What are galaxies made of?
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stars, planets, comets, meteors
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Count it's rings.\n\nSeriously, it's very difficult to know for absolute sure.  BUt recently scientists..cosmologists to be more precise...believe they are 95% certain of this...\n\n"In a study published today in the journal Science, a team of researchers says the universe is between 11.2 billion and 20 billion years old."\n\n"The new calculations, by Lawrence Krauss of Case Western Reserve University and Brian Chaboyer at Dartmouth College, involved new information about old star clusters in our galaxy and a better understanding of how stars evolve. It was based on when stars are thought to end the main sequence of their lives, a point at which they've used up the hydrogen that fuels thermonuclear fusion and therefore begin to dim."
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Wow, getting your science from coast to coast.  That's pathetic.\n\nObserving in the radio portion of the spectrum has revealed massive H2 clouds in other galaxies, which are needed for star formation.  They can only be observed in the 21cm radio line.  We've also realized that many 'radio' galaxies have immense lobes extending out from the galaxy, many times the size of the galaxies, made up of gas expelled from an interior black hole.  X-rays have shown us extrememly hot gas from galaxies and galactic clusters, falling into black holes.
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Problems like?\n\nI got a problem to solve\n \nWhat is made up of the universe.
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Nebulas: One of the most beautiful phenomenon in the universe. They are made up of gas left behind by stars forming or exploding. \n \nTypes/Classes of nebula: planetary, supernova remnants, diffuse nebula\n\nPlanetary nebulas: Resemble planets, and are actually left over shell material from forming stars during their giant Red Stage.  \n\nSupernova: Remnants are exactly what they say: supernova nebulas are remnants of a star that exploded.  Left over remnants become surrounded by gas, causing a nebula.   One of the most famous supernova nebulas is the crab nebula in the star constellation Taurus.\n\nDiffuse nebulas: Extremely large, and can be light years in width.  They have no definite shape, and are either light or dark.
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The Earth is in the Solar system, the solar system is in the Galaxy and the galaxy is in the Universe AKA outer space. The answer to your question is not known, some say the Universe is the end of that line, stuff is made of atoms, atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electons, protons, neutrons and electrons are made of quarks, which are made of (I think) gluons, huons and mesons. I think that their is another universe, say a ten or eleven dimensional universe, that holds infinitely more four dimesional universes, like ours, this is part of string theory.
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When astronomers measure the orbits of stars in galaxies, they are found to be orbiting at a speed that requires more gravity than can be accounted for by all the visible stars and interstellar gas and dust in the galaxy. The assumption is that there is more matter that we can't see with any telescope that is causing the extra gravity. They call it dark matter for lack of a better name.
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Distant galaxies....\nGlobular star clusters...\nOpen star clusters...\nNebulae...\nVariable stars...
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The correct answer is that no one knows.  We don't even know what most of the universe is made of (right now it's being called dark matter, because all we know about it is that we can't see it).\n\nIf I had to make a bet, I would go with total energy equals zero.  \n\nThere is a lot of matter in the universe, as everyone is saying, and that makes for a lot of mass energy.  But, the flip side is that there is a lot of mass in the universe, and that makes for a lot of negative gravitational potential energy.  It is possible they cancel.
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Actually the "missing mass" percentage is more like 96%. Science is pretty sure that there has to be something else present in the universe to cause the motions and velocities of large-scale structures like galaxies and galactic clusters. Based on recent research and analyses, it now looks like the universe is composed of about 4% "regular" matter, stuff we can see or infer is present, 23% "dark" matter that we can't as yet see or detect, and 73% "dark energy", the mysterious force(s) that is causing the universe's expansion rate to increase.
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Some galaxies form in spiral or disk shapes similar to the disks found in star systems.  These are spiral galaxies.  However some, actually the majority, form in sphere like shapes.  These are the called elliptical galaxies.  Do a google image search of "NGC 1316" to see one of these. \n\nGeneral relativity need not be applied to understand the formation mechanism.  Galaxies are believed to form in a similar way that stars form.  You start with a giant spheroidal cloud of material which undergoes gravitational contraction through some kind of induced instability.  The cloud contracts to a smaller size due to gravitational forces and as a result the cloud must spin faster in order to conserve angular momentum (a type of energy conservation).  The last sentence is the real key here. \n\nThe consequence of a contracting cloud spinning faster is to flatten out into a disk shape.  The inward gravitational pull does the "flattening" while the spin-up, so to speak, extends out the disk.  This is analogous to spinning out dough to make a pizza or watching a baseball stretch in the middle as a result of rapidly spinning after a pitch as been fouled off.   \n\nThe motion of the stars and gas in the galaxy does start out random but then is forced into a disk shape as a result of the aforementioned effects.\n\nThere are still a number of mysteries that surround how galaxies form.  Currently we don't know why some galaxies are elliptical while some are spiral?  Can one turn into the other?...among other questions.\n\nI hope that helps.
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Types Of Galaxies\n\nGalaxies come in three main types: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appearance is given by the Hubble sequence. While the Hubble sequence does encompass all galaxies, it is entirely based upon visual morphological type. Hence, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as star formation rate.\n\nOur own galaxy, the Milky Way, sometimes simply called the Galaxy (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped barred spiral galaxy about 30 kiloparsecs or 100,000 light years in diameter and 3,000 light years in thickness. It contains about 3×1011 stars and has a total mass of about 6×1011 times the mass of the Sun.\n\nIn spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate logarithmic spirals, a pattern that can be theoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars.\n\nLike the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant angular velocity. That means that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be areas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus creating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars.
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Irregular dwarf galaxies
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Galaxies are clusters of stars and its planetary systems found in groups across the universe. List of Galaxies can be found in link below. \n\nThey are really far... measured in light years and the distance is increasing as per our expanding universe.
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there are several (you did not provide enough details)...could be a sun, galaxy, nebula, etc.
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All the Galaxies:\n\n    * Abell 1835 IR1916\n    * AM 0644-741\n    * Andromeda Galaxy (M31/NGC 224)\n    * Andromeda I\n    * Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039)\n    * Aquarius Dwarf\n    * Black Eye Galaxy (M64/NGC 4826)\n    * Bode's Galaxy (M81/NGC 3031)\n    * Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy\n    * Carina Dwarf\n    * Centaurus A Galaxy\n    * Cigar Galaxy (M82/NGC 3034)\n    * Circinus Galaxy\n    * Draco Dwarf\n    * Dwingeloo 1\n    * Dwingeloo 2\n    * Fornax Dwarf\n    * Hoag's object (a ring galaxy)\n    * Huchra's Lens\n    * HVC 127-41-330\n    * IC 10\n    * IC 1613\n    * I Zwicky 18\n    * Large Magellanic Cloud\n    * Leo I (dwarf galaxy)\n    * LGS 3\n    * M49\n    * M58\n    * M59\n    * M60\n    * M61\n    * M65\n    * M66\n    * M74 (NGC 628)\n    * M77\n    * M84\n    * M85\n    * M86\n    * M87 (Virgo A Galaxy)\n    * M88\n    * M89\n    * M90\n    * M91\n    * M94\n    * M95\n    * M96\n    * M98\n    * M99\n    * M100 (NGC 4321)\n    * M102\n    * M105\n    * M106\n    * M108\n    * M109\n    * M110 (NGC 205)\n    * M32 (NGC 221)\n    * M61 (NGC 4303)\n    * Maffei I\n    * Maffei II\n    * Milky Way Galaxy - home galaxy of Earth, satellites\n    * NGC 1\n    * NGC 2\n    * NGC 3\n    * NGC 55\n    * NGC 185\n    * NGC 147\n    * NGC 300\n    * NGC 404\n    * NGC 891\n    * NGC 1275\n    * NGC 1569\n    * NGC 1705\n    * NGC 2043\n    * NGC 2403\n    * NGC 3109\n    * NGC 3184\n    * NGC 3226\n    * NGC 3227\n    * NGC 3370\n    * NGC 3384\n    * NGC 3628\n    * NGC 3982\n    * NGC 4395\n    * NGC 4414\n    * NGC 4555\n    * NGC 4565\n    * NGC 4881\n    * NGC 5078\n    * NGC 5195\n    * NGC 6822 (Barnards galaxy)\n    * NGC 7331\n    * NGC 7742\n    * Pegasus Dwarf\n    * Phoenix Dwarf\n    * Pinwheel Galaxy (M101/NGC 5457)\n    * RXJ1242-11\n    * Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy\n    * Sculptor Dwarf\n    * Sextans A\n    * Sextans Dwarf\n    * Small Magellanic Cloud\n    * Sombrero Galaxy (M104)\n    * Southern Pinwheel Galaxy (M83/NGC 5236)\n    * Spindle Galaxy\n          o Spindle Galaxy in Draco (NGC 5866, possibly M102)\n          o Spindle Galaxy in Sextans (NGC 3115)\n    * Spiral Galaxy ESO 269-57\n    * Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240)\n    * Sunflower Galaxy (M63)\n    * Triangulum Galaxy (M33/NGC 598)\n    * Tucana Dwarf\n    * Ursa Minor Dwarf\n    * VIRGOHI21\n    * Virgo Stellar Stream\n    * Whirlpool Galaxy (M51/NGC 5194)\n    * Willman 1\n    * Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM)\n    * UGC 5675
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Hot gas in the Universe swirls together sometimes and forms a nebula. A nebula is like a VERY big cloud in space that swirls together over millions of years and cools down a little. The gas swirls and cools together tighter and tighter until the gas starts to form lumps . . BIG lumps . . .HOT lumps . . .big hot lumps that swirled and spun around. Our Sun is one of those lumps. Our Sun is a star. When the Sun was still a spinning lump, parts of it splashed off of it as it spun around. Those small lumps of hot gas were flung into cold space and cooled down and became less hot gas and more like lava. The smaller lumps kept spinning and cooling down until they became planets. The planets float around the Sun, captured in her invisible tentacles of gravity. We call a Sun and her family of planets a "solar system". There are millions and millions and millions of solar systems in the Universe. The hot gas that first made the cloud nebulas started out as energy or light. Tiny bundles of that energy formed and we call those bundles, "photons". Photons come together to form matter, like the atoms of gas. Here is a real picture that we have made of the beginning of the Universe when all that energy first appeared:\nhttp://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/03/0217/\n\nHere is a picture of a nebula:\nhttp://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/space/sp/nebula.jpg\n\nStar formation website:\nhttp://sscws1.ipac.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/subcat.php?cat=Astronomical_Images&subcat=Star_Formation