The principle operation of ISDN?
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a type of circuit switched telephone network system, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better quality and higher speeds than available with analog systems. More broadly, ISDN is a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit switched connections, and for advanced call features for the user. The English term is a "backronym", thought better for English-language advertisements than the original, "Integriertes Sprach- und Datennetz" (German for "Integrated Speech and Data Net").\n\nIn a videoconference, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.\n\nIn the phrase "Integrated Services Digital Network",\n\nIntegrated Services refers to ISDN's ability to deliver two simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fax, over a single line. Multiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed. That means an ISDN line can take care of most people's complete communications needs, without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines at a much higher transmission rate. \nDigital refers to its purely digital transmission, as opposed to the analog transmission of plain old telephone service. If you're using a modem for Internet access at this moment, your Internet service provider's modem has converted this site's digital content to analog signals before sending it to you, and your modem converts those signals back to digital when receiving (the same thing happens with every keystroke and mouse click you transmit). When you connect with ISDN, there is no analog conversion. ISDN transmits data digitally, resulting in a very clear transmission quality. There is none of the static and noise of analog transmissions that can slow transmission speed. \nNetwork refers to the fact that ISDN is not simply a point-to-point solution like a leased line. ISDN networks extend from the local telephone exchange to the remote user and include all of the telecommunications and switching equipment in between\n\nConfigurations\nIn ISDN, there are two types of channels, B (for "Bearer") and D (for "Delta"). B channels are used for data (which may include voice), and D channels are intended for signalling and control (but can also be used for data).\n\nThere are two kinds of access to ISDN. Basic rate interface (BRI) — also Basic rate access (BRA) — consists of two B channels, each with bandwidth of 64 kbit/s, and one D channel with a bandwidth of 16 kbit/s. Together these three channels can be designated as 2B+D. Primary rate interface (PRI) — also Primary rate access (PRA) — contains a greater number of B channels and a D channel with a bandwidth of 64 kbit/s. The number of B channels for PRI varies according to the nation: in North America and Japan it is 23B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 1.544 Mbit/s (T1); in Europe and Australia it is 30B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (E1).\n\nAlso ISDN Can be used in a configuration in which the B channels of an ISDN basic rate interface are bundled to provide a total duplex bandwidth of 128 kbit/s. This precludes use of the line for voice calls while the internet connection is in use.\n\nUsing bipolar with eight-zero substitution encoding technique, call data is transmitted over the data (B) channels, with the signalling (D) channels used for call setup and management. Once a call is set up, there is a simple 64 kbit/s synchronous bidirectional data channel between the end parties, lasting until the call is terminated. There can be as many calls as there are data channels, to the same or different end-points. Bearer channels may also be multiplexed into what may be considered single, higher-bandwidth channels via a process called B
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A hub works at the hardware level (physical layer) and simply repeats electrical signals - whatever comes in goes out.  A switch works at a logically higher level (data link layer) and does not forward data packets out a port when the port of the target device is known - in other words, it's smarter and helps reduce traffic.\n\n1) I've never seen a router that doesn't allow you to program the WAN side ip address, gateway, and subnet, and the LAN side ip address and subnet.\n\n2) The ip subnet defines the size of your network (the maximum number of connections possible).  On the WAN side of your router, use the subnet the ISP gives you.  On the Lan side, I suggest that you code your ip addresses starting 192.168.x.x and use 255.255.255.0 as a subnet (there are a LOT of other choices, for a lot of oother reasons, but this sounds like the first time you're trying this, so I'm trying to keep it simple).  The gateway defines the address of a router that knows where to forward things you don't.  On the WAN side of your router, use the gateway the ISP gives you.  On the LAN side of the router, the gateway IS the router's LAN ip address.  The DNS are two addresses where a "smart computer" lives that can translate logical names (like www.yahoo.com) to ip addresses (like 214.56.78.211).  On the WAN side, use the two addresses your ISP gives you.  On the Lan side, if your router supports DNS forwarding, use the ip address of the router as the primary and leave the secondary blank.  If not, use the two addresses the ISP gave you.\n\n3) You are only in a domain if you are running some flavor of Windows Server as a domain controller, and all client computers have to log onto the domain to get access.  These you see normally at larger companies.  A Workgroup is simply a bunch of computers on the same subnet with the same workgroup name (so that they can see each other).  You can have workgroups in a domain, but you can also use workgroups without a domain.  Most home networks and very small businesses share files using peer-to-peer sharing and workgroups, without using a domain.\n\n4) A hub is a repeater.  It just repeats the signal.  Now, if we're talking fibre-optics, you still have repeaters (they aren't called hubs), but they do simply repeat a signal.  All transmission lines have a limit as to how far they can run.  If you need to run them further, you have to enbed repeaters into the network.
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The Internet ("inter-" + "network") is a large computer network made up of several nodes of smaller networks. Ultimately, the Internet is just a system for billions of computers to be able to send data to eachother at any given moment.\n\nThe Internet relies on the Internet Protocol (IP), layer 3 of the OSI model. IP provides a way to specify where you want to send data ("IP addresses"), but not much that plays a very obvious role on the Internet...\n\n...And what exactly is a protocol?\nA protocol is just a way of doing things. It can be very detailed and strict or very lenient. For example, the way you get dressed in the morning could be called a protocol. At the same time, the way to file your taxes is a protocol.\n\nProtocols provide guidelines that should be followed for 'optimal' performance - if you send you taxes to the wrong address, you'll have an angry government. If these are not strictly adhered to, something might horribly break. But when talking about computers and "networking", a protocol is usually a "communications" mechanism that helps computers talk to - and understand - eachother.\n\nThe same people who created the Internet Protocol also created higher level protocols (protocols that directly rely on IP). A couple of these protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Again, these protocols don't explain what the most obvious parts of the Internet are - like WWW and FTP - but they provide some insight into the multi-layered complexity of it all.\n\nTCP and UDP are the two more popular Internet protocols. There are higher level protocols that rely on these, and inevitably even higher level protocols than those. But TCP and UDP (with IP) provide the basic underlying functionality of the Internet and define an important concept: the client-server networking paradigm.\n\nThis paradigm has two parties to every discussion, a server and a client. A server, so named because it "serves" clients, listens to certain types of network traffic and when it "hears" its name being called, it answers. A client is the one doing the calling.\n\nA server, also known as a service or daemon, is really just a program running on somebody's computer. It is designed to provide some functionality for requesting parties (clients). Likewise, a client is a computer program designed to talk to a server. Many such clients make these "discussions" transparent to a user (and many don't require any user interaction at all).\n\nServers rely on protocols in a way to understand their clients and vice versa. If you were to talk to someone who only spoke a language you didn't understand, you couldn't derive anything useful from your attempt at conversing. This is the case with servers as well. The protocols define languages the clients and servers can use to better understand eachother.\n\nAn example of such a protocol is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP provides a way for servers to serve documents (computer files) to requesting clients. Namely, a "web browser" (a client) connects to a "web server" (a server) and asks for a "web page" (a computer file). The server responds by telling the client something in language it understands - it says "here is the document you wanted", "I couldn't find that", or "there was a problem".\n\nSince you are writing PHP code, you probably understand that HTTP has some more options than just those, and what HTML is. With that information, you have a pretty good idea of what the World Wide Web is. WWW does not make up the Internet, but many such things - FTP, gopher, NNTP, POP, IMAP, SMTP, etc., etc., etc. - together make up the Internet.\nWith all of these, the programs that support them, and the people that require them, the Internet works. Really, how the Internet works is that millions
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TO RUN NETWORK PERFECTLY.
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Do you mean an SO port or an S0 port ( S Zero).  S0 is a reference to the user port/the port you connect into on ISDN (The pure digital dial up service).\n\nIf you are trying to connect an ISDN Modem or terminal adaptor, or maybe you have a small telephone system/PBX it would be connected to ISDN lines via an S0 (s Zero) port.
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Your questions are too generalized.  There are a lot of topics regarding router configuration, modem and DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer).\n\nIn a nutshell (if I understood you correctly)-\n\nDSLAM is a network device, usually located at a telephone company central office, or within a neighborhood SAI (Serving Area Interface - in layman's term a place that's been structured to offer broadband service, like some towns or counties) as part of a digital loop carrier, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and aggregates the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques. Depending on the product, DSLAM multiplexers connect DSL lines with some combination of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), frame relay, or Internet Protocol networks.\n\nA router is a computer networking device that forwards data packets across an internetwork toward their destinations, through a process known as routing.\n\nRouter configuration depend on the type of Internet account (PPPoE, Static or Dynamic/DHCP), you have.  This is normally dictated by your ISP.\n\nCustomers connect to the DSLAM through DSL modems or DSL routers, which are connected to the PSTN network via typical unshielded twisted pair telephone lines. Each DSLAM has multiple aggregation cards, and each such card can have multiple ports to which the customers lines are connected. Typically a single DSLAM aggregation card has 24 ports, but this number can vary with each manufacturer. The most common DSLAMs are housed in a telco-grade chassis, which is supplied with −48 V DC. Hence a typical DSLAM setup may contain power converters, DSLAM chassis, aggregation cards, cabling, and upstream links. The most common upstream links in these DSLAMs use gigabit ethernet or multi-gigabit fiber optic links.\n\nFrom a router perspective, the DSLAM acts like a massive network switch.\n\nYou can picture it this way - your computer or computers (whether wired or wireless) connects to the router, which is connected to the modem.  The modem connects to the Internet Service Provider (either through DSL or Cable broadband) which allows you access to the Internet.\n\nTry these sites for "light reading" on this -\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/search.php?search=configuring%20routers&fr=ch&page_ref=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLAM\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
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First there is no ICS in Linux..\nyou should be ok with the next line\niptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -i ethX -j MASQUERADE\nwhere ethX is your network card for your private network
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It's hard to know where to start on this one. this is a broad and complex topic that depends on knowledge of things like the OSI model, TCP/IP model, switching, routing, routing protocols, among others. \n\nI'll try to tackle this from a high level:\n\nThe information being transmitted includes the actual file/message, plus "headers." Headers are like instructions telling the network who is sending the file and where it needs to go. There are different types of headers for different layers of the network. \n\nThe information starts at the source computer, then goes from device to device until it finally reaches the destination computer. Along the way switches are using the Layer 2 headers to determine where to send the file, and routers are using Layer 3 headers to determine where to send the file. Once the destination computer receives the file, it strips away the headers and the computer uses the appropriate application to open the file for the intended recipient.\n\nMetaphorically speaking, it's like a letter and the post office. Someone writes a letter. They put the letter in an envelope, then put their return address on it. Then they put the destination address on it. The post office takes the letter, and they stamp all sorts of weird bar codes and lines all over the envelope, and these things tell the post office where to send the letter. Finally a postal worker at the tail end takes the letter around on his route and puts it in the right mailbox. The recipient opens the envelope and reads the letter. Neither sender nor recipient cares about the envelope or the route used, all they care about is whether the intended recipient got the letter intact.
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You connect to International Yahoo! with your Internet Service Provider (ISP).\nTelkomnet?
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One method\n\nhttp://ift.confex.com/ift/2002/techprogram/paper_10516.htm
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One can only functionally position the internet model to the ISO OSI model because basic differences exist such as: \n\nIn the internet protocol suite, a layer represents a reasonable packaging of function. \nThe ISO view, on the other hand, treats layers as rather narrow functional groups, attempting to force modularity by requiring additional layers for additional functions. \n\nIn the TCP/IP protocols, a given protocol can be used by other protocols within the same layer, whereas in the OSI model two separate layers would be defined in such circumstances. Examples of such "horizontal dependencies" are FTP, which uses the same common representation as TELNET on the "application layer," and ICMP, which uses IP for sending its datagrams on the "internetwork" layer. \n\nIn practice, what we are discussing here is the difference between a de jure standard, OSI, and a de facto standard, TCP/IP. The focus in the TCP/IP world is on agreeing on a protocol standard which can be made to work in diverse heterogeneous networks. The focus in the OSI world has always been more on the standard than the implementation of the standard. \n\nEfficiency and feasibility. The OSI norms tend to be prescriptive (for instance the "layer N" must go through "all layers below it"), whereas the TCP/IP protocols are descriptive, and leave a maximum of freedom for the implementers. One of the advantages of the TCP/IP approach is that each particular implementation can use operating system-dependent features, generally resulting in a greater efficiency (fewer CPU cycles, more throughput for similar functions), while still ensuring "interoperability" with other implementations. \nAnother way to see this is that most of the internet protocols have first been developed (coded and tested), before being "described" in an RFC (usually by the implementer) which clearly shows the feasibility of the protocols. \n\n2.14.2 The Internet World and OSI \nThe Department of Defense (DoD), funder of the original ARPANET research, made a statement on OSI in January '88, based on the Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) of April 22, 1987. \n\nThe following is an excerpt from the statement, which is published in RFC 1039 - A DoD Statement on OSI: "... It is intended to adopt the OSI protocols as a full co-standard with the DoD protocols when GOSIP is formally approved as a Federal Information Processing Standard. Two years thereafter, the OSI protocols would become the sole mandatory interoperable protocol suite; however, a capability for interoperation with DoD protocols would be provided for the expected life of systems supporting the DoD protocols. ..." \n\nA lot of study has already been done by the internet world on possible transitions and coexistence of the protocols. The following list is a series of RFCs already issued for that purpose: \n\nRFC 983 - ISO Transport Services on Top of the TCP. \nRFC 1006 - ISO Transport Services on Top of the TCP - Version 3. \nRFC 1039 - A DoD Statement on Open Systems Interconnection Protocols. \nRFC 1069 - Guidelines for the Use of Internet IP Addresses in the ISO Connectionless-Mode Network Protocol. \nRFC 1085 - ISO Presentation Services on Top of the TCP/IP-based Internets. \nRFC 1086 - ISO-TP0 Bridge between TCP and X.25. \nRFC 1090 - SMTP on X.25. \nRFC 1161 - SNMP over OSI. \nRFC 1195 - Use of OSI IS-IS for Routing in TCP/IP and Dual Environments. \nRFC 1238 - CLNS MIB for Use with Connectionless Network Protocol (ISO 8473) and End System to Intermediate System (ISO 9542). \nRFC 1240 - OSI Connectionless Transport Services on top of UDP: Version 1. \nRFC 1308 - Executive Introduction to Directory Services using the X.500 Protocol. \nRFC 1309 - Technical Overview of Directory Services using the X.500 Protocol. \nRFC 1327 - Mapping between X.400 (1988)/ISO 10021 and RFC 822. \nRFC 1328 - X.400 1988 to 1984 Downgrading. \nRFC 1330 - ESCC X.500/X.400 Tas
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With the installation of ISDN (Digital) lines, DDI (Direct Dial in) becomes available,\n\nDDI is a very convenient and simple way of bypassing the operator for making direct contact with an individual or department, faxes and modems, etc. This is done by allocating a unique DDI number to each desired phone\n\nDDI numbers can be used for advertising, situation vacant purposes, etc, and changed when required. As many numbers as needed from 100 to 600 are possible.
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make new folder, copy contents of isp software over to that folder.\nthen, run the software setup from there
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In TCP/IP network stack it uses TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) for Connection Orient service. Ex: HTTP (port 80)\n\nFor connection less UDP(User Datagram Protocol) is used.
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Use ISA Firewall Server and in there u can decide which user can access internet and which can't. ISA uses Actice Directiry user...
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If you have DSL then you have an ATM connection with IP running over it. Ethernet is the connection that you plug you computer into in the DSL modem.\n\nATM is usually but not always fiber and is base on cells that are 53 bytes. To use with IP it need to run lan emulation (LANE) or classical IP (ClIP)\nEthernet use frames instead of cells. It usually but not always runs on twised pairs CAT-5. The interfaces are much less expensive.
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Its a set of rules.Like u hav the IP protocol that specifies the format in the internet layer