Explain in detail the application of microprocessor-based system in robotic system?
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An integrated microprocessor-based fermenter controller was developed in 1980 for an operational environment at Cetus Corp. The main goals in the design and construction of the system were (1) to facilitate scale-up; (2) to provide flexibility and high performance for optimizing fermentation processes; and (3) to be cost-effective for 15 in-house systems. It was also developed to work in conjunction with a laboratory minicomputer for on-line optimization experiments. The controller controls temperature, agitation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and foam throughout each fermentation run without manual intervention. The feedback control parameters have been optimized to provide very accurate control over a wide range of setpoint conditions and under rapidly changing metabolic conditions such as induced during an Escherichia coli batch run. The controller has also been configured to monitor, display, and record each of the controlled variables; support the interactive operator console; and communicate with the laboratory computer. In over 4 years of operation, these systems have met the design goals and have proven to be very reliable. The controller is described, its operational performance presented, and a typical fermentation run delineated
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A computer system is the combination of hardware and software. A typical computer system has memory and set of states that define the relationship between the systems inputs and outputs.\n\nAlthough in earlier times the personal computer or PC was an example of a computer system, in practice a person considered a Computer Systems Engineer these days deals with a range of different computer architectures.\n\nEven the simplest computer classifies as a computer system, because at least two components (hardware and software) have to work together. But the real meaning of "computer system" comes with interconnection. Many computer systems can interconnect, that is, join to become a bigger system. In industry these days the interconnection of Variable speed drives and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) to automate production lines and control motors is a common example of a computer system.\n\nInterconnecting different computer systems can prove difficult due to incompatibilities. Sometimes these difficulties occur due to incompatabilities between differing hardware and sometimes between differing software. Technically knowledgeable people can configure disparate computers to communicate using a set of rules and constraints known as protocols. Protocols attempt to precisely define the communication within and between computing endpoints. If two computer systems define the same protocols, they may be capable of interconnecting and become a part of a larger system.\n\nCommon computer system communications protocols include: Asi Profibus Modbus Canbus RS232 RS485\n\nEthernet based communications are also emerging as a computer systems communication protocol\n\nRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_system"
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Not sure about buying parts...... I'm sure there are many local electronic suppliers. \n\nCheck out the US company Jameco (www.jameco.com) for some of their robotic kits and pieces. Even if you don't get one of their kits, this might give you some ideas.
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There are lots of robotic-related sites. If you aren't an ace at C or assembly programming, you might want to stick with the Basic Stamp. Parallax (http://www.parallax.com) makes kits and also makes the plans available for free and has a lot of science project/educational material for free. The Basic Stamp is easy to use even for a novice.\n\nIf you want something more sophisticated, look at http://www.robotstore.com for more ideas. \n\nA web search on  ' "Basic Stamp" robot' would also show many pages of people doing similar things.
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Its a vague question, but it has an easy answer. There are several things required to "control" a computer, none more important than the other. The first is of course the CPU, which handles all the instructions the computer executes and generates many control signals for the rest of the computer. The CPU also performs aritimetic and logic functions. Next is the clock generator/controller, a circuit that generates timing and some control signals for the CPU and rest of the computer. Then there is memory, which comes in two general forms, ROM and RAM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory and RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM is the portion of memory where computers store temporary information. These three general circuits make up the control system for computers. But for a computer to be of any use it needs Input/Output circuits like USB, parallel, serial, video, etc.
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The computers microprocessor is its "brain".Its job is to do matemathical (3+9*85+*6) and logical (xor, and , or etc.) operations.Well the first computer ENIAC was used to do sums, i believe that was "it's original purpose".People often refer to the microproceesor as CPU, wich means Central Processing Unit.There a large variety of processors and processor brands, but the 2 most renowed types are Intel and Motorola.Intel (and AMD) Cpu's are used in pc's and Motorola's are used In Apple Machintosh systems(although apple is moving to the Intel platform).Intel based CPU's include the older 286, 386, 486 ,Pentium,Duron,Athlon,etc.The Intel 32 bit platdorm is also refered to as x86(because of the 86 at the end of the cpus codename).Now we are experincing the ascension of the x64 platform (64 bits) with cpus such as AMD Athlon64 and Intel Itanium.
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If you are interested in learning about electronics you might look into BEAM robotics (BEAM = Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics, Mechanics). Their approach is to design robots whose interactions with the environment are built into the electronics rather than programmed like most robots. They have a history of liking to scavenge parts from old electronic and mechanical devices. They also have a very active and helpful community that includes many kids your age learning about electronics and robotics (look around for a mailing list in the links, I'm sure there's still an active one). Don't be intimidated by the elctronics stuff, in my experience that's the easy part, the hard part is getting the moving parts to work. I am attaching some links below:
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Not necessarily just electrical. I have friends taking a robotics course which is a mechanical engineering course. I believe it is dealing with things like factory automation.
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In computing, an operating system (OS) is the system software responsible for the direct control and management of hardware and basic system operations. Additionally, it provides a foundation upon which to run application software such as word processing programs and web browsers.\n\nMultiprocessing is commonly known as the use of multiple processors within a single system. Forms of multiprocessing in modern systems include symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and chip multiprocessing (CMP). Multiple processors can be used within a single system to run multiple programs simultaneously or to concurrently execute multiple threads within a single program.\n\nIn computing, multiprogramming, or multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task. Multitasking solves the problem by scheduling which task may be the one running at any given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn. The act of reassigning a CPU from one task to another one is called a context switch. When context switches occur frequently enough the illusion of parallelism is achieved. Even on computers with more than one CPU (called multiprocessor machines), multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.\n\nTime-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking.\n\nA real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that has been developed for real-time applications. It is typically used for embedded applications, such as mobile telephones, industrial robots, or scientific research equipment.\n\nHope that helps you out!
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A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets instructions and processes data contained in computer programs. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured using integrated circuits is known as a microprocessor. Since the mid-1970s, single-chip microprocessors have almost totally replaced all other types of CPUs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor.\n\nThe phrase "central processing unit" is, in general terms, a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute complex computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.\n\nEarly CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of inexpensive and standardized classes of processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones to children's toys.
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try it... then you might want to go into details like integrated circuits ICs and transistors...\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
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It is very simple.\n\nMicro controller contains a micro processor, memory and interfacing circuits.\n\nMicro processor needs many external circuits to make it work.\n\nBut a microcontroller can work with few external circuit connections. They are most probablly, the power supply and the oscillator circuits.\n\nA micorprocessor needs lot more than this.\n\nThis is why a microcontroller is also called micro computer.
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with beach sand, really\ncheck out wikipedias web page\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor\n\nÆ
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With the current hardware technology about to reach its outer limits of physics will the next revolution be in streamlining software? \n\nI have worked in technology since the ‘60’s. In the 60’s it was not uncommon for a major company to run its payroll programs on machines with as little as 16 kilobytes of main memory. I know that the missions to the moon were calculated on computers with one megabyte of main memory or less. Today we are looking at machines with 4-8 gigabytes of memory and it takes 5-minutes just to boot up a PC. It looks like there is plenty of room to improve operating systems and applications.\n\nGranted today’s computers have slicker user interfaces and are easier to use by the general public, but they have become very inefficient users of software. The object code era has allowed really poor coding to become imbedded in most of today’s applications. \n\nOnce the hardware reaches the point where adding processors adds zero throughput won’t it be time to take a look at the sloppy code written over the past twenty-five to thirty years? Isn’t there room for a revolution in software redevelopment?
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www.learnaboutrobots.com/roboticsEngineer.htm\n\nwww.rec.ri.cmu.edu\n\nwww.eng-tips.com/threadminder.cfm?pid=223 \n\ndir.yahoo.com/Science/Engineering/Mechanical_Engineering/Robotics
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Dictionary.com defines a robot as:\n\n1) A mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of often complex human tasks on command or by being programmed in advance.\n2) A machine or device that operates automatically or by remote control.\n\nI believe that though it is not entirelly specified in the latter of the two definitions, a robot much be mechanical - it must have movement. Computers are used with and in robots, but computers themselves are not robots.
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Consider iRobot. They build robots for the Department of Defense and also the robot vacuum cleaner.\n\nhttp://www.irobot.com/