Okay smartie pants, can you explain to me what RNA is?
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RNA is short hand for Ribonucleic Acid.  RNA has a similar structural appearance to DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).  You can read about the chemical structure at the site referenced below. \n\nRNA crops up in several different cell locales from the nucleus to the ribosomes and appears to serve in a variety of cell roles.  The basic function most often noted is that of a messenger or transfer template upon which proteins are built.  The information for this construction comes from the DNA which unzips long enough for these RNA templates to be formed. \n\nThis is seriously cooked down discussion of a key chemical player in cellular dance of life.  If you want to know more, I suggest a visit to your local library.  The subject area you want is biochemistry or molecular biology.
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threonine\n\nthere should be a table in your textbook with mRNA codons and corresponding AA's.
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t-RNA or transfer RNA consists of short RNA coupled to specific amino acids.  mRNA is translated into protein in ribozomes, via pairing with tRNA.  The pairing takes the form of a three letter code called a codon.  The pairing bases occur on the tRNA in the stem-loop structure.  The pairing is complementary, A with U, C with G.  However, the third position of the anti-codon on the tRNA is called the wobble position because an unusual nucleotide, inosine, can be found in some tRNAs.  This nucleotide can bind to A, U, or C. This leads to a single tRNA with a single amino acid being able to recognize and bind different codons.  Evolutionarily, it means that mutations in the coding sequence of DNA will not necessarily cause a change in the protein, depending on if the mutation is a point mutation of a wobble position.
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transcription in cells makes RNA copies of DNA.
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The latest is a paper that got published in PNAS on transcriptional activation based on dsRNA.  The process is named RNAa for activation in contrast to RNAi for RNA interference.  This process is different from siRNA mediated post-transcriptional gene expression.  \n\nSmall dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells by Hideki Enokida et al\npnas. 006;103;17337-17342; originally published online Nov 3, 2006; PNAS
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RNA is significantly less stable than DNA.  Both in terms of overall structural integrity, and its succeptability to mutation.\n\nThere is a rather large gain of fitness by having DNA storage of information instead of RNA.  After a few billion years that's why we are where we are.\n\nA few things (RNA viruses) continue to utilize RNA as their genetic material, but their success is due to the very lack of stability that makes an RNA-based genetic system a bad idea for "living" organisms.
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B) RNA is found only inside the nucleus, whereas DNA is found only outside the nucleus.\n\nIn order for the statement to be true, the subjects (RNA & DNA) should be switched.
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1)there are 5 to 9 nucleotides on 5' mRNA named Shine Delgarno which are the match for 16SrRNA on 3' in the small subunit of ribosome.so 16SRNA conduct ribosome to AUG by binding to shine....and helps to initiate the protein synthesis.\n\n2)there are special sites on 16SrRNA which have a direct reaction with antisense on tRNA\n\n3)it binds to IF3(initiation factor3)
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All RNA's ...well almost all...are made from a DNA template. r-RNA (found in ribosomes) have a very large piece of DNA dedicated to it. Many rRNA genes are found in tandem repeats. There is also a very large part of our genome dedicated to tRNA, since we need so many to make proteins. mRNA is the template for making proteins, and it is formed from a dna template. Even retroviruses can not replicate without first having their RNA genome converted to DNA. The exception is that many scientists think that RNA may have been the first genetic material, but was quickly replaced by DNA since DNA is much more stable than RNA.
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the dna in your cells has large bands of useless areas called introns (intervening codons) within large bands of useful areas called exons (expressed codons).  if you transcribe these to make RNA, the resultant product is called hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA).  hnRNA won't be useful because it has the useless introns imbedded within it.  to make it usefull, our cells splice out the introns leaving only the exons in the final mRNA.\n\nso if we want to create, say, a baceterial plasmid that can produce insulin or some other protein, we couldn't just take our genes and put it in the bacteria because bacteria don't splice out the introns.  the way to do it then is to transcribe our genome, splice the hnRNA, then with the resultant mRNA, reverse-transcribe it back to DNA.\n\nthis DNA that we made won't have the introns from before in it.  now this length of DNA can be used to make proteins without the need for splicing.\n\nThe next step is to put this DNA in a plasmid that can be used.  This plasmid may have all kinds of genes on it, such as resistances, binding sites, cutting sites, etc.\n\nWhen you combine all these different sequences together, the end product is called recombinant DNA because it came from more than one source.
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Bored at work:\n\nYou could look for reverse transcriptase activity in infected cells.  This is a sure sign of RNA being turned into DNA.\n\nYou could purify virus from the aftermath of infected cells.  Then set up experiments to determine the nature of what you've isolated and what its properties are.
1124535
this is exactly why i am a creationist. i've studied microbiology and i cannot see how RNA or DNA could have invented itself.
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rRNA or ribosomal RNA is found primarily in the ribosomes, and is actually a structural component of the organelles.  The author of the previous answer appears to be confusing rRNA with mRNA, which is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes where it is translated into polypeptide chains.\n\nUpdate: We just talked about this today in my cell biology class - it's definitely a structural component of the ribosome, rather than free-floating in the cytoplasm.  Incidentally, although mRNA is the most widely known form of RNA, rRNA is actually the most abundant.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell. mRNA runs through several steps during its usually brief existence: During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. In prokaryotes, no further processing of mRNA occurs (except in rare cases), and often translation of the mRNA into protein occurs even while transcription is going on. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different parts of the cell (transcription in the nucleus, where DNA is kept, and translation in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside). Also in eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes several processing steps before it is ready to be translated:\n\nThe addition of a 5' cap. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the "front" of the message. This is critical for recognition and proper attachment of the ribosome. \nsplicing - The pre-mRNA (unprocessed or partially-processed messenger RNA is called "pre-mRNA" or "hnRNA" for heterogeneous nuclear RNA) is modified to remove certain stretches of non-coding sequences called introns; the stretches that remain include protein-coding sequences and are called exons. Sometimes one pre-mRNA message may be spliced in several different ways, allowing a single gene to encode multiple proteins. This process is called alternative splicing. Most RNA splicing is performed by enzymes, but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing (see ribozymes). \npolyadenylation - A sequence (often several hundred) of adenine nucleotides is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA through the action of an enzyme, polyA polymerase (this modification does not occur in prokaryotic mRNA). The polyadenylated tail is added on to the transcripts that contain a specific sequence, the AAUAAA signal. The importance of the AAUAAA signal is demonstrated by a mutation in the coding DNA sequence (AATAAA) which can lead to some hemoglobin deficiencies (see Higgins et al. Nature. 1983 Nov 24-30;306(5941):398-400) \nPolyadenylation helps increase the half-life of the transcript, so that the transcript lasts longer in the cell and consequently is translated more and produces more protein.\n\nAfter the mRNA has been processed, it is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into protein. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides, usually with the assistance of RNases.\n\nMessenger RNA that has been processed and is ready for translation is called a "mature transcript" or "mature mRNA" or sometimes simply "mRNA".\n\n--\nI think you should start Voting for the answers now.
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Here is the first paragraph of a review article answering your question, see the source below...\n\nLike the discovery of splicing three decades ago, the unearthing of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs) once again has everyone’s attention focused on posttranscriptional phenomena. During RNAi, dsRNA formed in cells by DNA- or RNA-dependent synthesis is processed to ∼20 bp small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) containing 2 nt (nucleotide) 3′ overhangs. These siRNAs are then incorporated into an R NA-i nduced s ilencing c omplex (RISC), which mediates the degradation of mRNAs with high sequence complementarity to the siRNA. MiRNAs are ∼21 nt regulatory RNAs excised from genome-encoded precursors folding into dsRNA-like hairpins. With few exceptions, animal miRNAs base pair imperfectly to the 3′-untranslated region of target mRNAs and inhibit protein accumulation by an unknown mechanism, while plant miRNAs show nearly precise complementarity to their targets and trigger mRNA degradation. This miRNA dualism and observations that miRNAs can act under some circumstances as siRNAs, and vice versa, highlight similarities between the siRNA and miRNA pathways. Indeed, maturation of both RNA classes involves Dicer proteins, and, like siRNAs, miRNAs function as RNP particles, miRNPs or miRISCs, whose composition and, probably, assembly are related to those of the RISC (Sontheimer [2005]; Tomari and Zamore [2005] [ Sontheimer, 2005, Tomari and Zamore, 2005]; consult these reviews when discussed findings are not specifically referenced).
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a gene product.\n\nTransfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA chain (74-93 nucleotides) that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has sites for amino-acid attachment and codon (a particular sequence of 3 bases) recognition. The codon recognition is different for each tRNA and is determined by the anticodon region, which contains the complementary bases to the ones encountered on the mRNA.\n\nRibosomal RNA (rRNA) is the primary constituent of ribosomes. Ribosomes are the protein-manufacturing organelles of cells and exist in the cytoplasm. rRNA is transcribed from DNA, like all RNA. Ribosomal proteins are transported into the nucleus and assembled together with rRNA before being transported through the nuclear membrane. This type of RNA makes up the vast majority of RNA found in a typical cell. While proteins are also present in the ribosomes, solely rRNA is able to form peptides. Therefore ribosome often is referred to as ribozyme.
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Actually, DNA is not a string of triplets. DNA is a double stranded helical string, which codes for the synthesis of another string called messenger RNA (mRNA). Though saying that mRNA is barely a "string of triplets" (actually is much more complicated than that), the part that codes for protein is a set of triplets. In that region (called the "coding sequence") each triplet of bases codes for a specific amino acid -the building block of proteins.\nSo, the answer could be "mRNA". \nHowever, the region on DNA coding for mRNA is somehow a "string of triplets" too, known as GENE. \n\nSo, GENE or mRNA are correct.\nHope this helps.