How are polar and non-polar substances related to the removal of stains?
827577
On cloth, most stains like dirt, etc. are non-polar.  Laundry detergent\nis made up of non-polar surfactants which help to dissolve the stain and make it soluble in water.  As you may remember from chemistry, like dissolves like.
551086
A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. In contrast, a pigment generally has no affinity for the substrate, and is insoluble.\n\nArchaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and the Middle East, dyeing has been carried out for over 5000 years. The dyes were obtained from either animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with no or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.\n\nOrganic dyes\nThe first man-made organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856. Many thousands of dyes have since been prepared and, because of vastly improved properties imparted upon the dyed materials, quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes. Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process.\n\nAcid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers.\n\nBasic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.\n\nDirect or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.\n\nMordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final colour significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment.\n\nLook up leuco form in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye.\n\nReactive dyes utilize a chromophore containing a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make it among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dye is by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.\n\nDisperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are substantially water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. They can also be used to dye nylon, triacetate, polyester and acrylic fibres. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids diss
447545
Polution.And carondioxide
33606
The staining was a factor, but now with triple-antibiotic creams, they seem to work even better, without poisoning the skin/body\n\nPS Iodine, does a similar job, I think.
744495
Carbon Tetrachloride is a non-polar molecule, thus it is capable of dissolving similar non-polar molecules.
225634
None. They are two different compounds.\n\nIt looks like you want to compare a specific property of the alcohols. Please specify!
934073
"Detergent molecules have two very different parts--a polar or ionic part, such as a sulfonate group, and a non-polar part, consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain. (In the case of soap, a type of detergent, the polar group is carboxylate.) The polar part of the molecule is hydrophilic, meaning that it is attracted to water. The nonpolar part is hydrophobic,  meaning that it is repelled by water."\n"When you introduce detergent molecules into water, the hydrophobic groups change the structure of the water and interfere with hydrogen bonding between the water molecules. Consequently, the hydrophobic groups are expelled to the surface of the water, where the detergent molecules are oriented with their hydrophilic ends in the water and their hydrophobic groups away from it. For this reason, molecules such as detergents are often called surfactants,  or surface active agents. The replacement of water molecules by detergent molecules results in a decrease in the surface tension of water."\n\nThe source isn't the best type in the world, but the facts seem to be efficient and surprisingly accurate.
363326
not chemical reations\n\nonly reflection...
383604
yes, but nonpolar materials do not because water is a bipolar molecule (has a positive and negative end). that is why water is one of the best solvents on the planet.
201719
(m)\n\nHot water does not freeze - cold water does.\n\nHot water cools faster than cold water because they both follow approximately the rate equation delta T = -k*dT/dt.\n\nAfter washing the stained clothes in both hot and cold water, we determined that cold water removed most of the stains more efficiently.  Cold water removed all of the stains that hot water did not, with the exception of grape juice and mustard.  Neither hot nor cold water removed oil or grass stains efficiently.  It different detergents and/or stain removal substances, such as Shout, were applied to the grass and oil stains, they would more than likely be able to be removed.  Since oil needs heat to dissolve, it would probably be effectively removed with the proper stain removers in hot water.  We decided that not just hot or cold water can specifically be used to remove all types of stains all the time.  Each stain must be treated accordingly using the right detergent and the right water temperature.  \n\n \n\nAlthough hot water is needed to remove some stains, it also tends to fade the color of materials.  If there are no stains in clothes, it is more efficient to use cold water because you are saving energy by not needing water to be heated.  If clothes need to be washed in warm or hot water, you can save energy but washing big loads of laundry at once and rinsing them on a different, cooler cycle.    \n\n\nCold water pressure washers are most suitable for car, deck, grill, patio, sidewalk, house, bus, and truck power cleaning. Also, if you have a car washing or an airplane washing business cold water power washers are the best fitting machines for it.\n\nOn the other hand, hot water pressure washers are excellent for oil, grease, and fuel spills, and for sanitization. Hot water pressure washers are also the best candidates for places such as garages, industrial plants, agriculture machineries, service areas, food processing plants, and airport environments.\n\nCold (40 - 50 degrees F) water is absorbed more quickly from the stomach. Also, if cold water is drank during physical exercise has the dual effect of also cooling the internal body temperature along with sweat produced by exercise. Since sweat is your body’s way of cooling itself, leave sweat on your skin and you should feel cooler.
811688
I would have to guess that it involves the neutralization reaction of more than 2 substances.\n\nJust a guess
102963
A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. In contrast, a pigment generally has no affinity for the substrate, and is insoluble.\n\nArchaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and the Middle East, dyeing has been carried out for over 5000 years. The dyes were obtained from either animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with no or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.\n\nThe first man-made organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856. Many thousands of dyes have since been prepared and, because of vastly improved properties imparted upon the dyed materials, quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes. Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process.\n\nAcid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers.\n\nBasic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.\n\nDirect or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.\n\nMordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final colour significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment.\n\nLook up leuco form in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye.\n\nReactive dyes utilize a chromophore containing a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make it among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dye is by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.\n\nDisperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are substantially water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. They can also be used to dye nylon, triacetate, polyester and acrylic fibres. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to all
701972
Non-Polar Solvents:\n> Hexane -( CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 )\n>Benzene  (C6H6 )\n>Toluene  (C6H5-CH3 )\n>Diethyl ether  (CH3CH2-O-CH2-CH3 )\n>Chloroform  (CHCl3 )\n>Ethyl acetate  (CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3)\n> Dichloromethane  (CH2Cl2 )\n\nPolar Aprotic Solvents:\n>1,4-Dioxane  (&#92;-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-&#92; )\n>Tetrahydrofuran (THF) ( /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-&#92; )\n>Acetone  (CH3-C(=O)-CH3 )\n>Acetonitrile  ((MeCN) CH3-C≡N )\n>Dimethylformamide (DMF)>> ( H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 )\n>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) >>> (CH3-S(=O)-CH3 )\n\nPolar Protic Solvents:\n>Acetic acid  (CH3-C(=O)OH )\n>n-Butanol  {CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH }\n>Isopropanol  {CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3}\n> n-Propanol  {CH3-CH2-CH2-OH }\n>Ethanol  {CH3-CH2-OH }\n>Methanol  {CH3-OH }\n>Formic acid  {H-C(=O)OH }\n>Water  {H-O-H }
517387
I'm going to asume that those viatmins aren't polar, which explains why they dissolve in fats, which are also non-polar.  Likes dissolve in likes.  Polarrity has to to with the electrons being drawn to one side of a molecule, causing a slight charge on each side.  Water is polar, and will pull apart other polar molecules, but non-polar vitamins A, D, and E won't disolve in water, but instead in fats and oils.
157082
Specifically: water, pyridine, squalene, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid, complex alcohols and glycols, ketones, and aldehydes.
310310
No effect.  Alcohol is not polar, and is not affected by varying the pH of urine.  It is only removed in the urine to a very small extent anyway.
440553
Because you mention Rf values, I assume you're asking specifically about Thin-Layer Chromatography.  Actually the molecular weight is a fairly minor factor in the Rf value.  Intermolecular interactions between the pigment in question and the solid phase and the mobile phase are the most important.  So it really comes down to the selection of the mobile phase, how polar, how acidic or basic in relation to the analyte (your pigment in this case).  pH of the mobile phase is critically important in that your pigment may ionize to a greater or lesser extent depending upon the pH, and this drastically changes the intermolecular interactions.  Stationary phase selection is also important.