limestone language, what are clints, grykes, karst?
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Karst is a cavity in a limestone terrain, with Karst Topography being caves and sinkholes in that terrain.\nKlints are ridges in the bare limestone rock in Karst terrains and\nGrikes (or grykes) are clefts in bare limestone rock in Karst terrains.
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Ecuadoe\nEngland\nSweden
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Karst topography is a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage. Some areas of karst topography, such as southern Missouri and northern Arkansas in the USA, are underlain by thousands of caves.\n\nThe word Karst is the German name for Kras, a region in Slovenia partially extending into Italy where the first scientific research of a karst topography was made. In Madagascar, the Malagasy term tsingy is used.\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nIf you need more information go to the following web page.   \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography
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Karst!       At least this is the terminology for the type of landscape created by dissolution of limestone, dolomite, gypsum and rarely quartzite. This is the landscape that contains caves, sinkholes, and  dolines.  \n\nThe process is initiated when rain water picks up carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and then picks up even more carbon dioxide as it seeps through soil. Soil often has a carbon dioxide content as high as ten percent so the water may become very acidic, since carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid.  As the water permeates downward it encounters bedrock. In limestone this bedrock is often fractured and where the water begins to penetrate the rock the carbonic acid will dissolve the limestone, which is calcium carbonate. These fractures will gradually enlarge creating an irregular zone where the soil contacts the bedrock. If the carbonic acid content of the water is high enough, or its penetration rate is fast enough, it will sink into the rock until it hits some sort of a barrier and there it will begin to dissolve away rock. This will eventually become a cave.  Other types of landforms that will develop are sink holes. Sink holes are large pits that form under the soil surface, sometimes by cave collapse, and sometimes just by dissolution. Some areas of the world are dominated by sinkholes, like parts of Puerto Rico and Jamaica's cockpit country. \n\nOther caves that have formed by this process are Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, USA, which is the worlds longest cave. Mammoth Cave is has about 367 miles in length that have been mapped so far, and mapping continues. Another famous cave is Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. Carlsbad Caverns was formed by a different type of dissolution when groundwater mixed with sulphur compounds, possibly during petroleum generation or migration, and formed sulphuric acid which is believed to have moved upwards into the ancient Capitan reef rock and dissolved enormous cave passages. Another type of cave forms where different types of groundwater such as saltwater and freshwater mix together in the subsurface. These are called mixing zone caves and they can form at great depths where the reaction between the two solutions creates a potential for dissolution of limestone. \n\nThe Arabika Massif, Western Massif has recently been mapped as the world's deepest cave at –2080m (6824 ft). The Optimisticeskaja in Ukraine is the world's third longest cave and the world's longest gypsum cave at 133 miles. \nhttp://www.pipeline.com/~caverbob/wlong.htm\n\nIn Brazil there is a cave formed by dissolution of quartzite, the Caverna do Centenário and I believe there are some examples of this in Venezuela as well. \nhttp://www.showcaves.com/english/br/caves/Centenario.html\n\nKarst landscapes tend to be some of the poorest in the world because they are difficult to farm. Other problems associated with karst are collapse of sinkholes, such as those that happen occasionally in Florida, taking houses, cars,and everything else down into the hole. Contamination of ground water is a difficult problem in karst areas because the spill of a contaminant can quickly move through a complex underground drainage system in ways that are difficult to predict unless there has been considerable dye tracing of the karst system. One fear of karst scientists around Mammoth Cave is that a spill of a dangerous material on the nearby interstate could contaminate large parts of the cave system within hours or days. \n\nAs for other less dramatic effects of bedrock dissolution, most rainwater does pick up some rock as it percolates downward toward the water table. Most often this solute ends up in the groundwater and is the reason some well water is described as 'hard' water since it has a taste that is given to it by the dissolved minerals. In most areas this dissolution is so insignificant that it does little to change the land surface.
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The Manufacturing\nProcess\nQuarrying limestone\n\n    * 1 Approximately 95 percent of the limestone produced in the United States is quarried. After a sufficient reserve (twenty-five years' worth is recommended) has been prospected, the land that covers the deposit is removed with bulldozers and scrapers. If the chalk is close to the surface, an open shelf quarry method can be used; however, this is very rare. Usually an open pit quarry method is used instead. In this method, holes are drilled into the rock, explosives are placed inside, and the rock is blown apart. Depending on the nature of the deposit, a pit can be enlarged laterally or vertically.\n\nPulverizing the chalk\n\n    * 2 Once comparatively large chunks of limestone have been quarried, they need to be transported to crushing machines, where they are pulverized to meet the demands of the chalk industry. The first step is primary crushing. Various crushers exist, but the principle is the same: all compress the stone with jaws or a cone, or shatter it through impact. Secondary crushing is accomplished by smaller crushers that work at higher speeds, producing pebbles which are then ground and pulverized.\n    * 3 The next phase, wet grinding, washes away impurities. It is used to make the fine grade of limestone necessary to make chalk suitable for writing purposes. Wet grinding is carried out in ball mills—rotating steel drums with steel balls inside that pulverize the chalk until it is very fine.\n\nAfter grinding, the chalk particles are sifted over vibrating screens to separate the finer particles. The particles are then mixed with water, extruded through a die of the proper size, and cut to the proper length. Finally, the chalk is cured in an oven for four days.\nAfter grinding, the chalk particles are sifted over vibrating screens to separate the finer particles. The particles are then mixed with water, extruded through a die of the proper size, and cut to the proper length. Finally, the chalk is cured in an oven for four days.\n\nDehydrating gypsum\n\n    * 4 Gypsum, like limestone, is also quarried and pulverized. The major difference in processing gypsum is that it must be dehydrated to form calcium sulfate, the major component of colored chalk. This is done in a kettle, a large combustion chamber in which the gypsum is heated to between 244 and 253 degrees Fahrenheit (116-121 degrees Celsius). It is allowed to boil until it has been reduced by twelve to fifteen percent, at which point its water content will have been reduced from 20.9 percent to between 5 and 6 percent. To further reduce the water, the gypsum is reheated to about 402 degrees Fahrenheit (204 degrees Celsius), at which point it is removed from the kettle. By now, almost all of the water has evaporated, leaving calcium sulfate.\n\nSifting, cleaning, and shipping\nthe chalk\n\n    * 5 The particles of chalk or calcium sulfate are now conveyed to vibrating screens that sift out the finer material. The ensuing fine chalk is then washed, dried, packed in bags, and shipped to the manufacturer. Upon receiving chalk or calcium sulfate, the chalk factory usually grinds the materials again to render them smooth and uniformly fine.\n\nMaking white classroom chalk\n\n    * 6 To make white classroom chalk, the manufacturer adds water to form a thick slurry with the consistency of clay. The slurry is then placed into and extruded from a die—an orifice of the desired long, thin shape. Cut into lengths of approximately 24.43 inches (62 centimeters), the sticks are next placed on a sheet that contains places for five such sticks. The sheet is then placed in an oven, where the chalk cures for four days at 188 degrees Fahrenheit (85 degrees Celsius). After it has cured, the sticks are cut into 80 millimeters lengths.\n\nMaking colored classroom chalk\n\n    * 7 Pigments (dry, natural, colored materials) are mixed in with the calcium carbonate while both are dry (the procedure is similar to sifting flo
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A mineral deposit of calcium carbonate that precipitates from solution in a cave...
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Limestone caves are formed by erosion.  Rainwater is slightly acidic and this erodes limestone.  Can start off as rock eroding from a small underground aquifer and can become a large underground river.  The rainwater that percolates through the ground and into the caves erodes the calcium in the limestone.  Where it drips off the roof of the cave, some of the calcite is deposited and this eventually forms a stalicitite.  Where it hits the floor of the cave it becomes a stalicmite.  There are examples of Limestone caves open to the public in Co. Clare and Fermanagh in Ireland although there are many more cave systems in theses areas.
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Sinkholes, also known as sinks, dolines (in the Slovene language doline means valleys), and cenotes, are formed by the collapse of cave roofs and are a feature of landscapes that are based on limestone bedrock. The result is a depression in the surface topography. This may range anywhere from a small, gentle earth-lined depression, to a large, cliff-lined chasm. Most often there is a small area of rock exposure near or at the bottom of a sinkhole, and a patent opening into the cave below may or may not be visible. In the case of exceptionally large sinkholes, such as Cedar Sink at Mammoth Cave National Park, there may actually be a stream or river flowing into the bottom of the sink from one side and out the other side.\n\nSinkholes often form in low areas where they form drainage outlets for an closed local surface drainage basin. They may also form in currently high and dry locations. Florida has been known for having frequent sinkholes, especially in the central part of the state.\n\nSinkholes are usually but not always linked with a karst landscape. Karst represents a set of surface features that are characteristic of limestone under the soil. In many such regions, there may be hundreds or even thousands of sinkholes in a small area so that the surface as seen from the air looks pock-marked. Often in such areas there are few or no flowing streams on the surface because the drainage is all sub-surface.\n\nSinkholes have for centuries been used as disposal sites for various forms of waste. An unfortunate consequence has been the pollution of groundwater resources, with serious health implications in such areas.\n\nSinkholes also form from human activity, such as the rare but still occasional collapse of abandoned mines in places like West Virginia. More commonly, sinkholes occur in urban areas due to water main breaks or sewer collapses when old pipes give way. They can also occur from the overpumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids.\n\nNatural sinkholes can be very deep, offering extremely challenging conditions for adventurous and experienced divers. Two of the most spectacular are the Zacaton cenote in Mexico and the Boesmansgat sinkhole in South Africa.
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Mg similar to Ca\nTi similar to Zr\nSc similar to Y\nNa similar to K
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# Pertaining to a writing system that uses a symbol for each speech sound of the language.\nwww.brookespublishing.com/store/books/moats-3874/glossary.htm\n\n# { 1 } development::archaeology::cave::civilization::culture { 3 } dispute Metric { 3 } dispute { 1 } development::archaeology::cave::civilization::culture\nwww.twurl.com/Controversy/Data/BZ/Vocabularies_for_Belize/belize/encyclopedia.htm\n\n# relating to or expressed by a writing system that uses an alphabet; "alphabetical writing system"\n# arranged in order according to the alphabet; "an alphabetic arrangement"; "dictionaries list words in alphabetical order"\nwordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn\n\n# An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past. There are other systems of writing such as logograms, in which each symbol represen
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Konquerer\nMozilla Firefox\nBon Echo
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Marble is limestone which has been "metamorphosed" (which just means changed) by heat and pressure.  There is no way to reverse that change.\n\nTo turn it back into limestone, put it out in the weather and let the rain slowly dissolve it.  Let the river carry the dissolved calcium carbonate molecules into the sea, where marine animals can build new shells with them.  Let the animals die, and their shells sink to the sea bed, and be compressed by more layers of mud and sand to form limestone, then wait for movements of the tectonic plates to bring the limestone to the surface.  Allow at least ten million years, maybe a hundred million to be safe.
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Check out this http://geology.com/satellite/colorado-satellite-image.shtml it lists them all
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I need more context.  What's the backstory?\n\nI'm panting to help.....\n\nOk, try coprolite or use coprolitic as an adjective.\n\n(Fossilized excrement)
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Karst springs are commonly formed by the collapse of the roof of water filled cave passages. In other places the caves open into areas where some other form of erosion like stream and river channels have cut down through the cave and captured the water flow. Many rivers have karst springs in them that supply a great deal of the water to the river. Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, the world's longest cave at 367 miles, drains into the Green River through a spring. \n\nThe caves are initially formed by dissolution of limestone or other soluble rock (there are caves in gypsum and even quartzite) either by rainwater that carries dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) or by other types of acids that may be in the water. The dissolution of small cracks in the limestone eventually grows into large cave passages, and at some point often emerges from the earth surface at a spring. \n\nHere is an illustration that shows a "resurgent stream" or karst spring:\nhttp://www.cancaver.ca/docs/karst.htm
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"aggry," meaning a type of prehistoric bead.\nBUT\nYou asked the riddle wrong dummy:\nAngry and hungry are two words that end in '-gry'. There are three words in the English language. What is the third word? Everyone knows what it means and everyone uses it every day. Look closely and I have already given you the third word. What is it? \n\nthe answer to that, is "language."
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What the ancient authors described as a fissure (chasm gas) in the rock over which the Pythia sat was probably a small fracture extending up from the intersection of two faults.  Greek geologists have already identified the limestone under the temple as bituminous (oil bearing), with a petrochemical content as high as 20 percent.