how does the innate immune response influence the adaptive immune response against bacteria and viruses?
817824
The human body has every thing it needs to kill any bacteria and virus.  Like Lyme or MS.  We have the cellular power to kill the bad pathogens.  \nHere is a website of some one who has signed testimony of his success in this.
101434
From: http://alcoholism.about.com/library/blnaa57.htm?iam=metaresults&terms=hiv\n\n\nAlcohol and the Immune System \n\nAlcohol can impair normal immune responses that protect the body from disease (6,7,8). Chronic alcohol consumption has been shown to reduce the number of infection-fighting white blood cells in laboratory animals (9,10,11) and in humans (12,13). Chronic alcohol ingestion or alcohol dependence can depress antibody production and other immune responses in animals (10,9) and in humans (14,15). Alcohol can suppress activities of certain immune system cells, called macrophages, that help keep the lungs free from infection (16,17). In addition, alcoholics appear to be more susceptible to bacterial infections and cancer than are nonalcoholics (18,19). Studies in animals and in humans indicate that consuming alcohol during pregnancy can decrease immune resistance in the offspring (20,21,22). \n\nAlcohol's generally immunosuppressive effects could mean that 1) drinking may increase vulnerability to HIV infection among people exposed to the virus, and that 2) among people who are already HIV infected, alcohol-induced immunosuppression might add to HIV-induced immunosuppression, and speed the onset or exacerbate the pathology of AIDS-related illness. These are complex ideas and areas of intense investigation, but so far only a few studies have been published. Researchers have learned that alcohol can impair white blood cell responses to HIV (23). A provocative study that warrants replication found that a single drinking episode depressed certain immune responses of white blood cells taken from healthy volunteers (24). In addition, white blood cells isolated after this drinking episode were more susceptible to HIV infection than were cells isolated from subjects who did not drink, hinting that even occasional alcohol consumption may increase the likelihood of infection upon exposure to HIV. Whether alcohol use influences the progression of AIDS in persons already infected with HIV has bee n explored in a recent study of homosexual men (25). While these researchers found that neither alcohol nor other drugs seem to influence the progression of HIV infection or the development of AIDS, their results await confirmation. Clearly, more research is needed to understand alcohol's role in HIV infection and the course of ensuing disease. \n\nAlso see this site:\n\nhttp://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa57.htm
328841
Natural Selection is a process where the weaker individuals are "culled out" and only the stronger ones survive.  A good example of this concerning bacteria is the overuse of antibiotics.  Eventually, the resilient individuals will survive antibiotic treatment and become resistant to that particular antibiotic.  Eventually, that population will grow enough and be untreatable with that particular treatment and another antibiotic will have to be used.  Some speculate (myself included) that this is how Bird Flu was created except on a viral level instead of bacterial.  In summary, new environment (heat, cold, antibiotics, etc.) weaker bacteria die off, strong ones survive and propagate and therefore, live on. . . thus adaptation.  Hope this helps.
587557
The previous presence of the bacteria causes the body to produce an antibody for the particular bacteria and increases immunity to later infections by the same non-mutated bacteria.
515535
Immunity is of two types\n1) Innate(First line of defence)\n2) Aquired/ specific (Second Line of defence)\n\nOur first line of defense against foreign organisms are barrier tissues such as the skin that stop the entry of organism into our bodies. If, however, these barrier layers are penetrated, the body contains cells that respond rapidly to the presence of the invader. These cells include macrophages and neutrophils that engulf foreign organisms and kill them without the need for antibodies.\n\nA second line of defense is the specific or adaptive immune system which may take days to respond to a primary invasion . In the specific immune system, we see the production of antibodies and cell-mediated responses in which specific cells recognize foreign pathogens and destroy them. In the case of viruses or tumors, this response is also vital to the recognition and destruction of virally-infected or tumorigenic cells. The response to a second round of infection is often more rapid than to the primary infection because of the activation of memory B and T cells.
82949
To trigger a biological response.
144376
The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. The purpose of this article is to review the organs, cell types and interactions between cells of the immune system as a commentary on their importance and interdependence on the T helper subset. Such an understanding may help comprehend the root of immune deficiencies, and perceive potential avenues that the immune system can be modulated in the case of specific diseases.
286200
sugar raises the level of insulin. the higher the insulin, the more inhibited your growth hormones would be from getting released. this, in turn, depresses the immune system.\n\nthe explanation is a little more complicated. vitamin C and glucose (one of three simple sugars) have similar chemical structures. this means that white cells can just as easily absorb vitamin C (which they need so that they can fight the viruses and infections in the body) as they can sugar. higher levels of sugar means that the white blood cells tend to ingest these sugars, instead of the much-needed vitamin C. \n\nthis in turn weakens the body's immune system. sugar cannot help white cells from fighting the viruses, bacteria, and other toxins in the body.
353587
Before I start-penicillin is an antibiotic which kills bacteria, not viruses...it has no effect on viruses- In addition, penicillin is no longer widely used because there are so many resistant strains of bacteria, and is not used in general for respiratory infections.  A flu shot is taken to keep you from getting flu, since it aids the immune system in recognizing the influenza virus.\nOnce the body recognizes the virus, it produces anibodies, both circulating and on the surface of certain immune cells- Quickly, the antibodies will begin to stick to the viruses, often deactivating them-other immune cells come in, absorb the virus is a special way so that the virus is rendered harmless, and packaged into internal capsules called "lysosomes" which contain some very nasty molecules that destroy the virus itself.
979845
Stress can increase susceptibility to infection. Steps that reduce stress may help prevent infection with viruses such as EBV. \n\n"In one study after another, research is suggesting that massage therapy has a positive impact on immune function," said Diane Zeitlin, research associate at the Center for Research in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Kessler Medical Rehabilitation & Education Corporation, West Orange, NJ.  "An increase in white blood cells and natural killer cell activity better prepares the body to fight off possible invading cells,' said Zeitlin. "These cellular changes suggest the immune system benefitted from the massages, and these findings fall in line with previous research."\n\nIn a study conducted by the Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami on women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, the women received regular massage therapy (three times a week for five weeks), with 80 percent showing improved immune function."These are the first studies that show an effect of massage therapy on immune function test, which can support the use of massage therapy to alleviate stress, relax muscles and now possibly serve as an alternative medical practice," said Michael Ruff PhD., research associate professor at Georgetown University Medical School.  \n\nAnother Touch Research Institute study addressed fibromyalgia (a chronic condition characterized by muscular pain, aching, and/or stiffness and afflicting an extimated 3-6 million Americans).  A portion of the study group received 30 minute massages twice a week for five weeks. The rheumatologists that evaluated the results determined that this group experienced decreases in pain, fatigue, stiffness and improvements in the quality of sleep. \n\nHerbalists may use herbs that boost the immune system to try to prevent or treat viral infections in general. Echinacea (Echinacea spp.), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) are used in acute conditions to boost immunity and improve the flow of lymph. Retinoic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid are derivatives of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and may be used for similar purposes. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) and lomatium (Lomatium dissectum), which have deeper immune-enhancing properties, are used to treat established infections or chronic problems. \n \n\nNo scientific studies have reviewed the use of acupuncture for mono; however, it may help to reduce symptoms, to improve immune function, and to relieve congestion (blockage of qi, or energy flow) of the liver, spleen, and lymph. \n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1097809
Well, while what many people were saying was true: HIV is an RNA retrovirus, this doesnt make it unique. There are many RNA viruses and also other retroviruses as well. What is important that I didnt really see yet was that the enzymes Reverse Transcriptase and Protease are imperitave for the replication of the virus within the host cells.\n\nHIV infects and destroys T cells (important components of the immune system), creating an immunodeficiency. They also infect Macrophages as well, but do not kill them. Instead of lysing macrophages, they bud out of them. Thus they multiply by means of two different cells of the immune system.\n\nWhat is TRUELY unique about the virus are its host receptors though. Viruses don't usually have a very big host range and are typically limited to one type of specific cell per one specific virus. The HIV/AIDS virus binds to protein receptors on the surface of their host cells, in HIV's case, it needs a receptor AND a co-receptor. Both receptors must be present in order for the virus to attach to and infect a cell. It's receptor is CD4 and co-receptor is CCR5.\n\nEDIT: the reason why it's difficult to create a vaccine for the HIV/AIDS virus is because it infects the immune cells, which means that any immune responses are attacking itself. It is an autoimmune disorder. Vaccines are created in order to present a weakened or killed form on the virus to the body so a small-scale immune response can take place. The next time the body is exposed to that particular virus, it then can recognize it and fight it more quickly and effectively. A vaccine introducing the HIV/AIDS virus would cause an immune response on the immune system, which can still be detrimental to the host's health. Other viruses commonly infect other bodily cells which can be destroyed by the immune system without effecting the host whatsoever. It is easier to create a vaccine for other viruses because it wont cause the immune response to attack itself.
73638
There are a conbination of things that are creating these different strains of germs. Darwin's theory of evolution is a good explanation of one reason for the "stronger" germs. Antibiotics and antibacterial"stuff" eliminates the common types of bacteria. The ones that resist are what remain and through mutation new types of bacteria are left. A lot of times these newer bacteria seem "stronger" because they are immune to our antibiotics. Our bodies are also not accustomed to these newer strains of bacteria. \n\nIt's not neccesarily a "stronger" bacteria, it's a different strain that has become immune to the antibiotics that are overused.
304423
Bacteria are self-supporting life forms.  They live.  Viruses are non-living hijackers that have to hijack other cells to live.  They are just DNA bits or possibly RNA, and by themselves they don't do anything.  But they get into cells and re-program the cells to make more viruses, instead of doing whatever that cell was doing before.
193389
Neutrophils, or polymorphonucleocytes, are leukocytes (white blood cells) that are part of the first-response mechanism after cellular injury resulting in inflammation.  They leave now-leaky blood vessels in the vicinity of the injury and phagocytize(i.e. "eat") invading microorganisms and cellular debris.  Thus, they are part of the non-specific immunne response and to tissue injury in the same way whether the person has even been exposed to the cause of injury before.  They play no role in the specific (i.e. acquired) immune response.  Other white blood cells, such as the basophils, also play a role in the non-specific imflammatory response.  It is the macrophages and the different types of T and B lymphocytes that produce the specific (i.e. acquired) immune\nresponse, which leads to the efficient detection and destruction of microorganisms to which the person has been exposed at least once before.  The first exposure is known therefore as the immunizing exposure and often, though not always produces the disease associated with that organism;  subsequent exposures to the same microorganism produce a much greater and effective response that prevents recurrence of the disease. This is why those of us who are old enough had measles, mumps, and chickenpox only once.  Note that this immunizing exposure may be natural (exposure to a wild virus) or artificial (exposure to a modified virus in a vaccine).  This secondary immune response may take the form of rapid production of antibodies specific to that organism by modified, sensitized B lymphocytes called plasma cells. Or it could also take the form of attack on the organisms already inside host cells by sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes.  This specific immune response is triggered in the body by the presence of organisms that carry proteins on their surfaces that the immunized person's system recognizes as foreign, or "not-self".  The response can be fooled by viruses which are similar but not identical to the strain that produced the immunizing response.  This is why we can contract influenza and the common cold more than once in our lifetimes; the influenza virus modifies itself over time so that its surface proteins differ from strain to strain.  There are an enormous number of viruses that can cause the common cold, but they  all have different surface proteins, and so exposure to one will not produce immunity to all the rest.\n\nThe components of the specific immune system play another role in body defense.  The same system will immediately recognize as foreign cells coming from another person or the cells of a newly arisen cancer carrying unusual surface proteins.  They then orchestrate an elaborate response that destroys such cells, leading on the one hand to organ or tissue transplant rejection and on the other hand to early destruction of the new cancer before it has a chance to grow and spread.  Much research has gone into the development of  drugs that diminish the response to transplanted organs, and has led to greatly increased rates of organ transplant success in the last 25 years.  Research also continues into ways that the ability of the immune system to detect and destroy cancers, through the use of chemicals that stimulate that response or the augmentation of the response by administration of antibodies that have  been produced outside the person's body but are sensitized to the surface identity of a cancer's cells. \n\nA particular nasty characteristic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which causes HIV/AIDS, is that it can modify its surface proteins after it is already in the body of the infected person.  This means that while first exposure causes immunization and production of antibodies against the virus, the virus can nevertheless continue to evade the immune system by changing its surface "identity" and hiding inside even the host's own lymphocytes.  This is primarily why so little progress has been made in the
1177123
The germs one comes into contact with daily are familiar, assuming you spend your life in one particular geographic location, going about a regular routine. So your body gets to know those germs and learns how to defend against them, maybe even alters them in subtle ways as part of its defense. So then when you share utensils, food, etc., with another person, you are exposing yourself to unfamiliar germs, just as they are exposed to your (possibly) altered, unfamiliar germs. Your immune system has no prior information to help it fight these 'new' germs. But it will mount a defense nevertheless, and if you are relatively healthy, you will survive the encounter and your immune system will have an expanded database.
145085
D is a specific response.\n\nSpecificity refers to a specific defense that is activated by a specific antigen and the immune response targets that particular antigen and no others.\n\nNonspecific defenses are the same, regardless of the type of invading agent.  They include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement proteins, inflammation, and fever.
247215
it mostly depends on the vitamin. some vitamins help certain bacteria to grow and some make them die. it all has to do with the vitamin