details of photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. \n\nPhotosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things. The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. Most of the time, the photosynthetic process uses water and releases the oxygen that we absolutely must have to stay alive. Oh yes, we need the food as well!\n\nWe can write the overall reaction of this process as: \n\n6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2\nMost of us don't speak chemicalese, so the above chemical equation translates as:\n\nsix molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen\n\n\nDiagram of a typical plant, showing the inputs and outputs of the photosynthetic process. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.\n\nLeaves and Leaf Structure | Back to Top\nPlants are the only photosynthetic organisms to have leaves (and not all plants have leaves). A leaf may be viewed as a solar collector crammed full of photosynthetic cells.\n\nThe raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave the leaf.\n\n\nCross section of a leaf, showing the anatomical features important to the study of photosynthesis: stoma, guard cell, mesophyll cells, and vein. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.\n\nWater enters the root and is transported up to the leaves through specialized plant cells known as xylem (pronounces zigh-lem). Land plants must guard against drying out (desiccation) and so have evolved specialized structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter and leave the leaf. Carbon dioxide cannot pass through the protective waxy layer covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter the leaf through an opening (the stoma; plural = stomata; Greek for hole) flanked by two guard cells. Likewise, oxygen produced during photosynthesis can only pass out of the leaf through the opened stomata. Unfortunately for the plant, while these gases are moving between the inside and outside of the leaf, a great deal water is also lost. Cottonwood trees, for example, will lose 100 gallons of water per hour during hot desert days. Carbon dioxide enters single-celled and aquatic autotrophs through no specialized structures.\nVirtually all oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to have been generated through the process of photosynthesis. Obviously, all respiring organisms (including plants) utilize this oxygen and produce CO2. Thus, photosynthesis and respiration are interlinked, with each process depending on the products of the other. The global amount of photosynthesis is on the order of a trillion kg of dry organic matter produced per day, and respiratory processes convert about the same amount of organic matter to CO2. A large part (probably the majority) of photosynthetic productivity occurs in open oceans, mostly by oxygenic prokaryotes. Without photosynthesis, the oxygen in the atmosphere would be depleted within several thousand years. It should be emphasized that plants respire just like any other higher organism, and that during the day this respiration is masked by a higher rate of photosynthesis.
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Hooooo.OK U want all explanation in yahoo answers?I Will try\n\nIN photosynthesis the sunlight energy is used by green plants to prepare food materials.\nn light reaction the sun light activates chlorophyll molecules so that they make NADDP2 and NADH2.These two in Calvin cycle reduce the co2+h2o in to glucose molecule\n\nIN respiration the reverse happens Of course in different steps\nGlucose molecule in respiration (it is a 6 carbon molecule6H12O6) passes through 3 phases to release the energy in the form of ATP(remember solar energy is taken in p.s to make glucose molecule)\n\nIn GLYCOLYSIS of respiration g;ucose divides in to two pyruvic acids which is aC3co,mpound (2X3=6CARBON glucose)\n\nIn KREBSCYCLE THE pyruvic acik(c3)com pound splits in to 3 co2 and while doing so , it producesNADPH2 nd NADH2\n\nINthe last phase the ELECTRON TRANSPORT  the reduced powers or NADH2 AND NADPH2  are oxidised  (at this stage it takes in oxygen_) in to energy(ATP)and co2\nso the end product in respiration is carbondioxide and energ y in the form of ATP
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No photosynthesis. There is a time of course where plants do not photosynthesize. It is normal. But if you are talking prolonged states of no photosynthesis in all plant biomass, the amount of carbondioxide would go up and 1/since there will be a deficieny in oxygen life on earth would be at risk 2/since CO2 is a green house gas, global warming will be accelerated
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the rate of photosynthesis can be determined by measuring the rate of either O2 production or CO2 uptake. For right method to determine the rate of O2 produced during photosysnthesis refer the link.\nhttp://web.grinnell.edu/courses/bio/qubitmanual/Labs/PHS/pho.html.
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Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows...\n\n      6 CO2 + 12 H2O  light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O\nCarbon Dioxide+Water+Light energy → Glucose+Oxygen+Water\n\nPhotosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose.\n\nIn the light-dependent reactions the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light and loses an electron that travels down an electron transport chain producing the high energy molecules NADPH and ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains its electron by taking one from water, a process that releases oxygen gas.\n\nIn the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a complex process called the Calvin-Benson cycle releases 3-carbon sugars which are later combined to form glucose.\n\nLight to chemical energy---\nThe light energy is converted to chemical energy using the light-dependent reactions. The products of the light dependent reactions are ATP from photophosphorylation and NADPH from photoreduction. Both are then utilized as an energy source for the Light independent reactions.\n\nZ scheme---\nIn plants, light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and use light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH. The light dependent reaction has two forms; cyclic and non-cyclic reaction. In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (see diagram at right). When a chlorophyll molecule at the core of the photosystem II reaction center obtains sufficient excitation energy from the adjacent antenna pigments, an electron is transferred to the primary electron-acceptor molecule, Pheophytin, through a process called Photoinduced charge separation. These electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain, the so called Z-scheme shown in the diagram, that initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential across the membrane. An ATP synthase enzyme uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation while NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z-scheme. The electron enters the Photosystem I molecule. The electron is emitted due to the light absorbed by the photosystem. A second electron carrier accepts the electron, which again is passed down lowering energies of electron acceptors. The energy created by the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The electron is used to reduce the co-enzyme NADH, which has functions in the light-independent reaction. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in the form that it only generates ATP and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns back to photosystem I, from where si was emitted; hence the name cyclic reaction.\n\nWater photolysis---\nThe NADPH is the main reducing agent in chloroplasts, providing a source of energetic electrons to other reactions. Its production leaves chlorophyll with a deficit of electrons (oxidized), which must be obtained from some other reducing agent. The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll in photosystem I are replaced from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin. However, since photosystem II includes the first steps of the Z-scheme, an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlor
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Well, basically in photosynthesis, it takes in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight (or energy). Then it is made into glucose. And after the glucose is made, cellular respiration begins. The oxygen in the water is released from the plant into breathable air. Then humans inhale the air and let out carbon dioxide. It is really a neverending process when you think about it.\n\nWhere does the plant get that water?\nWell, when you water your plants, you're giving it the water it needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.\n\nWhat is the extra glucose (which is food for the plant and is also known as a type of sugar) stored as?\nThe extra glucose can be stored as starch, if not eaten by the plant.\n\nI hope this has helped you!\n\n-Fulla Questions :)
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. \n\n Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. \n\nChlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. \n\nThe overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2. This is the source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in the concerns about deforestation.\n\n  \n\n\nThere are two parts to photosynthesis: \n\nThe light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must, therefore, take place in the light. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction. Each of these differently-colored pigments can absorb a slightly different color of light and pass its energy to the central chlorphyll molecule to do photosynthesis. The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center. \n The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a compound used by cells for energy storage. This chemical is made of the nucleotide adenine bonded to a ribose sugar, and that is bonded to three phosphate groups. This molecule is very similar to the building blocks for our DNA. \nThe dark reaction takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar. This reaction doesn't directly need light in order to occur, but it does need the products of the light reaction (ATP and another chemical called NADPH). The dark reaction involves a cycle called the Calvin cycle in which CO2 and energy from ATP are used to form sugar. Actually, notice that the first product of photosynthesis is a three-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Almost immediately, two of these join to form a glucose molecule. \n\nMost plants put CO2 directly into the Calvin cycle. Thus the first stable organic compound formed is the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Since that molecule contains three carbon atoms, these plants are called C3 plants. For all plants, hot summer weather increases the amount of water that evaporates from the plant. Plants lessen the amount of water that evaporates
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1. Energy production and storage\n2. Structure.\n3. Supply carbon for synthesis\n4. Cell identification.
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All life is composed of the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen at the very basis.  All plants only share the presence of chloroplasts, which convert visible light to ATP for energy.
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12H2O+ 6CO2 =C6H12O6+602 (chlorophyll & sunlight)-this is for photosynthesis\n\nC6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O + energy -this is for aerobic respiration where free molecular oxygen is required.\n\nphotosynthesis shows a constructive process so it is anabolism,on the other hand respiration is breakdown process,catabolism
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If you want me to use those specific terms it sounds like you're going to just copy what I write for your assignment.  I'd be happy to explain the process to you, by I'm not going to write your homework paper.\n\nThe idea is that plants produce food using energy from the sun, and all other life either directly eats plants or eats things that eat plants.  So all life (except some protists, that, like plants, can make their own food) lives on energy that the plants have harvested from the sun.\n\nI hope you already know what the laws of thermodynamics, photosynthesis, and respiration are.  If not, pay more attention in class or look them up on Wikipedia.  You should be able to figure out how to phrase the explaination in a way that uses those terms on your own.
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In Photosynthesis, plants use the sun's energy as light to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose.  In cellular respiration,  glucose is ultimately broken down to yield carbon dioxide and water, and the energy from this process is stored as ATP molecules.
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Photosynthesis:\n\nCO2 + chlorophyl + sun light + water + minerals + energy -> O2 + food + water\n\n6 CO2 + 12 H2O + ATP + NADPH -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O \n\ncarbon dioxide + water + energy -> carbohydrate (glucose) + oxygen + water\n\nGreen plants and livings have chlorophyl make photosynthesis between sun rise and sun set.\n\nRespiration:\n\nC6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP\n\ncarbohydrate (glucose) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy\n\nAll livings have respiratory system.
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ATP energy is not released through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis rather stores energy into glucose using carbon dioxide, water, and sun light. Cellular respiration releases the energy from the glucose to create 36 ATP molecules.\n\nHope this helps!
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Sunlight is necessary for plants to grow, and to provide energy to warm the earth's atmosphere. Light intensity controls plant growth. Light duration affects plant flowering and animal/insect habits.\n\nNow, during photosynthesis, sunlight energy is used to power chemical reactions that combine water with the air's carbon dioxide to form starchy carbohydrate. In other words, during photosynthesis, sunlight energy is stored in carbohydrate for later use. Here's the simplified chemical formula for photosynthesis:\n\n6CO2 + 12H2O + sunlight ---> 6O 2 + C6 H12O 6 + 6H2 O\nor...\ncarbon dioxide + water + sunlight ---> \noxygen + carbohydrate + water \n \n\nSome carbohydrate remains in the leaf but mostly it's transported elsewhere in the plant, perhaps into the stem, or maybe into special underground storage areas, such as the potato plant's potatoes.
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photophosphorylation, the light reactions, where the sunlight is exciting all the electrons. it's literally the electron transport chain plus some other stuff. electrons travel down a chain of proteins, releasing energy and creating ATP from ADP. however, in photosynthesis the electrons can go through it multiple times b/c they may be renergized by sunlight at the end. the electrons which aren't reenergized go on to the Calvin-Benson cycle. in respiration, at the end of the ETC electrons are used to form water.
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I will split your question in to two parts viz. 1) Photosynthesis and 2) Stomata; so that you can easily understand it.\n 1) PHOTOSYNTHESIS-: for this function entire middle portion of a leaf contributes, it is called MESOPHYLL in botanical language.(Meso = middle or in between; Phyll = refers to leaf). It is located in between the upper and the lower skin or the epidermis of a leaf (Plural epidermes).\n In most of the leaves the MESOPHYLL is again distinguished it to Upper PALISDE tissue and the Lower SPONGY LAYER.\n Both of them are full of chloroplast and do the function of photosynthesis; but there is a difference.\n The palisade cells are located near the upper epidermis,they are elongated,test tube like in appearence and are placed at right angle to the upper epidermis like upright test tubes.( try to see the meaning of palisade in a good dictionary, it is interesting.). These palisade cells are very closely packed with very little space in between and each of them is literally packed with chloroplasts. That is why a leaf appears greener on its upper surface.Thus, they are ideally located to receive maximum sun light and do maximum photosynthesis.\n\nThe Spongy layer , on the other hand , is located near the lower epidermis of a leaf. The cells are spherical or potato shaped and with lots of intercellular spaces between them. Each cell of this layer contains (comparitively) less or far less number of chloroplasts than the palisade of the same leaf.That is why the same leaf appears pale green on its lower surface.\n This Spongy layer does the function of photosynthesis no doubt ; but it is less in quantity than that of Palisade of the same leaf. This is because it is located rather away from the light source and its main function is to help the leaf in gaseous exchange, that is why there are so many intercellular spaces.( here Photosynthesis is over)... \n\n2) STOMATA (singular stoma) -: These breathing pores are neither IN the palisade layer nor IN the spongy layer. They are a PART of the the two epidermes( upper and lower ).\n If one compares the quantity and the distribution of these stomata of one and the same leaf then they are more on the lower epidermis to help the spongy tissue in gaseous exchange during photosynthesis/respiration.\n On the upper epidermis they are far less in number to reduce or prevent exessive water loss due to transpiration.\nIn many desert plants they are either totally absent from the upper epidermis or located in sunken pits for the same reason.\nI hope you got what you sought. Bye.