How did tycho brahe impact on the study of astronomy?
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Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy were enormous. He not only designed and built instruments, he also calibrated them and checked their accuracy periodically. He thus revolutionized astronomical instrumentation. He also changed observational practice profoundly. Whereas earlier astronomers had been content to observe the positions of planets and the Moon at certain important points of their orbits (e.g., opposition, quadrature, station), Tycho and his cast of assistants observed these bodies throughout their orbits. As a result, a number of orbital anomalies never before noticed were made explicit by Tycho. Without these complete series of observations of unprecedented accuracy, Kepler could not have discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits. Tycho was also the first astronomer to make corrections for atmospheric refraction. In general, whereas previous astronomers made observations accurate to perhaps 15 arc minutes, those of Tycho were accurate to perhaps 2 arc minutes, and it has been shown that his best observations were accurate to about half an arc minute. \n\nTycho's observations of the new star of 1572 and comet of 1577, and his publications on these phenomena, were instrumental in establishing the fact that these bodies were above the Moon and that therefore the heavens were not immutable as Aristotle had argued and philosophers still believed. The heavens were changeable and therefore the Aristotelian division between the heavenly and earthly regions came under attack (see, for instance, Galileo's Dialogue) and was eventually dropped. Further, if comets were in the heavens, they moved through the heavens. Up to now it had been believed that planets were carried on material spheres (spherical shells) that fit tightly around each other. Tycho's observations showed that this arrangement was impossible because comets moved through these spheres. Celestial spheres faded out of existence between 1575 and 1625. \n\n \nTychonic Universe \nIf Tycho destroyed the dichotomy between the corrupt and ever changing sublunary world and the perfect and immutable heavens, then the new universe was clearly more hospitable for the heliocentric planetary arrangement proposed by Nicholas Copernicus in 1543. Was Tycho therefore a follower of Copernicus? He was not. Tycho gave various reasons for not accepting the heliocentric theory, but it appears that he could not abandon Aristotelian physics which is predicated on an absolute notion of place. Heavy bodies fall to their natural place, the Earth, which is the center of the universe. If the Earth were not the center of the universe, physics, as it was then known, was utterly undermined. On the other hand, the Copernican system had a number of advantages, some technical (such as a better lunar theory and smaller epicycles), and others more based on harmony (an obvious explanation of retrograde planetary motion, a strict demonstration of the order and heliocentric distances of the planets). Tycho developed a system that combined the best of both worlds. He kept the Earth in the center of the universe, so that he could retain Aristotelian physics (the only physics available). The Moon and Sun revolved about the Earth, and the shell of the fixed stars was centered on the Earth. But Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn revolved about the Sun. He put the (circular) path of the comet of 1577 between Venus and Mars. This Tychonic world system became popular early in the seventeenth century among those who felt forced to reject the Ptolemaic arrangement of the planets (in which the Earth was the center of all motions) but who, for various reasons, could not accept the Copernican alternative.
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Astronomers define a coordinate system on the sky that lets them identify the relative positions of stars, planets, the Sun and other celestial phenomena (the coordinates are called "right ascension" and "declination", but we don't need to worry about that here). Because of their great distance from the Earth, the positions of most stars are fixed on the grid. The positions of the planets and the Sun, however, are seen to "travel" through the coordinate grid in systematic (though sometimes complicated) patterns. The paths of the planets was carefully observed by Tycho Brahe in the late 1500s. Following Brahe's death in 1601, Johannes Kepler used the data to develop a set of laws that govern the way the planets move around the Sun (he proposed them in 1609). These laws, (creatively) called Kepler's Laws, still hold today.\n\nWith Kepler's laws in hand, one can easily interpret the motion of the Sun through the coordinate grid described above as the result of the tilt of the Earth by 23.5 degrees with respect to the plane in which the Earth orbits the Sun. Since Kepler was the one to correctly interpret the motion of the planets and the Sun through the sky, he is the one that I would attribute the title "Discoverer of the 23.5 degree tilt", in the early 1600s.
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this is not a question about astronomy.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy
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Copernicus and Galileo
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So Johann Kepler was a German astronomer, living between 1571-1630. He was the one who introduced the three laws of planetary motion. He worked and studied about the (elliptical) oval orbit, planets, and eclipse. He rivaled against the old beliefs on how the heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles...Well, he was one of those who questioned the church's beliefs an teachings. He thought of new ideas, observed things, and experiemented. The church/pope/Catholic and Protestants went against him, too. But those who began to think out of the box probably admired him or something.
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ASTRONOMY is a map of the sky...\n\nASTROLOGY is using planetary positions to predict the future (which is BS)
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Stephen Hawking, who made significant discoveries in Cosmology, specifically related to black holes, the history of the universe, the theory of relativity, and the "theory of everything."
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Carl Friedrich Gauss (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist of profound genius who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy and optics. Sometimes known as "the prince of mathematicians", Gauss had a remarkable influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked beside Euler, Newton and Archimedes as one of history's greatest mathematicians.
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Female astronomer. She did a lot of important work in the turn of the century at a time when it was extremely unusual for a woman to go to college, let alone study science.
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Albert Einstein.\n1. In 29 march 1919 was a total eclipse of the Sun. The Royal Astronomical Society sent two expeditions one in Brazil and the other in Guinea to check the German scientist Albert Einstein theory, that the light of the stars is deviated by the Sun gravitational field. The results show a deviation of 1,75 seconds of arc, when Albert Einstein calculated a deviation of 1,70 seconds of arc. After 33 years in 1952 when they used a better equipment the results matched Albert Einstein`s calculation.\n2. Albert Einstein convinced the President of the United States  F.D.Rooswelt, about the emergency  of developing the A-bomb because the German scientist had the means and the material to make one before the Americans.
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Although it's generally agreed that he was appointed professor of astronomy in 1730 the exact date concerning his year of entry at Uppsala University is still being widely debated among Celsius scholars.\n\nThe links below provide further information on Anders Celsius and his academic career.
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In 1676, by a Danish astronomer, Ole Römer, working at the Paris Observatory. He had made a systematic study of Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, which was eclipsed by Jupiter at regular intervals, as Io went around Jupiter in a circular orbit at a steady rate. Actually, Römer found, for several months the eclipses lagged more and more behind the expected time, but then they began to pick up again. In September 1676,he correctly predicted that an eclipse on November 9 would be 10 minutes behind schedule. This was indeed the case, to the surprise of his skeptical colleagues at the Royal Observatory in Paris. Two weeks later, he told them what was happening: as the Earth and Jupiter moved in their orbits, the distance between them varied. The light from Io (actually reflected sunlight, of course) took time to reach the earth, and took the longest time when the earth was furthest away. When the Earth was furthest from Jupiter, there was an extra distance for light to travel equal to the diameter of the Earth's orbit compared with the point of closest approach. The observed eclipses were furthest behind the predicted times when the earth was furthest from Jupiter.\n\nFrom his observations, Römer concluded that light took about twenty-two minutes to cross the earth's orbit. This was something of an overestimate, and a few years later Newton wrote in the  Principia (Book I, section XIV): "For it is now certain from the phenomena of Jupiter's satellites, confirmed by the observations of different astronomers, that light is propagated in succession (NOTE: I think this means at finite speed) and requires about seven or eight minutes to travel from the sun to the earth." This is essentially the correct value.\n\nOf course, to find the speed of light it was also necessary to know the distance from the earth to the sun. During the 1670's, attempts were made to measure the parallax of Mars, that is, how far it shifted against the background of distant stars when viewed simultaneously from two different places on earth at the same time. This (very slight) shift could be used to find the distance of Mars from earth, and hence the distance to the sun, since all relative distances in the solar system had been established by observation and geometrical analysis. According to Crowe (Modern Theories of the Universe, Dover, 1994, page 30), they concluded that the distance to the sun was between 40 and 90 million miles. Measurements presumably converged on the correct value of about 93 million miles soon after that, because it appears Römer (or perhaps Huygens, using Römer's data a short time later) used the correct value for the distance, since the speed of light was calculated to be 125,000 miles per second, about three-quarters of the correct value of 186,300 miles per second. This error is fully accounted for by taking the time light needs to cross the earth's orbit to be twenty-two minutes (as Römer did) instead of the correct value of sixteen minutes.
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Under the ptolemaic model, you had to come up with a very complex orbit for the planets to make it fit within the concepts of what we understood as motion (remember this was also pre-Newtonian mechanics).\n\nUnder the Copernical model, it was very simple but also troubling, that all bodies orbited the sun, except for the moon which troubled again because it didn't.\n\nThe final nail in the ptolemaic model was the discovery by Gallileo of the moons of Jupiter, which dashed that theory and extended Copernicus's model, which was finally all put together with Newtonian mechanics.
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Astronomy:\nAstronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia = astron + nomos, literally, "law of the stars") is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere, such as stars, planets, comets, auroras, galaxies, and the cosmic background radiation. It is concerned with the formation and development of the universe, the evolution and physical and chemical properties of celestial objects and the calculation of their motions. Astronomical observations are not only relevant for astronomy as such, but provide essential information for the verification of fundamental theories in physics, such as general relativity theory. Complementary to observational astronomy, theoretical astrophysics seeks to explain astronomical phenomena.\n\nAstronomy is one of the oldest sciences with a scientific methodology existing at the time of ancient Greece and advanced observation techniques possibly much earlier (see archaeoastronomy). Historically, amateurs have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, and astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.\n\nModern astronomy as practised is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system that states that people's destiny and human affairs in general are correlated to the positions of celestial objects in the skies. Although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers employ the scientific method, while astrologers do not.\n\nAstronomer:\nAstronomers are scientists who study objects in outer space. There are \ntwo main types of astronomers - observers and theorists, although most \nastronomers are a mix of both. Observers are astronomers who take \npictures of the sky through telescopes. These pictures may be taken in \nordinary visible light, or they may be pictures of radio waves, or of \nx-rays, or any other type of light. Some observers even look for \nhigh-energy particles called cosmic rays which come from deep space. \nObservers then take these pictures (and whatever other information they \nmay collect) and try to determine what they saw, and what that tells us \nabout the universe.\nTheorists are astronomers who try and explain what observers see, \nand even predict objects that might exist that we have not or cannot see. \nTheorists use mathematics and physics to explain how the universe works. \nThey often use giant, powerful computers to solve complicated math problems.\nTheorists and observers work together to try and explain \neverything from the dust that makes up meteors to the structure of the \nentire universe. They try and explain how stars and galaxies are born, \nlive, and die.\n\nI hope this gives you better idea about both of them.
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Just singular? Sceintist or professor? Maybe you meant scientists or professors. Not that the professors are the leading authority on celestial discoveries. They more of just train others to go outside and look straight up in the air. Usually they use a telescope. In some cases, they consult the spheres. In your case, I'm surprised you even know what the word discover means.
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astronomer/photographer
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the universe contain the many galaxies, stars nebulae,solar system, black hole and many many more that the Great Architect designed