What is the thylakoid space?
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thylakoids are flattened discs these are stacked and called grana and are found in the stroma of chloroplasts the thylakoid space is the space/lumen found inside the thylakoid
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I'm always happy to help out a Van Halen fan! Anyway, photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and fuel to grow, and also to manufacture proteins, the most important of which is chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. They also convert this light into sugars anfd starches, which they need to grow. (The storing of these sugars, in fact, along with the slowing down of the photsynth, is what gives those autumn leaves their great colors.)  During the dark hours the plants are basically dormant, and thus no photosynth taking place, but they are still respirating, i.e. taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. They do this in light too, of couse, but at a faster rate. But just like we need our sleep, the plants need the dark also to rest and store their food, otherwise they would expend it all and thus dry out, which is why they get yellow (depleted chlorophyl) with too much sun.
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The mesophyll is the leaf tissue where most of the chloroplasts are found and photosynthesis takes place. The mesophyll is differentiated into the palaside mesophyll and teh spongy mesophyll. \n\nThe palaside mesophyll is made up of one or more layers of narrow, elongated parenchyma cells; these cells have a higher concentration of chloroplasts, and therefore these are the cells in which most of the photosynthesis takes place. \n\n----\nOf course - photosynthesis takes place in *all* the cells which have chloroplasts. But I don't think that is what this question is about.
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Photosystems (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) are protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. They are made of several protein subunits, as well as hundreds of cofactors, and act as large complex. In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem to begin an energy-producing reaction. The photosytems are contained within the chloroplasts in the leaves of plants. Two types of photosystems exist: photosystem I (P700) and photosystem II (P680). Each photosystem is differentiated by the wavelength of light to which it is most reactive (700 and 680 nanometers, respectively), and the type of terminal electron acceptor. Type I photosystems use ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors, while type II photosystems ultimately shuffle electrons to a quinone terminal electron acceptor.\nStructure\n\nA photosystem is made up of a reaction center pigment of chlorophyll a and numerous antenna pigments and proteins. Because chlorophyll a can only absorb light of a narrow wavelength, it works with the antenna pigments to gain energy from a larger part of the spectrum. The pigments absorb light of various wavelengths and pass along their gained energy to the reaction center chlorophyll. When the energy reaches the chlorophyll a, it releases two electrons into an electron transport chain.\n\nThough chlorophyll a normally has an optimal absorption wavelength of 660 nanometers, it associates with different proteins in each type of photosytem to slightly shift its optimal wavelength, producing two distinct photosystem types. Other proteins serve to support the structure and electron pathways in the photosystem.\n\n Relationship between Photosystems I and II\n\nHistorically photosystem I was named one since it was discovered before photosystem II but this does not represent the order of the electron flow.\n\nWhen photosystem II absorbs light, electrons in the reaction-centre chlorophyll are excited to a higher energy level and are trapped by the primary electron acceptors. To replenish the deficit of electrons, electrons are extracted from water (either through photolysis or enzymatic means) and supplied to the chlorophyll.\n\nPhotoexcited electrons travel to photosystem I through an electron transport chain set in the thylakoid membrane. This energy fall is harnessed, (the whole process termed chemiosmosis), to transport H+ ions through the membrane to provide a proton-motive force to generate ATP. If electrons only pass through once, the process is termed noncyclic photophosphorylation.\n\nWhen the electron reaches photosystem I it fills the electron deficit of the reaction-centre chlorophyll of photosystem I. The deficit is due to photo-excitation of electrons which are again trapped in an electron acceptor molecule, this time that of photosystem I.\n\nThese electrons may either go through the aforementioned electron transport chain again in which case it is termed cyclic photophosphorylation. Otherwise the electrons pass down another electron transport chain which ends at an enzyme, NADP+ reductase. Electrons and hydrogen ions are added to NADP+ to form NADPH. This reducing agent is transported to the Calvin cycle to react with glycerate 3-phosphate, along with ATP to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the basic building block from which plants can make a variety of substances.
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Diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen take place in the alveolar of the lungs.  Since there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveolar sac as compared to the capillaries surrounding it, the oxygen goes from the higher concentration to that of the lower concentration.  The carbon dioxide is more concentrated in the capillary blood than the alveoli. so it diffuses into the lungs.  \n\nIn photoynthesis water must diffuse into the plant or bacterial cell.  It is then destroyed in what is commonly called the light reactions.  It is separated into Hydrogen ions and oxygen.  The oxygen is released into the air via diffusion and the Hydrogen ions are used to produce ATP.  Since the water is used up more is needed to keep the process up. So more water diffuses into the cell.  In order for tthe palnt to make food from the carbon dioxide that has diffused into the cell as well. It must enter the chloroplast.  Here the Dark reactions of the process occur.  The carbon dioxide is used up along with some of the ATP to make sugar.  SO as the sugar is made and relocated this creates a carbon dioxide deficit in the chloroplast.  So more Carbon dioxide diffuses into it.  This continues until the process stops or the plant dies.
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My best guess would be that the chloroplast would be marked as \n"non-self" in the cell and would be degraded in the lysosome. It would be might complicated to keep the chloroplast from being degraded.
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Theory? I mean, I can think of the endosymbiotic theory, but that's eukaryotes. Perhaps you mean the organelle that carries out photosynthesis in prokaryotes?
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. \n\n Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. \n\nChlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. \n\nThe overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2. This is the source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in the concerns about deforestation.\n\n  \n\n\nThere are two parts to photosynthesis: \n\nThe light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must, therefore, take place in the light. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction. Each of these differently-colored pigments can absorb a slightly different color of light and pass its energy to the central chlorphyll molecule to do photosynthesis. The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center. \n The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a compound used by cells for energy storage. This chemical is made of the nucleotide adenine bonded to a ribose sugar, and that is bonded to three phosphate groups. This molecule is very similar to the building blocks for our DNA. \nThe dark reaction takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar. This reaction doesn't directly need light in order to occur, but it does need the products of the light reaction (ATP and another chemical called NADPH). The dark reaction involves a cycle called the Calvin cycle in which CO2 and energy from ATP are used to form sugar. Actually, notice that the first product of photosynthesis is a three-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Almost immediately, two of these join to form a glucose molecule. \n\nMost plants put CO2 directly into the Calvin cycle. Thus the first stable organic compound formed is the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Since that molecule contains three carbon atoms, these plants are called C3 plants. For all plants, hot summer weather increases the amount of water that evaporates from the plant. Plants lessen the amount of water that evaporates
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Chloroplasts contain structures called thylakoids.\n\nThe thylakoid membrane contains the two photosystems utilized by photosynthesis. Most simply, when light strikes the reaction centers of the photosystems, electrons are released into an electron transport chain. As electrons move through the chain,  protons are pumped from the stroma of the chloroplast to the lumen (inside) of the thylakoid. Since the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons, a gradient is eventually built up within the thylakoid. This gradient powers ATP synthesis.
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ok i have 2 possible answers. one is evaporation (the part of the water cycle in which water is put back in the sky and turns into clouds. that is my #1 answer but it could be possible that it is photosythesis because of what the plants do during that process but if u still have trouble go to where i go. www.google.com
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The nuclear envelope (also known as the perinuclear envelope, nuclear membrane, nucleolemma or karyotheca) is the double membrane of the nucleus that encloses genetic material in eukaryotic cells. It separates the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol. The space between the two membranes that make up the nuclear envelope is called the perinuclear space, and is usually about 20 - 100 nm wide. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.\n\nNumerous nuclear pores are present on the nuclear envelope to facilitate and regulate the exchange of materials (for example, proteins and RNA) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.\n\nThe inner membrane is erected upon the nuclear lamina, a network of intermediate filaments made of lamin, that plays a role in mitosis and meiosis. The type of Lamins present are A, B1, B2, and C.\n\nThe nuclear envelope may also play a role in the disposition of chromatin inside the nucleus. The lamina acts as a site of attachment for chromosomes. The nuclear envelope also holds DNA and RNA.\n\nRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelope"
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chloroplast contain membbranous structures which are pilled in stacks called grana\ngrana contain the light-trapping pigment chlorophyll. chlorophyll is the most abundant photosynthetic pigment in plants\ngrana are embedded in a gel-like matrix called stroma\nstroma is the site where the dark reaction occur and the enzyme responsible for the dark reaction of photosynthesis also found here\nstarch grains which act as a temporary storage for the products of photosynthesis are also found in the stroma\n\nfor more extra information try to find it at wikipedia
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1. A- mosses- basic, no vascular tissue, reproduction requiires water\nB- Ferns- vascular tissue present\nC- gymnosperms- seeds\nD- angiosperms- flowers and fruits\n\n2. Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have 2\n\n3. cotyledons are the first leaves that sprout out of the seed, they contain nutrients for hte seed\n\n4. male- stamen, female- pistil\nSeed- sporophyte, fruit- ovary\n\n5. Photosynthesis is the making sugar/energy from CO2 and light\nTakes place in the stem and leaves (wherever green).  or more specifically, in the chloroplasts, in the stroma and thylakoid membrane\n\n6. Vascular tissue are a transport system, carrying water, minerals and sugar up to all parts of the tree\nAdvantages- grow bigger, compare mosses and trees\n\n7. tropism is the plants tendency to grow\nPhototropism- grow towards light.  light slows down cell elongation in stem that it hits, opposite side grows faster\nGravitropism- roots grow downward.  heavy molecules sink, thus coordinating top cells to elongate
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The main photosynthetic pigments in plants is the green pigment called chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts.
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Light energy chemically "excites" chlorophyll molecules. The energized chlorophyll separates water molecules into  hydrogen and oxygen by a process called photolysis. The oxygen is liberated into the atmosphere via stomata . The hydrogen becomes part of the dark reactions/Calvin cycle.
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They have more chloroplasts, which are plastids, in them.
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The answer is probably "c".\n\nThere are two types of photosynthetic cells in C4 plants... bundle-sheath and mesophyll. The mesophyll cells are between the bundle-sheath cells and the leaf surface, and are rather loosely arranged.\n\nI think the answers are slightly weird, because the Calvin cycle is only occurring in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath. The reason that C4 plants are more efficient is that the mesophyll cells incorporate carbon dioxide into organic compounds, effectively pumping carbon dioxide into the bundle sheath, which keeps the carbon dioxide concentration in the bundle-sheath cells high enough for the Calvin cycle to function properly.\n\nIn any event, the answer is definitely not A, B, or D.