i have got a lecture on plasma-de 4th state of matter.........plsss help me out!?
824223
In physics and chemistry, a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids, and gases because of its unique properties. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.\n\nThis fourth state of matter was first identified in a discharge tube (or Crookes tube), and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter")[1]. The nature of the Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897[2], and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928 [3], perhaps because it reminded him of a blood plasma [4]. Langmuir wrote:\n\n    "Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons."[3]\n\nPlasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains (called dusty plasmas). [5] They are typically formed by heating and ionizing a gas, stripping electrons away from atoms, thereby enabling the positive and negative charges to move freely.\n\n\nread the rest at:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29
100968
There's another kind of plasma, I think you mean what they call the fourth state of matter.\nPlasma consists of a collection of free moving electrons and ions (atoms that have lost electrons). They carry electrical currents and generate magnetic fields. Plasmas are the most common form of matter. \n\nMaybe you can get good information on how a laser produces plasma in this site:\nhttp://www.plasmas.org/technology.htm
822104
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)\n\nGood question btw
125436
Hey check this out, I guess there are 7 states.\n\nThese phases include gases, plasmas, liquids, fluids, superfluids, solids, and Bose-Einstein condensates.\n\nSorry about all the rephrasing.
844018
Question:  If matter cannot be created or destroyed,  \nwhere did the first(present)matter come from?\n------------------------------------------------\nThough, it is still a big question, if the "Big Bang" was\nreasonably symmetric the universe should have started out\nas pure energy, or as equal parts antimatter and matter\n(matter can be destroyed and turned into pure energy by\ncombining it with antimatter, and energy in some other\nform can be converted into equal parts of matter and antimatter).\nThe big question is, why do we normally only see matter around\nus, and not equal parts of both matter and antimatter? (Of\ncourse it would be pretty hazardous living around stuff that\ncould annihilate you!).  There are a bunch of theories, but as\nfar as I know, nobody really knows yet.
258115
Basic Physics Questions\n\nI am a student, and I have a basic physics question about...\nThis question would be better covered by a physics teacher in your school that you can interact with for better understanding. You might get a science fair project out of it, too.\n\nDr. Louis Barbier and Beth Jacob\n(October 2002)\n\n\nParticle Physics\n\nI am trying to learn some physics on my own, but I find the descriptions of particles either too technical or too vague. I want a description of the structure of a nucleus and how particles are classified. I need a text that's not too hard, but without sacrificing rigor.\nI'm afraid you can't have a text that's not too hard without sacrificing rigor. If you have a background in physics, a standard undergraduate text book that I would recommend is Nuclei and Particles by Emilio Segre.\n\nDr. Louis Barbier\n\n\nSub-divide Electrons?\n\nCan electrons be divided into sub-particles or are they pure energy?\nThere is no evidence that electrons can be sub-divided. They appear to be pure, primary particles. Although matter and energy are in some ways different forms of the same thing, electrons have a rest mass and so are considered matter and not pure energy.\n\nDr. Eric Christian\n(May 2000)
55028
I can, the problem is that it's a bit long (but not that hard). the demo can be found in every physics book (e.g. Physics of solid state, C. Kittel)
43146
Use Kirchoff's laws.  Read page at link then follow the link "example."\n\nhttp://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/kirchoff/kirchoff.html\n\n--- \nadded:\nwow! pjw, that UTex link is a cool online tutorial!
1163866
There is a very large book called "The Handbook of Chemestry and Physics"  This is a very good reference.\n\nAlso, at Barns & Noble there is a forumla sheet called Physics (SparkCharts).  Very helpful.\n\nFinally, look for the Physics for Dummies.  I have found that when tutoring and teaching, the explainations help me to better understand what is happening in terms that I can communicate.\n\nGood luck in your studies.
743062
try here:http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuuzuP1dFB2IBeMRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2ZGhvZmh2BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg1XzMw/SIG=1bt3hf273/EXP=1163432302/**http%3a//rdre1.yahoo.com/click%3fu=http%3a//particleadventure.org/particleadventure/frameless/chart.html%26y=04CFC1D3DDD1DC47D5%26i=680%26c=9107%26q=02%255ESSHPM%255BL7o%7emkv%257Csz%253Frp%257Bzs%253F%257Bv%7exm%7erl6%26e=utf-8%26r=0%26d=wow%7eDFX5-en-us%26n=VA74G7I451BKA734%26s=11%26t=%26m=45573FEF%26o=0159C8E03B780E166C%26x=05AD451CF8B3C559781873C67B786DCD32\nhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuuzuP1dFB2IBicRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2ZjFtMzg2BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNARzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg1XzMw/SIG=12qg3t3lt/EXP=1163432302/**http%3a//teachers.web.cern.ch/teachers/archiv/HST2002/feynman/index.html\nhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuuzuP1dFB2IBlcRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2anNnbmViBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg1XzMw/SIG=12t8folf5/EXP=1163432302/**http%3a//www.jburroughs.org/science/mschober/freeparticle/forcediagrams.htm\nhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuuzuP1dFB2IBrcRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3am02cWRoBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTAEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZYNV8zMA--/SIG=1cam86e80/EXP=1163432302/**http%3a//rdre1.yahoo.com/click%3fu=http%3a//www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp%253Fosti_id%253D20571252%26y=04C399C287E36B223B%26i=680%26c=10411%26q=02%255ESSHPM%255BL7o%7emkv%257Csz%253Frp%257Bzs%253F%257Bv%7exm%7erl6%26e=utf-8%26r=9%26d=wow%7eDFX5-en-us%26n=VA74G7I451BKA734%26s=11%26t=%26m=45573FEF%26o=01963EDDD409DD925F%26x=05F89BC330F0D06C36801525F3512062FB\nhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqdRQFdFjQgAaRZXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3ZDRjMWRzBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTgEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZYNV8zMA--/SIG=11n06kv0t/EXP=1163432401/**http%3a//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0510416\nhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqdRQFdFjQgAdBZXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3cnZjM25nBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMjAEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZYNV8zMA--/SIG=12dtpb9ge/EXP=1163432401/**http%3a//www-sldnt.slac.stanford.edu/alr/standard_model.htm
179131
Try this:\nhttp://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/physics/f3.htm
687306
Check the Michaelis-Menten equation.It's too long to write it all down for you ;)
149419
Plasma, although I might note that there are more than 4 states of matter, depending on how you define "state".
625872
Plasma is actually a superheated mixture of protons, neutrons and electrons. it occurs in the suns core which is at a temperature of around 15 million degrees celsius. this is also the plasma which is formed on the underside of a space ship during re-entry. in plasma there are no atoms or molecules. all the components of atoms are present separately. \n\nAND of course, no HALO didn't get its plasma guns from this plasma
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A ton. Let's take everyday physics first: The answer depends very much on how you define a state of matter. Glas is a good example: It feels like a solid, but it is not made up of crystals with atoms placed in a regular array like in a salt crystal and most other solid states. The atoms are randomly spread around more like in a liquid (in fact during many years a glass window will get thicker at the bottom than at the top, because glass is really a kind of liquid - a solid liquid if you wish). So you can call glass a differnent state if you wish.\n\nNow let's go to extremes:\nThe plasma state arises when the temperature gets so high that atoms cannot bind the electrons any more (so electrons and nuclei are floating freely around among each other). If you go to really really extremely high particle energies (so high that even modern particle accelerators can only barely make it) also the nuclei will finally be decomposed into constituents called quarks and gluons creating a new state called a quark-gluon plasma. More info:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_gluon_plasma\n\nIf you go to very very low temperatures quantum mechanical features of atoms begin to become important and a lot of new, interesting states of matter emerge (quantum mechanics is the physical laws valid on the atomic level. It is very different from Newtons laws). For instance liquid helium - when cooled below a critical point (which is about 2 K) - changes it state from a normal liquid to a so called superfluid liquid which among a lot of other interesting features does not experience any frictional forces (so it can crawl over the walls of a cup for instance). What goes on is that all the atoms (or at least many of them) unify and moves together - in a sense the collection of atoms behaves like it was only one atom. Such a collection of atoms behaving almost like a single atom is called a Bose-Einstein Condensate and it is clearly a new state of matter. Nowadays Bose-Einstein condensates of many different kind of atoms can be created in a controlled manner in modern laser laboratories. The Nobel prize in physics in 2001 was awarded for the first realization of this, a lot of information can be found on\nhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001\nIt is a similar phenomena that leads to superconductivity in some materials at very low temperatures, by the way. A lot of modern research deals with understanding exotic quantum states of matter and create them in laboratories.\nI hope the answer helps. I have tried to make it as understandable as possible, but quantum states of matter is a difficult topic.
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For Al .. \n\nElectron configuration : [Ne] 3s2 3p1 ... so after losing 3 electrons its stable and need high energy to destabilize it ..\n\nwhile for As [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 .. \nfor Ga [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1\nfor Se [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4\nfor S [Ne] 3s2 3p4\n\n4th ionization energy in kJ/mol :\n\nAl  11577 \nGa 6180 \nAs 4837 \nS 4556\nSe 4144
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Plasmas:\nPlasmas are a lot like gases, but the atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons and ions of the element. You don't find plasmas too often when you walk around. They aren't things that happen regularly on Earth. If you have ever heard of the Northern Lights or ball lightning, you might know that those are types of plasmas. It takes a very special environment to keep plasmas going. They are different and unique from the other states of matter.\n\nBose-Einstein condensates:\nThis state of matter was the only one created while you were alive. In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, finally created this new state of matter. Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920. They didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it happen in the 20s. Now we do. If plasmas are super hot and super excited atoms, the atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are total opposites. They are super-unexcited and super-cold atoms.\n\nHope these will help. :D