what is the role of humoral immunization in viral infections?
606015
Humoral immune response has to do with the antibodies. The antibodies attach themselves to the virus and destroy them.  Look here: \nhttp://www.google.com.my/search?hl=en&hs=cwy&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official_s&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=Humoral+Immune+response&spell=1\n\nGot a whole list!
577066
Vaccines do not contain whole cells.  Viral vaccines generally contain fragments of the protein coat of the virus.  Bacterial vaccines contain fragments of membrane-bound proteins from the bacteria.\n\nYour immune system then binds these fragments and makes antibodies against them (in your lymph nodes).  B-cells are the ones that make the antibodies against the particles, if that is what you are asking.\n\nT-cells then gather those antibodies and store them for quick replication if a secondary infection occurs, thus helping you fight the disease.
1064134
Well, it wouldn't be an AIDS vaccine, it would be a vaccine to prevent HIV infection... and the FDA just gave approval for human testing of a vaccine for HIV infection, so one is likely to be forthcoming very soon.\n\nThe big problems with HIV which make the road to a vaccine seem much longer than it should take are in the uniqueness of the virus.\n\nFirst, we cannot instantly create a vaccine to any virus out there, no matter what type of virus it is.  These things take time to make.  It was years of research which led to a working vaccine for all the diseases we now vaccinate for, from polio, hepatitis, measles, mumps, smallpox, etc.  Even the flu vaccine initially took several years to develop, and we have to take some time to develop new vaccines for new strains, even though we've become old hat at making them.\n\nSo, in that regard, it hasn't taken an especially long time.  Twenty-five years of research may seem like a lot of time, but when you're confronted with a whole new class of disease, learning as much as we have about it in that length of time-- even as it's racing to evolve so quickly-- shows quite a bit of dedication and accomplishment.  \n\nDespite the notable fact that those researching the problem have often been crippled by prejudice and hatred on the part of those doling out the money for research, an amazing amount has actually been done in the last quarter century or so to fight this disease and ultimately defeat it.\n\nAs we get the process of creating a vaccine for this particular virus down, it will become easier and quicker for us to manufacture new vaccines to guard against the virus as it evolves into new strains.  Subsequent vaccines are always much easier to develop than the first one to combat a disease.\n\nThe second problem is that HIV likes to mutate a lot more than other diseases seem to, which would greatly decrease the effectiveness of a traditional vaccine since creating a vaccine that was only effective for one or two strains, without taking the others into account, would only offer partial protection against the possibility of becoming infected, a protection which would become increasingly incomplete as the number of new strains you weren't vaccinated against increased.\n\nYou also have to couple that with the fact that HIV doesn't go through the usual routes of transmission.  Vaccines work by pre-empting your body's immune response.  Instead of waiting for you to fight off an illness so your body's immune system can engineer a pattern on which to build its antigens to destroy the virus, vaccines simply supply it the blueprints so the first time you come into contact with the virus itself, your body already has the ability to produce the specific antigens to destroy it without you getting sick.\n\nThat's all well and good, except HIV starts off by specifically infecting and destroying the cells which do that, so even if you supply them with the blueprint, by the time the body knows its under attack, it's too late for it to do anything about it.\n\nSo, all that put together means we have to be quite a bit trickier than usual in creating an effective advance defense for the little bugger so we don't have to worry about contracting it... but like I said, it only took us twenty-five years or so to figure it out from the first time HIV appeared, so we've actually done pretty well on that road.
86937
Yes. In some cases it is required that a person be given antibodies raised in an animal. This is called passive immunization.\n\nRead more about it in the source link
1002213
Immunisation can be active or passive. Active immunisation is termed vaccination and elicits a response from the body that provides protective immunity. It is long-lasting. Passive immunisation is, in practice, the injection of antibodies to provide short term protection. \nVaccines\nEffective vaccines are:\n\nSafe \nProtective for sustained period \nInduce neutralising antibody \nIn addition they should be:\n\n\nBiologically stable \nCheap to produce \nEasy to administer \nCurrently available vaccines are either:\n\n\nLive (attenuated) \nKilled \nFractionated \nRecombinant \nImmunological Principles of Vaccination\nVaccination is intended to provide long-term protection after its administration. Effector T- and B-cells last only a few days, so the prime requisite of any vaccine is to generate immunological memory. Successful vaccines:\n\nactivate antigen-presenting cells to initiate antigen processing and produce cytokines \nactivate both T and B cells to give a high yield of memory cells \ngenerate Th and Tc cells to several epitopes, to overcome the variation in the immune response in the population due to MHC polymorphism \nenable the persistence of antigen, probably on follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue, to elicit continued production of antibody from B cells. \nWhole organism vaccines tend to have these abilities. Subunit vaccines can be enhanced to produce these results by the use of adjuvants, such as alum.
525327
An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. Production of antibodies is referred to as the humoral immune system.\nMany illnesses are diagnosed by antibodies. Antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream or bound to cell membranes. Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body's own epitopes; many can be detected through blood tests.
1125000
If you got a shot at the doctor, you would say "I've just been immunized so now I have immunity because my doctor gave me an immunization." But if you could not get a disease again because you had already had that disease (like I had measles and mumps when I was a kid), then you would say "I have immunity" to whatever. On the show, they have to win immunity, so I would argue they are not being immunized by someone else or receiving an immunization, because they had to develop their own immunity, just like I did by suffering from those diseases. And the lawyer's clients have to earn immunity by giving up other people. The police don't immunize them. So I think I'm with you on this one.
778501
Shotys are a very political thing. Most people completely misunderstand shots.\nThey are of no benefit, except to the drug companies.\n\nDo NOT get vaccinated.\n\nA vaccinated person is MORE likely to get a disease than  a non-vaccinated person. The whole theory of vaccination is flawed. It causes a weakening of the immune system thus making those who are innoculated more susceptible to disease.\nThere are so many awful side effects to vaccination that it should be considered extremely dangerous.\nJust sit back and think for a while.\nIs there any sense in injecting a disease directly into your body.\nWe have been subjected to an awful mind control program to enable the drug manufacturers to make a fortune.\n\nThe Vaccination Hoax\nhttp://www.whale.to/b/hoax1.html\n\n\nIf you go to the vaccination liberation web page, at\nhttp://www.vaclib.org/exemption.htm\nYou will find all the forms necessary to provide exemption for your child.\n\nIf you want to study the history of vaccination, see\nhttp://dgwa1.fortunecity.com/body/vaccination.html
43729
Well, Iam no Doctor but still I will try to explain what I can recollect from my School biology classes. Vaccine is basically dead or weak micro organisms injected into our body so that our antibodies (proteins for immunity) get trained to fight them. Once they are trained (pardon my layman's language) they are ready to fight strong micro organisms of the same type. But in the case of HIV - these viruses have a special ability they can simply change their form ie even if we train our antibodies - by the time our antibodies get trained the virus changes its form. So that the virus looks like an entirely new variety. Further thier is a wide variety of HIV strains. This is only one of the reasons. For further details read these please: http://www.lanl.gov/news/index.php?fuseaction=home.story&story_id=1306&view=print\nhttp://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/press/record.html?record=109
372242
I heard in the news that half of the infected people were vaccinated.  It was an interview with some public health offical on NPR.  He was saying that because of this outbreak, it may be necessary to reevaluate the effectiveness of the mumps vaccine.
627959
Nope. The AIDS virus mutates quickly and that is why there is no immunization. We have drugs to give to children born to mothers with AIDS to help prevent them from getting the disease, but we cannot immunize against it yet.\n\nHowever, they are working on trying to get an immunization for the disease, but it won't be around for awhile.
895535
Antigens were originally defined as non-self molecules which bound specifically to antibodies. In practice, the term antigen is used to mean any molecule recognized by the immune system. \n\nAntigens which induce adaptive immunity are called immunogens. All immunogens are antigens, and are usually called antigens unless their ability to induce an immune response is being discussed. Some antigens, called haptens, are not immunogenic unless they are covalently linked to immunogenic carriers (usually proteins). Haptens can bind antibodies once the antibodies are produced, but haptens will not induce antibody synthesis on their own. Small non-protein organic molecules, for example the antibiotic penicillin, are haptens.\n\nImmunogenicity is influenced by \n\nthe chemical nature of the antigen. \nthe antigen's size. \nthe antigen's usual presence in the body. \nantigen dose and route and timing of administration. \nwhether the antigen is easily phagocytosed. \nwhether antigen is efficiently presented to T cells on MHC. \nthe maturity of the immune system and specific lymphocytes. \nNote that immunogenicity depends on the immune system as well as on the antigen. \n\nImmunogenicity is generally higher for proteins than for other organic molecules. Protein antigens, which are the predominant sort that activate helper T cells, consequently induce more B cell antibody production, synthesis of IgG or IgA, and generation of memory B and T cells. T-independent antigens, which activate only B cells, induce IgM synthesis but not other adaptive immune responses.\n\nImmunogenicity increases with molecular size and complexity. Haptens are generally non-proteins or they are too small to be immunogenic unless they are covalently attached to a carrier protein molecule. Some carbohydrate antigens can stimulate B cells to secrete IgM in the absence of T cell help but do not elicit IgG or memory cells. Human infants make poor responses to carbohydrate antigens, so early vaccinations with bacterial polysaccharide antigens employ protein carriers. Aggregated proteins are easily phagocytosed and more immunogenic than soluble proteins. Adjuvants, including bacterial products, alum, or oil emulsification of antigen, attract and activate antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and slow antigen release to prolong exposure and improve immunogenicity.\n\nEach part of the antigen bound by a unique antibody is called an epitope. Most proteins have several epitopes that are recognized by different B cells and induce a polyclonal antibody response. In a polyclonal response, several clones of B cells each make different antibodies, all able to bind to the same antigen but at different epitopes. Epitopes may be shared by closely related antigens (cross-reactivity), so that antibody made to tetanus toxoid binds tetanus toxin. A protein epitope may be a linear sequence of amino acids or it may be assembled by protein folding. Epitopes with definite three-dimensional shapes and charged amino acids are particularly well recognized by antibodies. External membrane and cell wall molecules, often present in many copies on the pathogen, are common B cell antigens. A small peptide of 4-6 amino acids could fit into an antibody binding site, but larger proteins have more extended epitopes across their surfaces.\n\nActive immunity is induced by exposure to antigen. Antigen dose and the route and timing of antigen contact, as well as immunogenicity, influence the magnitude and nature of the immune response. Very high or very low doses of antigen induce tolerance, the inability to respond to that antigen, while intermediate doses induce immunity. We are generally tolerant to cell-bound and soluble antigens present in our own bodies. Oral tolerance to foods is common, although some foods induce allergic reactions. \n\nAntigens encountered in body tissues through subcutaneous or intramuscular injection are carried by lymph and macrophages into the lymph
121182
Part of the cell mediated antigen-antibody defense system.
707996
most people have the hep b virus in their blood when they get vaccinated. if you get a vaccine, then you should show up positive for it. do you mean, what will happen if you get diagnosed with hep b?
442333
We can treat some diseases caused by viruses by vaccinations. Smallpox was eradicated through vaccination. Viruses use the host cell to replicate rather than cell division. They make many copies of themselves and in doing so mutate when a mistake is made in copying. Antiviral treatments try and stop the virus from replicating itself.\n\nThere are two types of mutation at least in influenza viruses: antigenic drift where the viruses mutate gradually and antigenic drift where the change is more sudden. Most viruses don't mutate all that often but HIV and flu viruses do.
306198
the mumps vaccine should protect you for life but if you are worried discuss with you doctor the possibility of drawing a Mumps titer. titers measure your level of antibodies against a certain pathogen so it would tell you if you need a vaccine. really though you are most likely immune
185157
B cells produce antibodies when triggered by an antigen.  They also produce memory cells (these "remember" a particular antigen and allow large scale production of antibodies if the antigen enters the system again) \n\nAntibodies are also called immunoglobins, and their job is to combine with specific antigens (such as pollen, dust, etc.).  They may coat the antigens in such a way that they can be absorbed by phagocytic cells, combine with an antigen in order to inhibit its function, or may actually lyse and destroy the antigens.  \n\nCytotoxic, or killer, T cells lyse and destroy foreign cells and material and any cells in the organism infected with foreign material.\n\nHope this is helpful :-)