How do cells become differentiated into muscle brain skin kidney, etc when all contain the same DNA codes?
491028
transcriptional control\n\ntranscription factors are the key regulators of which genes are expressed in cells. transcriptional control in the various differentiated cell types allows each type of cell like epithelial, muscle or neuron to express different amounts of the possible proteins. thus, eventually developing into specialized cells and/or differentiated organs with specific roles and functions.
214405
1. Took a Cell from Dolly, I believe it was a skin cell not sure.\n2. Took an egg cell (oocyte) from a donor. Took out it nucleus.\n3. Put nucleus from the cell he got from dolly and then put it in the enucleated oocyte.\n4. Activate it, grow in culture. If successful, implant it in a female\nHe had to do this thousands of time before it worked. Look up DNA imprinting if you want to know why it doesn't work as great.
384882
Certain genes are turned on in various cells, the different genes taht are activated lead cells to differentiate
299768
Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell of the body.  This is a great potential that if we learn how to harness we may be able to create tissues and whole organs that can be used for transplantations.  Stems cells can also be used to cure diseases and repair tissues.  Complete understanding of our genetic code in the future will allow us to accomplish all of this and more, probably increasing our quality of life and lifespan.
965326
ATP is made in humans in the mitochondria through the process of cellular respiration. Muscle cells require a lot more ATP to do all their contracting than skin cells ever use. Therefore, muscle cells need a lot more mitochondria to make ATP than skin cells do.
380045
In animals and plants, cells are the smallest units that can be considered alive. Your body, like all human bodies, is a collection of many many cells. Nearly all cells have the same basic parts - a nucleus, which has DNA, and a cell membrane, which acts as sort of a skin for the cell, keeping insides in, and outsides out. \n\nCells are arranged together to form tissues, which in turn arrange together to form organs, which fit together to form systems (like the digestive system), which in turn all keep you as one functioning living being!\n\nMost cells in a large organism like plants and animals have specialized purposes as well - some are nerve cells, transmitting signals to and from the brain to the rest of the body, some are in your blood, carrying oxygen to the rest of the body, some form your skin, keeping you from getting infected from outside. \n\nCells have their own lifespans, and can reproduce and die.\nSometimes, a mutation happens in cells, and they don't follow their genetic instructions and might grow and reproduce abnormally -- this is what cancer is.
203558
cells that have the potential to differentiate into any kind of cell type
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It's D-Deoxyribose\n     N-Nucliec\n     A-Acid\n  It is present in the cells of all multicellular living beings.It has genetic codes due to which your body knows what to perform so that u would be alive.For instance,the dna in the cells of your stomach have the infortion that they should dissolve all the food that comes there and secrete gastric juice bla vla bla...\n   I am sure u understanf what is DNA.
500857
Basically there are numerous cells in the body composing of white blood cell and red blood cell
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UPDATE: I've just read your comment so I'm leaving the difficult stuff below. \nFirst things first:\nProbably you know (but it's worth repeating) that the genetic information in each cell is kept as DNA. This DNA is able to copy parts of itself as RNA. RNA in turn builds proteins. Our bodies are not made only of proteins, but proteins are the ultimate regulators of what our body looks like and how it works. So, if a gene in your DNA synthesizes a specific RNA, and this in turn can make a particular protein, this protein will have to do with the way you look and function. Another person with a somewhat different "variety" of the same gene, will have a different appearance and/or function. Each gene codes for one protein, so it takes a really large amount of genes to code for all of them (and this is VERY simplified, the interactions are much more complex).\n\nNow for the second part: the fact that you have several really long DNA strands in each cell (these DNA strands are what can be visualized as chromosomes under special circumstances) does not mean that every single little gene in your DNA will generate RNA and ultimately produce a protein. Only a part of the DNA is actually active (and it's a small proportion), the rest is just "there" and doesn't code. And the expression of the gene (=when the gene's information becomes visible) depends on the interaction with other genes, with other substances that are cellular regulators, and many environmental factors. \n\nExample: you know Siamese cats? they have a genetic constitution such that the dark color proteins are formed especially at the body parts that are colder. So usually you get a sand-colored cat with black legs, tail, and ears. But for this pattern to show, there has to be interaction with the right temperatures. If the cat is not exposed to these colder temperatures, the dark parts don't develop. Or maybe other proteins or regulators "got in the way" of the process. And you get a cat with no dark parts (or the opposite, a very dark animal from excess cold). \nAnother example: suppose a baby is born from tall parents; they in turn had tall parents, so it's highly probable that the baby has the "tall" potential. But if this baby is not well nourished during his/her development, he/she will not reach the height that he "potentially should" have had. \nCan you see the difference? The genotype is ALL the genetic information that you have, and the phenotype is the result of the combination of this genetic information with other factors: the person/animal/plant as it is realized. \nI hope this helps you, I'll be around :-)\n\nCheck this site, it's great:\nhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIA1Genotypevsphenotype.shtml\n-------------------------------\nThe genotype is the genetic information that the said individual carries in each of his/her body cells. Much of that information is never expressed (=becomes "visible" or translates into actual characteristics), and much genetic information can yield different characteristics depending on the interaction with many environmental factors (which occur both inside and outside the cell or organism in question). Thus, the final fully developed individual is the result of the genotype ("raw" genetic information) PLUS environmental/developmental factors; the characteristics of this final product, the real individual, constitute the Phenotype. \nFor instance, an individual with a perfectly "normal" genotype may develop many types of abnormalities due to problems during pregnancy, including drugs, lack of oxygen, etc. Identical twins have the same genotype (they come from a single cell) but are never completely identical; and of course they have different personalities. This is because of all the epigenetic phenomena that influence development. And it's also the reason why reductionist approaches that s
20498
This is a very complex process that forces cells to make commit to an end product while making sure not to allow any redundancies. The genes involved in this process are numerous, but the first to be identified are called the HOX genes. What's interesting about these genes is that they are conserved across a diverse number of species (invertibrates all the way up to mammals).\n\nSo to simplify, the cells of a blastula don't have any idea what they are going to be (face cell, brain cell or liver cell). They have to be told what they are going to be and this is done by the turning on of particular genes which determines the ultimate function of that cell. This selective expression of genes is determined by a complex sequence of events which is dictated by the genes such at teh HOX family of genes. I'm sure there are many other genes and gene families that are involved, but I've given you a couple of sources below that will elaborate. Interestingly, differentiation is a process that not only occurs in multicelllular orgranisms, it also happens in some single-celled organisms (such as the bacterium B. subtilis). I've give you link to the leading researcher in that area also. It may help to understand how things like this happen in its simplest form.
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DNA contains a complete blueprint for the body, not only for growth but also repair.  Although each cell contains a complete copy of the original DNA, the particular cell is differentiated from the original DNA containing cells at conception and can only make cells of a particular type (blood, skin, bones, brain, etc.).  During growth, cells divide because the blueprint has not been completed.  Much later little growth is required except perhaps hair, skin and gut lining, etc. and DNA splits and reproduces to make repairs (to patch wounds, etc.) to restore the blueprint construction to normal best it can.  Differentiation may occur because particular cells are influenced by surrounding cells.  Therefore a new toe never grows within a damaged eye.
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Sound to me like you're trying to extract DNA from tissue.\n\nIf so, blending is a mechanical cell lysis mechanism, while detergent is a chemical one.  Blending will turn the cells to a big mush and break apart a few of them.  Detergent is the final step as it makes for the cell to have a lower osmotic pressure, fill with water and pop.  Blending releases the cells from the tissue so the detergent can work more effectively.  \n\nAnd for those of you who want to know how toextract DNA, here's how:\n\nBlend the tissue to be sampled, add salt (you need a enzyme deactivating compound, a salt is preferred, NaCl does well) and water and blend for a minute.  Add the detergent, stir gently.  Put in a test tube and cover with alcohol (95% denatured ethanol is best) and then see how DNA floats up.
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DNA duplicates during inter phase of cell division to prepare the cell for mitosis
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muscle tissue cells- smooth (ability to contract) and cardiac(heart)\nepithelial tissue cells- forms the skin and organs
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In the Human body:\n\nKeratinizing epithelial cells:\n\nEpidermal keratinocyte (differentiating epidermal cell)\n Epidermal basal cell (stem cell) \nKeratinocyte of fingernails and toenails \nNail bed basal cell (stem cell) \nMedullary hair shaft cell \nCortical hair shaft cell \nCuticular hair shaft cell \nCuticular hair root sheath cell \nHair root sheath cell of Huxley's layer \nHair root sheath cell of Henle's layer \nExternal hair root sheath cell \nHair matrix cell (stem cell) \nProkaryotic cell (bacteria) Eukaryotic cell (plant and animal cell)\n\n[edit] Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells:\n\nSurface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina \nbasal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina \nUrinary epithelium cell (lining urinary bladder and urinary ducts) \n\nExocrine secretory epithelial cells:\n\nSalivary gland mucous cell (polysaccharide-rich secretion) \nSalivary gland serous cell (glycoprotein enzyme-rich secretion) \nVon Ebner's gland cell in tongue (washes taste buds) \nMammary gland cell (milk secretion) \nLacrimal gland cell (tear secretion) \nCeruminous gland cell in ear (wax secretion) \nEccrine sweat gland dark cell (glycoprotein secretion) \nEccrine sweat gland clear cell (small molecule secretion) \nApocrine sweat gland cell (odoriferous secretion, sex-hormone sensitive) \nGland of Moll cell in eyelid (specialized sweat gland) \nSebaceous gland cell (lipid-rich sebum secretion) \nBowman's gland cell in nose (washes olfactory epithelium) \nBrunner's gland cell in duodenum (enzymes and alkaline mucus) \nSeminal vesicle cell (secretes seminal fluid components, including fructose for swimming sperm) \nProstate gland cell (secretes seminal fluid components) \nBulbourethral gland cell (mucus secretion) \nBartholin's gland cell (vaginal lubricant secretion) \nGland of Littre cell (mucus secretion) \nUterus endometrium cell (carbohydrate secretion) \nIsolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts (mucus secretion) \nStomach lining mucous cell (mucus secretion) \nGastric gland zymogenic cell (pepsinogen secretion) \nGastric gland oxyntic cell (hydrochloric acid secretion) \nPancreatic acinar cell (bicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretion) \nPaneth cell of small intestine (lysozyme secretion) \nType II pneumocyte of lung (surfactant secretion) \nClara cell of lung \n\nHormone secreting cells:\n\nAnterior pituitary cells \nSomatotropes \nLactotropes \nThyrotropes \nGonadotropes \nCorticotropes \nIntermediate pituitary cell, secreting melanocyte-stimulating hormone \nMagnocellular neurosecretory cells \nsecreting oxytocin \nsecreting vasopressin \nGut and respiratory tract cells secreting serotonin \nsecreting endorphin \nsecreting somatostatin \nsecreting gastrin \nsecreting secretin \nsecreting cholecystokinin \nsecreting insulin \nsecreting glucagon \nsecreting bombesin \nThyroid gland cells \nthyroid epithelial cell \nparafollicular cell \nParathyroid gland cells \nParathyroid chief cell \noxyphil cell \nAdrenal gland cells \nchromaffin cells \nsecreting steroid hormones (mineralcorticoids and gluco corticoids) \nLeydig cell of testes secreting testosterone \nTheca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen \nCorpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone \nKidney juxtaglomerular apparatus cell (renin secretion) \nMacula densa cell of kidney \nPeripolar cell of kidney \nMesangial cell of kidney \n\n(Gut, Exocrine Glands and Urogenital Tract):\n\nIntestinal brush border cell (with microvilli) \nExocrine gland striated duct cell \nGall bladder epithelial cell \nKidney proximal tubule brush border cell \nKidney distal tubule cell \nDuctulus efferens nonciliated cell \nEpididymal principal cell \nEpididymal basal cell \n\nMetabolism and storage cells:\n\nHepatocyte (liver cell) \nWhite f
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Cells called osteocytes deposite collagen and release calcium phosphate which eventually hardens into a mineral called hydroxyapatite. This eventually forms a mineralized connetctive tissue which allows your muscles and other organs to attach themselves.