Is carboxylic acid a kind of ester?
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No, carboxylic acid is NOT a kind of ester.\n\nBut, you can make ester using carboxylic acid.\n\nCarboxylic acid + alcohol = Ester + water\nEg:\nEthanoic acid + Propanol = Propil etanoate + Water\nCH3COOH + C3H7OH = CH3COOCH3H7 + H2O    \n\nEster formula: RCOOR'\nR => represents the hydrocarbon part of the carboxylic acid. \nIn the example given above, R = CH3COO\n\nR' => represents the hydrocarbon part of the alcohol. \nIn the example given above, R' = C3H7\n\nThis shows that carboxylic acid is NOT a kind of ester. Carboxylic acid is a homologue series. (Its members: Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, etc)\n\nEster is a different homologue series. (It has many members, among them: Metil etanoate, etil etanoate, propil etanoate, metil metanoate, etil metanoate, butil pentanoate, and etc)\n\nQuote: "But I wonder the structure of acid fits that of ester and would like to know what make two so different."\n\nCarboxylic acid has the caboxylic functional group (COOH), whereas ester has the carboxylate bond as the functional group (COO).\n\n\nP.S. I learnt chemistry in Malay (I'm Malaysian!). So, forgive me if I misspelt any of the chemical terms.
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Vinegar: First of all, the kind of vinegar you get at the grocery store is about 95% water, but the vinegary part is acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid or methane carboxylic acid). The formula is written: CH3COOH.\n\ncoke: do u mean cocaine its C17H21NO4\n\nand i forgor about the nail polish remover its like this:\n\n"In chemistry, acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones.\n\nAcetone is a colorless mobile flammable liquid with melting point at -95.4 °C and boiling point at 56.53 °C. It has a relative density of 0.819 (at 0 °C). It is readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. The most familiar household use of acetone is as the active ingredient in nail polish remover. Acetone is also used to make plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals."\n\n\n\nis it good?!
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Ha Ha I just had an exam on the TCA.  \n\noxaloacetate is also used to make the Aspartate and Asparagine which are used to make Pyrimidines.  Oxaloacetate is also used with the enzyme PEP carboxylase to yield PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate).  So if a cell is trying to make biosynthetic products (amino acids, nucleotides, heme, ect.) it may stop the TCA cycle and use its intermediates here instead.  \n\nAnother explanation\n\nMalate is oxidized (losses electrons) to form oxaloacetate (step  8 of TCA).  The electrons lost are added onto NAD+ to form NADH.  If there is a high concentration of NADH, there is normally a low concentration of NAD+ meaning that the malate stays as malate because it cannot lose its electrons to NAD+ to yield oxaloacetate.
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it's an organic acid\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid
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There's a problem with your nomenclature.  Octadecane is a straight-chain alkane with the formula, C18H38.  A carboxy group can only be attached at either end, so the name octadecanoic acid (aka, "stearic acid") requires no number to say where the acid group is.  Besides, it couldn't be at the 9 or 10 positions, anyway.  What do the "9" and "10" mean in your question?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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fatty acids and alcohol esters are easy, they just need:\n\n1. Heat\n2. Acid catalyst (often PTSA or sulfuric acid)\n2. Vacuum\n3. Nitrogen sparge\n\nthe alcohol group will react with the hydrogen on the fatty acid producing water, if the water is not remove, the bond will be hydrolyzed, which is why the vacuum is required to strip out the formed water.
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An example of a compound form when carboxylic acid and alcohol react.\n\nAn equation for such a reacton is\n\n R-COOH + R'-OH = R-COO-R' + H2O \n\nthe -COOH group and the -OH group lose a water and become a -COO- linkage: \n\n\nwhere R and R' represent organic groups.
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I don know exactly what you are looking for, but these two will help you on the way:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. It is the second of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production, the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.  Check out the link below for more information.
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CH3CONH2 + Na+-OH ---->  CH3COO -Na+ +  :NH3\n\nThis is a amide hydrolysis reaction, similar to the hydrolysis of an ester. Hydroxide attacks carbonyl to give tetrahedral intermediate. Explulsion of an amide ion gives a carboxylic acid, which is deprotonated quickly to give the carboxylate ion and ammonia.
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Carbonic acid - H2CO3\n\n:)
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Ascorbyl palmitate is a synthetic ester comprised of the 16-carbon chain saturated fatty acid palmitic acid and L-ascorbic acid. The ester linkage is at the 6 carbon of ascorbic acid. It is used as an antioxidant in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and is also used as a preservative for the natural oils, oleates, fragrances, colors, vitamins and other edible oils and waxes which are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and foods.
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Definitly an ether, an ester would be ROOR'
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formic\n\nFormic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is CH2O2 or HCOOH.
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The Lewis or Brønstedt acid-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols to give esters is a typical reaction in which the products and reactants are in equilibrium.\n\nThe equilibrium may be influenced by either removing one product from the reaction mixture (for example, removal of the water by azeotropic distillation or absorption by molecular sieves) or by employing an excess of one reactant.\n\nIf you want to reverse the equilibrium, add water or remove the alcohol.
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It can refer to several things, pick the one you want:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA\n\nI think it is most likely this one:\nTrichloroacetic acid (also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms.\n\nIt is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with acetic acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst.\n\nCH3COOH + 3Cl2 → CCl3COOH + 3HCl \nIt is widely used in biochemistry for the precipitation of macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA. Its sodium salt is used as a weedkiller