What processes do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells use to kill viruses?
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There are a number of ways to kill some viruses in eukaryotic cells but usually there are other smarter viruses not affected in the same mechanism.  I will only give a couple of interesting examples.  The first is based on the cellular RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism.  Double strand RNA viruses are processed by an RNase III enzyme into ~20 base pair (bp) long short RNA.  These can bind to mRNA of the virus and lead to their degradation via the RNAi process with Ago2 and the so called RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) mediated pathway.  Some viruses are smart enough to produce a small inhibitor molecule that binds the 20 bp small RNA and thus inhibit the RNAi process.\n\nThere are other processes that target long double stranded RNA - most like from viruses because the cell does not make this type of RNA duplexes.  The recognition of the long dsRNA activate the interferon pathway and lead to apoptosis of the cell and hopefully killing the viruses with it.  However, again there are viruses that produce molecules that inhibit apoptosis and thus will survive long enough to replicate themselves before the cells eventually die.
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Instead of going on and on like most people who commented here,I will provide you a simple answer to your question.\nHow do you kill a virus or any type of disease? Same principle here.You must systematically,completely,and totally obliterate it from the host.A long and expensive proposition,I know.I'll make anyone who's listening out there a deal;\nif you or your organization will pay for it,my team and I will get started.Try me...
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Prokaryotes ie; bacteria
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Yes they do and therefore are able to propogate their own kind (also able to show variations by genetic recombination). DNA or RNA both can be used as the building blocks. \n\nThey however try to carry a small baggage when traveling and use the host cell machinary to produce stuff that they need along the way.\n\nA virus is a submicroscopic parasitic particle that infects cells in biological organisms. The study of viruses is virology.\n\nViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. Viruses infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria; viruses infecting prokaryotes are also known as bacteriophages or phages. Typically viruses carry a small amount of genetic material, either in the form of DNA or RNA, but not both, surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. The viral genome codes for the proteins that constitute this protective coat, as well as for those proteins required for viral reproduction that are not provided by the host cell.\n\nViruses are non-living particles that can only replicate when an organism reproduces the viral RNA or DNA. Viruses are considered non-living by the majority of virologists because they do not meet all the criteria of the generally-accepted definition of life. Among other factors, viruses do not move, metabolize, or decay on their own. However, a comprehensive definition of life is still somewhat elusive since some bacteria (considered living) like rickettsia exhibit both characteristics of living and non-living particles.\n\nBecause viruses are acellular and do not have their own metabolism, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of the host for the purpose of self-replication. Before a virus has entered a host cell, it is called a virion — a package of viral genetic material. Virions can be passed from host to host either through direct contact or through a vector, or carrier. Inside the organism, the virus can enter a cell in various ways. Bacteriophages—bacterial viruses—attach to the cell wall surface in specific places. Once attached, enzymes make a small hole in the cell wall, and the virus injects its DNA into the cell. Other viruses, such as HIV, enter the host via endocytosis, the process by which cells take in material from the external environment. After entering the cell, the virus's genetic material begins the destructive process of causing the cell to produce new viruses.\n\nThere are three different ways genetic information contained in a viral genome can be reproduced. The form of genetic material contained in the viral capsid, the protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid, determines the exact replication process.\n\nSome viruses have DNA which is replicated by the host cell along with the host's own DNA.\n\nThere are two different replication processes for viruses containing RNA. In the first process, the viral RNA is directly copied using an enzyme called RNA replicase. This enzyme then uses that RNA copy as a template to make hundreds of duplicates of the original RNA. A second group of RNA-containing viruses, called the retroviruses, uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA so that the virus' genetic information is contained in a molecule of DNA rather than RNA. The viral DNA can then be further replicated using the resources of the host cell.\n\nBacteriophages have two cycles called the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the host cell undergoes lysis (the breaking open of the cell to release viral particles), biosynthesis, maturation and finally release. In the lysogenic cycle viral replication does not immediately occur, but replication may take place some time in the future. some viruses e.g. lambda are capable of carrying out both cycles. In the lytic cycle the cell is soon destroyed and the viruses made will have to find new host. However during the lysogenic s
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B) Membrane-bound organelles\nThe procariotic cells are like a water-filled baloon, they are just a cover with water and other things (of course, this is only an example), while eukaryotic cells have compartiments.\nEvery cell has DNA, that's the way information is passed from cell to cell when they reproduce.\nRibosomes are important for producing proteins, every cell has to have them, even if with time they lose them.\nCytoplasm is the 75% of every cell, it's basically water, proteins and other things.
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In the most general sense, cellular life falls into one of 2 categories: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells are relatively small (1-10 um) and lack a nucleus and other major organelles as found in eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells are reminiscent of the earliest forms of life that appeared perhaps as much as 4.0 billion years ago.  The forms of life found today known as bacteria are the only living things made of prokaryotic cells.  Most bacteria are unicellular and very tiny, but some form small filaments or clusters of cells known as cyanophytes (aka blue-green algae). Eukaryotic cells are on average much larger and internally more complex than prokaryotic cells; we will investigate them is greater detail in this lab later.
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I guess the glaring difference between the two would be this.\n\nViral DNA is simply DNA with a barrier.  \n\nEukaryotic cells are complete in themselves. They replicate when they need too, and can do so without worry. \n\nAdditionally, they multitask for the whole organism itself, they feed off of available food sources as needed, they talk to other cells,  they replicate when needed, they protect the DNA they contain.\n\nA virus by itself, it has: \n\nNo cellular machinery (polymerse complexes), \n\nNo cell time clocks (cell cycling mechanisms which dictate the best time for replication)\n\nNo protection (I mean here a eukaryotic cell coat that would afford itself to replicate on its own without fear of being destroyed by the organism it is growing in).\n\nHuman cells have all these things.  These are great advantages, and allow for eukaryotic DNA to flourish.  \n\nIn order for viral DNA to flourish, they developed methods to "belong" to this great system. Most methods are pretty sneaky.  \n\nThey are so sneaky, that some people find it hard to believe that viruses DON'T have some sort of "brain" or "central intelligence agency" inside of them that allows them to get away with what they do. \n\nI won't go into their attack methods, because I don't know them all.\n \nBut......\n\nDid you know that 40% of your own human genome is made up of viral DNA?  \n\nAnd not only that, it has been inside of you, your parents, their parents, their parents, their parents,their parents, their parents, their parents,their parents, etc.\n\nIt is very ancient DNA, but it composes so much of our DNA.  And we are very complex beings.\n\nAs of yet, no one knows what it is doing in our "human" genome.     \n\nScientists believe the ancient viral "genomes" residing within the human genome are silenced by a methylation reactions (where CH3 groups are placed on cytosines) which inhibit replication complexes from landing on viral DNA.  \n\nWhat happens, if over time, these ancient viral genomes become unmethylated?  No one knows.\n\nThere are some viruses that prefer to incorporate into the human genome (like HPV, and more recently HBV, HVC, HIV, and  H. influenza). \n\nViruses like HIV have the latest "incorporation" technology to get inside our genome. \n\nThey also cause a lot of havoc.  \n\nThe human genome is a huge place.  Viral DNA is so tiny.  I wonder if there are viruses out there that incorporate into the human genome and provide something beneficial to our human survival. \n\nTime may tell.\n\nExcellent question.  Spread the good Karma!
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No, they use the entire machinery of the host cell to do that.Viruses do not have their own enzymes.
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1. Eukaryotes can be multicellular or unicellular.  Prokaryotes (bacteria) are single celled organisms.\n2. Mitochondria and golgi apparatus can be found in skin cells.
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Hey, this is a question I asked my professor, how funny, lol. \n\nFirst of all, it's important to note the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.  \n\nCells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. \n\nTake a look at this picture:  http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/prokaryote.gif\n\nEukaryotic cells comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus.  Eukaryotic cells also contain many internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. These organelles such as the mitochondrion or chloroplast serve to perform metabolic functions and energy conversion. \n\nTake a look at this picture:  http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/eukaryote_animal.gif\n\nFor a brief and quick response, ...a eukaryotic cell is a larger cell with distinctly more organelles within the cell.  They differ in size greatly :)
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It depends on the cell... in Eukaryotes a nucleus and nuclear membrane (or "Envelope") are present in non-mitosis or meiosis cell stages. In Prokaryotes there isn't a nucleus or nuclear membrane.
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A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they can reproduce only by invading and controlling other cells as they lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. The term virus usually refers to those particles that infect eukaryotes (multi-celled organisms and many single-celled organisms), whilst the term bacteriophage or phage is used to describe those infecting prokaryotes (bacteria and bacteria-like organisms lacking a nucleus). Typically these particles carry a small amount of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA, but not both) surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. Importantly, viral genomes code not only for the proteins needed to package its genetic material, but for proteins needed by the virus during its life cycle (the term "life cycle" is used loosely here—see #Living or non-living?).
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Theoritically, the prokaryotic cells can go on dividing, but generally they stop doing so, under natural circumstances (in their colonies), because of lack of nutrition and the toxic substances which they produce. They can divide infinitely if u'd keep on replenishing their growth medium.\nBut, in eukaryotes, the ends of chromosmes have region known as the TELOMERE, and with each cell division this keeps on getting shortened because of an enzyme known as TELOMERASE. When this telomere becomes shorter than a critical length the cell stops dividing, or at least its mitotic potential is reduced. This is the reason there's a phenomenon like aging (senescence).\nIt is said that in tumors the something could be going wrong with the telomerase and that's why the cells keep on dividing.\nIn general, the faster particular cells divide, the less differentiated (structural and functional development) they would be. So, WBCs and skin cells, which are structaurally and functionally some of the simplest cells have the highest rate of turnover (destruction and replacement), whereas the nerve cells (neurons) have the lowest.
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Prokaryotic cells do not undergo mitosis. Prokaryotic cells divide by fission,
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also spelled  procaryote,   any self-contained cell or organism that lacks internal unit membranes. Bacteria are among the best-known prokaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane and most of the components of eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid unit membrane and constitutes the cell's primary osmotic barrier. The cytoplasm includes ribosomes that carry out translation and protein synthesis. The nuclear region usually consists of circular, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Many prokaryotes also contain accessory, self-replicating genetic structures, called plasmids, with additional dispensable cell functions, such as encoding proteins to inactivate antibiotics. The flagella are distinct from those of eukaryotes in design and movement. The organelles that are present, such as storage vesicles, are surrounded by a nonunit membrane consisting principally of proteins. See also eukaryote; bacteria.
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Viruses are infectious agents that require cells for their reproduction.  The replicate by controlling a living cell’s material independently of the cell’s DNA.  This cell is called a Host.  The viral genetic material can be double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA or RNA.  A virus out side of a living cell is called a virion and is metabolically inert.  (It is also covered by a protein or other coating).  They do mutate readily.\nOnce inside a living cell, the virus sheds it’s coating and deactivates much of the genetic material of the cell, only allowing that which it needs or which do not interfere with their replication.  They then force the cell to replicate their genetic material as new virions which will be released when the cell ruptures.\nOpite gave good info on the size of the virus in terms of linear measurements.  Size, in terns of the number of bases runs from as few as 5,000 bases (single strand DNA) for the H-1 parvovirus to about a half a million base pairs in the largest.\nViruses are not considered to be alive.
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The prokaryote cell does not contain a nucleus. Prokaryote cells are only one celled organisms.\nEukaryote cells can be of one celled organisms, or multi-celled (like you and me). Eukaryote cells contain mitocondria, I don't beleave prokaryotes do.