What were the testing procedures for determining second hand cigarette smoke causes cancer.?
605545
Criterion for testing: people who didn't smoke got lung cancer just like smokers.  Turned out that these people that didn't smoke but got cancer anyway, lived or worked with smokers or inhaled second hand smoke from their living environments.\n\nProcedure: statistical analysis of thousands of patients that had cancer.
789352
smoke, smoking smoke.
687719
No! \n\nFor those that say "second hand smoke is more harmful then smoking"....ummm, how do you know this?  Smokers get '2nd hand smoke', too.  Just because you smoke, you are not freed from 2nd hand smoke.\n\nThe United States Supreme Court overrulled the EPA's 'findings' in 1998 saying that it was junk science and there is no link between 2nd hand smoke and ANY diesase.  The fact of the matter is that 2nd hand smoke is so dispersed into the atmosphere that it is impossible for it to cause problems other than simple irritations.\n\nAnti-tobacco is a much larger money machine than the evil 'big-tobacco' and that is why this information was not widely distributed.  Do a little research on this and you will find out the real truth.
340114
I hate second hand smoke. Smokers digust me!!!
743959
The test is a Nicotine Metabolite Screen.  This test is used as a marker for active smoking, medical surveillance and smoking cessation programs.
1021382
Diagnosing Lung Cancer\n\nTo help find the cause of symptoms, the doctor evaluates a person's medical history, smoking history, exposure to environmental and occupational substances, and family history of cancer. The doctor also performs a physical exam and may order a chest x-ray and other tests. If lung cancer is suspected, sputum cytology (the microscopic examination of cells obtained from a deep-cough sample of mucus in the lungs) is a simple test that may be useful in detecting lung cancer. To confirm the presence of lung cancer, the doctor must examine tissue from the lung. A biopsy -- the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist -- can show whether a person has cancer. A number of procedures may be used to obtain this tissue: \n\nBronchoscopy. The doctor puts a bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) into the mouth or nose and down through the windpipe to look into the breathing passages. Through this tube, the doctor can collect cells or small samples of tissue.\n\nNeedle aspiration. A needle is inserted through the chest into the tumor to remove a sample of tissue.\n\nThoracentesis. Using a needle, the doctor removes a sample of the fluid that surrounds the lungs to check for cancer cells.\n\nThoracotomy. Surgery to open the chest is sometimes needed to diagnose lung cancer. This procedure is a major operation performed in a hospital.\n\n \n ..........Lung cancer is difficult to detect early because symptoms usually do not appear until the disease is advanced. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and can include persistent cough, hoarseness or wheezing, shortness of breath, sputum streaked with blood, recurring bronchitis or pneumonia, weight loss and loss of appetite, and chest pain. \n\nPhysicians use several techniques to diagnose lung cancer, including the following:\n\nImaging Tests\nChest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help locate abnormal areas in the lung. \n\nLow-Dose Helical CT\nA technique called low-dose helical (or spiral) CT may offer a novel approach for diagnosing lung cancer by exposing the patient to less radiation than a conventional chest CT scan while allowing the doctor to see areas of the chest normally obscured in a standard x-ray. Memorial Sloan-Kettering is now studying the effectiveness of low-dose helical CT in a clinical trial. Outside of New York, the National Cancer Institute has begun a multi-center study of the technology.\n\nCombined PET/CT Scans\nMemorial Sloan-Kettering's radiology department includes the best combined PET/CT imaging technology available in the United States. This is particularly important in imaging lung cancer, which can be difficult to identify on a regular CT. To address this situation, a PET (positron emission tomography) scan, which picks up the metabolic signal of actively growing cancer cells in the body, is run simultaneously with the CT scan. This improved imaging capability provides for superior treatment planning because the details of the tumor are better defined. \n\nBronchoscopy & Biopsies\nA sputum sample can be analyzed for the presence of cancerous cells. Doctors may perform a bronchoscopy, which allows them to examine the bronchial passages using an instrument called a bronchoscope. This is a small tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth, down the throat and into the bronchi. During the procedure physicians may remove some tissue for analysis. \n\nA modified form of bronchoscopy called autofluorescence bronchoscopy, which can detect early invasive cancers not seen with standard x-rays or white-light bronchoscopy, is being used to detect very early lung cancer. \n\nTo examine areas of the lungs that are not accessible during a bronchoscopy, physicians may perform a needle biopsy ("fine needle aspiration" or FNA) to remove a small sample of tissue for analysis.
161554
the kind that causes cancer
239141
you can get 2nd hand smoke from ANYTHING! my big bro died last year from 2nd hand smoke and he NEVER smoked anything in his life. 4 years of doctors and their probing said any type of smoke, especially cig's, caused his demise. he was NOT old, just not immune to any type of smoke.\n\nSMOKE IS SMOKE..........NO MATTER WHAT KIND, IT's baddddddd.
479727
Secondhand smoke contains twice as much tar and nicotine per unit volume as does smoke inhaled from a cigarette. It contains 3X as much cancer-causing benzpyrene, 5X as much carbon monoxide, and 50X as much ammonia. Secondhand smoke from pipes and cigars is equally as harmful, if not more so.\n\nSecond hand smoke is a toxic cocktail consisting of poisons and carcinogens. There are over 4000 chemical compounds in second hand smoke; 200 of which are known to be poisonous, and upwards of 60 have been identified as carcinogens.\n\nWhen a cigarette is smoked, about half of the smoke is inhaled / exhaled (mainstream smoke) by the smoker and the other half floats around in the air(sidestream smoke).\n\n No one should be forced to breathe in air tainted with cigarette smoke.
666169
Heart Disease and Stroke\nSmoking causes fatty deposits to build up in the blood vessels, leaving them narrow or blocked. This leads to heart disease or stroke. About 40% of deaths due to heart disease before the age of 65 are related to smoking. \n\nCancer\nCigarette smoke contains more than 50 cancer-causing substances. \nSmoking is the most common, preventable cause of lung cancer. Smokers are 22 times more likely to develop lung cancer. 90% of all lung cancer cases in Singaporean males occur among smokers\n\nThe longer one smokes, the greater the risk of developing cancers such as cervical and breast cancer, cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney and bladder. \n\nChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)\nSmoking narrows the airways and destroys the air sacs in the lungs. This makes breathing difficult. Smoking is the most common cause of COPD, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the 6th largest cause of death in Singapore.\n\nBone Loss and Osteoporosis\nOsteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to lose density and become brittle, leading to hip, spine and wrist fractures. \n\nWomen who smoke are 50% more likely to suffer from osteoporosis than non-smokers. \n\nRe-productive and Sexual Health\nSmoking increases the risk of infertility in both men and women.\n\n  Men  \n  • Smokers are 50% more likely to suffer from impotence or erectile dysfunction. \n  • Smoking reduces the volume of ejaculation, lowers sperm count, distorts sperm shape and impairs sperm mobility.  \n\n   Women \n  • Women who smoke may experience early menopause and more menopausal symptoms. \n  • Smoking may lead to decreased egg counts due to destruction of eggs in the ovaries before the eggs reach maturity.  \n\n   • Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. The smoke inhaled (either directly from a cigarette or from second-hand smoke) by a pregnant woman goes directly to her baby's lungs. It prevents as much as 25 % of oxygen from reaching the placenta.\n \n\n\nSecond-hand Smoke\nAbout 90% of the smoke from every cigarette ends up in the air as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). \n  ETS \n  • causes lung cancer in people who have never smoked before.  \n  • causes heart attack, especially among the spouses of smokers. ETS also increases the risk of repeated heart attacks if one has suffered from heart attack before. \n\n   • increases the risk of heart disease, lung disease, asthma, allergies, sinus problems, blood vessel disease or worsen the symptoms if one is already suffering from these.
391021
Check their breath, check their rotten teeth, heavy breathing and look for mouth sores. If you see them that person is smoking.
562754
Tobacco use is responsible for more than one of every six deaths in the United States.It causes over 390,000 deaths in the united states alone. Its the #1 preventable cause of death in the u.s. Incidentally, there is no hard data indicating second hand smoke to ANY detrimental health effects. Food for thought...
618180
The reason for the law (and it does not include every public area) is due to the fact that "second hand smoke" is believed to cause cancer.   I don't know where you live, but in Maryland you can still smoke in diners, clubs and bars in designated areas.  You can don't smoke in any government buildings, and most office buildings.   As for its origins in South Africa, I don't know about that.
993222
Smoking has been linked to lung cancer by medical research institutions throughout the world (through the use of observational studies). Smoking men are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smoking men and smoking women are 12 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smoking women. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for many types of cancer, including cancers of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx; esophagus; pancreas; larynx (voice box); lung; uterine cervix; urinary bladder; and kidney [citation needed]. Recent findings by the World Health Organization suggest that U.S. white male smokers have an 8% chance of acquiring lung cancer at some point in their lives, as opposed to the 2% chance of acquiring lung cancer among U.S. white male non-smokers. Second-hand smoke has been known to increase health risks by 20% to 30% according to a recent report published by the World Health Organisation.\n\nCertain other lung disorders, like emphysema, are also linked to cigarette smoking. Both smoking and second-hand smoke during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, underweight, and deformed infants. Smoking also increases the chance of heart attacks and a variety of cancers. Long-term smokers tend to look older than nonsmokers of the same age, because smoking can increase wrinkling in the skin.\n\nNicotine, the stimulant and active ingredient in cigarettes, is highly addictive. Children and pets may be poisoned from eating cigarettes or cigarette butts.
447161
I agree with milwoodsgal.  And, second hand smoke should definately take a backseat to the drugs being used by people and damaging their brains.  Meth cookers cooking with the kids in the house is also a huge concern.
173885
Due to the chemicals and compounds in tobacco smoke.
982234
The smoke from the wood is many times more carcinogenic than tobacco