The electron transport chain of aerobic respiration:?
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d\n\n\na is backwards\nb is backwards\nc is wrong cuz H+ are protons, and nothing is pumped into the matrix
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6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ + 18 ATP → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi
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Kreb's cycle is also known as TCA cycle. this step occurs after glycolysis. the tca accounts for abt two-thirds of the total oxidation of carbon compounds in most cells, and its malor end pdts are carbon dioxide and high energy electrons in the form of NADH . The carbon dioxide released is a waste pdt while the NADH are passed to a membran - bound electron transport chain. ,eventually combining with oxygen to produce water. this takes place in the mitochondria.\nthe first step is-\nthe citric acid cycle , results in complete oxidation of the carbon atoms of the acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA,converting them into carbon dioxide.But the acetyl group is not oxidized  directly . Instead,this group is transferred from acetyl- CoA  to a larger, four carbon molecule , oxaloacetate, to form the six carbon CITRIC acid. ENZYME involved is-citrate synthetase.\n\nstep two-\nCitrate is converted to isocitrate with the removal of water from citrate ... enzyme involved is ACONITASE...\n\nSTEP three-\nIsocitrate is  converted alpha- ketoglutarate....here NAD+ is NADH... enzyme involved is isocitrate dehydrogenase.\n\nSTEP four-\nalpha- ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA. here NAD+ is NADH... enzyme involved is alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.\n\nSTEP five-\nSuccinyl Co-A is converted to succinate .here GTP is converted GDP. enzyme involved is succinyl -CoA synthetase.\n\nSTEP six-\nsuccinate is converted to fumarate. here FADH2 is converted to FAD . enzyme involved is succinate dehydrogenase..\n\nSTEP seven-\nfumarate is converted to malate... enzyme involved is fumerase..\n\nSTEP eight-\nmalate is converted to oxaloacetate..here NAD+ is converted NADH... enzyme involved is malate dehydrogenase... \n\nagain this oxaloacetate combines acteylCoA to form citric acid.. again ...and the cycle continues...
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The electrons ae transfered by nadph and energy is made by water through atp pump
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The mitochondria in cells.
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1. contaminated the atmosphere with oxygen 2.5 billion years ago\nd- noncyclic photosynthesis\n\n2. uses NADH from the matrix\nc- electron transport\n\n3. poisons by stopping electron transport in respiration\na- cyanide\n\n4. acts as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration \na- oxygen\n\n5. the most ancient glucose oxidizing pathway\nb- glycolysis\n\n6. Produces NADH in the cytoplasm\ne- citric acid cycle\n\n7. Couples mechanical energy to ATP production\nc- ATP synthase\n\n8. Generates a proton gradient\nb- triose phosphate isomerase\n\n9. Fixes carbon in Photosynthesis\nd- RUBISCO\n\n10. Generates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate\ne- calvin cycle and glycolysis\n\nPS; I hope you get better help; I am not sure of some of these!\n\nIt may be:\n\n8. Generates a proton gradient\n\ne- calvin cycle and glycolysis\n\nand\n\n10. Generates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate\n\nb- triose phosphate isomerase\n\nIn fact, I am trying to recall if the triose relates to glyceraldehyde.  Maybe you can do a bit more searching?
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Complex III (bc1 complex): H+ transport in complex III involves   coenzyme Q (CoQ). The "Q cycle" depends on the mobility of CoQ within the lipid bilayer. According to some proposed models, the reaction cycle may involve one-electron transfers, with an intermediate semiquinone radical state.
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The short answer is yes. The longer one is that NAD, nicotinamide dinucleotide, and its phosphorylated form are involved in electron transfer reactions in processes such as that of the citric acid cycle.
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ATP, NADH, FADH2, AND CO2\nGlycolsis start with glucose synthesis and goes through the Krebb Cycle with beginning of oxidation of Pyruvate,the end result is in the Transport Chain system with C02.
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Aerobic Respiration\nI  INTRODUCTION \n\nAerobic Respiration,  biochemical process in living things whereby sugars and similar substances, resulting from the digestion of food, are broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy. "Aerobic" means "with oxygen". The reaction can be represented by the general chemical equation \n\nC6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy\n\n\nIn words, sugars and oxygen react together to produce carbon dioxide and water with the release of chemical energy. In biology, the term “respiration” is also used for the physical process of breathing in animals, and for the general chemical process in animals, plants, and microbes of obtaining oxygen from the surrounding air or water. To distinguish from these, the biochemical processes of aerobic respiration and the closely related anaerobic respiration are sometimes termed “cellular respiration” (see Metabolism).\n\nII  CHEMICAL RESPIRATION AND ENERGY \n\nAll living organisms require energy to carry out life processes such as bodily growth, repair, and reproduction. This energy is obtained by chemically breaking the energy-rich bonds in organic “fuel molecules”, usually sugars and similar carbohydrates, which are obtained from digested food. In cells, this energy is transferred to molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which are converted in the process to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These high-energy ATP molecules are the main immediate source of useable energy for cell activities.\n\nIII  TWO STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION \n\nThe whole process of aerobic respiration contains more than 20 chemical steps or stages. The first series of stages is known as glycolysis. This occurs in the jelly-like cytoplasm of the cell, and it is anaerobic—that is, it does not require oxygen. It releases only a small proportion of the total energy available from a fuel molecule of glucose or a similar sugar. (The second series of stages is known as the citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, or Krebs cycle. It is aerobic—that is, it requires oxygen. It releases far more energy, compared to glycolysis, from the remainder of each sugar molecule. This series of stages happens inside the tiny organelles (parts inside the cell) called mitochondria. The food molecule is broken down in a step-by-step process that produces ATP molecules at almost every stage.\n\nIV  PRODUCTS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION \n\nIf one molecule of a sugar such as glucose is broken down completely during aerobic respiration, it yields 38 molecules of high-energy ATP. Up to eight of these come from the first, anaerobic stages (glycolysis). The other 30 are obtained from the second, aerobic or oxygen-requiring stages of the Krebs cycle.\n\nAlmost all organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, use aerobic respiration. It is the reason that we and other animals breathe or respire, to obtain oxygen from air. However, some simpler organisms and cells can respire anaerobically when oxygen is absent. A few organisms, such as microbes at the bottom of the deep sea, are unable to respire aerobically at all. These are known as obligate anaerobes.\n\nAnaerobic Respiration\nI  INTRODUCTION \n\nAnaerobic Respiration, also called anaerobiosis, biochemical process in living things whereby sugars and similar substances, resulting from the digestion of food, are broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen. "Anaerobic" means "without oxygen". It thus differs from the allied process of aerobic respiration, which requires the presence of oxygen. Life processes such as growth and repair of tissues require energy, and this is obtained by the chemical breaking of bonds in organic molecules such as sugars and other carbohydrates present in digested food. The chemical energy released by this process in cells is transferred to molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which become converted to adenosine triphosph
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glycolysis-occur in the cytoplasm\nelectron transport chain-occur in the mitochondria\nkrebs cycle-occur in the mitochondria.\nif you consider mitochondria as part of the cytoplasm then all of the above..\nbut if not then it will be (a)
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Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP via an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is by oxidative phosphorylation, ATP molecules are made due to the chemiosmotic potential driving ATP synthase. Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy when oxygen is present in the cell.\n\nTheoretically, 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose during cellular respiration, however, such conditions are generally not realized due to such losses as the cost of moving pyruvate into mitochondria. Aerobic metabolism is rather more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and at the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells.\n\nGlycolysis\nMain article: Glycolysis \nGlycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in all living organisms and does not require oxygen. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, and makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced but two are consumed for the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destablise the molecule for cleavage into two triose sugars. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis four phosphate groups are transfered to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP and two NADH are produced when the triose sugars are oxidised. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:\n\nGlucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 4 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 H2O + 4 H+ \n\nOxidative decarboxylation\nMain article: Oxidative decarboxylation \nProduces acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. This oxidation reaction also releases carbon dioxide as a product.\n\nKrebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle\nMain article: Citric acid cycle \nWhen oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, and gets oxidised to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidise the equivalent of one glucose molecule two acetyl-CoA must be metabolised by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2 are created during this cycle, .\n\nOxidative phosphorylation\nMain articles: Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient, and ATP synthase\n\nIn eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. It comprises of the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the inner membrane by oxidising the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesised by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.\n\nTheoretical yields\nThe yields in the table below are for one glucose and molecule being fully oxidised to carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidised by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.
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the electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane.  the krebbs cycle occurs in the inner matrix and glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
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It is metabolism of the glucose energy by Reduction-Oxidisation (RedOx) reactions to be used in the electron transfer chain to produce Adeonsie Triphosphate (ATP) which is the basic energy unit that is used in cells.
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All living organisms require energy to function. This energy may be obtained from the consumed foods. The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a high-energy molecule and it is expended by working cells. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. \n\nThere are actually two general types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis, after which the two diverge. \n\n\nAerobic respiration is more efficient and more complicated than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:\n6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)\n\nAerobic respiration requires oxygen. However, some organisms live in places where oxygen is not always present. Similarly, under extreme exertion, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that can function without oxygen.\n\nIn the absence of O2, organisms continue to carry out glycolysis, since glycolysis does not use oxygen in its chemical process. But glycolysis does require NAD+. In aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain turns NADH back to NAD+ with the aid of oxygen, thereby averting any NAD+ shortage and allowing glycolysis to take place. In anaerobic respiration, cells must find another way to turn NADH back to NAD+. \n\nThis “other way” is called fermentation. Fermentation’s goal is not to produce additional energy, but merely to replenish NAD+ supplies so that glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. Because pyruvates are not needed in anaerobic respiration, fermentation uses them to help regenerate NAD+. While employing the pyruvates in this way does allow glycolysis to continue, it also results in the loss of the considerable energy contained in the pyruvate sugars. \n\nThere are two principle forms of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. \n\nIn lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon compound called lactic acid: \npyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+\n\nIn this reaction, the hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule. \n\nLactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages. Since lactic acid is a toxic substance, its buildup in the muscles produces fatigue and soreness. \n\nAnother route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product:\n\npyruvate + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2\n\nAlcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise. \n\nLike lactic acid, the ethanol produced by alcoholic fermentation is toxic. When ethanol levels rise to about 12 percent, the yeast dies.
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The power house of a cell is the mitochondria.  ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which starts out with glycolysis, and goes into the Kreb cycle, ending with the electron transport chain.  Glycolysis requires an input of 2 ATP to obtain a net product of 4 ATP.  The end product is acetyl CoA, which enters the Kreb cycle.  The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.  The products of the Kreb cycle are 2 GTP, NADH, FADH2, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2).  NADH from the Kreb cycle then enters the electron transport chain (ETC).  At the end of ETC, you gain 34 ATP.  The result of the entire process results in a net product of 36 to 38 ATP.
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When you say activation energy I presume you're talking about the 2 ATP used? Those 2 ATP are part of the first step of aerobic respiration, glycolysis.\n\nIn glycolysis, we start with a molecule of glucose, C6H12O6\n1) 2 ATP are used\n2) 2 NADH are produced\n3) 4 ATP are produced\n4) 2 pyruvate are formed