Describe how to view atomic lattice of carbon nanotubes?
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It's triangular!  That's what it looks like under a STM.
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well, to some extent the answer to this question depends largely on the nature of the nanostructure and what its function will be.  in some cases, the tunneling is a problem, but in other cases, the structures are designed specifically to take advantage of tunneling effects.\n\n(i also notice you wrote atomic tunneling - did you mean electron tunneling?  an atom *can* tunnel, theoretically, but because it is a composite object, the probability is extraordinarily low that all of the particles in the atom will tunnel at once.  \n\nalso, the particles in the nucleus are very small, very light, and very tightly bound.. as such their tunneling lengths are much smaller than the size of the atom itself.  so while it is possible that the nucleus could be involved in tunneling, it is very unlikely on scales larger than a femtometer, which is much smaller than even a single atom.  so, i will assume you mean electron tunneling, which is what most people talk about.)\n\nanyway, one problem that springs to mind is becoming more and more important in the semiconductor industry.  you may have heard of moore's law, which is an observation that over the lifetime of the integrated circuit industry, the "feature size" or structure size has been halved approximately every 18 months.  this means that transistors and wires shrink, and more and more components get squeezed together on a silicon chip.\n\ntunneling is a problem in this situation since it sets an ultimate limit on how small these features can get.  intel for example is ramping up to create processors with a 45-nanometer feature size by 2007.  these things certainly qualify as nanostructures.\n\nhowever, once you get under about 10nm or so, the wires and so on will be so closely spaced that electrons will tunnel from one to the other; this could turn a 0 into a 1, which would be a Bad Thing.  a way around this is to design circuits that are so-called "fault-tolerant" but this requires more hardware - which will only buy you a little bit of time, since more hardware offsets the smaller-hardware gain.  so this is a fundamental limit to standard circuits imposed by tunneling.\n\non the other hand, lots of nanostructures are currently being researched that take advantage of tunneling effects.  there is a whole sub-field of materials/physical science that can be called "single-electron electronics".  this is where one electron is used to represent a bit, rather than the thousands or millions used in normal electronics.\n\nthese electronics are typically made out of clusters of atoms called "quantum dots" and a few molecules.  at this size, tunneling effects are the primary source of the functionality of these devices!  people are working on single-electron transistors where an electron tunneling across a nanometer-sized barrier performs the "switching" that makes a transistor useful.  you could google the phrase "coulomb staircase" to see instances of this phenomenon.  \n\nthere is a lot of active research in this area - for example, here is the page of a guy in my department, who is working on using gold nanoparticles as the tunneling barrier between two long polymer "wires":  http://www.chem.utoronto.ca/staff/DHIRANI/research.htm\n\nhowever, at this point the state of the art is pretty primitive - certain building blocks like transistors and single logic gates have been made, but it's difficult to make them into larger functional circuits because they're so damned small.\n\nactually, now that i've written all this i see that you asked about the *creation* of nanostructures.  there are lots of different ways of creating nanostructured materials.  some involve self-assembly, where molecules arrange themselves into nanometer-sized structures because that structure is energetically favorable.  other ways include blasting away at some bulk material with a tightly focused beam (see focused-ion-beam (FIB) etchin
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If you want to see element pictures.
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Can you design an ultra-light, ultra strong chamber (sphere?) from carbon nanotubes (and resin) large enough yet strong enough that when evacuated to near perfect vacuum it would float?  Can you collect such chambers (honeycomb?) into a dirigible that would raise weights and fly?  Good luck.
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determine how many valence electrons each atom has. locate the central atom and spread out its valence electrons(each electron is represented by a dot). then pair up one from the atoms attached to the central atom. finally put all the other electrons for each outer atom around it.\nyou should see all electrons paired up, many times each atom will end up with eight electrons around it but many times there will be more or less than eight.
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The simplest reasonable model of the atom is the Bohr model, which does tend to look like a mini solar system. In actuality, atomic structure is not so easy to define. The further you advance in chemistry, the more complex the models become, and the less they look like "mini solar systems". But they are still only reasonable attempts to visualize a very complex system, and cannot physically confine all the expected paths of the electrons' orbits.
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There are several forms of such microscopy, although they all have strengths and weaknesses.\n\nLight microscopy simply cannot see atoms and molecules. The wavelength of light is much longer than most molecules, making it impossible for a light microscope to resolve molecular detail.\n\nAtomic force microscopy moves a cantilever probe across a surface. It can't tell you anything about the shape or structure of individual atoms or molecules on that surface, but it can detect raised areas and indentations on the surface. It is very sensitive, and it can detect an elevation or depression the thickness of a single molecule.\n\nThere are several flavors of electron microscopy, but the one you might be interested in in Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM). STM can basically "see" individual atoms, and they can even move atoms around one at a time. The problem with STM is that only certain types of materials can be examined (it works best with things like metals), making it very useful in material science but somewhat less useful in other areas of chemisty. \n\nThe way most chemists actually look at the structure of molecules on a daily basis is by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. While it technically isn't microscopy, NMR provides important information about how atoms are connected within a molecule. It is probably the most common way chemists determine the shape and structure of a molecule.\n\nAnother important technique (again not technically microscopy) is single crystal X-ray diffraction. This technique gives you an exact picture of your molecule, and works even with large molecules like proteins that are difficult to analyze by NMR. The drawback to single crystal X-ray diffraction is that you need to grow a crytal of your compound, and this can sometimes be very difficult.\n\nThere are a few other techniques out there, but these are the major ones. Hope this helps!
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A molecule is made up of atoms.
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go to www.google.com them write periodic table and than go to images and you'll see
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Quite typically a Bohr Model of the Calcium atom is used for student projects. It is the easiest to understand & make.\n\nIt will have the nucleus in the center w/ the protons & neutrons being represented there. Along the outside, electrons will be placed around in their energy "shells".\n\nI included a diagram in the link below. Remember it is in 2D whereas the project probably needs to be in 3D.\n\nTypical models include styrofoam balls as the nucleus w/ protons & neutrons being painted on in different colors for each; electrons are usually strung around the outside using styrofoam balls or beads on florist or some other type of bendable wire.\n\nRemember to label the electrons to look like electrons (neg. sign) & the protons will have a positive one. Neutrons can be represented using "0".\n\nHope this helps!\n\nEnjoy working on the project. :)
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Here you are (nice circles and atoms and stuff):\n\nhttp://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PETROLGY/ScaleAtomsCsRn.HTM
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This is an subject area where vocabulary is vital for clear understanding, to a degree I am not capable of, however the stuff that you ask about are so small that the only way to attempt to prove their existence is through mathematical formulae based on what we suspect to be true. Our lack of understanding on this subject, which is still very voung, means the answers available are sketchy at best compared to our understanding of molecular structure or atomic structure.\nWhat is known so far can be found in places like the noetic sciences knowledge centre, or wikipedia.
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Here you have a free downloable PDF presentation from the 28 Sep 05 Conference Micro & Nano Technology (MNT) Measurement Club. I think it's worth to have a look.\n\n"Measuring Nanoparticle Surface Area and Porosity by Gas Sorption"\nMike Tucker, Quantachrome UK\nThe technique of gas sorption has long been used for the determination of surface area and pore size distribution of particulate systems and porous solids. While traditional sorption systems have proved adequate for the majority of tasks, the latest generation of ultra-fine materials, often coupled with microporosity offer new challenges to the sorption scientist. To meet these challenges many new developments have been made in the fields of analytical instrumentation and software modelling. The presentation will review some of the new techniques available, and provide examples to illustrate their applicability to the field of nanotechnology.\nDownload presentation: http://www.npl.co.uk/php/docs/download.php?area=metrology_clubs&path_name=/metrology_clubs/mnt/meetings/28sep05/presentations/connagh.pdf
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Many. Try http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html.\nBut what are you looking for exactly?
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Fullerene.  C60.  Picture a soccer ball made of carbon.  For your blank in the question above, I think the answer is 60.
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It is actually not possible to photograph, or "see" an atom. This is because they are to small for light to bounce off of, making them impossible to "see".\nThere are electron microscope pictures of atoms, but they are made by running electricity through something, feeding the data into a computer, then the computer shows an image of what the atoms would look like. (it's a little more complicated than that, but very hard to explain)
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Fischer projects are difficult to explain....but I'll give it a try.\n\nThe Fischer projection is that long line with OH's and H's hanging off of it, if I remember correctly.\n\nThe way you get the projection is if you bend the carbon backbone so that the backbone is coming out at you, kinda like forming a bridge. Once it is in this form whatever is on the left of the carbon is on the left in the Fischer projection and vise-versa.\n\nHope this helped!