How do scientists build up pictures of universes and galaxies?
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The first out of our solar system probes were Pioneer 10 and 11, which were launched back in the 60's. They were followed by the Voyager probes. We also have several telescope probes in orbit as we speak and the Hubble in orbit. We also have a very large array of earth stations, both optical and radio telescopes getting "pictures" on a daily basis. So, lots of pictures all over the place.
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They do not know how to do that.\n\nScientists do not know of any other universe or dimension, much less how to go there. They only hypothesize about such things using mathematical equations.
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Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins of the Universe (the Cosmos) and the nature of the Universe on its very largest scales.
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Not all astrophysicists are strict theorists!  While yes, you can't go out there and try making different kinds of stars and see what happens, you can design experiements based on observations and test theories. \n\nIt is very difficult to get a theory job at a university;  there are way more people who want to do this than there are positions, but that is pretty much the only job (uni that is) where you would be able to continue to do astronomy full time. If you want an astronomy job, I highly recommend you enter graduate program where you will get some observational experience, but most important, instrument building experience. \n\nPeople who know astronomy AND can help build an infrared camera or a microwave receiver for a telescope are actually somewhat in demand.  Even if you can't find a tenure track position, you can probably find a job working for a program that is building a detector for some satellite experiment or a ground based telescope. Outside of that, depending on your specific hardware skills, there are many commercial opportunities.\n\nEven on the way to a theoretical degree you will learn an awful lot of skills, especially if you try to.  For instance, you will likely become a reasonably adept programmer and/or mathematician.  You could get job as a programmer or an insurance industry actuary, or all kinds of things.\n\nI doubt there are degree programs in "theoretical" astrophysics as opposed to just plain "astrophysics."  Whether you do theoretical stuff, instrumentation, observation or some combination depends entirely on the focus of your research project.
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In order to measure the diameter of a star you really need three pieces of information about the star (1) distance (2) brightness (3) and color.\nStep 1: Scientists can figure out the total power output of the star by knowing its brightness at Earth and its distance. \n\nStep 2: Figure out the surface temperature. The universe really gave scientists a lucky break because stars are fairly predictable objects. What I mean is that, for most stars once a scientist know one property of the star they can generally figure out everything else they want to know about it. This is because stars behave like "black bodies". This is a physics term which describes how an object of certain temperature glows at different wavelength (thus influencing its color). Most ordinary matter resembles a black body (has nothing to do with being black, it's just terminology). You probably already have an intuitive understanding of this from your everyday experience. For example, when you heat up an object, at first it might start to glow red. And as it gets hotter it might start to glow yellow, blue, and eventually white. Because stars approximate black bodies very well, by knowing the color of the star scientist can figure out what its surface temperature is quite accurately. \n\nStep 3: Another great thing about black bodies is that, for any specific amount of surface area astronomers can predict exactly how much light it will radiate (hotter objects are brighter). And since they already know the temperature and the total brightness of the star they can figure out its surface area, and thus it's diameter :)
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1. google images\n\n2. a good resource for all thing microsopical is: \nhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/webresources.html\n\n3. look at images posted by research labs on their website. If you e-mail them for permission, it's very unlikely they say no. \n\n4. ask people doing research using microscopical techniques directly either at your university (if you teach there) or at the university closest to your location.
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I read in Time a few years back that in an article, scientists explained a theory that universes connect as a chain, and our Universe- is among many. The idea was quite something to read and of course the diagrams and images they used to portray this thing out was all very fascinating to say the least. It was a rational idea even to me and considering what we found with a pin tip portion of the night sky magnified 1,300 times....hundreds of thousands of Galaxy's all clustered in an array that almost seemed like you are looking at it all through a cylinder. \nSo there is no real way to know for certain, but there could be millions of them...and a chain of universes makes rational sense.
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We can only give a rough guess as to how many galaxies there are, and it's billions at least. All but the closest ones visible as galaxies to the naked eye have names. Our local galaxy is the Milky Way, which you can see in a dark place on a clear night as a streak of stars running across the sky. A cluster is a group of galaxies.\n\nSome galaxies we have discovered with Hubble and other new telescopes seem to crashing into each other, and the Milky Way may be on its way to having a galactic interloper in the far future.
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Picasa or Google Desktop will do the trick.
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You might want to use some pictures of the Earth taken from space contrasted with pictures of how people described the earth centuries ago...\nFor this, you may want to use the NASA's website: www.nasa.gov...and for the old views by searching in googles-images...Here I am giving you a link: \nwww. melbourneobservatory.com ...\n\nFor the diverse environments, you might present pictures of the Poles, the Tropical Jungles, the different Mountains from the different continents....Just to give a little splash of colour....You can also add some satellite pictures of Earth or from different places that you want to show in your project...For that, use the Google Earth....It will provide you with amazing pictures of wherever you want...To make it even cooler, try to zoom in the places you are seen and after copy the pictures, print them and use them...It will amaze your teacher and classmates...\n\nGood luck
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The hubble telescope it up above all the atmospheric disturbance, allowing for much higher quality photos.\n\nFor the same reason stars twinkle, land based telescopes have a limited resolution power, after a certain size, it doesnt really help any (unless you want to build a complicated atmospheric correction machine to adjust the mirror to compensate).
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Hmm...the Hubble has surely helped with that, for one. The observories here on Earth are incredibly sophisticated, with high-powered lenses. When a probe drifts into space, I suupose it can still take distant pictures if it has battery power left.
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Astronomy is  impossible without mathematics.\nOtherwise, all you have is visuals
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The space between the galaxies is what is expanding.  Imagine raisin bread being baked.  As the bread rises, each raisin moves away from every other raisin.  Another way to visualize this is by drawing dots on a balloon then blowing the balloon up.  As the balloon get's bigger, each dot moves further away from every other dot.  It's the same for galaxies.\n\nNow the expansion of the universe is only detectable at extremely large distances.  Nearby galaxies like M31 can move towards us.  But most galaxies we see are extremely far away, so almost all of them are receding from us.
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Greetings,\n\nWe astronomers study many different aspects of the universe.\n\nThere are radio astronomers who study the radio waves emanating from many different objects in the universe from black holes to listening for ET.\n\nThere are astronomers who specialize in using X-rays to view different objects in the sky, such as the Chandra X-ray observatory.\n\nThere are astronomers such as myself who are amateurs that simply enjoy pointing our telescopes at objects and viewing them.\n\nCheck out the links at the bottom.\n\n-matt
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Heaven comes to you.  Look around.  It peeks at us from Nature.\nWould you like to see a real photgraph that we have recently made of the beginning of the Universe?\n\nhttp://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/03/0217/
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Actually you can look at all the other stars in our galaxy and via rather simple mathematics make a point of view outside the galaxy. So, more or less, making a simple computer program for it and feeding it all the coordinates that we have on the other stars, then adding our own star as 0,0,0 and voila - a picture of the galaxy and an arrow pointing at us.