People Help!!in Microbiology: Describe how transcription is controlled. More question pls. read. thank you.?
813313
A promoter is a sequence of DNA, upfield of the area that is going to be transcribed that helps the RNA polymerase recognize and bind to the template DNA strand.  Transcription factors recognize these promoter sequences and bind to them, allowing RNA polymerase to interact with the DNA strand.  An example of this is the TATA box, a eukaryotic promoter that has a TATAAT consensus sequence.  The TATA Binding Protein is the first transcription factor to bind this, followed by several other TFIIs which bring in and align RNA polymerase II.  To draw this, draw the TATA box 30 bases upfield (to the left) of where transcription will intitiate.
290261
I assume you have some knowledge of transcription (DNA->RNA), basically they want to know how well you understand the process of translation (RNA-> protein).  Further I assume they give you a set of tRNAs taht you didn't include here.  You need the codon usage table and it various (slightly) depending on the organism.  \n\nThe first question starts with the result and asks you for the template.  Given an RNA, what was the complementary DNA that was used to encode it?  RNA transcription proceeds 5' to 3' (so does DNA synthesis - the only process that does obey this rule is the reverse translation of retroviruses, it proceeds 3' to 5').  Further, nucleic acids are always listed 5' to 3'.  So basically what you do is first find the complementary DNA base pair for the RNA nucleotide.  U pairs with A, A with T, C with G, and G with C.  I'll give the first six letters as an example.\n5' UACACC 3'\n3' ATGTGG 5'\nNow you have to flip the sequence over, to read it properly in the 5' to 3' orientation.  \nGGTGTA\n\nQ2)  Now that you know the template (GGTGTA), find it's complement.  Use the same process as above.\nGGTGTA\nCCACAT -> TACACC\n\nQ4)  The mRNA sequence is UACACCGGG...  The tRNA finds the first three bases (the first codon), and base pairs with it.  The tRNA has an amino acid coupled to it, and upon basepairing to mRNA this amino acid is released to form a growing polypeptide chain.  All you have to do is look at the codon UAC and figure out what amino acid it codes for.  \n\nUsing a codon usage table from humans, UAC codes for Tyr (tyrosine). ACC codes for Thr.  So the first two amino acids are Tyr-Thr (or YT in single letter abbreviation)
273694
The trick is deceptively simple.  A microbe is chosen--often a very fussy strain of Saccharomyces or Escherichia coli--and the DNA that encodes human fibrinogen is introduced into its genome.  This engenders the production of fibrinogen by the microbe; that fibrinogen can then be harvested and purified.\n\nThe same technology is used to produce human insulin, human growth hormone, and a wide array of other polypeptides useful to human medicine.\n\nWhat I find fascinating about it all is that the vat fermentation production system used to produce all this is a spinoff of the vat fermentation system used in the first mass production of penicillin, developed at the USDA's Agricultural Research Lab in Peoria, IL (Now known as the NCAUR) around the time of WWII...
913194
Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP) \nTranscription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA. Or, in other words, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA. In the case of protein-encoding DNA, transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via the mRNA intermediate) into a functional peptide or protein. Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.\n\nLike DNA replication, transcription proceeds in the 5' → 3' direction (ie the old polymer is read in the 3' → 5' direction and the new, complementary fragments are generated in the 5' → 3' direction). Transcription is divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation and termination.\n\nclick here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29#Prokaryotic_transcription
932873
Go to "protein" on wikipedia ( put, protein, in address bar ) then scroll down to "synthesis", for the process. It is too  long a story for my typing skills. The wiki article is not too technical.
945737
The DNA has to be wrapped up very tightly to fit all of it into the nucleus.  This is a complex process involving chromatin (DNA and associated proteins).  For example, histones are groups of protein molecules that the DNA strand wraps around to help compact its shape.  For a gene to be expressed (transcribed) a section of the the DNA has to become 'unwrapped' and 'exposed' to the transcription machinery.  Methylation and Acetylation of histones play significant roles in this process.\n\nAny good, recent, biochemistry textbook will explain these issues.  If you go to pubmed, they have an online book section.  Click on any of the biochemistry books and enter into the search field "DNA, chromatin", or "DNA, histones", or "gene expression, chromatin" and you will find lots of info. and probably pictures too.\n\nBest wishes and good luck.
292071
What class was this in? What grade level? What text were you using?  I may be able to help you if I know the context in which the question was raised. I have a feeling that I am not getting all the information you had. Please tell me and maybe I can help. I am an old chemist and microbiologist.
209619
dont really get yr question. do u mean reverse transcription? mail me at youngatheart_tapan@yahoo.co.in. i'd be glad to help.
289641
Yes.  DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins.  \n\nI always kept that straight by thinking of transcription as like taking notes when someone is talking (same language) and translation as translating those notes into another language.  Going from DNA to RNA you're going to use the same building blocks (bases - purines and pyrimidines)or the same "language", but going from RNA to proteins requires going from one building block to another (bases to amino acids), or a different language.
8687
mRNA  \nCapped messenger RNA is produced directly from your plasmid that contains a T7 or SP6 promoter. It is purified by our proprietary PUREmessenger™ technology. PUREmessenger™ is a chromatography that not only eliminates traces of DNA and proteins but also allows the selective recovery of the mRNA of the correct size. Shorter abortive transcripts as well as longer contaminating mRNA that are produced during in vitro transcription are eliminated. Capped mRNA will be purified by PUREmessenger™, quantified, re-suspended at 1mg/ml (except if otherwise specified) and aliquoted at 50 µl/aliquot (except if otherwise specified) in sterile conditions. It will be sent to you on cooling blocks together with its documentation: formaldehyde/agarose gel documentation picture. The capped mRNA that is sent to you ready-to-use (dissolved in water or the buffer of your choice) is 100% of your mRNA molecule of interest.\n\nCapped mRNA is produced in clean room facilities for research or clinical applications.\nYour benefit\nHighly purified, efficiently capped mRNA that has a superior efficacy compared to standard mRNA produced with in vitro transcription kits and simply purified by precipitation thus contaminated with alternative transcripts and traces of proteins and DNA fragments. The high quality of mRNA is reproduced from batch to batch. This guarantees the consistency of your results. Capped mRNA can be produced for research or for clinical utilisation: "documented" to be used as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient or GMP-certified.
143500
The cellular and genetic process of transcription produces complementary messengerRNA(mRNA) strands from the gene DNA thus providing a template on which proteins can be synthesised (during translation). \n\nIt involves the combined activity of several enzymes (notably RNA polymerase) and is followed by a process called splicing which removes the non coding (and so called junk) parts of the genetic code.
925374
transcription in cells makes RNA copies of DNA.
867172
OKay....try to make things as simple as I can for you, with all the words you provided.\n\nDouble stranded DNA is transcribed into single stranded mRNA which codes for amino acids by a process called transcription. The mRNA is then translated into polypeptide of amino acid chains. The polypeptide folds into proteins which ultimately determines the phenotype.\n\nHope it helped!
961312
Well, that is the Holy Grail of biochemistry and we've been dreaming of that ever since Dr. Pauling had me researching metabolic diseases, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in particular.  The problem has been 1) finding the precise genetic coding of the fouled up part of the DNA and 2) devising a mechanism to clip out that nucleic base and replace it with the correct one (or series of bases).  Precision is, of course, vital or you'll kill the experimental animal (or, ultimately, human patient).
520769
Good news: You won't need to read a whole book to get even losts of details as well as the basics: google for a "polymerase chain reaction faq" on the web. Its less complicated than you think. \n\n\nWant to spend less time commuting ? Check out http://www.hallisystem.bravehost.com  \nWrite us.
862769
Think of it this way... when you "transcribe" something you are WRITING it down... this is what happens during transcription... a copy of the complimentary strand of DNA is made in the mRNA (messenger) basically, a MESSAGE is taken down so that it can be delivered to the ribosomes where it will be "translated" into proteins... \n\nTranslation is when that message is actually "translated" into a string of proteins from the original message, like following a recipe to make a cake (the cake is the string of proteins that section of DNA holds the recipe for and the recipe is the message encoded into the mRNA).
624186
DNA transcription is the process which the DNA is trancribed into mRNA which will be sent out of the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis can take place.