What is the relationship between chemiosmosis and ATP sythesis?
813346
chemiosmosis makes the Hydrogen gradient in the inner membrane space where it then channels through the ATP sythesis to make ATP and water
147120
Aerobic glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate, requires two equivalents of ATP to activate the process, with the subsequent production of four equivalents of ATP and two equivalents of NADH. Thus, conversion of one mole of glucose to two moles of pyruvate is accompanied by the net production of two moles each of ATP and NADH. \n\nGlucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi -----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+\n\nThe NADH generated during glycolysis is used to fuel mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation, producing either two or three equivalents of ATP depending upon whether the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate-aspartate shuttle is used to transport the electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. The net yield from the oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of pyruvate is, therefore, either 6 or 8 moles of ATP. Complete oxidation of the 2 moles of pyruvate, through the TCA cycle, yeilds an additional 30 moles of ATP; the total yield, therefore being either 36 or 38 moles of ATP from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O. Got it?
813688
This brings back dreadful memories! Glucose is the principal sugar in the biological world. Breakdown of glucose happens in two stages. The first stage is glycolosis, which consists of 10 successive steps in which the glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, is converted into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate) and two ATP molecules are synthesized from two ADP molecules and two P i. The second stage of glucose breakdown is called celular respiration, converts the pyruvate molecules into CO2 and H2O through 15 steps, some of which are coupled to the synthesis of many molecules of ATP from ADP +Pi. When pure glucose is ignited and burned, it is completely converted to CO2 and H2O with the release of heat. C6 H12 6O2---->6CO2 + 6H20. The breakdown of glucose in a cell leads to the same result. Six O2 molecules are needed to catabolize each molecule of glucose, and 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules of H2O are the end products. For one mole (180 grams) 686 kilocalories are released. In a cell, the breakdown occurs stepwise, with some energy released at each step. By coupling certain of the steps to synthesis of ATP from ADP, energy is captured. Glycolysis carries the breakdown to pyruvate, during which some energy is transferred into a net gain of two ATP molecules. Glycolysis, however, taps very little of the free energy in glucose; about 93% of this energy is still present in the two pyruvate molecules left after glycolysis. This energy is released in stepwise fashion by conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration, with the generation of 36 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in two stages. In the first stage, the pyruvate is oxidized in a sequence of reactions to CO2 and H2O, and electrons are transferred to coenzymes. In the second stage, the passage of the electrons along an electron transport chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi in a manner similar to the transfer of electrons and generation of ATP that occurs in phase 1 reactions of photosynthesis. Then you go on to the citric acid or Krebs cycle. I hope this helps. I remember drawing it out over and over to memorize it. The main thing is to remember as the process goes on what the byproducts are-ATP, etc.
75998
Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
950281
Don't quote me on this one, but the energy produced via redox reactions when electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, is used to pump protons against their concentration gradient.\nIn the mitochondria, the protons are pumped into the space between the inner and outer membranes, whereas in chloroplasts, the protons are pumped into the space in the thylakoid. The accumulation of protons in those spaces causes the pH to drop, and sets up a voltage and a concentration gradient, thus causing protons to diffuse through proton channels in the enzyme ATP synthetase. This causes a part of ATP synthetase to rotate, and the energy produced is use to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.\nIn the mitochondria, the electrons are combined with a proton and oxygen at the end of the chain, so water is produced as a waste product.\nIn chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is located between Photosystems II and I, thus an electron from Photosystem II is passed onto Photosystem I. Photosystem I, having been excited and ionised beforehand, therefore returns to being electrically neutral.
729864
1) for mechanical work- such as beating of cilia and flagella, contraction of muscle cell and movement of chromosomes suring cellular reproduction\n2) Transport work- moving substances across their concentration gradient (osmosis, diffusion, etc.)\n3) Chemical work- pushing of endergonic reactions to reach over the activation energy so reaction can occur.\n4) in general, what i explained above is the best way to summarize what ATP does but ATP also gives away it's Phosphate group so new protens can occur such as glutamic acid with phosphate group and ammonia forms glutamine. This is what ATP does in a cell.
909638
ATP is not made up of cells.  ATP (Adenosine triphosphate\n) is basically the power source of cells.  Cells convert ATP to ADP to get the energy necessary to conduct cell functions.  Photosynthesis reverses the processes (turns ADP to ATP)
1130819
when we take in the food during the process of respiration the glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid CH3COC0OH BY THE process of glycolysis , initially by taking oxygen by cytoplasm . when it gets more oxygen the pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and is converted to CO2 AND H20 . This cycle is called KREB's cyle . the synthesis of ATP molecule takes place in the F1 particle of mitochondria . \nthe equaton is \nC6H12O6+O2---->CH3C0COOH + O2--->CO2 + H20 \nthis process is called aerobic trespiration \nrespiration involves oxidation of food ....\nthus kreb cycle is aerobic respiration and increase in oxygen increases it !!!!!\nPLEASE VOTE IT AS THE BEST ANSWER IF YOU LIKE IT ..PLEASE......\nI THINK I HAVE ANSWERED YOUR MANY QUERIES
964937
Cellular respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes. Oxidation of organic material—in a bonfire, for example—is an exothermic reaction that releases a large amount of energy rather quickly. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is:\n\nC6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released (2830 kJ mol−1) \nIn a fire there is a massive uncontrolled release of energy as light and heat. Cellular respiration is the same process but it occurs in gradual steps that result in the conversion of the energy stored in glucose to usable chemical energy in the form of ATP. ATP is known as the universal currency because when the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are hydrolyzed in an exergonic reaction, the energy yield is 30kJ per mole under standard conditions. Waste products (CO2 + H2O) are released through exhaled air, sweat and urine.
979681
ATP expelling water.  Glucose is broken down to make ATP and the process consumes oxygen, while expelling water. :)
1075276
photosythesis and aerobic cell respiration are REVERSE equations of each other and would probably be described as the TWO most important chemical equations on the planet, (but all equations are important!). Plants are crucial to aerobic life on earth!\n\nPHOTOSYNTHESIS is a synthesis reaction taking small inorganic molecules to make a larger organic molecule (and inorganic byproduct, oxygen. It occurs in the chloroplast of green plants (with chlorophyll pigment) and some photosynthetic bacteria:\n\nEQUATION in words, not formulas: \n\ncarbon dioxide plus water makes glucose sugar (carbs) and oxygen gas (but it needs the sunproper temp, chlorophyll and proper nutirents in the soil to occur\n\nAEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION is a catabolic-decomposition reaction where a larger organic molecule (glucose) is broken down into smaller inorganic molecules (CO2 and H2O) and occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, plant or animal:\n\nEQUATION IN WORDS, not formulas: \n\nglucose (in the presence of oxygen) converts to carbon dioxide, water, ATP (energy molecule) and heat. This is AEROBIC, not anaerobic.\n\nThus plants are able to "take care of themselves." They can make their own glucose from the sun, but then can do cell respiration from glucose they made from photosynthesis. We can't do photosynthesis, so we have to go eat carbs and are thus called heterotrophs.  It's why plants are called autotroph producers.  Anything that eats plants or animals is called a consumer or heterotroph.
1165380
Similarities: They both move down a concentration gradient & they do not need ATP.\n\nDifferences: Osmosis is only for water molecules & it happens through a partially permeable membrane.
250916
atp has 3 phosphate groups (3 high energy bonds) and adp has only 2
735699
Oxidative phosphorylation is the terminal process of cellular respiration in eukaryotes. During oxidative phosphorylation electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 — created in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and the Krebs cycle — to molecular oxygen, via a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as a result of this flow of electrons. This generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane electrical potential across the membrane. This is a form of potential energy which is referred to as a proton-motive force. The protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix via a large protein complex, ATP synthase. This is how most of the ATP is created in a eukaryotic cell. This is the reaction that ATP synthase catalyses:\n\n\n\n\nADP3- + H+ + Pi ↔ ATP4- + H2O \n\nThe synthase functions almost as a mechanical motor, with each NADH molecule contributing enough proton motive force to generate 2.5 ATP. Each FADH2 molecule is worth 1.5 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose (glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle) account for 23 of the 30 total ATP energy carrier molecules. It is worth noting that these ATP values are maximum values and in reality protons leak across the membrane causing somewhat lower values.\n\nPhotophosphorylation, which occurs when plants synthesize glucose during photosynthesis, also uses ATP synthase and a proton gradient to generate ATP. The process occurs across the thylakoid membrane when chlorophyll is energized by light and donates an excited electron to an electron transport chain.\n\nContents [hide]\n1 Inhibitors \n2 See also \n3 External links \n4 References \n \n\n\n[edit] Inhibitors\nThere are a few well-known toxins that affect the process of oxidative phosphorylation and can lead to breakdown of the chain:\n\nCyanide interrupts the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion because it binds more strongly than oxygen to the Fe3+ (ferric iron ion) in cytochrome a3, preventing this cytochrome from combining electrons with oxygen. \nOligomycin functions by inhibiting the ATP synthase protein and preventing it from generating ATP from the proton gradient. \nCCCP (m-chloro-carbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazine) destroys the proton gradient by allowing the protons to flow out of the membrane. Without the gradient, the ATP synthase cannot function and ATP synthesis breaks down. \nA detergent, or substance that destroys cellular membranes by breaking apart their lipid bilayers, will destroy the membrane used in the process and prevent a proton gradient. \nRotenone prevents the transfer of electrons from Fe-S centers in Complex I (most notably) to ubiquinone. The electrons entering into Complex I are those derived from NADH, and provide the bulk of the reducing potential to the electron transport chain. \nFor each of these toxins, a backup will cause everything before it to break down as well. For example, if oligomycin is added, protons cannot pass through. As a result, the H+ pumps are unable to pass protons through because the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome. NADH and FADH2 are then not oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because there are no NAD+ and FAD coenzymes to be reduced.
879820
no only ADP is involved\n\nAccording to the definition of chemiosmosis"it is the phosphorylation of ADP INTO ATP in the presence f enzyme ATP synthetase>"\nIn this process proton  follow concentration gradation to release energy, which gets traped in the conversion of ADP to ATP\n\nBy the way AMP IS  very weak to withstand or store the energy  compared to ADP.That is the main reason we do not come across AMP  that frequently in energy releasing reactions
905059
It seems that the tripolyphosphate hydrolises to the orthophosphate\n\nThis is the only way I could see it balance BUT I am guessing and balancing ...\n\n3Na5P3O10 + 6H20 → 5Na3PO4 + 4H3PO4
931275
Substrate-level: production of ATP molecules via transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate high-energy substrate directly to ADP.\n\nOxidative: production of ATP molecules from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain\n\nGylcolysis and Krebs cycle use substrate-level phosphorylation.  Electron transport chain uses oxidative phosphorylation.\n\nAlso, check out the link for a complete explanation: http://www.csun.edu/~hcbio029/BIOL315/Substrate_vs_oxidative.pdf#search='substrate%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20difference'