lomljhoax/Oracle-P15K

Mitigating Long-tail Distribution in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Dataset, Model, and Benchmark ☯️

The first attempt to apply diffusion model in realistic and controllable OBI generation

Jinhao Li^1*, Zijian Chen^2*, Runze Jiang³, Tingzhu Chen^3†, Changbo Wang^1†, Guangtao Zhai²

¹School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University
²Institute of Image Communication and Information Processing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
³School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
^*Both authors contributed equally to this research ^†Corresponding authors

Overview of the proposed Oracle-P15K dataset. The dataset comprises 14,542 OBI images with structure-aligned expert-annotated glyphs. Based on this, we present a pseudo OBI image generator, namely OBIDiff, to alleviate the long-tail distribution problem in current OBI datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate both the necessity of Oracle-P15K and the effectiveness of OBIDiff in improving the performance of downstream OBI tasks.

Release 🚀

• [2025/8/3] ⚡️ Dataset, code, pre-trained models are released !
• [2025/7/6] ⚡️ Our paper has been accepted by ACM MM 2025 !
• [2025/4/13] ⚡️ Github repo for Oracle-P15K is online !

Code 💻

Create a conda environment and install dependencies.

Attach a control net to the SD model:

python tool_add_control.py ./models/v1-5-pruned.ckpt ./models/control_sd15_ini.ckpt

Organize the dataset into a JSON file：

python anno.py

Training & Testing.

Dataset and checkpoint are available at huggingface and google drive. We suggest to modify some logger settings when conducting evaluation. The notes are provided in logger.py.

Motivations 💡

The existing OBI datasets suffer from a long-tail distribution problem. Consequently, OBI-related models achieve superior performance in majority classes while underperforming in minority classes. Therefore, we construct Oracle-P15K, a large-scale structure-aligned OBI dataset comprising 14,542 images infused with domain knowledge from OBI experts. The Oracle-P15K dataset can also serve as a comprehensive benchmark for researchers to develop and evaluate their methods for dealing with other OBI information processing tasks, such as OBI denoising, recognition, etc.

Construction Pipeline 🧩

Focusing on structure-aligned image pairs for OBI generation and denoising models.

Pseudo OBI Generator 🤖

Our OBIDiff consists of an autoencoder, a stable diffusion (SD) model, a glyph encoder, and a style encoder. Given a clean glyph image and a target rubbing-style image, it can effectively transfer the noise style of the original rubbing to the glyph image.

Results on OBI Generation and Denoising Tasks 📌

Qualitative results on the OBI generation tasks (click to expand)

Quantitative results on the OBI generation tasks (click to expand)

• Fitted kernel distribution of four low-level features including brightness, contrast, sharpness, and spatial information (SI):

• Recognition accuracy of augmented images generated by the proposed OBIDiff and other OBI generation methods w.r.t. the scale of data augmentation:

Qualitative results on the OBI denoising tasks (click to expand)

Quantitative results on the OBI denoising tasks (click to expand)

User Preference Study 👥

We develop a web-based user interface with automated navigation to facilitate the evaluation process.

Contact ✉️

Please contact the first author of this paper for queries.

• Jinhao Li, [email protected]

Citation 📎

If you find our work interesting, please feel free to cite our paper:

@misc{li2025mitigatinglongtaildistributionoracle,
      title={Mitigating Long-tail Distribution in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Dataset, Model, and Benchmark}, 
      author={Jinhao Li and Zijian Chen and Runze Dong and Tingzhu Chen and Changbo Wang and Guangtao Zhai},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2504.09555},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.09555}, 
}

Acknowledgements 🏆

This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (24Z300404220), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Project of Intelligent Humanities and Social Sciences (ZHWK2506), and the National Social Science Foundation (Arts) Major Project (22ZD05).