Which term describes the process of adding headers to data as it moves down OSI layers?
605002
encapsulation is my pick.
898314
Here are some general data structures:\n\n- Set\n- List\n- Map\n- Tree\n- Table\n- Stack\n- Queue
490955
It's business middleware:\n\nhttp://searchsap.techtarget.com/gDefinition/0,294236,sid21_gci765096,00.html
119653
If you are talking about splitting pages into their component parts (nav, content, footer.......) then what you are looking for is server side includes (ssi).\n\nThis can be done with any page as long as your hosting company supports ssi.\n\nThese days most hosts support this and with other techs like php you can actually use what are called dynamic includes and have the included file change depending on what information is passed to the website.\n\nin general use includes as:\n\n<!--#include virtual="/blah.inc"-->\n\nor\n\n<!--#include file="blah.inc"-->\n\nThis can be a great way of keeping navigation, headers and footers repeating on every page without having to code it 'into' every page. Make a change on the included file and that change gets repeated throughout your entire site at the same time. Much quicker development times.\n\nTry to use frames as little as possible and in the worst case scenario try not to nest them as this chronically slows down the site.
374422
layer/new../layer set and then move the layers into that set. :]
24450
I assume you mean pagefile or swapfile usage. This is an area of the hardrive that is used by the operating system like RAM. I prevents you just using all your RAM and then having to stop a program and ensures that currently running programs can access RAM.\nTheres a lot more to it than this though.
1117373
the client server paradigm is similar because oo is all about making things into 'objects' to abstract away data into easily understood packages, networks use 'packets' to encapsulate data, also abstracting away details.
1041254
The scheduler uses an implementation dependent algorithm to select a region of memory (typically a 4KB chunk) containing the program in question that isn't going to be actively used and writes it to the hard drive (to a special file called a page or swap file).  It then loads a 'page' (whatever sized chunk the system uses) of memory that will be used and uses it.
364198
Its a set of rules.Like u hav the IP protocol that specifies the format in the internet layer
338401
Interconnection, an ISO standard for worldwide communications that defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers.\n\nApplication(Layer 7) \nThis layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. \n\nPresentation(Layer 6) \nThis layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. \n\nSession(Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. \nTransport(Layer 4)\n This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. \nNetwork(Layer 3)\n This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. \nData Link(Layer 2) \nAt this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. \nPhysical(Layer 1)\n This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.
102257
These are called protocols.  They tell your browser what kind of a file it will be looking for.  For example, HTTP stands fo Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.  Hyper Text is the language that web sites are written in, http tells the browser you are going to be viewing a web page.  FTP; File Transfer Protocol is for downloads (transfer a file).  local file is a file that is located on your computer, localy.\n\nHope this helps you a little.\nAlfred
265437
Layer one the physical layer\n\n\nHome > Quick Reference  \nThe 7 Layers of the OSI Model\n\nThe OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. \nApplication\n(Layer 7) This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. \nPresentation\n(Layer 6) This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. \nSession\n(Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. \nTransport\n(Layer 4) This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. \nNetwork\n(Layer 3) This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. \nData Link\n(Layer 2) At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. \nPhysical\n(Layer 1) This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis graphic is taken from The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics.
224564
(m)\n\nPurpose of a Data Dictionary: To DOCUMENT for all posterity the data elements, structures, flows, stores, processes, and external entities in the system to be designed.
928456
File Transfer Protocol
581592
(m)\n\n technique for increasing the memory space available by moving infrequently-used parts of a program's working memory from {RAM} to a secondary storage medium, usually disk.  The unit of transfer is called a page. A {memory management unit} (MMU) monitors accesses to memory and splits each address into a page number (the most significant bits) and an offset within that page (the lower bits).  It then looks up the page number in its page table. The page may be marked as paged in or paged out.  If it is paged in then the memory access can proceed after translating the {virtual address} to a {physical address}.  If the requested page is paged out then space must be made for it by paging out some other page, i.e. copying it to disk.  The requested page is then located on the area of the disk allocated for "{swap space}" and is read back into {RAM}.  The page table is updated to indicate that the page is paged in and its physical address recorded. The MMU also records whether a page has been modified since it was last paged in.  If it has not been modified then there is no need to copy it back to disk and the space can be reused immediately. Paging allows the total memory requirements of all running tasks (possibly just one) to exceed the amount of {physical memory}, whereas {swapping} simply allows multiple processes to run concurrently, so long as each process on its own fits within {physical memory}. (1996-11-22)
244860
more details? are we talking layer 3 as in netowrk software??\n\nWe need more information!
1180541
they are used on database file's and processors as shortcuts to things i aint got no example's but yea =)