Is there one class of viruses cause aseptic meningitis? Is it only arboviruses?
600205
Aseptic meningitis refers to a clinical syndrome consistent with meningeal inflammation, but with negative cultures for bacterial cause. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and light sensitivity. The cause is not necessarily viral - it may be secondary to fungus, medication side effect, or malignancy to name a few. Enterovirus is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Other viral causes of meningitis include HIV, Herpes Simplex Virus, Mumps (paramyxovirus), West Nile Virus, Varicella Zoster (Shingles virus), Epstein Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and adenoviruses (common cold viruses).
254509
Hydrogen and Nitrogen I THINK.  Not 100% on that one\nUpdate***\nA friend has suggested that it might also be full chemical name of the virus, though I don't know what that is.  His answer seems to be a more complete one, and given that he is a chemist... far more likely.
270773
The long-term outlook for children who develop meningitis varies greatly and depends on a child's age, the microorganism causing the infection, any other complications, and the treatment the child receives. The complications of bacterial meningitis can be severe and include neurological problems such as hearing loss, visual impairment, seizures, and learning disabilities. The heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands may also be affected. Although some children develop long-lasting neurological problems from bacterial meningitis, most who receive prompt diagnosis and treatment recover fully.\nThe majority of cases of viral meningitis resolve with no complications.   http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/meningitis.html\n\nThe complications of meningitis can be severe. The longer you or your child has the disease without treatment, the greater the risk of seizures and of permanent neurologic damage, including hearing loss, blindness, loss of speech, learning disabilities, behavior problems and brain damage, even paralysis.\n\nNon-neurologic complications may include kidney and adrenal gland failure. Your adrenal glands produce a number of important hormones, including cortisol, which helps your body deal with stress.\nBacterial infections of your central nervous system progress quickly. Within a matter of days, the disease can lead to shock and death.  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/meningitis/DS00118/DSECTION=7
252513
Influenzavirus A is a genus of a family of viruses called Orthomyxoviridae in virus classification. Influenzavirus A has only one species in it; that species is called "influenza A virus". Influenza A virus causes "avian influenza" (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu). It is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. All known subtypes are endemic in birds. It was first identified in Italy in the early 1900s and is now known to exist worldwide
984830
Chikungunya is a relatively rare form of viral fever caused by an alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, though recent research by the Pasteur Institute in Paris claims the virus has suffered a mutation that enables it to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus (Tiger mosquito). This was the cause of the actual plague in the Indian Ocean and a threat to the Mediterranean coast at present, requiring urgent meetings of health officials in France, Italy, and Spain.There is no specific treatment for Chikungunya. Vaccine trials were carried out in 2000, but funding for the project was discontinued and there is no vaccine currently available. A serological test for Chikungunya is available from the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\n\nChloroquine is gaining ground as a possible treatment for the symptoms associated with Chikungunya and as an antiviral agent to combat the Chikungunya virus. According to the University of Malaya, "In unresolved arthritis refractory to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chloroquine phosphate (250 mg/day) has given promising results."\n\nDengue fever (IPA: ['deŋgeɪ]) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics, with a geographical spread similar to malaria. Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (rarely Aedes albopictus).\n\nThe mainstay of treatment is supportive therapy. The patient is encouraged to keep up oral intake, especially of oral fluids. If the patient is unable to maintain oral intake, supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant hemoconcentration. A platelet transfusion is rarely indicated if the platelet level drops significantly or if there is significant bleeding. But the transfusion is recommendable on platelet count falling below 20,000 without hemorrhage / bleeding or approx 50,000 with hemorrhage/bleeding. Internal bleeding indicated by dark color of stools, other bleedings indicated at surface as red rashes all over or most of the body parts.
54423
NO.  Multiple Sclerosis is not an infectious disease at all.  There is no risk of getting MS from someone.
834624
The spinal fluid is useful but you left out WBC with diff. I would suggest an encephalitis of viral origins and since you didn't include history of patient, certain encephalitic infections are carried by various species of mosquitoes, it is possibly Japan B encephalitis, that is why history of the patient is vital....enterovirus are quite common and can cause meningitis without sequela...usually! If you are presenting, a AP/Lateral would be useful. Your description of 'extreme irritability' is vague...to sound, to touch, or restlessness. Emesis is common in infants but is it continuous, intermittent, after feeding? Nucchal rigidity is more important in older patients where the muscles have have time to strengthen but are no so diagnostic with infants. If indeed the diagnosis is encephalitis of enterovirus origin, since enterovirus are the second most common virus in many areas, it would be difficult to guess...but you need the history.
261401
Only one from 1956 I could find by both of them:\nCrick, Francis, and James D. Watson. "Structure of Small Viruses." Nature 177, 4506 (10 March 1956): 473-475. Article. 3 Images. \nhttp://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Z/N/_/scbbzn.pdf
477508
Background: Upper respiratory infections are common infections and include pharyngitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis, laryngotracheitis, and the common cold. Viruses play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many of these infections. Bacteria and other organisms also are responsible.\n\nPharyngitis is an inflammatory process of the pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection and, occasionally, both. Distinguishing between these infections is important because rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis may complicate untreated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections (GAS), but they usually can be prevented by appropriate antibiotic treatment.\n\nSinusitis is an inflammatory process involving the paranasal sinuses (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid). It usually is a bacterial complication of a viral upper respiratory infection.\n\nEpiglottitis is a life-threatening disease observed most frequently in children aged 1-6 years, often during the fall and winter. Although less common, it also can affect adults.\n\nLaryngotracheitis usually is the result of viral infection. The subglottic area and trachea are involved, whereas the area above the true vocal cords is spared. When children younger than 5 years have the infection, it is called croup.\n\nThe common cold is a mild, self-limited, catarrhal syndrome caused, for the most part, by members of 5 families of viruses. A small proportion of colds are complicated by bacterial infections of the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear, which require antimicrobial therapy.\n\nPathophysiology: In infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may invade the pharyngeal mucosa directly, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as Rhinovirus, cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions.\n\nStreptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. Acute glomerulonephritis may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli.\n\nThe most common local predisposing cause of suppurative sinusitis is a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Inflammation and edema in the ostial meatal complex can obstruct the sinus ostium, leading to hypo-oxygenation of the sinus, disturbed ciliary and mucous blanket function, and diminished local resistance.\n\nIn epiglottitis, supraglottic structures become inflamed and edematous, leading to narrowed airway and respiratory compromise. Epiglottitis in children almost always is caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB). In adults, it frequently is nonbacterial.\n\nLaryngitis mainly affects children and begins with a prodrome of a few days of a mild viral upper respiratory infection. As the infection extends to the proximal trachea, diffuse inflammation with exudate and edema of the subglottic area causes narrowing of the airway. The cricoid ring of the trachea, in the immediate subglottic area, is the narrowest portion of the airway in a child. A small amount of edema can cause significant airway obstruction. Inspiratory stridor occurs when air flows through this narrowed subglottic area.\n\nInfection with common cold viruses characteristically is short in duration and self-limited.\n\nFrequency:\n\n    * In the US: Children in day care in the United States are estimated to have an upper respiratory infection approximately every 3 weeks from the age of 6 months to 2 years. The incidence then decreases, and, by the time of school entry, a child has about 3-6 episodes of upper respiratory infection per year. Most of these infections include pharyngitis and/or laryngitis. Viral upper respiratory infections frequently occur in mini-epidemics. They are more common in the winter, except for those caused by enteroviruses, which
628061
Meningitis can be caused by virus and a variety of bacteria.\nYes, there are vaccines against Hib, against some serogroups of N. meningitidis and many types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The vaccines against Hib are very safe and highly effective. \n\nThere are two vaccines against N. meningitidis available in the U.S. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4 or Menomune®) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and available since 1981. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4 or MenactraT) was licensed in 2005. Both vaccines can prevent 4 types of meningococcal disease, including 2 of the 3 types most common in the U.S. (serogroup C, Y, and W-135) and a type that causes epidemics in Africa (serogroup A). Meningococcal vaccines cannot prevent all types of the disease. But they do protect many people who might become sick if they didn't get the vaccine. Meningitis cases should be reported to state or local health departments to assure follow-up of close contacts and recognize outbreaks. \n\nMCV4 is recommended for all children at their routine preadolescent visit (11 to 12 years of age). For those who have never gotten MCV4 previously, a dose is recommended at high school entry. Other adolescents who want to decrease their risk of meningococcal disease can also get the vaccine. Other people at increased risk for whom routine vaccination is recommended are college freshmen living in dormitories, microbiologists who are routinely exposed to meningococcal bacteria, U.S. military recruits, anyone who has a damaged spleen or whose spleen has been removed; anyone who has terminal complement component deficiency (an immune system disorder), anyone who is traveling to the countries which have an outbreak of meningococcal disease, and those who might have been exposed to meningitis during an outbreak. MCV4 is the preferred vaccine for people 11 to 55 years of age in these risk groups, but MPSV4 can be used if MCV4 is not available. MPSV4 should be used for children 2 to 10 years old, and adults over 55, who are at risk. \n\nAlthough large epidemics of meningococcal meningitis do not occur in the United States, some countries experience large, periodic epidemics. Overseas travelers should check to see if meningococcal vaccine is recommended for their destination. Travelers should receive the vaccine at least 1 week before departure, if possible. Information on areas for which meningococcal vaccine is recommended can be obtained by calling the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at (404)-332-4565. \n\nThere are vaccines to prevent meningitis due to S. pneumoniae (also called pneumococcal meningitis) which can also prevent other forms of infection due to S. pneumoniae. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for all persons over 65 years of age and younger persons at least 2 years old with certain chronic medical problems. There is a newly licensed vaccine (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) that appears to be effective in infants for the prevention of pneumococcal infections and is routinely recommended for all children greater than 2 years of age.
1023748
Meningitis is an inflammation of the leptomeninges and underlying subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It can be useful to divide symptom onset into acute, subacute, and chronic categories. Unlike subacute (1-7 d) or chronic (>7 d) meningitis, which have myriad infectious and noninfectious etiologies, acute meningitis (<24 h) is almost always a bacterial infection caused by one of several organisms. Depending on age and general condition, these gravely ill patients present acutely with signs and symptoms of meningeal inflammation and systemic infection of less than 1 day's duration. Patients may decompensate quickly and require emergency care, including antimicrobial therapy, within 30 minutes of emergency department (ED) presentation. \n\nNot all bacterial meningitis is acute. Approximately 75% of patients with bacterial meningitis present subacutely. These ill patients still require urgent ED diagnosis and care. \n\nThe emergence of resistant strains has prompted changes in antibiotic protocols in some countries, including the US. Apart from dexamethasone, neuronal cell protectants still hold only future promise as adjunctive therapy. \n\nThe challenges for emergency physicians when treating meningitis are to (1) identify and treat patients with acute bacterial meningitis, (2) assess whether a central nervous system (CNS) infection is present in those with suspected subacute or chronic meningitis, and (3) identify the causative organism. Bacterial meningitis must be excluded. Emergency physicians should be aware that future therapies will be based on improved understanding of the pathogenesis of acute bacterial meningitis and may include caspase inhibitors, antioxidants, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, inhibitors of lipid peroxidation, and metalloproteinase inhibitors, in addition to antibiotics and steroids.\n\n\nPathophysiology: A number of factors influence the development of bacterial meningitis, including virulence of the strain, host defenses, and bacteria-host interactions. \n\nBacterial seeding usually occurs by hematogenous spread. In those without an identifiable source of infection, local tissue and bloodstream invasion by bacteria colonized in the nasopharynx may be a common source. Rarely, infected contiguous structures invade via septic thrombi or osteomyelitic erosion; meningeal seeding also may occur with a direct bacterial inoculate during trauma, neurosurgery, or instrumentation. Meningitis in the newborn is transmitted vertically from colonized pathogens in the maternal intestinal or genital tract or horizontally from nursery personnel or caregivers at home. \n\nOnce in the CSF, the paucity of antibodies, complement components, and white blood cells (WBCs) allows the bacterial infection to flourish. Bacterial cell wall components initiate a cascade of complement- and cytokine-mediated events that result in at least 3 critical events: increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral edema, and presence of toxic mediators in the CSF. Replicating bacteria, increasing numbers of inflammatory cells, cytokine-induced disruptions in membrane transport, and increased vascular and membrane permeability perpetuate the infectious process and account for the characteristic changes in CSF cell count, pH, lactate, protein, and glucose. Exudates extend throughout the CSF, particularly to the basal cisterns, damaging cranial nerves (eg, cranial nerve VIII, with resultant hearing loss), obliterating CSF pathways (causing obstructive hydrocephalus), and inducing vasculitis and thrombophlebitis (causing local brain ischemia). \n\nAs intracranial pressure (ICP) continues to rise and brain edema progresses, CNS autoregulatory processes begin to fail. This pivotal event may occur when the transient increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) reverses and begins to decrease. CBF reduction correlates with the patient's decreasing alertness and changes in mental status. \n\nWithout medical interventi
158747
The currently available meningococcal meningitis vaccine protects against four types of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a very important cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in adolescents and young adults in the United States. The vaccine will not totally eliminate the risk of meningococcal disease, though it is highly effective against the four types of bacterial meningitis that account for about 70 to 80 percent of the cases of meningitis in college students. It is recommended that parents and students learn more about meningococcal disease (meningitis and sepsis) and the vaccine that can prevent it. More information is available by visiting the American College Health Association's Web site at http://www.acha.org.
417601
I think what you meant was the 'Chikungunya' virus, which is an arbovirus found in Asia and Africa. It is spread by the Aedes aegyptii mosquitoes. It is one of the viral hemorrhagic fevers, and the patient can have signs and symptoms like fever of sudden onset, haemorrhagic rash (due to bleeding) joint pains and enlarged Lymph nodes. It has caused epidemics and outbreaks and no vaccine is available for preventing it.
648058
I'm sorry for your loss.  Here is a brief description of meningitis.  The link below contains information on the symptoms and causes of meningitis:\n\n"Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord. Although the most common causes are infection (bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic), chemical agents and even tumor cells may cause meningitis. Meningitis can produce a wide range of symptoms including fever, headache or confusion and in extreme cases, deafness, brain damage, stroke, seizures or even death. Encephalitis and brain abscess can complicate infective meningitis."
200255
On the whole, no.  There are blood vessels--so called emissary veins--that can transport bacteria from skin infections through the skull to the meninges, but that is a rarity, that has, unfortunately, been observed.\n\nMuch depends on what the bumps are, frankly.  Many of the bumps on the human scalp are of a non-infectious origin--things like seborrheic dermatitis, for instance, or small keratoses or sebaceous cysts--and unless they get infected, will not send bacteria anywhere.
1022787
that is inflamation of the liver, either acute or chronic. There is an A,B,C,and D virus. Causes are alchohal abuse, use of certain chemicals and drugs and autoimmune disorders. Virus A is transmitted by drinking water eating food after that person. Viruses B,C,and D are are usually spread by blood products also spread through sexual contact.there is a vaccine for type B and one in progress for type A( i hope i get best answer)
512652
There are several viruses that infect insects, my favorite being Cricket paralysis virus because I have no idea how anybody could write a grant proposal for looking into the molecular basis for crickets that don't move...anyhow, most antibacterial and antifungal drugs used on humans should work every bit as well on insects, so I guess we could probably treat them for many infections...