How we can measure chlorin concentration in water in lab?
604299
Chlorine concentration as in reactive Cl2 or chlorate (which will react similarly): iodometric titration or direct reaction to a dye which can be detected with a photometer.\n\nTotal chlorine content: coulometry (with silver electrodes), e.g. after evaporating an entire water sample in an AOX analyzer with added charcoal and nitrate to transform all the chlorine in the sample into gaseous (and dried) HCl. Elemental analyzers for biological samples work similarly.
439952
You can find in "Chemical Engineer's Handbook", from Perry-Chilton, graphics for density of water + NaCl solution vs. %w/w of NaCl. The NaCl concentration is 3.5%
860435
No.  Thanks to the popularity of swimming pools, scientists are used to seeing chlorine in urine and know exactly how to measure it and what it means.
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Name: Chlorine \nSymbol: Cl \nAtomic Number: 17 \nAtomic Mass: 35.4527 amu \nMelting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 K, -149.764 °F) \nBoiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 K, -30.279997 °F) \nNumber of Protons/Electrons: 17 \nNumber of Neutrons: 18 \nClassification: Halogen \nCrystal Structure: Orthorhombic \nDensity @ 293 K: 3.214 g/cm3 \nColor: green
772569
The Beer-Lambert Law forms the basis of Spectroscopy, an analytical tool for measuring concentrations.  Spectrophotometers are instruments used in laboratories to measure concentrations.  The most common is a UV/Vis spectrophotometer.  This instrument passes light(in this case UV or visible light) through a fixed length of solution and measures the radiation absorbed at a particular wavelentgh.  Thus the instrument gives an absobance reading of the solution.  Since the thickness or length of the solution is constant (the solution is placed in a glass cuvette, a little glass square that is of known length/thickness) from the Beer-Lambert law, the absorption is proportional to the concentration.  So, you prepare say three solutions of chlorophyll that are of three known concentrations (a high, middle and low standard) and measure their absorbance.  Now you measure the absorbance of your unknown sample.  Finally you use the mathematics of linear regression, to extrapolate the concentration of your unknown sample.\n\nThis is the most common and easiest way to measure concentrations in an analytical laboratory.
999393
Most common method would be an oxidative digestion (most likely using ultraviolet radiation) in order to eliminate the organic matrix, and subsequent simultaneous ICP-OES analytics. Numerous other detection methods are available (electrochemistry, mass spectroscopy, atom absorption spectroscopy, even classical wet chemistry might give satisfactory results if done with extreme care and insight).\n\nThe heavy metals would be the usual suspects also monitored in drinking water, with special emphasis on any material used or present as impurity in the packaging (tin, lead, cadmium, zinc...)
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Water magnifies the power of UV rays in light.
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(m)\n\nHexagon Water is: \n\nInstantly absorbed\nThe smaller the molecular clusters, the easier water will penetrate your cells. One way to measure the size of the molecule clusters is using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology (NMR). The lower the NMR reading, the smaller the clusters. Hexagon water has a certified NMR reading of only 42.3Hz*. Normal tap water, RO and distilled water have readings around 128Hz while bottled mineral water reads between 90 and 100Hz. *National Tsing Hua University Report No. GMC 0203001 dated 28th March 2002.\n\nYou can test the absorption rate for yourself. Try drinking two to three glasses of Hexagon water in one go. You’ll notice that you don’t feel too full or nauseous because your body is able to absorb and use Hexagon water instantly. \n\nEnergizing\nHexagon’s EC3000 Energy Converter is packed with bio-ceramic beads which emit FIR (Far Infrared Rays), a form of natural electromagnetic waves, that vibrate and energize the water, mimicking what happens when natural spring water splashes over rocks and natural magnetic fields. Drinking Hexagon water will re-charge your vitality!\n\nOxygen-boosting\nEnergized water absorbs and retains more oxygen. Hexagon water is lab-tested to contain 7- 8ppm of dissolved oxygen, compared to tap water’s 3-4ppm. It effectively increases oxygen supply and uptake in our cells. Oxygen rich water is a great booster or de-stressor every time, anytime!\n\nSweet & Nourishing\nYou’ll love the natural sweetness of Hexagon water. The exclusive mineralizing cartridge infuses your water with ionic and trace minerals which are best for cell metabolism and nourishment. Every glass of Hexagon water is a treat!\n\nSoft & pH Balanced\nHexagon’s mineralization system makes the water slightly alkaline to match the natural ph balance of the blood. This helps to combat the unhealthy acidity in our bodies when we are stressed out or when we eat fried, preserved or processed foods. Hexagon water stays between pH7.2 and 8.5, and helps keep your system in perfect balance.\n\nPure & Clean\nSimple filtration is not enough given the state of water contamination today. Hexagon offers multiple layers of filtration to ensure complete removal of unwanted substances. Any bacteria or harmful microbes in the tap water will be eliminated and won’t grow in this healthful water. Hexagon water is so hygienic you can completely do away with boiling! This can save a lot of time and money.\n\nNatural Anti-Oxidant Protection!\nThe Hexagon treatment gives water important anti-oxidant properties. It contains negatively charged ions and has plenty of electrons to render free radicals harmless so they don't have to steal electrons from your cells, which causes degeneration or ageing.\n \n \n\nHealthy Living Water\nWith Hexagon water, you will have complete peace of mind knowing that you and your family are drinking crystal pure water with no disease-causing toxins and water that has all the wonderful life-enhancing goodness that Nature intended. \n\nHEXAGON REMOVES \n\nBacteria \nViruses \nParasites \nSediments \nMud \nRust \nChlorine \nLead \nOrganic chemicals \nPesticides \nHerbicides \nFactory and urban by-products \nNitrates from fertilizer or sewage contamination\n\nTrihalomethanes and other dangerous chemicals \nPolyaromatic hydracarbons
545100
As no one else has had a crack at this, I'll have a go with my best guess. Have you access to a reflectance spectrophotometer? Instead of shining light through a sample, it measures light reflected from a sample. At a pinch, you might be able to modify a uv/vis spectrophotometer to measure this.\n\nI hope this helps.
852825
A spectrophotometer is used for measuring concentrations in solution, and could be used for finding ammonia concentration within a known, specified range of concentrations.\nHowever, determining ammonia concentration in a 'real world' chemistry lab usually would not involve any type of complicated instrument.  In practice, determining something as simple as ammonia concentration would be analyzed by the use of some basic wet chemistry techniques.  A simple titration with hydrochloric acid and phenolpthalein indicator would be very accurate.
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Without sophisticated devices, this is tough to measure.\n\nUsing a metabolic calculator you can quantify input and output over time for the fish. If you have the devices to measure output from the water and monitor to to collect it all.\n\nYou can also do blood draws to meature serum levels of metabollic indicators.\n\nFor a more simple 'rule of thumb' approach, you could make a graph of food consumption per gram of fish at certain calculated temperatures. You would find that at the low and higher ends they consume more. At the lowest and highest ends trhey consume less and in the middle they consume the average of them all. It would be a bumpy bell curve. But that is not directly measuring metabollic rate.
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Here is a good guide\n\nhttp://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Stoichiometry/Limiting-Reagent.html
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You could use a turbidometric method that could detect the diffraction of light through the liquid and correlate it with the amount of microbial growth in it.  \n\nYou could also use a calibrated loop to plate the liquid and then count colonies.  I know they do this with urine cultures in hospital labs at times.  The loop picks up a certain amount of liquid like 10 microliters or so and then you can correlate the growth with this 10 microliter figure.
30842
What kind of smell? What are "fine" chlorine levels? Certain types of algae can still grow in chlorinated pool. What type of chlorine are you using? Liquid bleach? Check the water source first, then check your chlorine, and whatever you are using to stabilize your pH.
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Quantitative = amount \nSpectrophotometric = wavelength specific measurement\nAnalysis = determination\n\nCombining these terms gives you "the determination of the amount of material present by the use of specific wavelengths of light".\n\nMany compounds have chromophores, or specific portions of the molecule, that absorb energy of a specific wavelength.  Therefore, using a spectrometer, you can determine that a light source produces a given amount of energy at some predetermined wavelength.  When the analyte of interest is inserted into the light path, some of the energy will be absorbed, which will be proportionate to the amount of material present.  (Increasing the amount of material will absorb more energy, decreasing the amount of material will absorb less energy.)\n\nBy comparing the unknown material to a series of samples prepared in known concentrations, you can determine the concentration (amount) of the unknow sample.  The actual formula for this process is known as the Beer-Lambert Law.
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Did you measure the absorbance of a standard in addition to the unknown sample?\n\nIf so, you could plug the values into (As / Au) = (Cs / Cu)\nWhere\nAs = Absorbance of the Standard\nAu = Absorbance of the Unknown\nCs = Concentration of the Standard\nCu = Concentration of the Unknown?\n\nAlternatively, did you get a value for the molar absorptivity of PNP at the wavelength you used? \nIf so, you could plug it into\n\nA = (epsilon)(b)(c)\n\nWhere\nepsilon is the molar absorptivity,\nb is the length of the path through which the light passed,\nc is the concentration of the chromogenic substance.\n\nAnd you could rearrange that to solve for c.\n\nHope it helps
47409
You could experiment with various mixtures, solutions, and compounds around the house, like saltwater, cleaning solutions, cooking ingredients, clean water, beverages, or stuff like that.  Find an electrolyte tester, or you can make one yourself by connecting a battery and a lightbulb to two independent probes (alligator clips work really well for this), then dip the probes into the liquids to see if there are enough electrolytes in the solution to sustain an electric current by recording whether or not the light bulb lights up.