bacterial conjugation?
814289
It will depend on a number of things.\n\nFirst:  you can plate them on media without antibiotics and they still might conjugate, there is nothing magical about antibiotics that tells the bacteria time to make a sex pilus and have at it.\n\nSecond:  what are the mechanisms of resistance.  If the streptomycin resistance is a mutation to a chromosomal ribosome subunit-encoding gene (normally how that works), then it wont initiate conjugation, unless it happens to also have a Hfr plasmid integrated into the chromosome at the same time (which could then initiate conjugation of the entire chromosome).\nIf ampicilin resistance is due to a plasmid-borne beta lactamase gene, and that plasmid happens to be a F plasmid, or other conjugatable system, then it can potentially initiate conjugation.\n\nIf both resistances are contained on conjugatable plasmids of the same origin then they will most likely be incompatable with each other, and no conjugation will take place.\n\nThird:  Are we talking about the same species of bacteria or different species of bacteria?  It shouldn't be assumed that two different species will readily conjugate.\n\nFourth:  (This is more a theoretical concern than one that I know to be truly an issue)\n\nHow does the antibiotic work?  Lets say in your example, you have 1 strep resistant strain of E. coli and 1 amp resistant strain of E. coli.  If you plated in the presence of streptomycin, the amp resistant strain wouldn't be able to synthesize new proteins, and if there weren't cells already producing conjugation proteins prior to plating, then there won't be any conjugation either, as the streptmycin inhibits protein synthesis.\n\n1, 2 and 3 are concerns I know to be valid, 4 maybe is maybe isn't but occured to me as I was typign the rest of it.
1148940
A hfr cell (also called hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often F) integrated into its genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination, which was first characterized by Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Unlike a normal F+ cell, hfr strains will, upon conjugation with a F- cell, attempt to transfer their entire DNA through the mating bridges (called pili) to the F- cell. This occurs because the F factor has integrated itself via an insertion point in the bacterial chromosome. Due to the F factor's inherent nature to transfer itself over the pilus during bacteria conjugation, the rest of the bacterial genome is dragged along with it, thus making such cells very useful and interesting in terms of studying gene linkage and recombination.\n\nA structure as fragile as a mating bridge will, however, likely break, and so the transfer is rarely complete. Thus, the F- cell uses only part of the genomic DNA of the Hfr cell for recombination. Though there is some debate on the issue, the pili themselves do not seem to be the structures through which the actual exchange of DNA takes place; rather, some proteins seem to open a channel between the bacteria.\n\nIt should also be noted that the bacterial genome's rate of transfer through the pilus is constant; this allows molecular biologists and geneticists to use Hfr strain of bacteria (often E. Coli) to study genetic linkage and map the chromosome. The procedure commonly used for this is called interrupted mating.
644287
No, and sorry for the person above me who believes it possible. Mouthwash, instead of attacking a bacteria's reprodutive abilities (like antibodies),  actually demolishes a bacteria's protien coat. This eradicates the prokayroyte entirely, with no hope for immunity.
159904
Depends on the pathogen.  If you are dealing with bacterial pathogens, than its important to remember that bacterial ribosomes are different than human.  Human ribosomes are 70s, a weight classification, while bacterial are 80s.  So several antibiotics will specifically target bacterial ribosomes.  Usually by sitting in the A site, blocking binding of tRNA.  Some antibiotics will prevent the transition between the A and P sites.  You could also say that competative binding of foreign tRNA could work at the "ribosomal" level.  As far as names?  Well each one has many different names and slightly different chemical structures.
125606
Check this out: \nhttp://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/lacoperon/lactose.html\n\nhttp://www.mun.ca/biochem/courses/4103/topics/lac_operon.html
435695
One way that transformation can be helpful for bacteria is that this is a main way for the bacterium to gain genes for antibiotic resistance, environmental stress resistance (like heat or pH), or an advantage against the host's immune system.  Think of it as a big "fruit basket turnover" where one bacterium's DNA (along with its advantages) can be trasferred to another bacterium simply by the cells making contact.\n\nAnother example is that scientists use transformation as a tool in molecular biology.  We can put our DNA of interest into a bacterial cell (usually E. coli) and basically make it do whatever we want it to do.  It's a pretty handy trick, actually.
386933
With a transposable element, i believe it is easier to control where the genes get spliced in.  using a plasmid to infect the gene would likely be random
843667
How is Recombinant DNA made? \nThere are three different methods by which Recombinant DNA is made. They are \nTransformation, Phage Introduction, and Non-Bacterial Transformation. Each \nare described separately below. \n\nTransformation\nThe first step in transformation is to select a piece of DNA to be inserted \ninto a vector. The second step is to cut that piece of DNA with a restriction \nenzyme and then ligate the DNA insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. The insert contains a selectable \nmarker which allows for identification of recombinant molecules. An antibiotic \nmarker is often used so a host cell without a vector dies when exposed to a certain \nantibiotic, and the host with the vector will live because it is resistant. \n\nThe vector is inserted into a host cell, in a process called transformation. One \nexample of a possible host cell is E. Coli. The host cells must be specially \nprepared to take up the foreign DNA. \n\nSelectable markers can be for antibiotic resistance, color changes, or any other \ncharacteristic which can distinguish transformed hosts from untransformed hosts. \nDifferent vectors have different properties to make them suitable to different \napplications. Some properties can include symmetrical cloning sites, size, and \nhigh copy number. \n\nNon-Bacterial Transformation\nThis is a process very similar to Transformation, which was described above. The \nonly difference between the two is non-bacterial does not use bacteria such as E. Coli \nfor the host. \n\nIn microinjection, the DNA is injected directly into the nucleus of the cell being \ntransformed. In biolistics, the host cells are bombarded with high velocity \nmicroprojectiles, such as particles of gold or tungsten that have been coated \nwith DNA. \n\nPhage Introduction\nPhage introduction is the process of transfection, which is equivalent to transformation, \nexcept a phage is used instead of bacteria. In vitro packagings of a vector is used. \nThis uses lambda or MI3 phages to produce phage plaques which contain recombinants. \nThe recombinants that are created can be identified by differences in the \nrecombinants and non-recombinants using various selection methods.
725203
I can't remeber off the top of my head but there is a wonderful book out there called Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 9th Edition that should be able to answer this question for you.
760981
Hmmmm...interesting...I didn't think you could really do that experiment WITHOUT making a mess! :)  (And isn't mess-making, next to bang-making, one of the main attractions of chemistry?)  I guess you could point the bottle away from you, at an angle, pop the Mentos into it with your fingers, then pull your hand away really quickly.
794714
can do the following:\n\n1. Add microbial agents to antimicrobial agents\n\n2. Add Macrobial Agents\n\n3. Add Antimicro-unial agents
607530
Uhhh.... isn't bacteria a single-cell organism?\nPlease be more specific.
769953
http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/group/techdev/plasmid.html
392177
some bacteriophages were radiolabelled with radioactive phosphorous and sulhur. the sulphur bound to the external  protein coat hile the phosphorous bound to the nucleic acid inside. now, these pahges were allowed to infect a bacterial colony. the infected bacterial colony was then separated and subject to centifugation. it revelaed that while the radioactive sulphur was leftbehind in the phages, the bacterium had contracted the radioactive phosphorous. it was suggested that this was because once the phage infected the bacterium, they transfered their DNA into the bacterium. this is called transformation. this has now been verified by other methods. transformation is a very important method for genetic mutation studies.
677350
Wow, this answer is gonna be a long one...   There are numerous studies of the charting of the positions of genes on a DNA molecule or chromosome and the distance between genes of Escherisia Coli. It basically comes down to good old conjugation and transduction.  Having sequenced the E. coli K-12 genome, scienctists are creating a knockout of every gene, a clone of every ORF, and an extensive gene expression data set under a variety of physiological conditions. These clones and data sets are made available freely to the community.  Scienctists have also sequenced six additional enterobacterial strains which are pathogens closely related to E. coli K-12, and many plasmids. The comparative genomics aim of this effort is to characterize the gene pool of horizontally transferred elements and virulence determinants known as the pathosphere.\n\nI put a reference on it so be sure to check it out yourself. \n\nA mutator gene, mutD5, whose phenotype is conditional, has been identified in Escherichia coli. By P1 transduction it has been shown to lie at about 5.7 min on the chromosome, being co-transduced with proA and argF. In rich medium, streptomycin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutation frequencies are 50 to 100 times higher than those in minimal medium. In minimal medium, the mutD5-induced mutation frequencies are still 50 to 100 times above co-isogenic wild-type (mut+) levels. Similar results were obtained with all markers tested. Mutant frequencies can be raised by thymidine in the medium at concentrations as low as 0.04 μM, or by the endogenous generation of thymidine from thymine plus a deoxyribosyl donor. Deoxyadenosine, various ribonucleosides, thymine, and 2-deoxyribose do not stimulate mutation. None of these effects are related to growth rate, since growth rate and mutation rate can be decoupled completely.\n\nThe gntP gene, located between the fim and uxu loci in Escherichia coli K-12, has been cloned and characterized. Nucleotide sequencing of a region encompassing the gntP gene revealed an open reading frame of 447 codons with significant homology to the Bacillus subtilis gluconate permease. Northern (RNA) blotting indicated that the gntP gene was monocistronic and was transcribed as an mRNA with an apparent molecular size of 1.54 kb. The transcriptional start point was determined by primer extension analysis. The gntP gene was found to be under catabolite repression and was not induced by gluconate. Also, expression seemed to be stringently controlled. Several observations indicated that the GntP protein is an inner membrane protein; it contains characteristic membrane-spanning regions and was isolated predominantly from the inner-membrane fraction of fractionated host cells. A topology analysis predicted a protein with 14 membrane-spanning segments. The inability of a mutant strain to grow on gluconate minimal medium could be relieved by introduction of a plasmid encoding the gntP gene. Finally, the kinetics of GntP-mediated gluconate uptake were investigated, indicating an apparent Km for gluconate of 25 microM.
901147
I've never heard of such a reaction with antibiotics.  It doesn't even make sense for such a reaction to occur.  It's weird.
297078
What are the pka's of all the different species? It sounds like the end product is a mess of conjugate bases, so the pka's are needed to figure out which disassociation reaction will predominate.