How is glycolysis like Oxygen consumption?
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Glycolysis is not an oxygen consuming process. During Glycolysis, two molecules of a polysacharide split ('lysis') up to a monosaccharide. The is an OH-H bond, therefore, when the molecules split up, a molecule of Water is required.\n\nTherefore, it is a hydrolysis reaction.
92610
generally glucose is the intial substrate in glycolysis .......
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AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:\nRespiration is a chemical process, occurring in the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of all living cells, which breaks down sugar to provide energy for the cell\n\n-Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen \n-Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen \n-Glucose is a source of energy in the cell \n-The chemical that transports and transfers energy in the cell is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). \nD-uring respiration sugar is broken down into CO2 and water \n-During Respiration the energy compund ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules (Pi) \n-ADP + Pi + energy from respiration  ATP \n-Where energy is required within the cell the reverse reaction takes place \n-ATP  ADP + Pi + energy· \n-Some heat is lost as waste during respiration. \n+Stages of respiration:         \n\nGlycolysis· \n-requires glucose as an energy source \n-Broken down aerobically into pyruvic acid \n-The pyruvic acid is broken down aerobically or anaerobically \n-two molecules of ATP are generated in this stage.         \nAerobic Breakdown\n-Only happens in the presence of oxygen: \n-Pyruvic acid enters the aerobic respiration system \n-CO2 is generated as waste \n-Hydrogen is given energy \n-It is passed on to a hydrogen acceptor molecule \n-It is then called a reduced hydrogen acceptor \n-Hydrogen is passed into another chemical system \n-The waste hydrogen is reacted with the oxygen to make water \n-The energy from the hydrogen is used to turn 36 molecules of ADP into 36 molecules of ATP \n-Giving a total of 38 molecules of ATP for aerobic respiration \n  \nAnaerobic Breakdown\n-In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is changed to: \nLactic acid in mammals \n-Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in plants and fungi (such as yeast) \n-No further energy is produced \n-Giving a total of 2 molecules of ATP for anaerobic respiration. \n-Lactic acid in muscles leads to fatigue: \n-The reaction in animals is reversible – once oxygen is available the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid. \n-The reaction in plants leading to alcohol is not reversible.
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Relative oxygen consumption in human beings is usually expressed as VO2.  \n\nThe supply of oxygen is dictated by how often the heart beats, the volume of blood transported by every beat and the amount of oxygen in that blood. It is also dependent on how well the tissue or muscle extracts the oxygen (O2).\nCardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate and is measured in milliliters per minute.  When you multiply this by the difference in oxygen concentration, you have the liters of O2 processed per minute.\n\nhttp://www.preventdisease.com/news/articles/vo2_max_how_fit_athlete.shtml
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Metabolism is a measure of how quickly chemical reactions take place in the body. (Since these require energy it is often referred to syonmously as energy use). \n\nDifferent people have different metabolic rates, mostly based on the proportion of their body weight that is made up of lean muscle mass which one of the most metabolically active in the  body (the nervous system and the liver are more active but make up smaller percentages of the body so their effect is neglegable by comparison).\n\nWhen energy is generated from food storage (glocose or fatty acid chains), a couple of different "metabolic" pathways can be taken. First gluclose can be converted anerobically into pyruvate and two high-energy ATP andeosene-tri-phospate molecules. Then it may be further processed in a mitochondria in a process called the Krebs cycle into ATP, CO2, and water. Fatty acid chains, unfortunately, can only be processed aerobically. After some pre-processing they can also enter the Krebs cycle.
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Aerobic respiration requires, of course, oxygen to proceed. After glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate (glycolysis), the pyruvate enters the mitochondria to take part in the citric acid cycle (aka. krebs cycle). The krebs cycle makes energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are high energy electron carriers that make more ATP in the electron transport chain, which happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Thus, you can get about a 36-38 ATP yield from aerobic respiration. Comparatively, anaerobic respiration happens without oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose. This happens through fermentation, which produces lactate/lactic acid in humans (so it's not that great, since it causes sore muscles, etc.). Aerobic respiration produces much more energy than anaerobic repiration does, even though glucose is the starting point for both.
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for glycolysis ; 2 ATP\n\n34 ATP\nKreb's cylce : 2ATP + 8NADH + H+ +4CO2 +2FADH + H+\n \n1 NAD = 3 ATP\n1 FAD = 2ATP\n\nTOTAL 38 ATP
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In the "second phase" of glycolysis are the reactions that will result in a net production of ATP for the overall glycolysis pathway:\n\n2 ATPs are consumed in Phase I (1 glucose à 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)\n4 ATPs are produced in Phase II (2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate à 2 pyruvate)\nNet production of ATP for glycolysis: (4 - 2) = 2 ATP molecules per glucose
960201
As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to shuttle more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. Some circumstances, however, --such as evading the historical saber tooth tiger or lifting heavy weights--require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver oxygen. In those cases, the working muscles generate energy anaerobically. This energy comes from glucose through a process called glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down or metabolized into a substance called pyruvate through a series of steps. When the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown--and thus energy production--to continue. The working muscle cells can continue this type of anaerobic energy production at high rates for one to three minutes, during which time lactate can accumulate to high levels.\n\nA side effect of high lactate levels is an increase in the acidity of the muscle cells, along with disruptions of other metabolites. The same metabolic pathways that permit the breakdown of glucose to energy perform poorly in this acidic environment. On the surface, it seems counterproductive that a working muscle would produce something that would slow its capacity for more work. In reality, this is a natural defense mechanism for the body; it prevents permanent damage during extreme exertion by slowing the key systems needed to maintain muscle contraction. Once the body slows down, oxygen becomes available and lactate reverts back to pyruvate, allowing continued aerobic metabolism and energy for the body’s recovery from the strenuous event.\n\nContrary to popular opinion, lactate or, as it is often called, lactic acid buildup is not responsible for the muscle soreness felt in the days following strenuous exercise. Rather, the production of lactate and other metabolites during extreme exertion results in the burning sensation often felt in active muscles, though which exact metabolites are involved remains unclear. This often painful sensation also gets us to stop overworking the body, thus forcing a recovery period in which the body clears the lactate and other metabolites.\n\nResearchers who have examined lactate levels right after exercise found little correlation with the level of muscle soreness felt a few days later. This delayed-onset muscle soreness, or DOMS as it is called by exercise physiologists, is characterized by sometimes severe muscle tenderness as well as loss of strength and range of motion, usually reaching a peak 24 to 72 hours after the extreme exercise event.\n\nThough the precise cause of DOMS is still unknown, most research points to actual muscle cell damage and an elevated release of various metabolites into the tissue surrounding the muscle cells. These responses to extreme exercise result in an inflammatory-repair response, leading to swelling and soreness that peaks a day or two after the event and resolves a few days later, depending on the severity of the damage. In fact, the type of muscle contraction appears to be a key factor in the development of DOMS. When a muscle lengthens against a load--imagine your flexed arms attempting to catch a thousand pound weight--the muscle contraction is said to be eccentric. In other words, the muscle is actively contracting, attempting to shorten its length, but it is failing. These eccentric contractions have been shown to result in more muscle cell damage than is seen with typical concentric contractions, in which a muscle successfully shortens during contraction against a load. Thus, exercises that involve many eccentric contractions, such as downhill running, will result in the most severe DOMS, even without any noticeable burning sensations in the
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do u mean the steps of cellular respiration? if so...\n1. glycolysis\n2. pyruvate oxidation\n3. krebs' cycle\n4. electron transport chain
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Something like this?\n\nSugar  → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy\n\nFor a simple sugar like glucose:\nC_6H_12O_6 → 2C_2H_5OH + 2CO_2 + Energy\n\nIt's called fermentation.
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Probably false.\nA cyclic pathway is more suitable for a starting material that is short in supply because the first molecule in the pathway tends to be regenerated. Glycolysis is the typical linear pathway and it starts with glucose which is relatively abundant in cells.\nI think this is not a very good question, though. It is open to interpretation.
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ATP, NADH, FADH2, AND CO2\nGlycolsis start with glucose synthesis and goes through the Krebb Cycle with beginning of oxidation of Pyruvate,the end result is in the Transport Chain system with C02.
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It is measured as Respiratory Coefficient or R.Q.It is the ratio of co2 released to the amount of o2 absorbed.for glucose molecule it is 1(6/6)\nFOR lactic acid which is formed anaerobically or in the absence of oxygen, the R.Q IS more than 1
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All living organisms require energy to function. This energy may be obtained from the consumed foods. The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a high-energy molecule and it is expended by working cells. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. \n\nThere are actually two general types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis, after which the two diverge. \n\n\nAerobic respiration is more efficient and more complicated than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:\n6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)\n\nAerobic respiration requires oxygen. However, some organisms live in places where oxygen is not always present. Similarly, under extreme exertion, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that can function without oxygen.\n\nIn the absence of O2, organisms continue to carry out glycolysis, since glycolysis does not use oxygen in its chemical process. But glycolysis does require NAD+. In aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain turns NADH back to NAD+ with the aid of oxygen, thereby averting any NAD+ shortage and allowing glycolysis to take place. In anaerobic respiration, cells must find another way to turn NADH back to NAD+. \n\nThis “other way” is called fermentation. Fermentation’s goal is not to produce additional energy, but merely to replenish NAD+ supplies so that glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. Because pyruvates are not needed in anaerobic respiration, fermentation uses them to help regenerate NAD+. While employing the pyruvates in this way does allow glycolysis to continue, it also results in the loss of the considerable energy contained in the pyruvate sugars. \n\nThere are two principle forms of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. \n\nIn lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon compound called lactic acid: \npyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+\n\nIn this reaction, the hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule. \n\nLactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages. Since lactic acid is a toxic substance, its buildup in the muscles produces fatigue and soreness. \n\nAnother route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product:\n\npyruvate + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2\n\nAlcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise. \n\nLike lactic acid, the ethanol produced by alcoholic fermentation is toxic. When ethanol levels rise to about 12 percent, the yeast dies.
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This brings back dreadful memories! Glucose is the principal sugar in the biological world. Breakdown of glucose happens in two stages. The first stage is glycolosis, which consists of 10 successive steps in which the glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, is converted into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate) and two ATP molecules are synthesized from two ADP molecules and two P i. The second stage of glucose breakdown is called celular respiration, converts the pyruvate molecules into CO2 and H2O through 15 steps, some of which are coupled to the synthesis of many molecules of ATP from ADP +Pi. When pure glucose is ignited and burned, it is completely converted to CO2 and H2O with the release of heat. C6 H12 6O2---->6CO2 + 6H20. The breakdown of glucose in a cell leads to the same result. Six O2 molecules are needed to catabolize each molecule of glucose, and 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules of H2O are the end products. For one mole (180 grams) 686 kilocalories are released. In a cell, the breakdown occurs stepwise, with some energy released at each step. By coupling certain of the steps to synthesis of ATP from ADP, energy is captured. Glycolysis carries the breakdown to pyruvate, during which some energy is transferred into a net gain of two ATP molecules. Glycolysis, however, taps very little of the free energy in glucose; about 93% of this energy is still present in the two pyruvate molecules left after glycolysis. This energy is released in stepwise fashion by conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration, with the generation of 36 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in two stages. In the first stage, the pyruvate is oxidized in a sequence of reactions to CO2 and H2O, and electrons are transferred to coenzymes. In the second stage, the passage of the electrons along an electron transport chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi in a manner similar to the transfer of electrons and generation of ATP that occurs in phase 1 reactions of photosynthesis. Then you go on to the citric acid or Krebs cycle. I hope this helps. I remember drawing it out over and over to memorize it. The main thing is to remember as the process goes on what the byproducts are-ATP, etc.
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E.  Your not going to hit the citric acid cycle or electron transport chain in an anaerobic environment so its not a or d.  B is impossible you can't just make more ATP during glycolysis.  I'm pretty sure when you oxidize pyruvate and NADH you just make Lactate and NAD.  The replenishing of NAD allows glycolysis to occur more quickly.