Physical Geography: How to describe the shape of the hydrograph?
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A hydrograph shows the flow in a stream over time.  The shape might be described as "peak and trough" line graph.  Here's a quick website to look at for an example of a hydrograph:\n\nhttp://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/major/midminn/subshed/sevenmi/vtour/hydrograph.html
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infact i am not clear about you question. even though i am trying to clear your doubt. ok\nyou can specify the geographical coordinations like the following exaple.\n\nfor example if you want to specify the end point of a line in 35°45'56.8" and the distance of 25 from the start point  you can enter\n@25<35d45' 56.8"\n\nnote: no space between @ to "\n\nfor degree use d\nfor minut use '\nfor second use "
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When plotting of the meteorological observations is completed, the forecaster then proceeds with the synopsis and analysis of the chart. The first step is to draw on the isobars - lines along which the pressure is the same. They are of the same nature as height contours on a geographical map. Usually, they are drawn at intervals of 2 or 4 millibars. By definition, isobars can never cross each other (see Figure 8.2).
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See in\nhttp://br.search.yahoo.com/search?p=%22Post+Modern+Geography%22+definition&ei=UTF-8&fr=slv1-adbe&fl=0&x=wrt&meta=all%3D1
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http://eo.ucar.edu/basics/images/usgs_water_cycle.jpg
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Try a geograghy book.
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physical features are stuff like mountains, lakes, deserts, islands, etc.
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OK, first geography is NOT geology *sigh*\n\nLook up carbon dating; you can either tell by the degradation of carbon or by basic layering (what's on the bottom is older than what's on the top).
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Surface maps only show the conditions near the surface (1000 mb), jet streams and upper level pressure systems have more to do with weather than surface conditions.  The winds and pressures at different elevations can vary greatly from those at the surface.
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water in form of seas ,river,oceans,pond etc
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1.   Detailed, precise description of a place or region.\n   2. Graphic representation of the surface features of a place or region on a map, indicating their relative positions and elevations.\n   3. A description or an analysis of a structured entity, showing the relations among its components: In the topography of the economy, several depressed areas are revealed.\n   4.\n         1. The surface features of a place or region.\n         2. The surface features of an object: The topography of a crystal.\n   5. The surveying of the features of a place or region.\n   6. The study or description of an anatomical region or part.
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I am a petroleum engineer and i will answer u from my experience:(2 months....... ;))\n\n-Long distance of travel= More rounded and well sorted\n-short distance= more angular and less sorted\n\nTravelling agent:\n-Rivers= very small grained rocks at the end of the river...and coarser grains while approaching the begin of the river....due to settling\n\n-Wind=fine grain (Sand size) but more angular\n\n- Waves= The same effect like rivers but coarser grains at shores due to harsh environment...very fine at overseas and deep depths due to very calm water there so small particels can settle........ \n\nBye..hope that i did not forget something..and hope to contact u for overseas friendship......;)
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(m)\n\nThe roughness length is used in numerical models to express the roughness of the surface. It affects the intensity of mechanical turbulence and the fluxes of varies quantitities above the surface. \n\nThe 'roughness length' zo, depends on the frontal area of the average element (facing the wind) divided by the ground width it occupies. Vertical sub-gridscale heat exchange (by turbulent eddies) can be expressed as the vertical gradient of potential temperature times the roughness length. A lower roughness length implies less exchange between the surface and the atmosphere, but also stronger wind near the ground
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The Natural Tendencies of Rivers\n\nWritten by J. G. Imhof\n\nOntario Ministry of Natural Resources\n\n \nI watched the foam line intently. The caddis emerger was in perfect position, smack dab in the middle of the thin frothy line, that was weaving around the boulders. I remembered old Bill Philips' words, "Watch the foam; Ausable brown trout always rise in the foam". Then I saw a brown snout poke out for a moment and punch a neat dash in the foam. The trout took my small emerger and the fight was on! A few moments later I netted a lovely trout and released it back into the pocket water of the Credit River.\n\nAs I sat by the edge of the boulder strewn stream, I reflected upon the uniqueness and similarity of every river I have fished. The Credit River below Cataract is not the West Branch of the Ausable River in upper New York State and yet the pocket water, the foam lines, and the trout lies are the same.  I had experienced a similar "dejá vu" while fishing other rivers: portions of the Grand River and Saugeen River remind me of the Beaverkill; portions of the Sydenham River remind me of Flat Creek in Wyoming; portions of the River Dee in Wales remind me of the Maitland River.\n\nWhat is it about these rivers that on one hand is unique and yet so familiar? How is it that you might never have fished a particular river before and yet you just know where the trout or bass will lie?\n\nPerhaps part of the answer lies in how rivers and streams are formed. It is true that every part of the earth is unique, with a slightly different mix of soils, geology, climate, vegetation and animals. But ultimately there are still universal physical laws that govern the way climate, geology, and topography of an area shape a watershed, the pattern, volume, and characteristics of water flow and the valleys and stream channels found within them.\n\nA wild cowboy from Colorado helped me to understand the underlying patterns of rivers that I had observed over the last 30 years. As well as a cowboy, Dave Rosgen is a flyfisher, hydrologist, and geomorphologist with 30 years of experience in researching and repairing rivers. Dave was suggested as a speaker at a conference on trout stream rehabilitation that I was chairing back in 1990. A mutual friend, Don Duff, from the U.S. Forest Service in Utah said, "You gotta have this guy speak at the conference. He just knows rivers and loves them".\n\nDave knocked our socks off at the conference. His presentation was like a bombshell for many of us. Besides his comments about the "pin-headed snarfs" that damage rivers and try to make them do what they are not meant to do, he demonstrated that rivers have inherent patterns and forms based upon the slope of their valleys, how tightly confined the streams are within their valleys, the size of soil and rock the streams have to work with, and other factors.\n\n"When the works of man run contrary to the natural tendencies of the river," Dave exclaimed, "the river eventually wins."\n\nOne year later I organized and participated in a one week course on streams taught by Dave. During the one week course, my mind was rocked by revelation after revelation about streams and their characteristics. "It was like flashbulbs constantly going off in my head," I explained to a friend a few weeks later. That comment was echoed by both biologists and engineers taking that particular course and several others taught by Dave in subsequent years.\n\n \n\nFig 2.7:\nMajor Stream Types- longitudinal, cross esction and\nplan views (adapted from Rosgen, 1996)\n\n \n\nDave's course enabled me to understand the relationships I had observed about river forms, eroding banks, spawning areas in streams, and the appropriateness of various stream improvement techniques I had tested over the years. Dave was able to explain and demonstrate how and why the traditional approaches to channelization, rip-rapping and river
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Here's one:\n\nhttp://www.dnr.sc.gov/water/envaff/river/gr_pee_deemap.htm
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http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/anim/h3520.html
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The winding nature of many river channels is called meandering, also referred to as sinuosity. The sinuosity of a river is not just the result of water taking the easiest path. There are many internal and external factors that determine the overall channel pattern. To some extent there is still debate within the science about what factors are most important.  There are mathematical formulas that can be used to compare different rivers, but they are not quite good enough to actually explain all the variables yet. \n\nIf you look at a map you will see that the sinuosity of a river has a predictable wavelength (length of a full turn) and amplitude (width of a meander across the river flood plain), so it is clearly not a random process. One useful formula that relates the bankfull discharge of a river to its meander wavelength is the following:\n\nLength of meander=L\nBankfull discharge (volume of the river)= Qb\n\nL=54.3 (square root of Qb)\n\nThe factors that affect the size of meanders that are external to the river are things like the type and density of vegetation along the river bank, the type of material in the river bed and bank, the overall volume and variability of the river volume, and the overall gradient of the river. The higher the gradient the less likely a river will meander. Rivers that meander widely are typically flowing across a river-deposited flood plain of sand, silt and clay materials, but because these materials are not always deposited evenly the inconsistency will affect the river channel migration. Along many meandering rivers there are forests growing, and as trees fall into the rivers they can have major effects on the current flow.  \n\nThe internal factors probably have much more to do with the strong tendency of rivers to meander (at least that is my opinion) and create the regularity of meanders. Small oscillations within flowing water creates alternating bed profiles along the length of most rivers. These alternating bed profiles correspond to higher and lower gradients resulting in faster and slower speeds of flow.  These two bed profiles are known as riffles and pools. The riffles are typically spaced about 5-7 times the width of the river apart, along the length of the river and usually have bottom sediments of the largest size found in the river (more gravel, cobbles, etc). Turbulence in the river created by these variations in the bottom of the river creates cyclone-like spirals of water that will both erode the bottoms of pools and when they diverge they will build bars and riffles in the middle of the channel. \n\nThis internal turbulence also causes bank erosion, and once it begins it is self-perpetuating. As the meander begins to form, the water moving along the outside of the meander actually piles up, causing more bank erosion, and the higher speed of the water along the outside of the meander also allows the water to erode and carry more material. Meanwhile, the inside of the meander is the slowest moving water and will deposit material, building a sand bar, also called a point bar.\n\nThe meanders eventually reach a limit of size (amplitude) either when they encounter the edge of the flood plain and bedrock, or when they get so wide they begin to intersect each other. As this happens the river will cut them off forming an oxbow. Other times at flood stage a river will scour away the point bars and abandon its own meanders until flow returns to normal and the process of building meanders starts anew. \n\nHere is a good resource with some illustrations of the process:\nhttp://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.html