
| Other Financing Sources: | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 2.050 - Advances In | $328,324 | $328,324 | $170,312 | $- | |
| 2.060 - All Other Financing Sources | $- | $- | $4,349 | $- | |
| **2.080 Total Revenue and Other Financing Sources** | **$42,032,424** | **$45,402,938** | **$42,674,379** | **$3,370,514** | |
| Expenditures: | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 3.010 - Personnel Services | $22,444,000 | $22,584,895 | $22,008,366 | $(140,895) | |
| 3.020 - Employees' Retirement/Insurance Benefits | $8,483,000 | $8,364,853 | $8,096,174 | $118,147 | |
| 3.030 - Purchased Services | $9,049,000 | $9,163,556 | $9,049,725 | $(114,556) | |
| 3.040 - Supplies and Materials | $867,500 | $1,008,992 | $732,882 | $(141,492) | Textbook and instructional software purchases exceeded estimate. |
| 3.050 - Capital Outlay | $83,500 | $166,692 | $333,498 | $(83,192) | Technology equipment needs exceeded estimates. |
| 4.055 - Debt Service Other | $- | $- | $133,514 | $- | |
| 4.300 - Other Objects | $628,200 | $775,266 | $620,016 | $(147,066) | Property tax collections fees exceeded projected due to the high delinquent property taxes collected. |
| **4.500 - Total Expenditures** | **$41,555,200** | **$42,064,254** | **$40,974,175** | **$(509,054)** | |
| Other Financing Uses: | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 5.010 - Operating Transfers-Out | $119,105 | $119,105 | $100,000 | $- | |
| 5.020 - Advances Out | $- | $- | $- | $- | |
| **5.050 - Total Expenditures and Other Financing Uses** | **$41,674,305** | **$42,183,359** | **$41,074,175** | **$(509,054)** | |
| Surplus/(Deficit) FYTD | $358,119 | $3,219,579 | $1,600,204 | $2,861,460 | |
## Garfield Heights City Schools
### Revenue Analysis Report - General Operating Fund Only - FY19
| 2018-2019 | Local Revenue | Federal | State Revenue | Non-Operating* | Total Revenue |
|-----------|---------------|---------|---------------|----------------|---------------|
| | Taxes | | | | |
| | Real Estate | Personal Property | Interest | Other Local | | Unrestricted Grants-in-Aid | Property Tax Allocation | Restricted Grants-in-Aid | | |
| July | 3,943,000 | - | 9,207 | 23,494 | - | 1,960,093 | - | 66,591 | - | 6,002,385 |
| August | 2,870,732 | 406,050 | 5,255 | 174,462 | - | 2,055,203 | - | 66,576 | 328,324 | 5,906,602 |
| September | - | - | 9,958 | 29,218 | - | 2,061,429 | 1,282,622 | 66,574 | - | 3,449,801 |
| October | - | - | - | 209,965 | - | 1,992,029 | 47 | 65,766 | - | 2,267,807 |
| November | - | - | 33,167 | 2,620 | - | 1,957,513 | 107,774 | 64,695 | - | 2,165,769 |
| December | - | - | 2,898 | 19,349 | - | 2,067,250 | - | 43,683 | - | 2,133,180 |
| January | 2,371,000 | - | 1,911 | 177,706 | - | 2,054,925 | - | 41,830 | - | 4,647,372 |
| February | 6,511,000 | - | 8,137 | 531,175 | - | 1,965,815 | - | 53,834 | - | 9,069,961 |
| March | 827,897 | 517,419 | 12,959 | 210,784 | - | 1,964,446 | - | 47,999 | - | 3,581,504 |
| April | - | - | 16,863 | 188,120 | - | 1,955,815 | 1,302,120 | 45,994 | - | 3,508,912 |
| May | 556,000 | - | 20,286 | 28,823 | - | 1,937,029 | 80,830 | 46,677 | - | 2,669,645 |
| June | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Totals | $17,079,629 | $923,469 | $120,641 | $1,595,716 | $0 | $21,971,547 | $2,773,393 | $610,219 | $328,324 | $45,402,938 |
% of Total: 37.62%, 2.03%, 0.27%, 3.51%, 0.00%, 48.39%, 6.11%, 1.34%, 0.72%
*Non-Operating Revenue includes advances in, and refund of prior year expenditures.*
| Month | Salaries | Benefits | Services | Supplies | Equipment | Other | Non-Operating* | Total Expenses |
|-------------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|-----------|-----------|----------------|----------------|
| July | 1,892,516 | 739,928 | 802,621 | 211,502 | - | 82,960 | - | 3,729,527 |
| August | 2,658,098 | 808,108 | 605,201 | 184,747 | 8,422 | 198,494 | - | 4,463,070 |
| September | 1,840,747 | 811,948 | 599,118 | 69,625 | 124,581 | 5,850 | - | 3,451,869 |
| October | 1,878,669 | 758,133 | 589,983 | 114,594 | 87,887 | 6,826 | - | 3,436,092 |
| November | 1,904,159 | 758,199 | 934,223 | 60,419 | - | 9,777 | - | 3,666,777 |
| December | 1,920,677 | 759,543 | 567,533 | 21,032 | - | 7,017 | - | 3,275,802 |
| January | 1,908,133 | 755,365 | 1,185,242| 92,981 | - | 40,544 | 119,105 | 4,101,370 |
| February | 1,895,222 | 746,691 | 831,047 | 57,531 | - | 9,719 | - | 3,540,210 |
| March | 2,830,139 | 772,604 | 908,692 | 34,104 | 2,092 | 397,589 | - | 4,945,220 |
| April | 1,879,072 | 749,315 | 1,060,604| 57,675 | (56,290) | 6,854 | - | 3,697,230 |
| May | 1,977,463 | 705,019 | 1,079,292| 104,781 | - | 9,647 | - | 3,876,202 |
| June | | | | | | | | - |
| **TOTALS** | **$22,584,895** | **$8,364,853** | **$9,163,556** | **$1,008,991** | **$166,692** | **$775,277** | **$119,105** | **$42,183,369** |
| % of Total | 53.54% | 19.83% | 21.72% | 2.39% | 0.40% | 1.84% | 0.28% | |
*Non-Operating expenses include advances and transfers out.*
| Fund | Fund Name | Beginning Balance 7/1/2018 | Monthly Receipts | Fiscal Year To Date Receipts | Monthly Expenditures | Fiscal Year To Date Expenditures | Current Fund Balance | Current Encumbrances | Unencumbered Fund Balance |
|------|---------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------|------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|--------------------------|
| 001 | General Fund | $1,078,458.00 | $2,678,077.00 | $45,411,369.00 | $3,876,202.00 | $42,183,359.00 | $4,306,468.00 | $799,519.00 | $3,506,949.00 |
| 002 | Bond Retirement | $3,283,865.00 | $222,193.00 | $4,982,071.00 | $0.00 | $3,892,799.00 | $4,373,137.00 | $0.00 | 4,373,137.00 |
| 003 | Permanent Improvement | $186,224.00 | $4,522.00 | $168,643.00 | $26,743.00 | $333,744.00 | $21,123.00 | $1,742.00 | 19,381.00 |
| 004 | Building Fund | $103,558.00 | $2,725.00 | $30,975.00 | $0.00 | $92,868.00 | $41,665.00 | $2,486.00 | 39,179.00 |
| 006 | Food Service | $1,458,612.00 | $220,484.00 | $1,801,979.00 | $205,754.00 | $1,918,902.00 | $1,341,689.00 | $169,269.00 | 1,172,420.00 |
| 007 | Special Trust | $25,001.00 | $655.00 | $2,080.00 | $500.00 | $11,462.00 | $15,619.00 | $11,750.00 | 3,869.00 |
| 008 | Endowment Trust | $100,665.00 | $216.00 | $2,185.00 | $0.00 | $102,350.00 | $0.00 | $500.00 | 101,850.00 |
| 009 | Uniform Supplies | ($7.00) | $8,291.00 | $20,524.00 | ($3.00) | $51,769.00 | ($31,252.00) | $4,240.00 | (35,492.00) |
| 014 | Rotary - Internal Services | $75,364.00 | $7,279.00 | $33,677.00 | $27,709.00 | $41,922.00 | $67,119.00 | $1,107.00 | 66,012.00 |
| 018 | Public School Support | $6,311.00 | $2,410.00 | $18,865.00 | $1,824.00 | $27,068.00 | $1,187.00 | $1,187.00 | (3,079.00) |
| 019 | Other Grants | $55,897.00 | $3,400.00 | $145,607.00 | $35,738.00 | $385,154.00 | ($183,650.00) | $6,937.00 | (190,587.00) |
| 022 | District Agency | $22,184.00 | $0.00 | $17,060.00 | $0.00 | $14,656.00 | $24,588.00 | $0.00 | 24,588.00 |
| 024 | Employee Benefits Self Insurance| $186,407.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $42,703.00 | $166,380.00 | $20,027.00 | $1,108,363.00 | (1,088,336.00) |
| 034 | Classroom Facilities Maintenance| $768,054.00 | $6,478.00 | $243,879.00 | $984.00 | $174,305.00 | $837,628.00 | $9,150.00 | 828,478.00 |
| 200 | Student Managed Funds | $10,151.00 | $17,324.00 | $48,778.00 | $11,511.00 | $36,198.00 | $22,731.00 | $28,585.00 | (5,854.00) |
| 300 | District Managed Funds | $11,040.00 | $12,358.00 | $220,552.00 | $9,876.00 | $254,071.00 | ($22,479.00) | $24,946.00 | (47,425.00) |
| 401 | Auxiliary Services | $104,443.00 | $554.00 | $651,920.00 | $52,353.00 | $518,928.00 | $237,435.00 | $231,863.00 | 5,572.00 |
| 439 | Public School Preschool | ($1.00) | $5,976.00 | $75,572.00 | $5,976.00 | $115,769.00 | ($40,198.00) | $0.00 | (40,198.00) |
| 440 | Entry Year Programs | $183.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $183.00 | $0.00 | 183.00 |
| 451 | OneNet (Data Communication) | $9,083.00 | $0.00 | $9,000.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $18,083.00 | $16,975.00 | 1,108.00 |
| 452 | Schoonnet Professional Development| $9.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $9.00 | $0.00 | 9.00 |
| 461 | Vocational Education Enhancements| $3,199.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $3,199.00 | $0.00 | 3,199.00 |
| 463 | Alternative Schools | $334.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $334.00 | $0.00 | 334.00 |
| 499 | Miscellaneous State Grants | $992.00 | $0.00 | $21,798.00 | $1,125.00 | $16,645.00 | $6,145.00 | $0.00 | 6,145.00 |
| 506 | Race to the Top | $604.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $604.00 | $0.00 | 604.00 |
| 516 | IDEA-B | $146.00 | $73,718.00 | $1,087,707.00 | $44,791.00 | $1,260,280.00 | ($172,427.00) | $82,211.00 | (254,638.00) |
| 533 | Title IID Technology | $76.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $76.00 | $0.00 | 76.00 |
| 536 | Title I - School Improvement Part A | $93.00 | $0.00 | $79,694.00 | $0.00 | $88,509.00 | ($8,722.00) | $0.00 | (8,722.00) |
| 572 | Title I - Disadvantaged Children| ($549,843.00) | $130,578.00 | $1,391,211.00 | $142,779.00 | $1,259,263.00 | ($417,895.00) | $162,382.00 | (580,277.00) |
| 573 | Title V | $2,074.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $2,074.00 | $34.00 | 2,040.00 |
| 584 | Drug Free School | $7,777.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $7,777.00 | $0.00 | 7,777.00 |
| 587 | Preschool Handicap | $0.00 | $591.00 | $17,765.00 | $950.00 | $20,024.00 | ($2,259.00) | $0.00 | (2,259.00) |
| 590 | Title II-A - Improving Teacher Quality | $40.00 | $12,720.00 | $141,336.00 | $29,530.00 | $198,916.00 | ($57,540.00) | $24,270.00 | (81,810.00) |
| 599 | Miscellaneous Federal Grants | $3,378.00 | $1,050.00 | $17,810.00 | $31,988.00 | $49,384.00 | ($28,196.00) | $9,247.00 | (37,443.00) |
**Grand Totals (ALL Funds)**
| | $6,954,371.00 | $3,411,599.00 | $56,642,057.00 | $4,549,033.00 | $53,112,875.00 | $10,483,553.00 | $2,696,763.00 | $7,786,790.00 |
| Date Approved | Board Resolution | FROM Fund | TO Fund | Fund Name | Amount | Date Returned | Amount |
|---------------|------------------|-----------|-----------|-------------------------|---------|---------------|---------|
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 019-916A | Students of Promise | $53,524.00 | 8/31/2018 | $53,524.00 |
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 439-9018 | Public School Preschool | $33,800.00 | 8/31/2018 | $33,800.00 |
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 516-9018 | Title VI-B | $140,000.00 | 8/31/2018 | $140,000.00 |
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 536-918I | Title I Sub A | $76,800.00 | 8/31/2018 | $76,800.00 |
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 587-9018 | Preschool Handicap | $3,000.00 | 8/31/2018 | $3,000.00 |
| 7/18/2018 | 2018-20 | 001 | 590-9018 | Title II-A | $21,200.00 | 8/31/2018 | $21,200.00 |
| | | | | | $328,324.00 | | $328,324.00 |
**Advances Outstanding**
$0.00
| Fund | Description | Authorized Amount | Non-Public Authorized Amount | Monthly Amount Received | Amount Received Project-To-Date |
|----------|--------------------------------------------------|-------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------|--------------------------------|
| 439/9019 | Public School Preschool | $80,000.00 | $0.00 | $5,976.00 | $47,262.00 |
| 451/9019 | Data Communications | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $9,000.00 |
| 401/9019 | Trinity | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $323,532.00 |
| 401/9619 | St. Benedict | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $322,878.00 |
| | **Total State Funds** | **$80,000.00** | **$0.00** | **$5,976.00** | **$702,672.00** |
| 516/9019 | IDEA-B Special Education | $1,007,792.00 | $0.00 | $73,718.00 | $533,759.00 |
| 536/9191 | Title I School Improvement Part A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $79,694.00 |
| 572/9019 | Title I | $1,499,129.00 | $0.00 | $130,578.00 | $1,112,862.00 |
| 587/9019 | Preschool Special Education | $17,767.00 | $0.00 | $591.00 | $11,931.00 |
| 590/9019 | Title II-A Improving Teacher Quality | $214,832.00 | $0.00 | $12,720.00 | $92,901.00 |
| 599/9019 | Title IV-A Student Supp/Academic Enrich | $116,966.00 | $0.00 | $8,047.00 | $40,235.00 |
| | **Total Federal Funds** | **$2,856,486.00** | **$0.00** | **$225,654.00** | **$1,871,382.00** |
# Garfield Heights City Schools
## Cash Reconciliation
**May 31, 2019**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|------------|
| **FINSUM Balance** | 10,483,553 |
| **Bank Balance:** | |
| Key Bnk - Property Tax/Foundation Receipts | 618,741 |
| PNC - General | 314,072 |
| JP MorganChase - Payroll | (16,732) |
| **Total Bank Balance** | 916,081 |
| **Investments:** | |
| STAR Ohio | 7,363,980 |
| Red Tree | 2,330,054 |
| PNC-Sweep | 4,092 |
| Citizens-Sweep | 134,734 |
| **Total Investments** | 9,832,860 |
| **Change Fund:** | |
| HS School Store | 50 |
| HS Library | 50 |
| High School Athletics | 1,050 |
| **Total Change Fund** | 1,150 |
| Less: Outstanding Checks-PNC Bank (General Fund) | (271,148) |
| Adjustments | - |
| In Transits | 4,610 |
| **Bank Balance** | 10,483,553 |
| Unreconciable Difference | - |
| Fund | FYTD Appropriated | Prior FY Carryover Encumbrances | FYTD Expendable | FYTD Actual Expenditures | MTD Actual Expenditures | Current Encumbrances | FYTD Unencumbered Balance | FYTD Percent Exp/Enc |
|---------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------|----------------------|
| 001 General Fund | $45,331,655.00 | $514,032.00 | $45,845,687.00 | $42,183,359.00 | $3,876,202.00 | $799,519.00 | $2,862,809.00 | 93.76% |
| 002 Bond Retirement | $4,581,640.00 | $0.00 | $4,581,640.00 | $3,892,799.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $688,841.00 | 84.97% |
| 003 Permanent Improvement | $260,507.00 | $0.00 | $260,507.00 | $333,744.00 | $26,743.00 | $1,742.00 | (74,979.00) | 128.78% |
| 004 Building Fund | $77,300.00 | $0.00 | $77,300.00 | $92,868.00 | $0.00 | $2,486.00 | (18,054.00) | 0.00% |
| 006 Food Service | $2,105,000.00 | $16,886.00 | $2,121,886.00 | $1,918,902.00 | $205,754.00 | $169,269.00 | $33,715.00 | 98.41% |
| 007 Special Trust | $15,600.00 | $19,150.00 | $34,750.00 | $11,462.00 | $500.00 | $11,750.00 | $11,538.00 | 66.80% |
| 008 Edowment Trust | $500.00 | $500.00 | $1,000.00 | $500.00 | $0.00 | $500.00 | $0.00 | 100.00% |
| 009 Uniform Supplies | $60,000.00 | $3,369.00 | $63,369.00 | $51,769.00 | ($3.00) | $4,240.00 | $7,360.00 | 88.39% |
| 014 Rotary - Internal Services | $66,000.00 | $0.00 | $66,000.00 | $41,922.00 | $27,709.00 | $1,107.00 | $22,971.00 | 65.20% |
| 018 Public School Support | $24,500.00 | $3,500.00 | $28,000.00 | $27,068.00 | $1,824.00 | $1,187.00 | (255.00) | 100.91% |
| 019 Other Grants | $264,324.00 | $188.00 | $264,512.00 | $385,154.00 | $35,738.00 | $6,937.00 | (127,579.00) | 148.23% |
| 022 District Agency | $23,000.00 | $8,408.00 | $31,408.00 | $14,656.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $16,752.00 | 0.00% |
| 024 Employee Benefits | $400,000.00 | $138,769.00 | $538,769.00 | $166,380.00 | $42,703.00 | $1,108,363.00 | (735,974.00) | 0.00% |
| 034 Classroom Facilities Maintenance | $625,200.00 | $0.00 | $625,200.00 | $174,305.00 | $984.00 | $9,150.00 | $441,745.00 | 0.00% |
| 200 Student Managed Funds | $57,000.00 | $619.00 | $57,619.00 | $36,198.00 | $11,511.00 | $28,585.00 | (7,164.00) | 112.43% |
| 300 District Managed Funds | $222,050.00 | $276.00 | $222,326.00 | $254,071.00 | $9,876.00 | $24,946.00 | (56,691.00) | 125.50% |
| 401 Auxiliary Services | $524,499.00 | $78,247.00 | $602,746.00 | $518,928.00 | $52,353.00 | $231,863.00 | (148,045.00) | 124.56% |
| 439 Public School Preschool | $115,190.00 | $7.00 | $115,197.00 | $115,769.00 | $5,976.00 | $0.00 | (572.00) | 100.50% |
| 451 OneNet (Data Communication) | $18,000.00 | $0.00 | $18,000.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $16,975.00 | 1,025.00 | 0.00% |
| 499 Miscellaneous State Grants | $19,702.00 | $0.00 | $19,702.00 | $16,645.00 | $1,125.00 | $0.00 | $3,057.00 | 84.48% |
| 516 IDEA-B | $1,190,517.00 | $19,989.00 | $1,210,506.00 | $1,260,280.00 | $44,791.00 | $82,211.00 | (131,985.00) | 110.90% |
| 536 Title I - School Improvement Part A | $106,629.00 | $33,334.00 | $139,963.00 | $88,509.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $51,454.00 | 63.24% |
| 572 Title I - Disadvantaged Children | $1,853,191.00 | $84,292.00 | $1,937,483.00 | $1,259,263.00 | $142,779.00 | $162,382.00 | $515,838.00 | 73.38% |
| 587 Preschool Handicap | $37,685.00 | $0.00 | $37,685.00 | $20,024.00 | $950.00 | $0.00 | $17,661.00 | 53.14% |
| 590 Title II-A - Improving Teacher Quality | $261,864.00 | $3,194.00 | $265,058.00 | $198,916.00 | $29,530.00 | $24,270.00 | $41,872.00 | 84.20% |
| 599 Miscellaneous Federal Grants | $132,318.00 | $5,000.00 | $137,318.00 | $49,384.00 | $31,988.00 | $9,247.00 | $78,687.00 | 42.70% |
| **Totals** | **$58,373,871.00** | **$929,760.00** | **$59,303,631.00** | **$53,112,875.00** | **$4,549,033.00** | **$2,696,729.00** | **$3,494,027.00** | **94.11%** |
| Vendor | Amount | Fund | Description |
|------------------------------|------------|------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Huntington National Bank | $82,342.29 | 001 | Equipment Lease Payment |
| Nowak Tours | $18,830.00 | 014 | New York City Trip |
| Ivory Educational | $5,000.00 | 019 | Students of Promise Consultant |
| Ohio Bureau of Workers Comp | $12,524.00 | Various | Workers Comp Payments |
| PSI Affiliates | $43,391.00 | 572 | Title I Tutoring services non-public |
| Star Therapy & Sales | $27,340.00 | 001 | Occupational Therapy Services |
| Suburban Health Consortium | $478,008.00| 024 | Employee Health Care for April |
| Branching Minds | $36,225.00 | 599 | Student Software Information Gathering |
| 1st Ohio | $14,255.00 | 599 | Robotics Instructional Supplies |
| Kidslink Neurobehavioral | $25,700.00 | 001 | Tuition for placed students |
| Pisanick Partners | $7,277.00 | 006 | Nutrition Services |
| Renhill Group | $33,293.00 | Various | Substitute Services |
| Datawerks | $8,190.00 | 001 | Filemaker Software License |
| Ideastream | $9,000.00 | 590 | Instructional Support |
| PSI Affiliates | $8,777.00 | 401 | Aux Services Health Aides, Tutors |
| Universal Oil, Inc | $8,441.00 | 001 | Diesel/Gas Fuel |
| Cambium Learning | $7,357.00 | 019 | Striving Readers Course Renewals/DIBELS data mgmnt |
| CDW Government LLC | $30,544.00 | Various | Computers |
| ClassLink | $15,870.00 | 001 | Instructional Software |
| Educational Funding Group | $21,237.00 | 003 | E-Rate Payment for Services |
| Fisher & Phillips, LLC | $8,745.00 | 001 | Legal Fees |
| OHIO Cat | $6,245.00 | 001 | Bus Repairs |
| Pearson | $12,462.00 | 001 | Statistics Instructional Software |
| Pisanick Partners | $7,277.00 | 006 | Nutrition Services |
| Suburban Transportation | $10,209.00 | 001 | Special Education Transportation |
| Re-Ed Access, LLC | $8,880.00 | 001 | OOD Tuition |
| Dairymans | $12,567.00 | 006 | Milk and Juice Purchases |
| Gordon Food Service | $82,735.00 | 006 | Food Purchases |
| ABA Outreach Services | $23,199.00 | 516 | Special Education Contracted Services |
| Brewer-Garrett | $7,616.00 | 034 | Shared HVAC Services |
| ESCNEO | $47,430.00 | 001 | Personnel services |
| Kidslink Neurobehavioral | $19,200.00 | 001 | Tuition for placed students |
| Pisanick Partners | $7,277.00 | 006 | Nutrition Services |
| Illuminating Company | $74,509.00 | 001 | Electricity Service-April Billing |
| Renhill Group | $27,186.00 | Various | Substitute Services |
| Kidslink Neurobehavioral | $19,200.00 | 001 | Tuition for placed students |
| McKeon Educational Group | $5,000.00 | 590 | Non Public Teacher seminars |
| Oak Hall Industries | $6,655.00 | 014 | Commencement Robes |
| PSI Affiliates | $22,832.00 | 572 | Nonpublic Tutoring Services |
| St. Michaels Woodside | $5,300.00 | 200 | National Honor Society Dinner |
| Star Therapy & Sales | $31,630.00 | 001 | Occupational Therapy Services |
| JP Morgan Chase | $1,036,897.00| Various | May #1 Payroll |
| JP Morgan Chase | $1,113,102.00| Various | May #2 Payroll |
## Investment Report
### May 31, 2019
| FINANCIAL INSTITUTION | INVESTMENT TYPE | COST | MARKET VALUE | YIELD RATE | MATURITY DATE |
|------------------------|----------------------------------|--------|--------------|------------|---------------|
| Citizens Bank | Public Super NOW | $6,705.22 | $6,705.22 | 0.00 | N/A |
| Citizens Bank | Municipal Money Market | $128,028.30 | $128,028.30 | 0.00 | N/A |
| PNC Bank | Business Perf Money Market | $4,092.37 | $4,092.37 | 1.20 | N/A |
| Red Tree Investment | Money Mkt Fund | $38,790.75 | $38,790.75 | 2.27 | N/A |
| Red Tree Investment | Agency Note | $90,000.00 | $89,178.30 | 1.42 | 24-May-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Agency Note | $100,000.00 | $99,300.10 | 1.50 | 19-Jul-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $99,700.00 | $99,703.90 | 2.07 | 13-Oct-20 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $109,890.00 | $109,567.92 | 1.38 | 28-Oct-20 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $248,850.60 | $249,001.99 | 2.54 | 28-May-21 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $75,000.00 | $73,653.30 | 1.76 | 17-Jun-21 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,827.50 | $116,993.64 | 2.35 | 15-Nov-21 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,942.50 | $116,090.66 | 2.92 | 31-Jan-22 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,885.00 | $116,095.72 | 2.94 | 07-Feb-22 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,850.50 | $115,815.69 | 2.85 | 14-Mar-22 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,965.50 | $115,352.47 | 2.66 | 04-Apr-22 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,798.75 | $115,046.80 | 2.91 | 13-Mar-23 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $29,997.00 | $30,220.23 | 2.87 | 29-Mar-23 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $114,770.00 | $119,187.03 | 3.64 | 05-Dec-23 |
| Red Tree Investment | Certificate of Deposit | $58,941.00 | $59,089.09 | 2.89 | 10-Apr-24 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $108,432.50 | $109,881.20 | 2.89 | 19-Jun-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $113,395.75 | $114,717.10 | 2.83 | 09-Jul-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $113,234.46 | $114,358.30 | 2.71 | 23-Aug-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $112,472.88 | $114,112.20 | 3.00 | 23-Sep-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $113,698.33 | $113,706.25 | 2.47 | 15-Nov-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Commercial Paper | $113,610.51 | $113,610.80 | 2.46 | 26-Nov-19 |
| Red Tree Investment | Accrued Interest | $ - | $6,859.16 | | |
| STAROhio | State Pool | $7,363,980.03 | $7,363,980.03 | 2.51 | N/A |
**Total Investment Amount**
| | COST | MARKET VALUE |
|---------------------|--------|--------------|
| | $9,832,859.45 | $9,853,138.52 |
| Month-to-Date Interest | FYTD 2019 Interest |
|------------------------|--------------------|
| General Fund | $20,322.00 | $20,322.00 |
| Food Service | $2,647.00 | $103,002.06 |
| Auxiliary Services-Trinity | $321.00 | $21,731.48 |
| Auxiliary Services-St. Benedict | $233.00 | $1,911.54 |
| Blaugrund Scholarship | $216.00 | $2,901.82 |
| | $23,739.00 | $149,868.90 |
| Month | General | Special Education | Board of Revision | GHTA | OAPSE | Personnel | Cell Tower | Lighting Energy Project | Lease-Purchase Legal | Totals |
|---------|----------|-------------------|-------------------|----------|----------|-----------|------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------------|
| July | $1,423 | $0 | $271 | $15,252 | $31 | $1,333 | | | | $18,310 |
| August | $6,045 | $0 | $4,320 | $7,192 | $155 | $8,487 | $547 | $858 | | $27,604 |
| September | $2,511 | $0 | $31 | $5,518 | | | $4,850 | | | $12,910 |
| October | $2,108 | $0 | $3,751 | $4,402 | | $2,132 | | | $29,750 | $42,143 |
| November | $2,046 | $0 | $1,240 | $1,996 | | | $1,263 | | | $6,545 |
| December | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| January | $1,240 | $0 | $4,681 | $9,393 | | | $6,806 | | | $22,120 |
| February | $1,365 | $0 | $3,213 | $775 | | | $4,491 | | | $9,844 |
| March | $1,451 | $0 | $744 | $1,519 | $31 | | $2,810 | | | $6,555 |
| April | $539 | $0 | $3,595 | $31 | $31 | | $3,379 | | | $7,575 |
| May | $1,056 | $155 | $4,495 | | $558 | | $2,480 | $509 | $1,800 | $11,053 |
| June | | | | | | | | | | $0 |
| **TOTALS** | $19,784 | $155 | $26,340 | $46,078 | $806 | $38,031 | $1,056 | | $29,750 | $164,658 |
| Fund Type | Description | Amount |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| **GENERAL FUND** | | |
| 001 GENERAL FUND | | $25,000,000 |
| **TOTAL GENERAL FUND** | | $25,000,000 |
| **SPECIAL REVENUE FUNDS** | | |
| 018 PUBLIC SCHOOL SUPPORT FUND | | 10,000 |
| 019 LOCAL GRANTS | | 100,000 |
| 034 CLASSROOM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE | | 200,000 |
| 300 DISTRICT MANAGED STUDENT ACTIVITIES | | 50,000 |
| 401 AUXILIARY SERVICE NON-PUBLIC FUND | | 200,000 |
| 439 PUBLIC SCHOOL PRESCHOOL | | 50,000 |
| 451 DATA COMMUNICATIONS | | 9,000 |
| 499 MISCELLANEOUS STATE GRANTS | | 5,000 |
| 516 TITLE VI-B | | 200,000 |
| 536 TITLE I SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT STIMULUS SUBSIDY A | | 15,000 |
| 572 TITLE I | | 500,000 |
| 587 PRE-SCHOOL HANDICAPPED | | 20,000 |
| 590 TITLE II-A | | 50,000 |
| 599 MISCELLANEOUS FEDERAL GRANTS| | 25,000 |
| **TOTAL SPECIAL REVENUE FUNDS** | | $1,434,000 |
| **DEBT SERVICES FUNDS** | | |
| 002 BOND RETIREMENT | | $500,000 |
| **TOTAL DEBT SERVICE FUNDS** | | $500,000 |
| **CAPITAL PROJECTS FUNDS** | | |
| 003 PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT | | 100,000 |
| 004 BUILDING | | 25,000 |
| **TOTAL CAPITAL PROJECTS FUNDS**| | $125,000 |
| **ENTERPRISE FUNDS** | | |
| 006 FOOD SERVICE | | 1,000,000 |
| 009 UNIFORM SCHOOL SUPPLY | | 25,000 |
| **TOTAL ENTERPRISE FUNDS** | | $1,025,000.00 |
| **INTERNAL SERVICE FUNDS** | | |
| 014 AGENCY INTERNAL SERVICE | | 10,000 |
| 022 DISTRICT AGENCY | | - |
| 024 HEALTH BENEFITS RESERVE | | 350,000 |
| **TOTAL INTERNAL SERVICE FUNDS**| | $360,000 |
| **TRUST FUNDS** | | |
| 007 LOCAL SCHOLARSHIPS - Expendable | | 10,000 |
| 008 BLAUGRUND SCHOLARSHIP - Nonexpendable | | 500 |
| **TOTAL TRUST FUNDS** | | $10,500 |
| **AGENCY FUNDS** | | |
| 200 STUDENT MANAGED ACTIVITY | | 25,000 |
| **TOTAL AGENCY FUNDS** | | $25,000 |
| **GRAND TOTAL TEMPORARY APPROPRIATIONS - ALL FUNDS** | | $28,479,500 |
## APPROPRIATION AMENDMENT
### FY19 REQUEST #1
#### Resolution #2019-11
| Description | Original Est Resource Appropriation Amount | Amended Est Resource Appropriation Amount | Difference Increase (Decrease) |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| **GENERAL FUND (001)** | | | |
| 1100 REGULAR INSTRUCTION | $17,815,755.00 | $17,975,755.00 | $160,000.00 |
| 1200 SPECIAL INSTRUCTION | $2,996,700.00 | $3,041,700.00 | $45,000.00 |
| 1900 OTHER INSTRUCTION | $8,104,100.00 | $8,532,100.00 | $428,000.00 |
| 2100 SUPPORT SERVICES - PUPILS | $3,317,605.00 | $3,184,605.00 | ($133,000.00) |
| 2200 SUPPORT SERVICES - INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF | $1,293,395.00 | $1,563,395.00 | $270,000.00 |
| 2300 SUPPORT SERVICES - BOARD OF EDUCATION | $72,150.00 | $72,150.00 | $- |
| 2400 SUPPORT SERVICES - ADMINISTRATION | $4,278,750.00 | $4,223,750.00 | ($55,000.00) |
| 2500 SUPPORT SERVICES - FISCAL | $1,008,200.00 | $1,098,200.00 | $90,000.00 |
| 2600 SUPPORT SERVICES - BUSINESS | $401,700.00 | $361,700.00 | ($40,000.00) |
| 2700 SUPPORT SERVICES - OPERATION/MAINTENANCE PLANT | $3,510,650.00 | $3,510,650.00 | $- |
| 2800 SUPPORT SERVICES - PUPIL TRANSPORTATION | $1,014,500.00 | $1,102,500.00 | $88,000.00 |
| 2900 SUPPORT SERVICES - CENTRAL | $560,000.00 | $560,000.00 | $- |
| 4000 EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES | $425,800.00 | $425,800.00 | $- |
| 5000 FACILITIES ACQUISITION/CONSTRUCTION | $- | $- | $- |
| 6100 DEBT SERVICE | $82,350.00 | $82,350.00 | $- |
| 7200 TRANSFERS OUT | $250,000.00 | $300,000.00 | $50,000.00 |
| 7400 ADVANCES OUT | $200,000.00 | $300,000.00 | $100,000.00 |
| 7500 REFUND OF PRIOR YEAR RECEIPTS | $- | $- | $- |
| 7900 CONTINGENCY | $- | $- | $- |
| **TOTAL GENERAL FUND APPROPRIATION/FUNCTION** | $45,331,655.00 | $46,334,655.00 | $1,003,000.00 |
| **PERSONAL SERVICES** | | | |
| EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT AND INSURANCES | $9,239,000.00 | $9,179,000.00 | ($60,000.00) |
| PURCHASED SERVICES | $9,645,755.00 | $10,110,755.00 | $465,000.00 |
| SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS | $798,700.00 | $808,700.00 | $10,000.00 |
| CAPITAL OUTLAY - NEW | $79,100.00 | $169,100.00 | $90,000.00 |
| DEBT SERVICE/LEASE PURCHASE | $82,350.00 | $82,350.00 | $- |
| OTHER OBJECTS | $649,450.00 | $749,450.00 | $100,000.00 |
| OTHER FINANCING SOURCES | $450,000.00 | $600,000.00 | $150,000.00 |
| **TOTAL GENERAL FUND APPROPRIATION/OBJECT** | $45,331,655.00 | $46,334,655.00 | $1,003,000.00 |
| **BOND RETIREMENT FUND (002)** | | | |
| **PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT FUND(003)** | | | |
| **BUILDING FUND (004)** | | | |
| **FOOD SERVICE FUND (006)** | | | |
| **SPECIAL TRUST FUND (007)** | | | |
| **ENDOWMENT FUND (008)** | | | |
| **UNIFORM SCHOOL SUPPLIES FUND (009)** | | | |
| **ROTARY-INTERNAL SERVICES FUND (014)** | | | |
| **PUBLIC SCHOOL SUPPORT FUND (018)** | | | |
| **OTHER GRANT FUND (019)** | | | |
| **DISTRICT ROTARY FUND (022)** | | | |
| **EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SELF INSURANCE FUND (024)** | | | |
| **CLASSROOM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE FUND (034)** | | | |
| **STUDENT MANAGED ACTIVITY FUND (200)** | | | |
| **DISTRICT MANAGED ACTIVITY FUND (300)** | | | |
| **AUXILIARY SERVICES FUND (401)** | | | |
| **PUBLIC SCHOOL PRESCHOOL FUND (439)** | | | |
| **DATA COMMUNICATION FUND (451)** | | | |
| **MISCELLANEOUS STATE GRANTS FUND (499)** | | | |
| **IDEA PART B GRANT FUND (516)** | | | |
| **TITLE I SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT A FUND (536)** | | | |
| **TITLE I DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN FUND (572)** | | | |
| **IDEA PRESCHOOL-HANDICAPPED FUND (587)** | | | |
| **IMPROVING TEACHER QUALITY FUND (590)** | | | |
| **MISCELLANEOUS FEDERAL GRANTS FUND (599)** | | | |
| **TOTAL ALL OTHER FUNDS APPROPRIATIONS** | $13,022,514.00 | $13,559,367.00 | $536,853.00 |
| Last | First | Bldg | Type | Date Out | Date Back | Notes |
|---------|---------|----------|-----------------------------|-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Mayausky| Emily | Cert-HS | Maternity LOA | 8/19/2019 | 9/23/2019 | Maternity LOA (FMLA) |
| Randall | Jodi | Cert-HS | Intermittent Medical LOA | 5/15/2019 | 5/14/2020 | Intermittent Medical LOA for Family Member |
| Stewart | Stephanie | Class-Gar | Paid Administrative LOA | 4/18/2019 | 5/24/2019 | Paid Administrative LOA |
LIAISON WITH SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATIONS
The Board maintains membership in the Ohio School Boards Association (OSBA).
OSBA may elect to join the National School Boards Association (NSBA). If OSBA joins NSBA, the District may take advantage of various NSBA offerings by virtue of its membership with OSBA.
Through its membership in this organization, it is an indirect member of the National School Boards Association. The Board and its members actively participate in the activities of these organizations insofar as possible.
The Board maintains appropriate memberships in various educational organizations for the benefits that are derived for the District. These institutional memberships require Board approval.
[Adoption date:]
LEGAL REFS.: ORC 3313.87; 3313.871
BOE: 06/24/19
Exhibit: E
Page 2 of 9
RELEASED TIME FOR RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION
The Board permits students to be released from school for religious instruction consistent with law. Absence during the school day for religious instruction is permitted, provided:
1. the student’s parents or guardians submit a written request to the building principal;
2. the private entity providing instruction maintains attendance records and makes them available to the District and
3. the student is not absent from core curriculum subject courses.
The District is not responsible for transportation to and from the place of instruction. Regular classroom instruction missed as a result of a student’s absence for religious instruction will not be made up and students assume responsibility for any missed schoolwork. Students are not considered absent from school while attending a released time course in religious instruction. The District does not aid, assist or enforce attendance in a religious instruction program. The District does not discriminate against students who participate in such program.
No public funds are expended and no public school personnel are involved in providing religious instruction. This policy is not intended and shall not be construed in any way, to associate the District with any faith or religious denomination.
[Adoption date:]
LEGAL REFS.: U.S. Const. Amend. I
ORC 3313.20; 3313.47; 3313.6022
3321.04
CROSS REFS.: IGAC, Teaching About Religion
JED, Student Absences and Excuses
KJA, Distribution of Materials in the Schools
NOTE: House Bill 171 (2014) enacted Ohio Revised Code 3313.6022 specifying the conditions under which a board may adopt a policy on released time for religious instruction. Districts also may choose to add language to this policy authorizing high school students to earn elective credit toward graduation through released time courses, provided statutory requirements are met when evaluating the course for credit. The decision to award credit for a released time course of religious
instruction must be neutral to, and cannot involve any test for religious content or denominational affiliation. Districts should work with board counsel to implement such programs.
On April 17, 2019, the Ohio Attorney General released a new opinion (2019-015) on released time for religious instruction, which focuses on what a school district’s policy may permit or prohibit, and the implementation of these policies.
The opinion analyzes and resolves several specific questions and scenarios. Districts are cautioned to keep in mind that these scenarios and questions are fact-specific and rely on certain assumptions. As the facts change, so may the answer. Districts should work with board counsel to assure legal compliance when implementing these policies.
2 of 2
The District recognizes that students and employees have the right to express themselves on school property. This protection includes the right to distribute, at a reasonable time and place and in a reasonable manner, non-school-sponsored material. In order to protect First Amendment rights, while at the same time preserving the integrity of the educational objectives and responsibilities of the District, the following requirements apply to the distribution of non-school-sponsored material on school property and at school activities.
**Prior Approval Required**
Individuals or groups not affiliated with the District, who desire to distribute materials to the members of the school community, must first receive approval of such materials through the Superintendent/designee.
Students and staff members who desire to distribute materials to members of the school community must first receive approval from the building principal and when in doubt the Superintendent.
**Types of Material Restrictions**
Materials must be approved if they fall under one of the following categories:
(Select any or all of the optional items 1-5 below to reflect the types of materials and/or advertising that the District allows.)
1. publications of services, special events, public meetings or other items of interest to students or parents/guardians;
2. distribution of promotional materials of a commercial nature to students or parents/guardians;
3. paid advertisements on District property, including but not limited to billboard advertisements;
4. paid advertisements on or in school-sponsored publications, yearbooks, announcements and other school communications and/or
5. products and materials donated by commercial enterprises for use in the classroom, as long as they serve an educational purpose and do not unduly promote any commercial activity or products.
Manner and Mode of Distribution
The Superintendent/designee may approve the use of District time, personnel and resources in the distribution of materials if the materials are of an educational nature. The Superintendent will not, however, approve the use of District time, personnel or District resources for distribution if the materials are not of an educational nature and/or considered to be conducting business by soliciting participation, campaigning for membership or registering participants.
The building principals designate appropriate times, locations and means for which distribution of non-school-sponsored materials is appropriate. Determinations are made on a case-by-case basis.
Distribution with or without District involvement does not mean to imply sponsorship or support for that which the materials endorse. The District takes no responsibility for problems arising between the sponsoring individual or group and the student or staff member who accepts the materials.
Limitations on Content
Non-school literature is not distributed on District property if:
1. the materials are obscene, vulgar or otherwise inappropriate for the age and maturity of the audience;
2. the materials endorse actions endangering the health or safety of students;
3. the distribution of such materials would violate the intellectual property rights, privacy rights, or other rights of another person;
4. the materials contain defamatory statements about public figures or others;
5. the materials advocate imminent lawless or disruptive action and are likely to incite or produce such action;
6. the materials are hate literature or similar publications that scurrilously attack ethnic, religious or racial groups; contain content aimed at creating hostility and violence and the materials would materially and substantially interfere with school activities or the rights of others or
7. there is reasonable cause to believe that distribution of the non-school literature would result in material and substantial interference with school activities or the rights of others.
Failure to comply with this policy regarding distribution of non-school literature shall result in appropriate administrative action, including but not limited to confiscation of nonconforming materials and/or suspension of use of District facilities. Appropriate law enforcement officials may be called if a person refuses to comply with this policy or fails to leave the premises when asked.
[Adoption date:]
LEGAL REFS.: U.S. Const. Amend. I
ORC 3313.20; 3313.47; 3313.66; 3313.661
CROSS REFS.: EDE, Computer/Online Services (Acceptable Use and Internet Safety)
IGDB, Student Publications
IIBH, District Websites
KJ, Advertising in the Schools
BOE: 06/24/19
Exhibit: E
Page 9 of 9
Resolution No. 2019-12
A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE EXECUTION OF A LEASE EXTENSION AGREEMENT WITH AMERICAN TOWERS, LLC FOR A CELLULAR PHONE TOWER AT THE HIGH SCHOOL.
WHEREAS, the Board has determined that the portion of the High School described in the proposed Lease Agreement is not needed for school district purposes and was previously leased to New Cingular Wireless PCS, LLC, should be leased to American Towers, LLC to provide cellular service to the broader community; and
WHEREAS, the lease extension will generate revenue to be used to educate the District’s students.
NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, by the Board of Education that after careful consideration and evaluation of the information before it:
Section 1. The Board authorizes the execution of the Lease Extension Agreement with American Towers, LLC for a cellular phone tower at the High School as described in the document on file with the Treasurer.
Section 2. The Board hereby finds and determines that all formal actions related to the adoption of this resolution were taken in open meetings of this Board; and that all deliberations of this Board and of its committees, which resulted in formal action, were taken in meetings open to the public in full compliance with applicable law.
Section 3. This resolution shall be in full force and effect from and immediately after its adoption.
Resolution No. 2019-13
A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE EXECUTION OF A GUARANTEED MAXIMUM PRICE AMENDMENT WITH BREWER GARRETT FOR THE BUS GARAGE TRANSPORTATION CENTER IMPROVEMENTS IN AN AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED $1,659,210 AND FOR THE TREASURER TO ENTER INTO A CONTRACT FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ABATEMENT IN AN AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED $25,000.
WHEREAS, the Bus Transportation Center needs to be upgraded to a new facility on the property of the previously purchased office buildings through the construction of a new pre engineered building to house up to two bays and related facilities; and
WHEREAS, prior to the demolition of the previously purchased office building, the District must abate the hazardous materials.
NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, by the Board of Education that after careful consideration and evaluation of the information before it:
Section 1. The Board authorizes the execution of a guaranteed maximum price amendment with Brewer Garrett for the demolition of the office buildings and construction of a pre-engineered building to serve as the Transportation Center in an amount not to exceed $1,659,210.
Section 2. The Board authorizes the Treasurer to contract for hazardous materials abatement of the office buildings in an amount not to exceed $25,000.
Section 3. The Board hereby finds and determines that all formal actions related to the adoption of this resolution were taken in open meetings of this Board; and that all deliberations of this Board and of its committees, which resulted in formal action, were taken in meetings open to the public in full compliance with applicable law.
Section 4. This resolution shall be in full force and effect from and immediately after its adoption.
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Key
- UNCLASS
- INSTALLED
- BOTH WAYS INSTALLED
- PROPOSED
- OTHER
Date: 8/5/2011
The information on this map was derived from digital databases on Deschutes County’s GIS. Care was taken in the creation of this map, but the County cannot accept any responsibility for errors, omissions, or positional accuracy and, therefore, there are no warranties which accompany this product. However, notification of any errors will be appreciated.
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May 21, 2014
Dear Sir/Madam:
The Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) would like to invite you to the National Convergence of Billionaire and Top Millionaire Cooperatives on June 16-17, 2014 at the Skylight Convention Center, 210 Rizal Ave., Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
This national convergence aims to initiate cooperative integration, encourage the formation of one national federation, as well as to update/inform the participants on the following:
1. the benefits of organizing themselves into one cooperative federation - one each in coop bank, coop insurance, in agriculture, credit coop, workers coop, health services, marketing/consumer coop, etc.
2. the advantages of establishing liquidity/stabilization fund as the main business of national federation;
3. the economic and social value of integration thru merger and consolidation in order to be competitive;
4. the importance of voluntary arbitration as a mode of resolving intra-inter cooperative conflicts;
5. the ethics to be observed in establishing a cooperative branch/satellite offices;
6. the need for e-coop trade and the solidarity economy.
A registration fee of ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED PESOS (P1,500.00) for the 2-day live-out seminar (3 snacks and 2 lunch only) or TWO THOUSAND PESOS (p2,000.00) for live-in package (3 snacks, 4 meals and hotel room accommodation). Payment shall be made directly to Skylight Hotel Group, Inc. under bank account BDO – 5040157011 or ALLIED BANK with account number 1291017703. It is advised that payment be made in advance to ensure hotel room accommodation, if possible on or before June 9, 2014.
Please confirm your participation/attendance by sending us the filled-up reply slip which is hereto attached. Registration will start at 8:00 am and program proper at 9:30 am. Attached Program Design for your ready reference.
Kindly submit the filled up reply slip to our CDA _____________ Extension Office at fax number _______ or email address___________ on or before June ____, 2014.
Thank you very much for your usual support to this event.
Cooperatively yours,
_____________________________
Director
CONFIRMATION/REPLY SLIP
Activity :
National Convergence of Billionaire and Top Millionaire Cooperatives
Date :
June 16-17, 2014
Venue :
Skylight Convention Center, 210 Rizal Ave., Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Information about the payment of Registration Fee:
Amount :
P1,500/participant (LIVE OUT)
P2,000/participant (LIVE IN)
Deposit payment to the following bank:
SKYLIGHT HOTEL GROUP, INC. BDO – 5040157011 ALLIED BANK - 1291017703
Confirmation:
Yes, I/We will attend the above activity
No, I/We will not attend the above activity
If yes, please indicate the details about the participants:
Name of Cooperative:
Address:
Contact Details:
Name of Participant/s
Position in the Cooperative
Submitted by:
_________________________________
Representative of the Cooperative
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MashZone NextGen Visual Analytics User Guide
Innovation Release
Version 10.0
April 2017
This document applies to MashZone NextGen Visual Analytics Version 10.0 and to all subsequent releases.
Specifications contained herein are subject to change and these changes will be reported in subsequent release notes or new editions.
Copyright © 2006-2017 Software AG, Darmstadt, Germany and/or Software AG USA Inc., Reston, VA, USA, and/or its subsidiaries and/or its affiliates and/or their licensors.
The name Software AG and all Software AG product names are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Software AG and/or Software AG USA Inc. and/or its subsidiaries and/or its affiliates and/or their licensors. Other company and product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Detailed information on trademarks and patents owned by Software AG and/or its subsidiaries is located at hp://softwareag.com/licenses.
Use of this software is subject to adherence to Software AG's licensing conditions and terms. These terms are part of the product documentation, located at hp://softwareag.com/licenses and/or in the root installation directory of the licensed product(s).
This software may include portions of third-party products. For third-party copyright notices, license terms, additional rights or restrictions, please refer to "License Texts, Copyright Notices and Disclaimers of Third Party Products". For certain specific third-party license restrictions, please refer to section E of the Legal Notices available under "License Terms and Conditions for Use of Software AG Products / Copyright and Trademark Notices of Software AG Products". These documents are part of the product documentation, located at hp://softwareag.com/licenses and/or in the root installation directory of the licensed product(s).
Use, reproduction, transfer, publication or disclosure is prohibited except as specifically provided for in your License Agreement with Software AG.
Table of Contents
Update meta data of existing file-based data source.................................................32
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1
Introducing MashZone NextGen Visual Analytics
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MashZone NextGen Visual Analycs (short: Visual Analycs) provides the means to interacvely visualize, explore, analyze, and blend streaming and historical data from mulple sources. Visual Analycs has a parcular focus on Internet of Things (IoT) use cases, but the capabilies provided also support other use cases in retail, financial services - anywhere you have large amounts of data in moon. Visual Analycs allows operaons analysts, maintenance specialists, researchers, developers, and data sciensts to do their job more effecvely.
Visual Analytics enables you to
Explore and analyze real-time data sources and historic data using interactive visualizations
Highlight and color measure visualizations using dimensions and other measures
Capture, save, and share data explorations
Quickly discover new data insights via automatic statistical profiles
Filter data as you explore
Auto-discover and deploy new data sets
Visual Analytics detects and analyzes automatically your deployed data sources. Based on the data source structure Visual Analytics provides you with all relevant analysis criteria. These include dimensions, measures and several aggregated criteria values, e.g., the average value or the standard deviation. Using the analysis criteria available you are able to configure your data queries and to explore the source data. And by means of various graphical elements you visualize interactively your analyses.
Starting Visual Analytics
You can start and use Visual Analycs as web applicaon in your web browser.
Prerequisite
Visual Analytics has been installed.
Note:
Software AG Installer enables you to install MashZone NextGen Visual Analytics. Detailed information on how to use Software AG Installer is available in the documentation Using the Software AG Installer.
Procedure
1. Start the Visual Analytics server. For this open the Windows Start menu and click Start MashZone Next Gen Visual Analytics in the Software AG > Start servers program group.
2. Start the Visual Analytics user interface.
a. Open a web browser.
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b. Enter the following address in the address bar of the web browser. The default port number is 9002.
```
<computer name>.<dnsdomain>:<port> e.g., localhost:9002
```
The Visual Analytics start page will be opened in your Web browser tab.
3. Click Explore.
The Visual Analytics login page will be displayed.
4. Enter your user name and password and click Log In. For example, Administrator/manage if you want to log in as administrator user with the corresponding administration privileges.
Visual Analytics will be started in your web browser tab.
Manage user privileges
Visual Analytics user interface
Visual Analycs provides you with a clear and easy to use graphical user interface (GUI).
Visual Analytics Explorer
In the Visual Analycs Explorer you are able to explore your data sources, create and save your analyses, and organize your analyses in projects.
The Visual Analytics Explorer is displayed by default when you start Visual Analytics. If required, you can open the Visual Analytics Explorer by clicking the Explorer icon in the program bar.
Visual Analytics Explorer provides several views for organizing and accessing your data sources, analyses and projects.
The ALL view contains all your registered data sources, created analyses, and projects.
The DATA SOURCES view lists all your registered data sources.
The ANALYSES view lists all your saved data analyses.
The PROJECTS view lists all your analyses projects. A project groups a number of analyses under a specific name.
Only the data sources, analyses, and projects are available for which you have the corresponding privileges.
The search box Search by name helps you to find quickly your data sources, analyses, or projects desired.
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You can choose the Sort by name ( ) or Sort by last modified ( ) options for the elements displayed on the several views. Click the or Sort buon and select the sort option desired.
Example: Visual Analytics Explorer - All view
The following screenshot shows the ALL view of the Visual Analytics Explorer containing My analysis (assigned to My project), My project, and the two data sources BCSV and E-CACHE_XML.
Additionally, Visual Analytics Explorer provides several views with all contents and functions you need for your analysis creation. Using the various configuration bars, you are able to set the criteria (dimensions and measures) you want to analyze and the values you want to display. Furthermore you can select filters to narrow down the query results and configure the analysis visualization.
The INSIGHTS view displays details of the dimensions and measures contained in the data source. It gives you an overview of what is insight the data in the forms of several criteria values, e.g., count, min or max values, and appropriate distribution charts.
The VISUALIZATIONS view enables you to set the visualization of your analysis, e.g., selecting chart types or grouping criteria. Additionally, the view enables you to
Odd Header view a table with the raw data of the data source corresponding to your analysis configuration.
Visual Analytics Explorer provides several configuration panels that supports you to configure your analyses.
On the left-hand side of a view the Dimensions and Measures bars are placed. The criteria listed there are provided by the data source selected. Whereby each criterion represents a separate data column of the data source. The criteria names match the column names of the data source. In the VISUALIZATIONS view the left configuration panel provides additional visualization options.
On the right-hand side of a view the criteria selected are listed in the DATA COLUMNS bar. Here you can choose the aggregated values of the columns which you want to display in the analysis and you can set additional filters.
In the analysis area in the middle, you are able to configure your analysis, explore your source data, and visualize the results of your queries using charts or tables.
Example: Visual Analytics Explorer - Insights view
The following example shows the INSIGHTS view of the analysis explorer displaying two dimensions and two measures selected. The Age measure is set as filter criterion.
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Visual Analytics Console
Visual Analycs Console provides a technical API to Visual Analycs Server.
You can open the Visual Analytics Console by clicking the Console icon in the program bar.
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Example: Visual Analytics Console
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2
Using Visual Analytics
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Import data source
Visual Analycs enables you to discover and analyse historical data and real-me data sources provided in file-based or cache-based data sources.
Before you are able to explore and analyze a data source you have to deploy and register the data source required in Visual Analytics. For importing data sources Visual Analytics supports you with an auto-deploy tool.
For details see:
"Manage data sources" on page 29
"How does Visual Analytics handle data sources?" on page 37
Create analysis
You can easily configure the content of your analyses by using the configuraon bars and analysis area available in the relevant Visual Analycs Explorer views.
See also "Visual Analytics Explorer" on page 7 for details.
A analysis defines a query that is set for only a single data source. You configure a data analysis by selecting a data source and the dimensions and measures that you want to analyze. For the selected criteria you then set the values you want to display in the analysis. Optionally, you can specify filters to narrow down the query result. After cnfiguring your query you are able to analyze interactively your source data using different kinds of visualizations.
To create a data analysis perform the following steps.
Select data source
You can select a data source registered to create your analysis.
Procedure
1. In Visual Analytics Explorer ( ) click DATA SOURCES to open the view containing all registered data sources.
2. Click a data source.
By using the search box you are able to find quickly your data source desired.
The data source selected is opened in the INSIGHTS view of Visual Analytics Explorer.
Select analysis criteria
Select the dimensions and measures you want to analyse.
Procedure
1. "Select data source" on page 14.
2. Drop one or more dimensions into the analysis area by dragging them from the DIMENSIONS bar on the left configuration panel. See "Using the configuration panels" on page 27.
If you select more than one dimension the last dimension selected is used for partitioning the data. Each dimension is visually highlighted by a unique color. See "Partitioning data" on page 15.
3. Drop one or more measures into the analysis area by dragging them from the MEASURES bar on the left configuration panel. See "Using the configuration panels" on page 27.
The criteria selected are displayed in the analysis area with detail views and they are listed in the DATA COLUMNS bar on the right configuration panel.
By moving your mouse pointer over the criteria in the chart further detailed information is displayed.
Partitioning data
You can paron data evaluated in your analysis.
If you select more than one dimension the last dimension selected is used for partitioning the data. Partitioning essentially groups data on the selected dimension and the dimension values are visually highlighted by a unique color. The corresponding values of the partitioning dimension are displayed in the Data Columns bar with the colors used for the grouped data (comparing to a chart legend).
Procedure
1. "Select the analysis criteria" on page 15 required.
You need to select at least two dimensions.
2. Select partition values to be displayed in the analysis from the right configuration panel under the Data Columns bar. See "Using the configuration panels" on page 27.
The data is grouped by the partitioning dimension values and is visually highlighted by a unique color for each dimension value.
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Change criteria type
You can change a measure to dimension and a dimension of type INTEGER, DOUBLE, and LONG to measure.
Procedure
1. "Open the left configuration panel." on page 27
2. To change a dimension to measure drag a dimensions from the DIMENSIONS bar and drop it into the MEASURE bar.
3. To change a measure to dimension drag a measure from the MEASURE bar and drop it into the DIMENSIONS bar.
The type of the criteria selected is changed.
Select criteria values
Select the dimension and measure values you want to display in your analysis.
See also:
"Which aggregated values are available?" on page 28
Procedure
1. "Open the right configuration panel." on page 27
2. Click the Group, Ungroup buon and select Group.
Now the criteria values are selectable.
3. Activate the check boxes of the relevant criteria values in the DATA COLUMNS bar, e.g., MIN or MAX.
4. Click a criteria name to collapse or to expand the value list.
The relevant criteria values are selected and will be displayed in the analysis.
Specify query filters
Oponally, you can define filters for your analysis to narrow down the query result. Each filter describes a specific value range of a dimension or measure.
Procedure
1. "Open the left and right configuration panels." on page 27
2. Drag one or more dimensions or measures from the criteria bar of the left configuration panel and drop them into the Filter bar of the right configuration panel.
3. Set the filter value.
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Depending on the dimension or measure type, you can select particular values or expression, or specify periods by which you want to filter.
a. For numerical filter criteria you can use up and down buons ( ) or alternatively a slider to set your filter. To set a data range move the start or the end of the slider at the positions desired.
b. The values of text filter criteria are displayed as a list. In the list, click the values by which you want to filter.
The slider shows the minimum and maximum criterion values indicated by the blue slider ends. And additionally, it shows the standard deviation and average value. See the example below.
To set the minimum or maximum data value to the lower or upper value of the standard deviation click on the corresponding marker on the slider.
c. For date filter criteria you can use a slider to easily set your filter. To set a date range click the start or the end of the slider and place it at the desired positions.
You can set the date scaling of the filter by clicking the Change Datetime Scale icon and selecting the date format (e.g., Year, Month, or Day). The default scaling of the data column is displayed underlined.
4. You can include (default) or exclude the selected filter values in the query result. Click the / Include/Exclude icon and select the required option.
5. Click the Restore icon to set the default values.
6. Click a criteria name to collapse or to expand the filter seings.
Your filter seings are applied.
Example with numerical filter criterion
The example shows the measure F1122 used as filter with 106.3 as maximum criterion value and 132 as minimum criterion value. The grey area between shows the standard deviation range with the average value in the middle.
Delete criteria
You can delete criteria selected.
Procedure
1. "Open the right configuration panel." on page 27
2. Click the Delete icon of a criteria.
The corresponding criteria is removed from your analysis.
Refresh criteria data
You can refresh the data displayed of cache based data sources.
If a historical, cache based data source has been updated you can refresh the criteria values displayed in your current analysis, e.g, MIN, MAX or COUNT.
Procedure
1. Move the mouse cursor over the analysis area.
The Settings buon is displayed.
2. Click the Settings buon.
3. Click Refresh.
All source data are updated and the criteria values are refreshed accordingly.
Calculate full result
You are able to calculate the full result of your analysis query.
When you select a dimension you might only retrieve partial result for that dimension if the value exceeds a predefined threshold value. This threshold value is set to 1000 by default. In this case an exclamation icon ( ) is displayed on the detail view of the relevant dimension. You can calculate the full result for this dimension.
The option is not available for measures.
Note: Once you have triggered a calculation of full result for a dimension, you will always get full result for that dimension until the server is restarted.
Procedure
1. Click the exclamation icon on the detail view of the dimension.
.
2. Click Calculate full result
The full result is calculated for the dimension selected.
If one or more dimensions have partial results, then you can calculate the full result for all of them at once. For this, move the mouse cursor over the analysis area and click the Settings buon on the analysis area. Then click Calculate full results in the drop-down menu.
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Save analysis
You can save your analysis sengs under any name.
Note: The name given has to be unique.
Procedure
1. Click the Save icon in the program bar.
2. Click the Name input box and enter a name for your analysis.
The preset name corresponds to the data source file of your analysis.
3. You can assign your analysis to a new or an already existing project. Click the Project input box and enter a new project name or select a project name available in the popup menu.
4. Additionally, you can enter a description for your analysis. Click the Description input box and enter a text.
5. Click the Save buon.
Your seings are saved. Your analysis is available on the ANALYSIS tab and assigned to a project if applicable.
To open an analysis assigned to a project, you can also open the PROJECTS view in the Visual Analytics Explorer and select the relevant project. Then select the analysis desired.
Edit analysis properties
You can edit the properes of an exisng analysis, e.g., name, descripon, or project assignment.
Procedure
1. "Open an analysis." on page 20
2. Click the analysis name in the program bar.
3. You can assign your analysis to a new or an already existing project. Click the Project input box and enter a new project name or select a project name available in the popup menu.
4. Additionally, you can enter a description for your analysis. Click the Description input box and enter a text.
5. Click the Save buon.
Your seings are saved and your analysis is assigned to a project if applicable.
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Set visualization
Visual Analycs provides you with various visualizaon possibilies to analyze interacvely your data.
With the VISUALIZATIONS view in the analysis editor you have an own view where you can set your data visualization and analyze the correlation between the selected criteria.
You are able to change the chart type, to group or ungroup the criteria, to split the analysis view, and to change the criteria axis assignment, etc.
In the VISUALIZATIONS view you have additionally the same options to configure your analysis as described in "Create analysis" on page 14.
See the following chapters for details.
"Select analysis criteria" on page 15
"Select criteria values" on page 16
"Delete criteria" on page 17
"Save analysis" on page 19
"Specify query filters" on page 16
Open an analysis
You can open an exisng analysis to edit your analysis sengs.
Procedure
1. In Visual Analytics Explorer click ANALYSIS to open the view containing all created analyses.
Using the search box you can find quickly your analysis desired.
2. Click VISUALIZATIONS to open the corresponding view.
The VISUALIZATIONS view is opened displaying a preset visualization according to your analysis seings.
To open an analysis assigned to a project, you can also open the PROJECTS view in Visual Analytics Explorer and select the relevant project. Then select the analysis desired.
Select chart type
You are able to change the chart type displayed in your analysis view.
Visual Analytics provides several chart types that are suitable for different analysis requirements.
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Procedure
1. Click the Chart Type selection field in the CONFIGURATION bar.
2. Select a chart type in the drop-down menu.
Depending on the chart type selected the CONFIGURATION bar provides additional options to configure the analysis view. See the chart option list below.
The chart type selected is displayed in your analysis. Your chart seings are applied.
Chart options
The following specific chart options are available.
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Chart type
Area chart
Scaer chart
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Options
Step-Before: Alternate between vertical and horizontal segments, as in a step function.
Interpolation
Provides a number of interpolation methods. Interpolation is used to provide smooth or angled curves to connect the data points on the chart.
Select an option in the Interpolation drop-down menu.
None: Default interpolation used.
Basis: A basis-spline, with control point duplication on the ends.
Linear: Piecewise linear segments, as in a polyline.
Monotone: Cubic interpolation that preserves monotonicity in y-values.
Step: Alternate between horizontal and vertical segments, as in a step function.
Step-After: Alternate between horizontal and vertical segments, as in a step function.
Step-Before: Alternate between vertical and horizontal segments, as in a step function.
Size by
Displays the bubble size depending on the criterion selected in the dropdown menu.
Select an option in the Size by dropdown menu.
Aggregation
Displays the babble size depending on the criterion value selected.
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Change axes assignment
You can change the assignment of the criteria to the different axes.
The criteria axes assignment correlates with the criteria list order in the DATA COLUMNS bar. If you have selected only two criteria each criterion is assigned to one axis. If you have selected dimensions and measures then the dimensions are assigned to the xaxis and are placed on the top of the criteria list. You can change the axes between two dimensions or two measures but you can not change the axis of a dimension with the axis of a measure.
Procedure
1. Drag a criteria in the DATA COLUMNS bar.
2. Drop it on the criteria for that you want to change the axes assignment.
Your changes are applied in the analysis view.
Show trend line
You can show a trend line in your line, bar, area, and scaer chart.
Pre-requisites:
You display a line, bar, area, and scaer chart with one dimension or measure assigned to the x-axis and one measure assigned to the y-axis.
Procedure
1. Click the Chart Type selection field in the CONFIGURATION bar.
2. Select one of the above-mentioned chart types in the Chart Type drop-down menu.
3. Click the Show trend line switch.
A trend line is displayed in your chart.
Split the analysis view
You can split the chart displayed in various charts depending on the criteria used in the analysis.
By default, all criteria used in an analysis are displayed in one chart. For example, in a bar chart several measures are displayed stacked or several dimensions are displayed grouped. If you want to display one chart per dimension or per measure you can split the chart in various charts according to the number of criteria used. You have the following options.
No Split: Displays the analysis criteria in one chart (default).
Split & Group by column: The number of charts displayed depends on the number of criteria (columns) selected.
Split & Group by aggregate: The number of charts displayed depends on the number of criteria values selected.
Split in groups of 3: Displays always three criteria per chart. Additionally, if you have four or more measures, you get multiple charts with three and subsequent measures used as radius for scaer or contour charts.
Split: Displays an own chart for each measure selected.
Procedure
Select the split option in the CONFIGURATION bar.
Your changes are applied.
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Set data limit
For reasons of performance you can set the maximum number of rows analysed.
The numbers of the rows analysed and the total number of rows available in the data source is shown above the chart.
Procedure
1. Click the Limit input box in the Configuration bar.
2. Enter a value for the maximum row number.
The default value is 3000.
Your seings are applied.
Display data table
The VISUALIZATIONS view enables you to take a look at the data driving your analysis.
In addition to your chart, you can choose to display a table with the data of your analysis, including dynamically calculated aggregations, filtered by current criteria values of your analysis configuration.
Procedure
1. To display a data table click the Show/Hide Data Table icon in the program bar and click Show.
2. To hide a data table displayed click the Show/Hide Data Table icon in the program bar and click Hide.
The data table of your analysis is displayed.
Save analysis
You can save your analysis sengs under any name.
Note: The name given has to be unique.
Procedure
1. Click the Properties icon in the program bar.
2. Click the Name input box and enter a name for your analysis.
The preset name corresponds to the data source file of your analysis.
3. You can assign your analysis to a new or an already existing project. Click the Project input box and enter a new project name or select a project name available in the popup menu.
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4. Additionally, you can enter a description for your analysis. Click the Description input box and enter a text.
5. Click the Save buon.
Your seings are saved. Your analysis is available on the ANALYSIS tab and assigned to a project if applicable.
To open an analysis assigned to a project, you can also open the PROJECTS view in the Visual Analytics Explorer and select the relevant project. Then select the analysis desired.
Freeze real-time data visualization
You can freeze the visualizaon of real-me data.
When you analyse real-time data, new source data will be constantly reloaded and the visualization is updated continuously. To freeze the changing visualization you can pause and restart the data loading process.
Procedure
1. Open the VISUALIZATIONS view of an analysis based on a real-time data source.
2. Click the Toggle Live Pause buon to freeze the visualization.
3. Click the Toggle Live Pause buon to restart the visualization.
The data loading process is stopped and the corresponding visualization is frozen.
Share analyses
You can share your analyses with any user.
Procedure
1. "Open an analysis." on page 20
2. Click the analysis name in the program bar.
3. Click Copy link in the properties bar.
The URL of your analysis is copied to the clipboard.
For example, you can past the link copied into an email and share it with any user.
Create projects
You are able to group a number of analyses as own project.
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You can assign your analyses to a new or an already existing project. All your projects are listed on the PROJECTS view of the Visual Analytics Explorer.
Procedure
1. "Open an analysis" on page 20.
2. Click the Properties icon in the program bar.
3. Click the Project input box and enter a new project name or select a project name available in the pop-up menu.
4. Click the Save buon.
Your seings are saved and the analysis selected is assigned to a project. Where appropriated a new project is created on the PROJECTS view.
To open an analysis assigned to a project, you can open the PROJECTS view in the Visual Analytics Explorer and select the relevant project. Then select the analysis desired.
To remove an analysis from a project, open a project and click the Delete icon of an analysis.
Using the configuration panels
By means of the configuraon panels you are able to configure easily your analyses.
The configuration panels are available in the INSIGHTS and VISUALIZATIONS views of Visual Analytics Explorer. If you open one of these views using a lower screen resolution or a smaller screen, either only the right panel or both panels are hidden automatically.
Procedure
1. To display or to hide the left configuration panel click the / Toggle left panel icon. You can only hide an unfixed panel.
2. To display or to hide the right configuration panel click the / Toggle right panel icon.
You can only hide an unfixed panel.
3. To fix or to unfix the configuration panel click the Pin or Unpin icon.
Your seing are applied.
If you drag a criteria from the left configuration panel the right panel is automatically displayed.
Alternatively, you can hide the panels displayed by clicking in the analysis area or by using Escape on the keyboard. You can only hide unfixed panels.
Visual Analytics user interface
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Which aggregated values are available?
You can select the dimensions and measures values you want to display in your analysis.
See "Select criteria values" on page 16 for details.
Depending on the criteria data type different aggregated values are available for each criteria.
Average value (AVG)
Count (COUNT)
Maximum value (MAX)
)
Minimum value (MIN
Standard deviation (STDDEV)
Sum (SUM)
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3 Manage data sources
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Visual Analycs enables you to discover and analyse historical data and real-me data streams provided in file-based or cache-based data sources.
Manage historical data sources
You can deploy and register historical datasets, repositories of time-stamped data, or BigMemory data sources. Visual Analytics supports different file-based data source formats incl. CSV, XML and JSON files, or Terracoa BigMemory caches.
"Manage file-based data sources" on page 30
"Manage cache-based data sources" on page 32
Manage real-time data sources
You can also deploy and register real-time data sources for your data analyses in Visual Analytics. Visual Analytics consumes streaming data provided by Apama and stored in separate data stores (caches). The caches are managed by so-called cache managers and configured in a cache configuration file. Visual Analytics is able to read the cache configuration file and use its contents to access the data in the external Apama cache.
"Manage real-time data sources" on page 34
Prerequisite: You have administrator privileges.
See also: "How does Visual Analytics handle data sources?" on page 37
Manage historical data sources
You can deploy and register historical data sets, repositories of me-stamped data, or BigMemory data sources. Visual Analycs supports different file-based data source formats incl. CSV, XML and JSON files, or Terracoa BigMemory caches.
The following chapters describe how to create, update, and delete file-based and cachebased data sources.
Manage file-based data sources
You can create, update, and delete file-based data sources for your exploraon and analyses of historical source data.
Prerequisite: You have administrator privileges.
See also: How does Visual Analytics manage "Historical file-based data sources" on page 37?
For deploying your historical file-based data sources Visual Analytics provides a specific auto-deploy folder.
<Visual Analytics installation> /data/auto-deploy/file
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Create file-based data source
You can create file-based data sources for your data explorations. Visual Analytics supports source data of CSV, XML and JSON data types.
Note:
Visual Analytics only accepts JSON source files with self-contained JSON documents, i.e., source files that comply with JSON Lines format. See hp:// jsonlines.org/ for a detailed documentation.
Note:
Slow copy processes on MS Windows systems (e.g., caused by copying large files or slow server connection) can lead to unexpected behavior while deploying the data source file. Therefore, we recommend that you first copy the source file in a local folder and then move it into the relevant auto-deploy folder.
Procedure
1. Copy your data source file in the auto-deploy/file folder.
2. Check the .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy folder.
You can open the .vsd file with a default text editor.
Your data source is deployed and registered in Visual Analytics. A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
Delete existing file-based data source
You can delete an existing data source.
Procedure
1. Identify the corresponding .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy/file folder.
If you do not delete the data source file as well, the description file will be created again with the next Visual Analytics server restart.
2. Delete the file manually.
The Visual Analytics server detects automatically the deletion of the data source description file. The corresponding data source is deregistered and the cache containing the data is removed from the cache manager.
Update data of existing file-based data source
You can replace the existing data source by a new data source containing unchanged meta data.
Procedure
Replace the existing data file in the auto-deploy/file folder with the new one.
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Both files must have the same name.
The Visual Analytics server detects that the data file has been updated. The new file will be parsed and data in the cache will be replaced by new data.
Update meta data of existing file-based data source
You can update the meta data of an existing data source. The meta data information of a data source covers inter alia the data source name, cache name, schema of imported data, result of the last import run, etc. For example, it is possible that the data type of a column is not guessed correctly by the auto-deployer, because some columns contain integer values and others double values or similar.
The meta data are stored in the <data source name> .vsd data source description file.
Procedure
1. Edit the appropriate .vsd file in the auto-deploy/file folder.
You can edit the .vsd file with a default text editor.
2. Save your changes.
Saving the file triggers the Visual Analytics server to update the data source using meta data from the edited .vsd file.
The meta data and the corresponding data source are updated.
Manage cache-based data sources
You can create, update and delete cache-based data sources for your exploraon and analyses of historical source data.
Prerequisite: You have administrator privileges.
See also: How does Visual Analytics handle "Historical cache-based data sources" on page 37?
For deploying your historical cache-based data sources Visual Analytics provides a specific auto-deploy folder.
<Visual Analytics installation> /data/auto-deploy/cache
Create cache-based data source
You can create cache-based data sources for your data explorations. Visual Analytics supports BigMemory caches as source data.
Procedure
1. Copy your cache configuration file in the auto-deploy/cache folder.
A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file will be wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
2. Check the .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy folder.
You can open the .vsd file with a default text editor.
Your data source is deployed and registered in Visual Analytics. A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
Delete existing cache-based data source
You have administrator privileges.
You can delete an existing cache-based data source.
Procedure
1. Identify the corresponding .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy/cache folder.
If you do not delete the cache configuration file as well, the description file will be created again with the next Visual Analytics server restart.
2. Delete the file manually
The Visual Analytics server detects automatically the deletion of the data source description file and the corresponding data source is deregistered in Visual Analytics.
Note: The external cache containing the data will not be deleted.
Update cache-base data source
You have administrator privileges.
You can update the cache data source by redeploying your cache configuration file.
Visual Analytics server will detect that the cache configuration file has been updated. The new file will be parsed and data in the cache will be replaced by new data.
Note:
Please note that changes made in the configuration file are lost in this case.
Procedure
1. Remove the relevant cache configuration file and the corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file from the auto-deploy/cache folder.
2. Copy your new cache configuration file in the auto-deploy/cache folder.
A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file will be wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
3. Check the .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy folder.
You can open the .vsd file with a default text editor.
The data source is updated.
M
Odd Header
Even Header
Manage real-time data sources
With Visual Analycs you are able to discover and analyse real-me data sources. Visual Analycs uses Apama data stores (real-me caches) for processing analyc requests on streaming data.
Prerequisite: You have administrator privileges.
See also: How does Visual Analytics handle "Real-time data sources" on page 38?
The following chapters describe how to create, update, and delete real-time data sources.
Create real-time data source
You have administrator privileges.
You can create real-time data sources for your real-time data explorations.
Procedure
1. Copy your Apama cache configuration file in the auto-deploy/stream folder.
A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
2. Check the .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy folder.
You can open the .vsd file with a default text editor.
Your data source is deployed and registered in Visual Analytics.
Delete existing real-time data source
You have administrator privileges.
You can delete an existing real-time data source.
Procedure
Identify the corresponding .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy/ stream folder and delete it manually.
If you do not delete the Apama cache configuration file as well, the description file will be created again with the next Visual Analytics server restart.
The Visual Analytics server detects automatically the deletion of the data source description file and the corresponding data source is deregistered in Visual Analytics.
Note:
The external cache containing the data will not be deleted.
Update real-time data source
You have administrator privileges.
You can update the real-time data source.
Visual Analytics server will detect that the data file has been updated. The new file will be parsed and data in the cache will be replaced by new data.
Note: Please note that changes made in the configuration file are lost in this case.
Procedure
1. Remove the relevant cache configuration file and the corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file from the auto-deploy/stream folder.
2. Copy your new cache configuration file in the auto-deploy/stream folder.
A corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file will be wrien into the auto-deploy folder.
3. Check the .vsd data source description file in the auto-deploy folder.
You can open the .vsd file with a default text editor.
The data source is updated.
Real-time data source registration
Visual Analycs uses Apama data stores (real-me caches) for processing analyc requests on real-me data.
With means of a cache configuration file provided by Apama Visual Analytics generates a configuration file and the configured cache manager is instantiated. For each real-time cache a new data source is registered in Visual Analytics server.
See also "Manage real-time data sources" on page 34 and "How does Visual Analytics handle data sources?" on page 37 for more details.
Visual Analytics uses BigMemory's cache event listener framework for receiving notifications on cache changes. The Ehcache configuration file specifying the real-time cache must meet the following requirements:
1. It must provide a default cache configuration.
2. It must contain a configuration for the cache __apama_internal_table_schemas holding Apama's internal schema information. The configuration should prevent eviction of schema information (<pinning store="incache" />) and must define a distributed cache (<terracotta />). This will enable Visual Analytics to access and interpret the schema information provided by Apama.
3. It must contain a configuration for each real-time cache hosted by the cache manager that should be analyzed using Visual Analytics. The configuration
M
Odd Header
Even Header must enable the replication of cache events (<cacheEventListenerFactory class="net.sf.ehcache.event.TerracottaCacheEventReplicationFactory" / >) and must define a distributed cache (<terracotta />). This will enable Visual Analytics to be notified on cache changes.
Since these requirements cannot be fulfilled completely using the Apama MemoryStore API configuration, the according Spring file has to be modified in a way that an existing Ehcache configuration file is used (<property name="ehcacheConfigFile" value="PATH_OF_EHCACHE_CONFIG_FILE" />).
Define date and time formatting pattern
You can specify your own formang paern for data source values of Date and Time type.
Prerequisite: You have administrator privileges.
By default, Visual Analytics supports several standard date and time paerns for autodeployed data sources. For non-matching date and time paerns you can specify your custom formaing paerns.
If the data source file contains columns with values of Date or Time type in the standard format, these columns are detected as DATE type columns. The corresponding .vsd file contains an additional entry datePattern, specifying the detected date and time paern.
If the values contained do not match the standard formaing paerns, the corresponding columns are detected as STRING type. To specify your own formaing paern edit manually the relevant .vsd file.
Procedure
1. Deploy your data source file in the relevant auto-deploy folder.
See "Manage data sources" on page 29 for details.
2. Edit the appropriate <data source name> .vsd data source description file.
You can edit the .vsd file with a default text editor.
3. Change the data type of all relevant columns from STRING to DATE type within the schema aribute.
4. Specify your date and time format by adding the datePattern aribute.
The syntax for specifying custom date and time paerns is described here: hps:// docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/text/SimpleDateFormat.html.
5. Save your changes.
The data source is redeployed automatically and all columns that were specified as DATE type columns are parsed using the custom datePattern aribute.
Odd Header
How does Visual Analytics handle data sources?
Visual Analycs enables you to discover and analyse historical data and real-me data sources provided in file-based or cache-based data sources.
Visual Analytics detects automatically a new data source file, analyses the content, and recognize the data source structure. Based on the data structure Visual Analytics determines the data source configuration.
Is it a static (historical) or a dynamic (real-time) data source?
What are the dimensions and measures?
What are the data types?
etc.
The data source meta data determined are wrien in a separate description file. By editing the description file you are able to reconfigure the data source configuration, e.g., changing dimensions names or measures data types.
Historical file-based data sources
Visual Analytics supports different file-based data sources for your historical data analysis. These include source data of CSV, XML, and JSON data types. For deploying your file-based data sources Visual Analytics provides a specific auto-deploy folder.
<Visual Analytics installation> /data/auto-deploy/file
New and updated data sources are automatically deployed and configured for your data exploration by the Visual Analytics auto-deployer. As soon as a source file is dropped into the Visual Analytics auto-deploy folder, the file is parsed, repeating elements are identified and the schema of these elements is determined. The data is stored in a Visual Analytics internal data cache and the new data source is registered in the Visual Analytics registry to make it accessible for other Visual Analytics components.
After the automatic parsing process a corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy/file folder. This file contains all meta data information of the data source, incl. name of the data source, cache names, dimensions, measures, schema of imported data, result of the last import run, etc..
See also: "Manage file-based data sources" on page 30
Historical cache-based data sources
Visual Analytics supports Terracoa BigMemory caches as data sources for your historical data analyses. For deploying your cache-based data sources Visual Analytics provides a specific auto-deploy folder.
Even Header
<Visual Analytics installation> /data/auto-deploy/cache
New and updated data sources are automatically deployed and configured for your data exploration by the Visual Analytics auto-deployer. As soon as a cache configuration file is dropped into the Visual Analytics auto-deploy folder, the configuration file is parsed, the configured cache manager is instantiated, and for each data cache a new data source is registered in Visual Analytics server. The new data source is registered in the Visual Analytics registry to make it accessible for other Visual Analytics components.
Please contact the system administrator in charge for further information on cache administration for your Terracoa BigMemory connection.
After the automatic parsing process a corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy/cache folder. This file contains all meta data information of the data source, incl. name of the data source, schema of data contained in the external cache and information how to connect to the cache (Cache manager name, cache name), dimensions, measures, etc.
The <data source name> is composed by the name of the cache manager and the name of the cache. E.g., a data source pointing to a cache "StockData2015" managed by a cache manager with name "StockData" would be registered with the name "StockDataStockData2015".
See also: "Manage cache-based data sources" on page 32
Real-time data sources
With Visual Analycs you are able to discover and analyse real-me data sources. Visual Analycs uses Apama data stores (real-me caches) for processing analyc requests on streaming data.
For deploying your real-time data sources Visual Analytics provides a specific autodeploy folder.
<Visual Analytics installation> /data/auto-deploy/stream
Please contact the system administrator in charge for further information on cache administration for your Apama data store connection.
New and updated data sources are automatically deployed and configured for your data exploration by the Visual Analytics auto-deployer. As soon as a cache configuration file is dropped into the corresponding Visual Analytics auto-deploy folder, the configuration file is parsed, the configured cache manager is instantiated and for each real-time cache a new data source is registered in Visual Analytics server. The new data source is registered in the Visual Analytics registry to make it accessible for other Visual Analytics components.
After the automatic parsing process a corresponding <data source name> .vsd data source description file is wrien into the auto-deploy/stream folder. This file contains all meta data information of the data source, incl. name of the data source, schema of data
Odd Header contained in the external cache and information how to connect to the cache (Cache manager name, cache name), dimensions, measures, etc.
The <data source name> is composed by the name of the cache manager and the name of the cache. E.g., a data source pointing to a cache "StockData2015" managed by a cache manager with name "StockData" would be registered with the name "StockDataStockData2015".
See also: "Manage real-time data sources" on page 34
Even Header
Odd Header
4
Visual Analytics Administration
Even Header
Manage user privileges
Visual Analycs enables you to create new users, change their passwords and roles, and delete exisng users.
Depending on the user role assigned the user has different access permissions for data sources and analysis.
By default, the following user roles with the corresponding permissions are available.
administrator:
Full control of all data sources and analysis.
analyst:
Full Create, Read, Update and Delete permissions for data sources and analysis owned by the user or if users has an EDIT permission.
Read only control on data sources and analysis if VIEW permission is present.
guest:
Read only permissions for analysis if VIEW permission is present.
The Visual Analytics users available and roles assigned are listed in the auth.properties file stored in the <Visual Analytics installation> \config folder.
The users are listed with username, password and user role in the form of:
```
user.<username> = <password encrypted>,<user role>,va
```
Example
user.Administrator = $shiro1$SHA-256$500000$BK02RfNycT5X9+SYFOw==$WVnmao8JwY5+ KlOfodA=,administrator,va
Create user
You can create new Visual Analycs users and assign the relevant permissions.
To create a new Visual Analytics user you have to specify the user name, user password, and the user role. Using the Visual Analytics Console you are able to create the required user password. See "Create user password" on page 44 for details.
Procedure
1. Open the auth.properties file in an appropriate text editor.
2. Add a user to the user list in the following form.
Replace the <username> variable by an unique user name.
```
user.<username> = <password encrypted>,<user role>,va
```
Odd Header
Replace the <password encrypted> variable by the password generated (without quotes).
Replace the <user role> variable by the user role with the access permissions required.
3. Save your changes.
4. Restart the Visual Analytics server.
The user is created and can log in to Visual Analytics using the appropriate user name and user password.
See also "Starting Visual Analytics" on page 6.
Delete user
You can delete an already exisng Visual Analycs user.
Procedure
1. Open the auth.properties file in an appropriate text editor.
2. In the user list, delete the row with the relevant user name.
3. Save your changes.
4. Restart the Visual Analytics server.
The user is deleted and can not longer log in to Visual Analytics.
Change user password
You can change the password of an exisng Visual Analycs user.
Using the Visual Analytics Console you are able to create the new user password. See "Create user password" on page 44 for details.
Procedure
1. Open the auth.properties file in an appropriate text editor.
2. In the user list, replace the existing password of an user with the new one.
The password is encrypted, starts with $, and ends with =
.
3. Save your changes.
4. Restart the Visual Analytics server.
The password is saved and the user can log in to Visual Analytics using the appropriate user name and user password.
See also "Starting Visual Analytics" on page 6.
Change user role
You can change the user role assigned to an exisng Visual Analycs user.
Procedure
1. Open the auth.properties file in an appropriate text editor.
2. In the user list, replace the user role assigned to an user.
You can assign the administrator, analyst and guest user role. See "Manage user privileges" on page 42.
3. Save your changes.
4. Restart the Visual Analytics server.
Your changes are applied and the user can log in to Visual Analytics with the new user role assigned.
Create user password
Using the Visual Analycs Console you are able to create an encrypted password.
You can use the password randomly generated for the Visual Analytics user authentication.
Procedure
1. Click the Console icon in the program bar.
2. Click User Service in the Command bar.
The subordinated commands are expanded.
3. Click the hashPassword command.
4. Enter your password into the Payload field.
5. Click the Invoke buon.
6. Copy the password without the double quotes to clipboard.
The encrypted password is generated and displayed in the Response field. The password starts with $ and ends with = and is set in double quotes (").
Example
"$shiro1$SHA-256$500000$BK02RfNycT5X9+SYFOw==$WVnmao8JwY5+KlOfodA="
You can copy the password (without the double quotes) to clipboard and use it for, e.g, "creating a new Visual Analytics user" on page 42.
M
Even Header
Odd Header
Set SSL configuration
Visual Analycs enables you to setup a secure communicaon connecon between Visual Analycs Client and Visual Analycs Server.
In most cases, Visual Analytics Server will not run on the same machine as Visual Analytics Client. To secure the data transfer between client and server, the communication between the client and server should be encrypted.
The default setup after installation of Visual Analytics will run the Visual Analytics Server without support for encrypted communication (HTTPS / TLS / SSL), i.e., with Transport Layer Security (TLS) disabled. Thus, you cannot connect via hps to the server.
Enabling TLS
Visual Analycs allows to enable TLS via sengs in the config.json configuraon file.
The config.json configuration file is located in the following folder:
<Visual Analytics installation> /config.
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Enter the following code line and save your changes.
```
"httpServer.tls.enabled" : true,
```
TLS is enabled.
Note:
Visual Analytics ships with a self-signed certificate. Thus, when you enable TLS without replacing the key material by your own material "Setup of certificates and key material" on page 45, Web browsers will issue a security warning when connecting to Visual Analytics Server.
Setup of certificates and key material
Visual Analycs supports three different kinds of key material / cerficates:
JKS (Java KeyStore)
PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail)
PKCS#12 (from RSA, Inc., based on Microsoft's PFX)
Even Header
Enabling TLS with JKS-based key material
Visual Analycs allows to use public/private key material stored in a Java Key-Store (JKS) to be used as cerficate for TLS communicaon.
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Enter the following code lines and save your changes.
The keyPath parameter must point to the key file (usually ends with .jks). The path may either be relative (to Visual Analytics' root folder) or absolute.
The keyPassword parameter is the password required to open the key store.
```
"httpServer.tls.certType" : "JKS ", "httpServer.tls.keyPath" : "<key path> ", "httpServer.tls.keyPassword" : "<key password> ",
```
TLS with JKS is enabled.
Enabling TLS with PEM-based key material
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Enter the following code lines and save your changes.
The keyPath parameter must point to the key file (usually ends with .pem). The path may either be relative (to Visual Analytics' root folder) or absolute.
The certPath parameter must point to the public key file (usually ends with .pem). The path may either be relative (to Visual Analytics' root folder) or absolute.
```
"httpServer.tls.certType" : "PEM ", "httpServer.tls.keyPath" : "<key path> ", "httpServer.tls.certPath" : "<key password> ",
```
TLS with PEM is enabled.
Enabling TLS with PKCS#2-based key material
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Enter the following code lines and save your changes.
The keyPath parameter must point to the key file (usually ends with .p12 ). The path may either be relative (to Visual Analytics' root folder) or absolute.
The keyPassword parameter is the password required to open the PKCS#12 file.
```
"httpServer.tls.certType" : "PKCS12 ", "httpServer.tls.keyPath" : "<key path> ", "httpServer.tls.keyPassword" : "<key password> ",
```
Odd Header
Apache Spark Integration
You can use Apache Spark to process large CSV and JSON source files in Visual Analycs.
Apache Spark is a fast and general-purpose cluster computing system. Visual Analytics version 10.0 ships with Apache Spark and integrates it to process large CSV and JSON source files and execute queries on those data sources. XML source files are currently not supported. When dealing with bigger source files, the query execution time is lower compared to Visual Analytics default engine. Thus, the overall performance of Visual Analytics will benefit in those cases. As a guidance, data sets with 500,000 lines and above should be processed using the now-integrated Spark engine.
By default, the Visual Analytics installation runs the Visual Analytics Server without Apache Spark integration. To enable Apache Spark you have to perform the following steps.
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Add the following code line and save your changes.
3. To run Visual Analytics with Spark open a command line program and run <Visual Analytics installation>\bin\vaserver --embeddedSpark
```
"spark.enabled" : true,
```
The default installation path is C:\SoftwareAG\MashzoneNG\VisualAnalytics.
Visual Analytics runs with Apache Spark.
Advanced Configuration
By default, Apache Spark engine utilizes up to four CPU cores and 1 GB of RAM per core. If more resources are available on the machine running Visual Analytics, you can configure the maximal number of CPU cores and RAM to be used by Spark.
Procedure
1. Open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
2. Add the following code line and save your changes.
```
"spark.cores.max" : <number of cores>,
```
```
"spark.executor.memory" : "<amount of memory>",
```
Your seings are applied.
Thereby, <number of cores> is a numeric value, such as 3, 7, 15. It is recommended to not assign all cores of the machine to Spark, i.e., when N is the number of cores of the machine, then use N-1 cores at max for Spark.
<amount of memory> is a numeric value followed by the unit, e.g., 1g for for 1 GiByte, 512m for 512 MiB etc.
Even Header
Note: The amount of memory is defined per CPU core, i.e., 1g with 16 cores equals an allowed total memory consumption of 16 GiB of RAM.
Allowed units are
```
1b (bytes) 1k or 1kb (kibibytes = 1024 bytes) 1m or 1mb (mebibytes = 1024 kibibytes) 1g or 1gb (gibibytes = 1024 mebibytes) 1t or 1tb (tebibytes = 1024 gibibytes) 1p or 1pb (pebibytes = 1024 tebibytes)
```
Deployment of Spark on a separate machine
Visual Analytics integrates Apache Spark via Spark JobServer. This provides the benefit that Visual Analytics and Spark do not necessarily have to be deployed on the same machine, i.e., you can install Visual Analytics on server A and Spark JobServer on server B (whereby B could be a more capable machine than A).
Procedure
1. Copy the folder <Visual Analytics installation>/va-sjs to the target machine where you want to run Spark JobServer.
2. Start Spark JobServer on the target machine via running va-sjs\bin\va-sjs.bat (Windows) running va-sjs/bin/va-sjs (Linux / Unix-derivates)
3. On the Visual Analytics machine, open the config.json configuration file in a text editor.
4. Add the following code lines and save your changes.
```
"spark.enabled" : true, "spark.jobserver.url" : "https://<target machine IP>:8090",
```
Whereby <target machine IP> is the IPv4-address of the machine running Spark JobServer, e.g., "spark.jobserver.url" : "hps://172.16.0.1:8090", if the server has the IP 172.16.0.1.
Your seings are applied.
Importing larger data sources
To deploy data files larger than 1GB, if Spark is deployed on a separate machine, you need to increase the relevant parameters.
Edit the following parameters in the Spark JobServer config file va.conf.
The file is located in the <Visual Analytics installation>/va-sjs/config/ directory.
Set request-chunk-aggregation-limit = 2000m in section spray.can/server.
Set max-chunk-size = 2000m in section spray.can/server/parsing.
Odd Header
Set short-timeout = 10 s in section spark/jobserver.
Edit the following parameters in the Spark JobServer startup scripts va-sjs.bat for MS Windows and va-sjs for Linux.
The files are located in the <Visual Analytics installation>/va-sjs/bin/ directory.
In va-sjs.bat: Change line set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="" to set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="-Xmx8192m".
In va-sjs: Change line DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="" to DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="- Xmx8192m".
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
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|
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|
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Graph Theory Homework 8
Mikhail Lavrov
due Friday, November 22, 2024
1 Course evaluations
Course evaluations for this class (and other classes) should now be accessible on D2L. The deadline for filling out course evaluations is December 2nd: after classes are over, but before our final exam on December 5th.
These are very useful to me in deciding how to teach this class in the future. (Comments are especially helpful, but even if you don't leave those, numerical ratings are helpful, and they're more reliable if more of you give them.) The evaluations are anonymous, and are not released until after final grades are due, so there are no drawbacks to being honest.
As an incentive, if at least 50% of the class fills out a course evaluation, I will wear a funny hat for the final exam.
2 Short answer
1. Give an example of:
(a) A graph with 8 vertices, 6 of which are cut vertices.
(b) A graph with 9 vertices, exactly one cut vertex, and minimum degree 4.
2. The Gr¨otzsch graph, shown below, is 3-connected.
Demonstrate this using ear decompositions.
3. Let G be the dodecahedron graph, shown below; let s and t be two opposite vertices of the dodecahedron.
Determine κ(s, t); explain why the value cannot be larger or smaller.
4. Answer briefly (one sentence should be enough for each part). Feel free to cite theorems from class if they are relevant.
(a) In a tree, which vertices are cut vertices?
(b) Why is every graph with at most one cycle 3-colorable?
(c) What is the clique number ω(Km,n) of the complete bipartite graph Km,n?
(d) Why does every n-vertex planar graph have an independent set of size at least n/4?
3 Proof
5. Determine the minimum number of edges in an 3n-vertex graph with an independence number of 2n.
You have already written a rough draft of the solution; now, write a final draft.
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
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|
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| 216,635,564
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
[
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Children Product Buyers by DSA
Children Product Buyers by DSA are mostly female direct mail buyers of children's apparel, mdse, toys, accessories and furnishings. The purchases are all from transactional activity from a number of catalogs, space ads and online purchases. All buyers are multi-buyers and select by category.
ID NUMBERS
Manager ID mIn ID
NextMark ID
SRDS ID
MEDIA TYPE
Consumer
SOURCE
Compiled lists, Catalog, Multi Sourced,
Buyers, Direct mail sold, Multi-buyers
GEOGRAPHY
USA
OPT-IN
DESCRIPTION
Children Product Buyers by DSAare mostly female direct mail buyers of children's apparel, general merchandise, toys, accessories and furnishings. The purchases are all from transactional activity from a number of catalogs, space ads and online purchases. All buyers are multi-buyers and select by category.
Recency on this file is pulled from the last mail order transactional activity. Multipurchase within category is selectable and dollar is maintained average purchase. This file contains buyer, subscriber and donor activity on each record. Mailers can select buyers and subscribers to publications, donors and buyers of other product categories as well. Target your ideal prospect with this strong file! Inquire further!
Special Selects:# of purchases within category, Product Category, Dollar Select Avg. Purchase or Last Purchase, Age, Income, Presence of Children, Children Books, Children Apparel, Baby/Infant Products, Children's Furnishings, Toys/Education Products, Marital Status, Reader Interest, Health, Home Products, Children, Credit Card Buyers, House Charge Card, Cash Purchase Method. Inquire for more!
Opt-in Email addressdata has been appended to this transactional file.
Digital Campaigns: $35/M on matched records, $500 minimum
Email Orders:25,000 Minimum
Prepayment required on all email orders.
Please pre-clear creative for approval prior to ordering. Creative must be in HTML & Plain Text and contain mailers name and address. Creative services available for $275/F fee. 2 test blasts included in pricing, additional test blasts $150/F each. Client to provide subject line and from line, suppression file and seed list. Suppression file $10/M, Deployment fee included in base, Personalization available at $5/M. Tracking report with delivered, opened, click thru data provided.
MINIMUM: 7,500 postal mailing
file:///C|/Users/Linda%20Santaite/Desktop/DATA%20CARDS/Children%20Product%20Buyers%20by%20DSA.html[8/10/2020 11:45:29 AM]
544283
544283
For more info contact DSA Direct
PROFILE
Product Categories(8.00/M)
Tabletop
Jewelry
Linen
Kitchen
Bath
All Home Furnishings
DSA Direct, LLC
UNIT OF SALE
Average
GENDER
Male
Female
$50.00
8%
92%
EXCHANGES
Exchange is not allowed
CANCELLATION
Charges
$100.00/F
CANCELLATION INSTRUCTIONS
Orders cancelled after mail date and/or merge will be at full rental rate. Orders received & processed will incur a $100/F cancel fee, $15/M run charges & shipping/material fees.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Sample Mail Piece required on Tests for Approval. Tests and email orders require prepayment.
file:///C|/Users/Linda%20Santaite/Desktop/DATA%20CARDS/Children%20Product%20Buyers%20by%20DSA.html[8/10/2020 11:45:29 AM]
© Copyright 2000-2020 NextMark, Inc.
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Ioana Oriana Bercea
School of Electrical Engineering Tel-Aviv University Rm. 210, Computer and Software Engineering Bldg. Tel-Aviv, IL 68878
Education
2018–present
Postdoctoral Fellowship,
Tel Aviv University
, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Host: Guy Even
2013–2018 Ph.D. in Computer Science,
University of Maryland
, College Park, MD, USA.
Thesis: Approximation Algorithms for Geometric Clustering and Touring Problems
Advisor: Samir Khuller
M.Sc. in Computer Science,
University of Maryland
, College Park, MD, USA.
Advisor: Aravind Srinivasan
B.Sc. in Mathematics (Honors) and B.Sc. in Computer Science,
University of Chicago
, Chicago, IL, USA.
Four-year scholarship
Research Interests
Data Structures, Computational Geometry, Approximation Algorithms
Submitted Conference Articles
2020 Ioana O. Bercea, Guy Even. "A Space-Efficient Dynamic Dictionary for Multisets with Constant Time Operations"
2020 Ioana O. Bercea, Guy Even. "Upper Tail Analysis of Bucket Sort and Random
Tries"
Refereed Conference Proceedings (Author Order Alphabetical)
2020 Ioana O. Bercea, Guy Even. "A Dynamic Space-Efficient Filter with Constant Time Operations", In: 17th Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory, (SWAT)
2019 Ioana O. Bercea, Martin Groß, Samir Khuller, Aounon Kumar, Clemens Rösner, Daniel R. Schmidt, Melanie Schmidt. "On the cost of essentially fair clusterings", In: 22nd International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, (APPROX)
2010–2013
2006–2010
Cellphone: +1-773-726-7642
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.cs.umd.edu/~ioana/
2018 Ioana O. Bercea. "Improved Bounds for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Neighborhoods on Uniform Disks", In: 30th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry, (CCCG)
2016 Ioana O. Bercea, Volkan Isler, Samir Khuller. "Minimizing Uncertainty through Sensor Placement with Angle Constraints", In: 28th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry, (CCCG)
2014 Ioana O. Bercea, Navin Goyal, David G. Harris, Aravind Srinivasan. "On Computing Maximal Independent Sets of Hypergraphs in Parallel", In: 26th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, (SPAA)
Journal Articles
2016 Ioana O. Bercea, Navin Goyal, David G. Harris, Aravind Srinivasan. "On Computing Maximal Independent Sets of Hypergraphs in Parallel", In: ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing, Special issue on SPAA 2014
Work in Progress/Manuscripts
2019 Ioana O. Bercea, Tobias Mömke. "Polynomial Time Algorithms for Euclidean Maximum TSP and Maximum Scatter TSP"
2019 Saba Ahmadi, Ioana O. Bercea, Samir Khuller, Sheng Yang. "Counting Small Cliques and Four Node Subgraphs in Bounded Degeneracy Graphs"
2019 Ioana O. Bercea, David Harris. "New Approximations for the Graph Vertex Pricing Problem"
Long-term Research Visits
Spring 2018 Research Program, Centre de Recerca Matematica , Barcelona, Spain, Intensive Research Program in Discrete, Combinatorial and Computational Geometry
Summer 2017 Research Internship, Max Planck Institute for Informatics , Saarbrücken, Germany, w. Tobias Mömke
Summer 2016 Research Internship, Max Planck Institute for Informatics , Saarbrücken, Germany, w. Parinya Chalermsook
Summer 2012 Research Internship, Microsoft Research India , Bangalore, India, w. Navin Goyal
Invited Workshops
Feb. 2021 Dagstuhl Seminar : Scalable Data Structures
Oct. 2019 IGAFIT : Workshop for Postdoctoral Researchers in Algorithms
Sept. 2019 GI-Dagstuhl Seminar : Algorithms for Big Data
March 2019 Dagstuhl Seminar : Theoretical Foundations of Storage Systems
Jan. 2019 Dagstuhl Seminar :
Data Structures for the Cloud and External Memory Data
Oct. 2018 7th French-Israeli Workshop on Foundations of Computer Science
2009–2010
CMSC 250: Discrete Structures,
Fall 2011(D), Spring 2014(D), Spring 2015(D), Fall 2015(D), Fall 2016(D), Spring 2017(G).
CMSC 131/132: Object Oriented Programming I, II,
Fall 2010 (D), Fall 2013(D), Spring 2018(G).
CMSC 216:Introduction to Computer Systems,
Spring 2011(G), Summer 2011(D).
CMSC 350: Algorithms,
Spring 2012(G).
CMSC 122: Intro to Computer Programming via the Web, Fall 2017(G).
Junior Tutor for Elementary Functions and Analysis 1,2,3,
University of Chicago , Mathematics Department.
Honors and Awards
2014–2015 Outstanding Graduate Assistant Award, University of Maryland . Top 2% of all UMD Graduate Assistants
2010–2012 Dean's Fellowship,
University of Maryland.
2006–2008,
2009–2010
2006–2010
Dean's List,
University of Chicago.
Awarded to students with GPA > 3.25
Scholarship,
University of Chicago.
Tuition, housing and stipend (unconditioned on GPA)
2001–2006 Romanian National Mathematics Olympiad.
Bronze medals in the National Olympiad, Top 3 prizes in national and regional contests
Service
Program Committee, ICDCN 2020 .
Journal Reviewer, Theoretical Computer Science, Networks, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, The Visual Computer.
Conference Reviewer, SPAA 2017, FC 2018, SoCG 2018, SODA 2020, STACS 2020 .
2015–2016 Graduate Student Representative,
University of Maryland , Computer Science Department Council.
2012–2014 Graduate Student Representative,
University of Maryland , Computer Science Department Education Committee.
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The Newsletter of the Lake County Safety Council Volume 12 - Issue March 2007 www.councilnews.org
Sponsored by the BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene
Did you send your email address?
Please send your email address to:
[email protected]
OHIO SENATE BILL 7—WORKERS' COMPENSATION REFORMS: A LEGAL AND MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Regular Friday, March 30 Lake County Safety Council Program Presents:
March Meeting Sponsor
Michael Bertsch, Mocsarino & Treu, and Dr. Patrick Bray, St. Vincent Charity Hospital, to discuss workers' compensation legislation and Ohio Senate Bill 7.
Their Presentation Includes Information On:
⇒ The definition of "aggravation injury" moving from the old "minimal/slight" to the new "substantial" …..and baseline applications
⇒ Drug free workplace and drug testing policies
TIME: Registration begins @ 11:15 a.m.
Lunch and meeting begin @ 11:30 a.m.
SITE: Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites -
LaMalfa@ Route 2 and Heisley Road
RSVP: Call 440-255-0877 by Friday, March 23 To make your reservation
COST: $18 reporting members, $20 non-members
NOVA Chemicals
2007 LCSC Dates/Topics
Friday, March 30th Workers' Compensation
Legislation/Reform-Senate Bill 7
Friday, April 20th Annual Awards Banquet
@ LaMalfa—luncheon
Friday, May 18th CEO Event-breakfast@ LaMalfa
Cynthia Moore-Hardy, LHS
Friday, May 18th Mold & Asbestos Safety and
Awareness
Ohio's Workers' Compensation Budget Scheduled to be Heard This Week
The budgets for the bureau of Workers' Compensation BWC) and the Industrial Commission were scheduled to be heard this week. The budgets are given a bill number, introduced and assigned to the House Finance & Appropriations Committee. The committee was scheduled to hear sponsor testimony during its meeting on Monday and all other testimony during its meetings on Tuesday and Wednesday. See BWC Board, Page 4.
BWC Safety Congress Begins in Less Than Two Weeks at Cleveland IX Center
The Ohio Safety Congress and Expo is scheduled at the IX center on March 20 to 22. The theme is "extreme safety." The FREE event provides flexible, customized and industry-focused classes. For more information visit the Ohio BWC on line at www.ohiobwc.com or call (1-800-OHIOBWC).
Would your company like to be a Lake County Safety Council Sponsor?
One of the many ways you can advertise with the Lake County Safety Council is to become a meeting sponsor.
There currently are 2007 sponsor opportunities available:
⇒ Awards Banquet Sponsor $395 limited to five companies
⇒ Monthly Meeting Sponsor $195 limited to one company per meeting:
The benefits of being a sponsor are
⇒ Sponsor will be provided with an exhibit table located at the registration area or inside the door of the meeting facility.
⇒ Sponsor may set up signage and distribute literature, business cards, promotional items and other information from the exhibit table.
⇒ Sponsor may place one item of literature or business card at each place setting
⇒ Sponsor may collect business cards for a door prize drawing (prize to be provided by the sponsor)
⇒ Sponsor will be thanked on signage at the registration table
⇒ Sponsor will be recognized at the podium and introduced by the steering committee director
⇒ Sponsor may deliver a "three-minute commercial" to the meeting attendees from the podium.
⇒ Sponsor will be featured in the Council News the month they are sponsoring
If you are interested in becoming a sponsor
please contact our office by calling 440-255-1616 or via email to - [email protected].
Thank You to March Meeting Sponsor
NOVA Chemicals
NOVA Chemicals Painesville Site, in one form or another, has been a member of the community since 1953. We are committed to the safe, efficient and effective manufacturing of products, and being a good neighbor in Painesville Township. NOVA Chemicals abides by the American Chemistry Council's Codes of Responsible Care, which requires the site to function exceeding regulatory standards. Chemistry is the essential formula behind the products and services that make our lives safer, healthier, smarter, and better. Today, America's chemistry companies represent a new generation of thinking and openness, with a commitment to communicating with our most important stakeholders: you. Find what is "essential 2 you" by visiting www.americanchemistry.com .
2007 Steering Committee
Council Director
Russ Thompson
City of Painesville, WCPC
440-392-6316
Council Secretary
Susan Pelcic
Willoughby Eastlake Public Library 440-943-2203
Council Director Elect
Dan Nichols
SFInc., Electrical Contractors 440-974-2900
Council Advisor
Michael Milroy
Lake County MR/DD
440-350-5051
Past Director
Bob Siktberg
Lincoln Electric
216-383-2141
Chamber Liaison & Editor
Marie Pucak
Mentor Area Chamber of Commerce
440-255-1616
Committee Members
Pablo Benz
Chemsultants International
440-352-0218
Scott Cole
Lake County Dept. of Utilities
440-350-5706
Mary Jo Drcar
STERIS Corp.
440-205-7635
Edward Hazel
Kucera International
440-975-4230
Rick McPeak
American Red Cross
440-352-3171
Nita Wyatt
Lake Cardiology
440-352-4956
Lake County Chambers of Commerce
440-357-7572
Friday, February 16, 2007 LCSC
A.J. Goulder Electric
Able Contracting Group
Accurate Metal Sawing
Active Plumbing
Advocare, Inc.
Aexcel Corporation
ALBA Contractors
Allied Door Systems
Altercare of Mentor
American Controls
American Guard
American Red Cross
Animal Hospital, Inc.
Apollo Welding
Aqua Ohio
Arcola Building Company
Arcola Creek Nursery
Avery Dennison
Beachwood Schools
Beech Technology Systems
Bescast
Bodycote Thermal Processing
Buffalo Wild Wings
Burch and Associates
Cadence Benefits
Career Tech
Cast Nylons
Chardon Metal Products
Chem Development
Chemsultants International
City of Eastlake
City of Mayfield Heights
City of Mentor
City of Mentor-on-the-Lake
City of Painesville—Electric Plant
City of Painesville WPCP (and) Water Department
City of Willoughby Hills
Classic Automotive Group
Cleveland Crystals
Climax Metals
Clinical Health Laboratories
Com-Corp Industries
Cometic Gasket
Commercial Siding & Maintenance Co.
Component Repair Technologies
Concord Township
Conn-Selmer
Core Systems
Cres Cor
Damon Morgan
DAI Ceramics
Davis Bakery
Dependable Cleaning Contractors
Diskcopy
Eltech Systems
Environmental Conditioning Systems
Equistar Chemical
Esco TT, Cleveland
Food For Thought
Gateway Manor
Gateway Retirement Community
Grande Pointe
Greater Cleveland Partnership
Hambden Building Products
Haver Tyler
High Tech Performance Trailers
Highland Products
Hillcrest Ambulance
Honda of Mentor
Infinity Resources
Interlake Stamping
JTO, Inc.
Kemper House
Kennington Corporation
Kirtland Schools
Kline Construction Corporation
Kucera International
Lake Cardiology
Lake County Board of MR/DD
Meeting Attendees Continued
Lake County Dept. of Utilities
Lake Co. Plating
Lake Hospital System
Lake Humane Society
Lake Metroparks
Laketran
Leroy Township
Libra Industries
Lincoln Electric
Madison Schools
Madison Township
Malish Corp.
MC Sign
McNeil Industries
McPhillips Plumbing & Heating
Mentor Lumber & Supply
Mentor Public Library
Mentor Public Schools
Mentor Television
Mentor Way Nursing/Rehab
Mid-West Materials
Miltronics & Skye
Modern Employment
Modern International Graphics
Morley Library
Morton Salt
Moscarino & Treu
Neff-Perkins
Neighboring
North American Coating Lab.
North Perry Village
Northcoast Recycling
NOVA Chemicals, Inc.
Novis Marine
Ohio Moulding Corp.
Omni Cart Services
Pace Engineering
Painesville Board of Education
PCC Airfoils
Painesville Township
Perry Joint Fire District
Perry Township
Polychem Corporation
Preformed Line Products
Quality Assurance Supported Living
Radix Wire Company
Ranpak Corp.
Red Wing Shoes
Roberts Roofing
Roll-Kraft
Royal Plastics
R T & T Machining
Sawyer Technical Materials
SFInc., Electrical Contractor
South Shore Controls
Stamco Industries
Stanley Steemer
Stewart Lodge Healthcare
Sticker Corporation
Summerville at Mentor
The News-Herald
Trailer Component Manufacturing
Transfer Express
Trust Technologies
Universal Screw Machine
V.L. Chapman Electric
Village of Fairport Harbor
Village of Waite Hill
Visiting Angels
Volk Optical
West Geauga Local Schools
Wickliffe Country Place
Willo Security
Willoughby Eastlake City Schools
Willoughby-Eastlake Public Library
Willow Hill Industries
Wilson Mill Foods, Inc.
Wiseco Piston
Yours Truly Restaurants
Independent Board Responsible for Fund Assets to Replace BWC Oversight Commission
From Ohio Workers' Compensation, Page 1
Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland announced his two-year $657 million budget for the BWC will eliminate the BWC's Oversight Commission and create an independent, 15-member board responsible for the fund's assets. The BWC administrator will continue to report to the governor. The board will include 11 members appointed by the governor. They will represent business, labor and finance. There will be four non-voting seats filled by members of the Ohio General Assembly. This information courtesy of the Ohio Chamber Legislative Update, for more information visit www.ohiochamber.com
Meeting Reminder: Friday, March 30, 2007
Program Topic: Workers' Compensation-Ohio Senate Bill 7
Speakers:
Michael Bertsch-Moscarino & Treu &Dr. Patrick Bray-St. Vincent Charity Hospital
Location:
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites—LaMalfa
Cost:
$18 for Members, $20 for Non-Members
Time:
Registration 11:15 a.m.- Meeting & Lunch Begin @ 11:30 a.m.
Sponsor:
NOVA CHEMICALS
Meeting Reminder: Friday, April 20, 2007
Program Topic: Annual Awards Banquet Luncheon…..Recognition for Companies/Organizations with Outstanding Accomplishments in Worker Safety
Speaker:
Key Note Speaker: Kay Frances, MBA, Motivational Humorist (www.Kay Frances.com)
Location:
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites-LaMalfa
Cost/Reservations: $20 for Members, $25 for Non-Members…..Reservation Forms to be Mailed & Included in April Newsletter
Sponsors:
NORTHCOAST SHREDDING SERVICES, STERIS CORPORATION, AMERICAN RED CROSS, HZW ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, WISECO PISTON & KAY FRANCES, MBA, OHIO FUNNY LADY
Mentor Area Chamber of Commerce 6972 Spinach Drive Mentor, OH 44060
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Store Supplies > > > > Back UPS ES 350 Battery Backup System 350VA 6 Outlets 365 J
Back UPS ES 350 Battery Backup System 350VA 6 Outlets 365 J
Includes ES 350 backup system and user manual
1131
Back UPS ES 350 Battery Backup System 350VA 6 Outlets 365 J
Manufacturer's limited three year warranty.
350VA 6 Outlets APC Backup System Back UPS Battery Backup System ES 350 Power Voltage Current Protection Auxiliary UPS Uninterruptable Power Source
731304258902
Product # : APWBE350G
Quantity Per Package : 1
Availability : In Stock
Price : $64.46
DESCRIPTIONS :
Designed to use less energy during normal operation this backup system provides enough power for you to work through short and medium length power outages Data line protection safeguards your equipment from damaging surges and spikes that travel along utility and data lines Four stage LED status display indicates On Line On Battery Replace Battery and Building Wiring Fault conditions Continuous tone and two different chime alerts notify you of changing utility power and UPS conditions Wide spaced outlets allow you to protect equipment that uses input transformer blocks without blocking access to other receptacles Protection Type DSL Fax Modem Phone Power System VA 350 VA Backup Time at Half Load 65 minutes 100 Watts Lines 1
SPECIFICATIONS
Item Dimension : 14.625 x 7.938 x 5
Case Dimension : 0 x 0 x 0
Sold AS : Case of 1
Case Cube (ft 2) : 1.0
Case Weight (lbs.) : 10
Comparable Items :
Independent
Cuptainers.com
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PRO DI 10P
Passive DI Box with Stereo Input / Summed Mono Output, MIDAS Transformer and Extended Dynamic Range
INPUTS – Connect your source audio via stereo RCA jacks or a single 1/8" TRS jack. The unused input jack can act as a loop-through output. A mono source can also be connected to one of the RCA jacks, or to the 1/8" input.
LEVEL L/R – The level of the left and right channels can be adjusted before being sent to the output jack. Normally these knobs should be set fully clockwise, but may be used to attenuate very hot signals, or to correct the balance between the channels.
OUTPUT – Send the summed inputs to a mixing console via balanced XLR cable. The output level is approximately 20 dB lower than the input signal.
EARTH LIFT – This switch may help reduce unwanted hum by removing the ground connection.
Specifi cations
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
MUSIC Group accepts no liability for any loss which may be suff ered by any person who relies either wholly or in part upon any description, photograph, or statement contained herein. Technical specifi cations, appearances and other information are subject to change without notice. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. MIDAS, KLARK TEKNIK, LAB GRUPPEN, LAKE, TANNOY, TURBOSOUND, TC ELECTRONIC, TC HELICON, BEHRINGER, and BUGERA are trademarks or registered trademarks of MUSIC Group IP Ltd. © MUSIC Group IP Ltd. 2017 All rights reserved.
LIMITED WARRANTY
For the applicable warranty terms and conditions and additional information regarding MUSIC Group's Limited Warranty, please see complete details online at music-group.com/warranty.
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The Anarchist Library
Anti-Copyright
Anarchist Communist Group Domestic abuse and coronavirus 2nd April 2020
theanarchistlibrary.org
Domestic abuse and coronavirus
Anarchist Communist Group
2nd April 2020
The first coronavirus murder has been reported in the UK. A 67year old woman was murdered by her husband when they were both in self-isolation.
This illustrates the great dangers that women face as a result of lockdown, not just here but over the world. Domestic abuse cases soared in France, with at least two murders of women. Women's organisations there are warning of worsening situations as regards domestic abuse. Globally, one in three women face physical and sexual violence, in many cases from someone in their family. In China, local police stations reported a threefold increase in domestic violence cases in February, compared to the same time last year. In the USA, calls to some domestic abuse helplines doubled.
Self-isolation won't solve the unequal distribution of domestic tasks and childcare, and women who are now having to telework will still face the stress of double workloads.
Single parent families are the first to be marked by poverty with many in substandard housing.
Women are facing pressure from their ex-partners to keep them under their control with the desperate situations created by the lockdowns.
Here in Britain, a figure of 1.6 million women in England and Wales was given for cases of domestic abuse for the last year. So self-isolation for many women will not mean catching up with your reading or viewing box sets but a place of menace and confinement, walled up with their abusers. Women's organisations here are also monitoring an increase in enquiries about abuse and local police forces are reporting an increase in domestic abuse cases.
In times not troubled by pandemics, women could have taken refuge with friends or family. This is not now possible. Home Secretary Priti Patel has said that women can leave the home they share with an abuser to seek shelter in a women's refuge, but one in six of these have closed since 2010 because of austerity measures.
This highlights the whole nature of a patriarchal system that has been incorporated into capitalism, and raises questions about the essential nature of families as they exist at present. Domestic violence is an instrument for keeping women in line, of maintaining patriarchal power relations.
The home can be a terrible place for children as well, and the lockdowns will aggravate the situation. Children can temporarily escape from violence at home by attendance at school. The closure of schools means that thousands of children are confined with their abuser. In some homes, even the provision of meals is not guaranteed, something that school meals provided, but which have been temporarily taken away.
The same goes for many LGBTQ+ young people, not just here but around the world. They may be trapped in a home where their family does not accept their sexual orientation, and suffer a high risk of violence. In Uganda, police have used social distancing laws to arrest 20 people, 14 gay men, two bisexual men and four transgender women.
As a result of all of these ongoing problems aggravated by the coronavirus, suicides may spiral as people cannot cope with worsening situations.
In the West, including in the UK and the USA, a majority of mothers hold down jobs, and will face pressure to give up their paid work. Many women in a two-earner heterosexual household are paid less than their partner. There will be greater pressure for women rather than men to devote themselves to full-time childcare. All the unpaid caring work, looking after self-isolating elderly, children home from school, relatives ill with COVID-19, will fall more heavily on women, because of the present status quo.
Last year, hundreds of thousands of women went out on strike on March 9th against domestic violence in Mexico, where it is a particularly acute problem. Later in November there were demonstrations all over the world against domestic violence. In India, following the rape and murder of a woman, there were widespread protests.
The coronavirus crisis has temporarily shut down these protests, but what must be emphasised, is the continuing problem of violence against women, as well as children and LGBQT+ people, which is now being highlighted by the developing situation. When this is over, we cannot continue to accept the way things are.
No going back!
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Subject: : Tips and Tricks
URL:
Topic: : Early Season BWO's
Re: Early Season BWO's
Author: : mushumatt
Date: : 2012/2/7 19:49:58
Depends on how deep you wanna fish it, if I fish a tandem nymph ill go anywhere from 10"-24". But a dry dropper the tippet off the shank will depend on the depth you want to fish the dropper. But I was thinking today, I dont think it was half bad that the midge wasn't dropping. You where fishing on top with the bwo and the dropper floating in the film would act as a pupa or an emerger without a wing casing imo and many times its hard to notice a fish eating from the film in moving water. Which an indicator ie bwo in your case was still acting as an indicator. And the fish probably rose to check out the bwo but as it turned noticed the harmless midge pupa in the film and instinctively took it.
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CSiT @ The CSIT_TEX Summer Program is a yearly computer science programme run by the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSiT), UPM. The programmes are aimed at those with an interest in Python programming and Augmented Reality (AR) and will put emphasis on hands-on learning activities and interactive workshops.
Each of the two immersive, hands-on summer programmes offered has been designed by the faculty with the goal of engaging, educating, and inspiring students who are curious about computer science and its impact. Learning about computer science and how to use computational thinking can help provide new opportunities for the students.
1. TAMPERING WITH PYTHON PROGRAMMING
About the Programme
This 4-day computer program is ideal for students who are curious about exploring the basics of Python programming and are looking for the next step. Through engaging lectures and hands-on activities, students will be introduced to the fundamental principles of Python programming. Students learn how to analyse, design and implement an application.
2. RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
About the Programme
This 2-days recreational activities are done for the enjoyment, amusement, and pleasure for the CSiT @ The CSIT_TEX Summer Programme participants.
3. TAMPERING WITH AUGMENTED REALITY
About the Programme
In this 4-day programme, you will learn the foundation of computer vision and Augmented Reality (AR), and walk out with practical experience that you can immediately implement and use on your next augmented reality project or career. You’ll learn how augmented reality systems, in tangent with their areas of application, form a new foundation for design opportunities.
Step into your own AR now at an exciting time of inception to change the world in transforming the way we all experience it in the future!
Programme inclusive of:
- Transportations
- Accommodation
- Meals
- Learning materials
- Outdoor and Indoor activity
- Excursions
- Certificate
- Buddies
For details please contact:
Dr. Maslina Zolkepli
[email protected]
+603-9769 1507
www.fsktm.upm.edu.my
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1. OPERATING NAME AND ADDRESS (INCLUDE ZIP CODE AND COUNTY)
JACK & DICKS LLC
JACK & DICKS JEWELRY LOAN
1434 N WASHINGTON
JUNCTION CITY, KS 66441, GEARY
2. U.I. NUMBER (ORG. SEG. CODE, ASSIGNMENT NO., P.P.C.)
779025-2017-0163-B1B
3. PERMIT/LICENSE NUMBER
548061029A02120
4a. TARGET DATE
9/15/2017
4b. TARGET HOURS
5. REQUESTED BY (SIGNATURE, TITLE AND DATE)
10/01/2016
6. ATF OFFICER(S) ASSIGNED
(b) (6) - Lead Investigator
(b) (6) - Assigned Investigator
(b) (6) - Assigned Investigator
7. ASSIGNED BY (SIGNATURE, TITLE AND DATE)
(b) (6) , Area Supervisor, 10/03/2016
8. PURPOSE/SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
DIO-Warning Conference held on 3/24/2016. Conduct Recall-DE inspection.
9. INSPECTION RESULTS
CHECK IF NO VIOLATIONS, ADJUSTMENTS, ETC
| NO. OF VIOLATIONS | 4 |
|-------------------|---|
| NO. OF TECs CHECKS | 1 |
| NO. OF TAX ADJUSTMENTS | $ VALUE OF TAX INCREASES |
| NO. OF ASSESSMENTS | $ VALUE OF ASSESSMENTS |
| NO. OF CLAIMS | $ VALUE OF CLAIMS |
| NO. OF TAX PERIODS | $ VALUE OF TAXES VERIFIED |
10. TRAVEL EXPENSES (OPTIONAL)
| 2111 - PER DIEM |
| 2112 - P.O.A. |
| 2113 - COMM. AIR |
| 2114 - RENTAL CAR |
| 2115 - GPV EXPENSES |
| 2116 - MISC. |
| TOTAL $ FOR INSPI. |
11. ATF OFFICER'S RECOMMENDATION
Submitted by (b) (6) - Industry Operations Investigator
Submitted on: 06/07/2017
Viols and Revocation / Denial of Renewal App
12. TIME ACCOUNTING DATA
| ATF OFFICER'S NAME (MONTH, YEAR, HOURS) | (b) (6) |
|----------------------------------------|---------|
| NOV 2016 | 2.00 |
| DEC 2016 | 3.00 |
| APR 2017 | 48.00 |
| MAY 2017 | 12.00 |
| JUN 2017 | 7.00 |
| ATF OFFICER'S SUBTOTAL | 72.00 |
|------------------------|-------|
| ATF OFFICER'S SIGNATURE|
| ATF OFFICER'S NAME (MONTH, YEAR, HOURS) | (b) (6) |
|----------------------------------------|---------|
| APR 2017 | 38.00 |
| ATF OFFICER'S SUBTOTAL | 38.00 |
|------------------------|-------|
| ATF OFFICER'S SIGNATURE|
TOTAL HOURS 110.00
1. OPERATING NAME AND ADDRESS (INCLUDE ZIP CODE AND COUNTY)
JACK & DICKS LLC
JACK & DICKS JEWELRY LOAN
1434 N WASHINGTON
JUNCTION CITY, KS 66441, GEARY
2. U.I. NUMBER (ORG. SEG. CODE, ASSIGNMENT NO., P.P.C.)
779025-2017-0163-B1B
3. PERMIT/LICENSE NUMBER
548061029A02120
4a. TARGET DATE
9/15/2017
4b. TARGET HOURS
5. REQUESTED BY (SIGNATURE, TITLE AND DATE)
10/01/2016
13. REVIEW AND ROUTING
REVIEW COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATION
The inspection meets the standard for REVOCATION under the current Administrative Action Policy, ATF O 5370.1C (2/21/2017). The licensee was cited in Violation-4 for actively engaging in a straw purchase where the licensee had reasonable cause to believe that the transferee of record was not the actual buyer of the firearm – Revocation at Sec. 6.(f)(5)(c). The actual buyer of the firearm was injured soon after the straw purchase in a self-inflicted accidental shooting. See Exhibit 15.
Additional violations cited for repeat Forms 4473 and multiple sales form errors do not rise to the level of administrative action.
INSPECTION HISTORY: Under the current license, the licensee attended a DIO Held Warning Conference in 2016, and received a Warning Letters in 2014 (alternate) and 2013. The licensee’s sole RP/shareholder was also co-responsible person on the business’s former FFL (5-48-01366), under which he attended a Warning Conference (2009) and received Warning Letters in 2008 and 2007.
AS Review: 6/6/2017
Sent to DIO: 6/6/2017
DIO verbal verbally recommends WL: 6/15/2017
WL sent: 7/3/2017
Recall Staged / PIL sent: 7/3/2017.
Viols WL ONLY and Recall Inspection
REVIEW COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATION
Concur with warning letter in lieu of revocation action.
Viols WL ONLY and Recall Inspection
SIGNATURE AND TITLE
(b) (6) - Area Supervisor
REVIEW DATE
06/06/2017
SIGNATURE AND TITLE
WL BOWERS - Director Industry Operations
REVIEW DATE
07/03/2017
ROUTING SEQUENCE AND DATE
☐ 1. ____________________________________________
☐ 2. ____________________________________________
☐ 3. ____________________________________________
☐ 4. ____________________________________________
CONTROL FILE POSTED DATE ________________
Name of Proprietor: JACK & DICKS LLC
JACK & DICKS JEWELRY LOAN
Street Address: 1434 N WASHINGTON
City: JUNCTION CITY
State: KS
Zip Code: 66441-
County: GEARY
License/Permit/Registry Number (If any): 5-48-02120
Expiration Date: 1/1/2019
Date(s) or Period of Inspection: 01/01/2016 through 04/10/2017
An examination of your premises, records and operations has disclosed the following violations which have been explained to you:
Number: 1
Nature of Violation:
Failure of licensee to retain ATF F 4473s in alphabetical, chronological, or numerical order.
The licensee has been keeping ATF F 4473s part chronologically and part alphabetically. The licensee files ATF F 4473 by calendar year, January to June in one folder, then July to December in a different folder. Then, amongst those folders, forms are filed alphabetically by transferee's last name. However, they are not alphabetical with the A's, B's, C's, etc. Just all of the A's are together, and so on.
Citation: 27 CFR 478.124(b)
Date Corrections to be Made: 04/20/2017
Corrective Action to be Taken: Licensee is to retain ATF F 4473s entirely in one way, either alphabetically, chronologically, or numerically.
Number: 2
Nature of Violation:
Failure of licensee to have the transferee certify the ATF F 4473. In one instance the licensee transferred a firearm to an individual who left question 12.d.1 blank, "Are you an alien who has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa?" (Form (b)(6))
Citation: 27 CFR 478.124(c)(1)
Date Corrections to be Made: (If not corrected immediately)
Corrective Action to be Taken: Licensee is to ensure the ATF F 4473 is accurately and entirely completed prior to the transfer of a firearm.
Name of Proprietor: JACK & DICKS LLC
Street Address: 1434 N WASHINGTON
City: JUNCTION CITY
State: KS
Zip Code: 66441-
County: GEARY
License/Permit/Registry Number (If any): 5-48-02120
Expiration Date: 1/1/2019
Date(s) or Period of Inspection: 01/01/2016 through 04/10/2017
Inspection Results:
An examination of your premises, records and operations has disclosed the following violations which have been explained to you:
Number: 3
Nature of Violation:
Failure of licensee to report the multiple sale of handguns to the same individual within 5 business days on ATF F 3310.4. On 2/20/2016, the licensee transferred a handgun to (b)(6). On [redacted], the licensee transferred another two handguns to (b)(6). The licensee completed ATF F 3310.4 (Report of Multiple Handgun Sale) for the two firearms sold or [redacted] but never reported the handgun sold on [redacted].
Citation: 27 CFR 478.126a
Date Corrections to be Made:
(If not corrected immediately)
Corrective Action to be Taken: Licensee is to report the multiple sale of firearms on ATF F 3310.4.
(If not corrected immediately)
Name of Proprietor: JACK & DICKS LLC
Street Address: 1434 N WASHINGTON
City: JUNCTION CITY
State: KS
Zip Code: 66441-
County: GEARY
License/Permit/Registry Number (If any): 5-48-02120
Expiration Date: 1/1/2019
Date(s) or Period of Inspection: 01/01/2016 through 04/10/2017
Inspection Results
An examination of your premises, records and operations has disclosed the following violations which have been explained to you:
Number: 4
Nature of Violation:
Failure of licensee to prevent a straw purchase. The licensee made a false statement on the ATF 4473 and in the A&D record when they allowed a straw purchase to occur. On 10/31/2016, two army soldiers, (b)(6) and (b)(6) went to the licensee's pawn shop to purchase a handgun for (b)(6). (b)(6) was 20 years old at the time.
Both men came into the store together and talked to the employee about purchasing a handgun. (b)(6) picked out a handgun he wanted and gave (b)(6) his credit card to purchase the handgun. (b)(6) then completed the ATF F 4473 and NICS check. (b)(6) then took possession of the firearm and returned to Fort Riley Military Base where he had an accidental discharge and shot himself. Fort Riley Police Department investigated the shooting. During their investigation, they found that (b)(6) had purchased the firearm for (b)(6) based on statements by both men. They also obtained video surveillance and receipts from Jack and Dicks Pawn. The cameras capture both men entering the store and (b)(6) talking to the licensee about handguns. The receipts capture (b)(6) using (b)(6) credit card to pay for the transaction.
The licensee made a false statement when they certified the ATF F 4473 from (b)(6) stating they believed the information recorded in section A to be a lawful transfer. They also made a false statement in the A&D book when they recorded the transferee's name and address.
However, based on the facts and licensee’s previous history, the licensee had knowledge and reasonable cause to believe that (b)(6) was not in fact the actual buyer or transferee of the firearm. (b)(6) picked out the firearm and (b)(6) used (b)(6) credit card to purchase the firearm.
Citation: 27 CFR 478.128(c)
I Have Received a Copy of This Report of Violations (Proprietor’s signature and title)
Signature and Title of ATF Officer
Date Corrections to be Made:
Corrective Action to be Taken: Licensee is to put policies and procedures into place to ensure straw purchases do not occur.
CERTIFIED MAIL – RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Jack & Dick’s, LLC
d/b/a: Jack & Dick’s Jewelry & Loan
Attn: Mr. Christopher D. Mathis, Manager
1434 N. Washington
Junction City, KS 66441
RE: 5-48-061-02-9A-02120
Dear Mr. Mathis:
This letter summarizes the issues discussed with you at the conclusion of the recent recall compliance inspection of your business, Federal firearms licensee (FFL) Jack & Dick’s, LLC, conducted April 10-12, 2017. The inspection scope covered the period of January 1, 2016 to April 10, 2017. During the inspection, your FFL business was cited for violations of Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 478. A copy of the Report of Violations, Form 5030.5 issued at the time of the inspection is enclosed.
All violations were fully explained to you by Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Investigator (b)(3)-(26 USC § 6105). Of particular concern is Violation-4, which cites your business’ participation in a straw purchase transaction on October 31, 2016. The Fort Riley Police Department provided ATF with the police report related to this transaction. That report revealed that two Fort Riley soldiers entered your store together. After looking at several firearms, the older soldier completed a Form 4473 disposition record to purchase a handgun, on which he indicated he was the actual buyer. However, the older soldier used the credit card of the other soldier to facilitate the purchase of the firearm; this younger soldier was 20 years old and not old enough to purchase a handgun from an FFL. It is unknown when the younger soldier gave the card to the older soldier. After leaving the store, the under-aged soldier took possession of the firearm at the base and later injured himself when he accidently discharged the firearm inside his barracks. At issue is whether your store employee willfully participated in the straw transaction, which would support the recommendation to revoke your business’ firearms license. You indicated to me, and previously to the police, that the store surveillance video of the transaction was not available to review.
Part of ATF’s core mission is to protect the public from violent crime involving the use of firearms. Willfulness is not defined in the regulations. Rather, it is defined by case law to mean the intentional disregard of a known legal duty or plain indifference to a licensee’s legal obligations. In the case of an FFL who has willfully violated the law, has shown an intentional disregard for regulatory requirements, or has knowingly participated in criminal acts (i.e., a straw purchase), revocation often becomes the only viable option.
The Director of Industry Operations (DIO) of the Kansas City Field Division has thoroughly reviewed the final report for this inspection, the facts surrounding the alleged straw purchase, and your business’ extensive inspection history. The determination of willfulness centered squarely on whether it was reasonable that, as you claim, your employee did not know whose credit card he accepted as payment when completing the transaction. Based on this, the DIO has determined the facts do not support the requisite element of willfulness to support revocation of Jack & Dick’s Federal firearms license. Notwithstanding this decision, your business’ practice of not reviewing a buyer’s method of payment to ensure it corresponds with the buyer’s identity is greatly concerning. You are highly encouraged to adopt new internal control practices that ensure similar violations do not reoccur.
In closing, as the owner and sole responsible person for the licensed business, you acknowledged at the inspection that you understand the requirements of the firearms laws and regulations, and you assured IO(b)(6) that your business would take action to prevent future violations. The records your business is required to maintain are important to law enforcement in our continuing efforts to reduce violent crime and protect the public. It is essential that Jack & Dick’s comply with all Federal laws and regulations that govern its firearms activities as a licensed firearms dealer/pawnbroker. This is critical to ATF carrying out our mission to protect the public and to ensure that criminals do not gain access to firearms. ATF appreciates the efforts you and other industry members make in this area and we look forward to continuing to work with you in that regard.
You are reminded that retention of your business’ Federal firearms license is conditioned upon its compliance with Federal laws and regulations. Any future violations, either repeat or otherwise, could be viewed as willful and may result in the revocation of the license. Please contact Investigator(b)(6) or the ATF Kansas City Group III Office if you have any questions regarding this matter at (816) 410-6000.
Sincerely,
Area Supervisor
Industry Operations (Kansas)
Kansas City Group III (Regulatory)
Kansas City Field Division
cc: National Licensing Center
Director of Industry Operations
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BAYESIAN ADAPTIVE FILTERING:
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES
Tayeb Sadiki, Dirk T.M. Slock
Eurecom Institute
2229 route des Crêtes, B.P. 193, 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, FRANCE
Tel: +33 4 9300 2656/2606; Fax: +33 4 9300 2627
e-mail:{sadiki,[email protected]
ABSTRACT
While adaptive filtering is in principle intended for tracking non-stationary systems, most adaptive filtering algorithms have been designed for converging to a fixed unknown filter. When actually confronted with a non-stationary environment, these possess just one parameter (stepsize / forgetting factor) to adjust their tracking capability. Virtually the only existing optimal approach is the Kalman filter, in which the time-varying optimal filter is modeled as a vector AR(1) process. The Kalman filter is in practice never applied as an adaptive filter because of its complexity and large number of unknown parameters in its state-space (AR(1)) model. Here we consider optimal adaptive filtering for any stationary optimal filter evolution. We emphasize the various aspects of an optimal Bayesian approach, which not only include parameter variation bandwidth but also a priori parameter size and parameter dynamics. Finally we recommend some constrained versions of modest complexity and show how to estimate the parameters in the resulting Bayesian adaptive filters.
1. STATE OF THE ART
Since the introduction of the LMS algorithm by Widrow and Hopf in the 1960’s, most of the further work in adaptive filtering has focused on improving the initial convergence. The Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) algorithm was also developed in the 1960’s and provided an alternative algorithm for adaptive system identification. The RLS algorithm is recursive and not iterative as the LMS algorithm, solving a LS cost function exactly at each update. As a result it converges very fast since it provides an unbiased solution once the LS problem gets overdetermined. This deterministic aspect adds up to the observation that the RLS convergence is insensitive to the input signal correlation structure (approximately, since there is no direct dependence on the initialization). The RLS algorithm, though providing computational savings w.r.t. the plain solving of LS problems at each sampling period, is quite a bit more expensive than the LMS algorithm. This motivated on the one hand the development of fast RLS algorithms, and on the other hand the development of an intermediate category of algorithms, all less sensitive than LMS to the input correlation structure, including frequency or other transform domain LMS algorithms, prewhitened LMS versions, Fast Newton Transversal Filters and (Fast) Affine Projection Algorithms.
At the outset, all these algorithms are developed to converge to an unknown optimal filter. When this optimal filter is actual time-varying, these algorithms need to be made adaptive. The RLS algorithms are made adaptive by the introduction of a weighting function/window. The weighted LS cost function can be viewed as the output of a filter with the instantaneous squared filtering error sequence as input. The filter should be such that its input-output relationship is simple and recursive. The LS cost function uses a discrete-time integrator as filter, which can be easily modified into a first-order recursive filter for the exponentially weighted RLS algorithm. The sliding window RLS algorithm uses a moving average filter that can also be expressed recursively. All other adaptive filtering algorithms are made adaptive by the introduction of a scalar stepsize. In fact, the time-varying stepsize sequence of stochastic gradient algorithms [1] is made time-invariant/constant to assure convergence and permit tracking of time-varying optimal filters [2]. The tracking characteristics of the LMS and RLS algorithms are analyzed only in the 1970’s and 1980’s, 10 to 20 years after the introduction of the algorithms, in [2] for LMS and [3] for RLS. A further inspection of these tracking characteristics revealed the surprising result that in certain cases the LMS algorithm may provide better tracking than the RLS algorithm (each with optimized stepsize or forgetting factor), see [4] for deterministic and e.g. [1] for random parameter variations. With hindsight, this is not at all surprising since LMS and RLS are just two suboptimal approaches to tracking time-varying parameters. Whereas initial convergence is about the fast reduction of the mean parameter error vector, tracking is about the optimal compromise between MSE due to estimation noise and tracking/lag noise.
The RLS algorithm got introduced after the Kalman filter (KF) was invented, though the RLS algorithm is a special case of the KF for the following state-space model [5]
\[
H_k^o = H_{k-1}^o \\
x_k = Y_k^t H_k^o + v_k .
\]
The KF formulation requires immediately a parametric form of the optimal filter, usually a FIR filter is assumed with impulse response of \(N\) coefficients contained in the vector \(H_k^o\). The measurement equation (2) expresses that the desired-response signal \(x_k\) is the sum of the output \(\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} H_k^o y_{k-n}\) of the optimal FIR filter \(H_k^o\) with input \(y_k\) plus an independent measurement noise \(v_k\). In KF terminology, \(x_k\) would be the measurement and \(H_k^o\) the state.
Wiener filtering (WF ing) is about estimating one random signal from another, let’s say estimating the signal \(x_k\) on
the basis of the signal \( y_k \). In the system identification (sysid) set-up of adaptive filtering, which is reflected in (1)-(2), the relation between these two signals is that \( x_k \) is assumed to be output of an unknown system/plant with \( y_k \) as input plus independent measurement noise \( v_k \). In this case, the optimal Wiener (LMSSE) filter is clearly \( R_{yy}^{-1} = H^T \), which is FIR if the system to be identified is FIR. The WF is based on the joint statistical description of the random signals \( x_k \) and \( y_k \), and is a deterministic quantity. The WF solution is not influenced by the color of the noise \( v_k \).
KF’ing is in principle a special case of the signal-in-noise case of WF’ing. In the signal-in-noise case, the measurement signal is the sum of the signal to be estimated plus noise. For the KF, the signal to be estimated satisfies furthermore a state-space model. The adaptive filtering/RLS application of KF’ing though deviates significantly from this spirit. In RLS, the quantity (state) estimated is the set of WF coefficients \( H_k^p \) instead of its output, the filter input \( y_k \) is considered deterministic (the estimation is given \( y_k \)) and hence the filter estimate would be random if \( y_k \) would be considered random. Indeed, the KF provides an estimate \( \hat{H}_k \) of the WF \( H_k^p \). Since this KF application is now an instance of parameter estimation, the parameter estimation quality depends on e.g. the color of the noise \( v_k \).
The KF’ing framework can be straightforwardly extended to incorporate time-varying optimal parameters. The simplest way is probably through the following stationary AR(1) model state equation for the optimal filter variation [5]
\[
H_k^p = F H_{k-1}^p + W_k
\]
(3)
replacing (1), where \( E W_k W_k^H = Q \delta_{kk}, \quad E W_k y_k^H = 0 \) (noises assumed circular in complex case). This formulation lead to the widely accepted point of view that the KF would be the optimal adaptive filter. This is indeed true for the sysid configuration with (3)-(2) as assumed correct model and \( F, Q \) and \( r \) in \( E y_k y_k^H = r \delta_{kk} \) assumed known. We may note that in this model, WF’ing provides the time-varying optimal filter \( H_k^{WF} = R_{yy}^{-1} R_{y1}^T y_1 \) and the KF estimates it in a Bayesian (LMMSE) sense.
The problem with the KF viewpoint is that the model parameters, if at all the model is correct, are unknown and need to be estimated also from the same data. Those parameters can be inferred from the joint signal statistics just like the WF itself. However, unlike the KF, the input signal \( y_k \) is considered deterministic which makes the state space model (3)-(2) linear but time-varying. These complications lead to approximate approaches such as exponentially weighted RLS, which can be shown [6] to correspond to the KF for certain artificial choices of \( F \) and \( Q_k \) in ([?]). The main issue in most applications is the so-called generalization property of statistical learning: what counts is the adaptive filter performance not for the given input signal realization, but when applied to other signal data, hence for the given signal statistics. The generalization capacity may be hampered by sticking too closely to one model’s details when the model is approximate. Another issue is that the KF approach for tracking time-varying optimal filters only applies in the sysid configuration in which the filter’s non-stationarity arises in the crosscorrelations between input and desired-response signals, regardless of the statistics ((non)stationarity) of the input. Communications applications of the sysid configuration are channel estimation and echo cancellation. In all other configurations of adaptive filtering: prediction, deconvolution/equalization and interference cancellation, the statistics of the optimal filter may be strongly intertwined with the statistics of the the input signal. In linear prediction for instance, the desired-response and input signals are the same. One rarely sees the linear prediction problem addressed as a ML estimation or of KF’ing on the parameters of an AR model, because any AR model order is likely to lead to an approximation error. Adaptive prediction is in fact a joint operation of approximation (e.g. through model order selection) and estimation. In equalization, even if the channel variation could be modeled as an AR(1) model as in (3), the optimal equalizer setting is a nonlinear function of the channel. Given all these considerations, the best practical approach is probably to specify a motivated solution structure of acceptable complexity and optimize the parameters within that structure (as is done in linear prediction) (approximation/estimation compromise). The problem considered here has of course been addressed previously and we now discuss some of this existing work.
### 1.1 Tracking Bandwidth Adjustment
Most of the work on adapting tracking capability has focused on adapting one tracking parameter. In RLS, it doesn’t cost any computational complexity to make the forgetting factor (FF) time-varying. Modifications to fast RLS algorithms to allow a time-varying FF, as well as algorithms to adjust this FF on the basis of correlation matching have been pursued in [7]. The equivalent development for LMS algorithms concerns Variable StepSize (VSS) algorithms. Important developments have been reported in [8],[9]. Most of the VSS algorithms use the steepest-descent strategy and the instantaneous squared error cost function of the LMS algorithm to adjust the additional parameter, which is the stepsize. A related but different approach consists in running various adaptive filters with different time constants and selecting or combining their outputs, similarly to what is done in model order selection, see [10],[11],[12],[13].
A further refinement is to allow different tracking bandwidths for different filter components as is done in [14] with a VSS per filter coefficient and in [15] where the tracking capacity increases with frequency for the various frequency domain components of the filter. The work in [14] essentially shows that a “diagonal” state-space model (3) may allow a simplification of the KP to a LMS algorithm with a VSS per tap, but no attempt is made to automatically adjust the resulting stepsizes.
### 1.2 Power Delay Profile
Besides the statistical modeling of the parameter variation, another important ingredient in Bayesian adaptive filtering is the incorporation of prior knowledge on the coefficient sizes. Indeed, when tracking time-varying filters, it becomes possible to learn the variances of the filter coefficients. This aspect has been exploited for a while in a rudimentary, binary form for sparse filters: filter coefficients are either adapted or deemed to small and kept zero (for each filter coefficient, the stepsize is either 0 or a constant). More recently, a smoother evolution of the stepsize has been introduced, leading to the Proportionate LMS (PLMS) algorithm, motivated e.g. by acoustic echo cancellation in which the adaptive filter has many coefficients, but their value tapers off, see [16],[17].
Similar prior information is starting to be taken into account for (LMMSE) channel estimation in wireless communications [18], where the evolution of the channel coefficient variances along the impulse response is called the power delay profile.
### 1.3 Full Bayesian Approach
In a full Bayesian approach, the whole matricial spectrum $S_{H^0}(z) = S_{H^0 H^0}(z)$ of $H^0_k$ counts; not only the parameter variation speed/bandwidth but the whole spectral shape counts, not only the spectral shape but also the power delay profile counts, and in principle also the cross spectra between coefficients need to be accounted for.
The KF [5] allows to do all this in the sysid/set-up, but ignores the estimation of $S_{H^0}(z)$. In [19], a point of view close to the one of this paper is developed. However, they require the knowledge of the (multivariate IIR) matricial spectrum of the (standard) adaptive filter gradient (this could be estimated from the observations of the gradient) and knowledge of the (multivariate IIR) matricial spectrum of the stationary filter parameter vector. This last requirement is quite unrealistic. Furthermore, the design steps suggested may be quite sensitive to estimation errors to some quantities that get estimated.
### 2. MODELING OF STANDARD ADAPTIVE FILTER BEHAVIOR
The adaptive filter is $H_k$ and the a prior error signal is $e_k = x_k - Y_k^T H_{k-1}$. Consider the (complex) LMS algorithm first
$$H_k^{lms} = H_{k-1}^{lms} + \mu Y_k^* e_k$$
whereas the RLS filter update is of the form
$$H_k^{rls} = H_{k-1}^{rls} + \tilde{R}_k^{-1} Y_k^* e_k$$
where $\tilde{R}_k = \lambda \tilde{R}_{k-1} + Y_k^* Y_k^T$. Let $R = EY_k^* Y_k^T$. Then, assuming the adaptation speed is not too fast, we get approximately
$$H_k^{lms} = \left[ I - (I - \mu R) q^{-1} \right]^{-1} \mu R (H_0^0 + R^{-1} Y_k^* v_k)$$
$$H_k^{rls} = \frac{1 - \lambda}{1 - \lambda q^{-1}} (H_0^0 + R^{-1} Y_k^* v_k)$$
where $q^{-1} H_k = H_{k-1}$. Using averaging analysis at low adaptation speed, these results for the sysid/set-up hold approximately also for the other adaptive filtering applications. Note that $H_0^0 + R^{-1} Y_k^* v_k$ is closely related to $G_k = R^{-1} Y_k^* x_k$, which is a mixed quantity in that it is averaged in the input covariance but instantaneous in the input-desired-response correlation.
One may remark that in the context of tracking (slowly) time-varying parameters, the exact least-squares property of RLS becomes quite unimportant. In fact, the main property that continues to count is the decorrelation property leading to insensitivity of the tracking dynamics to the variation in the input signal spectrum.
### 3. GENERAL BAYESIAN ADAPTIVE FILTER SOLUTION
We shall introduce, mostly for the purpose of analysis, a somewhat idealized Bayesian solution which is based on the assumption that $R$ can be estimated well. This solution will be based on LMMSE estimation (Wiener filtering) of $H_k$ from
$$G_k = R^{-1} Y_k^* x_k = H_0^0 + R^{-1} Y_k^* v_k + (R^{-1} Y_k^* Y_k^T - I) H_0^0$$
where for slow parameter variations, the last term can be neglected since it is the product of low-pass noise $H_0^0$ with high-pass noise $R^{-1} Y_k^* Y_k^T - I$. The optimal Bayesian adaptive filter would be to apply the KF to (7), $G_k = H_k + \tilde{G}_k$, which can be considered as a measurement equation for the state $H_k^0$. In steady-state, the KF converges to the WF
$$H_k = F(q) G_k$$
where in the non-causal case
$$F(q) = S_{H^0 G}(q) S_{GG}^{-1}(q) = I - S_{GG^2}(q) S_{GG}^{-1}(q)$$
Neglecting the last term in (7) and assuming that $v_k$ is white noise (hence $\tilde{G}_k$ is white), we have $S_{\tilde{G}^2}(q) = R_{\tilde{G} \tilde{G}} = \sigma_n^2 R^{-1}$. Hence the non-causal WF is fairly straightforward to find since $S_{GG}(q)$ can be estimated simply from the observations of $\tilde{G}_k$, though $\sigma_n^2$ is somewhat trickier to derive from the observed MSE (the details are omitted here). For the causal case, consider $\tilde{G}_k = P(q) G_k$ where $P(q)$ is the ($\infty$ length) (monic) multivariate prediction error filter for the vector signal $G_k$ and $\tilde{G}_k$ is the resulting white prediction error with covariance matrix $R_{\tilde{G} \tilde{G}}$. Then the causal WF is
$$F(q) = \left\{ S_{H^0 G}(q) P^\dagger(q) \right\} + R_{GG}^{-1} P(q) = I - R_{GG}^{-1} R_{GG}^{-1} P(q)$$
which is based on the same quantities as the non-causal WF. It can be shown that in the case of FIR Wiener filtering (causal or not), an expression similar to the one in (10) holds in which $P(q)$ would then denote the LMMSE estimation error filter for estimating $G_k$ on the basis of the other $G$'s involved, and $R_{GG}$ denotes the corresponding estimation error covariance matrix. The use of a general filter $F(q)$ will lead to an estimation error $\hat{H}_k = H_k^0 - H_k = (I - F(q)) H_k^0 - F(q) \tilde{G}_k$ with covariance matrix
$$R_{\hat{H} \hat{H}} = \oint \frac{dz}{2\pi j z} (I - F) S_{H^0 H^0} (I - F)^\dagger + \oint \frac{dz}{2\pi j z} FR_{GG} F^\dagger$$
where $F = F(z)$ and $S_{H^0 H^0} = S_{H^0 H^0}(z)$, and results in Excess MSE (EMSE) in $\{R_{\hat{H} \hat{H}}\}$.
### 4. STRUCTURED/REDUCED-COMPLEXITY CASES OF INTEREST
The analysis is easiest when the input is white, $R = I$. It is of interest to analyze the following structured models for the optimal filter Doppler spectrum:
(i) subspace model: $H_k^0 = A W_k$ where $A$ is tall and $S_{H^0}(z)$ is diagonal
(ii) decoupled coefficient dynamics: $S_{H^0 H^0}$ diagonal
(iii) uniform dynamics plus power delay profile: $S_{H^0 H^0}(z) = S_{hh}(z) D$ where $S_{hh}$ is scalar and $D$ is a constant diagonal
A very low complexity solution for (ii) or (iii) would be a LMS algorithm with individual stepizes for the coefficients.
It is of interest to compare the resulting EMSE with optimized individual stepsizes to the classical LMS with an optimized global stepsize. For case (iii), if the power delay profile \( D \) is binary then in the classical solution the EMSE will be proportional to the total number of adaptive filter coefficients whereas in the optimized individual stepsize case, only the coefficients with non-zero variance will contribute. Also, in case (iii), with \( D = I \), one can come up with a spectrum \( S_{hh}(z) \) for which RLS is optimum.
5. ADAPTIVE BAYESIAN ADAPTIVE FILTERING
5.1 Predictive Bayesian Adaptive Filter
In the case of white input (such as in communications channel estimation or electrical echo cancellation, in which cases the input is the transmitted symbol sequence), the ideal Bayesian adaptive filter introduced above is immediately applicable. Constrained structure solutions such as LMS-variants (individualized stepsizes) can be considered. Classical VSS solutions can also be applied to individualized stepsizes.
In the case of colored inputs, one can go to transform domain LMS: frequency domain, subbands, wavelets. Or use FNTF, prewhitened NLMS or IV-LMS with Instrumental Variable (IV) \( z_k = S_{yy}^{-1}(q)y_k \).
5.2 Two-stage Solutions
In this case we consider a first stage with a fast standard adaptive filter, e.g. NLMS with stepsize equal to 1. The second stage is a Wiener filter on the filter estimates provided by the first stage. Even in fast time-varying filter cases, the filter variation bandwidth will typically be only a fraction of the signal bandwidth. This means that the filter estimates from the first stage can be (first lowpass filtered by e.g. simple averages) to reduce the estimation noise and) subsampled and WF (or KF) can be applied in the second stage, to a slightly modified form of (7) (with quite generally white measurement noise due to the subsampling) or perhaps even to a modified form of (6) if one doesn’t want to neglect the adaptation dynamics in the first stage. This second stage then becomes similar to the filtering approaches suggested for brute periodic channel estimates in [20],[21]. Since the 2nd stage works at reduced rate, the added complexity of working in 2 stages becomes acceptable.
REFERENCES
[1] D.T.M. Slock. “On the Convergence Behavior of the LMS and the Normalized LMS Algorithms”. IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 41(9):2811–2825, Sept. 1993.
[2] B. Widrow et al. “Stationary and Nonstationary Learning Characteristics of the LMS Adaptive Filter”. Proc. IEEE, 64(8):1151–1162, Aug. 1976.
[3] E. Eleftheriou and D. Falconer. “Tracking Properties and Steady-State Performance of RLS Adaptive Filter Algorithms”. IEEE Trans. ASSP, ASSP-34(5):1097–1110, Oct. 1986.
[4] O.M. Maechi and N.J. Bershad. “Adaptive Recovery of a Chirped Sinusoid in Noise, Part I: Performance of the RLS Algorithm, Part II: Performance of the LMS Algorithm”. IEEE Trans. SP, SP-39:583–602, March 1991.
[5] S. Haykin, A.H. Sayed, J.R. Zeidler, P. Yee, and P.C. Wei. “Adaptive tracking of linear time-variant systems by extended RLS algorithms”. 45(5):1118–1128, May 1997.
[6] B.D.O. Anderson and J.B. Moore. “Optimal Filtering”. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979.
[7] D.T.M. Slock. “Fast Transversal Filters with Data Sequence Weighting”. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 37(3):346–359, March 1989.
[8] V.J. Mathews and Z. Xie. “A Stochastic Gradient Adaptive Filter with Gradient Adaptive Step Size”. IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., 41(6):2075–2087, June 1993.
[9] T. Aboulnasr and K. Mayyas. “A Robust Variable Step-Size LMS-Type Algorithm: Analysis and Simulations”. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., 45(3), March 1997.
[10] W.J. Song and M.S. Park. “A Comlementary Pair LMS Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering”. In Proc. ICASSP, Munich, Germany, Apr. 1997.
[11] W.S. Chaer, R.H. Bishop, and J. Ghosh. “A Mixture-of-Experts Framework for Adaptive Kalman Filtering”. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B, 27(3), June 1997.
[12] S.S. Kozat and A.C. Singer. “Further Results in Multistage Adaptive Filtering”. In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., March 2002.
[13] J. Arenas-Garcia, V. Gomez-Verdejo, M. Martinez-Ramon, and A.R. Figueras-Vidal. “Separate-Variable Adaptive Combination of LMS Adaptive Filters for Plant Identification”. In Proc. IEEE NNNS Workshop, Toulouse, France, Sept. 2003.
[14] W. Liu. “Performance of Joint Data and Channel Estimation Using Tap Variable Step-Size (TVSS) LMS for Multipath Fast Fading Channel”. In Proc. Globecom, pages 973–978, 1994.
[15] D.T.M. Slock. “Fractionally-Spaced Subband and Multiresolution Adaptive Filters”. In Proc. ICASSP, Toronto, Canada, May 1991.
[16] R.K. Martin and Jr. C.R. Johnson. “NSLMS: a Proportional Weight Algorithm for Sparse Adaptive Filters”. In Proc. Asilomar Conf. Signals Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 2001.
[17] J. Benesty and S.L. Gay. “An Improved PNLMS Algorithm”. In Proc. ICASSP, Orlando, FL,USA, 2002.
[18] D. Schafhauber, G. Matz, F. Hlawatsch, and P. Loubaton. “MMSE Estimation of Time-Varying Channels for DVB-T Systems with Strong Co-Channel Interference”. In Proc. European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Toulouse, France, Sept. 2002.
[19] M. Stermad, L. Lindbom, and A. Ahlen. “Wiener Design of Adaptation Algorithm with Time-Invariant Gains”. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., 50(8), Aug. 2002.
[20] M. Lenardi and D. Slock. “Estimation of Time-Varying Wireless Channels and Application to the UMTS W-CDMA FDD Downlink”. In Proc. European Wireless (EW), Florence, Italy, Feb. 2002.
[21] G. Montalbano and D.T.M. Slock. “Joint Common-Dedicated Pilots Based Estimation of Time-Varying Channels for W-CDMA Receivers”. In Proc. Vehic. Tech. Conf. (VTC/all), Orlando, FL, USA, Sept. 2003.
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With studies ranging from colonial adventurism to the legacies of the Holocaust, The Long Journey offers a unique dual focus on experience and genre as it applies to three key realms: memory and trauma, confrontations with the Other, and the cultivation of cultural perspective.
October 2020, 328 pages, 11 images ISBN 978-1-78920-935-8 Hb $120.00/£89.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-936-5 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-937-2 $34.95/£27.95
Transforming Study Abroad A Handbook
Neriko Musha Doerr, Ramapo College
"This is an important contribution to the literature of
international education. It deconstructs unexamined orthodoxies and proposes alternative ways of thinking about study abroad that could enrich the theoretical basis for this form of education, and lead practitioners to review what and how they teach."
*Michael Woolf,CAPA, The Global Education
Network
Written for study abroad practitioners, this book introduces theoretical understandings of key study abroad terms including "the global/national," "culture," "native speaker," "immersion," and "host society." Building theories on these notions with perspectives from cultural anthropology, political science, educational studies, linguistics, and narrative studies, it suggests ways to incorporate them in study abroad practices.
September 2020, 232 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-115-4 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-756-9 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-116-1 $29.95/£23.95
The Romance of Crossing Borders Studying and Volunteering Abroad
Edited by Neriko Musha Doerr, Cornell University and Hannah Davis Taïeb, New York University
"The volume provides us with some valuable insights … This book should be particularly useful for students and professionals in the fields of mobility studies, international education and education more broadly." · Anthropological Forum
The Myth of Self-Reliance Economic Lives Inside a Liberian Refugee Camp
Naohiko Omata, University of Oxford
Volume 36,Forced Migration October 2020, 194 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-564-8 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-810-8 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-565-5 $34.95/£27.95
October 2020, 302 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-358-3 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-833-7 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-359-0 $34.95/£27.95
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OPEN ACCESS
After the Pink Tide
Corporate State Formation and New
Egalitarianisms in Latin America
Edited by Marina Gold, University of Zurich and Alessandro Zagato, Research Group in Art and Politics Afterword by Bruce Kapferer
This book analyses the emergence of corporate power within Latin America and the response of egalitarian movements across the continent trying to break open the constraints of the state.
NEW SERIES! Volume 1,Egalitarianism
March 2020, 218 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-657-9Hb $120.00/£89.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-876-4Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-658-6$29.95/£23.95
Breaking Rocks
Music, Ideology and Economic Collapse, from Paris to Kinshasa
Joe Trapido, School of Oriental and African Studies
Volume 19,Dislocations September 2020, 272 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-398-9 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-794-1 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-399-6 $34.95/£27.95
Collaborative Intimacies in Music and Dance
Anthropologies of Sound and Movement
Edited by Evangelos Chrysagis, University of Ioannina and Panas Karampampas, Institut interdisciplinaire d'anthropologie du contemporain (IIAC)
Volume 10,Dance and Performance Studies August 2020, 282 pages, 17 illus. ISBN 978-1-78533-453-5 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-838-2 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-454-2 $34.95/£27.95
Culture, Catastrophe, and Rhetoric The Texture of Political Action
Edited by Robert Hariman, Northwestern University and Ralph Cintron, University of Illinois at Chicago
"This volume's editors, Robert Hariman and Ralph Cintron, along with their contributors, have produced a rich source of ideas for ethnographers of political economy." · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
Volume 7,Studies in Rhetoric and Culture
October 2020, 274 pages
ISBN 978-1-78238-746-6Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-823-8Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78238-747-3$29.95/£23.95
Search After Method
Sensing, Moving, and Imagining in
Anthropological Fieldwork
Edited by Julie Laplante, Ari Gandsman, and Willow Scobie, all at University of Ottawa Foreword by TIm Ingold Afterword by David Jaclin
This book provides a powerful introduction to lived experiences of contemporary fieldwork.
Volume 40,Methodology & History in Anthropology September 2020, 270 pages, 20 illus. ISBN 978-1-78920-883-2 Hb $145.00/£107.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-938-9 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-884-9 $34.95/£27.95
Indigeneity on the Move Varying Manifestations of a Contested Concept
Edited by Eva Gerharz, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Nasir Uddin, Chittagong University and Pradeep Chakkarath, Ruhr-University Bochum Foreword by Adam Kuper
October 2020, 344 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-722-2 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-828-3 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-723-9 $34.95/£27.95
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Being a Sperm Donor Masculinity, Sexuality, and Biosociality in Denmark
Sebastian Mohr, Karlstad University
Volume 40, Fertility, Reproduction and Sexuality: Social and Cultural Perspectives
August 2020, 198 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-946-2Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-812-2Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-947-9$29.95/£23.95
The Global AgeFriendly Community Movement A Critical Appraisal
Edited by Philip B. Stafford, Indiana University in Bloomington
"This book would be of interest to students, researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and community leaders who want to broaden their view of developments in the movement to develop age-friendly communities." · The Gerontologist
Volume 5,Life Course, Culture and Aging: Global Transformations
August 2020, 286 pages, 20 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78533-667-6Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-799-6Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-668-3$29.95/£23.95
Indigenous Medicine Among the Bedouin in the Middle East
Aref Abu-Rabia, Ben-Gurion University
September 2020, 232 pages, 11 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78238-689-6 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-851-1 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78238-690-2 $34.95/£27.95
Techniques, Technology and Civilization Marcel Mauss
Edited and with an Introduction by Nathan Schlanger, AREA project at the INHA
"The appearance of these two essays… in English for the first time attests to the continuing interest in Marcel Mauss and the fact that re-readings of his work still provide not only fertile ground for new interpretations of the Durkheimian school in general, but also a source of inspiration for scholars approaching Mauss as a remarkably contemporary voice still speaking in many ways to current issues in sociology and anthropology." · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
This book will interest scholars and students dealing with the French sociological tradition, and also more generally those concerned with technology and material culture studies in archaeological, anthropological or contemporary settings.
June 2020, 196 pages ISBN 978-1-57181-662-7 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-814-6 Pb $19.95/£15.95 eISBN 978-1-78238-759-6 $19.95/£15.95
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"…this is an eminently enjoyable and thorough investigation of a popular phenomenon through the lens of heritage and folk tradition." · Sara De Nardi, Western Sydney University
This book explores the worldwide popularity of the love-lock as a ritual token of love and commitment by considering its history, symbolism, and heritage.
January 2021, 260 pages, 50 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78920-922-8Hb $145.00/£107.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-985-3Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-923-5$29.95/£23.95
Magical House Protection The Archaeology of Counter-Witchcraft
Brian Hoggard
"Diving into Brian Hoggard's Magical House Protection is a remarkable experience… [It] provides an immersive and fascinating read."
* Fortean Times
"The cumulation of twenty years' worth of research, Magical House Protection will bring increased attention a subject that has often been overlooked. Its catalogue will be of great use for researchers exploring this topic in future, and for this contribution in particular it should be recommended." · Reading Religion
January 2021, 336 pages, 25 illus. ISBN 978-1-78920-205-2 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-80073-021-2 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-206-9
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Unlocking the Love-Lock
The History and Heritage of a
Contemporary Custom
Ceri Houlbrook,University of Manchester
Visitors to the House of Memory Identity and Political Education at the Jewish Museum Berlin
Victoria Bishop Kendzia, Humboldt University
"Visitors to the House of Memory lucidly explores the intersection of museum experience, ethnic exclusion, and education. Its proposal for different models of inclusion in and through history education is very much needed in Germany and Europe today."
* Irit Dekel
Volume 9,Museums and Collections December 2020, 174 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-639-3 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-844-3 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-640-9 $29.95/£23.95
The Man Who Invented Aztec Crystal Skulls
The Adventures of Eugène Boban
Jane MacLaren Walsh, Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History and Brett Topping, writer
"One can't recommend it too highly to the specialist of historical archaeology as well as to a newcomer who wishes to enter this field of scholarship."
*Journal de la Société des américanistes
April 2020, 348 pages, 81 illus. ISBN 978-1-78920-095-9 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-478-0 Pb $19.95/£15.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-096-6 $19.95/£15.95
Cinemas of Boyhood
Masculinity, Sexuality, Nationality
Edited by Timothy Shary
Drawing from political sociology, pop psychology, and film studies,Cinemas of Boyhoodfeatures an eclectic range of films from British and Indian cinemas to silent Hollywood and the new Holly-wood of the 1980s, culminating in a comprehensive overview of the diverse concerns surrounding representations of boyhood in film.
January 2021, 192 pages, 9 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78920-993-8Hb $120.00/£89.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-994-5Pb $27.95/£22.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-995-2$27.95/£22.95
Transborder Media Spaces
Ayuujk Videomaking between Mexico and the US
Ingrid Kummels
"[This] work gives admirable depth to Ayuujk media as they shapeshift across nation-state borders. Such a detailed and locally embedded contribution to the study of Indigenous media in Latin America is likely to be of most value to fellow scholars and postgraduate students in Visual Anthropology and Indigenous Media studies." · Bulletin of Latin American Research
February 2021, 354 pages, 19 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78533-582-2 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-80073-019-9 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-583-9 $29.95/£23.95
Series Editors: Graham Holderness, University of Hertfordshire and Bryan Loughrey
Shakespeare and Biography
Edited by Katherine Scheil, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities and Graham Holderness
Shakespeare & Biography offers a fresh look at the biographical questions connected with the famous playwright's life, through essays and reflections written by prominent international scholars and biographers.
Volume 8 September 2020, 140 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-903-7 Hb $150.00/£107.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-904-4 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-905-1 $34.95/£27.95
Shakespeare and Money
Edited by Graham Holderness
Volume 7
May 2020, 150 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-671-5
Hb $120.00/£89.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-672-2
Pb $24.95/£19.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-673-9 $24.95/£19.95
Volume 6
April 2020, 110 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-687-6Hb $120.00/£89.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-688-3Pb $24.95/£19.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-689-0$24.95/£19.95
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Shakespeare and His Biographical Afterlives
Edited by Paul Franssen, Utrecht University and Paul Edmondson, The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Engaging With Chaucer Practice, Authority, Reading
Edited by C.W.R.D. Moseley, University of Cambridge
This collected volume represents an homage to a toweringly great poet, as well as an acknowl-
edgement of the intellectual excitement, challenges, and pleasure that readers owe to him as even today, his poems have the capacity
to change the way we engage with fundamental
questions of knowledge, understanding, and beauty.
September 2020, 226 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-999-0 Hb $120.00/£89.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-971-6 Pb $27.95/£22.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-476-6 $27.95/£22.95
Spanish Comics Historical and Cultural Perspectives
Edited by Anne Magnussen, University of Southern Denmark
Spanish Comicsoffers an overview on contemporary scholarship on Spanish comics, focusing on a wide range of comics dating from early comics history in 1875-1939; the Francoist dictatorship, 1939-1975; the Political Transition, 1970-1985; and Democratic Spain from the early 1980s, and themes of memory, gender, regional identities, and history.
October 2020, 258 pages, 57 illus. ISBN 978-1-78920-996-9 Hb $120.00/£89.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-997-6 Pb $27.95/£22.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-998-3 $27.95/£22.95
Histories of a Radical Book E. P. Thompson andThe Making of the English Working Class
Edited by Antoinette Burton, University of Illinois Champagne-Urbana and Stephanie Seawell, University of Illinois Champagne-Urbana
This collected volume explores the complex impact of E.P. Thompson's monumental book,The Making of the English Working Class, both as an intellectual project and material object, relating it to the social and cultural history of the book form itself—an enduring artifact of English history.
November 2020, 128 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-328-8 Hb $120.00/£89.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-470-4 Pb $27.95/£22.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-472-8 $27.95/£22.95
Sounds German Popular Music in Postwar Germany
at the Crossroads of the National and Transnational
Edited by Kirkland A. Fulk, University of Texas at Austin
Sounds German surveys the sociopolitical impact of music on German national identity, gender and sexuality, and transnational cultural production and consumption, expanding on the ways in which sounds, technologies, media practices, and exchanges of popular music provide a unique glimpse into the cultural dynamics of postwar Germany.
October 2020, 140 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-740-8Hb $120.00/£89.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-475-9Pb $27.95/£22.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-473-5$27.95/£22.95
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The Wars of Yesterday
The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13
Edited by Katrin Boeckh and Sabine Rutar, both at Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies
"This is a well-curated and well-intended collection of essays. The editors and contributors have brought considerable knowledge and insight of the Balkan wars into the mainstreams of the New Military History... Students and scholars of southeastern Europe will read these essays with profit, but it is the fields of European and global war studies that will benefit most from this excellent volume." · Slavic Review
December 2020, 446 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-774-1Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-843-6Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-775-8$29.95/£23.95
The Greek Exodus from Egypt Diaspora Politics and Emigration, 1937-1962
Angelos Dalachanis, French School at Athens
"Well beyond the historiography of Greeks and the Greek diaspora alone, Dalachanis's compelling arguments reach an audience interested in diaspora and migration studies throughout Mediterranean Europe and North Africa… a remarkable contribution to studies of migration and nationalism." ·
HISTORY: Reviews of New Books
November 2020, 288 pages, 20 tables ISBN 978-1-78533-447-4 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-835-1 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-448-1 $29.95/£23.95
Nation Branding in Modern History
Edited by Carolin Viktorin, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, Freie Universität Berlin, Annika Estner, University of Cologne and Marcel K. Will, University of Cologne
"With a particularly impressive range of case studies that include Eastern and non-European case studies, the contributors to this volume bring to light new and hitherto unexplored episodes in the history of cultural diplomacy and nation branding, all supported by a wealth of empirical detail."
*EglėRindzevičiūtė,Kingston University
Volume 9,Explorations in Culture and International History November 2020, 300 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-923-3 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-793-4 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-924-0 $29.95/£23.95
The Politics of Authenticity Countercultures and Radical Movements across the Iron Curtain, 1968-1989
Edited by Joachim C. Häberlen, University of Warwick, Mark Keck-Szajbel, European University Viadrina and Kate Mahoney, University of Essex Afterword by Sara Blaylock
"The innovative studies collected here contribute to important discussions within contemporary history. This book will be very useful for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as scholars in history, sociology, and other fields." · Pascal Eitler, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Volume 25,Protest, Culture & Society November 2020, 308 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-999-8Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-824-5Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-000-3$29.95/£23.95
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Jewish Self-Hate
Theodor Lessing
This new edition makes a seminal text in Jewish thought accessible to English readers for the first time, supplemented with explanatory footnotes by translator Peter Appelbaum and illustrative essays by scholars Sander L. Gilman and Paul Reitter.
January 2021, 202 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-986-0 Hb $145.00/£107.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-992-1 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-987-7 $34.95/£27.95
Escape From Hell The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol
Alfred Wetzler† Translated by Ewald Osers Edited by Peter Varnai Foreword by Sir Martin Gilbert Introduction by Robert Rozett
"…a compelling read; a real thriller. It provides very vivid descriptions of daily life in the camp and recounts in details the miraculous escape and the escapees' subsequent struggle to convince the unbelieving world of the happenings in AuschwitzBirkenau." · British Czech and Slovak Review
"The writing style is direct, with vivid descriptions of harrowing experiences and soul-searching conversations. In these manners, it is akin to Elie Wiesel's Night." · Jewish Culture and History
March 2020, 292 pages
Seeing the Holocaust
Nadine Fresco
In December of 1941, on a beach near the Latvian city of Liepāja, Nazi death squads and local collaborators murdered over 2,700 Jews. The Liepāja killings remain well-remembered today thanks to photographic evidence that was secretly copied from SS negatives. In this trenchant meditation on the Liepāja images, Nadine Fresco argues for the vital importance of photographs— and nontraditional sources more broadly—for understanding the Holocaust.
January 2021, 131 pages ISBN 978-1-78920-881-8 Hb $145.00/£107.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-924-2 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78920-924-2 $34.95/£27.95
Probing the Limits of Categorization The Bystander in Holocaust History
Edited by Christina Morina and Krijn Thijs, both at German Studies Institute Amsterdam
"This rich, multidimensional book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the limits and difficulties of categorising bystanders. It advances the field and, crucially, provides a roadmap for future research into this complex, unsettling figure, not just during the Holocaust, but also beyond." · BMGN Low Countries Historical Review
ISBN 978-1-84545-183-7 Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-792-7Pb $19.95/£15.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-943-3$19.95/£15.95
Volume 27,War and Genocide December 2020, 382 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-093-5Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-811-5Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-094-2$29.95/£23.95
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From Weimar to Hitler
Studies in the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1932-1934
Edited by Hermann Beck, University of Miami and Larry Eugene Jones, Canisius College in Buffalo
"From Weimar to Hitler should be of great interest to any scholar working in the field of modern German history." · German History
December 2020, 508 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-917-2Hb $179.00/£132.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-848-1Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-918-9$29.95/£23.95
The Devil's Captain
Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941-1944
Allan Mitchell †
"… this volume allows access to a unique and outstanding source, written by an equally remarkable and controversial writer at an extraordinary moment." · German History
January 2021, 140 pages, 20 illus. ISBN 978-0-85745-114-9 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-80073-006-9 Pb $27.95/ £22.95 eISBN 978-0-85745-115-6 $27.95/ £22.95
The Respectable Career of Fritz K. The Making and Remaking of a Provincial Nazi Leader
Hartmut Berghoff, German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. and Cornelia Rauh, University of Hanover
Translated from the German by Casey Butterfield
Volume 18,Studies in German History December 2020, 376 pages, 44 illus. ISBN 978-1-78238-593-6 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-846-7 Pb $34.95/£27.95 eISBN 978-1-78238-594-3 $34.95/£27.95
Communist Parties Revisited Sociocultural Approaches to Party Rule in the Soviet Bloc, 1956-1991
Edited by Rüdiger Bergien, Humboldt University Berlin and Jens Gieseke, Centre for Contemporary History in Potsdam
"…an impressive, thought-provoking and innovative anthology that should become compulsory reading for specialists and higher-level students alike."
*European Review of History
November 2020, 383 pages, 28 illus. ISBN 978-1-78533-776-5 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-845-0 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-777-2 $29.95/£23.95
What is Work?
Gender at the Crossroads of Home, Family, and Business from the Early Modern Era to the Present
Edited by Raffaella Sarti, University of Urbino Anna Bellavitis, Université de Rouen-Normandie and Manuela Martini, Université Lumière Lyon 2
Volume 30,International Studies in Social History November 2020, 398 pages, 10 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78533-911-0Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-802-3Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-912-7$29.95/£23.95
SECOND EDITION
The Paradoxical Republic Austria 1945–2020
Oliver Rathkolb, University of Vienna Translated from the German by Otmar Binder
September 2020, 320 pages
ISBN 978-1-78920-744-6Hb $145.00/£107.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-746-0Pb $34.95/£27.95
eISBN 978-1-78920-745-3$34.95/£27.95
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1 1
General Editor: Stefan Berger, Ruhr Universität Bochum Founding Editor: Jörn Rüsen, University of Witten/ Herdecke
The Mirror of the Medieval An Anthropology of the Western Historical Imagination
K. Patrick Fazioli, Mercy College
"In this remarkable book, K. Patrick Fazioli performs an adroit and long-overdue unmasking…[His] spirited critique of the politics of scholarly ignorance is the real core of his compelling study, and one that has enormous resonance for those who are concerned with the persistence of racist rhetoric in Western political life today." · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (JRAI)
Volume 29 September 2020, 208 pages ISBN 978-1-78533-544-0 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-78920-830-6 Pb $29.95/£23.95 eISBN 978-1-78533-545-7 $29.95/£23.95
Contemplating Historical
Consciousness Notes from the Field
Edited by Anna Clark, University of Technology Sydney and Carla L. Peck, University of Alberta
"Without any doubt, this expansive volume represents an important contribution to research on historical consciousness. Expert authors, including some new and promising voices, offer a concise overview of the field while developing thought-provoking new ideas." · Carlos Kölbl, University of Bayreuth
Volume 36
November 2020, 248 pages
ISBN 978-1-78533-929-5Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-837-5Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78533-930-1$29.95/£23.95
Who Abolished Slavery?
Slave Revolts and
Abolitionism
A Debate with
João Pedro Marques
Edited by Seymour Drescher, University of Pittsburgh and
Pieter C. Emmer, University of Leiden
Marques, one of the leading historians of slavery and abolition, argues that, in most cases, it is impossible to establish a direct relation between slaves' uprisings and the emancipation laws that would be approved in the western countries. Following this presentation, his arguments are taken up by a dozen of the most outstanding historians in this field.
Volume 8, European Expansion & Global Interaction January 2021, 224 pages
ISBN 978-1-84545-636-8 Hb $135.00/£99.00 ISBN 978-1-80073-005-2 Pb $29.95/£23.95
Urban Violence in the Middle East
Changing Cityscapes in the Transition from
Empire to Nation State
Edited by Ulrike Freitag, Freie Universität, Nelida Fuccaro, University of London,
Claudia Ghrawi, Zentrum Moderner Orient and Nora Lafi, Zentrum Moderner Orient
"The book is a fascinating enrichment for the historically interested readers who are keen to learn more about the phenomenon of violence in urban spaces. The historical background invites to reconsider contemporary conflicts." · DAVO
Volume 14,Space and Place
December 2020, 334 pages, 21 illus.
ISBN 978-1-78238-583-7Hb $135.00/£99.00
ISBN 978-1-78920-829-0Pb $29.95/£23.95
eISBN 978-1-78238-584-4$29.95/£23.95
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Deceased - Terrence was a Platoon
Comdr. In 1RAR, 1967
1968 tour. He was shot in a contact near
Da Nang, 24th November 1968
Scheyvillian 3 of 2009
TERRY LANGLANDS' FAMILY RECEIVES HIS MEDALS from Toni Myers
Terrance Edward Langlands was born the third son of Dulcie and Harry Langlands, a brother to Harry and Dennis, at Wallsend NSW, on 13 th February 1945. He completed his secondary education at Booragul High School, where he entered the new High School in the first Year 1 class and where he went on to become School Captain. Before volunteering for National Service and entering the Army he was employed as a Clerk at B.H.P. He graduated 31 in Class 2/67 at OTU and was allocated to Royal
Australian Infantry. On leaving OTU he was posted to 5 Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment at Holsworthy, NSW.
Helen Langlands was two days older than Terry and married his older brother Denis in 1967. Terry was late to march in to Puckapunyal because he had been Best Man at their wedding. Terry and Helen had a close bond and it was Helen who "played Mother" at the OTU Graduation Ball in October 1967 when she pinned on Terry's 2Lt. Pips. Terry was unabashed at the comments "and that Langlands is your MOTHER"? He affectionately
called Helen "Sis" and wrote to her frequent and long letters when he was posted from 5RAR to Vietnam. During Terry's OTU days, Helen and Denis lived in two bedroom flat in Clovelly and remember 'loaning' the lounge room floor to OTU guys, especially Ray Robinson, for many sleepovers.
On 23 rd April 1975 Helen and Denis had a baby boy named David, and it is David who is particularly interested in his Uncle's life and is seeking to get to know his Uncle through the letters and photos sent to Helen, the memories of his friends and mates and the memorabilia from Terry's schooldays and time at 5RAR before being posted overseas to 1 ARU. David has read with interest the article in the November 2008 OTU Class 2/67 Newsletter "The Brindle" (named in memory of Terry.) Further he has taken an interest in the Operation Capitol II in which Terry was KIA on 24 th November 1968 while serving with 1 RAR, reading "The Brindle" article by Neil Weekes to confirm much of what he understood.
David "Ned" Gray, after making contact with Helen and David, discovered that Terry's full entitlement of medals hadn't been issued to the Langlands Family and decided it was timely to have Terry's medals issued and mounted for David to wear to ANZAC Day 2009: forty years after Terry's death. David Langlands has worn Terry's two Vietnam medals at Dawn Services since 1986. These two medals were presented to eleven year old David by Sir William Keys O.B.E. MC, on Saturday 13 th .September 1986 in Newcastle at the annual Remembrance Day service and dedication of the Vietnam War Memorial and Roll of Honour.
In the process of 'finding and contacting' the Class of 2/67 members it came to notice that a lot of the class had memorable stories, memorabilia and strong memories of 2786939 LANGLANDS: Terrance Edward 2Lt. and thanks mainly to the happy photographing of Terry himself there has come to light a lot of photos from Helen of OTU Class 2/67 and later in Vietnam.
Toni Myers, wife of 2786649 MYERS: John Richard Maldon, offered to Court Mount the medals upon reissue from Awards and Decorations, and although cutting it fine and receiving the medals from David Langlands on 7 th April 2009, was able to mount the medals and complete an Honour Board frame-up together with other pieces of memorabilia for presentation to Helen and David Langlands.
On Monday evening, 20 th April, on behalf of Class 2/67, John and Toni Myers (left) attended a family dinner with Helen Langlands (right) and her partner Eric, David Langlands (centre) and his wife, Rowena and their young daughter Amber. Helen lives at Castle Hill just down the Old Windsor Road from Scheyville. It was an evening to remember forever and as soon as we arrived we were aware we were with very caring and loving people. David and Helen allowed us the privilege of sharing their memories of Terry and we hope John was able to give them an insight into memories of Terry. Helen did say a couple of times "to think that for forty years there were a whole group of guys out there who knew and cared for Terry. The family, and latterly, David and I, didn't know the group knew Terry so well and cared".
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WEST BENAL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION
WEST BENGAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION
WEST BENGAL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY RETIRED TEACHERS' WELFARE ASSOCIATION
To DrParthaChatterjee Hon'ble Minister-in-Charge Department of Higher Education Government of West Bengal BikashBhavan, Salt Lake City Kolkata - 700091
26.07.2019
MEMORANDUM
Sir,
You are aware that more than one and a half year has passed since the notification of the HRD Ministry regarding the new UGC Pay scales ( Gazette Notification No.1-712015-U.ll(1) dated 2.11.2017). The UGC Regulations regarding Recruitment and Promotion of College and University Teachers (Gazette Notification No. F.1-2/2017 (EC/PS), dated 18.07.2018) has also been notified. In the meantime the MHRD, Government of India has notified the AICTE Pay Revision vide Notification No. 1-37/2016-TS. II dated 18 th January 2019 for the teachers of Engineering and Technological Colleges and University. However, the State Government is yet to issue corresponding orders implementing the new UGC and AICTE Pay Scales to the College and University Teachers of West Bengal.
Earlier, The Government of West Bengal had always been prompt to announce implementation of revised UGC and AICTE pay scales. On all the three occasions earlier (Mehrotra Committee 1986, Rastogi Committee 1998 and G.K. Chadha PRC 2006) The Government of West Bengal had been one of the first few states to implement the new pay scales for University and College Teachers. In fact the Government of West Bengal was hailed by the teachers of all other states for its leadership role in protecting the interests of the College and University teachers. However, in contravention to earlier practice, at present the State Government is inordinately delaying the issue. Barring a few states, the new pay scales have already been implemented all across the country.
The Teachers' Associations have jointly raised their voice several times against this unjustified delay in implementing the new pay scales. The WBCUTA and WBGCTA held a joint convention at Salt Lake on 21 st July 2018 and presented a Joint Memorandum for implementation of the new pay scales. The two Associations again met the Honourable MIC on 21.8.2018 to reiterate our demands. On 15 th March 2019, the teachers again took to the streets. The WBCUTA, WBGCTA and WBCURTWA jointly organized a rally up to Bikash Bhavan and submitted a Joint Memorandum once again repeating our demands for the new pay scale implementations. It seems that all our previous appeals have fallen on the deaf ears of the Government.
We hope our request will be given due attention this time and you will kindly take the necessary steps to issue the necessary orders implementing the 7 th UGC and AICTE pay scales. We are also eagerly waiting for the implementation of New UGC and AICTE Regulations for Recruitment and Promotion of Colleges and University Teachers.
We also reiterate our demand for the revision of pensions for the retired teachers of the state in keeping with the new UGC and AICTE pay scales.
Sir, you are also aware that many teaching posts are lying vacant in most of the colleges of the state. The colleges have been compelled to appoint part-time/contractual/guest teachers to sustain the teaching-learning process in these institutions. These non-permanent teachers, under various nomenclatures are not only imparting knowledge to the students, they are also being engaged in examination and evaluation process. Many colleges have also had to appoint part-time librarians to provide the essential library services to the student and teachers of the college as these posts also have been lying vacant for a long period of time. However, the part-time/contractual/guest teachers and part-time & contractual librarians have been subjected to injustice for long. Not only that they do not have a proper pay scale and definite service conditions, their pay has not been revised in the last few years. We also demand immediate issuance of necessary orders implementing appropriate pay scales and service conditions for the part-time/contractual/guest teachers and part-time & contractual librarians in the colleges of the state on 'Equal pay for Equal work' principle.
Last but not least is the long awaiting due of the enhanced salary i.e pending of approximately 5% of the arrears of the University and College teachers. Unfortunately, this legitimate claim is associated with the previous revision of pay.
We sincerely hope that your personal intervention will expedite the process of issuance of the orders.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
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The role of neighborhood density in the random cellular automata model of grain growth
Michał Czarnecki*, Mateusz Sitko, Łukasz Madej
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Abstract
The paper focuses on adapting the random cellular automata (RCA) method concept for the unconstrained grain growth simulation providing digital microstructure morphologies for subsequent multi-scale simulations. First, algorithms for the generation of initial RCA cells alignment are developed, and then the influence of cells density in the computational domain on grain growth is discussed. Three different approaches are proposed based on the regular, hexagonal, and random cells’ alignment in the former case. The importance of cellular automata (CA) cell neighborhood definition on grain growth model predictions is also highlighted. As a research outcome, random cellular automata model parameters that can replicate grain growth without artifacts are presented. It is identified that the acceptable microstructure morphology of the solid material is obtained when a mean number of RCA cells in the investigated neighborhood is higher than ten.
Keywords: random cellular automata, grain growth, digital material representation
1. Introduction
Complex, multi-scale, full-field numerical models often make direct use of digital microstructure morphology during simulations (Pietrzyk & Madej, 2017; Pietrzyk et al., 2014; Roters et al., 2019). Therefore, the generation of such a digital material representation is of importance (Pietrzyk et al., 2015) and is usually possible with both experimental or numerical-based techniques. The most straightforward microstructure replication approaches are based on experimental data (Madej, 2017). In that case, the preparation of the digital microstructure model is based on metallographic images from light or electron microscopy since in that way 2D material models are easily created (Liu et al., 2017). For the generation of 3D representation, a set of serial sectioning data can be used (Madej et al., 2018a), but this approach requires significant time and resources. Conceptually different techniques utilize X-ray tomography (Pokharel et al., 2015), providing precise information about material morphology, phases, and even energy accumulation in the material. In the latter case, the problem is still related to a relatively small volume of the investigated sample. Therefore, a series of numerical approaches are frequently used as a supplementary method to experimental research because of the aforementioned difficulties. Different numerical approaches for the generation of the digital material representation models are available in the literature, e.g., Monte Carlo method (Maazî & Lezzar, 2020), Voronoi tessellation (Falco et al., 2017), phase field (Tegeler et al., 2017) or cellular automata (CA) methods (Hajder & Madej, 2020).
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
ORCID ID’s: 0000-0001-8236-8578 (M. Czarnecki), 0000-0003-0893-8784 (M. Sitko), 0000-0003-1032-6963 (Ł. Madej)
© 2021 Authors. This is an open access publication, which can be used, distributed and reproduced in any medium according to the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License requiring that the original work has been properly cited.
As mentioned earlier, one of the methods that allows the digital replication of even highly complex heterogeneous microstructures is the cellular automata approach. The classical and frontal CA variants were developed, and they provide possibilities for the generation of various microstructure types both in 2D and 3D space (Svyetlichny, 2013). The classical CA grain growth model, is based on a regular fixed space with CA cells aligned in the hexagonal-based (Fig. 1a) (Owusu et al., 2019), square-based grids (Bogun et al., 2021) (Fig. 1c), or other different regulars ones like circular or octagonal (Fig. 1b). The drawback of this classical approach is that the morphology of the grains is affected by the CA space isotropic character. When random definitions of the CA neighborhood are considered (Groß et al., 2019), this issue is significantly suppressed. However, CA cells regular distribution within the computational domain generates another difficulty when more advanced coupled approaches like concurrent cellular automata in finite element models are considered (Shterenliht et al., 2018, Szyndler & Madej, 2015). In this case, the finite element meshes are usually unstructured or even anisotropic, and direct data transfer between the CA space and FE mesh is not straightforward. This is especially problematic in predicting more complex microstructure evolution models, e.g., dynamic recrystallization or fracture, where both computational domains undergo shape change due to plastic deformation (Li et al., 2016). To eliminate these difficulties, a random cellular automata (RCA) concept (Fig. 1d) can be used as presented in work by Madej et al. (2018b).
**Fig. 1.** Cells alignment in the computational domain for the classical CA method with hexagonal (a), octagonal (b), square grids (c) and random (d) CA method
However, the algorithmic complexity of the random CA approach increases with respect to classical CA, and also, the model predictions can be significantly affected by the setup parameters (e.g., the density of CA cells, type of neighborhood, neighborhood radius etc.), leading to unphysical predictions. Therefore, developing a simple but computationally efficient grain growth algorithm within the RCA concept and further evaluating the role of the setup parameters is the current research goal. The knowledge obtained will allow for the further application of this concept to more complex microstructure evolution models, e.g., dynamic recrystallization. In this case, the CA space deformation can be captured during the simulations and thus overcoming a major limitation of the classical CA method.
### 2. Random cellular automata grain growth model
In the RCA approach, computations are realized in a mesh-free environment within the cloud of CA cells. Therefore, each simulation requires an initial distribution of cells across the computational domain. When coupled with other computational techniques such as the finite element method, the CA cell positions can be obtained directly from the finite element mesh. However, if stand-alone RCA calculations are investigated, then a position of each CA cell has to be generated by a dedicated distribution algorithm. The distribution pattern of cells is essential and can affect the simulation’s final result, especially the grain boundary shapes. Within the work, three different approaches for CA cell distribution were investigated: regular, hexagonal, and random, as seen in Figure 2. Each CA cell can take two states in the model: empty and non-empty. The cell in the later state is also identified by an id number, which represents its assignment to a particular grain, visualized further by different colors.
After the initial distribution of CA cells in the computational domain and the execution of the nucleation phase (selected number of cells change the state to non-empty and unique color is assigned to each of them), the grain growth algorithm is initiated. In the first step of each iteration, for a selected cell in the state empty, all non-empty neighbors are identified according to the defined neighborhood type. As mentioned in the RCA method, various types of neighborhoods can be proposed. However, in each case, the neighbors are always determined with respect to the position of the investigated CA cell. Besides the classical circular neighborhood shape (Fig. 3a), more sophisticated ones like elliptical or complex neighborhood shape definitions are also proposed within the work, as seen in Figure 3b and 3c.
Then, in the second step, based on one of the neighboring ids, a new id for the investigated cell is selected, and the cell changes the state to non-empty. The algorithm operates until all CA cells change their state to non-empty.
It should be stressed that the presented approach is sensitive to evaluating CA neighbors’ order and size of applied neighborhood radius, which may lead to the unrealistic representation of grain morphology. As seen in Figure 4a, when first encountered, neighbor id is transferred to the investigated CA cell then the final microstructure is far from expectation. This problem can be mostly reduced by the application of different transition rules such as those presented in Figure 4b when the most common id from all the neighbors is assigned to the investigated cell. Yet in this case, some problems can still appear when a large radius of the neighborhood is selected. During the research, it was identified that to eliminate such artifacts, only the id of the closest neighbor should be assigned to the investigated CA cell (Fig. 4c).
The other disadvantage of the RCA approach is that the evaluation of CA cell along with its neighborhood in subsequent iterations is computationally costly because each cell has to be checked against all other cells within the computational domain. To decrease the time of the neighborhood search, a bounding box algorithm (Walizer & Peters, 2011) that can be easily used for various types of neighborhood types was adapted for the current work (Fig. 5).
Additionally, to reduce computing times, the only interaction between CA cells in the state empty $\leftarrow$ non-empty is considered. All other interactions of CA cells in the following states and configurations: empty cell $\leftarrow$ empty neighbors, non-empty cell $\leftarrow$ empty neighbors, non-empty cell $\leftarrow$ non-empty neighbors are neglected as they have no influence on the final results.
Examples of results obtained from the developed random cellular automata grain growth algorithm for various initial RCA cell distributions are shown in Figures 6–8. In all case studies, the same number of grain nuclei equal to 200 was distributed across the computational domain with one million cells. The physical size of the investigated microstructures was set to $100 \times 100 \mu m$.
As presented, the type of initial cell distribution can slightly affect the shape of the growing grains and final microstructure morphology. However, in this case, the most critical parameter is the neighborhood type used during simulation that has a significant impact on the shape of growing grains. This is very beneficial in some cases, where, e.g., equiaxial grains are not desired, and other microstructure morphologies are required for numerical simulations, e.g., with elongated grains. In such a case, the elliptical neighborhood (Fig. 3b) definition can be used. The two radii and alignment angle describe such a neighborhood to reflect elongation in any given direction, as seen in (Figs. 9 and 10). Moreover, during a simulation, the parameters of the neighborhood can be modified, as presented in Figure 11. In this case, a random angle of rotation is assigned to investigated RCA cells at the beginning of each time step, and the evolution of grain shapes changes significantly as a result.
As pointed out in the RCA method, more complex, non-standard neighborhood shapes can also be easily incorporated. Examples of numerical simulations with a neighborhood definition from Figure 3c are shown in Figure 12.
3. Parametrization of the model
The RCA grain growth algorithm’s simulation setup parameters compose the number of cells, their spatial distribution, the type and size of the neighborhood, e.g., the radius in a circular type neighborhood. It is worth noting that these parameters alone may be misleading. Therefore, it is worth normalizing them for the sake of the current study. Since the cells’ distribution in the simulation is random or uniform, determination of the mean density $\bar{\rho}$ and the mean number of cells $\bar{N}$ in the neighborhood defined by radius $r$ can be done as follow:
$$\bar{\rho} = \frac{n}{s}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
where: $n$ – the overall number of cells in the computational domain; $s$ – physical space area.
$$\bar{N} = \bar{\rho} \pi r^2$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
The inappropriate selection of the initial setup parameters can affect grain growth, leading to unphysical microstructure morphology of the solid material, as seen in Figure 13 for the case of $\bar{N} = 4.5$ and two different overall numbers of cells in the computational domain (physical space size $100 \times 100 \mu m$).
Fig. 11. Grain growth with the elliptical neighborhood and the radii: $a = 0.45 \mu m$, $b = 0.225 \mu m$, with random rotations, after 10 (a), 15 (b), 34 (c) iterations
Fig. 12. Grain growth with a custom definition of the neighborhood after 6 (a), 10 (b), and 32 (c) iterations
Fig. 13. Simulation for $\bar{N} = 4.5$ and a different number of cells in the computational domain: a) 5e5 cells, $r = 0.169 \mu m$; b) 2.5e6 cells, $r = 0.0755 \mu m$
Therefore, as presented, identifying the proper setup parameters is critical for the RCA grain growth predictions. For the unconstrained grain growth, depending on $\bar{N}$ value, the simulation can provide satisfactory or totally not physical results for the solid material. However, it should be pointed out that sometimes the behavior from Figure 13 can be valuable, e.g., to reconstruct the morphology of porous sintered microstructure, but this is beyond the scope of this paper. To evaluate the proper $\bar{N}$ value for solid material, a set of simulations with increasing $r$ size (0.27640–1.04366 µm) and a number of cells (25,000–175,000 cells) was computed. During each simulation, precisely the same physical size of space equal to $100 \times 100$ µm was analyzed, and the same number of 100 nuclei were distributed in similar physical locations. Results from such simulations are presented in Figure 14.
As can be noticed in Figure 14, when the parameter $\bar{N}$ is around 1–4, then there are approximately 1–4 cells on average in the neighborhood, including the investigated CA cell. With such density, only a few initial grains will grow during the simulation. For higher values of $\bar{N}$ around 6 (Fig. 14), larger grains are formed, but there are still some small empty areas between the grains. Then, for the value of $\bar{N} > = 10$ (Fig. 14), the majority of the space between the grains is filled, the black areas are negligible. However, it should also be pointed out that, even for a sufficiently large number of CA points in the model, there may be situations when the black regions remain, even if 100% of cells have assigned id and color. This is purely related to the random distribution of the CA points in a fixed physical region ($100 \times 100$ µm).
**Fig. 14.** Comparison of simulation results using increasing cells number from 25,000 to 175,000 with increasing radius values from 0.27640 µm to 1.04366 µm
4. Conclusions
The adaptation of the random cellular automata (RCA) method concept for the unconstrained grain growth simulation providing digital microstructure morphologies for subsequent simulations was performed. The investigation of the model setup parameters on the final results in the form of digital microstructure morphologies was performed and delivered the following conclusions:
– Various CA cell alignments, including fully random, can be used during grain growth simulations. The fully random CA cell distribution is important as such a model can be directly linked with unstructured finite element meshes during coupled CA-FE calculations.
– The assumptions of the RCA approach ensure that even complex types of user-defined neighborhoods can be used during the simulations, which increases the model flexibility in application to the generation of various microstructure morphologies.
The selection of initial parameters is of importance to provide the required digital morphology. For circular neighborhood and small value of $N$, only a small amount of cells during simulation can obtain an id number and represent the grain. The acceptable microstructure morphology of the solid material is obtained with the $N > 10$. At the same time, intermediate $N$ values can be used to generate digital microstructures of, e.g., some porous materials.
Acknowledgment
The financial assistance of the National Science Centre project No. 2019/35/B/ST8/00046 is acknowledged.
References
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Falco, S., Jiang, J., De Cola, F., & Petrinic, N. (2017). Generation of 3D polycrystalline microstructures with a conditioned Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation technique. *Computational Materials Science*, 136, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.04.018.
Gross, J., Kuhnert, P., & Keßler, A. (2019). Fast and Efficient Nearest Neighbor Search for Particle Simulations. In: *Computer Graphics and Visual Computing (CGVC) 2019, 12th–13th September 2019, Bangor University, United Kingdom*, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.2312/cgvc.20191258.
Hajder, Ł., & Madej, Ł. (2020). Sphere Packing Algorithm for the Generation of Digital Models of Polycrystalline Microstructures with Heterogeneous Grain Sizes. *Computer Methods in Materials Science*, 20(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.
Li, H., Sun, X., & Yang, H. (2016). A three-dimensional cellular automata-crystal plasticity finite element model for predicting the multiscale interaction among heterogeneous deformation, DRX microstructural evolution and mechanical responses in titanium alloys. *International Journal of Plasticity*, 87, 154–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2016.09.008.
Liu, J., Dai, Q., Chen, J., Chen, S., Ji, H., Dua, W., Deng, X., Wang, Z., Guo, G., & Luo, H. (2017). The two dimensional microstructure characterization of cemented carbides with an automatic image analysis process. *Ceramics International*, 43(17), 14865–14872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.002.
Mazz, N., & Lezzar, B. (2020). An efficient Monte Carlo Potts method for the grain growth simulation of single-phase systems. *Computer Methods in Material Science*, 20(3), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2020.3.0722.
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Madej, Ł., Legwand, A., Mojżeszko, M., Chrąpinski, J., Roskosz, S., & Cwajna, J. (2018a). Experimental and numerical two- and three-dimensional investigation of porosity morphology of the sintered metallic material. *Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering*, 18(4), 1520–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.06.007.
Madej, Ł., Sitko, M., Legwand, A., Perzynski, K., & Michalak, K. (2018b). Development and evaluation of data transfer protocols in the fully random cellular automata finite element model of dynamic recrystallization. *Journal of Computational Science*, 26, 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2018.03.007.
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Testimony of Mitchell Tropin Executive Vice President of SEIU Local 500 Co-director of the Montgomery College Part-Time Faculty Union On the FY 2023 Operating Budget April 19, 2023
Good evening, Council President and members of the county council. My name is Mitchell Tropin. I am executive vice president of SEIU Local 500 and I am co-director of the Montgomery College Part Time Faculty Union, which is affiliated with Local 500.
I want to urge this council to fully support Montgomery College's proposed budget for the next fiscal year. This council has been a strong supporter of MC over the years and the Council was especially supportive during the pandemic. We thank you for that.
Looking forward to 2023 and beyond, one of the outcomes of the COVID pandemic has been a generation of young people who want more than minimum wage jobs or careers with limited promise of advancement. MC stands ready to help those young and not so young people find jobs and occupations that provide bright futures and better outcomes.
There's another way to describe what MC is working to achieve. Most everybody supports spending taxpayer money for infrastructure.
Fully supporting Montgomery College's fiscal 2023 budget is a way to fund an infrastructure of a different variety.
At MC, we build:
* roads to better paying careers that helps the county's economy,
* construct bridges to middle class lives where people can afford homes and support families and
* develop highways for students to achieve their dreams. That is no small order.
In working to help to build these pathways to brighter futures, MC is always looking for ways to turn those paths into super expressways.
For example, the college is working hard to build relationships with four-year institutions across the U.S. so students can transfer more easily. Students are realizing the huge financial advantage of two years of MC, followed by two or three years at a university.
That is a super-highway to the future without expensive luxury lanes.
Montgomery College also is committed to giving students real choices between attending face to face classes on a campus or taking courses online. We understand that students learn differently and offering this choice leaves no student behind or in a position where they cannot succeed.
I am particularly excited by plans to develop an education center in East County that I hope will become a full-service campus in years to come.
Finally, no infrastructure project can be successful without good people involved in the planning, building and operation of the project. In the case of MC, we have outstanding faculty who go the extra mile to help students succeed.
In many of the courses, coaches and tutors are assigned to give the instructor an extra helping hand in guiding students to successful course completions.
I further want to urge the council to provide funding that will ensure all faculty, coaches, tutors and staff receive the pay raises they so richly deserve.
In conclusion, this fall when our campuses are fully open, I hope you visit an MC campus. And after seeing students going to class, interacting with other students and faculty, you can say to yourself ``I helped build that.'' And you deservedly can feel very proud.
Thank you very much.
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Date: 18th May, 2023
To,
The Manager- Listing
National Stock Exchange of India Limited,
Exchange Plaza, Bandra Kurla Complex,
Bandra (E), Mumbai-400 051
To,
The Manager- Listing
BSE Limited,
Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers,
Dalal Street, Mumbai- 400 001
BSE Scrip Code: 532741
NSE Symbol: KAMDHENU
Sub: Outcome of Board Meeting of Kamdhenu Limited (the “Company”).
Dear Sir/Madam,
In compliance with the Regulation 30 and 33 of SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (“SEBI Listing Regulations”), we wish to inform you that, the Board of Directors of Kamdhenu Limited (“the Company”) in their meeting held on today i.e. Thursday, 18th May, 2023, has considered, approved and taken on record, inter-alia, the following items and accordingly, we are submitting the following to the Stock Exchanges;
A. Financial Results for the Quarter and Financial Year ended 31st March, 2023
- The Audited Financial Results for the quarter and financial year ended on 31st March, 2023;
- The Auditors Report on Financial Results for the quarter and financial year ended on 31st March, 2023 with an unmodified opinion issued by M/s S.S Kothari Mehta & Co, Chartered Accountants (FRN: 000756N), Statutory Auditors of the Company.
- Declaration on Auditor’s Report with unmodified opinion pursuant to the Regulation 33(3)(d) of SEBI Listing Regulations read with SEBI circular no. CIR/CFD/CMD/56/2016, dated May 27, 2016.
The aforesaid Financial Results were reviewed by the Audit Committee in its meeting held on Thursday, 18th May, 2023 and based on their recommendation, approved by the Board of Directors.
The Financial Results are also being disseminated on Company's website at www.kamdhenulimited.com and on the websites of Stock Exchanges i.e www.nseindia.com and www.bseindia.com.
B. Recommendation of Final Dividend for the Financial Year 2022-23.
- The Board recommended a final dividend @ 15% i.e. Rs. 1.50 (Rupees One and Paisa Fifty) per equity share of face value Rs. 10 (Rupees Ten) each, subject to the approval of shareholders in their ensuing 29th Annual General Meeting ("AGM"), for the financial year ended on 31st March, 2023.
The above final dividend, if declared by the shareholders at the ensuing 29th Annual General Meeting ('AGM'), shall be credited/dispatched/paid within 30 days from the date of AGM.
C. Convening of 29th Annual General Meeting (“AGM”) of the Company.
- Convening of 29th Annual General Meeting of the Company through Video Conferencing/Other Audio Visual Means, in accordance with the circulars issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and the Securities and Exchange Board of India.
Please note that date and time of AGM shall be informed separately along with the Notice of 29th AGM.
D. Conducting the Postal Ballot for having approval of the Shareholders for the appointment of Shri Baldev Raj Sachdeva as Independent Director of the Company.
- With reference to our earlier letter no. KL/SEC/2023-24/09 dated 3rd May, 2023, wherein it was informed that Shri Baldev Raj Sachdeva (DIN: 00016325) has been inducted in the Board of Company as an Additional Director in the category Non – Executive, Independent Director of the Company for a first consecutive term of 3 (Three) years effective from 2nd May, 2023 to 1st May, 2026, subject to approval of Shareholders. In this regard, the Board of Directors has approved Notice of Postal Ballot for having the approval of Shareholders by way of Special Resolution, in terms of relevant provision of Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
The Notice of Postal Ballot along with the Calendar of Events will be filed with the Stock Exchanges simultaneously with dispatch of the same to Shareholders of the Company.
The Board Meeting was commenced at 04:40 P.M (IST) and was concluded at 05:45 P.M. (IST).
We request you to kindly take the same on records.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Kamdhenu Limited
Khem Chand
Company Secretary & Compliance Officer
Encl: as above
| S. No. | Particulars | Quarter Ended | Year Ended |
|-------|-------------------------------------------------|---------------|------------|
| | | 31.03.2023 | 31.12.2022 | 31.03.2022 | 31.03.2022 |
| | | Audited | Unaudited | Re-instated| Audited |
| 1 | Income | | | | |
| a | Revenue from operations | 16,688.65 | 18,265.98 | 18,520.26 | 73,208.26 |
| b | Other income | 74.23 | 50.63 | 19.96 | 158.74 |
| | Total income | 16,762.88 | 18,316.61 | 18,540.22 | 73,367.00 |
| 2 | Expenses | | | | |
| a | Cost of materials consumed | 12,140.58 | 13,187.89 | 12,515.91 | 52,127.49 |
| b | Purchases of stock-in-trade | 138.86 | 515.90 | 1,507.47 | 2,729.24 |
| c | Changes in inventory of finished goods, work-in-progress and stock-in-trade | (70.97) | (98.84) | (237.73) | 152.92 | (138.92) |
| d | Employee benefits expense | 1,053.79 | 1,069.96 | 951.47 | 4,196.55 |
| e | Finance costs | 21.21 | 36.39 | 103.05 | 189.21 |
| f | Depreciation and amortization expense | 132.27 | 118.10 | 120.32 | 477.47 |
| g | Other expenses | 1,906.41 | 1,877.24 | 1,886.45 | 8,005.76 |
| | Total expenses | 15,322.15 | 16,706.64 | 16,846.94 | 67,878.64 |
| 3 | Profit before tax (1-2) | 1,440.73 | 1,605.97 | 1,693.28 | 5,488.36 |
| 4 | Tax expense | | | | |
| a | Current tax | 404.01 | 419.37 | 309.92 | 1,474.46 |
| b | Deferred tax | (38.89) | (11.22) | (23.62) | (92.05) |
| c | Income tax of earlier years | 0.01 | - | 1.13 | 3.57 |
| | Total tax expenses | 365.13 | 408.15 | 287.43 | 1,385.98 |
| 5 | Net profit after tax from continuing operations (3-4) | 1,075.60 | 1,201.82 | 1,405.85 | 4,102.38 |
| 6 | Discontinued operations | | | | |
| a | Revenue from operations | | | 6,791.11 | 24,144.57 |
| b | Other income | | | 4.24 | 10.36 |
| c | Total expenses | | | (7,121.45) | (24,926.02)|
| d | Profit/(loss) before exceptional expenses and Tax | | | (326.10) | (771.09) |
| e | Exceptional expenses | | | (583.09) | (583.09) |
| f | Profit/(Loss) before Tax | - | - | (909.19) | (1,354.18) |
| g | Tax Expenses | | | 50.41 | 84.14 |
| h | Profit/(Loss) from Discontinued Operations | - | - | (858.78) | - |
| 7 | Profit from Continuing and Discontinued Operations (5+6) | 1,075.60 | 1,201.82 | 547.07 | 4,102.38 |
KAMDHENU LIMITED
CIN: L27101HR1994PLC092205
Regd.Office: 2nd Floor, Tower-A, Building No.9, DLF Cyber City, Phase-III, Gurugram-122002
Phone no:-0124-4604500, Fax: -0124-4218524, Email:- [email protected], Website:- www.kamdhenulimited.com
STATEMENT OF AUDITED FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR THE QUARTER AND YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH, 2023
(₹ in Lakhs except earning per share)
| S. No. | Particulars | Quarter Ended | Year Ended |
|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| | | 31.03.2023 Audited | 31.12.2022 Unaudited| 31.03.2022 Re-instated| 31.03.2023 Audited| 31.03.2022 Re-instated|
| 8 | Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) from Continuing Operations | | |
| a | Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | 57.28 | (12.73) | (49.06) | (81.15) | (66.42) |
| b | Tax impacts on above | (18.16) | (8.22) | 3.79 | 51.95 | 14.74 |
| | Total Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) | 39.12 | (20.95) | (45.27) | (29.20) | (51.68) |
| 9 | Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) from Discontinued Operations | | |
| a | Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | - | - | (45.53) | - | (38.60) |
| b | Tax impacts on above | - | - | 11.46 | - | 9.71 |
| | Total Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) | - | - | (34.07) | - | (28.89) |
| 10 | Total Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) from Continuing and Discontinued Operations (8+9) | 39.12 | (20.95) | (79.34) | (29.20) | (80.57) |
| 11 | Total comprehensive income for the period (comprising profit after tax and other comprehensive income after tax for the period) (7+10) | 1,114.72 | 1,180.87 | 467.73 | 4,073.18 | 2,594.89 |
| 12 | Earnings per share for Continuing Operations in rupees: (Quarterly not Annualised) | | |
| | - Basic (in Rupees) | 3.99 | 4.46 | 5.22 | 15.23 | 14.65 |
| | - Diluted (in Rupees) | 3.99 | 4.46 | 5.22 | 15.23 | 14.65 |
| 13 | Earnings per share for Discontinued Operations in rupees: (Quarterly not Annualised) | | |
| | - Basic (in Rupees) | - | - | (3.19) | - | (4.72) |
| | - Diluted (in Rupees) | - | - | (3.19) | - | (4.72) |
| 14 | Earnings per share for Continuing and Discontinued Operations in rupees: (Quarterly not Annualised) | | |
| | - Basic (in Rupees) | 3.99 | 4.46 | 2.03 | 15.23 | 9.93 |
| | - Diluted (in Rupees) | 3.99 | 4.46 | 2.03 | 15.23 | 9.93 |
| 15 | Paid-up equity share capital (Face Value of Rs.10 each) | 2,693.55 | 2,693.55 | 2,693.55 | 2,693.55 | 2,693.55 |
[Signature]
LAMDHENU LIMITED
| S. No. | Particular | As at 31.03.2023 | As at 31.03.2022 |
|-------|------------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|
| | ASSETS | | |
| 1 | Non-Current Assets | | |
| (a) | Property Plant and Equipment | 4,721.93 | 9,393.77 |
| (b) | Capital Work In Progress | - | 99.48 |
| (c) | Investments In Subsidiary | 1.00 | 4.04 |
| (d) | Financial Assets | | |
| (i) | Other Investments | 471.94 | 832.33 |
| (ii) | Loans | 11.13 | 18.08 |
| (iii) | Other Financial Assets | 265.48 | 313.57 |
| (e) | Other Non-Current Assets | 1,038.29 | 1,259.23 |
| | Total Non-Current Assets | 6,509.77 | 11,720.50 |
| 2 | Current Assets | | |
| (a) | Inventories | 1,461.37 | 7,743.27 |
| (b) | Financial Assets | | |
| (i) | Investment | 950.05 | 967.90 |
| (ii) | Trade receivables | 8,210.31 | 19,844.80 |
| (iii) | Cash and Cash Equivalents | 1,191.23 | 1,372.13 |
| (iv) | Bank Balances other than (iii) above | 30.03 | 204.62 |
| (v) | Loans | 289.34 | 1,063.79 |
| (vi) | Other Financial Assets | 6.37 | 450.24 |
| (c) | Other Current Assets | 2,201.59 | 2,605.03 |
| | Total Current Assets | 14,340.29 | 34,251.78 |
| | TOTAL ASSETS | 20,850.06 | 45,972.27 |
| | EQUITY AND LIABILITIES | | |
| | EQUITY | | |
| (a) | Equity Share Capital | 2,693.55 | 2,693.55 |
| (b) | Other Equity | 13,974.20 | 19,746.43 |
| | Total Equity | 16,667.75 | 22,439.98 |
| | LIABILITIES | | |
| 1 | Non-Current Liabilities | | |
| (a) | Financial Liabilities | | |
| (i) | Borrowings | - | 1,267.38 |
| (ii) | Lease Liabilities | 262.19 | 467.43 |
| (iii) | Other Financial Liabilities | 540.25 | 956.42 |
| (b) | Provisions | 329.30 | 563.88 |
| (c) | Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net) | 100.18 | 353.45 |
| | Total Non-Current Liabilities | 1,231.92 | 3,608.56 |
| 2 | Current Liabilities | | |
| (a) | Financial Liabilities | | |
| (i) | Borrowings | - | 7,459.84 |
| (ii) | Lease Liabilities | 112.25 | 170.12 |
| (iii) | Trade payables | | |
| | - total outstanding dues of micro enterprises and small enterprises | 76.34 | 1,385.61 |
| | - total outstanding dues of creditors other than micro enterprises and small enterprises | 1,839.33 | 7,863.57 |
| (iv) | Other financial liabilities | 361.86 | 2,193.89 |
| (b) | Other Current Liabilities | 466.94 | 937.04 |
| (c) | Provisions | 51.57 | 89.55 |
| (d) | Current Tax Liabilities (net) | 42.10 | 24.11 |
| | Total Current Liabilities | 2,950.39 | 19,923.73 |
| | Total Liabilities | 4,182.31 | 23,532.29 |
| | TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES | 20,850.06 | 45,972.27 |
*Refer note no. 6 (b)*
| S. No. | Particulars | Year Ended 31.03.2023 | Year Ended 31.03.2022 |
|-------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|
| | | Audited | Re-Installed |
| A. | **Cash flow from operating activities** | | |
| | Net Profit before tax from continuing operation | 5,488.36 | 4,923.38 |
| | Net Profit before Tax from discontinuing operation | - | (1,354.18) |
| | Adjustment for | | |
| | Interest income | (37.97) | (15.98) |
| | Depreciation and amortization expense | 477.47 | 930.98 |
| | Finance costs | 189.21 | 1,014.37 |
| | Bad debts written off | 7.64 | 97.70 |
| | Dividend income | (13.76) | (70.19) |
| | Insurance claim written off | - | 583.09 |
| | Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment | (8.23) | (0.87) |
| | Profit on sale of investment | (2.41) | - |
| | Realised gain on sale of current investment | (56.40) | (59.56) |
| | Change in fair value of investment measured at FVTPL | 55.86 | (105.91) |
| | Unwinding of discount on security deposits | (16.73) | (4.77) |
| | Provision for expected credit loss | 167.14 | 388.97 |
| | **Operating profit before working capital changes** | 6,250.18 | 6,327.03 |
| | **Working capital adjustments:** | | |
| | (Increase)/decrease in inventories | 178.88 | (1,014.60) |
| | (Increase)/decrease in trade receivables | 637.50 | (277.69) |
| | (Increase)/decrease in loan | 767.84 | (148.61) |
| | (Increase) in other current financial assets | 13.60 | 1,554.66 |
| | (Increase)/decrease in other current assets | 189.38 | (659.38) |
| | Decrease in other non current financial assets | 1.59 | 183.64 |
| | (Increase)/decrease in loan | 8.79 | (9.48) |
| | (Increase) in other non current assets | (22.34) | (226.53) |
| | Increase/(decrease) in trade payables-current | 142.00 | (873.66) |
| | Increase/(decrease) in provisions | 40.53 | 102.95 |
| | Decrease in other non-current financial liabilities | 13.92 | 205.41 |
| | Increase/(decrease) in other current financial liabilities | 41.97 | 111.17 |
| | Increase/(decrease) in other current liabilities | (128.02) | 98.25 |
| | **Cash used from operation** | | |
| | Income taxes paid (net) | (1,460.04) | (1,039.00) |
| | **Net cash flow from operating activities (A)** | 6,675.77 | 4,334.15 |
| B. | **Cash flow from investing activities** | | |
| | Payment for acquisition of property, plant and equipment & capital WIP | (535.81) | (1,174.30) |
| | Sale/Purchase of current investment | 18.33 | (185.21) |
| | Bank deposits having maturity of more than 3 months | 6.70 | (30.20) |
| | Proceeds from sale of property plant and equipment | 25.03 | 2.35 |
| | Proceeds from sale of investment | 63.21 | - |
| | Dividend income | 13.76 | 70.19 |
| | Interest received | 5.82 | 13.67 |
| | **Net cash outflow from Investing activities (B)** | (402.96) | (1,303.50) |
| C. | **Cash flow from financing activities** | | |
| | Finance costs | (147.10) | (898.10) |
| | Payment of lease liabilities | (137.62) | (239.48) |
| | Repayment of short term borrowings | (3,690.43) | (1,621.23) |
| | Borrowed/(Repayment) of long term borrowings | (106.55) | 970.88 |
| | Payment of compulsory redeemable preference shares | (1,095.81) | - |
| | Dividend paid | (274.58) | (213.60) |
| | **Net cash flow from financing activities (C)** | (5,452.09) | (2,001.53) |
| | **Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (A+B+C)** | 820.71 | 1,029.13 |
| | Opening balance cash and cash equivalents | 1,372.13 | 343.01 |
| | Transferred under scheme of demerger | (1,001.61) | - |
| | Closing balance cash and cash equivalents | 1,191.23 | 1,372.13 |
| | Notes: |
|---|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | The above Financial Results were reviewed and recommended by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors of Kamdhenu Limited at their respective meetings held on 18 May, 2023. The audited financial results for the quarter and year ended 31 March, 2023 have been audited by the Statutory Auditors of the Company. The Statutory Auditors have expressed unmodified opinion on the financial statements. |
| 2 | The Board of Directors of the Company in their meeting held on 18 May, 2023 have recommended dividend of Rs. 1.50 per share for the financial year ended 31 March, 2023 for the approval of shareholders. |
| 3 | The financial results have been prepared in accordance with principles and procedures of Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standard) Rules, 2015, as specified in section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013. |
| 4 | The annual financial results includes the results for the quarter ended 31 March, 2023 being the balancing figures between the audited figures in respect of full financial year and the unaudited year to date figures up to the third quarter of the current financial year. |
| 5 | Shareholders of the Company in their Extraordinary General Meeting held on 9 December, 2022, has considered and approved to create, offer, issue and allot Convertible Warrants ("Warrants") on preferential basis, in one or more tranches, up to maximum of 50,00,000 (Fifty Lakhs Only) Warrants entitling the Proposed Allotees/Warrant Holder to exercise option to convert and get allotted one Equity Share of face value of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) each fully paid-up against each warrant, within 18 (Eighteen) months from the date of allotment of warrants at a price of Rs. 141/- (Rupees One Hundred and Forty One Only) (including premium of Rs. 131/- each) or such other higher price as may be ascertained by the Statutory or Regulatory Authorities, to the persons belonging to Promoter Group and Non-Promoters entities ("Proposed allotees"). The in-principal approval from the stock exchanges i.e. BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited is pending. |
| 6 | The Hon'ble National Company Law Tribunal, Chandigarh Bench (NCLT) vide its order dated 3 June, 2022 has approved the Scheme of Arrangement of Kamdhenu Concast Limited, Kamdhenu Overseas Limited, Kamdhenu Paint Industries Limited, Kamdhenu Infradevelopers Limited, Kamdhenu Nutrients Private Limited, Kay2 Steel Limited, Tiptop Promoters Private Limited (Transferor Companies), Kamdhenu Limited (Transferee Company), Kamdhenu Ventures Limited (Resulting Company No.1) and Kamdhenu Colour and Coatings Limited (Resulting Company No. 2). The Scheme became effective on 18 July, 2022, upon filing of the NCLT Order by the Transferor Companies, Transferee Company, Resulting Company No.1 and Resulting Company No. 2, with the Registrar of Companies, NCT of Delhi & Haryana. |
Pursuant to the Scheme of Arrangement became effective, the Paint Business (Demerged Business) of Kamdhenu Limited have been transferred to and vested with the Resulting Company No. 2 Kamdhenu Colour and Coatings Limited with effect from 1 April, 2022 being the Appointed Date.
a) In accordance with the scheme, all the assets and liabilities of Demerged Business (difference between assets and liabilities referred to as net assets) which ceases to be assets and liabilities of the company as at Appointed Date of 1 April, 2022, has been reduced from the books of accounts of the Company at respective book values as appearing in books of accounts of the Company as at 1 April, 2022. However, the transfer of outstanding amount of GECL (Covid Loan) of Rs.1,169.58 lakhs by the Banker in their records in the name of Kamdhenu Colour and Coatings Limited (Resulting Company No. 2) is awaited.
The net assets value of the Demerged Business have been adjusted as per the scheme.
Further, upon discontinuation of the Paint Business of the Company, quarterly financial results for the quarter and year ended 31 March, 2023 have been reinstated as profit/(loss) from discontinued operations.
b) The Company has also given impact of scheme of arrangement w.r.t amalgamation of Kamdhenu Concast Limited, Kamdhenu Overseas Limited, Kamdhenu Paint Industries Limited, Kamdhenu Infradevelopers Limited, Kamdhenu Nutrients Private Limited, Kay2 Steel Limited, Tiptop Promoters Private Limited as at 1 April, 2022, in accordance with Pooling of Interest method as given in Ind AS 103, accordingly:
(i) All the assets and liabilities recorded in the books of transferor Companies have been transferred to the company at their respective carrying values.
(ii) Cross investment and inter-company balances have been cancelled.
(iii) Surplus arising out of amalgamation has been credited to Capital Reserves.
(iv) The Shareholders of transferor companies against cancellation of 7804145 cross holding equity shares of Rs. 10/- each are allotted 7804145 Equity Shares of Rs. 10/- each and 10958078 9% non-Cumulative Compulsorily Redeemable Preference Shares of Rs. 10/- each of the Company on 20 July, 2022 and redeemed by the company at par on 8 September, 2022.
As per Appendix C of Ind AS 103, for all the business combinations under common controls, the financial information in the financial statements in respect of prior period should be reinstated as if the business combination had occurred from the beginning of the preceding period in the financial statements, irrespective of actual date of the combination. Hence, financial statements of the Merged Undertakings are merged with effect from 1 April, 2021 to make it comparable. Accordingly published results for the quarter, year ended 31 March, 2022 have been reinstated to give effect to the Amalgamation. Accordingly, Company has included the below mentioned results of transferor Companies into the results of previous presented period:
| Particular | Quarter Ended 31 March 2022 | Year Ended 31 March 2022 |
|------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------|
| | Unaudited | Audited |
| Revenue from operations | 27.94 | 27.94 |
| Other income | 42.01 | 114.35 |
| Total Income | 69.95 | 142.29 |
| Purchases of Stock-in-Trade | 26.96 | 26.96 |
| Depreciation | 4.89 | 4.89 |
| Other Expenses | 11.20 | 45.91 |
| Total expenses | 43.05 | 77.76 |
| Profit before Tax | 26.90 | 64.53 |
| Tax expense | | |
| Current tax/Deferred | 20.96 | 20.96 |
| Net Profit after tax | 5.94 | 43.57 |
7 In accordance with the Scheme of Arrangements w.r.t. demerger of Paint Business into Resulting Company No. 2, the shareholders of the company has been allotted shares by resulting company no. 1 on 9 September 2022 and listed at stock exchanges BSE & NSE on 24 January, 2023.
8 Pursuant to the Scheme of Arrangement became effective, Kamdhenu Ventures Limited ceases to be the Subsidiary company of Kamdhenu Limited with effect from 1 April, 2022, being the Appointed Date for accounting treatment. Therefore, the Company has not prepared the consolidated financial results from 1 April, 2022 onwards. Now the Company operates in steel segment only, therefore, segment reporting required under Ind AS 108 is not given in the results.
9 Previous quarter/year figures have been regrouped, reclassified and rearranged, wherever necessary, to confirm the current period/year classification.
10 The audited financial results of the company for the quarter year ended 31 March, 2023 are also available on the Company's website (www.kamdhenulimited.com) and on the website of BSE (www.bseindia.com) and NSE (www.nseindia.com) in accordance with the provision of the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulation, 2015.
For and on behalf of the Board of Directors of
Kamdhenu Limited
(Sunil Kumar Agarwal)
Whole-time Director
DIN: 00005973
Place: Gurugram
Date: 18 May, 2023
Independent Auditor’s Review Report on the Quarterly and Year to date audited Financial Results of the Company Pursuant to the Regulation 33 of the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, as amended
To
The Board of Directors of
Kamdhenu Limited
Gurugram
Report on the audit of Annual Financial Results
Opinion
We have audited the accompanying statement of quarterly and year to date financial results of Kamdhenu Limited (the “Company”) for the year ended March 31, 2023 (“Statement”), attached herewith, being submitted by the Company pursuant to the requirement of Regulation 33 of the SEBI Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements Regulations, 2015, as amended (the “Listing Regulations”).
In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the Statement:
i. is presented in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 33 of the Listing Regulations in this regard; and
ii. gives a true and fair view in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles laid down in the applicable accounting standards and other accounting principles generally accepted in India of the net profit and other comprehensive income and other financial information of the Company for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2023.
Basis for Opinion
We conducted our audit in accordance with the Standards on Auditing (SAs) specified under section 143(10) of the Companies Act, 2013, as amended (“the Act”). We are independent of the Company in accordance with the Code of Ethics issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements under the provisions of the Act and the Rules thereunder, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the Code of Ethics. We believe that the audit evidence obtained by us is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion on the statement.
Emphasis of Matter
We draw attention to Note 6(b) of the financial results which describes the accounting for the Scheme of Amalgamation between Kamdhenu Concast Limited, Kamdhenu overseas Limited, Kamdhenu Paint
Industries Limited, Kamdhenu Infradevelopers Limited, Kamdhenu Nutrients Private Limited, Kay2 Steel Limited, Tiptop Promoters Private Limited ("Transferor Companies") with Kamdhenu Limited (Transferee Company), Kamdhenu Ventures Limited (Resulting Company No.1) and Kamdhenu Colour and Coatings Limited (Resulting Company No. 2). The Scheme has been approved by the Hon’ble National Company Law Tribunal; Chandigarh Bench (NCLT) vide its order dated 3 June 2022. The Scheme became effective on 18 July, 2022, upon filing of the NCLT Order by the Transferor Companies, Transferee Company, Resulting Company No.1 and Resulting Company No. 2 with the Registrar of Companies, NCT of Delhi & Haryana. Though the appointed date as per the NCLT approved Scheme is 1 April 2022, as per the requirements of Appendix C to Ind AS 103 “Business Combination”, the combination has been accounted for as if it had occurred from the beginning of the preceding period in the financial results. Accordingly, the figures for the year ended March 31, 2022, have been restated to give effect to the aforesaid arrangement.
Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter.
**Management’s Responsibilities for the Financial Results**
The Statement has been prepared on the basis of the annual financial statements. The Board of Directors of the Company are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the Statement that gives a true and fair view of the net profit and other comprehensive income of the Company and other financial information in accordance with the recognition and measurement principles laid down in Indian Accounting Standards prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with relevant rules issued thereunder and other accounting principles generally accepted in India and in compliance with Regulation 33 of the Listing Regulations. This responsibility also includes maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Act for safeguarding of the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting frauds and other irregularities; selection and application of appropriate accounting policies; making judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; and the design, implementation and maintenance of adequate internal financial controls, that were operating effectively for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, relevant to the preparation and presentation of the Statement that give a true and fair view and are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the Statement, the Board of Directors are responsible for assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
The Board of Directors are also responsible for overseeing the Company’s financial reporting process.
**Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Results**
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Statement as a whole is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with SAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can
arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the Statement.
As part of an audit in accordance with SAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:
- Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the Statement, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
- Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. Under Section 143(3)(i) of the Act, we are also responsible for expressing our opinion on whether the company has adequate internal financial controls with reference to financial statements in place and the operating effectiveness of such controls.
- Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the Board of Directors.
- Conclude on the appropriateness of the Board of Directors’ use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor’s report to the related disclosures in the financial results or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor’s report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
- Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the Statement, including the disclosures, and whether the Statement represents the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.
Other matters
The Statement includes the results for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 being the balancing figure between the audited figures in respect of the full financial year ended March 31, 2023 and the published unaudited year-to-date figures up to the third quarter of the current financial year, which were subjected to a limited review by us, as required under the Listing Regulations.
The audit of the financial statements/financial result of the Company for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2022, was carried out and reported by the erstwhile statutory auditors BSD & Co., Chartered Accountants, having firm registration no. 000312S, who had expressed unmodified opinion on those financial statements/financial result vide their report dated May 30, 2022, whose report have been furnished to us and which have been relied upon by us for the purpose of audit of the statement.
Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter.
For S. S. KOTHARI MEHTA & COMPANY
Chartered Accountants
FRN - 000756N
Sunil Wahal
Partner
Membership No. 087294
Place: Gurugram
Date: May 18, 2023
UDIN: 23087294BGITGTP1170
KL/SEC/2023-24/13
Date: 18th May, 2023
To,
The Manager- Listing
National Stock Exchange of India Limited,
Exchange Plaza, Bandra Kurla Complex,
Bandra (E), Mumbai-400 051
NSE Symbol: KAMDHENU
To,
The Manager- Listing
BSE Limited,
Pheiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers,
Dalal Street, Mumbai- 400 001
BSE Scrip Code: 532741
Sub: - Declaration on Audit Report with un-modified opinion for the Financial Year ended on 31st March, 2023.
Ref: Regulation 33 of the SEBI (Listing Obligations & Disclosures Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Pursuant to Regulation 33(3)(d) of the SEBI (Listing Obligations & Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 and SEBI Circular No CIR/CFD/CMD/56/2016 dated May 27, 2016, this is hereby declared that M/s S.S Kothari Mehta & Co, Chartered Accountants (FRN: 000756N) Statutory Auditor of the Company, has issued the Audit Report with unmodified opinion on Financial Results for the quarter and financial year ended 31st March, 2023.
We request you to kindly take this declaration on records.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Kamdhenu Limited
Harish Kumar Agarwal
Chief Financial Officer
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How to Use Online Registration – Student Quick Reference Guide
Introduction
This quick reference guide contains step by step instructions for 1 st year students on how to:
Register online, make a payment, upload an image, and complete registration requirements
To register online you will need your User ID and PIN to login to the Student Record System (SSB Banner) – This will be included in your welcome letter. If you need assistance please email [email protected]
How to Register Online
The DkIT Online Registration Portal is available on https://ssb.ancheim.ie/dkit
4. Login & Change Pin
On the Login Verification Change PIN page you may be advised that your PIN has expired. You will need to reenter your old PIN and create a new PIN as instructed below
5. Please re enter your NEW PIN and Complete the details on the Login Security Question and Answer page and click Submit.
.
How to Use Online Registration – Quick Reference Guide
Step by Step Instructions – How to Register Online (Continued)
6. Select Student Services & Financial Aid Menu Online Registration to access the Online Registration pages.
7. Request for Consent - Terms and Conditions
Check your programme is correct - Select Academic Year 2020--2021 & Submit
DkIT will comply with its obligations under existing Data Protection and Freedom of Information legislation. Further details regarding how your data is stored can be found on https://www.dkit.ie/overview-data-protection
You must agree to the terms and conditions as specified in order to register with DkIT.
Please follow the onscreen instructions to continue with your registration.
8. Online Registration –
Complete all information in online registration checklist. All sections marked * must be completed
Once you have completed Survey Information click on COMPLETE and return to online registration by reselecting the Checklist items OR select the student tab and reselect Online Registration.
Once each section is complete it will appear as a √ beside it, then Confirm Registration to pay fees
How to Use Online Registration – Quick Reference Guide
Step by Step Instructions – How to Register Online (Continued)
9. Registration Confirmation please select the terms and conditions tick box once you have read the declaration and Confirm Registration
Please confirm that you agree to these term and conditions by ticking the checkbox below and pressing the 'Confirm Registration' button.
10. Payment of fees.
Your fee amount due for the term 20/21 is detailed on this page as the term balance. All students must pay the DkIT Facilities Fee of €125 -
11, PAY NOW will direct you to a secure 3d payment portal (RealexlGlobal ). You may be asked to verify your CARD details. - Please note: DkIT does not have access to your credit/debit card details and they are not stored on our database.
Once payment is made registration will be confirmed and a confirmation email will be forwarded to your email address.
How to Use Online Registration – Quick Reference Guide
Step by Step Instructions – How to Register Online (Continued)
12. Selecting the
PAY LATER
will allow you to pay fees in TWO installments.
Click on '
here
' and select term 2020-2021 and click submit.
13. You will be presented with your Fee Details. Select the PAY NOW button, enter the amount you wish to pay and Submit, then proceed to enter your Card detail to process your selected payment amount
202000 2020-2021 Term Detail
14.
Uploading an Image -
If you are new to DkIT you will need to provide a Digital Image for your DkIT Student ID card
Navigate back to the Online Registration Menu, and Select Upload Student Image
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Prediction of Fetal Health State during Pregnancy: A Survey
Tadele Debisa Deressa [1], Kalyani Kadam [2]
M.Tech Scholars [1], Assist. Professor [2]
Department of Computer science and Engineering
Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115
India
ABSTRACT
Fetal Health is the indicator of fetal wellbeing and regular contact in the uterus of pregnant women during pregnancy. Most pregnancy period complication leads fetus to a severe problem which restricts proper growth that causes impairment or death. Safe pregnancy period by predicting risk levels before the occasion of complications encourage proper fetal growth. Prediction of fetal health state from a set of pre-classified patterns knowledge is a common important in developing a predictive classifier model using data mining algorithms. In this paper the University of California Irvine (UCI) Cardiotocogram (CTG) dataset is the source of information required for building a model which predicts whether the fetal is healthy or unhealthy. It consists of 2126 instances with 22 attributes obtained from FHR and UC which are multivariate datatypes. The major goal of this study is to choose efficient data mining algorithm which develops the accurate predictive model to manage knowledge of fetal health during pregnancy.
Keywords:- Data mining techniques, Classification, Cardiotocograph, Fetal health, Pregnancy, Prediction
I. INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is a period during which offspring develop inside a woman [1]. Fetal health is the indication proper growth of the fetus in the pregnant woman’s uterus during the gestation period. Physiological and morphological changes in pregnant women are at serious risk of pregnancy that affect fetal growth and movement [1] [2]. Most Maternal related factors that affect fetus health and leads to premature, stillbirth, gestational diabetes, heart disease etc. [2]. In case of Physiological parameter abnormalities; inconsistent fetal movement may cause maternal and fetal death [3]. Although decreasing of fetal movement due to internal and external factors is the crucial causes that adverse birth outcome unless monitored consistently. In this study fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction (UC) signal are the two selected attribute which reflect variability in fetal health state abnormality [3]. In order to examine the fetal well-being UCI CTG dataset is the standard source of information and an electronic fetal state monitoring that used for predictive classification purpose [3] [5]. The FHR has been obtained from a Doppler ultrasound and mother’s UC by pressure transducer were recorded on cardiocotograph (CTG) [5].
Mothers related high blood pressure abnormality during the gestation period suffer 10% of pregnant women around the world that leads to stress, impairment, and death of both lives as the World Health Organization (WHO) studies reflect [6]. This affects the babies in uterus to get insufficient blood circulation, which reduces fetus movement [6]. Data mining and machine learning algorithms were used for maximizing performance of choosing classifier that builds an accurate learning model for predicting the risk based on CTG dataset [7]. The baby’s Fetal Heart Rate and UC are collected on CTG techniques that is highly instrumental in the previous abnormalities identification and provides the obstetrician to predict future risks [16]. Due to the high opportunity of fetal movement detection is more possible in late gestation the CTG data at the third trimester stage was preferable to predict using data mining algorithms. Therefore, this paper proposed building accurate predictive model for fetal health state management using the data mining algorithm by applying on medical dataset collected during pregnancy.
II. METHODS
2.1 Dataset description
The UCI CTG dataset is the source of information required for the analysis and development of fetal health predictive model [3]. CTG information also provides a visualized unhealthiness of the fetus that helps for early intervention before the risk happening. It consists of 2126 instances with 22 chosen attributes which are multivariate datatypes [3]. To do the analysis attributes of the fetus, such as FHR and maternal related UC are required. Most of the attributes are numerical (the combination of discrete and continuous data). The Attributes from 1 to 9 are discrete and 10 to 20 are continuous whereas 21 to 22 are nominal variable.
### Table 1: Dataset description
| Dataset Name | No Instance | No attributes | Datatypes |
|--------------|-------------|---------------|-------------|
| CTG | 2126 | 22 | Multivariate|
#### 2.1.1 Fetal Data Set Characteristics
**Table 2: CTG instances attribute**
| No | Attributes | Data types |
|----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| 1. | FHR baseline (beats per minute) | Numerical |
| 2. | Number of accelerations per second | Numerical |
| 3. | Number of fetal movements per second | Numerical |
| 4. | Number of uterine contractions per second | Numerical |
| 5. | Number of light decelerations per second | Numerical |
| 6. | Number of severe decelerations per second | Numerical |
| 7. | Number of prolonged decelerations per second | Numerical |
| 8. | Number of highest histogram peaks | Numerical |
| 9. | Number of lowest histogram zeros | Numerical |
| 10.| Percentage Of Time With Abnormal Short Term Variability | Numerical |
| 11.| Mean Value Rate Of Short Term Variability | Numerical |
| 12.| Number of lowest histogram zeros | Numerical |
| 13.| Percentage Of Time With Abnormal State Long Term Variability | Numerical |
| 14.| Mean Value Rate Of Long Term Variability | Numerical |
| 15.| Width Of Fetal Heart Rate Histogram | Numerical |
| 16.| Minimum Of Fetal Heart Rate Histogram | Numerical |
| 17.| Histogram Mode Value | Numerical |
| 18.| Histogram Mean Value | Numerical |
| 19.| Histogram Median Value | Numerical |
| 20.| Histogram Variance Value | Numerical |
| 21.| Histogram Tendency | Nominal |
| 22.| Class Label (Normal, Suspect, Pathological)) | Nominal |
2.2 Data mining Techniques Concepts
Data mining technique provides the ability to extract value knowledge as well as hidden information from large databases in the medical system. Smart tools and technology has been designed with various built-inefficient algorithms for developing efficient medical decision making system.
2.2.1 Classification
Classification is one of the supervised data mining techniques that employ a pre-classified dataset to develop a predictive model and perform diagnosis [15] [17]. Classification is a necessary supervised learning task used to predict an unborn baby health state from CTG dataset. Most of the data mining algorithms that have been developed for data classification in medical diagnosis are artificial neural network (ANN), Opposition Based Firefly Algorithm (OBFA), decision tree (DT), C4.5 algorithm, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), random Forest (RF), naive Bayesian (NB), Support vector machine (SVM) and Genetic algorithm (GA) etc. [3] [7] [8] [9] [10] [12] [13] [17].
188.8.131.52 Genetic Algorithm (GA)
The importance of feature selection [16] is for optimized, accurate prediction and increasing speed and minimizing predictors cost. The Major Feature selection steps:
a) Initial population
b) Subset input Selection by fitness value
c) Crossover and mutation
d) Obtaining the best new population
e) Checking the maximum accuracy
f) Obtain the optimal features
Fig 1: GA feature selection
184.108.40.206 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
ANN classifier was composed of a number of input layers, hidden layer and outputs with respect to their weight that transfer signal between neurons [3] [7]. In this algorithm the model will be trained by backpropagation learning methods to predict complex human health related nonlinear data.
\[ Y_i = f \sum_{j=1}^{n} w_{ij} x_j \] ……………… (1)
The above figure 2 shows the role of input data, hidden process and Weight over the learning output.
220.127.116.11 Support Vector Machine
SVM is a popular classifier that performs classification tasks by constructing hyperplanes in a multidimensional space that separates cases of different class labels. Both regression and classification tasks are supported by SVM that consists multiple numerical variables [5] [7]. Nonlinear kernel functions help in order to integrate data into a suitable form that tends to split the data [16]. Due to a better generalization capability and low computational cost, RBF kernel has been applied in this work for separating the optimal hyperplane
\[
\begin{align*}
Wx + b &\leq -1 \\
Wx + b &= 0 \\
Wx + b &\geq -1
\end{align*}
\] …… (2)
Splitting multidimensional data into two or more classes requires hyperplane which convert to linearly separable data [3].
18.104.22.168 K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (KNN)
KNN is an algorithm which is based on distance between items. K-NN was the parameter free method which uses a Euclidean distance measure. This algorithm expressed in terms of the resemblance measure among the pair of data in N-dimension, the number of nearest data that are trained for
classification, and vector of training data applied by the classifiers. K-NN can be applied using proper procedures [3].
**Strategy I**
1. Associate weights with the attributes
2. Assign weights according to the relevance of attributes
3. Assign random weights and calculate the classification error
4. Adjust the weights according to the error
5. Repeat till acceptable level of accuracy is reached
```
k-Nearest Neighbor
Classify (X, Y, x) // X: training data, Y: class labels of X, x: unknown sample
for i = 1 to m do
Compute distance d(X_i, x)
end for
Compute set l containing indices for the k smallest distances d(X_i, x).
return majority label for {Y_i where i ∈ l}
```
\[ de = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i^2 - y_i^2)} \]
…… Equation (3)
Whereas \( de \) is the Euclidean distance computed, \( xi \) attribute size and \( yi \) is the result size.
### 22.214.171.124 Random Forest algorithm (RF)
RF algorithm was a particular synthesis of classification accuracy and give chance to succeed besides optimal generalizations based on bagging methods [3]. Some of considerable features of RF are:
- Giving the chance of reliability classification any techniques,
- Allow to examine necessity of the classifiers and
- Examine Trained classifier that allows to identify correlations among selected data’s
#### 126.96.36.199 C4.5 Decision Tree Classifier
C4.5 algorithm consists vector of attribute values, mapping function correspond from attribute for classes and needs to know the types of classes in the existing dataset. Information gain was utilized to drive Gain ration which defined as follows [2] [15]. Information gain has been utilized as attributes reduction to produce Gain ratio.
\[
Gainratio(E,Tf) = \frac{Gain(EP,Tf)}{SplitInfo(EP,ft)}
\]
…Egn (4)
\( E \) –stands for entropy, \( Tf \)-represent training feature, EP-represent Entropy probability, ft.-represent feature test
### 2.3 Cross Validation (CV)
CV is the most critical statistical method for examining the efficiency of the model and judge the algorithm by performing a crossover check in successive rounds. The method provides ignoring to choose a specific part of training and testing set [3]. In k-fold CV the dataset is divided into \( k \) teams of uniform length, and repeat \( k \) times that each \( k \) teams reserved for validation and the other \( k-1 \) has been used for building the model [13].
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
In this paper several data mining algorithms have been studied for predicting fetal health state and grasped knowledge to provide good accuracy.
The abdominal ECG measurement tracking system studies had been proposed that the pre-process amplitude of movement in order to prevent fetal movement disorder [1]. The paper also points that decreasing in fetal movement is the sign of fetal healthiness that exposes to death unless detected early [1]. However, another author argued that the importance of hybrid data mining algorithm to a build model for pregnant women, health risk prevention, which caused by parameter inconsistency changes during pregnancy [2]. The C4.5 algorithm provided accurate performance of 98% [2]. The proper dataset consisting of relevant number of parameters and applying the hybrid approach my help for better prediction of fetal growth during pregnancy. Similarly, in other studies eight machine learning algorithms result over CTG dataset using weka tools has been reported [3]. The accurate prediction response of all the algorithms was examined by partitioning the dataset into ten (10) equal size for validating. The classifier model performance, highest accurate classification has been scored 99.2%. ANN drawbacks were solved by feedforward NN with non-linear functions which composed a number of weighing inputs, hidden layers followed by initiation function, a bias that provides output for the next layers [3]. ANN is applied with high accuracy for very large and complex data set. The theoretical concepts of fetal movement through summative context analysis method have been declared to solve inconsistent decreasing of fetal movement [4]. The Oral conversation between obstetricians and patient about the gestational state of the women cannot properly exert the factors that cause complications during the pregnancy. However, a new method has been explored to improve genetic algorithm feature selection for clinical features from the CTG dataset to diagnosis the fetal well-being [5]. The best average classification accuracy, performance has been achieved through Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) classifier was 93.61%. Also SVM was the popular acknowledged classifier to solve the nonlinear and binary or multiclass classification problem.
In similar way new algorithm which estimates an average of features intra-dependence has been demonstrated to improve the performance of the Doppler uterine artery experiment in high-risk of blood supplying to the fetus [6]. UC fired from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus affects only pregnant women that cause of maternal and infant death during labor [2] [6]. Henceforth, stated future work deals with the correlation between features to evaluate other classifier that positively affects the performance. In the studies [7] ANN method has been preferred for prediction of hypertension disease. High computation cost and long learning rate of ANN enforce extending the model to deep learning networks. Therefore, low computational cost and learning rate classifier required for such problems. In order to improve fetal risk prediction response hybrid approaches of SVM with the other attributes reduction method has been discussed [8]. SVM has been one of the most over-optimistic classifier methods and the genetic algorithm (GA) was demonstrated to reduce the number of features that maximize the classifier performance [9] [10]. SVM is a latest classification method that classifies any data into binary or multi classes by searching the best hyperplane that classify the data under proper category [11].
| List of Metrics Equations | Eqn |
|---------------------------|-----|
| Sensitivity = 100 * \frac{TruePositive}{TruePositive + FalseNegative} | (5) |
| Specificity = 100 * \frac{TrueNegative}{TrueNegative + FalsePositive} | (6) |
| Accuracy = 100 * \frac{TruePositive + TrueNegative}{TrueNegative + FalsePositive + TruePositive + FalseNegative} | (7) |
Table 3: Confusion matrix equation
Accuracy, F-measure, G-mean, and Kappa statistic whereas for more than two class label results are described in terms of Accuracy and G-mean. True positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) are the four basic elements of a confusion matrix metric [10] [14]. ROC analysis was a standard tool for the design, optimization, and evaluation of the class classifiers by Cross-validation [13] [14]. The studies [15] has been suggested that different data mining techniques to carry out accurate achievement that comfort pregnancy outcomes by predicting degree of risk. In [16] the author has been evaluated application of the algorithm on the different stages of pregnancy data may provide an objective measurement of fetal health condition. GA was preferred for giving a better feature subset whereas a linear SVM was chosen as the classifiers to investigate the relationship between features and adverse outcome [16]. Predicting the risk mitigation based on the model and for particular patient trend was the limitation of the paper. Moreover, GA and ANN has been examined for high power of optimal feature selection and global model respectively [17]. The main goal of the study was employing a new hybrid technique for developing an accurate classifier model to predict fetal health during pregnancy period.
3.1 Limitation of previous studies
| No | Title of the paper | Limitation |
|----|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Feasibility Study of a new method for low-complexity fetal movement detection from abdominal ECG recordings | ❖ Only Heart rate Considered
❖ The diagnosis lacks accuracy
❖ The analysis requires Latest technique for accuracy |
| 2 | Women and Birth, Fetal Movement :What are we telling women ? | ❖ Lack of consistency advice and Absence evidence based guide |
| 3 | Accuracy of Fetal Kicks Detection During Pregnancy Using a Single Wearable Device | ❖ No trust worthy of maternal annotation
❖ Only single machine learning tools investigated to explore diagnosis
❖ No proper and sufficient dataset |
| 4 | Fetal distress prediction using discriminant analysis, decision tree, and artificial neural network | ❖ Discrete attribute was excluded
❖ Requires techniques which can be fit in discrete attributes
❖ Feature selection technique did not applied |
**Table 4: Limitation of previous studies**
### 3.2 Summary of Methods
| NO | Title of Paper | Techniques | Accuracy | Dataset |
|----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------|-----------------|
| 1 | Classification of the CTG For anticipation Fetal risk using Machine Learning techniques | RF | 99.18 | CTG dataset |
| | | C4.5 | 99.13 | |
| | | SVM | 98.96 | |
| | | CART | 98.91 | |
| | | ANN | 98.63 | |
| | | K-NN | 98.42 | |
| 2 | Using Machine Learning to Predict Hypertension from a Clinical Dataset | ANN model | 82 | Clinical dataset|
| 3 | A hybrid Filter-Wrapper Attribute Reduction Approach For Fetal Risk Anticipation | SVM with OBFA | 92.85 | CTG dataset |
| | | Hybrid IG-OBFA | 96.24 | |
| 4 | Genetic Algorithm based feature subset selection for fetal state classification | SVM with GA | 91.35 | CTG dataset |
| 5 | Variable-length Accelerometer Features and Electromyography to Improve Accuracy of Fetal Kicks Detection During Pregnancy Using a Single Wearable Device | Random Forest | Increased by %11 | Clinical record dataset |
| 6 | Opposition-Based Firefly Algorithm Optimized Feature Subset Selection Approach For Fetal Risk Anticipation | SVM with OBFA | 92.85 | CTG dataset |
| 7 | A Survey of Various Classification Techniques for Clinical Decision Support System | ANN with GA | Varied | Clinical dataset|
**Table 5: Summary of the Methods**
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fetal movement is the major sign of fetus healthiness confirmation during pregnancy. In order to promote fetal health state; inconsistent fetal movement complications that may cause fetal death and stillbirth must be diagnosed early.
The proposed system addresses to design a model for fetal movement which improves the diagnosis quality for pregnant women suffering from decreasing fetal movement (DFM) using ensemble methods, Genetic Algorithm, Artificial Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine are the recommended and suitable algorithms for the prediction of fetal movement problem treatment. Data mining algorithms are powerful to perform biomedical data regression, classification, and visualization tasks, in order to facilitate decision-making for healthcare.
Problems addressed to be solved in further studies:
- Complication and risk during pregnancy
- Absence of fetal movement at third trimester leads fetus and pregnant to high risk.
- An inconsistent fetal movement that may cause fetal death maximizes the stillbirth rate.
4.1 System Architecture
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper discusses the review of the various data mining algorithms and datasets used in fetal healthy diagnosis during pregnancy. CTG data were identified as an objective data for managing fetal health which is essential during the gestation period using data mining techniques, Random Forest, C4.5 (J48), Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network through Genetic Algorithm are the preferred methods to classify correctly fetal health state with up-to-date pregnancy dataset. The study suggested that the hybrid of more than two data mining algorithms can improve the performance of the classifier to build an accurate fetal health state predictive model. In future improvement, evidence-based analysis of fetal movement consistency models will be developed to manage knowledge patterns of baby’s movement in the uterus. Also, Ensemble techniques that may help to provide better outcomes for fetal movement classification can be considered in the further work.
REFERENCE
[1] M.J. Rooijakkers, C.Rabbotti, H.de Lau, S.G.Oei, J.W.M Bergmann’s, and M.mischi. “Feasibility Study of a new method for low-complexity fetal movement detection from abdominal ECG recordings.” *Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics*, IEEE, 2015, pp.2168-2194.
[2] Lakshmi.B.N., Dr.Indumathi.T.S., Dr.Nandini Ravi. “A hybrid Approach for Prediction Based Health Monitor in Pregnant Women.” *(ICETEST)*, Elsevier, 2016.
[3] Hakan Sahani, Abdulhamit subasi. “Classification of the CTG For anticipation fetal risk using Machine Learning techniques.” *Journal of Applied Soft computing*, Elsevier, 2015, pp.232-238
[4] Jane Warland, Pauline Glober. Women and Birth, Fetal Movement: What are we telling women? Elsevier, 2016, pp.2-6.
[5] Sindhu Ravindran, Asral Bahari Jambek, Hariharan Muthusamy, and Siew-Chin Neooh. “A Novel Clinical Decision Support System Using Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm for the Assessment of Fetal Well-Being.” *Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine*, Hindawi, 2015, pp.2-11.
[6] Mario W. L. Moreira, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Antonio M. B. Oliveira, Kashif Saleem, Augusto V. Neto. “An Inference Mechanism Using Bayes-based Classifiers in Pregnancy Care.” *18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services*, IEEE, 2016.
[7] Daniel LaFreniere, Farhana Zulkernine, David Barber, Ken Martin. “Using Machine Learning to Predict Hypertension from a Clinical Dataset.” *IEEE*, 2016.
[8] V. Subha; D. Murugan; A. Manivanna B. “A Hybrid Filter-Wrapper Attribute Reduction Approach for Fetal Risk Anticipation.” *Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities* Vol. 7, No. 2, February 2017, pp.1094-1106.
[9] Hasan Ocak. “A Medical Decision Support System Based on Support Vector Machines and the Genetic Algorithm for the Evaluation of Fetal Well-Being.” *J Med System*, Springer, 2013, pp.2-9.
[10] V. Subha, D. Murugan and S. Prabha, A. Manivanna Boopathi. “Genetic Algorithm based feature subset selection for fetal state classification.” *Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science*, 2016, pp.13-19.
[11] Marco Altini, Elisa Rosetti, Michiel Rooijakkers, Julien Penders, Dorien Lassens, Lars Grieten, Wilfried Gyselaers. “Variable-Length Accelerometer Features and Electromyography to Improve Accuracy of Fetal Kicks Detection during Pregnancy Using a Single Wearable Device.” IEEE, 2017, pp.221-224.
[12] Mei-Ling Huang, Yung-Yan Hsu. “Fetal distress prediction using discriminant analysis, decision tree, and artificial neural network.” *J. Biomedical Science and Engineering*, 2012, pp.526-533.
[13] V. Subha (Assistant Professor), D. Murugan (Associate Professor). “Opposition-Based Firefly Algorithm Optimized Feature Subset Selection Approach for Fetal Risk Anticipation.” *Machine Learning and Applications: An International Journal (MLAIJ)*, 2016, pp.55-64.
[14] Ercan Yilmaz, Celalet KJUler. “Determination of Fetal State from Cardiotocogram Using LS-SVM with Particle Swarm Optimization and Binary Decision Tree.” *Hindawi Publishing Corporation Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine*, 2013, pp.1-9.
[15] Lakshmi.B.N., Indumathi.T.S., Nandini Ravi. “A Comparative Study of Classification Algorithms for Predicting Gestational Risks in Pregnant Women.” International Conference on Computers, Communications, and Systems, IEEE, 2015, pp.42-46.
[16] Liang Xu, Antoniya Georgieva, Christopher W. G. Redman, Stephen J. Payne. “Feature Selection for Computerized Fetal Heart Rate Analysis using Genetic Algorithms, 2013.”
[17] Chaitali Vaghela, Changa, Nikita Bhatt and Changa Darshana. “A Survey on Various Classification Techniques for Clinical Decision Support System.” *International Journal of Computer Applications*, 2015, pp.14-17.
AUTHOR
Tadele Debsa Deressa received his Bachelor Science degree in Computer science at Wollega University, Ethiopia in June, 2013. He has been teaching as assistant lecturer since July, 2013 in Wollega University. Currently he is pursuing Master’s degree in CSE.
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July Beekeeping
Tom Prendergast Irene Power
July is the last month in the beekeepers' calendar. It can be a month of great excitement for those who managed to keep their bees in the box and now have supers full of bees hoping for the right conditions to collect the crop. For those who failed, there is always next year. Try to learn from your mistakes. Usually they are associated with the loss of a swarm or the colony ending up queen less. Looking back over June it certainly wasn't a bad month. It was a mixture of heat and rain, maybe not enough rain but the next few weeks will tell its own story. The famous June gap wasn't as prevalent as other years. Some apiaries did seem to manage with a little foraging everyday, but others were certainly hungry and some needed feeding. It's amazing how conditions can vary form one area to another. Swarming wasn't too bad this year and most of it was associated with lack of room for the queen as she reached her maximum egg laying. Most hives did manage to fill the brood chamber and now there are some very strong hives.
A few quick tasks for July, firstly order your sugar and secondly decide what treatment you intend to use for Varroa and order it now, both will be needed after you remove the crop.
During the early part of July, you might still have to continue with swarm control. If after two inspections, there are no sign of queen cells I would be inclined to leave the colony alone and just make sure there is enough room in the supers. A strong colony should have 3-5 supers full of bees now. A big colony like this can be daunting for a first-year beginner. Colonies like this might be considered "cross" however it is the noise and the sheer volume of bees that scares a beginner. The colony is not cross, but it can be very intimidating, just move slowly from frame to frame examining each side and if necessary, shake the bees into the brood box if you are looking for queen cells. Remember those small runt cells, not easy to see if covered with bees, you must clear the frame to find them. Do not over smoke the bees just enough to keep them from boiling over. It's a good idea to have a crownboard without the holes for the supers when you take them off, one top and bottom, thereby locking the bees in so that at least they cannot annoy you as you examine the hive. July is a good month to consider some nuc production and queen rearing. Everyone should try it as every beekeeper will need both.
Supering: Hopefully supering the hives as the crop flows in will be your top priority task for this month. Supering on top is the easiest and you can keep a check on it by lifting the crown board. As the bees fill the centre, move the centre frames to the outside of the box and put the empty ones into the center, then add your next super. This helps to get an even fill in all the frames. As the season comes to an end do not over super otherwise you will end up with a lot of partially filled
frames. If interested in producing a few cut comb frames place them in the middle of the 2 nd super and the bees will draw them out quickly and fill. You must be ready to do this just as the main flow starts, no point in putting cut comb frames in near the end of the season as they will not be capped fully. Do not place them in the first super as the bees might place a large amount of pollen in them. If you are selling them with pollen, explain to the buyer about the benefits of this, it's not pollen now but "bee bread" and this is what the bees use to make the royal jelly, don't forget to charge extra for this.
Queen Rearing: July is a good month to consider queen rearing, there are several methods, grafting, miller method or simply select some queen cells if the colony starts to produce them. A colony that starts to swarm end of June /early July will be at its maximum
strength. It's a good characteristic of the queen that she progressed to the point of building the colony now with a brood chamber full of bees and at least three supers of bees. When you find mature, sealed queen cells, cut them out with a sharp scalpel, do not use the hive tool, place them into a curler, place some food, a mix of pollen and honey in the bottom. Remember cover the top of the curler, tinfoil will do the trick otherwise the bees will eat in through the top of the
Figure 1 Queen Cell was in curler for 7 days and hatched ready to place in nuc
cell and release the virgin and you just lost a swarm. You could do this with several cells, min of three, max of eight and place them into the brood chamber, cut out space in the frame. Leave for 7 days and recheck, usually there should be a good number hatched. These can be placed in an Apidea, a small mini hive or you can make up nucs. This is a very practical subject so attend your local apiary demos to get the finer details.
Nuc production: Again, every beekeeper needs to have a nuc or two going into the winter, a simple make up could be a frame of bees and brood from one or two or three colonies and leave them for a week. Then add in your virgin queen from above. If making up nucs in this manner, there is a few precautions. Make sure you are not taking the queen with you and make sure all bees and combs are disease free. Proceed as follows. Have a nuc box ready, close the entrance. Take one frame of bees and brood from the first hive, spray a little sugary water onto them, repeat the same procedure at the next hive, then on the final hive shake in a frame of bees. Close up, move to a new site if possible, do not forget to open the entrance and leave for a week, they will start queen cells and will expect to have a virgin queen in the hive so when you add in your newly hatched queen it will not be a surprise to them. Easiest way to do that is when the queen is hatched in the cage remove the empty queen cell, and firstly check that the queen looks ok, all legs and wings in place and lively. Plug the top with candy or a marshmallow sweet. Place the queen and cage into the nuc, remove a
small portion of comb if needed, hang the curler upside down between the frames and they will release her. Before you do this, you must go through the two frames of brood and remove all queen cells, remember to watch out for the runt cells.
Removing the crop: Consider how you are going to remove the crop, have you got clearer boards, if so, make sure they are in working condition, clean and free up the port holes. You may need to buy equipment and now is the time to do that. Order buckets, jars, have the honey extractor booked, last chance to paint and polish the honey house, make sure there is no smell of paint left. Clean out the light covers, everything should be pristine. Do not rush into removing the
supers, wait until all or almost all the combs are sealed. Capped honey is the bees' "seal of approval" for their quality product. When the flow is over you should wait for 10 – 14 days before you take the supers off. This allows the bees time to settle as they can be cross immediately after the flow is over, so the temperament will have calmed, and they will have time to ripen the honey
Feeding: Big colonies will gather a big crop and have it all in the supers. When you remove that crop the brood chamber can be feather light so be ready to feed, many a beekeeper lost their best hive because they failed to feed. When the crop is removed, and the hive have adequate stores start to treat for varroa.
Hope everyone got at least a small crop of honey. Bees are complex and it takes years to master the craft. Happy Beekeeping.
Photo Gallery
Study the following three photos of different type of queen cells, 1 st photo shows three runt queen cells easily missed if you have bees on the frame. Do not use for queen rearing, 2 nd photo shows a long cell not normal width same diameter the whole way down and smooth sides, break down, break down the open cell above it also, 3 rd photo, a perfect queen cell where the queen has hatched, note rough sculptured surface, wider on the top than the bottom, a perfect well-nourished queen emerged from this cell.
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Enrolled Nursing (Nēhi Whakauru)
(Level 5)
Leading to the New Zealand Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5)
Wintec code:
HS1702
MoE:
NZ2889
Level:
5
Credits:
180
Owner:
Centre for Health and Social Practice Effective Date:
January 2018
These regulations should be read in conjunction with the Institute's Academic Regulations and the current Nursing Council standards for pre-registration nursing programmes.
1. Transition arrangements
1.1 There is an underpinning principle in the application of these transition regulations that no student will be disadvantaged by these arrangements
1.2 This programme is replacing the Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5) programme HL1101
1.3 All students currently enrolled in the Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5) HL1101 will need to complete the requirements for programme HL1101 by July 2018.
1.4 Students currently enrolled in programme HL1101 who will not complete the requirements by July 2018, can seek advice and may be able to transition across to the new programme HS1702.
2. Admission and Entry
a) Candidates are required to have:
2.1. General Academic Admission
i. NCEA Level 2 which is comprised of 60 credits at NCEA Level 2 or above, and 20 credits from any Level; and
ii. Literacy (10 credits at NCEA Level 1 or above in specified literacy assessment standards); and
iii. Numeracy (10 credits at NCEA Level 1 or above in specified numeracy assessment standards); or
iv. Equivalent.
2.2. Candidates who are applying to transfer from another institution will be required to provide a confidential report from that institution.
2.3. Special Admission
Domestic applicants aged 20 years or above who have not met the General Academic Admission requirements but whose skills, education or work experience indicate that they have a reasonable chance of success may be eligible for Special Admission. Special admission will be granted at the discretion of the Centre Director or designated nominee. Such applicants may be required to successfully complete a foundation, bridging or tertiary introductory programme as a condition of entry into higher level programmes.
2.4. Provisional Entry
Domestic applicants aged under 20 years who have not met the General Academic Admission requirements but who can demonstrate a reasonable chance of success through other educational attainment and/or work or life experience may be eligible for provisional entry at the discretion of the Centre Director or designated nominee. Provisional entry places restrictions on
re-enrolment to be lifted if the applicant's performance is deemed satisfactory by the Centre Director or designated nominee.
2.5. Selection Criteria
a) All candidates are required to:
(i) complete the standard Wintec application form
(ii) complete a self-declaration of criminal convictions
(iii) complete a self-declaration of mental or physical condition
Candidates may also be required to provide additional information and/or attend an interview in order for their application to be assessed,
b) Candidates for the Tihei Mauri Ora stream will be invited to attend a whānau meeting.
c)
Candidates are required in their application to indicate whether they have been convicted of, or are being prosecuted for, a criminal offence. Candidates should be aware that, under the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 (HPCA Act (2003)) some types of criminal conviction may result in the Nursing Council of New Zealand refusing to allow a person to register as an Enrolled Nurse.
d) Candidates are required in their application to indicate whether they have had a mental or physical condition that may prevent them entering this nursing programme. Candidates should be aware that, under the HPCA Act (2003) some types of physical or mental conditions may result in the Nursing Council of New Zealand refusing to allow a person to register as an Enrolled Nurse.
2.6. Clinical Placement Requirement
a) Before undertaking clinical practice within the programme, candidates will be required to provide a written health and immunity status from their health practitioner.
b) Candidates must hold a current First Aid Certificate (covering NZQA Unit Standards 6400, 6401 and 6402) prior to undertaking clinical placement in the programme.
2.7. Safety Check
In order to comply with the provisions of the Vulnerable Children's Act 2014 and Child Protection Policies for all 'specified organisations' providing a 'regulated service', all candidates/students will be subjected to safety checks. These will include but are not limited to:
i. A Formal Interview;
ii. Referee Checks;
iii. A Police Vet Check;
iv. A Risk Assessment.
Any unsatisfactory result arising from the full safety checking process may result in the candidate/student being precluded/declined entry or withdrawn from the programme of study. Furthermore, students must declare any pending or new convictions arising during any stage throughout the entire enrolment period. A conviction or failure to declare a conviction may also result in the student being immediately withdrawn from the programme. Persons who are convicted of 'specified offences' will not be accepted onto any programme that requires that Person to work in an organisation providing a regulated service.
2.8. English Language Requirements
Candidates who have English as a second language are required to have an International English Language Test System (IELTS) Academic band score of 6.5 across all components; or equivalent.
3. Transfer of Credit
3.1. Every candidate with previous nursing qualifications will be able to apply for transfer of credit to determine their programme of study. Applications for transfer of credit will initially be referred to the Undergraduate Nursing Programme Committee for approval.
3.2. Any applicant seeking formal transfer of credit will be expected to submit the proof of content and results of modules previously passed.
3.3. Any application for transfer of credit above 25% of the theoretical component will be subject to approval from the Nursing Council of New Zealand.
4. Programme Requirements
4.1. Every candidate for the New Zealand Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5) shall to the satisfaction of the Academic Board follow a programme of study for a period of normally not less than three semesters (eighteen months) full time or the equivalent in part time study.
4.2. Each candidate's programme will comprise modules as listed in Section 7 of these regulations, totalling 180 credits.
4.3. No candidate shall be given more than two opportunities to achieve a successful pass grade in any module within the Enrolled Nursing programme except where there are extraordinary circumstances which will require approval from the Nursing Team Manager and the Nursing Council of New Zealand.
4.4. Candidates are required to successfully complete all level 4 modules before proceeding to the level 5 modules.
5. Completion of the Programme
5.1. The Nursing Council of New Zealand sets time limits for completion of the New Zealand Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5) as follows:
a) Candidates will normally complete the Enrolled Nursing programme in no less than eighteen months and no more than three years.
b) Where three years has elapsed since first enrolment in the programme, approval must be sought from the Nursing Council prior to any further enrolment in the programme.
c) Any reduction in the eighteen-month timeframe must be in accordance with the Nursing Council recognition of prior learning policy.
d) Candidates who take leave from the programme are required to demonstrate current knowledge and practice competency in order to identify the point of re-entry to the programme.
e) Candidates are required under the HPCA Act (2003) to demonstrate that they are fit for registration as they progress through the programme. Candidates should be aware that under the HPCA Act (2003), section 12, 15, and 16, some types of convictions, physical or mental conditions, or professional or academic misconduct issues may result in the Nursing Council refusing to allow a person to register as an Enrolled Nurse.
6. Award of the Qualification
6.1. Candidates who successfully complete the requirements of this programme will be eligible for the award of the New Zealand Diploma in Enrolled Nursing (Level 5).
7. Schedule of Modules
Note: no value in the pre/co-requisite columns means there are no pre/co-requisites for that module.
Version: 18.00 AAC:02.08.17
| NURS401 | Pūkenga Nēhi / Nursing as a Profession: Enrolled Nursing | 4 | 15 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NURS402 | Te Whakahangai Putaiao Papori / Applied Social Science for Enrolled Nurses | 4 | 15 | |
| NURS412* | Te Whakahangai Putaiao Papori / Applied Social Science for Enrolled Nurses | 4 | 15 | |
| NURS403 | Ngā Ahuatanga o te Tinana / Applied Structure and Function of the Human Body | 4 | 15 | |
| NURS404 | Ngā Pukenga Manaaki / Clinical Skills for Enrolled Nursing | 4 | 15 | |
| NURS405 | Te Tūāpapa Whakatinana Pukenga / Foundations for Enrolled Nursing Practice | 4 | 30 | |
| NURS501 | Ngā Whakatinanatanga Tapuhi: Whakaora Tangata / Enrolled Nursing Practice: Acute Care | 5 | 30 | All Level 4 Modules |
| NURS502 | Hauora Wairangi: Mate Hiahia / Enrolled Nursing Practice: Mental Health and Addiction | 5 | 30 | All Level 4 Modules |
| NURS503 | Ngā Whakatinanatanga Tapuhi: Whakamatutu / Enrolled Nursing Practice: Rehabilitation | 5 | 30 | All Level 4 Modules |
*Tihei Mauri Ora roopu module.
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MINUTES
Recreation and Community Services Commission Adjourned Regular Meeting March 18, 2020
MEETING WAS CALLED TO ORDER at 6 p.m. by Chairperson Ted Spaseff.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE was led by Vice Chairperson Ben Delarosa.
ROLL CALL: PRESENT:
Chairperson Ted Spaseff Vice Chairperson Ben Delarosa Commissioner Dave Allen Commissioner Winnie Heiss Commissioner Kirk Real
APPROVAL OF MINUTES: A motion was made by Commissioner Kirk Real and seconded by Vice Chairperson Ben Delarosa to approve the minutes from the meetings of January 8, 2020 and February 12, 2020. Minutes were approved as submitted with Chairperson Ted Spaseff abstaining from the approval of the minutes of January 8 and Commissioners Dave Allen and Winnie Heiss abstaining from the approval of the minutes of February 12.
ANNOUNCEMENTS AND PRESENTATIONS:
Director Valarie Frost began her remarks by announcing that Vice Chairperson Delarosa was stepping down from his role on the RCS Commission. She thanked him for his 17 years of service, his wisdom and insight on the commission, and his dedication to both the city and the community. She noted that he would be honored for his years of service at a future Lakewood Celebrates.
Ms. Frost then provided the commission with an update on department activity amidst the Covid19 pandemic. She began with an update on recreation programs, sharing that the after-school Activity Zone had been canceled through Monday, April 20, which was said to be congruent with school closures implemented by Long Beach, ABC, and Bellflower Unified School Districts. Reinstatement of the program will match the school district's scheduling which may likely continue through the month of May. She mentioned that department personnel was developing a virtual recreation program whereby users can easily access videos and online applications that promote physical fitness, healthy eating and education. Adaptive Recreation and Special Olympics activities, including practices and sports tournaments, were said to have been canceled through June 7, per Special Olympics of Southern California.
Next Ms. Frost provided an update on Lakewood Youth Sports, registration for the LYS baseball, softball, and t-ball season was said to begin on Saturday, April 25. All registration will be accepted online and verification of date of birth will be verified prior to the start of practices in May. Verification of new sports coaches will be coordinated in May or later and if deemed necessary the start of the sports season will be delayed.
Concerning contract classes, Ms. Frost explained that 182 contract classes were canceled through March. She noted that cancellations were recently extended through May 10. It was said that all participants and class instructors were notified of cancellations. Refunds totaling $27,582 have been issued to 849 participants. It was said that staff was currently working to process the remaining cancellations and refunds.
Ms. Frost reported that the DASH transportation program was operating on a revised format with no more than four persons allowed on a bus and no more than two persons allowed in a van. The service was said to be greatly valued by residents who still need assistance getting to doctor appointments and to the store to pick up grocery items. Ms. Frost informed the commission that staff had identified Lakewood grocery outlets providing exclusive grocery shopping times to seniors and/or older adults. DASH staff will inform existing clients of special shopping times at local grocery stores and augment its service to provide transportation for clients at times that match their interest to shop at these grocers.
The Burns Community Center is home to Mothers at Work, Lakewood Meals on Wheels, and the central operation of Lakewood Project Shepherd. Mothers at Work will continue to offer daycare programs for its participants, while adhering social distancing recommendations. Meals on Wheels is continuing their meal delivery program as normal, but volunteers over 65 are being asked to refrain from volunteering during this time. They are accepting new clients at this time. The program is $8 per day, per person. Payment options for those who cannot afford the regular rate can be coordinated. RCS staff is working with the executive director of Meals on Wheels to inform the public of their services and encourage older adults to take advantage of home delivery of meals. The Project Shepherd Program has been called upon to provide boxes of food to Lakewood families. The charts below detail how many families have been provided assistance since March 9. Staff has an accurate inventory of food and supplies and is working with the city's purchasing department to ensure that food and essential household supplies are available to distribute to our residents in need. Detailed statistics are being managed at both facilities to ensure good records management and tracking for future trends.
| Burns Community Center | Number of Families | Number of Participants |
|---|---|---|
| Week of March 9 | 2 | 5 |
| Monday, March 16 | 5 | 19 |
| Tuesday, March 17 | 4 | 16 |
| Palms Park | Number of Families | Number of Participants |
|---|---|---|
| Week of March 9 | 2 | 11 |
| Monday, March 16 | 1 | 4 |
| Tuesday, March 17 | 0 | 0 |
Ms. Frost reported that the Weingart Senior Center was closed for daily activities, however, city staff was said to be onsite coordinating with the Human Services Association (HSA) to provide pickup of prepackaged meals for seniors to take home. A drive-thru system was developed to limit access into the center and create proper social distancing. HSA's frozen meals are also being delivered to recurrent clients who normally use DASH to get to the Weingart Senior Center for meals. The table below details how many participants are being served by HSA.
| Weingart Senior Center HSA Meal Distribution | Number of Participants | Number of Hot Meals |
|---|---|---|
| Week of March 9 | 248 | 248 |
| Monday, March 16 | 24 (8 DASH delivered) | 24 |
| Tuesday, March 17 | 33 (10 DASH delivered) | 33 |
| Wednesday, March 18 | 39 (9 DASH delivered) | 0 |
Senior Center staff is also calling recurring facility participants, to ensure that they are doing well during this time. It was said that these well checks were important as they create early assessment of the individual needs that each participant may have and aren't able to naturally communicate because they are home and not in a fully social environment.
Concerning special events and facility rentals, Ms. Frost reported that in accordance with the recommendation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), large events and mass gatherings that consist of 50 people or more will be canceled or postponed at all city facilities through an eight week period ending on Mother's Day, Sunday, May 10. Room reservations and picnic shelters at city facilities along with private events held at The Centre are all affected. Thirtyfour events scheduled at The Centre, approximately 139 room reservations at city parks and community centers, and 91 picnic shelters are being canceled. It was said that TGIS would work with their customer base to either reschedule or refund canceled events. City staff will do the same for all private facility rentals under its accord. The lobby of The Centre will be closed to the public beginning March 18 through May 10. The list of city-organized special events to be canceled or postponed is tabled below.
| Friday, March 13 | Play at Palms |
|---|---|
| Saturday, March 14 | Earth Walk |
| Monday, March 16 | LYS Awards Night |
| Friday, March 27 | Fun-Tastic Family Night |
| Saturday, March 28 | Mother-Son Date Night |
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| Friday, April 3 | Daddy-Daughter Date Night |
| Thursday, April 9 | Travel Trip to Cirque du Soleil |
| Friday, April 10 | Play at Palms |
| Wednesday, April 15 | Older Adult Recognition Lunch |
| Friday, April 24 | Fun-Tastic Family Night |
| Saturday, April 25 | Volunteer Day |
| Saturday, April 25 | LYS Volunteer Coach’s Recognition |
| Thursday, April 30 | El Comienzo Luncheon |
It was said that a few smaller teen, adaptive recreation and family events would also be canceled in the month of April and up until May 10. Ms. Frost noted that the Pan Am Fiesta had not been canceled to date. She mentioned that in the coming weeks, the Lakewood City Council and city staff would closely observe the rapidly changing landscape associated with the pandemic, and make a final decision the week of April 13, as to whether or not the event will proceed.
Concerning the Lakewood Equestrian Center, Ms. Frost reported that no group lessons were currently being offered at the facility. Lessons for existing students are being conducted in smaller groups of two to three students and social distancing is in practice. Participants are temporarily prohibited from grooming or prepping the horse and the requirement has been fully assigned to the horse trainer who will get the horse ready for the lesson. Additionally, students have been instructed to refrain from hanging out before or after lessons. Boarders were asked to refrain from congregating and to simply provide care of their horse as needed and keep an appropriate distance from others. Pony Time, the company that operates the petting zoo, is regulating the numbers of kids in the petting zoo area and limiting the number and frequency of pony rides. They are also sanitizing the facility and have hand-washing areas for the public.
Ms. Frost informed the commission that recreation department staff in both the program and environmental resources divisions have been working together to thoroughly clean city facilities and maintain a safe and healthy environment. This includes buildings, playgrounds and picnic shelters. Approximately 10 ERD personnel have been reassigned from the landscape crew to a recreation facility to double-up on cleaning and disinfecting efforts and as such non-essential tasks are on being deferred. Recreation leaders are also on-site to supervise recreation facilities ensuring public safety and adherence to facility rules and regulations. All city staff are exercising social distancing including maintenance personnel who routinely travel in multiples in city trucks and office personnel who work in close proximity.
Commissioner Allen thanked Ms. Frost for an organized and concise update on department functions.
RECREATION AND COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION
Commissioner Real echoed Commissioner Allen's comments and thanked Ms. Frost and staff for their diligence.
Chairperson Spaseff shared that he had witnessed staff hard at work cleaning and sanitizing facilities and thanked staff for their efforts during a very difficult situation.
Ms. Frost confirmed for Vice Chairperson Delarosa that there has been significant cuts in hours for part-time staff due to Covid-19. She mentioned that facilities are still open; however, with the loss of permits, most have been staffed with one person instead of the normal two or three.
Parks Superintendent Philip Lopez informed Commissioner Real that the Mayfair Park Storm Water Capture Project had not yet been affected by the Covid-19 mandates.
Chairperson Spaseff asked staff to extend his congratulations to Nadhia Flores for being selected as Employee of the Year. He shared that he was able attend the Arbor Day presentation at Del Valle Park and mentioned that the program was great and staff did a wonderful job. He mentioned that the program would be great for the seniors to see and recommended a performance be held at the Weingart Senior Center in the future.
Ms. Frost confirmed for Chairperson Spaseff that restrooms at Del Valle, Mae Boyar, Bolivar, and San Martin Parks were currently being renovated to make them ADA accessible. She noted that restroom renovations were almost complete at Mayfair and Biscailuz Parks.
REPORTS:
1. Volunteer Program Update
Assistant Director Kevin Bright noted a few important changes to the written report titled Volunteer Program Update. He reported that many of the events listed in the report, including Lakewood Volunteer Day, had been canceled due to Covid-19. The LYS Coaches Recognition Night was said to have been postponed to June 11.
The Commission received and filed the report.
2. The Centre Operations Annual Report
Mr. Bright informed the commission of important changes to the written report titled The Centre Operations Annual Report. He pointed out that many of the events listed in the written report had been canceled due to Covid-19. He asked for the commission's attention to the second page of the report; he noted that in prior years the total rent paid by the concessionaire was listed in the report and included both rent paid, based on facility rentals, and AV needs. Mr. Bright explained that technically the AV equipment and services paid for by clients went to a different department, so for 2019 the revenue for AV needs is no longer reflected in this report, as staff felt it was most important to demonstrate RCS revenues on that line.
The Commission received and filed the report.
3. Vandalism Annual Report
Mr. Bright highlighted important information from the written report titled Vandalism Annual Report. He pointed out that staff saw a rise of 12.4% from the prior year in terms of vandalism activity. He stated, anecdotally speaking, that 2019 was seemingly a year where Lakewood facilities were inundated by several graffiti incidents, more so than in years past and the numbers then bore that out. He pointed out that graffiti incidents in recent years had been very low and noted that the 44 incidents that occurred in 2019 was a more commensurate level of what is typically seen. He mentioned that Palms and Bloomfield Parks saw the most graffiti incidents in 2019, most likely due to gang and homeless activities.
The Commission received and filed the report.
4. RCS Part-time Staff Recruitment Annual Report
Mr. Bright provided updates to the written report titled RCS Part-time Staff Recruitment Annual Report. He noted that the assessment center, scheduled for the first week of April, would be canceled and instead staff would revert to the old system of conducting a brief face-to-face interview, with attention to social distancing.
Concerning sports program recruitment, Mr. Bright reported that with regards to the rules lecture, the on-field practical walk-thru and examination process, staff will provide multiple sessions of each in order to maintain proper social distancing.
Finally, concerning the aquatics program, Mr. Bright informed the commission that the inwater testing would also be modified from one single session with all candidates, to a series of in-water testing throughout an entire day in smaller groups.
Mr. Bright informed Commissioner Allen that Summer Orientation did not yet need to be postponed but staff would make a decision depending on the situation with Covid-19 as the date neared.
5. Activities and Maintenance Report No. 9
A written report and discussion of the Recreation and Community Services Department Programs, Services and Maintenance Activities for the month February 2020 and a listing of upcoming activities for April 2020.
The Commission received and filed the report.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS:
1. Letter to Employee of the Month – Vanessa Marquez – January 2020
ORAL COMMUNICATIONS:
None.
RECREATION AND COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION
MINUTES – March 18, 2020
Page 7
ADJOURNMENT:
There being no further business to be brought before the Recreation and Community Services Commission, Chairperson Ted Spaseff adjourned the meeting in honor of Vice Chairperson Ben Delarosa and his 17 years of service to the Recreation and Community Services Commission at 6:34 p.m. to April 8, 2020 at 6 p.m. in the City Council Chambers.
Michelle Williams, Administrative Secretary Recreation and Community Services Commission
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CORRECTED SUBMISSION OF THE EGOLF PLAINTIFFS CONCERNING THE DISTRICT COURT’S POST-REMAND REMEDIAL PRELIMINARY PLAN OPTIONS
I. Introduction
1. The Egolf plaintiffs file this Submission pursuant to this Court’s Order Establishing Deadlines, filed on February 13th, and responding to the Court’s proposed Preliminary Plans Nos. 1 and 2, filed on February 20th. The Egolf plaintiffs are comprised of a state legislator and four
additional electors who are from racial or ethnic minorities. Throughout these redistricting proceedings — congressional, state senate and state house — the Egolf plaintiffs have presented plans focused on promoting the voting rights and interests of racial and ethnic minorities through submission of plans that seek to create electoral districts that preserve racial and ethnic minority communities and guard against dilution of the ability of these communities to effectively exercise their voting rights. [Tr. 12-15-11, pp. 84-85 (Williams).] The Egolf plaintiffs evaluate the Court’s proposed Preliminary Plan Options with the same goals in mind: preserving wherever feasible racial and ethnic minority communities within electoral districts and avoiding unnecessary dilution of the voting rights of these communities.
2. Our analysis of both Options leads us to conclude that both Preliminary Plans are derived from the Court’s previous remedial plan, which largely adopted the plan (Exec. Alt. 3) submitted by the Executive Defendants and was overturned by the New Mexico Supreme Court in its Order of February 10, 2012, and Opinion filed on February 21, 2012. As we explained in our Opening Post-Remand Brief, filed on February 15, 2012, we believe that the Court’s initial remedial plan is not a good place to start in developing a post-remand remedial plan because of the built-in biases and problems in the Exec. Alt. 3 plan, many of which harm or disregard New Mexico’s historical racial and ethnic communities and interfere with the effective exercise of the voting rights of these communities. Our analysis of the Court’s recently-filed, post-remand Preliminary Plan Options reveals that while the Preliminary Plans make some changes and
modest improvements, they continue to suffer from these underlying biases and problems and hence continue to unnecessarily harm or disregard racial and ethnic communities of interest and unnecessarily dilute the voting rights of these communities. See Part II, below. We renew our suggestion that the Court adopt or start from Egolf Plans 2 or 5, which do not suffer from these biases and problems and provide greater protection than any other plans submitted for the voting rights and interests of these racial and ethnic minority communities.
3. In addition, while both Preliminary Plan Options make corrections to HD 63 and address the splitting of at least Deming and the Hispanic community in that city, we submit suggested changes to both Preliminary Plans to (a) strengthen HD 63 as an effective Hispanic VAP district and (b) correct the continued splitting of Silver City and the Hispanic community in that city. We also suggest that if the Court requires the “jumping” of a district from North Central New Mexico to Albuquerque’s west side, the “pairing” of districts in Preliminary Plan Option 1 is preferable to that in Preliminary Plan Option 2. See Point III, below.
II. Problems and Deficiencies in the Court’s Preliminary Plans
4. The plan submitted by the Executive Defendants and largely adopted by this Court in its initial remedial plan not surprisingly contained partisan biases favoring Republicans. These biases harm racial and ethnic minority communities in two ways. First, in order to accomplish the built-in partisan biases, the Exec. Alt 3 Plan (and the Court’s initial remedial plan based on Exec. Alt. 3) had to split racial and ethnic minority communities and dilute the voting strength of
these communities. Second, since racial and ethnic minorities predominantly vote for Democratic candidates as their candidates of choice, [Tr. 12-15-11, p. 236; Tr. 12-19-11, pp. 53-54 (Arrington); Egolf House Ex. 16], the built-in partisan bias adversely affects racial and ethnic minorities.
5. Our Supreme Court identified the partisan bias in this Court’s initial remedial plan as one reason for overturning it and remanding the plan back to this Court for further consideration, instructing this Court to remove partisan bias from any post-remand remedial plan. [2/10/12 Order, p. 20; 2/21/12 Opinion, p. 28.] While Preliminary Plan Options 1 and 2 address some of the manifestations of the built-in Republican partisan bias in Exec. Alt. 3 and in this Court’s initial remedial plan – by increasing the number of districts with “Democratic performance” numbers above 50% from 36 to 38 – as the attached affidavit from the Egolf plaintiffs’ political science expert, Professor Theodore Arrington, shows that, the Court’s Preliminary Plan Options 1 and 2, both continuing to be based on Exec. Alt. 3, continue to reflect significant republican partisan bias. Professor Arrington applied the recognized “symmetry” analysis that he testified to in the redistricting trials, analyzing whether proposed redistricting plans treat the political parties similarly at various hypothetical election results. [Tr. 12-15-11, pp. 267-68 (Arrington); Arrington Affidavit, attached hereto as “Exhibit A”, pp. 4-7.] As Dr. Arrington shows in his attached affidavit, both of the Court’s Preliminary Plans reflect a significant Republican partisan bias. In the election result posture where each party obtains 50% of the statewide vote, rather
than resulting in an even split of the legislative seats – as would be expected if the plan were neutral -- both Court plans reflect the Republican Party electing 39 representatives and the Democratic Party electing 31, a difference of 8 seats, favoring the Republican Party. [Ex. A, Arrington Affidavit, p. 7.] At the election result where either party obtains 53% of the vote, the plans confirm this inherent Republican partisan bias, showing that the Republican Party would elect 40 representatives while the Democratic Party would elect only 38 representatives. [Ex. A, Arrington Affidavit, pp. 7-8.] As Professor Arrington concludes: “The two plans presented by the Court, Option 1 and Option 2, have severe partisan bias. . . . This confirms that the Court’s redistricting plans, if enacted, would give the Republican Party an unfair advantage.” [Ex. A, Arrington Affidavit, p. 9.]
6. The Court’s proposed Preliminary Plans have other deficiencies:
• While the plans reunite Deming and the Hispanic community there, they continue to split Silver City and the Hispanic community in that city. Moreover, the configuration of districts in the Southwestern part of the State in those plans, carried over from the Exec. Alt. 3 plan, unnecessarily dilute the voting strength of the Hispanic communities in Deming and Silver City. [Corrected Egolf Plaintiffs’ Brief in Support of Reversing District Court’s Redistricting Plan for the New Mexico House of Representatives, pp. 41-47.] The only possible justifications for these
splits of racial and ethnic minority communities and dilution of their voting strength can be the quest for unnecessarily low population deviations and/or maintenance of partisan bias. Both the Egolf Plans 2 and 5 configure districts in the Southwest that will not dilute ethnic minority voting strength.
- The electoral district of Brian Egolf (HD 47), one of the Egolf plaintiffs who appealed the Court’s initial remedial plan, changes dramatically from the Court’s initial remedial plan to the proposed Preliminary Plans. Eastern Santa Fe precincts that are in Representative Egolf’s district currently and were in the Court’s initial remedial plan (precincts 13, 48 and 57) are now removed to HD 68 and a large swath of rural land to the southwest of Santa Fe is added to his district. Together with the removal of three ElDorado precincts from HD 47 effected by the Court’s initial remedial plan and continued in the proposed Preliminary Plans, these changes, unexplained, both alter significantly the core of Representative Egolf’s district and isolate a significant section of central city Santa Fe (containing historic Hispanic neighborhoods) from the remainder of that city and joins these people to a large rural district stretching to Raton.
While the detail of the proposed preliminary plans claim 29 VAPH districts, at least 5 of these districts (HIDs 7, 8, 53, 58 and 61) will not be effective “opportunity” districts that will likely allow the supposed Hispanic majorities in those districts to elect candidates of their choices. Thus, there are really only 24 effective VAPH districts in these plans, as compared to 26 and 27 such districts in the Egolf 2 and 5 plans, respectively.
Both Preliminary Plans pair two strong Democratic districts in the North Central part of the State to create a new, strong Republican district on the west side of Albuquerque. As the Egolf 4 Plan shows, it is not necessary to create a strong Republican new district on the west side. The result of the Court’s pairing in both Preliminary Plans, of course, is the creation of a net gain of one seat for the Republicans.
III. Suggested changes to the Court’s Preliminary Plans
7. While the Court improved HD 63 to create an effective VAPH districts where the Hispanic community can elect candidates of their choice, we suggest that a switch of two precincts will provide modest but beneficial improvement to that district. We suggest that the Court switch Curry precinct 4, presently in HD 63 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans to HD 64. We further suggest that the Court switch Curry precinct 22, currently in HD 64 in the Court’s
Preliminary Plans to HD 63. This switch of these precincts will improve HD 63 by increasing the VAPH in HD 63 by 1.4% (from 57.04% to 58.44%) and the commensurate citizen VAPH. The switch lowers the population deviation in HD 63 from -1.42% to -0.81%.
8. The Court’s Preliminary Plans corrects the fracture of Deming and the Hispanic community there, but does not repair the fracture of Silver City and its Hispanic community. We suggest that the division of Silver City and its Hispanic community can be repaired by employing the following precinct switches:
- Switch Grant precincts 19, 32 and 33, presently in HD 39 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans, to HD 38;
- Switch Luna precinct 2, presently in HD 32 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans, to HD 39;
- Switch Grant precinct 29, presently in HD 39 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans, to HD 32;
- Switch Hidalgo precinct 4 and Grants precincts 6, 30, and 35, presently in HD 38 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans, to HD 32; and
- Switch Sierra precinct 4, presently in HD 38 in the Court’s Preliminary Plans, to HD 39.
These precinct switches restore Silver City and its Hispanic community into one district and makes only minimal, insubstantial changes to population deviations or VAPH percentages in those districts.\(^1\)
9. With respect to which pairing we prefer in the North Central area, we prefer the pairing reflected in the Court’s Preliminary Plan Option 1, on the basis that we understand that the Multi-Tribal Group of Native American Plaintiffs, whose interests are affected, prefer that pairing; and the Egolf plaintiffs defer to those wishes and to the interests of tribal sovereignty.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set out above, we urge the Court to abandon plans based on its initial remedial plan and instead adopt a plan based on Egolf 2 or Egolf 5, which do not have the built-in problems that any plan based on Exec. Alt 3 will have.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Joseph Goldberg
Joseph Goldberg
John W. Boyd
David H. Urias
Sara K. Berger
Freedman Boyd Hollander Goldberg Ives & Duncan, P.A.
20 First Plaza NW, Suite 700
\(^1\) Population deviations increase from + .95 % to + 1.23 % in HD 32 and from + .75 % to - 1.56 % in HD 39. VAPH percentage from 54.8 % to 53.3 % in HD 32 and from 56.8 % to 56.1 % in HD 39.
Albuquerque, NM 87102
Phone: (505) 842-9960
and
Ray M. Vargas, II
David P. Garcia
Erin B. O’Connell
Garcia & Vargas, LLC
303 Paseo de Peralta
Santa Fe, NM 87501
Phone: (505) 982-1873
I hereby certify that on February 23, 2012, I caused the foregoing to be electronically filed through the Tyler Tech System, which caused all parties or counsel to be served by electronic means, as more fully reflected on the Notice of Electronic Filing, and additionally all counsel of record were served via electronic mail.
The Honorable James A. Hall
505 Don Gaspar Ave.
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Phone: (505) 988-9988
[email protected]
Teresa Isabel Leger
Cynthia A. Kiersnowski
Nordhaus Law Firm, LLP
1239 Paseo de Peralta
Santa Fe, NM 87501
Phone: (505) 982-3622
[email protected]
[email protected]
Casey Douma
In-House Legal Counsel
P.O. Box 194
Laguna, NM 87026
Phone: (505) 552-5776
[email protected]
Attorneys for Plaintiffs Pueblo of Laguna,
Richard Luarkie and Harry A. Antonio, Jr.
Patrick J. Rogers
Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris and Sisk, P.A.
P.O. Box 2168
Albuquerque, NM 87103
Phone: (505) 848-1849
[email protected]
Attorneys for Plaintiffs Jonathan Sena, Representative
Don Bratton, Senator Carroll Leavell and Senator Gay Kernan
Henry M. Bohnhoff
Rodey Dickason Sloan Akin & Robb, P.A.
P.O. Box 1888
Albuquerque, NM 87103
Phone: (505) 765-5900
[email protected]
Christopher T. Saucedo
Iris L. Marshall
Saucedo Chavez, PC
100 Gold Ave. SW, Suite 206
Albuquerque, NM 8710
Phone: (505) 338-3945
[email protected]
[email protected]
David A. Garcia
David A. Garcia LLC
1905 Wyoming Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87112
Phone: (505) 275-3200
[email protected]
Attorneys for Representative Conrad James,
Devon Day, Marge Teague, Monica Youngblood,
Judy McKinney and Senator John Ryan
David K. Thomson
Thomson Law Office LLC
303 Paseo de Peralta
Santa Fe, NM 87501-1860
Phone: (505) 982-1873
[email protected]
John V. Wertheim
Jerry Todd Wertheim
Jones, Snead, Wertheim & Wentworth, P.A.
P.O. Box 2228
Santa Fe, NM 87505-2228
Phone: (505) 982-0011
[email protected]
[email protected]
Stephen Durkovich
Law Office of Stephen Durkovich
534 Old Santa Fe Trail
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Phone: (505) 986-1800
[email protected]
Attorneys for Plaintiffs Antonio Maestas,
June Lorenzo, Alvin Warren, Eloise Gift
and Henry Ochoa
Paul J. Kennedy
Kennedy & Han, P.C.
201 12th Street NW
Albuquerque, NM 87102-1815
Phone: (505) 842-8662
[email protected]
Jessica Hernandez
Matthew Stackpole
Office of the Governor
490 Old Santa Fe Trail #400
Santa Fe, NM 87501
Phone: (505) 476-2200
[email protected]
[email protected]
Attorneys for Susana Martinez, in her official capacity as Governor
Robert M. Doughty, III
Judd C. West
Doughty & West, P.A.
20 First Plaza NW, Suite 412
Albuquerque, NM 87102-3391
Phone: (505) 242-7070
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Attorneys for Dianna J. Duran, in her official capacity as Secretary of State
Charles R. Peifer
Robert E. Hanson
Matthew R. Hoyt
Peifer, Hanson & Mullins, P.A.
P.O. Box 25245
Albuquerque, NM 87125
Phone: (505) 247-4800
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Attorneys for John A. Sanchez, in his official capacity as Lt. Governor
Luis Stelzner
Sara N. Sanchez
Stelzner, Winter, Warburton, Flores, Sanches & Dawes, P.A.
P.O. Box 528
Albuquerque, NM 87103
Phone: (505) 938-7770
[email protected]
[email protected]
Richard E. Olson
Jennifer M. Heim
Hinkle, Hensley, Shanor & Martin, LLP
P.O. Box 10
Attorneys for Senate President Pro Tempore Timothy Z. Jennings, and Speaker of the House Ben Lujan, Sr.
Patricia G. Williams
Jenny J. Dumas
Wiggins, Williams & Wiggins, P.C.
1803 Rio Grande Blvd NW (87104)
P.O. Box 1308
Albuquerque, NM 87103-1308
Phone: (505) 764-8400
Fax: (505) 764-8585
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dana L. Bobroff, Deputy Attorney General
Navajo Nation Dept. of Justice
P.O. Box 2010
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Phone: (928) 871-6345
[email protected]
Attorneys for Navajo Intervenors
By: /s/ Joseph Goldberg
Joseph Goldberg
STATE OF NEW MEXICO
COUNTY OF SANTA FE
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
BRIAN F. EGOLF, JR., HAKIM BELLA-
MY, MEL HOLGUIN, MAURILIO CA-
STRO, and ROXANNE SPRUCE BLY,
Plaintiffs,
v.
DIANNA J. DURAN, in her official
capacity as New Mexico Secretary of State,
SUSANA MARTINEZ, in her official capaci-
ty as New Mexico Governor, JOHN A.
SANCHEZ, in his official capacity as New
Mexico Lieutenant Governor and presiding
officer of the New Mexico Senate, TIMO-
THY Z. JENNINGS, in his official capacity
as President Pro-Tempore of the New Mexico
Senate, and BEN LUJAN, SR., in his official
capacity as Speaker of the New Mexico
House of Representatives,
Defendants.
NO. D-101-CV-2011-02942
Honorable James A. Hall
CONSOLIDATED WITH
D-101-CV-2011-02944
D-101-CV-2011-02945
D-101-CV-2011-03016
D-101-CV-2011-03099
D-101-CV-2011-03107
D-202-CV-2011-09600
D-506-CV-2011-00913
AFFIDAVIT OF THEODORE S. ARRINGTON, PH.D.
STATE OF NEW MEXICO )
) ss.
COUNTY OF BERNALILLO )
THEODORE S. ARRINGTON, having been duly sworn and upon my oath, de-
pose and state as follows:
1. I am over eighteen years of age and am competent to testify to the matters con-
tained herein.
2. I have personal knowledge of all matters contained herein.
3. I am a recognized expert in the fields of districting, reapportionment, racial and partisan voting patterns, and voting processes in the United States and Canada. The Firm of Freedman Boyd Hollander Goldberg Ives & Duncan, P.A., retained my expertise to provide expert testimony in this case. I am compensated for my time at the rate of $250 per hour or $2,000 per day for work and travel from my residence.
OBJECTIVES OF DECLARATION
4. I have been asked to evaluate the proposed redistricting plans for the New Mexico State House of Representatives, prepared by the Honorable James A. Hall of the First Judicial District Court in response to the recent decisions of the New Mexico Supreme Court, including the New Mexico Supreme Court Order, No. 33,386, filed Feb. 10, 2012, and the New Mexico Supreme Court Opinion filed on Feb. 21, 2012, in terms of partisan fairness. Judge Hall submitted two proposed plans, Option 1 and Option 2 Plans, for the parties review on Feb. 20, 2012. See Notice of Filing of Preliminary Plan No. 1 and No. 2, filed Feb. 20, 2012.
CREDENTIALS
5. I set forth here a summary of my experience, which is most relevant to this testimony. The full range of my professional qualifications and experience is described in my curriculum vitae previously submitted to the Court. That vita includes a complete listing of all publications authored by me, and all of the voting rights cases in which I have testified by affidavit, report, deposition, or courtroom testimony, in my career.
6. I am Professor Emeritus of Political Science at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte). I received my Doctor of Philosophy degree from The University of Arizona in 1973. I joined the UNC Charlotte faculty in 1973. I have taught both
undergraduate and graduate courses in topics such as research methodology, voting behavior, political parties, interest groups, Congress, the Presidency, and Southern politics. I retired from the University in July 2010. During my tenure at UNCC, I served as Chair of the Department of Political Science for 18 years, and was elected President of the University Faculty. I was President of the North Carolina Political Science Association in 2010-11.
7. I have co-edited one book and coauthored two monographs, published 37 refereed articles, and delivered numerous papers in the last 40 years. Most of these works concern the effects of party and race on voting behavior. Included in my research are several published studies on the impact of campaign finance on elections. Much of this work also examined racial and partisan variables in single-member and multi-seat elections. My continuing research is focused on: districting; the effects of party, race, and ethnicity on voting; alternative voting systems in local elections. I recently published a detailed analysis of what political scientists know about the redistricting process in the United States (see “Redistricting in the U.S.: A Review of Scholarship and Plan for Future Research,” *The Forum* 8 (Number 2, Article 7, 2010). DOI: 10.2202/1540-8884.1351 Available at: http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol8/iss2/art7).
8. My academic specialties have led to my retention as an expert witness in 41 lawsuits involving voting rights. In 20 of these cases I have given trial testimony.
9. For 12 years I was a member of the Mecklenburg County Board of Elections. For six years I was the chair of the Board. During that 12-year period I attended all of the training sessions for board members.
10. The source of all data for this affidavit is the Geographic Information System of the firm called Research & Polling, Inc., located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This firm has supplied the Egolf Plaintiffs with a spreadsheet showing the demographic and political data for all of the districts in both of the plans prepared by the District Court. The Egolf Plaintiffs have provided me with the spreadsheets.
11. My analysis reveals the underlying partisanship of the districts. It relies on the concept of the “seat/vote relationship.” The methodology involves holding constant the effects of everything except that underlying partisanship, and then observing the relationship of the statewide vote and the seats won by each party. One way to think of it is like a sporting event with two teams. If both teams are equally matched and the playing field (i.e., the districts) is level, the game should end up as a tie. If team “D” is better and the field is level, then team “D” should win more seats. If team “R” is better and the field is level, then team “R” should win more seats.
12. To eliminate differences between the players (i.e., the parties), the first step is to “hold constant” or “control for” the effects of individual candidates in the legislative elections. To do that I use the “Democratic performance” (Demperf) measure prepared for the use of the State Legislature by Research & Polling, Inc. Both Plaintiffs and Defendants have been using these data, although not always appropriately. Demperf is the average Democratic percentage of the two-party vote for almost all statewide offices from 2002 to 2010. A few elections that were not competitive were omitted from the calculation. As I stated in my testimony in the previous trials in this matter, Demperf is exactly the measure I would use if I were designing a metric to evaluate the partisanship of
districts. I am not making any methodological compromise simply because Demperf is readily available.
13. The average statewide vote for these offices in the last decade was 53% Democratic, 47% Republican. This could be called the “normal vote,” but that is misleading. Since I initially want to know how the districts treat the two parties when the two teams are evenly matched, I adjust Demperf by reducing it systematically for all districts by three percentage points. This simulates the situation where the two parties each received 50% of the vote statewide. That is, it simulates the condition in which the two teams are evenly matched. The concept here is that if the statewide vote is split down the middle, the two parties should also split the seats in the House evenly (35 seats each). This assumes, of course, that different candidates in the districts, money spent, attractiveness of the party platforms, etc. are irrelevant. And that is exactly the point. The districts are the playing field, which should be level. We are not concerned about which team (party) is better, we simply want to create districts which do not favor one party or the other. Then the results of the election will be determined by the ability of the teams, not the playing field.
14. Political scientists have been studying the seat/vote relationship in single-member district systems for generations. (This literature is summarized in two of my articles listed in my vita: The Forum article cited above and “Affirmative Districting and Four Decades of Redistricting: The Seats/Votes Relationship 1972-2008.” Politics and Policy 38, Number 2, 2010, 223-253.) The seat vote relationship almost always involves a “swing” greater than 1.0 in single member district systems. This means that the majority party will normally receive a higher percentage of the seats than votes. For example, if the
Democrats receive 53% of the vote statewide, we would expect them to receive more than 53% of the seats in the House. Similarly, if the Republicans receive 53% of the vote statewide, we would expect them to receive more than 53% of the seats. Virtually all of the plans submitted to the Court for both the House and the Senate had a “swing” of about 2.0. Meaning that if the majority party received 53% of the vote statewide, that party would receive about 56% of the seats (about 39 seats). In a plan without built-in partisan bias, the swing should be symmetrical. That is, the Democrats and Republicans should be treated the same way when each of them is the majority party statewide. This means that if the Democrats get 53% of the statewide vote and win 39 seats in the House, then the Republicans should also win 39 seats if they get 53% of the statewide vote.
15. Otherwise, something would be causing one party to have a greater (favorable) swing; and since this analysis reasonably controls for other factors, that factor promoting a favorable swing must be that the districting plan favors that party. By adjusting Demperf it is possible to simulate all three of the conditions we wish to examine: Democratic statewide vote 50%, Democratic statewide vote 53%, and Republican statewide vote 53%. Thus we can measure bias (what happens at 50/50), and the symmetry of the swing.
16. It may be desirable, but unrealistic, to expect the bias to be absolutely zero (35 seats each). I have opined in this case and in my publications that a bias of less than 1% is reasonable and would probably not be considered “severe” by the Federal Courts (see *Davis v. Bandemer*, 478 U.S. 109 (1986)). If there is a bias then the next question is what majority of the statewide vote would the party that does not have 35 seats need to win 35 seats? Suppose, for example, that at 50/50 statewide vote the Republicans have 36 seats and the Democrats 34. If the Democrats could win that additional seat to make the division equal by winning just 50.6% of the statewide vote, then I would opine that the bias was not severe. But if, in this hypothetical, the Democrats needed to win 51.6% of the statewide vote, then I would conclude that the bias was severe and unacceptable. The courts may someday establish bright lines to define how much of a bias is severe, but to my knowledge neither the New Mexico nor the Federal courts have done so.
**ANALYSIS OF THE COURT’S PLANS**
17. In terms of partisan bias and the adjusted Demperf figures for the most competitive districts, both of the Court’s plans, Option 1 and Option 2 (filed for the parties review on Feb. 20, 2012) are identical. Table 1 (attached) presents the adjusted Demperf figures for the ten districts for each party that are nearest the 50% mark. If the statewide vote were 50% Democratic and 50% Republican, the Democrats would win only 31 seats (44% of the House) and the Republicans would win 39 seats (56% of the House). This is a bias of four seats from evenly divided, but a total difference between the two parties of eight seats or 11% of the entire House membership. In order for the Democrats to “pick up” the four seats they need for parity, they need to get 51.72% of the vote. This can be readily seen in Table 1 by recognizing that there are four districts in which the adjusted Demperf figures are within 1.72% of 50%. In the Table these four districts, located adjacent to the center “50/50” box, are House Districts 4, 36, 63, and 32. If the Democrats got 51.72% of the statewide vote they would win these four districts and have 35 seats in the House.
18. The symmetry of the swing can also be confirmed by the figures in Table 1. If the Democrats received 53% of the vote statewide, they would win 38 seats (54% of the House). This can easily be seen in Table 1 by simply noting the districts to the left of the
center cell that are within three percentage points of the 50% mark. The districts that the Democrats would pick up at 53% adjusted Demperf are the four listed in the previous paragraph plus 15, 39, and 7. (District 24 is actually at 46.97% Adjusted Demperf, so the Democrats would not win that district if they received 53% of the statewide vote.)
19. The position of the Republicans, were they to win 53% of the statewide vote, is also easily calculated by examination of Table 1. If that party received 53% of the statewide vote they would win 40 seats. In addition to the 39 seats they have at 50/50, they would pick up one additional seat – District 50. That is the only district that has an adjusted Demperf between 50.0 and 53.0%. These plans are not only defective in having a bias at the 50/50 point, but the plans are also defective in that the Republicans essentially have limited potential growth on the upside.
**COMPARED TO WHAT?**
20. All redistricting analysis must come down to the question: “Compared to what?” Several of those who testified at the hearings and the arguments of several of the attorneys used unadjusted Demperf numbers in an unhelpful fashion. Some analyses often cited the number of districts the Democrats would win at the average statewide vote over the last ten years – the unadjusted Demperf. But the appropriate question is: “What do we compare this figure to?” The appropriate answer is given above. We should compare the number of districts that the Democrats would win with 53% of the statewide vote (unadjusted Demperf) to the number of districts that the Republicans would win if they received 53% of the statewide vote. The success of the Democrats at unadjusted Demperf has no meaning unless this proper comparison is made. That is simply the way redistricting plans are compared by knowledgeable political science expert witnesses.
21. A second “compared to what” involves the comparison of these plans to a number of plans submitted to the Court during the redistricting hearings. Several plans, including several plans submitted by the Egolf Plaintiffs drawn with my help, had less bias and greater symmetry than these plans while also abiding by the compromise plans of the Native Americans, keeping communities of interests together, and providing a reasonable number of districts in which Hispanic voters would have the ability and the opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. In other words, there is no reason for the Court to adopt plans with this degree of partisan bias when better plans have been presented.
CONCLUSIONS
22. The two plans presented by the Court, Option 1 and Option 2, have severe partisan bias. If the two parties were equally competitive statewide, the Republicans would win 39 seats and the Democrats only 31. This shows that the redistricting plans, themselves, are providing advantage to the Republican Party. In order to win half the seats the Democrats would have to win 51.72% of the statewide vote. This bias is compounded by a severe asymmetry in the seat/vote relationship. If the Democrats won 53% of the statewide vote they would win 38 seats (54%). If the Republicans won 53% of the statewide vote they would win 40 seats (57%). This confirms that the Court’s redistricting plans, if enacted, would give the Republican Party an unfair advantage.
FURTHER AFFIANT SAYETH NAUGHT.
Theodore S. Arrington 23 Feb 2012
THEODORE S. ARRINGTON
Subscribed and sworn-to before me this 23 day of February, 2012.
Notary Public
My Commission Expires:
OFFICIAL SEAL
ERIN B O'CONNELL
NOTARY PUBLIC
STATE OF NEW MEXICO
My Commission Expires July 8, 2015
Table 1 of Arrington Affidavit 23 February 2012
Presentation of Adjusted Demperf Figures for Competitive Districts
In the Court’s Two Plans for the New Mexico House of Representatives
(Shows the 10 Districts from each party that are closest to 50% Adjusted Demperf)
(In terms of Partisanship and the Adjusted Demperf percentages for these 20 districts in both plans are identical)
| Bias= -4 meaning at 50/50 Statewide vote the Republicans win 39 seats (56%) and the Democrats 31 (44%) |
| In order for the Democrats to win 35 seats they must get 51.72% of the statewide vote |
| If the Democrats got 53% of the statewide vote, they would win 38 seats (54%) |
| If the Republicans got 53% of the statewide vote, they would win 40 seats (57%) |
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
UNPUBLISHED
December 16, 2021
V
No. 353775 Wayne Circuit Court LC No. 19-008478-01-FC
ERNEST WADE STURGILL,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and RIORDAN and REDFORD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder (AGBH), MCL 750.84, felonious assault, MCL 750.82, two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b, and reckless use of a firearm, MCL 752.863a. The trial court sentenced defendant to serve 2 to 10 years in prison for the AGBH conviction, one to four years in prison for the felonious-assault conviction, two years in prison for the felony-firearm convictions, and one year of probation for the reckless-firearm-use conviction. The two felony-firearm sentences are consecutive, respectively, to the two assault sentences, but all sentences are otherwise concurrent with each other. Defendant appeals as of right, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
This case arises out of the shooting of Thomas Jacob Harris at a masonry and chimney services business, Chimney Cricket, in Livonia, on April 23, 2019. At trial, defendant maintained that he shot Harris, who was having an affair with defendant's wife, Della, in self-defense.
Defendant filed an ineffective assistance claim in the trial court, which denied his request for an evidentiary hearing to develop that claim 1 within his motion for a new trial. Our review of defendant's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is thus limited to errors apparent from the
1 See People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 443; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
existing record. See People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004); People v Wilson, 242 Mich App 350, 352; 619 NW2d 413 (2000).
The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a defendant the right to the effective assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. This Court reviews de novo the constitutional question whether defendant was deprived that right. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 242; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show (1) that counsel's performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 688, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). A "reasonable probability" is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 US at 694.
Defendant argues on appeal that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present evidence regarding a previous incident when Harris had allegedly pulled a gun on defendant, in order to show that he honestly and reasonably believed that deadly force was necessary at the time he acted. We disagree.
A defendant is entitled to have his counsel prepare, investigate, and present all substantial defenses, meaning those that might make a difference in the outcome of the trial. In re Ayres, 239 Mich App 8, 22; 608 NW2d 132 (1999). Counsel thus has a "duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary." Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52 (quotation marks and citation omitted). "Failure to make a reasonable investigation can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel." People v McGhee, 268 Mich App 600, 626; 709 NW2d 595 (2005). But "[d]ecisions regarding what evidence to present, whether to call witnesses, and how to question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy . . . ." People v Horn, 279 Mich App 31, 39; 755 NW2d 212 (2008).
"In a self-defense claim, the accused's conduct is judged according to how the circumstances appeared to him at the time he acted." People v Adamowicz, 503 Mich 880; 918 NW2d 532 (2018). An individual may employ deadly force if that individual is not engaged in the commission of a crime, he or she has no duty to retreat, and the individual "honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the imminent death of or imminent great bodily harm to himself or herself or to another individual." MCL 780.972(1). See also People v Stevens, 306 Mich App 620, 630; 858 NW2d 98 (2014).
Defense counsel asserted in his opening statement that defendant was acting in selfdefense, and argued such at closing. Defense counsel relied on defendant's testimony to suggest that Harris possessed a gun, that Harris was the aggressor, and that Harris's peculiar behavior after the shooting, including lying to the hospital and his family about how he had been shot, supported the self-defense theory.
Defense counsel also introduced testimony from defendant that he fired a shot through his windshield because he thought Harris was pulling a gun and so honestly and reasonably believed that deadly force was necessary. Defendant further testified that Harris had pulled a gun on him twice before and had otherwise threatened him repeatedly. Defendant testified, and even Della admitted, that Harris brandished a weapon against defendant at Chimney Cricket, Della's employer, in February 2019, around the time that defendant grew suspicious about the affair between Della and Harris. When questioned about whether he was afraid of Harris because he had pulled guns before, defendant added that Harris "came to my house after me . . . trying to get me." Harris admitted that, when attempting to intimidate defendant and impress Della, he falsely claimed that he was in a gang based in the "murder capital," that he had a real gun, and that he was willing to shoot somebody for Della. At the close of proofs the trial court instructed the jury on self-defense. 2
We are not persuaded that information about an additional prior incident would have led to a different outcome at trial, particularly in light of undisputed evidence already in the record about the turbulent relationship between Harris and defendant. Any additional such evidence would have been cumulative. What was missing from the record was any evidence supporting defendant's self-serving claim that Harris was armed, and even pulled a gun on him, before defendant shot him. Harris denied that he was armed that day, and the persons standing right next to him during the shooting—Della and one of her coworkers—testified that they never saw Harris with a gun. According to Harris, defendant was not responding to a perceived threat from him, but rather drove toward Harris with the gun pointed at him. Moreover, Harris maintained that he did not reach for anything, but was instead merely holding a bottle of alcohol and a beverage. Without evidence supporting defendant's account of facing an imminent threat of death or great bodily harm at the time of the shooting, the evidence of additional past conflicts between Harris and defendant would have been cumulative with regard to the existence of some personal tensions between them, and would not have changed the outcome of the trial. For these reasons, defendant has failed to show that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to further develop his selfdefense theory.
Defendant argues that defense counsel should have obtained and offered a police report about this prior incident. But police reports are generally inadmissible hearsay. 3 See MRE 801(c); In re Forfeiture of a Quantity of Marijuana, 291 Mich App 243, 254; 805 NW2d 217 (2011). Counsel could thus have made little, if any use, of such documentation.
Defendant also argues that defense counsel's prior suspension by the Attorney Discipline Board for failures involving eight different clients in unrelated cases supports his claim that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel. According to the September 1, 2017 notice attached to defendant's brief on appeal, of which we take judicial notice as a public record, the 179-day suspension was complete by the time that defense counsel represented defendant. Moreover, our Supreme Court has explained as follows:
2 Defense counsel stated that he had no objection to the instructions that the trial court provided and in his brief on appeal, defendant does not challenge the instructions.
3 Defendant attached a copy of the March 20, 2019 incident report to his brief on appeal. However, because that document was not part of the lower-court record, we decline to consult, let alone consider, it for purposes of this appeal. See Matuszak, 263 Mich App at 48; MCR 7.210(A) ("Appeals to the Court of Appeals are heard on the original record.").
The suspension of an attorney reflects a decision that the attorney is not permitted to practice law during the period of the suspension, rather than a statement that the attorney is not competent to practice law. There is no necessary correlation between disciplinary action and an attorney's ability to practice law, and we decline to create such a connection as a matter of law. [People v Pubrat, 451 Mich 589, 597; 548 NW2d 595 (1996).]
Although the notice lists rules violations by defense counsel, it does not set forth facts from which this Court might rely upon to draw analogies to the instant case. And, as we concluded above, defendant has failed to bring to light any deficiency in defense counsel's trial performance.
Defendant next argues that defense counsel was ineffective by failing to adequately advise him with regard to the prosecutor's offer of a plea agreement, including by making an unfulfilled promise to win at trial. We disagree.
While a defendant does not have the right to demand a plea offer from the prosecution, Lafler v Cooper, 566 US 156, 168; 132 S Ct 1376; 182 L Ed 2d 398 (2012), "as a general rule, defense counsel has the duty to communicate formal offers from the prosecution to accept a plea on terms and conditions that may be favorable to the accused," Missouri v Frye, 566 US 134, 145; 132 S Ct 1399; 182 L Ed 2d 379 (2012). "The decision to plead guilty is the defendant's, to be made after consultation with counsel and after counsel has explained the matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make an informed decision." People v Corteway, 212 Mich App 442, 446; 538 NW2d 60 (1995). Trial counsel is not required to recommend whether to accept a plea offer; instead, "[t]he test is whether the attorney's assistance enabled the defendant to make an informed and voluntary choice between trial and a guilty plea." Id.
To show prejudice from ineffective assistance of counsel where a plea offer has lapsed or been rejected because of counsel's deficient performance, defendants must demonstrate a reasonable probability they would have accepted the earlier plea offer had they been afforded effective assistance of counsel. Defendants must also demonstrate a reasonable probability the plea would have been entered without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to accept it, if they had the authority to exercise that discretion under state law. To establish prejudice in this instance, it is necessary to show a reasonable probability that the end result of the criminal process would have been more favorable by reason of a plea to a lesser charge or a sentence of less prison time. [Frye, 566 US at 147.]
Defendant relies on Lafler, 566 US at 160. This Court explained as follows in People v Walker, 328 Mich App 429, 440; 938 NW2d 31 (2019):
In Lafler, the defendant rejected a plea offer on the advice of his attorney. After the plea offer was rejected, the defendant had a full and fair jury trial that resulted in a guilty verdict, and the defendant received a harsher sentence than what was offered in the rejected plea bargain. The parties agreed in Lafler that the defense counsel's performance was deficient when he advised the defendant to reject the plea offer.
In Lafler, the defendant established prejudice because there was a reasonable probability that he and the trial court would have accepted the plea agreement. Lafler, 566 US 174. Moreover, because the defendant did not accept the offer and was convicted at trial, his sentence was more than three times greater than the sentence under that offer. Id. The United States Supreme Court concluded that the standard for ineffective assistance under Strickland was satisfied. Id.
In this case, defendant claims that defense counsel was deficient because he failed to relay the specifics of the offer to defendant. Although the communications between defense counsel and defendant are not part of the record, the record nevertheless shows that defendant was aware of the offer. At the pretrial hearing on February 13, 2020, the prosecutor explained the specifics of the offer on the record. In particular, defendant would have been required to plead guilty to Counts III (AGBH) and IV (felony-firearm), and the sentence would have been within the guidelines for AGBH plus two years for felony-firearm. Defense counsel stated that he had discussed the offer with defendant, and both he and defendant stated that defendant wanted to reject it.
Defendant now claims that defense counsel's prior licensing suspension indicated that he had a track record of failing to sufficiently inform clients. However, setting aside defendant's speculative attempt to connect the reasons for counsel's suspension with his claims relating to counsel's performance below, we note that the trial court explained at the postconviction motion hearing that, to avoid these types of claims, it made a habit of reviewing plea offers with defendants and asking them on the record if they understood them. We further note that the trial court acted accordingly here, including by eliciting from defendant that he fully understood the prosecutor's offer. On this record, defendant cannot establish that he was not able to make an informed and voluntary choice between trial and entering a plea agreement.
Moreover, defendant cannot establish the requisite prejudice in any event. Nothing in the record, nor even an assertion in defendant's brief on appeal, suggests that he would have accepted the plea offer but for defense counsel's alleged failures. Rather, the record clearly indicates that defendant maintained his innocence throughout the proceedings, claimed that he acted in selfdefense, and preferred to go to trial. Defendant thus cannot establish that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to advise him of the plea offer.
Defendant also claims that he rejected the prosecutor's offer because defense counsel promised that he could "beat the charges at trial." But there is nothing in the record to suggest that any such guarantee induced defendant to reject the offer. Further, defendant on appeal provides no offer of proof in support for this bald assertion. Absent any factual support for defendant's claim, he cannot establish that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. See Matuszak, 263 Mich App at 48. 4
4 The prosecutor argues that there was no prejudice because the convictions and sentences imposed were the same as those within the rejected plea offer. But the prosecution's argument is inapt, because defendant was convicted of, and sentenced for, five offenses, and the plea agreement would have resulted in only two convictions and related sentences. "[T]he conviction or sentence,
Defendant urges this Court to remand for an evidentiary hearing to develop his claim of ineffective assistance. But remand is unnecessary when the defendant has not demonstrated that such further development would support the claim. People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 369; 770 NW2d 68 (2009). Defendant stated on the record that he understood the offer and had no questions about it. Further, defendant's protestations of innocence and self-defense below, and again on appeal, militate against crediting defendant's insistence that he would have accepted the plea offer but for defense counsel's promises or failures. Therefore, remand for further factual development of this issue is unwarranted.
Affirmed.
/s/ David H. Sawyer /s/ Michael J. Riordan /s/ James Robert Redford
or both, under the offer's terms would have been less severe than under the judgment and sentence that in fact were imposed." Lafler, 566 US 164.
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WAGYU COURSE
和牛コース
8800
甘海老 キャビア
Sweet Shrimp and Caviar
イチボ 生雲丹
Beef Round with Sea Urchin
フォアグラ寿司
Foie Gras Sushi
香住蟹 ブッラータチーズ 三杯酢
Kasumi Crab and Burrata Cheese with Vinegar Sauce
焼き胡麻豆腐
Grilled Sesame Tofu
旬の焼き野菜
Seasonal Vegetables
黒毛和牛の焼きすき
Kuroge Wagyu Sukiyaki
ミディアムレアサラダ
Garden Salad
STE AK
以下よりお好きなお肉を1 種類お選びください
黒毛和牛サーロイン
黒毛和牛フィレ
Kuroge Wagyu Sirlion
神戸牛サーロイン
Kobe Beef Tenderlion
+8700
〆の一品
Rice Dish
デザート
Dessert
焼き物追加 Extra Items you may Order
帆立 / Scallop …1000
上記税込み価格に 10%のサービス料を頂戴いたします。 食材に関する詳しい生産情報はお気軽にお尋ねください。
食物アレルギーをお持ちの方はスタッフにお申し付けください。
-
-
-
当店で使用しているお米は全て京都府産です。
All prices include sales tax and are subject to a 10% service charge.
Medium Rare is proud to use some of the finest homegrown rice from Kyoto prefecture.
Before placing your order, please inform your server if a person in your party has a food allergy or intolerance.
Kuroge Wagyu Tenderlion
+1000
神戸牛フィレ
Kobe Beef Sirlion
+10200
ORIENTAL COURSE
オリエンタルコース
13000
甘海老 キャビア
Sweet Shrimp and Caviar
イチボ 生雲丹
Beef Round with Sea Urchin
神戸牛炙り寿司
Seared Kobe Beef Sushi
香住蟹 ブッラータチーズ 三杯酢
Kasumi Crab and Burrata Cheese with Vinegar Sauce
フォアグラ寿司
Foie Gras Sushi
コンソメスープ トリュフ
Consommé Soup with Truffles
旬の焼き野菜
Seasonal Vegetables
蝦夷あわび
Ezo Abalone
ミディアムレアサラダ
Garden Salad
STE AK
以下よりお好きなお肉を1 種類お選びください
黒毛和牛サーロイン
黒毛和牛フィレ
Kuroge Wagyu Sirlion
神戸牛サーロイン
Kobe Beef Tenderlion
+6000
〆の一品
Rice Dish
デザート
Dessert
- 上記税込み価格に 10% のサービス料を頂戴いたします。 ▪ 食材に関する詳しい生産情報はお気軽にお尋ねください。
- 食物アレルギーをお持ちの方はスタッフにお申し付けください。 ▪ 当店で使用しているお米は全て京都府産です。
All prices include sales tax and are subject to a 10% service charge.
Medium Rare is proud to use some of the finest homegrown rice from Kyoto prefecture.
Before placing your order, please inform your server if a person in your party has a food allergy or intolerance.
Kuroge Wagyu Tenderlion
+1000
神戸牛フィレ
Kobe Beef Sirlion
+7500
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Willow Creek Reclamation Committee Wednesday, November 3, 2010 1:00 PM, Creede Town Hall
In attendance: Don Dustin-WCRC, JB Alexander-WCRC, Kathleen Murphy-WHWT, Guinevere Nelson-WCRC, Jim Matush, Jim Loud-Creede, Jan Crawford-Creede, Charlotte Bobicki,-Senator Udall's Office, Ed Innerarity -Wason Ranch, Debby RoughtonMiles-City of Creede,
Call to order at 1:10 pm by acting Chairman Don Dustin. JB made a motion to accept August and October minutes, Jan Crawford seconded the motion, the motion passed.
Additions to the agenda included adding an additional signer to the Community Banks of Colorado Account. Ed Innerarity made a motion to add Don Dustin as a signer to the account and Jan seconded it. The motion passed.
Don Dustin added a Highway Clean-Up to the agenda.
Gwen has researched the XRF and has been in touch with the original vendor of our XRF. We will receive a $2500 discount on a new XRF purchased through this company. Gwen will continue to research them. Printers were also researched, but since the chairman was absent, no action will be taken. Kara has sent a contract to be signed by the committee. This will be tabled until the next meeting when the chairman is present.
No chairman's report
No TAC report
VISTA Report: The Virginia Christensen board has recommended to the Board of Trustees to fully fund the Waterfest Application from WCRC for $500.00.
Treasurer's Report
JB reported that a $647.30 check was written for the prospectus deposit. $100.00 was spent on the XRF to register with State Health Department. Kathleen mentioned that this was the time to request $1500.00 from the county. Gwen will write a letter to request further support. JB mentioned we had left over monies from the VCT of April 2009. $27.00 left in petty cash. Pam was given $30.00 for coffee and creamer. $18,600.00 for MKX has been invoiced and sent to RC&D.
Old Business:
Planting of the Re-Veg plots will not happen this fall. The plan will continue to be worked on through the winter. Ed asked why these are being put in place when the rechannelization will impede the monitoring of these plots. Gwen stated that plan calls for respecting these plots to ensure long term monitoring of success. Don asked if we can pursue the plots without the participation of CRI. JB mentioned that we could, however, WCRC is looking at one amendment, whereas CRI is investigating more amendments which plan to create optimal growing medium for the seed mix.
Ed Innerarity discussed the re-veg work that has been done at Wason and the success of transplanting willows on their property. JB has harvested and planted Mountain Mahogany seeds to see success rate of the seeds.
Don said that we still have 16 viable Ponderosa Pine trees. One looks iffy, the others are good. One of his neighbors has a lot of slash to use on the floodplain. Zimmerman also has a huge slash pile…something to look into for use on the floodplain and re-veg plots.
Highway Clean-Up: Gwen made a motion to have the highway clean-up on Saturday at 10 am. Meet by the sign closest to the Liquor Store. Don seconded the motion and the motion passed.
New Business
Christmas Tree Walk:
The Committee is interested in participating. The cost is $25.00, so Gwen made a motion that we participate in the Tree Walk. Jim Loud seconded the motion. Don mentioned that we should have a number of people involved and a theme decided by the December meeting.
Town Meetings Regarding the Lower Willow Creek Floodplain
-Planning and Zoning Meeting November 2, 2010
-Discuss/make recommendation about Annexation of CRI property
Gwen said that Eric Heil was present and that he explained the direction of the floodplain work and that efforts will be made to ensure all partied invested will be involved in the restoration work. Ed I. asked for a few moments to explain where Wason concerns are coming from. These included their senior water rights, the expertise of the City, and to be in the design plan, so that Wason can enjoy the remediated property as well.
Kathleen reminded the Committee that there was positive response to a proposed monthly call. Don suggested that we have a conference call including multiple players. Perhaps we have a review process to ensure that Wason, WCRC, City and CRI have concurrence on the final design. JB made a motion that WCRC will make a recommendation that the project area to include from the flume to the confluence with the Rio Grande be incorporated into the scope of work by drafting a letter and Zeke or Jim Loud to present the contents of the letter to the Trustees at the November 9 2010 Board of Trustees meeting. Jim Matush seconded the motion. The motion carried.
Adjourn
JB made the motion to adjourn. Ed seconded the motion. The meeting adjourned at 3:15.
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Chapter 504-49 WAC
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM INCENTIVE PROGRAM
Last Update: 9/24/18
PART VII
APPEALS RIGHTS
Page 1
504-49-700
What are the appeal rights under the renewable energy system incentive payment program?
504-49-715
504-49-705
Presiding officer—Final order—Review.
504-49-710
Petitions for reconsideration.
Judicial review.
WAC 504-49-010 Introduction. (1) The rules in this chapter explain the renewable energy system incentive program, which is administered by the Washington State University energy program (hereinafter referred to as "energy program"). It is the legislature's intent to provide the incentives as described in RCW 82.16.130 in order to ensure the sustainable job growth and vitality of the state's renewable energy sector. The purpose of the incentive is to reduce the costs associated with installing and operating renewable energy systems by persons or entities receiving the incentive. This incentive program authorizes an incentive payment based on electricity generated by renewable energy systems located in Washington state. Qualified renewable energy systems include:
(b) Wind generators; and
(a) Solar energy systems;
(c) Certain types of anaerobic digesters that process manure from livestock into biogas and dried manure using microorganisms in a closed oxygen-free container, in which the biogas (such as methane) fuels a generator that generates electricity.
(a) Part I: Definitions;
(2) The rules in this chapter are divided into seven parts based on subject matter, as follows:
(b) Part II: Participation and application requirements, and incentive levels by project type;
(d) Part IV: General topics;
(c) Part III: Calculation of incentives;
(e) Part V: Manufactured in Washington state;
(g) Part VII: Appeals rights.
(f) Part VI: Application process for currently certified renewable energy systems in the cost recovery incentive program; and
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-010, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART I DEFINITIONS
WAC 504-49-100 Overview. The definitions in Part I of this chapter (this section and WAC 504-49-103 through 504-49-195) apply throughout this chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-100, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-103 Administrator. The term "administrator" has the following two meanings in this chapter:
(1) For purposes of a shared commercial solar project, the administrator is a utility or a business under contract with a utility which administers a shared commercial solar project that meets the eligibility requirements specified in this chapter. The administrator
Page 2
applies for certification on behalf of each of the project participants. In addition, the administrator performs administrative tasks on behalf of the owners as may be necessary, such as:
(b) Allocating and paying appropriate amounts of such payments to owners; and
(a) Receiving the renewable energy incentive payments;
(c) Communicating with the energy program about any changes in participants.
(a) Receiving the renewable energy incentive payments;
(2) For purposes of a community solar project as defined in WAC 504-49-120, the administrator is the utility, nonprofit, or local housing authority (as defined in RCW 35.82.020) that organizes and administers the community solar project. The administrator is responsible for applying for the renewable energy system incentive on behalf of the system's owners. In addition, the administrator performs administrative tasks on behalf of the owners as may be necessary, such as:
(b) Allocating and paying appropriate amounts of such payments to owners; and
(c) Communicating with the energy program about any changes in participants.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-103, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-105 Caps and limits. "Caps and limits" are defined as follows:
(a) Residential-scale systems: Five thousand dollars;
(1) "Annual incentive limits" means the annual limits on total incentives paid per person, business, or household for a given fiscal year of electricity generation from the four project types described in chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939). Each incentive recipient may qualify for payments up to the incentive cap within each project type. However, incentive recipients who have multiple projects within one project type are subject to the cap for the applicable project type. These caps are as follows:
(b) Commercial-scale systems: Twenty-five thousand dollars;
(d) Community solar projects: Five thousand dollars per project
(c) Shared commercial solar projects: Up to thirty-five thousand dollars per year per project participant, as determined by the terms specified in chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939); and
participant.
(3) "Project type cap" has the following two meanings in this chapter:
(2) "Utility credit cap" means that the maximum annual incentives paid by an electrical utility may not exceed one and one-half percent of the businesses' taxable power sales generated in calendar year 2014 and due under RCW 82.16.020 (1)(b) or two hundred fifty thousand dollars, whichever is greater, up to the utility's public utility tax liability.
(a) For commercial-scale systems, the project type cap is twentyfive percent of the remaining funds for credit available to a utility as of July 1, 2017; and
(b) For community solar and shared commercial solar projects combined, the project type cap is fifty percent of the remaining funds for credit available to a utility as of July 1, 2017.
Page 3
(4) "Incentive rate limit" for shared commercial solar project participants means that the incentive rate must not exceed the difference between the levelized cost of energy output and the participant's retail rate.
(5) "Total program limit" means that the total incentive payments made under this program (in this chapter) may not exceed one hundred ten million dollars.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-105, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-108 Certification. "Certification" means the authorization issued by the energy program establishing a system's eligibility and the eligibility of a person, business, or household to receive annual incentive payments from the serving utility for the incentive program term.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-108, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-110 Commercial-scale system. "Commercial-scale system" means a renewable energy system or system other than a community solar project or a shared commercial solar project with a direct current combined nameplate capacity greater than twelve kilowatts that meets the applicable system eligibility requirements established in section 6, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-110, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-115 Community solar project. "Community solar project" means a solar energy system that:
(2) Must have at least ten participants or one participant for every ten kilowatts direct current nameplate capacity, whichever is greater; and
(1) Has a nameplate generating capacity that is no larger than one thousand kilowatts direct current;
(3) Meets the applicable eligibility requirements established in sections 6 and 7, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-115, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-120 Consumer-owned utility. "Consumer-owned utility" has the same meaning as in RCW 19.280.020.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-120, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-125 Customer-owner. "Customer-owner" means the owner of a residential-scale or commercial-scale renewable energy system, where such owner:
Page 4
(1) Is not a utility;
(3) Either owns or occupies the premises where the renewable energy system is installed.
(2) Is the primary account holder of the utility account; and
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-125, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-130 Direct current. "Direct current" means the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-130, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-135 Electric utility or utility. "Electric utility" or "utility" means a consumer-owned utility or investor-owned utility as those terms are defined in RCW 19.280.020.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-135, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-140 Fiscal year. "Fiscal year" means July 1st through June 30th of the following year for the purposes of this rule. For example, fiscal year 2018 goes from July 1, 2017, through June 30, 2018.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-140, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-145 Nonprofit organization. "Nonprofit organization" means an organization exempt from taxation under 26 U.S.C. Sec. 501 (c)(3) of the federal Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as of January 1, 2009.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-145, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-150 Person, business, and household. "Person, business, and household" means any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, association, agency, or any other legal entity that resides on a property or has a business located on a property within the service area of the utility where the renewable energy system is located.
(a) Five thousand dollars per year for residential-scale systems or community solar projects;
(1) No person, business, or household is eligible to receive incentive payments provided under section 1, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939) of more than:
(b) Twenty-five thousand dollars per year for commercial-scale systems; or
(c) Thirty-five thousand dollars per year for shared commercial solar projects.
Page 5
(2) Example: Two or more individuals living together in one household, with one customer account with the participating utility, constitutes a household. Although they may each individually participate in this incentive program, these same individuals living together in one household receive incentives in accordance with this chapter.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-150, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-155 Program term. "Program term" means eight years, or until cumulative incentive payments for electricity produced by the project reach fifty percent of the total system price, including applicable sales tax, whichever occurs first. Eight years is equivalent to ninety-six months of electricity generation from the time of certification.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-155, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-160 Project participant. "Project participant" has the two following meanings:
(2) For purposes of shared commercial solar projects, a customer of a utility and located in the state of Washington.
(1) For purposes of community solar projects, a utility customer who participates in a community solar project in order to obtain a beneficial interest. Eligible participants of a community solar project that are business entities, such as a limited liability company or a corporation, are analyzed for participant eligibility and applicable incentive caps and limits by looking through the business entity to the members or stockholders that own the business entity.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-160, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-165 Renewable energy system. "Renewable energy system" means a grid-connected:
(2) Anaerobic digester as defined in RCW 82.08.900; or
(1) Solar energy system;
(3) Wind generator.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-165, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-170 Residential-scale system. "Residential-scale system" means a renewable energy system or systems located at a single situs with combined nameplate capacity of twelve kilowatts direct current or less that meets the applicable system eligibility requirements established in section 6, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-170, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
Page 6
WAC 504-49-175 Shared commercial solar project. "Shared commercial solar project" means a solar energy system, owned or administered by an electric utility, which:
(2) Has at least five participants; and
(1) Has a combined nameplate capacity of greater than one megawatt direct current and not more than five megawatts direct current;
(3) Meets the applicable eligibility requirements established in sections 6 and 8, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-175, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-180 Solar energy system. "Solar energy system" means any device or combination of devices or elements that rely on direct sunlight as an energy source for use in the generation of electricity.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-180, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-185 Solar inverter. "Solar inverter" means the device used to convert direct current to alternating current in a solar energy system.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-185, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-190 Solar module. "Solar module" means the smallest nondivisible, self-contained physical structure housing interconnected photovoltaic cells and providing a single direct current electrical output.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-190, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-195 Total system price. (1) "Total system price" includes only the renewable energy system components and fees that are integral and necessary for the generation of electricity. Components and fees include:
(i) Solar energy system: Solar modules, inverter(s);
(a) Renewable energy system equipment (depends on system type):
(ii) Wind generator: Turbine(s), tower(s), inverter(s);
(b) Balance of system (such as racking, wiring, switch gear, meter base);
(iii) Anaerobic digester: Digester/reactor, electrical generator.
(c) Nonhardware costs incurred up to the date of the final electrical inspection (such as fees associated with engineering, permitting, interconnection, application);
(e) Sales tax (as applicable).
(d) Labor;
(2) Total system price does not include structures and fixtures that are not integral and necessary to the generation of electricity, such as carports, roofing, and energy storage.
Page 7
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-195, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART II
PARTICIPATION AND APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, AND INCENTIVE LEVELS BY PROJECT TYPE
WAC 504-49-200 Participation by a utility in the renewable energy system incentive program is voluntary. (1) A utility electing to participate in the incentive program must notify the energy program of such election in writing.
(3) Such notice of termination of participation is effective after fifteen days, at which point the energy program may not accept new applications for certification of renewable energy systems that would be served by that utility.
(2) The utility may terminate its voluntary participation in the incentive program by providing notice in writing to the energy program to cease issuing new certifications for renewable energy systems that would be served by that utility.
(4) Upon receiving a utility's notice of termination of participation in the incentive program, the energy program must report on its web site that customers of that utility are no longer eligible to receive new certifications under the incentive program.
(6) A utility that has terminated participation in the program may resume participation upon filing notice with the energy program.
(5) A utility's termination of participation does not affect the utility's obligation to continue to make annual incentive payments for electricity generated by systems that were certified prior to the effective date of the notice. The energy program must continue to process and issue certifications for renewable energy systems that were received by the energy program before the effective date of the notice of termination.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-200, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-205 Certification restrictions. No new certification may be issued under this chapter for a system which an applicant received notice of eligibility from the department of revenue under the cost recovery program (RCW 82.16.120), or for a renewable energy system served by a utility that has elected not to participate in the incentive program, as provided in WAC 504-49-200.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-205, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-210 Renewable energy project requirements. Any person, business, or household, as defined in WAC 504-49-150, that participates in any of the four types of renewable energy projects defined in sections 5 through 8, chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939), must meet the specified participation requirements and is
Page 8
subject to the system capacity limits, application requirements, and incentive limits, as follows:
(a) Participation: The participant must be an owner of a residential-scale renewable energy system that is not a utility and:
(1) Residential-scale:
(i) Is a customer of the utility that serves that location and has established an interconnection agreement with the utility for the renewable energy system; and
(b) Capacity: Twelve kilowatts direct current or less, combined:
(ii) Either owns or occupies the premises where the renewable energy system is installed.
(i) Example 1: A property with a six kilowatts direct current solar system on one structure and a five kilowatts direct current system on the same or separate structure qualifies for the residential-scale incentive rate because the total capacity is less than twelve kilowatts direct current, combined.
(iii) Example 3: A property with a twelve kilowatt direct current solar system, production metered and applying for the incentive, and any additional direct current system, production metered or not, and not applying for the incentive, on the same or separate structure, does not qualify for the residential-scale incentive rate because the combined capacity is greater than twelve kilowatts direct current. This combined system instead qualifies for the commercial-scale incentive rate.
(ii) Example 2: A property with a six kilowatts direct current solar system on one structure and a seven kilowatts direct current system on the same or separate structure does not qualify for the residential-scale incentive rate because the total capacity is greater than twelve kilowatts direct current, combined. This combined system instead qualifies for the commercial-scale incentive rate.
(iv) In the case of multiple renewable energy systems on a structure such as a condominium or commercial building, each having a separate customer-owner and separate utility and production meters, each system, if under twelve kilowatts direct current, would qualify for the residential-scale rate.
(d) Annual incentive limit: Five thousand dollars per person, business, or household.
(c) Application: The owner submits a completed application to the energy program for certification per requirements specified in WAC 504-49-220.
(2) Commercial-scale:
(i) Is a customer of the utility that serves that location and has established an interconnection agreement with the utility for the renewable energy system; and
(a) Participation: The participant must be an owner of a commercial-scale renewable energy system that is not a utility and:
(ii) Either owns or occupies the premises where the renewable energy system is installed.
(i) Example 1: A property with a six kilowatts direct current solar system on one structure and a seven kilowatts direct current system on the same or separate structure qualifies for the commercialscale incentive rate because the total capacity is greater than twelve kilowatts direct current, combined.
(b) Capacity: Greater than twelve kilowatts direct current, combined.
(ii) Example 2: A property with a six kilowatts direct current solar system on one structure and a five kilowatts direct current sys-
Page 9
tem on the same or separate structure qualifies for the residentialscale incentive rate because the total capacity is less than twelve kilowatts direct current, combined.
(d) Annual incentive limit: Twenty-five thousand dollars per person, business, or household.
(c) Application: The owner submits a completed application to the energy program for certification per requirements specified in WAC 504-49-220.
(3) Shared commercial solar:
(b) Participation: Projects must have at least five project participants, each of which is a customer of the utility and located in the state of Washington;
(a) Administration: Administrators of this project type must be a utility or a business under contract with a utility;
(c) Capacity: Combined nameplate capacity greater than one megawatt direct current and not more than five megawatts direct current;
(i) Precertification. Prior to applying for certification, a shared commercial solar administrator must apply for precertification against the remaining funds available for incentive payments as of July 1, 2017. Precertification application requirements include, but are not limited to:
(d) Application:
(A) The name of the utility serving the project location;
(C) System information, including system component details and operation data such as global positioning system coordinates, tilt, estimated shading, and azimuth, as applicable;
(B) Contact information for the project administrator and technical management personnel; and
(D) Additional information regarding deployment of projects in low- and moderate-income communities, as those terms are defined in RCW 43.63A.510, as requested.
(e) Incentive rate: The incentive rate is set at the date of precertification approval;
(ii) Certification. The application for certification may not exceed the precertified system capacity. An application for certification must be completed by the shared commercial solar project administrator and approved by the energy program within one year of precertification issuance. Extensions past the three hundred sixty-five-day period are not granted. Projects that do not meet this deadline lose precertification status.
(f) Annual incentive limit: Thirty-five thousand dollars per participant (person, business, household), consistent with their share of participation.
(a) Administration: A utility, nonprofit, or local housing authority that organizes or administers a solar project;
(4) Community solar project:
(b) Participation: The project must have at least ten participants, or one participant for every ten kilowatts direct current nameplate capacity, whichever is greater; and all participants must be customers of the participating utility;
(d) There are no limitations on location unless stated in this section: Community solar project systems must be located in the state of Washington;
(c) Capacity: Nameplate capacity that is no more than one thousand kilowatts direct current;
(e) Application:
(i) Precertification. Prior to applying for certification, a community solar project administrator must apply for precertification against the remaining funds available for incentive payments as of July 1, 2017. Precertification application requirements include, but are not limited to:
(B) Contact information for the project administrator and technical management personnel; and
(A) The name of the utility serving the project location;
(C) System information, including system component details and operation data such as global positioning system coordinates, tilt, estimated shading, and azimuth, as applicable.
(f) Incentive rate: The incentive rate is set at the date of precertification approval;
(ii) Certification. The application for certification may not exceed the precertified system capacity. An application for certification must be completed by the community solar project administrator and approved by the energy program within one year of precertification issuance. Extensions past the three hundred sixty-five-day period are not granted. Projects that do not meet this deadline lose precertification status.
(g) Annual incentive limit: Five thousand dollars per participant (person, business, household), consistent with their share of participation.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-210, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-215 Department of revenue-certified renewable energy systems. To continue to be eligible to receive incentive payments under the renewable energy system cost recovery program (as described in WAC 458-20-273), the applicants (as defined in WAC 458-20-273) with the department of revenue certification must reapply with the energy program. This reapplication process is described in Part VI of this chapter and must be completed by April 30, 2018.
(2) Application: Submit a completed reapplication to the energy program for certification in accordance with the requirements specified in Part VI of this chapter. For community solar projects, also submit a list of participants in the project.
(1) Participation: Only applicants with renewable energy systems previously certified by the department of revenue may reapply for continued incentives.
(3) Annual incentive limit: Five thousand dollars per individual, household, business, or local governmental entity.
(4) Deadline: Reapplications must be submitted by April 30, 2018.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-215, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-220 Requirements to apply for certification—Residential-scale and commercial-scale projects. The application must contain, but is not limited to, the following information; additional requirements are specified in WAC 504-49-210.
(1) The name and address of the customer-owner and location of the renewable energy system.
(2) System information, including system component details and operation data such as global positioning system coordinates, tilt, estimated shading, and azimuth, as applicable.
(4) The date and supporting documentation verifying that the local jurisdiction issued its final electrical inspection of the renewable energy system.
(3) An executed interconnection agreement with the serving utility.
(5) Documentation, including final sales invoice, and details of the total system price as defined in WAC 504-49-195.
(7) A signed statement that the applicant has not previously received a notice of eligibility from the department of revenue under RCW 82.16.120 entitling the applicant to receive annual incentive payments for electricity generated by the renewable energy system.
(6) A signed statement that the applicant understands that this information is true, complete, and correct to the best of applicant's knowledge and belief under penalty of perjury.
(8) A signed statement authorizing the energy program and the serving utility to share information related to issuing annual incentive payments, including application details and energy generation.
(10) Provisional certification. The energy program may grant provisional certification prior to proof of final electrical inspection. Provisional certification expires one hundred eighty days after issuance, unless the applicant submits proof of the final electrical inspection from the applicable local jurisdiction, or the energy program extends the certification for a term or terms of thirty days due to extenuating circumstances.
(9) Payment of the one hundred twenty-five dollar application fee.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-220, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-225 Requirements to apply for certification—Shared commercial and community solar projects. The application must contain, but is not limited to, the information detailed below. Additional requirements are specified in WAC 504-49-210.
(2) System information, including system component details and operation data such as global positioning system coordinates, tilt, estimated shading, and azimuth, as applicable.
(1) The name and address of the project administrator and location of the renewable energy system.
(3) An executed interconnection agreement with the serving utility.
(5) Documentation, including final sales invoice, and details of total system price as defined in WAC 504-49-195.
(4) The date and supporting documentation verifying that the local jurisdiction issued its final electrical inspection of the renewable energy system.
(6) A signed statement that the administrator understands that this information is true, complete, and correct to the best of administrator's knowledge and belief under penalty of perjury.
(7) A signed statement that the administrator has not previously received a notice of eligibility from the department of revenue under RCW 82.16.120 entitling the community solar project participants to receive annual incentive payments for electricity generated by the solar energy system.
(9) Payment of the one hundred twenty-five dollar application fee.
(8) A signed statement authorizing the energy program and the serving utility to share information related to issuing annual incentive payments, including application details and energy generation.
(10) Additional information required for certification of shared commercial solar and community solar projects includes, but is not limited to:
(i) Project design details;
(a) Shared commercial solar projects:
(ii) Levelized cost of energy output of the system over its production life, and the calculations used to determine such cost;
(A) Name;
(iii) A list of participants, including:
(B) Address;
(D) Utility account number;
(C) Retail rate; and
(iv) Interconnection information; and
(A) The reasons for using out-of-state contractors;
(v) Details regarding the majority of the installation work. If the majority of the installation of a shared commercial solar project is awarded to out-of-state contractors, the administrator must submit to the energy program:
(B) The percentage of installation work performed by out-of-state contractors; and
(b) Community solar projects:
(C) A cost comparison of the installation services performed by out-of-state contractors compared to the same services performed by Washington-based contractors.
(i) System ownership information and business address;
(iii) Proof of registration with the utilities and transportation commission, as defined in commission rules;
(ii) Project design details;
(iv) A list of participants, including:
(B) Address; and
(A) Name;
(C) Utility account number.
(A) Rates;
(v) Subscription information, including:
(B) Fees;
(vi) Executed interconnection agreement if the project size is greater than five hundred kilowatts direct current; and
(C) Terms and conditions.
(vii) Updated information regarding deployment of projects in low- and moderate-income communities, as those terms are defined in RCW 43.63A.510, as requested.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-225, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-230 Response from the energy program. Within thirty days of receipt of the application for precertification or certification, the energy program must notify the customer-owner or administrator, electronically or by mail, whether the renewable energy system qualifies for incentive payments. This notice must state the rate to be paid per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated by the renewable energy system, as provided in section 6(12), chapter 36, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp. sess. (ESSB 5939), subject to any applicable caps and limits on total annual payment as defined in this chapter.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-230, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-235 Public disclosure. System certifications and the information contained therein are subject to public disclosure. In addition, all energy generation and incentive payment information associated with the certified system (as collected by the energy program) is subject to public disclosure.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-235, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-240 Denial or revocation of system certification. The energy program may deny or revoke the approval of a system's certification and an appeal of this final determination may be initiated. The appeal provisions under Part VII of this chapter apply here.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-240, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-245 Utility liability. A utility is not liable for incentive payments to a customer-owner if the utility has disconnected the customer due to a violation of a customer service agreement, such as nonpayment of the customer's bill or a violation of an interconnection agreement.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-245, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-250 Modification to system. Modification details must be provided to the energy program. Examples are provided in WAC 504-49-305.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-250, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART III CALCULATION OF INCENTIVES
WAC 504-49-300 Incentive payment rate. The incentive payment rate is the sum of the base rate and the made-in-Washington bonus, if applicable. To determine the incentive payment, the incentive payment rate is then multiplied by the system's gross kilowatt-hours generated during the fiscal year to determine the incentive payment.
(1) Determining the base rate. The first step in computing the incentive payment is to determine the correct base rate to apply. This rate depends on the fiscal year in which the system was certified and the type of renewable energy project under consideration, as defined in the table in subsection (2) of this section.
(2) Made-in-Washington bonus. The bonus rate is determined by whether all applicable system components (solar modules, wind turbines or towers) are manufactured in Washington state. See additional manufacturing details in Part V of this chapter. Bonus rates vary depending on the fiscal year in which the system is certified, as provided in the table below.
(3) Examples: A renewable energy system certified in fiscal year 2019 and generate:
(i) If a residential-scale or commercial-scale renewable energy system has only solar modules manufactured out-of-state, the computation is as follows:
(a) Residential-scale system: Two thousand five hundred kilowatthours; commercial-scale system: Fourteen thousand kilowatt-hours.
(A) Residential-scale: 0.14 × 2,500 = $350.00;
(ii) If a residential-scale or commercial-scale renewable energy system has all solar modules manufactured in Washington state, the computation is as follows:
(B) Commercial-scale: 0.04 × 14,000 = $560.00.
(A) Residential-scale: (0.14 + 0.04) × 2,500 = $450.00;
(iii) If a residential-scale or commercial-scale renewable energy system has a solar module manufactured in Washington state combined with additional solar modules manufactured out-of-state, the computation would be as follows:
(B) Commercial-scale: (0.04 + 0.04) × 14,000 = $1,120.00.
(A) Residential-scale: 0.14 × 2,500 = $350.00;
(iv) If residential-scale or commercial-scale wind generator equipment has an out-of-state turbine combined with a tower manufactured in Washington state, the computation is as follows:
(B) Commercial-scale: 0.04 × 14,000 = $560.00.
(A) Residential-scale: (0.14 + 0.04) × 2,500 = $450.00;
(v) If residential-scale wind generator equipment has both an out-of-state turbine and tower, the computation is as follows:
(B) Commercial-scale: (0.04 + 0.04) × 14,000 = $1,120.00.
(A) Residential-scale: 0.14 × 2,500 = $350.00;
(b) Shared commercial solar project system: Four million kilowatt-hours.
(B) Commercial-scale: 0.04 × 14,000 = $560.00.
(i) If a shared commercial system has out-of-state solar modules, the computation is as follows: 0.04 × 4,000,000 = $160,000.00. The solar project administrator distributes the incentive payments consistent with share of participation. If a participant is involved at five percent of the project, their incentive payment is $160,000.00 × 0.05
| Fiscal year of system certification | Base rate: Residential-scale | Base rate: Commercial- scale | Base rate: Community solar | Base rate: Shared commercial solar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | $0.16 | $0.06 | $0.16 | $0.06 |
| 2019 | $0.14 | $0.04 | $0.14 | $0.04 |
| 2020 | $0.12 | $0.02 | $0.12 | $0.02 |
| 2021 | $0.10 | $0.02 | $0.10 | $0.02 |
= $8,000.00 (contingent on the rates, fees, terms or conditions of the project).
(c) Community solar project system: Fifty thousand kilowatthours.
(ii) If a shared commercial system has all solar modules manufactured in Washington state, the computation is as follows: (0.04 + 0.04) × 4,000,000 = $320,000.00. The solar project administrator distributes the incentive payments consistent with share of participation. If a participant is involved at five percent of the project, their incentive payment is $320,000.00 × 0.05 = $16,000.00 (contingent on the rates, fees, terms or conditions of the project).
(i) If a community solar energy system has all solar modules manufactured in Washington state combined with an out-of-state inverter, the computation is as follows: (0.14 + 0.04) × 50,000 = $9,000.00. The solar project administrator distributes the incentive payments consistent with share of participation. If a participant is involved at five percent of the project, their incentive payment is $9,000.00 × 0.05 = $450.00 (contingent on the rates, fees, terms or conditions of the project).
(ii) If a community solar energy system has some solar modules manufactured in Washington state combined with additional solar modules manufactured out-of-state, the computation is as follows: 0.14 × 50,000 = $7,000.00. The solar project administrator distributes the incentive payments consistent with share of participation. If a participant is involved at five percent of the project, their incentive payment is $7,000.00 × 0.05 = $350.00 (contingent on the rates, fees, terms or conditions of the project).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-300, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-305 Additions or changes to existing certified systems. (1) All additions or changes to existing certified systems may be subject to existing utility standards and policies.
(a) Issue a new certification for an additional system installed with a previously certified system, as long as the new system meets the program requirements and its production can be measured separately from the previously certified system. These systems may be subject to additional annual reporting requirements including, but not limited to, production meter readings from each system.
(2) If a residential-scale or commercial-scale customer-owner makes investments that result in an expansion of capacity, the applicant must provide this information to the energy program. The energy program may:
(b) Issue a recertification if the additional capacity is not measured separately. Such recertification expires on the same day as the original certification for the residential-scale or commercialscale system, and applies the incentive rates and program rules that are in effect as of the date of the recertification.
(a) A five kilowatts direct current residential-scale system is certified in February 2019 and is eligible for the fourteen cents incentive rate. Two kilowatts direct current of capacity is added in February 2021 without a separate production meter and the system is recertified in the same fiscal year. The incentive rate of ten cents
(3) The following examples illustrate how increases in system capacity may affect incentive payments:
per kilowatt-hour applies to all future incentive payments of the entire seven kilowatts direct current system. Incentive payments end in 2027 or when cumulative incentive payments reach fifty percent of the total system price plus the expansion price, including applicable sales tax, whichever comes first;
(c) An increase in nameplate capacity, production metered or not, results in the total capacity being greater than twelve kilowatts direct current. Recertification is required and the applicable commercial-scale incentive rate will apply.
(b) A five kilowatts direct current residential-scale system is certified in February 2019 and is eligible for the fourteen cents incentive rate. If two kilowatts direct current of capacity is added in February 2021 with its own production meter, the addition may be certified separately and the ten cent rate applies only to the production from this separate system and ends in 2029. The originally certified five kilowatts direct current system continues to be certified at the fourteen cents rate, with those payments ending in 2027. Cumulative incentive payments of fifty percent of the total system price, including applicable sales tax, apply separately to the five kilowatts direct current and two kilowatts direct current installations;
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-305, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-310 Cumulative limit on incentive payments. Incentive payments continue for eight years or until cumulative incentive payments for electricity produced by the project reach fifty percent of the total system price, including applicable sales tax, whichever occurs first.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-310, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART IV MANUFACTURED IN WASHINGTON STATE
WAC 504-49-400 What constitutes manufactured in Washington? The energy program must, in consultation with the department of commerce, establish a list of equipment that is eligible for the bonus rates described in this chapter.
(a) "Solar module" means the smallest nondivisible, self-contained physical structure housing interconnected photovoltaic cells and providing a single direct current electrical output. The lamination of the modules must occur in Washington state;
(1) In order for a solar module, or a wind turbine or tower, to qualify as manufactured in Washington state, the manufactured component must meet the following definitions:
(b) "Wind turbine" refers to a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy and "tower" refers to the supporting structure.
(2) Is combining products considered to be manufacturing? When determining whether a solar module, or a wind turbine or tower, are manufactured in Washington, the energy program considers various factors to determine if a manufacturer combining various items into a
single package is engaged in a manufacturing activity. Any one of the following factors is not considered conclusive evidence of a manufacturing activity:
(b) The manufacturer combining the ingredients attaches his or her own label to the resulting product;
(a) The ingredients are purchased from various suppliers;
(c) The ingredients are purchased in bulk and broken down to smaller sizes;
(e) The manufacturer combining the items does not sell the individual items except within the package.
(d) The combined product is marketed at a substantially different value from the selling price of the individual components; and
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-400, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-405 What is the process for a manufacturer to get its product qualified as made in Washington? The manufacturer must request certification from the energy program that its product, such as a module, or wind turbine or tower, qualifies as made in Washington.
(2) Penalty of perjury. The manufacturer's statement must be made under penalty of perjury.
(1) Manufacturer's statement. The manufacturer must supply the energy program with a statement specifying what processes were carried out in Washington state to qualify the product.
(3) Field visit to view manufacturing process. The energy program performs a field visit to view the manufacturing process for the product, which may also include, but is not limited to:
(b) Testing and evaluation of a product pulled off the production line;
(a) An inspection of the process by an engineer or other technical expert;
(c) Review of purchase invoices to verify the vendor sources for the parts used in the manufacturing of the product;
(e) Requests for clarification concerning questions, if any, discovered during the inspection.
(d) Inspection of the production line; and
(4) Approval or disapproval of manufacturer's certification. Within thirty days of the field visit, the energy program issues a written decision to the manufacturer on its product's qualification as made in Washington state. The energy program makes the decision available to the public.
(6) Inspection of previously certified product's manufacturing process. The energy program reserves the right to perform an inspection of the manufacturing processes for each product, such as a solar module, or a wind tower or turbine, that has been previously certified as manufactured in Washington state. The inspection is conducted to verify that the product continues to qualify as manufactured in Washington state.
(5) Change in manufacturing process. The manufacturer must notify the energy program of any change in the manufacturing process for previously certified products within ten days of such a change.
(7) Denial or revocation of approval of certification. The energy program may revoke the approval of certification that a product, such as a module, or a wind turbine or tower, is made in Washington state
when it finds that the product does not qualify for certification as manufactured in Washington state.
(9) Document retention. The manufacturer must retain the documentation of the made in Washington certification process for five years after the application period for the related incentive program closes.
(8) The appeal provisions under Part VII of this chapter apply here.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-405, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART V GENERAL TOPICS
WAC 504-49-500 Is there a time limit on when incentive payment may be made for a system's generated electricity? Yes. Incentive payments may only be made for kilowatt-hours generated on or after July 1, 2017, and for the following eight years, or until cumulative incentive payments for electricity generated by the project reach fifty percent of the total system price, including applicable sales tax, whichever occurs first.
(2) Certification is valid for the incentive program term. This certification entitles the person, business, or household to receive incentive payments for electricity generated from the date the renewable energy system commences operation, or the date the system is certified, whichever date is later.
(1) Authorization of incentive payments. No incentive payments may be authorized or accrued until the final electrical inspection and executed interconnection agreement are submitted to the energy program.
(3) Changes to incentive rates. Incentive rates determined by certification date may not be retroactively changed except to correct errors that were made during the original application or certification process and that are discovered later.
(5) Certification date. Certification date is determined by the date when the energy program completes its review of a submitted application. However, due to the timing of this program, the following administrative processes apply:
(4) Incentive schedule. Incentives are issued based on the gross kilowatt-hours generated during the fiscal year beginning on July 1st and ending on June 30th. For the last year of incentive payments, the payment is the balance of the last year of generation less the first year of generation. A negative balance for the last year results in nonpayment.
(a) For applications submitted from July 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017:
(ii) For purposes of systems that commenced operation before July 1, 2017: The certification date is assigned as July 1, 2017.
(i) For purposes of systems that commenced operation on or after July 1, 2017: The certification date is assigned based on the date that the local jurisdiction issued its final approval of the electrical inspection of the renewable energy system.
(b) For applications submitted on or after January 1, 2018: The certification date is assigned on the date when the energy program completes its review of a submitted application. The energy program
encourages customer-owners to submit all applications on the date the local jurisdiction issues its final approval of the electrical inspection of the renewable energy system. In instances where the certification date might follow the final electrical inspection by more than thirty days, the customer-owner or the serving utility must provide additional information to ascertain the correct initial electrical generation amount to use in calculating the first year of incentive payments.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-500, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-505 Must the customer-owner or administrator keep records regarding incentive payments? (1) Customer-owners or administrators receiving incentive payments must keep and preserve, for a period of five years after the receipt of the last incentive payment from the utility, suitable records as may be necessary to determine the amount of incentive received.
(2) Examination of records. Such records must be open for examination at any time upon notice by the energy program.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-505, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-510 How to determine if community solar or shared commercial solar projects located on the same property are one combined system or separate systems for determining the applicable limit? In determining if a community solar or shared commercial solar project is within the applicable limit when more than one community solar or shared commercial solar project is located on one property, the energy program treats each project's system as separate from the other projects if there are separate production meters and separate certification applications have been submitted to the energy program.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-510, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-515 Are the renewable energy system's environmental attributes transferred when ownership of the renewable energy system changes? The nonpower attributes of the renewable energy system belong to the utility customer who owns or hosts the system or, in the case of a community solar project or a shared commercial solar project, the participant. The attributes may be kept, sold, or transferred at the utility customer's discretion unless, in the case of a utility-owned community solar or shared commercial solar project, a contract between the customer and the utility clearly specifies that the utility retains the attributes.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-515, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-520 What do I have to do if I purchase property that has an existing renewable energy system? If a person, business, or
household purchases a property that has a renewable energy system certified in the renewable energy system incentive program, the new customer-owner must (at a minimum) notify the energy program of the transfer of ownership and provide an executed interconnection agreement with the utility serving the premises.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-520, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-525 What if I sell my share in a community solar or shared commercial solar project? The administrator of a community solar project or shared commercial solar project must provide notice to the energy program of any changes or transfers in project participation.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-525, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART VI
APPLICATION PROCESS FOR CURRENTLY CERTIFIED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN THE COST RECOVERY INCENTIVE PROGRAM
WAC 504-49-600 Requirements to reapply for certification. The reapplication for continued incentive payments through June 30, 2020, must be submitted to the energy program by April 30, 2018. This reapplication must contain, but is not limited to, the following information as specified in the applicant and eligibility requirements in WAC 458-20-273:
(2) The applicant's tax registration number;
(1) The name and address of the applicant and location of the renewable energy system;
(3) The utility name and utility account number;
(5) A signed statement that the applicant understands that this information is true, complete, and correct to the best of their knowledge and belief under penalty of perjury; and
(4) System information, including system component details and operation data such as global positioning system coordinates, tilt, estimated shading, and azimuth, as applicable;
(6) A signed statement authorizing the energy program and the serving utility to share information related to issuing annual incentive payments, including application details and energy generation.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-600, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-605 May a renewable energy system that has already been certified by the department of revenue be certified in the new program for incentive payments beyond June 30, 2020? No. If the applicant's renewable energy system has already been certified by the department of revenue for cost recovery incentives, that system is ineligible for the new incentive program.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-605, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-610 May I increase the capacity of a department of revenue-certified system? The person, business, or household may not increase the capacity of a department of revenue-certified system to receive additional cost recovery program incentive payments.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-610, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-615 Is there a fee to reapply? No. There is no fee for reapplication for a department of revenue-certified renewable energy system.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-615, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
PART VII APPEALS RIGHTS
WAC 504-49-700 What are the appeal rights under the renewable energy system incentive payment program? (1) The energy program may take four different types of actions that may result in a right to an appeal:
(b) Revoking a system's precertification or certification;
(a) Denying a system's precertification or certification;
(c) Denying a manufacturer's statement of a product as qualifying as made in Washington state; and
(2) The same appeal procedures apply to all four types of action. All appeals involving the renewable energy system incentive program in this chapter are conducted as formal adjudicative proceedings under RCW 34.05.413 through 34.05.476 and chapter 10-08 WAC.
(d) Revoking a previously approved certification of a product qualifying as made in Washington.
(3) The notice issued by the energy program provides an explanation of the reasons for the denial or revocation, and advises the recipient about how to appeal the decision if the recipient disagrees.
(4) The energy program's action is final unless the recipient files an appeal petition with the energy program within thirty days of service (receipt) of the notice of the energy program's action. RCW 34.05.010(19) defines "service" and includes service by postal mail, electronic mail, and personal service.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-700, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-705 Presiding officer—Final order—Review. For both a denial of an application for certification and a notice of intent to revoke a previously approved certification, the presiding officer of a
formal adjudicative proceeding is the Washington state office of administrative hearings. The presiding officer makes the final decision and enters a final order as provided in RCW 34.05.461 (1)(b).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-705, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-710 Petitions for reconsideration. RCW 34.05.470 governs petitions for reconsideration. Petitions for reconsideration must be addressed to or delivered to the presiding officer at the address provided in the final order. The petition for reconsideration must be filed and served as required by WAC 10-08-110.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-710, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
WAC 504-49-715 Judicial review. Judicial review of the final order of the presiding officer is governed by RCW 34.05.510 through 34.05.598.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.30.150. WSR 18-20-025, § 504-49-715, filed 9/24/18, effective 10/25/18.]
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Quantum virial expansion approach to thermodynamics of $^4$He adsorbates in carbon nanotube materials: Interacting Bose gas in one dimension
Antonio Šiber*
Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 304, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
(Received 15 November 2002; revised manuscript received 21 January 2003; published 30 April 2003)
I demonstrate that $^4$He adsorbates in carbon nanotube materials can be treated as one-dimensional interacting gas of spinless bosons for temperatures below 8 K and for coverages such that all the adsorbates are in the groove positions of the carbon nanotube bundles. The effects of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are studied within the scheme of the virial expansion approach. The theoretical predictions for the specific heat of the interacting adsorbed gas are given.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.165426 PACS number(s): 68.43.De, 68.65.−k, 51.30.+i, 65.80.+n
I. INTRODUCTION
The adsorption of gases in nanotube-based materials has been recently a subject of considerable interest and many theoretical and experimental studies focused on this phenomenon have been reported.\textsuperscript{1–12} The interest in the subject stems partially from the possibility to use these materials as efficient gas containers for hydrogen storage.\textsuperscript{13} Another reason for the interest is that the nanotube materials provide a very specific potential-energy environment for the gas atoms and molecules. In particular, the nature of this environment is such that it reduces the effective dimensionality of adsorbates\textsuperscript{8,9} which at sufficiently low temperatures behave as one-dimensional (1D) gases. This provides an excellent opportunity to study the interactions in the 1D gas. The problem of $N$ particles interacting mutually via binary interaction potentials in one dimension has been thoroughly investigated in the literature and there exist exact quantum and classical solutions for very specific functional forms of the interaction potential.\textsuperscript{14–17} The aim of this paper is to investigate a realistic system in which the adsorbate atoms (molecules) interact with a relatively complicated binary potential that is attractive at large and repulsive at short interadsorbate separations.\textsuperscript{18}
The outline of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II, the behavior of a single atom adsorbed on the surface of a bundle of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT’s) is discussed. The range of temperatures in which the isolated adsorbates exhibit effective one-dimensional behavior is discussed for $^4$He atoms. In Sec. III the calculation of a second virial coefficient for the interacting gas in one dimension is briefly outlined. A fully quantal approach is followed since the gas of interest is composed of $^4$He atoms for which quantum effects are essential. In Sec. IV the specific heat of adsorbed He gas is predicted and the effects of He-He interactions are discussed. The results obtained are compared with those for exactly solvable models\textsuperscript{15,16} and qualitative agreement is found. The calculation of specific heat in combination with experiments, some of them quite recently reported,\textsuperscript{19,20} is expected to yield additional insight into the thermodynamics of the adsorbed gas. In Sec. V, the influence of the corrugation of the nanotube (which is neglected in Secs. II–IV) and sample inhomogeneities on the thermodynamics of adsorbed gas is thoroughly discussed. Section VI concludes the paper and summarizes the main results of the present work.
II. BEHAVIOR OF ISOLATED $^4$He ATOMS ADSORBED ON THE SURFACE OF A BUNDLE OF SWCNT’S
Although there is still ongoing discussion\textsuperscript{1–4,9,10} concerning the preferable adsorption sites for He atoms in SWCNT materials, the experimental information\textsuperscript{1–3} combined with the theoretical considerations,\textsuperscript{9–11} suggests that individual He atoms are predominantly adsorbed in the groove positions on the SWCNT’s bundle surface. If the number of He atoms adsorbed in the sample is very large, then one can expect that the He atoms will also occupy other positions on the bundle surface. This point is discussed in Sec. III.
Quantum states of $^4$He atoms adsorbed in the groove positions of an infinitely long bundle made of (10,10) SWCNT’s have been discussed in Ref. 9. It was found that the low-energy part of the $^4$He excitation spectrum exhibits a typical 1D behavior with characteristic $1/\sqrt{E}$ singularities present in the density of states, $g(E)$. The density of states does not exhibit gaps which is a consequence of the neglect of the corrugation of the carbon nanotube. In this approximation there are no potential barriers for the adsorbate motion along the groove. The severeness of this approximation and its influence on the results presented is discussed in Sec. V. In Fig. 1, the low-energy part of the $^4$He density of states per unit length of the groove is presented, which was calculated as described in Ref. 9, i.e., the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation was numerically solved to yield the complete set of bound states. As can be seen in Fig. 1, all the excitations with energies between $-22.7$ meV and $-18.88$ meV pertain to essentially one-dimensional $^4$He atoms. The excitations in this regime of energies represent the activated, free motion of $^4$He atoms along the groove characterized by a 1D wave vector $K_y$ (the $y$ axis is oriented along the groove), as discussed in Ref. 9. The transverse profile (in the $xz$ plane, perpendicular to the groove direction) of the $^4$He wave function is the same for all these excitations and can be represented by a narrow, Gaussian-like 2D function [see Fig. 4(a) in Ref. 9].
At $-18.88$ meV, another band of states becomes available to the isolated adsorbates. In this band, the transverse
profile of the $^4$He wave function is different from the ground-state profile [see Fig. 4(b) in Ref. 9]. As discussed in Ref. 9, the population of higher (excited) bands causes transition from the effectively 1D behavior of $^4$He atoms to 2D, and eventually, 3D behavior.
For the purposes of this work, it is sufficient to note that the separation between the lowest 1D band and the first excited band is quite large (3.82 meV) which immediately suggests that the higher bands are poorly populated in a significant range of temperatures. The width of this temperature range can be evaluated from the known density of states. The total density of states can be represented as a sum of the lowest band density of states, $g_0(E)$, and the density of states representing all other transverse excitations, $g_a$,
$$g(E) = g_0(E) + g_a(E). \quad (1)$$
The lowest band density of states per unit length of the groove is given by
$$g_0(E) = \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2}} \frac{1}{2\pi} \cdot \frac{\Theta(E - E_\Gamma)}{\sqrt{E - E_\Gamma}}, \quad (2)$$
where the mass of the adsorbate is $m$, $E_\Gamma = -22.7$ meV is the ground-state energy, and $\Theta$ is the Heaviside function. The total number of adsorbates, $N$, is given by
$$N = L \int_{E_\Gamma}^\infty g(E)f(E,T)dE, \quad (3)$$
where $L$ is the total length of the groove, and the Bose-Einstein distribution function is given by
$$f(E,T) = \frac{1}{\exp\left(\frac{E - \nu}{k_B T}\right) - 1}. \quad (4)$$
Here, $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is the temperature, and $\nu$ is the chemical potential. The number of adsorbates in the lowest band, $N_0$, can be calculated as
$$N_0 = L \int_{E_\Gamma}^\infty g_0(E)f(E,T)dE, \quad (5)$$
once the chemical potential has been determined from Eq. (3).
In Fig. 2, I plot the ratio $N_0/N$ as a function of temperature and for three different linear densities of adsorbates, $n$, $n = N/L$. From this figure one can conclude that the non-interacting $^4$He gas can be treated as effectively being 1D for temperatures smaller than about 8 K (13 K) since for these temperatures more than 99% (95%) of $^4$He atoms occupy the lowest-energy band.
### III. VIRIAL EXPANSION APPROACH TO TREATING THE INTERACTING GAS IN ONE DIMENSION
The approach to be presented here assumes that all the adsorbed atoms are in the groove positions on the bundle surface. Thus, the approach cannot be applied to the situations where the number of adsorbates is so large that other positions on the bundle surface become occupied by the adsorbates. One could envisage the situation where a very large number of atoms is adsorbed on the bundle surface. From this phase, one could get to the phase where all the adsorbates are exclusively in the groove positions by desorbing all the atoms which are not in groove positions. These atoms are more weakly bound than those in the grooves and will desorb from the sample at lower temperatures. This fact enables the experimental realization of the 1D phase of interest to this work. Similar arguments can be applied to 1D heavy adsorbate phases studied in Ref. 12.
The virial expansion approach to treating the imperfect (interacting) quantum gas is well known and in this section it will be only briefly outlined with reference to a quantum gas in one dimension. The basic idea of the virial expansion approach is to represent the so-called gas spreading pressure, $\phi$, as a power series of the gas density, $n$,
\[
\beta \phi = \sum_{l=1}^{\infty} B_l(L, \beta) n^l.
\] (6)
Here, \( \beta = 1/k_B T \) and coefficients \( B_l \) are the virial coefficients. The virial coefficients can be obtained by comparing the expansion of the gas spreading pressure in the power series of fugacity, \( z = \exp(\beta \nu) \),
\[
\beta \phi = \frac{1}{L} \ln Q(z, \beta, L) = \sum_{l=1}^{\infty} b_l(L, \beta) z^l
\] (7)
with the expansion in Eq. (6). \( b_l \) is the \( l \)th cluster integral obtained as the coefficient in the power-series expansion of the logarithm of the grand partition function, \( Q \), in terms of fugacity. Since the grand partition function is given by
\[
Q(z, L, \beta) = \sum_{l=0}^{\infty} Z_l(L, \beta) z^l,
\] (8)
where \( Z_l \) are the quantum partition functions for \( l \) particles, the formulas for cluster integrals can be obtained by comparing the expansions in Eqs. (7) and (8). The general form of \( b_l \) is given in Ref. 21. For the first two cluster integrals one has
\[
b_1 = \frac{Z_1}{L},
\]
\[
b_2 = \frac{1}{2} \frac{Z_2^2}{L}.
\] (9)
Eliminating \( z \) from Eqs. (6) and (7) by expressing it in terms of linear density \( n \) yields the relation between the virial coefficients and cluster integrals. Using Eq. (9), one can obtain the relations between virial coefficients and quantum partition functions. Explicitly, for the first and second virial coefficient one has
\[
B_1 = 1,
\]
\[
B_2 = L \left( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{Z_2}{Z_1^2} \right).
\] (10)
The quantum expression for the partition function of \( N \) particles in one dimension is
\[
Z_N = \int dy_1 \cdots dy_N \sum_{\alpha} \Psi_{\alpha}^{*}(y_1, \ldots, y_n)
\]
\[
\times \exp[-\beta H(p_1, \ldots, p_N, y_1, \ldots, y_N)]
\]
\[
\times \Psi_{\alpha}(y_1, \ldots, y_n),
\] (11)
where \( p_i \) and \( y_i, \ i = 1, \ldots, N \), represent 1D momenta and coordinates of the \( N \) gas particles, respectively. The dynamics of \( N \) gas particles is described by the Hamiltonian \( H(p_1, \ldots, p_N, y_1, \ldots, y_N) \). A complete set of quantum states describing \( N \) particles is denoted by \( \{ \alpha \} \). The wave functions \( \Psi_{\alpha} \) are assumed to be properly normalized and symmetrized according to the statistics satisfied by the gas particles. It is easy to show\(^{21-23} \) that the partition function for one 1D spinless particle is given by
\[
Z_1 = \frac{L}{\lambda},
\] (12)
where \( \lambda \) is the thermal wavelength, \( \lambda = \sqrt{2 \pi \hbar^2 \beta / m} \). Since I consider \( ^4 \text{He} \) atoms, the consideration of spinless particles suffices. As shown by the authors of Ref. 21, the spin degrees of freedom can be considered (if needed) after the spinless problem has been solved. In the problem of spinless particles (anti)symmetrization of the wave function is performed solely in the coordinate space. All expressions which follow do not consider the spin degrees of freedom.
For the calculation of the second virial coefficient, \( B_2 \), given by Eq. (10), one needs to calculate the partition function for two-interacting particles. This is an easy task when the corrugation of the nanotubes can be neglected, since in that case the interacting two-body problem can be reduced to free motion of the center of mass and the relative motion representing a particle of reduced mass \( \mu = m/2 \) in an external potential.\(^{21-24} \) The motion of the center-of-mass can be represented by a wave function for the free particle of mass \( 2m \), \( \exp(i k_{cm} Y)/\sqrt{L} \), where \( k_{cm} \) is the wave vector of the center-of-mass motion and \( Y \) is the center-of-mass coordinate, \( Y = (y_1 + y_2)/2 \). The relative motion can be described by a wave function of relative coordinate, \( y = y_1 - y_2 \), which is denoted by \( \xi_c(y) \), and which satisfies the 1D Schrödinger equation
\[
\left[ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2 \mu} \frac{d^2}{dy^2} + v(|y|) \right] \xi_c(y) = \epsilon_c \xi_c(y).
\] (13)
The binary potential representing an interaction between the two gas particles is denoted by \( v(|y|) = v(|y_1 - y_2|) \). The set of “relative” quantum states is denoted by \( \{ c \} \). This set consists of a finite number of bound states denoted by \( \{ b \} \), and the continuum of states which can be numbered according to the wave vector \( k \) associated with the motion of the particle with reduced mass in the region where the interaction vanishes (large \( y \)). The energy of the quantum state \( |c\rangle \) is denoted by \( \epsilon_c \). Relative wave functions behave in the asymptotic regime (\( y \to \infty \)) as
\[
\xi_k(y) \to \frac{1}{\sqrt{L}} \sin[ky + \eta(k)],
\]
\[
\xi_b(y) \to 0.
\] (14)
The 1D phase shifts, which are nonvanishing due to the presence of the interaction potential \( v \), are denoted by \( \eta(k) \).
The partition function for the two noninteracting particles [\( v(|y|) = 0 \)] in one dimension can be calculated without invoking \( Y \) and \( y \) coordinates. Its form results solely from the requirement of the (anti)symmetrization of the total wave function. Explicitly,
\[
Z_2^{(0)} = \frac{Z_1^2}{2} + \frac{L}{2 \sqrt{2 \lambda}},
\] (15)
where the upper(lower) sign is for a spinless boson (fermion) gas. The second virial coefficient for the noninteracting gas is thus
\[
B_2^{(0)} = \mp \frac{\lambda}{2\sqrt{2}}.
\]
(16)
The superscripts \( (0) \) in Eqs. (15) and (16) indicate that the expressions correspond to the noninteracting quantum gas. As often noted in the literature, the finite value of the \( B_2^{(0)} \) coefficient for noninteracting quantum gas reflects the so-called statistical attraction for bosons [negative \( B_2^{(0)} \)] and statistical repulsion for fermions [positive \( B_2^{(0)} \), see Eq. (6)]. The expression for \( B_2^{(0)} \) should be compared with Eq. (3.15) of Ref. 21 which pertains to noninteracting gas in two dimensions.
The second virial coefficient can be calculated as
\[
B_2 = B_2^{(0)} + \lambda \sqrt{2} \sum_c \left\{ \exp[-\beta \epsilon_c^{(0)}] - \exp(-\beta \epsilon_c) \right\},
\]
(17)
where \( \epsilon_c^{(0)} \) is the set of “relative” energies for two noninteracting particles. Equation (17) has been obtained by performing integration over the center-of-mass coordinate in the expression for the partition function of the two interacting particles, \( Z_2 \) [Eq. (11)].
The formula for \( B_2 \) which is convenient for numerical implementation can be obtained by replacing the summation over \( \{c\} \) in Eq. (17) with two summations, one going over the bound states, \( \{b\} \), and the other over the continuum states, \( \{k\} \). One can pass from the sum over states \( \{k\} \) to the integral over the wave vector \( k \) by introducing the density of states in \( k \) space, which can be obtained from the 1D phase shifts, \( \eta(k) \). I finally obtain
\[
B_2(\beta) = B_2^{(0)}(\beta) - \lambda \sqrt{2} \sum_b \exp(-\beta \epsilon_b)
\]
\[
- \frac{\lambda \sqrt{2}}{\pi} \int_0^\infty \frac{d \eta(k)}{dk} \exp\left(-\beta \frac{\hbar^2 k^2}{2\mu}\right) dk,
\]
(18)
where the dependence of the virial coefficient on the temperature (or \( \beta \)) is emphasized. This formula is very similar to the one obtained for 2D and 3D gases, although the numerical factors (such as \( \sqrt{2} \)) and units of \( B_2 \) (in one dimension, \( B_2 \) has units of length since the linear density has units of inverse length) are different, depending on a dimensionality of the problem. It should also be noted that since the problem involves only one dimension, one does not obtain azimuthal quantum numbers which occur in the treatments of interacting gases in two and three dimensions as a consequence of the central symmetry of the binary potential.
The evaluation of Eq. (18) requires the calculation of 1D phase shifts which depend on the binary potential, \( v \). The interaction between the two He atoms in the otherwise empty space is known to great precision. However, the effective interaction between the two He atoms positioned in the vicinity of a third polarizable body is different from the free space He-He interaction. In the case of interest to this work, the two He atoms are surrounded by two SWCNT’s and the polarization induced in the SWCNT’s will modify the He-He interaction. While the polarization-induced effects on the binary potential can be calculated for atoms physisorbed on a crystalline surface, the analogous calculation for the very specific geometry of the nanotube bundle is certainly more difficult. It is interesting to note here, that Vidali and Cole found that the measurements of specific heat of He overlayers on graphite can be more accurately reproduced by the effective He-He potential which is 15% shallower from the free-space He-He potential. They attribute this effect to the screening of He-He interaction by the substrate. The treatment of Vidali and Cole was also based on quantum virial expansion. In another study, more related to the system considered here, the authors found that the interaction between two He atoms adsorbed in the interstitial channels of SWCNT’s has a well depth which is 28% shallower with respect to the free-space interaction. The groove adsorption represents a situation which is “somewhere in between” the adsorption on planar graphite and in SWCNT’s interstitial channels.
In the following calculations, the He-He interaction will be described by free-space potential suggested recently by Janzen and Aziz, but I also consider the scaled potential obtained from the free-space interaction by simple multiplication with a factor of 0.785. Thus, the scaled potential has a well depth which is 21.5% smaller from the well depth of the free-space potential. This number was obtained as a simple arithmetic mean of the well depth reductions found for adsorption on planar graphite and in interstitial channels of SWCNT’s. The assumed reduction of the well depth is quite close to the numerical estimate in Ref. 28 (24%). The exact value of the scaling factor used should not be taken too seriously because the substrate-induced contributions to the potential cannot be modeled by a simple scaling of the free-space potential. The scaled potential was introduced simply to examine the effects of the details of interaction potential on the thermodynamics of adsorbed gas. Additionally, to obtain the effective potential in one dimension, the 3D potential should be averaged over the 2D cross sections of the adsorbate probability density. However, since the cross section of the lowest band states is rather small, and in light of the uncertainties of the substrate-mediated forces, such a procedure has not been performed.
SAPT1 potential supports one weakly bound state in one dimension, representing a \( ^4 \text{He} \) dimer with an energy of \( \epsilon_0 = -0.16 \) \( \mu \text{eV} \). This state, being so weakly bound, is extremely extended in a relative coordinate. The bound state energy in one dimension is significantly smaller then the one obtained by Siddon and Schick in a 2D treatment, which is in accord with the existing literature. The scaled SAPT1 potential does not support bound states. The 1D phase shifts and their derivatives with respect to the relative wave vector were calculated by numerically solving the Schrödinger equation using an algorithm quite similar to the one described in Ref. 32.
In Fig. 3, the calculated values of a second virial coefficient are presented. The full line corresponds to calculations
with the He-He potential suggested in Ref. 18 (SAPT1), while the dashed line corresponds to calculations using the scaled SAPT1 potential. The behavior of the second virial coefficient with temperature is qualitatively similar to the one obtained for $^4$He adsorbates on graphite (2D problem) in Ref. 21. There is, however, one important difference. The ideal gas term, $B_2^0$, reflecting the purely quantum effect of gas statistics, decays with temperature as $\sqrt{1/T}$ in one dimension, and as $1/T$ in two dimension.\textsuperscript{21} Thus, the approach of a second virial coefficient to its classical value as the temperature increases is slower in one than in two dimensions. In the inset of Fig. 3 the derivatives of the phase shifts, $d\eta(k)/dk$, are plotted as a function of relative wave vector $k$. Note that the phase-shift derivatives become negative and nearly constant for large relative energies (wave vectors). This is a consequence of a strongly repulsive potential at short distances (hard core). Note also that the phase shifts of the two potentials are very different for small wave vectors, and thus one could expect that the two potentials produce quite different thermodynamical quantities. However, the very different behavior of the phase shifts is a consequence of the fact that the SAPT1 potential supports a weakly bound state whereas the scaled SAPT1 potential does not. Thus, in the evaluation of Eq. (18) one has to properly account for the bound state which exists in the case of the SAPT1 potential. This “extra” term for the SAPT1 potential makes the thermodynamical quantities derived from the two potentials quite similar, although the derivatives of the phase shifts are very different. This fact has been discussed for the interacting gas in two dimensions,\textsuperscript{33,34} in connection with Levinson’s theorem,\textsuperscript{24,35} which relates the phase shift at zero momentum to the number of bound states. It was found\textsuperscript{33} that a proper account of both the continuum and bound states eliminates discontinuities in thermodynamic properties whenever an extra bound state appears with the small change of the parameters of interaction potential. In the present calculation a similar effect is found in one dimension.
IV. SPECIFIC HEAT OF ADSORBED $^4$He GAS
The specific heat of interacting quantum gas can be calculated from the set of virial coefficients.\textsuperscript{22,23} I assume that the dominant contribution to the specific heat comes from the second virial coefficient. Thus, the results are applicable to a restricted range of adsorbate concentrations and temperatures. The range of validity of this approximation can be estimated from a calculation of higher virial coefficients, which is a difficult task, or from direct comparison with experiments, as has been done for $^4$He adsorbates on graphite in Refs. 21 and 36. Experiments dealing primarily with the specific heat of adsorbates in carbon nanotube materials have not been reported yet and those which detected the signature of the adsorbed gas in the overall specific heat of the sample were focused on the specific heat of clean nanotube materials.\textsuperscript{19,20}
The isosteric specific heat is given as\textsuperscript{21}
$$\frac{C}{Nk_B} = \frac{1}{2} - n\beta^2 \frac{d^2 B_2}{d\beta^2}. \quad (19)$$
The second term in Eq. (19) can be calculated from Eq. (18) as
$$n\beta^2 \frac{d^2 B_2}{d\beta^2} = n\lambda \sqrt{2} \left[ \frac{1}{16} + \frac{S_0 + I_0}{4} + \beta(S_1 + I_1) - \beta^2(S_2 + I_2) \right], \quad (20)$$
where
$$S_n = \sum_b e_b^n \exp(-\beta e_b), \quad (21)$$
$$I_n = \frac{1}{\pi} \left( \frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu} \right)^n \int_0^\infty k^{2n} \frac{d\eta(k)}{dk} \exp\left( -\frac{\hbar^2 k^2 \beta}{2\mu} \right) dk. \quad (22)$$
The expression for the term in Eq. (20) representing a deviation of the specific heat from its ideal value (where the interadsorbate interactions are neglected) is different from the corresponding expression one would obtain in a 2D treatment. The 2D expression\textsuperscript{21} does not contain a term proportional to $\lambda$ and independent of the interadsorbate interaction potential [1/16 in Eq. (20)]. The reason for this is that in two dimensions, the noninteracting value of $B_2$, $B_2^{(0)}$ is proportional to $\beta$ [$B_2^{(0)} = -\lambda^2/4$],\textsuperscript{21} and therefore, its second derivative with respect to $\beta$ vanishes. In the 1D case, $B_2^{(0)} \propto \sqrt{\beta}$ [see Eq. (16)] and $d^2 B_2^{(0)}/d\beta^2 \propto \beta^{-3/2}$. This fact alone suggests that the specific heats of a dilute, interacting boson gas in one and two dimension may be qualitatively different.
In Fig. 4 I plot the quantity $-\beta^2 d^2 B_2/d\beta^2$. The full (dashed) line represents the calculation with the SAPT1 (scaled SAPT1) potential. Obviously, both potentials produce similar deviations. The calculation with the scaled SAPT1 potential yields somewhat smaller effects of interactions on the specific heat, which is plausible since the scaled SAPT1
potential is weaker than the SAPT1 potential. An important observation is that the deviation of specific heat from its ideal value is negative for a 1D boson gas, i.e., the inclusion of interactions reduces the specific heat of the adsorbed 1D gas. For a 2D spinless boson gas considered in Ref. 21, the deviation was found to be positive. The observed difference between 1D and 2D results is a consequence of both the nonvanishing second derivative of the ideal term \([B_2^{(0)}(\beta)]\) with respect to \(\beta\), and nonexistence of azimuthal degrees of freedom in the 1D treatment of the problem.
Finally, in Fig. 5, I plot the specific heat of the interacting \(^4\)He gas adsorbed in grooves of SWCNT bundles for three different linear densities. The full (dashed) lines represent the calculation with the SAPT1 (scaled SAPT1) potential. Obviously, for denser gas, the specific heat is more strongly influenced by the interactions, and deviates more from the ideal (noninteracting) 1D value (compare with Fig. 6 of Ref. 9). It can also be inferred from Fig. 5 that the description of thermodynamics of the adsorbed gas in terms of the second virial coefficient only breaks down at very low temperatures where such an approach yields negative specific heat. These temperatures can be considered as the lower limits for the application of the present approach. For higher densities, the lower-temperature limits obviously increase, in agreement with Eq. (19), and the presented virial expansion approach breaks down at higher temperatures. Note that the upper temperature for which the specific heat was calculated is 6 K. Above that temperature the higher bands start to contribute to the specific heat as discussed in Sec. II and Ref. 9. Although the number of particles in higher bands is very small at 6 K (see Fig. 1), the derivative of internal energy with respect to temperature (specific heat) is very sensitive even to very small occupations of the higher bands and this causes the increase of the specific heat observed for a very dilute gas.
It is now of interest to compare the obtained results with those of exactly solvable 1D many-particle models. In particular, for the gas of bosons in one dimension interacting via a repulsive \(\delta\)-function potential, Lieb and Liniger have demonstrated that the energy spectrum of such a gas is identical to the spectrum of a noninteracting Fermi gas.\(^{15,16}\) The same was found in the model of Girardeau\(^{17}\) for 1D bosons interacting with the binary hard-core potentials of finite radius. The Fermi energy \(E_F\) of the corresponding 1D Fermi gas is given as
\[
E_F = \frac{\hbar^2 k_F^2}{2m} = \frac{\hbar^2 \pi^2}{2m} n^2,
\]
where \(k_F = \pi N/L = \pi n\) is the Fermi wave vector. This mapping (interacting Bose gas vs noninteracting Fermi gas) allows us to easily predict the specific heat of the impenetrable 1D Bose gas. Thus, at temperatures much smaller than the Fermi temperature, \(T_F = E_F/k_B\),
\[
C_V(T \ll T_F) \propto T,
\]
while at temperatures much larger than the Fermi temperature, the specific heat reduces to its classical equipartition value
\[
\frac{C_V(T \gg T_F)}{Nk_B} \rightarrow \frac{1}{2}.
\]
The linear temperature dependence of the specific heat [Eq. (24)] can be also interpreted as a signature of long-wavelength compression waves of the 1D Bose gas (sound), and is thus also expected in a gas of 1D bosons interacting with more complex forces. This is a collective effect and is obviously outside of the scope of the second-order virial expansion, treating only the two-body collisions. On the other hand, the classical equipartition value of specific heat [Eq. (25)] is obtained also by the present approach at high temperatures [Eq. (19) and Fig. 4]. The temperature separating the two characteristic behaviors in Eqs. (24) and (25) is roughly given by the Fermi temperature of the equivalent noninteracting Fermi gas, which is proportional to the square
of linear density [Eq. (23)]. Thus, for denser Bose gases, the interval of temperatures in which the specific heat is significantly smaller than one-half is larger. This is again in agreement with the results presented in Fig. 5.
V. THE EFFECT OF THE CORRUGATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES AND SAMPLE INHOMOGENEITIES
The results presented in this paper are based on an idealized representation of the SWCNT materials. In particular, it is assumed that SWCNT bundles are infinitely long, straight, and smooth, which is certainly not the case in real materials, and the bundles wiggle on large length scales. The discreteness of the nanotube results in the corrugation of the potential experienced by adsorbates, which is not accounted for in the present approach. The influence of the corrugation of the potential confining the He atom to the interstitial channel of the bundle composed of (10,10) carbon nanotubes was studied in Ref. 11. A model potential was used which enabled an easy examination of effects induced by the potential details. A substantial effect of the corrugation on the density of states of a single He atom was predicted. In particular, for the lowest band of states, a mass enhancement factor of 2.37 was calculated. Another study\textsuperscript{6} predicted a mass enhancement factor of 1.3. The large difference between these factors predicted by the two studies can be attributed to the larger separation of the tubes (by 0.1 Å) adopted in Ref. 6 with respect to Ref. 11. For comparison, the mass enhancement factor for $^4$He adsorbed on graphite was found to be only 1.06.\textsuperscript{26} For an interstitial channel surrounded by three (17,0) nanotubes, the authors of Ref. 6 found that a change in the intertube separation by 0.1 Å changes the effective mass of $^4$He by a factor of 2.
It is quite remarkable that a small change in the intertube separation results in a very large change of the band structure of adsorbates. A similar sensitivity of the adsorbate bound states on the interaction potential was found in Ref. 9 for the groove adsorption. The details of the interaction potential are “magnified” in the spatially restricted regions of the interstitial channel and the groove, and the band structure of adsorbates is much more affected by the potential details when compared with the adsorption on planar graphite. Thus, in order to assess the effect of the corrugation on the calculations presented in this paper, one would need to know the intertube separation distance to a precision better than at least 0.05 Å. Note that the groove region is at the surface of the bundle where the relaxation effects can be expected and the separation between the tubes surrounding the groove needs not to be the same as the separation between the two tubes in the interior of the bundle. Additionally, one would have to know the He single tube potential with great accuracy. Even then, the calculation of the corrugation of the potential would require knowledge of the alignment of the two tubes surrounding the groove. It is very likely that this arrangement is not the same for all the grooves on the bundle surface. Furthermore, if the two tubes surrounding a groove are not of the same symmetry, the corrugations of the two tubes are not necessarily commensurate and the total potential for the groove adsorption cannot be written as a Fourier series.
All the mentioned complications are not present for the adsorption on planar graphite. In that case, a fairly reliable potential can be constructed\textsuperscript{36} and written as a 2D Fourier series. However, even the inclusion of periodic corrugation in the formalism of quantum virial expansion is not straightforward. The basic reason for this is that the two-body Schrödinger equation in the textured potential background no longer separates into the two equations describing the motion of the center of mass and the relative motion. For the adsorption of He on graphite, Guo and Bruch\textsuperscript{29} devised a perturbation treatment in which the two-body cluster integral is written as an expansion in powers of the Fourier amplitudes of the atom-substrate potential. They also presented the results for the second virial coefficient in which the corrugation effects were treated up to second order of the perturbation series. Another study dealing with the problem\textsuperscript{37} started from the tight-binding Hamiltonian and He atoms localized on particular adsorption sites. A series of approximations and simplifications was needed to obtain the formula for the second virial coefficient which is amenable to evaluation.
It is clear from the discussion in this section that a reliable calculation of the second virial coefficient with the effects of the corrugation included is not possible at present, mainly because the relevant potential is not known with sufficient precision. Additionally, aperiodic corrugation has not been treated in the literature in this context. However, a simple estimate of the corrugation effects is possible if we represent the adsorbate as a particle with the effective mass. Such a representation of the corrugation effects is adequate for excitations with small velocity, i.e., for the states located around the center of the 1D Brillouin zone. The mass enhancement for the groove adsorption can be expected to be somewhere between 1.06 (planar graphite) and 2.37 (interstitial channel). The quantity $-\beta^2 d^2 B_2/d\beta^2$ was calculated using Eqs. (20)–(22), the scaled SAPT1 potential, and the effective He mass equal to $M^* = 1.3 M_{\text{He}} = 5.2$ amu. At $T = 1$ K (5 K), its value was found to be $-1.69$ Å ($-0.52$ Å). This should be compared with the values obtained in Fig. 4. In particular, at $T = 1$ K (5 K) the values obtained using the free mass of $^4$He are $-1.92$ Å ($-0.77$ Å). Thus, the reflection of the corrugation effects on the specific heat can be significant, but the overall trends, at least in the model of renormalized mass, are the same. For strongly corrugated potentials, it may be more sensible to use the bandwidth for the characterization of the effects of corrugation rather than the curvature of dispersion curves at small wave vectors.\textsuperscript{38}
The influence of other bundles on the atoms adsorbed in a groove of a particular bundle is neglected. This approximation obviously breaks down if two bundles touch each other. At these points, the adsorbates move in a potential very much influenced by both bundles in question, which may be significantly different from the potential of a single, infinitely long and straight bundle I used in the calculations. For the adsorption of $^4$He on graphite,\textsuperscript{27,39} it was argued\textsuperscript{40} that the presence of long-range inhomogeneities in the graphite may act as a trap and induce the Bose-Einstein condensation of
the adsorbed gas. The same experiments were later explained in terms of the virial expansion approach\textsuperscript{21} by assuming a perfect graphite substrate. Nevertheless, a possible substantial influence of the sample inhomogeneities on the thermodynamics of the adsorbed gas cannot be \textit{a priori} ruled out. This is expected to be more important at low temperatures where the adsorbate thermal wavelength is large and the long-range order of the sample may influence the adsorbate gas thermodynamics. It is hoped that the low-temperature measurements of the specific heat may provide answers to these questions.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
$^4$He gas adsorbed in the grooves of single-wall carbon nanotube bundles has been treated as an interacting Bose gas in one dimension. It was found that this approximation should be very accurate for all temperatures below 8 K. The interactions in the adsorbed gas are treated via the quantum virial expansion approach, and the second virial coefficient for the interacting gas was calculated. This information was used to calculate the specific heat of adsorbed $^4$He gas which was shown to be substantially influenced by interadsorbate interactions already at relatively low adsorbate linear densities (0.0331/\AA). A qualitative agreement between the results obtained in this paper and those of exactly solvable 1D models is demonstrated.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It is a pleasure to thank D. Jurman for stimulating discussions concerning exactly solvable 1D many-particle models and for bringing the author’s attention to Ref. 14.
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COSMOPOLITAN ® ELECTROL ®
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Project:
Architect:
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Supervisor:
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Date:
Revised:
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A Bridge over a Chasm:
Ten Ideas to Improve Mental Health and Mental Health Treatment
Patricia Crittenden, Ph.D.
Director, Family Relations Institute
Patricia Crittenden studied under Mary Ainsworth from 1978 until 1983, when she received her Ph.D. as a psychologist in the Social Ecology and Development Program at the University of Virginia. Her psychology master's thesis, on the CARE-Index, was developed in consultation with John Bowlby and her family systems research, on patterns of family functioning in maltreating families, was accomplished with guidance from Mavis Hetherington. In the last two decades, Dr. Crittenden has worked cross-culturally as a developmental psychopathologist developing the Dynamic-Maturational Model (DMM) of attachment and adaptation, along with a developmentally attuned, life-span set of procedures for assessing self-protective strategies. DMM-based theory and empirical research authored by Dr. Crittenden have been widely published as books, chapters in books, and empirical articles in developmental and clinical journals. In 2004, Dr. Crittenden received a career achievement award for "Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Child and Family Development" from the European Family Therapy Association in Berlin.
*
This plenary talk will describe the state of mental health and mental health treatment and offer 10 ideas that any mental health practitioner, from any theoretical orientation and any locality, can apply in their daily work. Dr. Crittenden has worked for 5 decades in education, child protection, mental health treatment, and forensic applications. In this talk, she synthesizes her experience to 10 practical ideas that practitioners can apply tomorrow to improve the functioning of distressed people and to make their own careers more productive and satisfying. These ideas won't change the world; that's a complex, long-term process. Instead, they will improve individual lives, one day, one hour at a time.
Objectives
1. Enable mental health researchers and practitioners to evaluate the current state of knowledge in mental health and mental health treatment.
2. Focus attention on what we need to know – and what the next steps in gaining better information are.
3. Offer 10 practical ideas to improve the mental health of ordinary people, distressed people, and mental health professionals.
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Office of Family Assistance, ACF, HHS
(2) In 2000, and annually thereafter, we will determine for each State, at the 90-percent confidence level, the percentage change in the child poverty rate and provide this information to the State. The determination of percentage change in 2000 will cover the change between calendar years 1996 and 1997.
(c) Estimates from the State. (1) As an alternative to the Census Bureau estimates provided to the State under paragraph (b) of this section, the State may provide to us data on child poverty in the State derived from an independent source.
(2) If the State provides data on child poverty as described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, it must:
(i) Provide an estimate of the child poverty rate for the same two calendar years as the Census Bureau estimates provided to the State under paragraph (b)(2) of this section;
(ii) Provide the change in the child poverty rate for the applicable two-calendar-year period at the 90-percent confidence level;
(iii) Use the official definition of poverty as used by the Census Bureau; and
(iv) Describe the methodology used to develop its independent estimates, the sources of data and methodology for collecting the data, any known problems associated with making estimates of this type, the estimate of the standard error, and the power of the sample to detect a five percent change in the child poverty rate.
(3) The State must submit its independent estimates and supporting information within 45 days of the date the State receives the Census Bureau estimates as described in paragraph (b) of this section.
(d) Determination of the State's child poverty rate. (1) If we determine that the State's independent estimates of the child poverty rate are more reliable than the Census Bureau estimates, we will accept these estimates.
(2) For all other States, we will determine the State's child poverty rate based on the Census Bureau's estimates.
VerDate Mar<15>2010 12:00 Dec 15, 2010 Jkt 220188 PO 00000 Frm 00193 Fmt 8010
§ 284.30
§ 284.21 What will we do if the State's child poverty rate increased five percent or more over the two-year period?
(a) If we determine, based on § 284.20, that the State's child poverty rate did not increase by five percent or more over the applicable two-year period at the 90-percent confidence interval, we will:
(1) Conclude that the State has satisfied the statutory requirements of section 413(i) of the Act; and
(2) Notify the State that no further information from or action by the State is required for the applicable two-calendar-year period.
(b) If we determine, based on § 284.20, that the State's child poverty rate increased by five percent or more over the applicable two-year period at the 90-percent confidence level, we will notify the State that it has 90 days from the date of its receipt of our notification to submit an assessment of the impact of the TANF program(s) in the State, as specified in § 284.30.
§ 284.30 What information must the State include in its assessment of the impact of the TANF program(s) in the State on the increase in child poverty?
(a) The State's assessment must:
(1) Cover the same two-calendar-year period as the Census Bureau estimates provided to the State in § 284.20(b)(2);
(2) Directly address the issue of whether the State's child poverty rate increased as a result of the TANF program(s) in the State and include the State's analysis, explanation, and conclusions in relation to this issue; and (3) Include the information on which the assessment was based.
(b) The State's assessment may be supported by any materials the State believes to be pertinent to its analysis, explanation, and conclusions. The following are examples of such materials:
(1) The number of families receiving TANF cash assistance payments under the State TANF program and, if applicable, the Tribal TANF program(s);
(2) The total amount of State and Tribal spending on TANF cash assistance payments;
(3) The number and/or percentage of eligible families with children in the State who are participating in the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Asimov, Isaac. 1983. Psychology Today. New York: Randon House.
Atkinson, Rita L & Friends. 1983. Introduction to Psychology. United States of America: Harcout Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Burger, Jery.M. 1986. Personality Theory and Research. United States of America. Words Worth Publishing Company.
Glynis, Breakwell, Rose David. 2000. Research method in Psychology. California: Saga Publication.
Feist, Jess. 1985. Theories of Personality. Canada: C 85 College Publishing.
Gilmer, B.Van Heller. 1984. Applied Psychology: Adjusment to the Theory of Personality. Canada: John Willey and Sons Inc.
Hall, Calvin and Gardned Lindsey. 1981. Theories of Personalities. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Papalia, E. Diane & Sally Wendkos. 1985. Psyhology. New York: Mc- Graw- Hill Book Company.
Pervin, Lawrence. 1970. Personality: Theory and Research. Canada: Library of Congress Cataloging.
Rahmawati, Evi Viona. 2011. Dilemma or Making Moral Choice Pride and Prejudice Movie Directed by Joe Wright (2005): A Existentialism Approach. Research Paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Triyono. 2012. Defense Mechanism in The Seagull by Anton Chekov (1896): A Pshychoanalytic Approach. Research Paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
- http://www.ibliblio.org/jane_austen.html
Accesed December 14, 2012 at 7.22 pm
- Carrol, Robert T. 1994-2009 Freudian Psychoanalysis http://www.skepdic.com/psychoan.html Accesed on 14 December, 2012 at 10 p.m
- http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/psychoanalysis.html
Accesed on 03.03.2013 at (07:49)
- http:/www.ship.edu/html)
- pinterest.com/.../pride-and-prejudice-book-covers
Accesed on 30.04.2013 at 11:21
- Movies Like Pride and Prejudice - Rotten Tomatoes http://www.rottenpotatoes.com/movies_pride_and_prejudice.html
Accesed on 06.11.2012 at 07:28
- Self_Measures_for_Self-Esteem_ROSENBERG_SELF-ESTEEM http://en.bookfi.org/selfesteem.html
Acessed on 21.01.2013 at (14:39:57)
- thepsychologist-esteem
http://en.bookfi.org/theory_book_of_selfesteem.html
Accesed on 21.01.2013. at (14:33)
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Fmoc AA DMB glycine
Fmoc AA DMB alanine
Large scale GMP and custom dipeptides
All of the dipeptides listed can be provided at multi kg scale under GMP. We are also happy to quote on dipeptide products not on our list. Please contact us to discuss your needs: Email: [email protected]
|
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|
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