How is Water CLARITY Measured?
596813
There is indeed a machine, called a light meter, that you can use. You an also use a device called a Secchi disk which is much more low tech.
16564
Water magnifies the power of UV rays in light.
939597
measure the distance between the beginning of the positive transition to the end of the negative transition.\nThis will be the wave length.
50608
Built into each device is a microprocessor with a built-in miniature diferential hydrometer.  They detect the slightest presence of running water.\n\nThe only solution is to toss these devices.
221191
i agree.  sound waves are comparable to waves in a fluid, like water.  A good way to test the reflectivity of a material would be to see how strongly water ripples would bounce off of a wall made of that material.  If you picture disturbing water near a submerged marble wall, you could imagine that the waves would bounce off quite neatly compared to how water may reflect waves from a styrofoam wall or a rough, jagged rock surface.  So, bottom line, dense smooth surfaces produce the best echo.
875835
OD=E*d*C\n\nWhere OD=optical density\nE the molar extinction coefficient\nd the length of the path of the light through the solution (width of the cuvette)\nC the concentration in mole/L of the solute.\n\nYou need d and C as well to get E.\nThis is a fair approximation especially for student problems.\n\nIn reality if you wanted to find E, you would do a standard curve by measuring the OD of samples of known concentration.\nThen you would use linear regression to find the equation of the curve and from its slope you would calculate E (slope=E*d)\n\nA good standard curve and thus accurate calculation requires care to ensure the accuracy of the standards, several points (ideally 9 at least) and being within the linear are of the method.\nThe region of highest accuracy is 0.2-0.8. You can go even below or above this range (though not above 1.0) but this is the range where the photometric error is minimal.
1000766
The low technology approach is to use a densitometer.  This can be as simple as a hydrometer as used in the brewing industry to check for specific gravity (density).  From a measured density and a known volume and if you know the densities of both liquid components of a binary mixture you can work out the relative proportions of each using simultaneous equations and hence the concentration of one in the other.
920352
Did you measure the absorbance of a standard in addition to the unknown sample?\n\nIf so, you could plug the values into (As / Au) = (Cs / Cu)\nWhere\nAs = Absorbance of the Standard\nAu = Absorbance of the Unknown\nCs = Concentration of the Standard\nCu = Concentration of the Unknown?\n\nAlternatively, did you get a value for the molar absorptivity of PNP at the wavelength you used? \nIf so, you could plug it into\n\nA = (epsilon)(b)(c)\n\nWhere\nepsilon is the molar absorptivity,\nb is the length of the path through which the light passed,\nc is the concentration of the chromogenic substance.\n\nAnd you could rearrange that to solve for c.\n\nHope it helps
11445
You need to be a little more specific. Would that be in water quality, oxygen in blood, or soil? To measure water quality they just use dissolved oxygen meter, which exploits the electrochemical properties of the water. Or you could do a Winkler titration.
1185872
I can think of two ways to measure the absorption and reflection coefficient of a material.  The first would only work with a polished surface.  First measure the intensity of a laser beam with a photodetector, then shoot the laser beam at the surface and aim the reflection at a photodetector.  Coefficient of reflection = transmitted intensity/initial intensity  (coefficient of absorption =1-reflection).  The other, harder way, which would work with any material, is to measure the heat gain in the target.\n\nFor this you're gonna want as small a piece of the target material you can get so that the laser still completely hits it.  Now attach a thermistor to the back of the target (again the smaller and thinner the target the better, ideal would be a foil just thick enough to be completely opaque).  Now shoot the laser at the target and measure the temperature as a function of time  It should be linear up until it starts radiating nearly as fast as it absorbs energy, so take points until it starts to level off and drop points after that.  Now find the specific heat of the thermistor-target apparatus by dipping it in water with a thermometer in it, using the initial and final temperature of the water, the volume of the water, and the initial temp of the apparatus, determine the heat it absorbed per degree it's temperature changed (this will actually give you specific heat*mass which is fine).  Now convert your temperature vs. time data to heat vs. time using the specific heat you determined (temp*(specific heat*mass)).  The slope of the line of best fit for this data will give you the rate it absorbed energy in watts.  Divide this by the lasers output in watts and you get the absorption coefficient.
162851
Put the stones in a container partly filled with water. Mark the before and after levels. Then measure the volume of the amount of water it takes to fill up from the low line to the high mark. This
803594
The previous two answers are correct.  The surface of a still body of water is one of few naturally occuring situations producing a clear reflection.  Gravity, molecular motion, the freedom of molecules in a liquid to move to positions of lowest energy, and an index of refraction that differs from air all contribute.  Mercury is much better, since its reflectance is nearly 100%.  The surface of a pool of mercury is a nearly perfect mirror.
810751
The speed of sound in water (including seawater) depends on several factors, but most important is the the temperature of the water.  By measuring the time it takes for an acoustic signal to travel from a source to a receiver, one can determine the average temperature along the path followed by that sound signal. (Other factors that include sound velocity or travel time include salinity, pressure (i.e. pressure-induced changes in density), and ocean currents.)  By measuring the average temperature along many different paths, one can reconstruct a 3-dimensional "map" of the temperature distribution in the oceans.  \n\nBy following the changes in temperature over time, one can detect long-term changes in the temperature distribution and hence average temperatures of the oceans.
580603
stick it in a tank of water then measure the water displaced.archemedes law
155279
By measuring the change in pressure.
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There are several theories:\n\n1. Blue wavelengths are absorbed the least by the deep ocean water and are scattered and reflected back to the observer’s eye \n\n2. Particles in the water may help to reflect blue light \n\n3. The ocean reflects the blue sky
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Some molecules absorb visible light, e.g. due to conjugation and pi to pi antibonding transitions, with the highest intensity at a particular wavelength.  One can prepare standard solutions, with accurately devised known concentrations, the measured intensities of these solutions are correlated with these standard solutions, covering a particular dynamic range.  Assuming Beer's Law, the plot will resemble a linear curve, and a least fit regression line and its equation can be obtained; also by correcting for the blank if this is has not bee accounted for by the spectrometer.  The unknown pure solution, or a matrix derived alternative method if the solution is not pure that there are significant impurities in the unknown solution, will also be measured at this wavelength and it's intensity, often the y value, will be plugged into the regression equation to estimate the concentration.