why weak beam strong column is required for structure located in earthquake zone?
483029
Columns support the building and keep it standing up.  If the beams that connect between columns were stiff then the column connections would not be able to flex under earthquake loadings.  So, when the beams are allowed to flex it allows the side-to-side forces that earthquakes cause.
47862
No substance at all. Skyscrapers in New York City are designed to collapse straight down in the event of a catastrophic collapse (like from a severe earthquake).\n\nThis is a necessity because New York City has so many skyscrapers closely packed together. If one fell over sideways, it would cause a chain reaction like dominoes, causing millions of deaths.\n\nWTC7 collapsed due to fire. The firefighters decided not to fight the fire in the building because they knew that the building was empty, and that their efforts were better spent rescuing people trapped under the rubble.\n\nSince the fire was allowed to burn unchecked, it eventually weakened the steel members causing it to collapse.\n\n\nBackground information: The steel in the building DID NOT MELT. Steel has a strange property; when it gets heated to a certain temperature, it loses about half its strength.\n\nIf you don't believe that, think about this: why do city fire codes require steel beams to be sprayed with fireproofing material if steel can't catch fire? The fireproofing material is to prevent the steel from losing it's strength due to high temperatures.
1113009
Would you like to know the disadvantages or the differences? Ok I'll try to explain a little on both.\n\nDIFFERENCE:\n\nThe Richter scale defines an earthquake's "magnitude". It is a measure of how strong an earthquake is - depending on the energy released at its source, called the focus, where the initial break or slippage in the rocks occurs. Hence this is a scientific and objective measure, calculated from amplitudes of seismic waves.\n\nThe Mercalli scale describes the "intensity". It is based on an earthquake's effect on people, structures, etc. It measures the damage on society - in other words, how intense it was for a particular area. This means it is not concerned about the earthquake source, simply on the area that is being described, and is therefore a subjective measure.\n\nDISADVANTAGES:\n\nWell, there aren't REAL disadvantages in using either scale, in fact, both should be used in order to evaluate a certain earthquake. The disadvantages lie in using only one of these, or not knowing which is which! But if you're reading the news, they're easy to distinguish: Richter is in Hindu-Arabic numerals (normal numbers) so you get 7 or 8.5, etc. Mercalli is denoted in Roman numerals, like VII, and no decimals of course.\n\nJust bear in mind that the Richter Magnitude is about the earthquake source itself, and the Mercalli Intensity depending on the area being considered. For example, a very strong earthquake in the middle of an uninhabited wasteland would register high on the Richter but low on the Mercalli, simply because there were no people or structures to affect. If a weak earthquake occured right in an area with many people having unstable houses, then this would cause a lot of damage or death and therefore register high on the Mercalli, although low on the Richter.\n\nHope this helps :)
944523
In some areas of the world the tectonic plates press against each other with some amount of pressure. When the pressure grows too great, there is movement in one particular spot, which is then known as the epicenter. A small amount of movement is a small earthquake; a large amount equals a major earthquake.  It is a terrifying experience to be in a major earthquake -- that's why I moved away from Los Angeles.
544138
There are many factors that would determine whether your house would be knocked down by an earthquake or not.\n\nThe most obvious would be the size of the earthquake and your distance from the epicenter. The amount of destruction tends to drop off rapidly with distance from the epicenter.\n\nThe next factor would be what your house is made of.  Wood frame structures tend to stand earthquake stress more readily than a masonry (brick or concrete) building would because the joints between the wood can flex and return to their original form whereas bricks will break apart.  The age of the structure and any earthquake retrofitting will also be a factor.  In homes, one of the most common retrofits is to bolt the house to the concrete foundation so it won't slide off during a quake.\n\nThe third factor is the ground under your house.  There are certain soil types that can magnify the force of the earthquake.  An example of this is the Marina District in San Francisco.  It is largely built on top of debris from the 1906 quake.  During the Loma Prieta quake, the relatively loose rubble vibrated and shifted causing extensive damage to the buildings atop it.
562676
THE NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE\nOn December 28, 1989, a magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Newcastle, causing extensive damage and killing 13 people. This earthquake proved that even Australia is not immune from damaging earthquakes causing significant human and economic loss.\n\nMost of the damage occured to unreinforced masonry buildings which had been built between 1900 and 1950. Over 3000 residences were damaged throughout the city. Until recently Newcastle was a steel manufacturing city, (BHP Steel closed late 1999) but at the time of the earthquake the steel mills were not severly damaged and gas and electricity sub stations did not incur major damage.\n\nGenerally speaking, most modern structures were generally not damaged; the exception was the Newcastle Workers Club, where a section built in 1972 collapsed, killing 10 people. The club was built in two main parts; an older unreinforced masonry section and a newer concrete frame section four stories high with underground parking. The collapse of the Newcastle Workers Club began at the top of the club causing the building to cascade into itself trapping patrons and workers within the building.
23698
An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics). Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see New Madrid Seismic Zone). Earthquakes related to plate tectonics are called tectonic earthquakes. Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes.
104285
When all broken up in a planned demolition, the parts of the building generally fall straight down.  When partly intact from an uncontrolled demolition, vertical substructures (columns, walls, etc.) might fall slower because they are still intact and close to vertical.  Some might even remain standing, as in 9/11.  I would guess this is a dominant effect.
1055203
hehehehehehe first of all i wud like to say u tht ther is no advantage of earthquakes, everything are disadvantages ok\n\nso as u say u need for your project then i shall surely help but if its the best one (and i know it will be) please give me the best answer ok.\n\nThe disadvantages or the effects of earthquakes are as follows : -\n\n1.GROUND SHAKING : - \nGround shaking is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during an earthquake. Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface waves. As a generalization, the severity of ground shaking increases as magnitude increases and decreases as distance from the causative fault increases. Although the physics of seismic waves is complex, ground shaking can be explained in terms of body waves, compressional, or P, and shear, or S, and surface waves, Rayleigh and Love. \n\nP waves propagate through the Earth with a speed of about 15,000 miles per hour and are the first waves to cause vibration of a building. S waves arrive next and cause a structure to vibrate from side to side. They are the most damaging waves, because buildings are more easily damaged from horizontal motion than from vertical motion. The P and S waves mainly cause high-frequency vibrations; whereas, Rayleigh waves and Love waves, which arrive last, mainly cause low-frequency vibrations. Body and surface waves cause the ground, and consequently a building, to vibrate in a complex manner. The objective of earthquake-resistant design is to construct a building so that it can withstand the ground shaking caused by body and surface waves.\n\nIn land-use zoning and earthquake-resistant design, knowledge of the amplitude, frequency composition, and the time duration of ground shaking is needed. These quantities can be determined from empirical (observed) data correlating them with the magnitude and the distribution of Modified Mercalli intensity of the earthquake, distance of the building from the causative fault, and the physical properties of the soil and rock underlying the building. The subjective numerical value of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale indicates the effects of ground shaking on man, buildings, and the surface of the Earth.\n\nWhen a fault ruptures, seismic waves are propagated in all directions, causing the ground to vibrate at frequencies ranging from about 0.1 to 30 Hertz. Buildings vibrate as a consequence of the ground shaking; damage takes place if the building cannot withstand these vibrations. Compressional waves and shear waves mainly cause high-frequency (greater than 1 Hertz) vibrations which are more efficient than low-frequency waves in causing low buildings to vibrate. Rayleigh and Love waves mainly cause low-frequency vibrations which are more efficient than high-frequency waves in causing tall buildings to vibrate. Because amplitudes of low-frequency vibrations decay less rapidly than high-frequency vibrations as distance from the fault increases, tall buildings located at relatively great distances (60 miles) from a fault are sometimes damaged.\n\n\n2.SURFACE FAULTING : - Surface faulting -- the differential movement of the two sides of a fracture at the Earth's surface-- is of three general types: strike-slip, normal, and reverse (or thrust). Combinations of the strike-slip type and the other two types of faulting can be found. Although displacements of these kinds can result from landslides and other shallow processes, surface faulting, as the term is used here, applies to differential movements caused by deep-seated forces in the Earth, the slow movement of sedimentary deposits toward the Gulf of Mexico, and faulting associated with salt domes.\n\n\nDeath and injuries from surface faulting are very unlikely, but casualties can occur indirectly through fault damage to structures.\n\nSurface faulting, in the case of a strike-slip fault, generally affects a long narrow zone whose total area is small compared with the total area affected by ground shaking. Neverthe
926220
Use a floating point, or gimbaled hydralic plates to adjust as needed. this is also a known Earthquake Resistant design.
409571
The exact location of an earthquake.
290922
I'm not sure what a microstructure is really but I know that on softer soil or ground that often a floating concrete structure design is used, beginning in the 1880s or maybe earlier.  Because the gorund is soft, instead of driving piles down to the bedrock, they covered a large area with a steel grid and filled it with concrete, this allowed them to start building skyscrapers and larger structures.  It may be a little different today, but the floating idea was that it ballanced itseld, and heavy objects, really heavy, are placed to maintain this balance so it doesn't tilt.  Sorry if you already know all of this and it is no help, I just thought it was interesting.
813517
Yes and no!\n\nYes - the amount of energy released when the fault slips dictates the force of the shock waves.\n\nBut the No is also important.   A deep high magnitude earthquake may not rattle a cup because most of it's energy is absorbed before it reaches the surface.  Where a relatively much lighter earthquake on the surface could cause devesatation.
362562
Well, to avoid tsunamis and typhoons/hurricanes you need to be in a landlocked country. To avoid tornadoes you need something fairly mountainous. As for earthquakes, you need to avoid fault lines. I would guess somewhere in Germany or thereabouts.
905919
An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from and is powered by the sudden release of stored energy in the crust that propagates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property.\n\nEarthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of human activities. In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves.\n\nTypes of earthquakes\n\nNaturally occurring earthquakes :-\nMost naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the Earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. The Earth's lithosphere is a patchwork of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. Plate boundaries grind past each other, creating frictional stress. When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value, called local strength, a sudden failure occurs. The boundary of tectonic plates along which failure occurs is called the fault plane. When the failure at the fault plane results in a violent displacement of the Earth's crust, the elastic strain energy is released and seismic waves are radiated, thus causing an earthquake. This processes of strain, stress, and failure is referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth and is converted into heat. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy, though these losses are negligible\nEarthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes, while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.\n\nThe majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding a few tens of kilometers. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (up to hundreds of kilometers). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep focus earthquakes are another phenomenon associated with a subducting slab. These are earthquakes that occur at a depth at which the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure.\nEarthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.\n\nA recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.\n\n\nInduced earthquakes :- \n\nSome earthquakes have anthropogenic sources, such as extraction of minerals and fossil fuel from the Earth's crust, the removal or injection of fluids into the crust, reservoir-induced seismicity, massive explosions, and collapse of large buildings. Seismic events caused by human activity are referred to by the term induced seismicity. They however are not strictly earthquakes and usually show a dif
660081
For a give weight of material, a flat material is stronger if you will consider a wide flanged beam to be a series of flat materials. \n\nIt really depends on the application. For beams, circular cross sections are not as efficient as the H shape of a wide flanged beam.\n\nFor columns a circular cross section can be more efficient depending on where the load is applied.\n\nThat is the reason structural engineers are employed to design structures. They can chose the correct configuration for each piece.
821158
it seems crazy that sky scrapers can be so high and not fall down on their own.  this is because it is full of materials that have been tested before to failure.  the structural engineer knows that every beam, joist or member has a certain design load capacity.\n\nby figuring out what the design of the building is, what materials will be used and what the different loads will act on the structure, the structural engineer will be able to adequately design a system that can carry the load.\n\nfor example.  a 5 story building is to be built.  the soil needs to be tested to see if it can support the foundation.  depending on how many people will load the floors, structural beams will be designed to support such loads and more.  most structural systems have been done and tested before so there is plenty of documented evidence that a certain structural system will work.\n\nnot to mention that many structural engineers now build their work virtually.  they can apply different simulations e.g. seismic loads to see if their calculations work and see it virtually withstand the loads.\n\nhope this helps.