Where is alkyl halide found in nature or in the human body?If not, then how was it first used/created in a lab
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good question.\nhalides make very good leaving groups so probably not to much in the body that perfers controled settings with enzymes.\n\nmy best quess of it's orgin is salt in alcohol and some acid. To create a very reactive substance.\n\nAs far as firepower, it just comes from how reactive they are. Which gives of a lot of energy when they react.
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Salt?\n\nIodized salt?\n\nConstruction?\n\nDietary supplements?\n\nFluoridated tap water?\n\n@@@@@@@@@@@\n\n"Salt occurs naturally in many parts of the world as the mineral halite."
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FATTY ACIDS\n\n\nCarboxylic acids occur in many molecular forms. At first It must be recalled that if the majority of the fatty acids found in lipids are monocarboxylic acids, some of them are dicarboxylic and constitute important metabolic or oxidation products of the previous ones. \n   \nSeveral hundreds of forms have been identified but the number occurring frequently in the common lipids is much fewer (from 10 in plants to about 20 in animal tissues). Several fatty acids, free or esterified (methyl butyrate, ethyl octanoate, dodecanoic acid...), belong to aroma compounds which are found in environmental or food systems (see the website: Flavornet). Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters are known to be present in the plasma of patient with liver dysfunction following ethanol ingestion (Aleryani SL et al., Clin Chim Acta 2005, 359, 141).\n\n\nFatty acid classification\n\n\nTriglycerides from various vegetable oils give through transesterification a mix of fatty acid esters which is now used increasingly as a substitute of diesel fuel and is named Biodiesel.\n\nThe world production of fatty acids from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils totaled about 4 million metric tons per year. Fatty acids are ultimately consumed in a wide variety of end-use industries (rubber, plastics, detergents...). As it is a good indication of the overall economic performance of a region, the consumption of fatty acids has tended to approximate the growth in the GNP of the region of their consumption.\n\n\n\n\n\nTo describe precisely the structure of a fatty acid molecule, one must give the length of the carbon chain (number of carbon), the number of double bonds and also the exact position of these double bonds, this will define the biological reactivity of the fatty acid molecule and even of the lipid containing the fatty acids studied.\n\nMost fatty acids are straight-chain compounds with the most frequently an even number of carbon atoms. Chain-lengths range is from 2 to 80 but commonly from 12 up to 24. With a chain length from 2 to 6 (or 4) they are called short-chain, from 8 (or 6) to 10 they are called medium-chain and 12 up to 24 they are called long-chain fatty acids. Their physical and biological properties are related to this partition in 3 classes.\nAn extensive review on the biochemical mechanisms of fatty acid elongation may be consulted for further information (Leonard AE et al., Prog Lipid Res 2004, 43, 36).  \n\nFatty acids are simple in structure and even with their derivatives can be subdivided into well-defined families:\n\nAmong straight-chain fatty acids, the simplest are referred to as saturated fatty acids. They have no unsaturated linkages and cannot be altered by hydrogenation or halogenation. When double bonds are present, fatty acids are said unsaturated, monounsaturated (MUFA) if only one double bond is present and polyenoic (or polyunsaturated fatty acids =  PUFA) if they have two or more double bonds generally separated by a single methylene group (methylene-interrupted unsaturation). In recent physiological works, the last class is used only for fatty acids with three up to six double bonds as those found in fish oil or in brain tissue. Some uncommon polyunsaturated fatty acids have two adjacent double bonds separated by more than one methylene group, they are named polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids.\n\nIn some animals, but mainly in plants and bacteria, fatty acids may be more complex since they can have an odd number of carbon atoms, branched chains or contain a variety of other functional groups, including acetylenic bonds, epoxy-, hydroxy- or keto groups and even ring structures (cyclopropane, cyclopropene, cyclopentene, furan, and cyclohexyl) or a coenzyme A moiety (acyl CoA).\n\nExcept fatty acyl-CoA, we have based our classification of fatty acids first on the type of carbon chain : either straight (or normal), or branched, or containing a carbon ring. In each category, subdivisions are created according
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Sodium Chloride is an obvious example, as is Potassium Flouride, Lithium Bromide, or any other combination os the alkali metals and halogens from the periodic table.\n\nThe alkali metals are on the far left column of the table, and halogens are on the column 2nd from the right (next to last).\n\nAll of these combinations are collectively refered to as "salts".\nA salt is an ionic compound which contains a metal cation (+) and a nom-metal anion (-).  It is not a requirement that it be a specific type of metal or a specific type of non-metal though, for example, Iron Oxide is also technically a "salt", but it is more commonly refered to as an "Oxide", a more specific type of salt.\n\nhttp://www.webelements.com/index.html
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HOPKINS CaFe C with salt (NaCl)(Human body majorly is made \nup of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Potassium,  Iodin, Nitrogen, sulphur,Calciun, Iron, CARBON, Sodiun and Chlorine with other trace materials)\nBest enpherical formulae hor humans
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"Prostaglandins were first discovered and isolated from human semen in the 1930s by Ulf von Euler of Sweden. Thinking they had come from the prostate gland, he named them prostaglandins. It has since been determined that they exist and are synthesized in virtually every cell of the body.\n\nProstaglandins, are like hormones in that they act as chemical messengers, but do not move to other sites, but work right within the cells where they are synthesized.\n\nProstaglandins are unsaturated carboxylic acids, consisting of of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring. They are biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid. See the graphic on the left. \n\nThe unique shape of the arachidonic acid caused by a series of cis double bonds helps to put it into position to make the five member ring."
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Let me be the first to say this is a diabolical question that has led me on a merry chase through the Internet. Not having a virtual lab with both chemicals on hand, I consulted Erik B., a chemical engineer from Purdue, to get your answer. We discovered that there are many variables with this compound; your product is determined by the quantities of each chemical that you use. On one hand, you can produce a completely colorless form of silver that has been used in the past as a discrete poison. The most common product of this compound, however, is SILVER CHLORIDE [silver chloride] chemical compound, AgCl, a white cubic crystalline solid. It is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in a water solution of ammonia, potassium cyanide, or sodium thiosulfate ( "hypo" ). On exposure to light it becomes a deep grayish blue due to its decomposition into metallic silver and atomic chlorine. This light-sensitive behavior is the basis of photographic processes. Since silver bromide, AgBr, and silver iodide, AgI, react similarly, all three of these silver halide salts are used in making photographic films and plates. Both the bromide and iodide are less soluble in water and more sensitive to light than the chloride. The bromide forms light yellow cubic crystals; the iodide forms yellow hexagonal or yellow-orange cubic crystals, depending on the temperature. Besides use in photography, silver chloride is used in silver plating, and silver iodide is used for seeding clouds. The chloride, bromide, and iodide occur naturally as the minerals cerargyrite, bromyrite, and iodyrite, respectively. Silver fluoride, AgF, forms colorless cubic crystals; it is much more soluble in water than the other silver halides. Incidentally, should you wish to try the home-grown poison, just like for photos, silver oxide gathers in the skin and reacts with light, creating a bluish-gray tint that is a clear signal of foul play. *Don't* try this at home.\n\nHappy Answering,\n~Tia~\nLive from the big, purple brain\nhttp://advision.webevents.yahoo.com/asktheplanet/brain.html\nASK YOUR QUESTIONS, CALL THE BRAIN - 212-382-3592
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Origin of Life\nBacteria appeared on earth between 3.4 and 4 billion years ago. Precambrian evidence of filamentous bacteria-like structures, found making up fossilized sediments called stromalites, has been discovered in Australia and southern Africa. These fossils date back between 3.4 and 3.5 billion years old. Environmental conditions of earth 4 billion years ago were much different than those of today. It has been theorized that the atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere with intense lightning, tremendous volcanic activity, very little oxygen, intense ultraviolet radiation, and meteorite bombardment. These conditions made it impossible for any type of aerobic life to exist. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution in an anaerobic environment.\n\nAbiotic Synthesis Theory of Life: A.I.Oparin postulated, in the 1920's, that primitive earth with its reducing atmosphere favored chemical reactions that produced simple monomers that eventually formed complex organic compounds necessary for life. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tested this hypothesis by building an apparatus to simulate the conditions of the earth at that time.\n\n \n\n\n \n\nTheir experiments produced 20 amino acids and other organic compounds including: ATP, lipids, some sugars, and the bases of RNA and DNA. The main problem of organic synthesis is how did these molecules develop without the aid of enzymes to speed up the reactions? Sidney Fox, of the University of Miami, dripped a dilute solution of organic monomers onto hot sand, clay , and rock. The water vaporized and left behind polypeptides he called proteinoids. Clay was abundant in prebiotic earth. Clay has the ability to act as a substrate for this type of chemical reaction. The charged sites on the clay attracted monomers in such concentrations to bring them into close proximity for chemical binding. Once these organic compounds were produced, aggregates of these proteinoids self-assembled into small spheres called protobionts. These small spheres were capable of osmotic swelling and shrinking and even able to produce a membrane potential.\n\nRNA the first Genetic Material: Evidence to support the idea that RNA was the first genetic material includes: short polymers of self-replicating RNA have been abiotically produced in a test tube without enzymes. RNA has the ability to act as a catalyst to help make mRNA, tRNA or rRNA. The RNA folding is unique depending on its sequence. This along with mutations, creates a variety of closely related molecules. Through chance this self-replicating material was captured by the protobionts and the entire structure developed under the guide of natural selection.\n\nOther Origin Theories:\n\nPanspermia. Extraterrestrial organic compounds located on the surface of meteorites could well have contributed to the pool of material found on prebiotic earth. Modern meteorites have given up specimens of simple organic compounds such as amino acids.\n\nSome researchers believe that life began on the sea floor away from the harsh surface environments. The discovery of deep sea vents showed the scientific community that the materials needed for life to begin were present away from the harsh surface.\n\nJulius Rebek produced a simple organic molecule in 1991 that served as a template for self-replication. This discovery suggests that RNA was too complex to have come first and a much simpler self-replicating molecule preceded it.
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The basics on the origin of life:\nPhospholipids formed into micelles, or little circles.  They were arranged such that the polar head groups were facing into aqueous solution and the polar lipid tail groups were facing in toward the other polar lipid group:\nH---T  T---H into a sphere.  Inside these closed environments, it was possible for certain reactions to take place.  The reactions eventually needed to be self-replicating; that is, they needed to react to form something to pass the information for the reaction down to another micelle.  Eventually, the micelles evolved into actual cells.  Alberts "Molecular Biology of the Gene" has a great explanation of this process.\nThere so far hasn't been an experiment to create life- that process took millions of years naturally.  However, Stanley Miller did an experiment that showed that organic molecules, such as nucleic acids, amino acids, etc. could be formed from basic molecules under the conditions present in early Earth.  This experiment was incredibly reproducible- many people tried it, changing around different variables, trying to disprove it, but it kept working.  That's an incredible testament.
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Bromine (from Gr. βρωμος (brómos), meaning "stench"; pronounced [ˈbɹomin]), is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at standard room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine. This element is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. Bromine vapors are very toxic upon inhalation.\n\nNotable characteristics\nBromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature and one of only two liquid elements on the periodic table (the other is mercury). The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic molecule, Br2. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures in a red vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dioxide) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine. A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less active. It is more active than iodine, however. Bromine is slightly soluble in water, and highly soluble in carbon disulfide, aliphatic alcohols (such as methanol), and acetic acid. It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action.\n\nBromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, alkenes and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution reactions). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than wet bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminium, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earth metals and alkaline metals.
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this is a difficult one. theres the initial 'soup' of early compounds that spawned life, theres the meteorite theory of cells from other planets gettin a start here, and theres a possible link between both. this may be that chemicals from the many rocks from outer space, the heat of the planet then, and the interaction of all the early substances may have harboured a good environment for a cell 2 form, with a membrane, enclosing some of these compounds within it.
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If by "naturally occuring" you mean present in nature in its elemental form, then the answer includes noble gases (Helium and Argon), noble metals (Gold and Platinum and maybe Copper), and some diatomic molecules (Oxygen, Nitrogen) as well as Sulfur (S_8) and Carbon (graphite and diamond).  Most of the metals are found as some kind of oxide (in ores) or in salts (sodium chloride).  The halogens are found in salts (sodium chloride). \n\nA lot of today's useful materials were never present in significant amounts in elemental form, for example: iron, aluminum, zinc.
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This is different for the different halogens. Chlorine is obtained by electrolysis of sea-water, but bromine and iodine can be obtained by using the differences in reactivity between them and chlorine.  Look them up as "extraction of chlorine" and "extraction of bromine" (and so on) and you'll get the answers.
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amino acids.\n\nHere.  These people don't know jack.\n\nAbiotic Production of Organic Molecules\nThe classic experiment demonstrating the mechanisms by which inorganic elements could combine to form the precursors of organic chemicals was the 1950 experiment by Stanley Miller. He undertook experiments designed to find out how lightning--reproduced by repeated electric discharges--might have affected the primitive earth atmosphere. He discharged an electric spark into a mixture thought to resemble the primordial composition of the atmosphere. In a water receptacle, designed to model an ancient ocean, amino acids appeared. Amino acids are widely regarded as the building blocks of life.
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The lipid parts have a cation binding site to bind with the negative charges of the DNA.  The final complex is called a liposome.  \n\nIt then carries the DNA into cell and into the nucleus.  You still have to use a bunch of reagents in the process.  This is just from my research background.  The specifics are long.  You can email me for them
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In chemistry, those reactions that create entropy are more likely to occur (there are some other factors but generally speaking it is true).  When considering that the human body requires complex reactions that create less entropy through highly ordered pre-existing processes and we "started" as nothing, then no, chance could not have created us.  A protein molecule is a highly ordered low entropy molecule.  It could not just spontaneously create itself without the right balance of elements each at the necessary temperature and pressure in the same area of the world.  The odds of creating just one protein molecule was calculated to be in the 1in 10 x 10^23 or something close to that number (near impossible odds).
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A biomolecule is a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms. Biomolecules consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen, along with nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Other elements sometimes are incorporated but these are much less common.\n\nBiomolecules are necessary for the existence of all known forms of life. For example, humans possess skin and hair. The main component of hair is keratin, an agglomeration of proteins which are themselves polymers built from amino acids. Amino acids are some of the most important building blocks used, in nature, to construct larger molecules. Another type of building block is the nucleotides, each of which consists of three components: either a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group. These nucleotides, mainly, form the nucleic acids.\n\nBesides the polymeric biomolecules, numerous small organic molecules are absorbed or synthesised by living systems. Many biomolecules may be useful or important drugs.