what is a semi-conductor used for ?
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Semiconductors are most commonly used in the production of microchips. Most microchips are built on a silicon semi-conductor base. \n\nThe reason semi-conductors are used so widely is because their properties can be changed by adding impurities ("doping") to the raw form. \n\nI hope this helps! Much more information can be found at my source..
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Proximity switches are often used in industry to detect when something (often a metal object) is near the sensor. They often consist of a small coil with a low current flowing though it. The to the electromagnetic effect of the current through the coild, when a ferrous metal object approaches the coil, the current change can be detected.\n\nThey are often used as interlocks to ensure everything is in the correct position before operation.\n\nFor example, I have seen them used on tankers carrying acid to ensure that the pumps could not start unless all hoses are corrctly connected.
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A conductor is defined as a material with high conductivity, although this judgement is somewhat subjective.  Metals are good conductors because metals are, by definition, held together by metallic bonds, in which electrons are free to move throughout the structure.  Thus, metals are always good conductors compared to non-metals.  Some metals are much better conductors than others.
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i think that you should try to make some working models of semi conductors and and their use in the LED as you will search for the led then you will find that how semi. cond. helped to enrich the fields of leds . and i think that either you can go with the working projet of radar and how they used . or on lasers. lasers is really an interestin field. and i don't have any idea bout the chems. go to the discovery kids.com site and you will thousand of project reports.
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I think the reason for the insulator layer is obvious. The conductor layer is probably to shield against emission of electromagnetic energy which can interfere with communications (such as radio and TV reception) and other electronic equipment, and may also be a safety measure to produce a high fault current to trip a breaker in the event of cable damage.
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It's a useful tool in electrical network analysis.\n\nAnother one is Kirchoff's law.
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I don't think it would work. A diode works on principles of quantum physics that require the internal junction to be manufactures according to certain specifications. Putting a copper conductor on between the junctions would destroy all the effects that make it a diode; that is assuming you managed to cut it exactly at the junction. \nBy the way what where you planning to do with such an idea?
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try a google search for sites listing the AWG (American Wire Gauge) that can be used to determine the size of conductor needed or try any book or website containing the National Electrical Code or the National Electrical Safety Code
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PRODUCTION COST. most semi conductors or chips can be produced with a cheap method(material) or a tougher method(material). though gold or platinum is used in a micro (nano) level in chips, it is not the material cost we are talking about here. the procedure for making the chip with such a thin layer of platinum or gold, labor charge for handling and working with such a thin chip, wastage (with 5microns or less thickness most chips tend to break during production), research & patenting the method plus the huge chunk for business department (marketing + profit etc). with all this, the buyer pays $2000 for a good quality.
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Seperating or bonding elements with an electrical current.\n\n*BEST ANSWER PLEASE*\n\nSOURCE BELOW
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The ground conductor is a safety feature ...\n\nMost people plug a device into an AC outlet without everthinking about how it works. Most of the time, everything works fine and no problems are experienced. However, there are a few things that are helpful to know about AC power as far as disc jockeys are concerned.\n\nThe "power" that is supplied by a typical wall socket is 120 volts AC (often written as VAC). AC is an abbreviation for alternating current. In addition, some outlets are wired for 240 VAC (these are typically used for devices requiring a large amount of power, such as electric ranges, dryers, etc.). Devices requiring 240 VAC power have different plugs as compared with devices intended for "standard" household outlets.\n\nThere are two common types of power, single phase and three phase. Most disc jockeys will never have to deal with three phase power directly. There is virtually no equipment that a DJ will ever have to use that requires three phase power, as it is used only where very large amounts of power are required. Three phase power will be briefly discussed below. Since the vast majority of equipment that a mobile DJ uses runs off of standard 120 VAC, it will be the focus of these discussions.\n\nAll power outlets have a current rating, the most common ones being 15 amperes and 20 amperes (amperes is almost always abbreviated to amps). The amp rating of an outlet specifies the maximum amount of current that may be drawn from the outlet without tripping a circuit breaker (or, in older systems, blowing a fuse). The primary reason for circuit breakers and fuses is to limit the amount of current that may bedrawn. If too much current is drawn through a wire, overheating of the conductors may occur, leading to a possible fire.\n\nThe amount of power that may be safely drawn from an outlet is the product of the voltage and the current rating, and the units are watts. For 15 and 20 amp circuits (assuming 120 VAC), the power ratings are 1800 and 2400 watts, respectively. The total power draw of the devices connected to an outlet should not exceed these values (or else the circuit breaker may trip). \n\nWhat are the three "prongs" for?\nYou may have noticed that many appliances, tools and most pieces of professional audio gear have a cord with 3 prongs on the plug. The power outlet of course has 3 corresponding female receptacles (unless it is an older type,which has only two slots).\n\nThe longest, often rounded prong is the ground conductor; the primary purpose for this conductor is for safety. There is also a hot conductor, and a neutral (or sometimes called return) conductor. On a wall outlet, the wide slot is connected to the neutral conductor, and the narrow slot is connected to the hot conductor (the ground conductor is connected to the "half round"hole). On some cords with a ground prong, the hot and neutral prongs are often the same width. Most 2-prong cords today are polarized; one prong is wider than the other (allowing it to be plugged in only one way). You should never defeat polarized cords, they are made that way for a reason! Also, note that in 120 VAC wiring, the black wire is the hot wire! (often, black is used for ground in DC electronics). The hot and neutral conductors are the ones that actually carry the power to and from the device of interest.\n\nThe hot conductor is so called because it is the conductor that actually has the voltage on it. The hot conductor has 120 VAC on itwith respect to the neutral conductor. The voltage on the hot conductor is of nopractical use without the neutral conductor, because for useful work to be done current must flow through a device; the neutral conductor provides the path to complete the circuit. Ever wonder why birds can sit on power lines (at thousands of volts) without getting shocked? Despite the high voltage on the line, no current flows through the bird since there is no return path conductor. The reason for elec
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(m)\n\nregulates high and low voltages, cuts the energy in extreme voltage conditions and incorprates a waiting time (delay) of 2" a 3" after a power failure. \nAplication: complete solution for irregular voltage conditions, can be used in all kind of equipments. Never the less is designed specialy for washing and refrigeration equipments such as display cabinets, comercial and domestic refrigerators, comercial, industrial and domestic freezers, washing machines, etc.
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Electromagnetic shielding\n\nElectromagnetic shielding is the process of limiting the flow of electromagnetic fields between two locations, by separating them with a barrier made of conductive material. Typically it is applied to enclosures, separating electrical devices from the 'outside world', and to cables, separating wires from the environment the cable runs through. Electromagnetic shielding used to block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as RF shielding.\n\nThe shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, visible light, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields, though not static magnetic fields. (A conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a Faraday cage.) The amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, and the frequency of the fields of interest.\n\nMaterials used\nTypical materials used for electromagnetic shielding include sheet metal, metal mesh, ionized gas, plasma and aluminum foil. Any holes in the shield or mesh must be significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radiation that is being kept out, or the enclosure will not effectively approximate an unbroken conducting surface.\n\nAnother commonly used shielding method, especially with electronic goods housed in plastic enclosures, is to coat the inside of the enclosure with a metallic ink or similar material. The ink consists of a carrier material loaded with a suitable metal, typically copper or nickel, in the form of very small particulates. It is sprayed on to the enclosure and, once dry, produces a continuous conductive layer of metal, which can be electrically connected to the chassis ground of the equipment, thus providing effective shielding.\n\n\n[edit] Example applications\nOne example is a shielded cable, which has electromagnetic shielding in the form of a wire mesh surrounding an inner core conductor. The shielding impedes the escape of any signal from the core conductor, and also signals from being added to the core conductor. Some cables have two separate concentric screens, one connected at both ends, the other at one end only, to maximise shielding of both electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.\n\nThe door of a microwave oven has a screen built into the glass of the window. From the perspective of microwaves (with wavelengths of 12 cm) this screen finishes a Faraday cage formed by the oven's metal housing. Visible light, with wavelengths ranging between 400nm and 900nm, passes easily between the wires.\n\nRF shielding is also used to prevent access to data stored on RFID chips embedded in various devices, such as biometric passports.\n\n\n[edit] How RF shielding works\nElectromagnetic radiation consists of coupled electric and magnetic fields. The electric field produces forces on the charge carriers (i.e., electrons) within the conductor. As soon as an electric field is applied to the surface of an ideal conductor, it generates a current that causes displacement of charge inside the conductor that cancels the applied field inside, at which point the current stops.\n\nSimilarly, varying magnetic fields generate current vortices that act to cancel the applied magnetic field. (The conductor does not respond to static magnetic fields, so static magnetic fields can penetrate the conductor freely.) The result is that electromagnetic radiation is reflected from the surface of the conductor: internal fields stay inside, and external fields stay outside.\n\nSeveral factors serve to limit the shielding capability of real RF shields. One is that, due to the electrical resistance of the conductor, the excited field does not completely cancel the incident field. Also, most conductors exhibit a ferromagnetic response to low-frequency magnetic fields, so that such fields are not fully attenuated by the conductor. Any holes in the shield force current to flow around them, so that fields passing through the holes do not excite opposing electromagn
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Semi-conductor diodes have a non-linear and asymmetric current flow response to applied voltage. Basically they allow much greater current to flow in one direction over the other. It is based on some pretty heavy physics, but can be modeled by considering the junction between N type doped semiconductor and P type doped semiconductor where the majority carriers on one side are positive, and the majority carriers on the other are negative. When you bias the junction in a certain way the carriers on each side of the junction cancel each other out and you get very limited current flow. When you bias the diode the other way the carriers don’t cancel and you get much higher current flow for the same applied voltage.\n\nI assume you don't want to know about vacuum tube diodes of old. They are based on a very different physical property.\n\nHope this helps.
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Tar is a non-conductor.\n\nMaterials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:\n\nRating of the circuit \nType of occupancy of the building \nType of electrical system \nNational and local regulations \nConditions in which the wiring must operate. \n\nModern wiring materials:\nModern nonmetallic sheathed cables (NMC), like (US and Canadian) Type NM, consist of two to four thermoplastic insulated wires and a bare wire for grounding (bonding) surrounded by a flexible plastic jacket.\n\nRubber-like synthetic polymer insulation is used in industrial cables and power cables installed underground because of its superior moisture resistance.\n\nInsulated cables are rated by their allowable operating voltage and their maximum operating temperature at the conductor surface. A cable may carry multiple usage ratings for applications, for example, one rating for dry installations and another when exposed to moisture or oil.\n\nGenerally single conductor building wire in small sizes is solid wire, since the wiring is not required to be very flexible. Building wire conductors larger than #10AWG (or about 6 square millimetres) are stranded for flexibility during installation.\n\nIndustrial cables for power and control may contain many insulated conductors in an overall jacket, with helical tape steel or aluminum armor, or steel wire armor, and perhaps as well an overall PVC or lead jacket for protection from moisture and physical damage. Cables intended for very flexible service or in marine applications may be protected by woven bronze wires. Signal cables, such as Ethernet cables, that must be run in air-handling spaces (plenums) of office buildings may be required to be fire-resistant and made with Teflon or other materials that produce little toxic fumes or smoke.\n\nFor some industrial uses in steel mills and similar hot environments, no organic material gives satisfactory service. Cables insulated with compressed mica flakes are sometimes used. Another form of high-temperature cable is a mineral insulated cable, with individual conductors placed within a copper tube, and the space filled with magnesium oxide powder. The whole assembly is drawn down to smaller sizes, which compresses the powder. Such cables are fireproof and can be used up to 200 °C, but are costly to purchase and install, and have little flexibility.
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Inductors are used , usually in combination with capacitors, to filter or shape electrical signals (voltage or current).  The inductor functions by storing electrical energy in its magnetic field.\n\nHere are some examples of the applications of inductors:\n1. The station tuning circuit in most radios\n2. In the "crossover" network in speaker systems (to filter out and send the high frequency content to the "tweeter" speaker)\n\n3. In most modern switching power supplies as an electrical energy storage device.
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Depends on what sort of frequency you are working at and how much inductance you want ; if it's a fairly low frequency RF you might put a little air-coil in as an inductor or just a single loop, maybe arrange for some mutual inductance between a pair of loops if your impedance matching network relies on a transformer.\nCould be something else of course but this is my best guess based on the information you have given.