What is the DNA structure of spinach?
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12 linear chromosomes in the nucleus, plus plasmids in the ~100 chloroplasts, and circular chromosomes in the ~100mitochondria. Note that each mitochondria has many identical chromosomes.
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http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/DNA/dna.htm
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In DNA deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases.  The bases of DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.  In RNA ribose-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil.  A deoxyribose-phosphate backbone is essentially a pentonse sugar (5 carbons) linked to a phosphate group in a 5' to 3' direction.  The bases are connected to the 1' end of the ribose groups. Pairing occurs by hydrogen bonding between A+T, A+U, and G+C between two strands.
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what type of image what type of DNA?\n\n\nhttp://www.csulb.edu/~cohlberg/storage/dna302.jpg\nhttp://www.alzheimers.org/rmedia/IMAGES/high/DNA_HIGH.JPG\nhttp://www.altered-states.net/barry/newsletter205/dna.jpg\nhttp://cmgm.stanford.edu/biochem201/Slides/DNA%20Topoisomerase/122%20Hum%20Topo%20I%20-%20DNA%20%20sites.JPG\nhttp://www.cottonexpressions.com/images/DNA.Large.jpg\nhttp://www.foolishpeople.com/foolishpeople/images/gem-dna.jpg\nhttp://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/vmd/images/collections/dof/dna/dna.jpg\nhttp://cmgm.stanford.edu/biochem118/images/DNA%20Slides/10A-DNA.jpg
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A strand of DNA contains genes, areas that regulate genes, and areas that either have no function, or a function which we do not (yet) know: also see last bullet point in this section for the difference between DNA and RNA; \nDNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the strands; \nDNA is a chain of chemical "building blocks", called "bases", of which there are four types: these can be abbreviated A, T, C, and G. Each base can only "pair up" with one single predetermined other base: A+T, T+A, C+G and G+C are the only possible combinations; that is, an "A" on one strand of double-stranded DNA will "mate" properly only with a "T" on the other, complementary strand; \nU occasionally replaces T, notably in PBS1 phage DNA; you can thus substitute "U" for "T" throughout this section. \nBecause each strand of DNA has a directionality, the sequence order does matter: A+T is not the same as T+A, just as C+G is not the same as G+C; \nFor each given base, there is just one possible complementary base, so naming the bases on the conventionally chosen side of the strand is enough to describe the entire double-strand sequence; \nThe genetic
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)\n\nUsually in the form of a double helix, [it] contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and many viruses. -Wikipedia
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a molecule of dna contains many nucleotides which contain a nitrogen containing base (adenice,guanine, cytosine or thymine), a deoxribose sugar, and a and a phosphate group
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Everthing you ever wanted to know about DNA.\n\nhttp://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and many viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides. DNA is thought to date back to between approximately 3.5 to 4.6 billion years ago [1].\n\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair color to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.
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Genetic Information\nDNA-RNA -Protien synthesis - Amino acid
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DNA is double stranded with Deoxyribose, and has the nucleic acids Guanine, Cytosine, Thyamine, and Adenine (GCTA)\n\nRNA is single stranded with ribose, and has the nucleic acids Guanine, Uracil, Adenine, and Cytosine (GCUA)\n\nUracil replaces Thyamine
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OKay....try to make things as simple as I can for you, with all the words you provided.\n\nDouble stranded DNA is transcribed into single stranded mRNA which codes for amino acids by a process called transcription. The mRNA is then translated into polypeptide of amino acid chains. The polypeptide folds into proteins which ultimately determines the phenotype.\n\nHope it helped!
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Short answer yes it is true\n\nlong answer\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle\n\nre previous answer\n\nChloroplasts are flat discs usually 2-10 micrometer in diameter and 1 micrometer thick. The chloroplast has a two membrane envelope termed the Inner & Outer membrane respectively. Between these two layers is the intermembrane space.\n\nThe fluid within the chloroplast is called the stroma, corresponding to the cytoplasm of the bacterium, and contains tiny circular DNA and ribosomes, though most of their proteins are encoded by genes contained in the cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast.\n\nWithin the stroma are stacks of thylakoids, the sub-organelles where photosynthesis actually takes place. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural: grana). A thylakoid looks like a flattened disk, and inside is an empty area called the thylakoid space or lumen. The photosynthesis reaction takes place on the membrane of the thylakoid, and, as is also the case with mitochondria, involves the coupling of cross-membrane fluxes with biosynthesis.
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DNA's most amazing characteristic is that it will bind to itself in a very specific manner, forming a helix. Figure 1 illustrates two DNA molecules binding. The variable groups of the polymer interact with eachother to mediate this binding. Adenine interacts with Thymine and Cytosine interacts with Guanine. No other bonds are energetically favorable, for example Cytosine cannot bond with itself. The bonds that these variable groups form are called are called base pairs and are illustrated in Figure 2. Thus, by knowing the sequence of bases of one strand of DNA we immediately know the sequence of the DNA strand which will bind to it, this strand is called the reverse complement or just the complementary strand. In Figure 1 the right hand strand is the reverse complement of the left hand side and vice-versa.\n\n\nFrom G. S. Sent, Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses. Copyright 1963 by W. H. Freeman and Company\n\nFigure Two:Illustration of DNA basepairing. Thermodynamically the interactions Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine are driven by both the hydrophobic stacking interactions hydrogen bond interactions. The specificity of the base pairing is driven mainly by hydrogen bonding and stearic interference.\nThis relationship to the complementary strand has many implications that make life as we know it possible, and allows all sorts of molecular biology techniques. In one of the greatest understatements of all time Watson and Crick said it best in their original paper on the structure of DNA:\n\n"It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.".
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Triple stranded DNA is a structure that is formed when a third strand (DNA is normally two strands) pairs with a double stranded coil in an unusual manner. Unlike the normal A-T or G-C basepairing defined by Watson and Crick, the third strand undergoes Hoogsteen basepairing, which allows its unusual confirmation. Although this was postulated by several scientists (even Linus Pauling) it has only been found once in nature, as an intermediate product during DNA recombination.
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Two words: Deoxyribonucleic and Acid.
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This may seem like a silly suggestion, but try representing the elements mentioned in your textbook (which I'm sure has some illustrations) with pieces of paper, matches, beans or something like that, so you can understand the events and the outcome. \nNow, if you _really_ want an explanation, here it comes (I've ommited the names of the phases, they'll be in your textbook).\n\nMeiosis includes 2 cell divisions with different characteristics. \nWe start with a diploid (2 n) cell, in which DNA duplication has occurred so that each DNA strand is double. These strands do not yet appear as chromosomes (condensed bodies); in fact, the chromatin strands have to be "relaxed" in order to duplicate. \n\n***Meiosis I: (in which the nº of chromosomes decreases to half)\n1. The chromatin (DNA strands) starts to condense and appears as small dense dots (the chromosomes) within the cell nucleus. These chromosomes will each have 2 "arms" (they look like an X or a V) because the DNA in each has been duplicated.\n2. Now all these chromosomes align in homologous pairs, with the aid of a transparent structure formed by tiny intracellular fibers (the spindle) that has formed and will help them to move in orderly fashion within the nucleus.\n3. While they keep condensing, each homologous chromosome contacts its "brother", and they exchange some fragments of their DNA ("crossing over"). Usually only one "arm" of each  chromosome participates in crossing over. \n4. In the meantime, the nuclear membrane is disintegrating...\n5. The pairs of homologues, still united, align at the middle (equator) of the spindle... \n6... and then each pair of homologues is divided, one chromosome of each pair goes toward each "pole" of the spindle. \n7. New nuclear membranes form around the 2 groups of chromosomes. Each of these groups will only have ONE of each pair of homologues. Essentially the information in each new nucleus is the same, BUT has some differences because, as you recall, there has been crossing over i.e. partial exchange of DNA between homologues. \n8. The original cell with the 2 nuclei divides and forms 2 cells, with half the nº of chromosomes of the original cell (haploid or n). Each of the chromosomes still has a duplicate DNA strand.\n\n... the cell takes a short break (you can take a break too!)... but the chromatin does not duplicate this time (it's already done that)\n\n***Meiosis II: (in which each double DNA strand becomes single again, this phase is similar to a normal mitosis).\n1. The chromatin condenses again, so that it appears as chromosomes.\n2. This time the spindle aligns the center of each chromosome at its equator.\n3. The central part of the chromosome is duplicated and the sister "arms" (chromatids) separate, each migrating to opposite poles.\n4. Now you have two groups of chromosomes, each group still has the haploid (n) nº of chromosomes (the same amount with which they started this 2nd meiosis) but now, each chromosome has a single DNA strand. \nA new nuclear membrane forms around each of these groups of chromosomes.\n5. The rest of the cell divides.\n\nSo, to sum up: you started with ONE diploid cell. You end with FOUR haploid cells. In animals, this process only happens during the production of gametes. \nIf we're talking about the formation of female gametes, then only ONE of the 4 resulting cells will become an ovule (and that only after more maturation), the other 3 cells form "polar bodies".\nIn contrast, when it's spermatozoids being produced, all FOUR resulting cells will become spermatozoids. \nThat's one of the reasons sperm is cheaper than ovules! There's just more of them in the entire animal kingdom.\n\nNow, what is the purpose of this extremely complicated (the above is a very simplified version) process? The result will be cells that have half the chromosomes of the normal body cells. These cells