Explain how the adrenal gland is related to the human response to short-term and long-term stress?
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Hormones and stress:http://salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year1/stressho.htm\n\nhttp://salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year1/stressho.htm#stressors_hormone_levels
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Well the endocrine system is a network,and they all affect eachother,however Pineal gland has an entirely different function from the Adrenals,the Adrenals primarily excrete cortisol and Adrenaline.Serotonin is a chemical in the brain that makes that happy feeling.In depressed people there is a deficiency of seretonin.
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Google "DHEA". It's a steroid produced by your adrenal glands that acts as a precursor for testosterone & estrogen.
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It's a great drug for a variety of problems. However, it suppresses the normal adrenal cortex. This is why it's critical to ween from the drug slowly, to allow the adrenals to start functioning again. Follow your doctor's directions explicitly. It's dangerous to try a shortcut.
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Emotions originate from the limbic system in the brain.  The limbic system is actually several components within the brain that control the fight or flight response, hunger, thirst, fear, bliss, sadness, short and long-term memory, etc.\n  \nSensory perception, things we see and touch is linked to some part of our memory and we associate a response with the given object.  Fire is a good example, at an early age one is taught that fire burns and hurts, that is embedded into our memory so we behave and particular way around fire.  Emotions work the same way, one associates particular feelings(chemical reactions within specific parts of the limbic system) to events, people, places, things, etc.  Any adverse changes to that event, person, place, etc. causes stimulation and a resulting emotion.  I believe hormones(such as dopamine and serotonin) play a huge part in emotions through up or down regulation.\n\nOur emotions make us human, even though primates express emotions such a love, fear, and anger.\nWomen are more emotional than men and that is because there exists a physiological differences(possible?) in the brain and hormonal differences.
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I'm not sure what your question is?\nChronic stress endured over a long time can have different kinds of affect on your body depending on your genetic make-up.\nShort term stress is o.k., since that is probably why your here right now.
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Androgen secretion by adrenals (mainly DHEA and DHEA-S) is but a small part of the array of hormones it produces, the most important one being cortisol and aldosterone.\n\nWhen you say you have low adrenal function, the possible causes can be a deffect in the pituatiry control of the adrenal function and, sorry, you have to see a doctor to resolve the problem, DHEA won't cure your low cortisol or aldo...
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The endocrine system is a collection of glands and organs that produce and regulate hormones in the bloodstream to control many functions of the body. This system overlaps with the nervous and exocrine system, and its responsibilities include metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Most animals with advanced physiology, such as vertebrates and crustaceans, house an endocrine system.
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These kinds of therapy require close monitoring if taken for a long time partly because they affect the adrenal gland which is key in maintaining good health.
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In the whole autonomic nervous system there are 3 main hormones/neurotransmitters\n\n1)Adrenaline\n2)Noradrenaline\n3)Acetylcholine\n\nAdrenaline/Noradrenaline both stimulate the same receptors (alpha and beta adrenergic) but to different extents. (Think ADRENaline = ADRENergic. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline have ADREN in their name) AcetylCHOLINE stimulates CHOLINErgic receptors\n\nAll these transmitters are found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic system
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What Is the Endocrine System?\nThe foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones (pronounced: hor-moanz) transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Many different hormones move through the bloodstream, but each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells. \n\nA gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. Some types of glands release their secretions in specific areas. For instance, exocrine (pronounced: ek-suh-krin) glands, such as the sweat and salivary glands, release secretions in the skin or inside the mouth. Endocrine glands, on the other hand, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body. \n\nThe major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:\n\nhypothalamus \npituitary gland \nthyroid \nparathyroids \nadrenal glands \npineal body \nreproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes) \nThe hypothalamus (pronounced: hi-po-tha-luh-mus), a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary. \n\nAlthough it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary (pronounced: puh-too-uh-ter-ee) gland, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. It's often called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands. The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and changes in the seasons. To accomplish this, the hypothalamus provides information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.\n\nThe tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. The anterior lobe produces hormones such as:\n\ngrowth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals \nprolactin (pronounced: pro-lak-tin), which activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding \nthyrotropin (pronounced: thy-ruh-tro-pin), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones \ncorticotropin (pronounced: kor-tih-ko-tro-pin), which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones \nThe pituitary also secretes endorphins (pronounced: en-dor-fin), chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain. In addition, the pituitary secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women. \n\nThe posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic (pronounced: an-ty-dy-uh-reh-tik) hormone, which helps control the balance of water in the body. Antidiuretic hormone also affects the production of oxytocin (pronounced: ahk-see-toe-sin), which triggers the contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby. \n\nThe thyroid (pronounced: thy-royd), located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine (pronounced: thy-rahk-seen) and triiodothyronine (pronounced: try-eye-uh-doe-thy-ruh-neen). These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin (pronounced: thigh-ruh-tro-pin), which
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Similarities:\n1. Both project effects to remote sites in the body.\n2. Both use negative and positive feedback systems. (e.g. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and the hormones with opposite effects).\n3. Both project effects on each other.\nDifferences:\n1. The nervous system usually responds to events that require a fast response, and are short in duration, while the endocrine system is usually reponsible for handling/regulating long-term things. \n2. The nervous system projects its effects to a discrete region. The endocrine system generally projects body wide.\n3. Sorry I can't recall a third attribute right now.
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Stress is simply a fact of nature -- forces from the outside worldaffecting the individual. Hence, all living creatures are in a constant interchange with their surroundings (the ecosystem), both physically and behaviorally. This interplay of forces, or energy, is of course present in the relationships between all matter in the universe, whether they are living(animate) or not living (inanimate). However, there are critical differences inhow different living creatures relate to their environment. These differences have far reaching consequences for survival. Because of the over abundance ofstress in our modern lives, we usually think of stress as a negative experience.But from a biological point of view, stress can be neutral, negative, orpositive. \n\nStress has driven evolutionary change (the development and natural selectionof species over time). Thus, the species that adapted best to the causes ofstress (stressors) have survived and evolved into the plant and animal kingdoms we now observe. Man, because of the evolution of the human brain, especially thepart called the neo-cortex, is the most adaptive creature on the planet. This adaptability is largely due to the changes and stressors that we have faced and mastered. Therefore, we, unlike other animals, can live in any climate orecosystem, at various altitudes, and avoid the danger of predators. Moreover, most recently, we have learned to live in the air, under the sea, and even inspace, where no living creatures that we know of have ever survived. So then,what is so wrong with stress?\n\nA brief history of stress\nA key to the understanding of the negative aspects of stress is the conceptof milieu interiur (the internal environment of the body), which was first advanced by the great French physiologist, Claude Bernard. In this concept, he described the principles of dynamic equilibrium. In dynamic equilibrium, constancy, a steady state (situation) in the internal bodily environment, is essential to survival. Therefore, external changes in the environment or external forces that change the internal balance must be reacted to and compensated for if the organism was to survive. Examples of such external forces include temperature, oxygen concentration in the air, the expenditure of energy, and the presence of predators. In addition, diseases were also stressors that threatened the constancy of the milieu interiur.
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The endocrine system is the collection of organs and tissues that make hormones.  The hormones themselves control many things throughout your body, from development to emotional states to simple digestion.  As chemicals which circulate though your blood, they are considered to be 'fast' signals, though not as fast as nerve signals and the like.  Hormones are also never stored in your body... just made quickly as they're needed and used quickly.
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Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal gland which produce excess adrenaline. Pheochromocytomas arise from the central portion of the adrenal gland which is called the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is responsible for the normal production of adrenaline which our body requires to help maintain blood pressure and to help cope with stressful situations. A tumor which arises from the adrenal medulla and overproduces adrenaline can be a deadly tumor because of the severe elevation in blood pressure it causes.\n\n\nSymptoms of Pheochromocytomas\n\nThe classical symptoms of pheos are those attributable to excess adrenaline production. Often these patients will have recurring episodes of sweating, headache, and a feeling of high anxiety. The following symptoms are listed from the most common to the least common:\n\nHeadaches (severe) \nExcess sweating (generalized) \nRacing heart (tachycardia and palpitations) \nAnxiety / nervousness (feelings of impending death) \nNervous shaking (tremors) \nPain in the lower chest or upper abdomen \nNausea (with or without nausea) \nWeight loss \nHeat intolerance
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"In 1855, Thomas Addison first described adrenal insufficiency, which was subsequently named after him as "Addison disease"."\n\n"Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency: adrenocortical insufficiency usually as the result of idiopathic atrophy or destruction of both adrenal glands by tuberculosis, an autoimmune process, or other diseases; characterized by fatigue, decreased blood pressure, weight loss, increased melanin pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, anorexia, and nausea or vomiting; without appropriate replacement therapy, it can progress to acute adrenocortical insufficiency." - From Stedman's Electronic Medical Dictionary.\n\nYou can refer to the Source link for full details.\n\n>>> Naveen Kumar
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Wow, that is a LOADED question. There are numerous variables the determin psychological responses in any species. Fear would be an emotional variable and environment would be physical variables (cold, wet, hot, ect.). Try to be a little more specific. ANYHOW, time for this question to finally end! Vote!