what would be the consequence if DNA were to contain uracil instead of thymine?
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Cytidine can be changed to uracil by certain mutagens.  If this happens in the DNA strand, the U would be based pair with an A, which is a mutation (it should be a C-G base pair).  This would permantenly alter the DNA.  By using thymine in DNA instead of uracil, the cell can recognize the mutation and fix it (ie it will remove any U's found in DNA and put in C's).  This is not so important in RNA, as RNA is constantly being made and doesn't get passed down to the next generation like DNA.  Uracil is a remnant of RNA-based life; when living organisms switched their genomes to DNA, they switched out the Uracil for Thymine.
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You're pretty much spot on WRT thepoteins. Formalin also causes DNA damage by both physically breaking the DNA strands and altering the tertiary structure.
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as cytosine pairs with guanine, that accounts for 70% of the bases leaving 30% to split between adenine and thymine \n\nso, 15%
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The differences between DNA/RNA:\n\n*DNA stays in the nucleus, while the mRNA leaves\n*RNA contains oxygen, while DNA doesn't (DEOXY- no oxygen)\n*DNA has the nitrogen bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. RNA has those also, but instead of Thymine it has Uracil\n*RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded
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NEucleotide bases (which make up amino acids) they are Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in RNA Thumine is substituted with (U)
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Purine Bases form hydrogen bonds with Pyrimidine Bases\n\nPurines are Adenine , Guanine\nPyrimidines are Cytosine , Thymine (and Uracil in RNA)\n\nAdenine only forms a double hydrogen bond with Thymine (or Uracil)\nGuanine only forms a triple hydrogen bond with Cytosine
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There are 4 different bases for DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).  They can be broken up into two groups: purines (A and G) and pyrimidines (T and C).  A will base pair with T via 2 hydrogen bonds, while G will base pair with C via 3 hydrogen bonds.  This is the Watson-Crick method of DNA base pairing...thus, you get a purine pairing with its complementary pyrimidine.  You can find this information easily by searching Wikipedia for each base individually.
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DNA has four bases, the ones you are referring to as chemicals. The names of these bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G). In RNA all these bases are also present except T where it is replaced by Uracil (U). So when information is copied from DNA to RNA (mRNA specifically) C pairs with G, G pairs with C, T pairs with A and A pairs with U (since there is no T but U in RNA).\n\nBesides that the chemical composition of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a Phosphate group, a base(the four bases) and a sugar (Deoxyribose). These three parts together form a nucleotide. A nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nucleoside. The 'chemicals' you are looking for are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
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The DNA would be unreadable and the organism would not even have a chance to develop to a 2-cell stage. Unless of course it had evolved that way, along with evolving different enzymes to deal with it and a different way of reading the DNA to make different proteins.
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Adenine and guanine are what we call purines whereas thymine and cytosine (and you could add uracile) are pyrimidines. The main difference is the molecular structure of these nucleobases. Purines are made of two cycles and Pyrimidine are each made of one cycle. In the DNA and RNA molecules pyrimides pair with purines.
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Mutation not nutation\nIn biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA). Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to progeny and somatic mutations, which cannot be transmitted to progeny. Mutations, when accidental, often lead to the malfunction or death of a cell and can cause cancer. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (beneficial or advantageous) ones tend to accumulate. Neutral mutations are defined as mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species. These can accumulate over time. Contrary to tales of science fiction, the overwhelming majority of mutations have no significant effect, since DNA repair is able to revert most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.\n\nBy effect on structure\nThe DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Structurally, mutations can be classified as:\n\nSmall-scale mutations affecting one or a few nucleotides, including: \nPoint mutations, often caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, (C ↔ T). A transition can be caused by nitrous acid, base mispairing, or mutagenic base analogs such as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Less common is a transversion, which exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine (C/T ↔ A/G). A point mutation can be reversed by another point mutation, in which the nucleotide is changed back to its original state (true reversion) or by second-site reversion (a complementary mutation elsewhere that results in regained gene functionality). These changes are classified as transitions or transversions. An example of a transversion is adenine being converted into a cytosine. There are also many other examples that can be found. Point mutations that occur within the protein coding region of a gene may be classified into three kinds, depending upon what the erroneous codon codes for: \nsilent mutations: codes for the same amino acid \nmissense mutations: codes for a different amino acid \nnonsense mutations: codes for a stop, which can truncate the protein \nInsertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements, or errors during replication of repeating elements (e.g. AT repeats). Insertions in the coding region a gene may alter splicing of the mRNA, or cause a shift in the reading frame (frameshift), both of which can significantly alter the gene product. Insertions can be reverted by excision of the transposable element. \nDeletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. Like insertions, these mutations can alter the reading frame of the gene. They are irreversible. \nLarge-scale mutations in chromosomal structure, including: \nAmplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them. \nDeletions of large chromosomal regions, leading to loss of the genes within those regions. \nMutations whose effect is to juxtapose previously separate pieces of DNA, potentially bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes (e.g. bcr-abl). These
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Consider a regular climbing ladder.  If the ladder was sawed in half by sawing each rung crosscut thru the middle than each half of the ladder would represent one  DNA strand.  Each new organism receives a single strand from each of it's parents.  The two strands join to make the new organism's double stranded DNA.  The rail or sides of the ladder would represent the sugar and phosphate link backbone of the DNA.  The sawed rung would represent the nucleic acid bases.  The bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines.  The two purines are Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) which are similiar to the compound Purine.  The two pyrimidine bases are Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which are structured similiar to the compound Pyrimidine.  In RNA Thymidine is replaced by Uracil.  The collective term for these structures is "nitrogenous base".  Each base contains either/or hydrogen (h), nitrogen (n) and oxygen (o) atoms located on the structure where the "cut" would exhist on the sawed ladder rungs.  When these bases move close together there is an attraction between these atoms and a bridge forms called a hydrogen bond  or h-bond.Thymine has an o and a h.  Adenine has a h which is attracted to T's o and an n which is attracted to T' h. A and T always h-bond or pair.  Cytosine has an h,n,and o.  Guanine has two h's and an o.  one h on guanine is attracted to the o on cytosine, the other to the n.  The o is attracted to the h on cytosine.  Therefore C always pairs with G and is held together by three h-bonds, where A and T are paired by two h-bonds.  In total the h-bonds strongly bind the two DNA single strands together but one at a time they can be broken to seperate the strands much like a zipper opening link by link.  Since C always pairs with G their proportion is is always the same.  The same is true for A and T.  Each Dna single strand has what is called a 3' (three prime hydroxyl) and a 5' (five prime phosphate) end.  When the two single strands pair to form thd Double strand they Form with the 3' end of one strand joining at the 5' end of the other strand.  This is known as antiparallel since they are running in opposite directions.
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The uracil in the RNA helps in "wobbling" - Wobbles base pairing when mRNA and tRNA bind - protein synthesis
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In general changes to the DNA of a species poses a risk of unexpected results.  Nature is generally in more or less of an equilibrium.  When sudden changes occur that balance can be upset.  Like when new predators are introduced into an area and their prey is wiped out.  Or when a plant is introduced to a new area and spreads uncontrollably.\n\nCreating "new" plants can have the same kind of impact as moving plants around from one part of the world to another.\n\nAdditionally there is some concern that taking DNA from one plant and embedding it in another plant's DNA (e.g. to improve resistance to insects, drought, etc.) could have adverse effects (e.g. producing allergic reactions where none had existed).\n\nThere's no right answer.  As with any technology we have to weigh the total impact (on humans, the environment, etc.).
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As the radioactive elements decay, they emit high-energy particles that go crashing through the cell(s). These particles hit atoms within the cell, creating either ions that go on to damage the cell's DNA, or they hit and directly damage the DNA. Once their DNA is damaged, cells usually either repair the damage, or if they can't, commit suicide (called apoptosis). Only those cells that have been damaged and fail to repair it and fail to commit suicide can become cancerous. Of course, the final requirement is that the DNA is damaged in an area that controls cell replication is such a way as to allow the unchecked proliferation of the cell.
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anthotcool's answer is ... ummmm... yea-no. i'll just ramble till i reach a conclusion. \n\nlike anthotcool said, food is broken down to amino acids. In order for those amino acids to integrate into your dna, they'll have to be broken down even further and reformed into nucleotides. from there, those nucleotides can be used in replication and repair. If u track these inserted bases, some might be used to form genes, others not.\n\nI say the answer's no. unless the regulation system for both the nucleotide formation and dna integration are out of whack, there will be no change to your genes.\n\ntechnically, if a base pair or sequence derived from food stuffs happens to randomly mutate (which happens) in a coding region, then ya. whtvr. but that'd really push it.\n\nEating a radioactive apple however...\n\nit'd also work if the amino acids were used in making faulty proteins such as enzymes or transcription factors. it's still a stretch because of regulation... i just wanted to cover the bases.
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DNA has phosphate sugars so no. ATP stands for adenotriphosphate so no. membranes consists of phospholipids. rna is the same as DNA in constituents with uracil base change and more oxygen.\n\nso none.\n\nin return for the answer can you let me know what you think of my essay...\n\nEvolutionary scientific discoveries unwittingly make the human creation in the book of Genesis feasible to the point of affirmation.\n\nIntroduction\n\nIn the beginning “male and female He created them.” (Genesis 1, 27) This statement has been contested ever since the Age of Enlightenment when human beings with their development of knowledge set about challenging God’s authority in the world around them. Immanuel Kant’s motto “Dare to know” really symbolises the dominant modernistic attitude that was and continues to be embraced by humanity. God has no problem with us gaining knowledge- he invented science and has got it to a perfect art seeing as he spoke all the necessary components into being. Indeed knowledge is God-given to the point that it is one of the fruits of the spirit. Besides, if God really wanted us to remain ignorant of the world he wouldn’t have given us the Word. I therefore want to emphasise that it is only when we think we got here on our own, without God that we come into dispute with God and the truth. But rejection is nothing new to God, who is neither surprised nor shocked by our choices or actions. Before God even created the world he had sent his son to die “it was the Lord’s good plan to crush him” (Isaiah 53, 10) and before he created the universe God knew we would “turn our backs on him and look(ed) the other way.” (Isaiah 53, 3). The fact that Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species caused some controversy and drove people to reject Jesus as the truth was not a ‘heavy blow’ for Him. For one thing, and I say this tongue-in-cheek, if God is anything like me he had probably gotten ‘bored’ of waiting. After all there’s quite a bit of waiting between before the Planck epoch (for those who are interested the Planck epoch is the time between zero and 10-43 seconds of the beginning of the universe) and 1859! Regardless of this publication and the later The Descent of Man (1871) His plan would still prevail over all His creation. The plan had already succeeded before we emerged on day six. Everything else had already been put in place: Jesus’ death and resurrection and all the animals and plants. EVERYTHING! God did NOT need our help or our approval and if he didn’t need it then, he certainly doesn’t need it NOW. What is interesting is that as God allows our knowledge to deepen and technology to improve evidence, particularly genetic and fossilised, appears to be pointing towards the feasibility if not the affirmation of the ‘story’ of Adam and Eve foretold in Genesis.\n\nAssumptions of the Author\n\nBefore I go any further I am making the following interpretations and/or assumptions:\n\n•Evolution (at least in humans) does occur but only within species. I believe that whilst other animals may evolve we wouldn’t as we are God’s chosen creation made in His image. He never changes and thus nor have (or will) we. Within our species implies that if women suddenly found blue-eyed men to be a turn-off generation after generation so that blue-eyed men could not pass on their seed, humans as a species would have less and eventually no blue eyed alleles but they would not in becoming predominately brown or green-eyed become a new species.\n•Evolution in definition is always ‘survival of the fittest’ where the most advantageous traits are passed on to the next generation. By dramatically becoming less hairy- so from having fur (ape) to being bare (Homo sapien)- the human race would have a severe disadvantage in that fur keeps you warm in a cold climate and cool in a hot one. Loss of fur is of course risky in a glacial-inter glacial planet cycle. The only reason for the fact we have no fu