which micro organism is puzzle for biologists?
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In my own observation, all micro organisms puzzle the modern biologists, especially the inexplicable origin of the life force behind the protoplasm in the living nucleus.  All that they have done so far is to name and describe the composition (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, etc.) and the observable phenomena surrounding the cell.  \n\nOn the othe hand, it is also possible that biologists understand this already, they are just trying to find the right time and the right words to make us understand.  As the saying goes: "The teacher will appear when the student is ready."
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In biology we like to have lots of names for the same thing. I think it's just to confuse students!
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Even single celled organisms engage in an exchange of genetic material, aka s e x.  One organism extends a pili and genetic material is exchanged between it and another microbe that lacks a pili.
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When you used an optical microscope in biology class they usually have paramecia and amoeba that are alive and in a slide with a bubble for them to swim in. Most of what you see in biology study involves living cells.\n\nMost of what professionals see are dead cells that are stained to highlight certain features.\n\nOnly electron microscopes must only look at dead cells.
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It is the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on human.living things too small to be seen with unaided eye are called microorganisms.they are important in the maintenance of an ecological balance on earth.\n        In 1665,Robert hooke introduced the cell.in 1673,Anton van leewenhoek used a simple  microscope to observe microorganisms.in 1668,Francesco redi demonstrated maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat.in 1745,John needham demonstrated that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth.in 1765,Lazzaro spallanzani repeated needham's experiment and suggested his results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth.in 1858,Rudolf virchow described concept of biogenesis .living cells can  arise only from preexisting cells.in 1861, Louis pasteur demonstrated microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof  of biogenesis.\n          Rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914.Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohols and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol  to acetic acid.A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages  and milk.\n\nmodern developments:\n          study of AIDS,analysis of action of interferons and the development of new vaccines is the current research in microbiology.new techniques in molecular biology and electron microscopy have provided tools for advancement of our knowledge of virology.development of rDNA technique ,has helped advance all areas of microbiology.
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eukaryotic, among others.
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Objective:\nStudents will use a key to determine the phyla of invertebrates.\nMaterials:\n· keys\n· pictures of invertebrate organisms\n· definition of terminology\nProcedures:\n1. Teacher puts a letter on back of each picture.\n2. Students are broken into groups.\n3. Each group gets a stack of pictures and uses the key to determine which phyla the animals belong to.\n4. Students can use the definition sheet to help them with the key.\n5. Teacher reviews the correct answers to the pictures.\nDiscussion:\nA. Was the key helpful in identifying the invertebrates? Why?\nB. Write the characteristics of each animal pictured, its phylum, and common name.\nC. Would you change the identification key? How?\nActivity #1 - Using a Dichotomous Key for Invertebrate Phyla\nTaxonomic Key to the Major Invertebrate Phyla\nMost taxonomic keys are “dichotomous,” (two branches), which is to say they are written with a series of\ntwo choices to be made about the anatomy of an animal (or photograph of an animal) you are looking at.\nKeys are not made to be read from start to finish like a book or a poem. In each numbered series you should\nread both choices, determine which choice best applies to the specimen you are looking at, then go where\nthe key tells you to go, often skipping other steps in between that don’t apply.\n1. Radial symmetry or asymmetry…………………………………………….……………2\nBilateral symmetry………………………………………….……………………………4\n2. Highly porous surface, not true tissues…………………………………Phylum Porifera\nSurface is not highly porous, true tissues present………………………………………..3\n3. Exhibits pentaramous symmetry and tube feet…………………Phylum Echinodermata\nLacks pentamerous symmetry and tube feet, possesses tentacles\n(with nematocysts)……………………………………….……………Phylum Cnidaria\n4. Macroscopic colony of sessile, microscopic individuals, individuals ‹ 0.5 mm\nin size……………………………………………………..Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)\nSolitary or colonial in form, individuals of colony › 0.5 mm in size………………….…5\n5. Gelatinous………………………………………………………………………………..6\nNot gelatinous……………………………………………………………………………7\n6. Solitary individuals with 8 rows of comb plates……………….……Phylum Ctenophora\nSolitary and/or colonial with incurrent and excurrent siphons, and a gelatinous exterior called a\ntunic.………………………..............…………………………………..Phylum Chordata\n7. Possesses segmentation…………………………………………………………………..8\nLacks segmentation……………………… …………………………………………….9\n8. Exoskeleton with jointed appendages……………………………….Phylum Arthropoda\nNo exoskeleton, appendages, if present, not jointed, segmented worm-like body, possibly in a tube (if\nin a tube, may have tentacles)…………....................………………….Phylum Annelida\n9. Possesses a foot, radula, arms and/or shell……………………………Phylum Mollusca\nLacking all of above, dorso-ventrally flattened to a thickness of less than\n1 mm……………………………………..……………………..Phylum Platyhelminthes\nNote: This investigation may be enhanced by using the photographs found in\nthe UCLA OceanGLOBE Beach Debris Guide. Download from:\nhttp://www.msc.ucla.edu/oceanglobe/\nVOCABULARY for INVERTEBRATE KEY\nappendages Any part of an animal coming from the main body, trunk, such as arms, legs, antennae\nasymmetry Having no symmetry\nbilateral symmetry Having a body displaying two similar halves.\ncolonial A group of organisms of the same species living tog
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Microbiology \n \nAmericans are fascinated by world records. The Guiness Book of World Records is a very popular text because we are interested in the biggest and the best of everything. \n\nIn the late '80s a Dr. Fishelson found a very unusual bacterium called Epulopiscium fishelsoni. This bacterium lives in the gut of a Red Sea surgeonfish. This bacterium can grow up to 600 micrometers long and 80 micrometers wide. The average Epulopiscium fishelsoni is 250 micrometers long and 40 micrometers wide. Six hundred micrometers is a little over a half a millimeter. A millimeter is about as long as the period in the box below. \n\n1millimeter=. \n\nThe human eye can see things as small as 200 micrometers, making this bacteria the first one to actually be visible to the naked eye. To give you a better idea of how big this bacterium really is, "normal-sized" bacteria are only about 0.2 micrometers to about 1.5 micrometers in length or diameter. \nIn the microbial world a record has finally been broken for the biggest bacteria in the world. The record holder for the biggest bacteria recorded on the earth is now (drum roll please): Thiomargarita namibiensis. This behemoth of bacteria is round rather than rectangle like Epulopiscium fishelsoni. It averages about 180 micrometers in diameter. The largest cells have been measured at 750 micrometers. On a cell volume basis the largest Epulopiscium fishelsoni is .003 millimeters cubed. However, Thiomargarita namibiensis' largest cells have an enormous volume of 0.22 millimeters cubed. \n\nNot only is Thiomargarita namibiensis a giant but it is also very unusual. It utilizes sulfates and nitrates to get its energy. This bacteria found off the coast of Namibia is in the sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Basically, Thiomargarita namibiensis gets necessary electrons from sulfates. It then uses nitrates to grab onto the electron instead of oxygen. Those electrons are eventually used to generate energy for the cell. It gets its enormous size because it stores huge amounts of nitrates to hold onto these electrons. It needs to store the nitrates because nitrate levels are very low in these waters most of the time. It isn't until a major storm stirs up the mud at the bottom of the ocean that Thiomargarita namibiensis can get the nitrates it needs. \n\nWhen nitrates are around, these bacteria literally stuff themselves with nitrate. In essence they are a huge ball of nitrates with a very thin layer of cytoplasm (cytoplasm contains all the necessary stuff for bacteria to live, grow, and reproduce) around this nitrate. \n\nThis bacteria may prove useful in other areas of the world's oceans. \n In waters contaminated with nitrates from fertilizers and sewage these organisms may be useful in taking up these nitrates. If too much nitrate is in the water, algae in the water will grow out of control and kill or chase away other inhabitants in the area. Thiomargarita namibiensis could be placed in these nitrate rich waters to remove them and prevent the algae from growing out of control. There needs to be a lot more work done on this unique bacterium. Researchers have yet to get it to grow in a test tube. However, in time this giant among bacteria may be tamed and utilized to help in other areas of the world. \n \nFor more information go to the Science(April 16, 1999, vol. 284, No.5413, pages 415 and 493-495) article. You can't get all the information from the online version unless you are a subscriber. On the other hand, the cover of that issue has a picture of this mighty bacteria. \n\nTake Care and Think Microbiologically!
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Bacteria.Bacillus form little rods.Micrococcus consists of single rounded cells.Streptococcus forms chains of rounded cells.Sarcinae  occur in irregular cubes and Spirillium is spiral in form.
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Question 1:\n5 Kingdoms- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia\nMonera:  are single-celled organisms with no organelles or cell nucleus. Often have cell wall in addition to cell membrane.  (includes all forms of bacteria)\nProtista: single-celled, have organelles and nucleus.  Include yeast.\nFungi: Multicellular, have organelles and nucleus, some go through photosynthesis and produce their own food, while others don't.  (includes mushrooms, bread mold, moss)\nPlantae:  Multicellular, organelles present, nucleated, undergo photosynthesis/so they have chloroplasts (includes all plants)\nAnimalia: multicellular, organelles, nucleated, cannot produce their own food, do not undergo photosynthesis.(animals)\n\nQuestion 2.  SOme say there are 6 kingdoms because Kingdom Monera is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.  Archaebacteria were the first organisms on the planet, and live under harsh conditions (volcanic hot spots underwater, etc).  Eubacteria are different in structure and are present in friendlier conditions (your bathroom floor, toilet, your intestines, etc)\nScientists do this to separate the two different types of bacteria...although most modern books have them all under Monerans
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Taking a stab at it...I think it's C.  \n\nFrom what I can remember, during the life cycle of a slime mold, it begins as a large unicellular organism that eventually aggregates with surrounding cells to produce smaller individual organisms that are a part of a larger multicellular organism.
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Here are a few:\nAntony Leeuwenhoek - considered the father of microbiology\nRobert Hooke - made the 1st compound microscope and coined the term "cell"\nJames Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin - DNA
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Amoeba are single celled organisms.  They are found in a variety of places and serve a variety of purposes.
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For someone just finnishing a microbiology course, he/she knows very little about it. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. These include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites such as amoeba and helminths (a type of worm) as well as eukaryotic single celled organisms like yeast.\n\nIt is the greatest subject to studying in biology.\n\nThis website has some good information on it related to microbiology and virology (study of viruses). Im really enjoying my degree, and if you are thinking about taking it, then i recommend you do, and come to Uni of Leicester!!\n\nhttp://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/
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Defining a species of virus is problematic because many biologists do not consider them to be alive.  It's the "organism" part of the species definition (any species definiton) that's a problem.\n\nDefining a species of bacteria under the biological species concept is problematic because the BSC defines a species as a collection of organisms that can reproduce only with other members of the same species.  Bacteria reproduce asexually, so they're not reproducing WITH anyone.  However, there are other problems with the BSC. For example, lions and tigers are clearly separate species, but they can interbreed.  So biologists tend to favor other species definitions (like the morphological species concept), which can effectively classify lions and tigers (as well as several other species that are able to interbreed).  These species definitions have no trouble classifying bacteria.
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Bacteria, amoebas and fungi
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Microbiology is the study of tiny organisms...be they bacteria, algae, fungi, helminths, etc.\nMicrobio knowledge can be used in biotechnology....for instance, knowledge of DNA and how it works can be applied or made useful to various situations via biotechnology...be they genetic engineering, DNA restriction analysis to determine human relationships, etc.