How does hepatit B virus spread?
598415
Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, usually due to acute viral infection. It occurs in several forms. Lifelong immunity to the causative virus usually follows an attack, but since several distinct viruses cause the disease—at least five are now known—immunity to one type does not confer immunity to the others.\n\nPreviously known as infectious hepatitis, hepatitis A is caused mainly by poor sanitation and lack of hygiene. It is transmitted by food or water contaminated by excreta; by other objects taken into the mouth; from person to person, including by sexual contact; or by injection with improperly sterilized hypodermic needles or needles shared by intravenous (IV) drug users. Outbreaks often occur in army or refugee camps and in institutions where small children are crowded together. Shellfish and uncooked food carry risk of infection. This form of the disease has become more common as a result of increased travel to countries where hepatitis A is common and where clean water and proper sewage disposal are not available. Hepatitis A is usually less severe than hepatitis B and patients generally recover within weeks, whereas hepatitis B can last for months.\n\nHEPATITIS B \n\nPreviously called serum hepatitis, hepatitis B can be transmitted by intimate sexual contact, as well as from a mother to a foetus or newborn baby. Hepatitis B is also transmitted by injections transporting a virus-bearing serum, most often during blood transfusion, by contaminated needles and syringes used medically or for injecting drugs, and by acupuncture or tattooing. The virus is also present in other body fluids, such as semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, and tears.\n\nHepatitis B can cause lifelong infection and lead to cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. It causes more than 250,000 deaths each year worldwide with the highest incidence in Africa, south-eastern Asia, Alaska, China, and the Amazon. In 2000 there were 565 cases reported in the United Kingdom which, compared with the 1984 figure of 3,000, represents a decline—although many cases go unreported.\n\nIn 1965 Baruch Samuel Blumberg, an American research scientist, identified a viral component (known as the Australia antigen) that determines whether a sample of blood can transmit hepatitis B. All samples of blood intended for transfusion are now routinely tested for the antigen; this has greatly reduced the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis.\n\nIn 1977 an Italian doctor, Mario Rizzetto, identified a virus—now called the delta hepatitis virus—that cannot replicate on its own and requires the presence of the hepatitis-B virus to be transmitted. The delta virus occurs worldwide and has caused major epidemics; this form of the disease, sometimes called hepatitis D, can also become chronic and lead to liver failure.\n\nHEPATITIS C, E, AND G \n\nThree more types of hepatitis have also been identified. Also known as non-A, non-B hepatitis, hepatitis C is mainly transmitted by infected blood and blood products, by contaminated syringes, or less commonly, in body fluids through sexual contact. It is caused by a virus that has now been cloned, and is the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. About half of hepatitis C sufferers may suffer persistent infection. There is no vaccine available.\n\nHepatitis E is, like hepatitis A, transmitted in contaminated drinking water and can cause an epidemic form of the disease in tropical areas. There is no vaccine available. Hepatitis G virus is blood-borne; groups at risk include IV drug users and those who have been infected frequently with hepatitis C virus.\n\nSYMPTOMS \n\nSymptoms of all forms begin with fever, usually followed by extreme weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pains. The upper abdomen may be painful and tender. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes) appears gradually, reaching maximum intensity at two weeks. Convalescence may take up to six months. Hepa
1093683
It is extremely unlikely but hepatitis B is found in blood, saliva, and other bodily fluids of a person infected with it. It is usually transmitted to another person if blood or fluid enters anothers body through a cut or broken skin. (also sexual intercourse and including injection)\n\nIF the other baby has got Hepatitis B then you may want to get your baby tested just in case; speak to a doctor if you are worried.
84570
it depends on which hepatitis virus you are talking about. There is A (food borne/contamination with fecal matter)\nHepatitis B (having sex with someone who has it or sharing drugs with the infected person)\nHepatitis C (there is no chance unless there is transfer of blood into your blood)\nHepatitis D (only occurs with hepatitis B)\nHepatitis E (rare in the United States)
1084196
If they have hepatitis B & C it is safe to visit them as long as you don't swap body fluids or engage in any activities that might expose you to blood.  Hep A is fine just be sure to wash your hands afterwards, and before touching your eyes or mouth, or eating anything.
612143
No, you cannot get hepatitis B from lip gloss. Infection occurs when blood from an infected person enters the body of a person who is not infected. HBV is spread through having sex with an infected person without using a condom (the efficacy of latex condoms in preventing infection with HBV is unknown, but their proper use may reduce transmission), by sharing drugs, needles, or "works" when "shooting" drugs, through needlesticks or sharps exposures on the job, or from an infected mother to her baby during birth
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If a disease has an insect or animal vector, the spread of the disease will be controlled by the spread of the vector.  For example, you'd be hard pressed to find malaria in Switzerland, because the climate does not support the type of mosquitoes that carry malaria.  Similarly, we have watched the spread of bird flu from China to the rest of the world along the paths of migrating wildfowl.  Dengue most likely came to the US with mosquitoes inside tires brought here from Asia for recycling.\n\nIf a disease is carried only by humans, then it is spread as humans move.  Even some insect borne diseases are affected by humans.  For example The Black Death (bubonic plague) spread out into Europe from seaports.  It was carried in fleas, on rats, in the holds of ships.  Cholera spread around the world as people with the disease deposited their wastes in places with bad sewer systems.\n\nAIDS is actually two different but very similar diseases which arose in two parts of Africa.  It spread throughout Africa along major routes of human migration.  It is still less common north of the Sahara Desert than south of it.  \n\nAIDS is not really limited be geography because it involves human behaviors of choice.  If I sneeze into my hand and then open a door and you come by a half hour later and touch that door knob and then touch the mucous membranes of your face without washing in between, you will most likely get my cold or flu or whatever.  If I have AIDS, however, you won't catch it.  AIDS is spread by sexual contact and activities where blood moves from person to person, such as sharing needles used for injecting drugs and receiving blood donations (although blood is screened now).  This is why Ebola is still in Africa and AIDS is not.\n\nThe spread of AIDS throughout Africa has more to do with political (war) and socioeconomic conditions that encouraged the mass migrations of people, primarily out of the jungles into the cities.  In addition to bringing diseases into enormous new populations, which would have even encouraged easily transmissable diseases like measles, the behaviors encouraged by having large populations of males without access to women of their own tribes to marry and large populations of women with no way to support themselves besides prostitution really kicked the disease in the butt.\n\nIt's also no accident that in the West, the disease was traced back to Gaetan Dugas, an Air Canada flight attendant.  Although some now dispute this, it is true that Dugas was sexually promiscuous even after he knew he had AIDS and in fact was displaying the tumors of Kaposi's sarcoma.  If anyone could help AIDS cross geographic boundaries, it would be someone who traveled a lot.
489695
It means you are infected with hepatitis B and it is actively destroying cells in your body.  Go to the doctor and do whatever he tells you to do!
236409
hepatitis B is a disease that can be acquired thru unprotected sex, blood transfusion, needle sharing (drug users...exposure to blood)or organ transplant from infected individual.\nYour test will be non-reactive at a certain point. your body is producing antibodies to each hepatitis marker and they will be the determinant factor if you are still infectious or not. sadly, there is no known cure for hepatitis B. although your test may show negative to the antigen, you can still be a carrier.\nthe best way is to live a healthy life. as long as your body is healthy, you have little to worry. \nand the most important thing is...consult your doctor and have him do a work-up.
205021
There is no proof for such possibility. The virus has a very weak environmental susceptibility and is not able to be transmitted via contaminated surfaces. Modes of transmission are sexual, vertical, blood or blood components transfusion, broken skin+infected blood and contaminated needles used by injection drug users.\nThe disease is diagnosed when an opportunistic infection e.g. P Cranii P or malignancy e.g. K. Sarcoma are detected, HIV antibodies in the blood and the increased numbers of T cells in the blood.
328175
A virus works by invading a cell then commandeering it's enzymatic systems to make more copies of itself. When the cell is full of virii, it eventually bursts, releasing more virii into the organism to invade more cells. When the white blood cells recognize and eliminate those infected cell, they prevent the spread of new virus particles to other non-infected cells.
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It depends upon your age and immune function.\n\nChildren are very unlikely to clear the HBV infection if they are born to mothers with HBV. In fact, only about 10% clear the infection and 90% develop chronic HBV. These individuals typically begin to have complications, including liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer earlier in life (20's to 30's)\n\nAdults infected with HBV are more likely to clear the infection.  Approximately 90% of adults will clear the infection (often after several months of symptoms, including jaundice) while only about 10% will develop chronic HBV.\n\nThere is a vaccine and it is now recommended that children be vaccinated so hopefully this will be a distant memory in another 20-30 years.
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A wide variety of things can cause this.  You can learn about the most common ones by clicking on the different Liver categories on the following list\n\nhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/encyclopedia_L-Ln.htm\n\nBest wishes!
707996
most people have the hep b virus in their blood when they get vaccinated. if you get a vaccine, then you should show up positive for it. do you mean, what will happen if you get diagnosed with hep b?
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Some people can clear the virus naturally (immune system) and have evidence of past infection, but do not have ongoing viral replication (detectable hepatitis viral load).  In fact, most people infected as adults are able to clear the virus (about 85% clear the infection when infected as an adult).  Newborns and children are often unable to clear the infection, leading to risk of disease progression.\n\nThere are vaccines available for Hepatitis B so the numbers of new infections are declining.\n\nThere are treatments for Hepatitis B - these include Pegasys, a pegylated interferon medicine that is injected under the skin once weekly or oral agents.  The oral agents include Entecavir (Baraclude) or Adefovir (Hepsera).  A new agent is being studied - Telbivudine.\n\nThere are different types of Hepatitis B:  eAg-positive and eAg-negative.  This impacts how long patients receive treatment.  Typically eAg-positive patients are treated until the virus is no longer detectable plus about 6-12 months and then the medicine can be stopped.  eAg-negative patients usually are treated for life.\n\nTalk with your doctor to find more information.
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Through eating sick birds or exposure to their contaminated body fluids or feces.  Their have also been several documented cases of the virus passing between family members, due to their close contact, in SE. Asia. However the virus is not capable at this time of any regular or widespread transmission between humans.
1017169
The virus is transferred to a human when an infected mosquito sucks that person’s blood. Once in the body, the virus travels to various glands where it multiplies. The virus can then enter the bloodstream. Ultimately, the virus settles in the brain, where it causes serious problems.
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lysogenic (copies itself in genome of other cells, cell divide...later it enters lytic cell and burst to spread virus\n\nAnswer: Lysogenic cycle