History of latitude and longitude?
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That work was much more time consuming and tedious for early explorers than it is for us today.  These sites should help you .... and here are some answers to your questions ...\n\n1.  In the third century B.C., the Greek astronomer and mathematician Eratosthenes estimated the Earth’s size by comparing the shadows cast at two locations at noon. He used his knowledge of triangles, circles, and angles to calculate the Earth’s circumference to within one percent of the actual measurement.\n\nThroughout history, mapmakers have been able to provide detailed maps of small areas, but it wasn't until the 17th century that mapmakers could make accurate measurements over larger areas. At that time, a new technique of measuring distance called triangulation revolutionized mapmaking. To determine the distance to a far-off point, mapmakers first measured the distance between two relatively close points and then measured the angle between each of these two points and the distant point using a transit or a theodolite. Once these angles and the distance between the two baseline points were known, the distance to the far-off point could be calculated using geometry. \n\nOne of the first official uses of triangulation for mapmaking was in 1669 when King Louis XIV of France commissioned Jean Picard and Jean Dominique Cassini to map the coast of France. This first accurate measurement of France showed it to be significantly smaller than earlier maps did. The King is said to have declared, "Your work has cost me a large part of my State!" \n\n2.  In the northern hemisphere, latitude may be derived by measuring the angle made between the North Star and the horizon. Crude instruments to obtain this angle have existed for thousands of years and instruments like the sextant and octant, only slightly less precise than those available to us, were in use.\n\nLatitude may also be calculated by measuring the altitude of the sun, moon, or certain planets and stars above the horizon on known days and reading latitude from tables designed for that purpose. It was not much more difficult for the captains and early explorers to measure these altitudes with a sextant or octant and to calculate latitude using one of the three ephemerae or astronomical almanacs they carried. These contained tables showing the daily position of celestial bodies such as the sun, the moon, and key stars. \n\n3.  Longitudinal observations were prone to error because chronometers did not have quartz batteries to keep them running.  When it ran down, it had to be re-calibrated using local time: using observation of the sun's zenith or local "noon" and then setting the chronometer by estimating the current longitudinal position. Over the course of a trip, the small incremental errors produced by this became larger ones.\n\nThere were other methods of calculating longitude available to early explorers, using astronomical observation. But many astronomical readings had to be acquired over the course of a night in order to obtain sufficiently precise data to determine longitude. It was asking a lot for men exhausted by the rigors of their daily work, to spend three or four hours at night taking sightings of the moon and stars, recording observations, and making calculations by candlelight or firelight. It was only natural that errors would exist in data obtained in this manner. Even the most skilled astronomer or surveyor would have been hard pressed to make highly accurate observations under such circumstances.
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Latitude:  6° 51' South  \nLongitude:  39° 18' East
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15 degrees.  If you look at timezones they pretty well match up with 15 degrees of longitude.
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The invention of the compass changed the world. With this revolutionary device, sailors were able to navigate more accurately. Oceans were crossed, and new lands were discovered. Even with today's technological innovations, travelers still depend on compasses to lead them in the right direction.\n\nWho Invented the Compass?\n\nLegend has it that the original compass can be traced back to the ancient Chinese. The first known use of a compass occurred in the fourth century B.C. It was used in Feng Shui, the Taoist method of environment organization. Chinese fortunetellers used lodestones, a mineral composed of an iron oxide that aligns itself in a north-south direction, to construct their fortune telling boards. The Chinese eventually noticed that the lodestones were consistent at pointing out actual directions, leading to the first compasses. They designed the compass on a square slab with markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a lodestone spoon-shaped device, with a handle that would always point south.\n\nThe first written mention of the compass was by a Chinese mathematician in about 1050. Shen Kua wrote about the use of a navigational instrument with a magnetized iron needle. The first recorded instance of European compass use occurred in 1190. Very little was understood, though, about how the compass worked. Superstitions abounded, including sea captains believing that if the crew ate onions it would impact the device. In the centuries that follow, historical references of compass use increases. Arabian and Viking explorers are described using the device to navigate across many miles of water in the early and mid-1200s.
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The link below will take you to a page with some addresses for math history.\n\nhttp://dnick009.bravehost.com/history.htm
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Try map.google.com. You can type in addresses and see directions and satellite pictures.
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longitude runs north and south\n\nladitude runs east west\n\nlongituse the lines are longer because the stretch pole to polo\n\nlongitude=long lines
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get this software downloaded(Google Globe) , enter the coordinates and you'll find yourself right at the address\n\nhttp://earth.google.com/
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The first measurement of the equator was done by Eratosthenes of Samos--centuries ago.  He computed it as being roughly 25,000 miles, which is really quite accurate.\n\nEratosthenes was a hotshot at geometry.  He knew that on the spring equinox, the sun cast no shadow at noon in (as I recall it) Syene, Egypt (? on the spelling); in Samos, the shadow at the same time cast a shadow that made an angle of about 6 degrees with the top of the stick.  Using the known distance between the two places, the already accepted fact that the earth was spherical, and a little geometry, he figured out the equitoral diameter, and did a very fine job of it as well.\n\nHe later recomputed the figure, by the way, getting 18,000 miles.  Columbus repeated the calculation, long afterward, and got 19,400.  The Portuguese (the premier mapmakers of Columbus' day) had computed it as about 24,800 or so... They knew the world was round--and bigger than ol' Christopher Columbus thought...  An aside, but a fun one...
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John Harrison developed longitude.\n\nLatitude is a bit more difficult to determine and is mostly about mathematics but I believe mathematician Karl Gauss had something to do with it. But you should research that some more.
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There is a so-so map here:\n\nhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/printouts/m/magellan.shtml\n\nA better map with dates:\nhttp://www.texaschapbookpress.com/magellanslog51/magellanroute.htm\n\n\nThis might actually help the most:\nhttp://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/worldhistory/magellan1.htm
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CHECK this site:\nhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/\nthere you could get maps of the continents made for printing and copying, and check the longitude and latitude
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Lines of latitude go around the earth from east to west and are all parallel to each other.  They tell pilots, sailors, etc. how far they are north or south of the equator and how far they are from the north or south pole.  The equator is sort of the main line of latitude.  \n\nLines of longitude go from north to south and each one passes through both the north and south pole, so they are not parallel to each other.  The main line of longitude is called the Prime Meridian and it passes through Greenwich, England.  That is also the line on the earth that is used to determine time zones.\n\nThink of a peeled grapefruit or an orange. The segments of the grapefruit are sort of like the lines of longitude.  But if you cut the grapefruit through the middle like you do if you eat it for breakfast the cut that you make is sort of like the equator, the main line of latitude.\n\nHope this helps.
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Latitude is used to measure how far north or south a location is, based on its distance from the equator, which is the imaginary line (or circle) that runs around the earth, equally distant from the north and the south poles. (The Equator gets its name from being EQUAL distance apart from the poles). \n\nFrom the Equator to the north pole, the distance is broken into 90 degrees of measurement, and likewise, from the Equator to the South Pole.\n\nWhile the Equator and other "lines of latitude" help measure  north-south location, the lines themselves extend in the east-west direction as they represent every point on the earth that is that distance from the equator. These lines are often called PARALLELS, because they are all parallel to the equator. You can have a parallel at any measure of latitude, such as the 10 degrees north parallel or the 42 degrees south parallel. \n\nSome parallels have special names. Besides the Equator, there are four parallels which have significance for the earth's rotation and seasons. In the northern hemisphere, the Tropic of Cancer is the line or circle of latitude that is 23.5 degrees north, and the Arctic Circle is 66.5 degrees north. In the southern hemisphere, the Tropic of Capricorn is 23.5 degrees south, and the Antarctic Circle is 66.5 degrees south. Because the earth's axis is at an angle to the sun, we have seasons, and these lines show where the sun's location will be or not be on particular seasonal changes. Use the first link to learn more about these lines.\n\nOther parallels have historical significance. When the Korean War ended in a stalemate, the country was divided into North and South Korea roughly along the 38th parallel (that means everything north of the 38 degrees north parallel belonged to North Korea, and everything south of  that parallel belonged to South Korea). In the 1800s, the 49th parallel (north) is what was used to determine the boundary between the United States and the British colony of Canada, west of the Great Lakes, and so most of the current US-Canada border is a line along the 49th parallel.\n\nAll lines (or circles) of latitude can be called parallels.
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Latitude 19° 24′-19° 03′ N \nLongitude 98° 57′-99° 22′ W
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Check link and word search oldest, then read bottom to top.\n\nhttp://www.maphistory.info/newslatest.html\n\nAlso, try "oldest map" in here. http://www.maphistory.info/index.html
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Up until relatively recently, one of the island chains belonging to the state of Alaska was technically on the other side of the International Date Line from the rest of the country. This meant that the islands were the furthest "east" someone could go (without crossing the date line), yet the state itself, generally speaking, was the furthest west land area of the political entity known as the United States of America. \n\nThe same thing happened with another small island group inthe south-central Pacific ... basically, one half of the country was on one side of the date line and the other half was on the other.\n\nThe date line was subsequently "jiggled", to keep those countries whose territories are in the vicinity of the date line to remain "on the same side".\n\nTherefore, (from the US perspective) Alaska is - at present - the WESTERNMOST state, and Maine is the EASTERNMOST (neglecting the off-shore protectorates of Puerto Rico and Guam).\n\nHowever, we ALSO need to look at how longitude is measured. "Eastward" occurs from the line of 0 longitude (approximately Greenwich England) and moves toward Europe and Asia. "Westward" occurs from the same starting point and moves west over the Atlantic and across North America. The line of longitude that is directly opposite from 0 would be 180 ... which happens to pass through Alaska. Thus Alaska could be both "eastern- and western-most"