How do they calculate ERA for a baseball pitcher?
302616
An earned run is any run that the opponent scores except for runs scored as a result of errors.\n\nERA is calculated with this formula:\n\n(Earned Runs / Innings Pitched) * 9\n\nSo if a pitcher has allowed 22 earned runs in 93 innings, he has an ERA of (22 / 93) * 9 = 2.13
1081086
Earned Run Average, calculated by taking the total number of earned runs, divided by the number of innings pitched, and then multiplied by 9.  Measures how many runs not due to errors the pitcher is giving up on average in a 9-inning game.
626694
There really are no standardized rules for the pitching machine. They are local adaptations of established rules.\n\nMost would have the ball become dead, batter is awarded first base, and all runners advance one base(although some advance the runners only if forced).
1034942
in the menu which comes after each over there is an option-Generate Innings. Go 2 that then it will ask u upto 5ovrs, 10overs, end of the innings etc..................
410998
It's based on scoring shorthand ... before we ubergeeks sat at laptops ... people would get a scorecard and actually have a shorthand system that they could follow every pitch of every game.\n\nYou're right one is the pitcher ... two is then the catcher ... three is first base ... and so on across the position players. From your short hand, 4-6-3 would be a ball hit directly to the second baseman who threw it to the shortstop covering second and then the shortstop threw it over to the first baseman for a double play.  \n\nI attached a link to a website that tells you how to actually score a game. If you want to watch every moment and see the game unfold, this is one of the best ways to do it.
362041
WALKS AND HITS PER INNINGS PITCHED. IT'S A GOOD MEASURE OF A PITCHER'S OVERALL PERFORMANCE.
487749
--- You must come (in relief) into a new inning with a 3-run lead and maintain that lead until the end of the game OR come on in relief with the tying run on deck and maintain the lead until the end of the game.\n--- A pitcher can blow a save but get the win if the lead changes in his team's favor while he is still penciled into the game as the pitcher. If he pitches in the next inning and holds the lead, he gets the WIN.
771307
Any pitcher who substitutes for the starting pitcher. \nThere's usually 11-12 pitchers to a team. 5 are starters and the rest are relievers. You've got the middle relievers for games where the game is out of reach or there's an injury, then set-up men for late inning (7-9 inn's) relief and the closer, who comes in the last inning to shut the other team down if it's close (3-4 run lead) and if he holds them, he gets a save. Sometimes he'll come in if it's tied in the 9th, too. \nRelievers are a huge part of the game today because there's way more good/powerful hitting now and way less good pitching.\nHope that helps.
1137189
GAME TIMES\n\n\nAll games are limited to 1-1/2 hours (90 minutes). \nNo new inning may begin after 1 hour and 15 minutes (75 minutes) from the official start of the game. If the home team is trailing by 5 runs or less, any inning started must be completed. If the visiting team is trailing at 1 hour and 30 minutes, the last two innings will not be played. \nAll games are limited to five (5) innings (exception is tied games). \nA 6th inning is allowed in a tied game if time permits, as noted above. A 7th inning is NOT ALLOWED. \nThe visiting team Pitching Machine Umpire is the official time keeper. \nThe visiting team Pitching Machine Umpire will note official start time to scorekeeper who will record start time in scorebook. \nNote: Late starting games must end no later than 90 minutes from the scheduled start time. \nTHE VISITING TEAM\n\nIs listed first on the schedule \nUses the third base dugout \nTakes infield/outfield for practice twenty (20) minutes prior to game time \nProvides the Pitching Machine Umpire (Head Umpire) for their own FARM GAME to be played. This umpire is the official time keeper and will note the official start time to scorekeeper who will record start time in the scorebook. \nSets up the pitching machine and bases. \nTHE HOME TEAM\n\nIs listed second on the schedule \nUses the first base dugout \nTakes infield/outfield for practice ten (10) minutes prior to game time \nProvides the official scorekeeper \nProvides the volunteer base umpire for their own FARM GAME to be played. \nPuts away the pitching machine and bases. \nTHOSE PERMITTED ON FIELD\n\nOnly players on the official rosters of participating teams (no siblings, parents, friends, scorekeepers). \nOnly one manager and two coaches in the dugout and in the coaching boxes per team. \nUmpires wearing official DLL umpire attire. \nManagers and coaches must remain in the dugout or coaching box until time is called and permission is granted by the Pitching Machine Umpire to leave the dugout or coaching box. \nOnce time is granted, a manager or coach may visit the pitcher;s mound and confer with any player. \nTwo adult base coaches are permitted (managers are encouraged to use at least one player coach on the offense). Team player base coaches must wear protective helmets. Coaches physically assisting a base runner while time is in will result in the base runner being called out. \nNote: umpires have the authority to approve photographers to be on the field. \nUMPIRES\n\nIf team-provided umpires are not available (Home and Visiting teams) to umpire their own scheduled FARM game, the team Manager or Coach will umpire the game. \nThe Pitching Machine Umpire is stationed behind the pitching machine, protects players from the pitching machine and makes calls in the outfield, at 3rd base and home plate. \nAfter a player does not swing at five (5) consecutive pitches, the Pitching Machine Umpire shall call balls as strikes to encourage players to swing at the pitched balls. \nUmpires are not to coach while on the field umpiring. \nThe base umpire makes calls at 1st and 2nd base and keeps track of runnerÕs positions at the conclusion of each play. \nPLAYING TIME\n\nEqual playing time for ALL FARM players is a priority. National Little League Rules dictate that every player will participate in each game defensively for a minimum of six consecutive outs and bat at least one (1) time each game (rule Ivi). Exception: DLL modified rules require every player participate defensively for a minimum of half of total team innings played at which they were present during the entire season. For example, if a team plays five defensive innings, all players will have the opportunity to participate in two innings each, however some players will have opportunity to participate in one additional inning. The manager is responsible to adjust playing time in the next game(s) to rectify this inequity. \nAll players must start at least every other game at which they were present dur
526995
It depends on how good the player is. Could be 1 season in AAA or it could be a 20+year career in MLB. I don't think one can say average. It depends on how good a player is and their health.
679495
Prior to Billy Bean, estimates were made by experts with a lot of experience. Now, many methods can produce results that are similar to his. The best method would be a combination of experience and statistics. This is the heart of professional handicapper in any sport. In fact, it makes up the core skills of a arbitrageur in financial markets as well.\n\nAn example of a simple method is linear regression. For exmple, go to yahoo sports and get the statistics of each baseball player on a team. For each game, create a matrix such that each row is the vector of that player's stats (prior to the game) concatenated with a vector of the pitchers stats.\n\nFor example, the first column could be number of games, then at bats, then runs, homers, .... The second part of that row  would be the pitchers stats. The next row would be the next player with the same pitcher and so on. \n\nThere are many ways to construct this matrix. You could do Principal Components Analysis afterwords, you could include variance and covariance, you could include some weighted sum of relief pitchers, you could do different sets for AL or NL, the possibilities are endless. \n\nNext create a vector (called the  response vector) that for each row has the points scored. You'll have to devise a statistic that is some combination of runs and rbi. For simplicity, you could just sum the two. \n\nThis is the player based method. The team based method would construct the matrix as a weighted sum of the entire team's stats as oppossed to each player. Then the response vector would simply be the points the entire teamed score. If you want to be really thorough about it, do both and compare the difference.\n\nOnce you have the matrix and the response vector, you simply perform linear regression to obtain set of weights. If the matrix is 'A' and the points are 'b', then solve for 'x' in the equation in \n\n            Ax = b\n\nMatlab does this pretty well or you could use Mathematria. If you like free stuff, check out a copy of numerical recipies from the school library. There are actually some Perl modules that do this. Some calculators do this as well. Be careful about a method that uses Grahhm-Schmidt or Gaussian Elimination. For very large data sets like the one you should have, you'll have impossible memory requirements, the program will be really slow and you will have bad round off errors.\n\nWhen you have the weights, which is simply a vector, for any game that you want to handicap, you simply construct the vector or set of vectors (in the 'by player' case) that represent the game and then multiply the matrix representation of the game by the weights to obtain the estimate for the score. \n\nSometimes you may want to know the varianc of this estimate, because you believe your model may inaccurate for a particular game, or the estimate seems way off. So if the variance of this estimate is too high, you want to 'blend' it with a prior estimate which is simply the average total score of all games. A simple way to estimate error is to use the residuals of the regression estimate. You can also compute the the square of the score. Then the variance is the expectcted square of the score minus the square of the expected score.\n\nIn general, with enough data and enough stats (if you use some method to control for the curse of dimensionality), you can actually get really close to what bookies do, just using  Yahoo data.
396247
SECTION 26. If a relief pitcher meets ALL of the following conditions, the\nofficial scorer should credit that pitcher with a save:\na. He is the finishing pitcher in a game won by his team;\nb. He is not credited with the win, and\nc. He meets one of the following conditions:\n(1) He enters the game with a lead of not more than three runs and\npitches at least one inning;\n(2) He enters the game with the potential tying run on base, at bat or on\ndeck, or\n(3) He pitches effectively for at least three innings.\nNote: No more than one save may be credited in each game.
405389
this is easy enough, these people are making it more difficult than it really is.\n\nIm not sure if your just talking about Earned Runs, or the ERA, which is the earned run average... so i will describe both.\n\na run is "earned" when the run is scored without the assistance of a fielding error.  so all runs are earned unless the runner has reached base by error, or a runner was allowed to score by error.  \n\nNow Earned Run Average (ERA) is figured out by dividing the amount of earned runs by the amount of innings pitched, then multiplying by 9 innings.  For Example...\n\nIf a starting pitcher pitches 5 innings, allowing 1 run... you take (1/5) and that equals 0.2.  Then you take 0.2 x 9 innings and get an era of 1.80 ERA.  \n\nHope that helped!
197819
The offical rules are here\n\nhttp://www.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/official_info/official_rules/foreword.jsp
358488
In baseball statistics the term save (abbreviated SV, or sometimes, S) is used to indicate the successful maintenance of a lead by a relief pitcher, usually the closer, until the end of the game. A save is credited to a pitcher who fulfills the following three conditions:\n\nThe pitcher is the last pitcher in a game won by his team; \nThe pitcher is not the winning pitcher (for instance, if a starting pitcher throws a complete game win); \nThe pitcher fulfills at least one of the following three conditions: \nHe comes into the game with a lead of no more than three runs, and pitches at least one full inning. \nHe comes into the game with the potential tying run being either on base, at bat, or on deck. In other words, the potential tying run is either already on base or is one of the first two batters he faces. \nHe pitches at least three "effective" innings (this is the only subjective criterion and is judged by the official scorer). \nIf the pitcher surrenders the lead at any point, he cannot get a save, even if his team comes back to win. No more than one save may be credited in each game.\n\nIf a relief pitcher satisfies all the criteria for a save, except he does not finish the game, he will often be credited with a hold.\n\nSave rules have changed over the years; the above rules are taken from the Official Baseball Rules 2004.\n\nThe save is defined in Section 10.20 of Major League Baseball Official Rules. The statistic was formally introduced in 1969, although research has identified saves earned prior to that point.\n\nA blown save (abbreviated BS) is charged to a pitcher who enters a game in a situation which permits him to earn a save (a 'save situation'), but who instead allows the tying run (and perhaps the go-ahead run) to score. As with any other similar situation, if the pitcher's team does not come back to win the game, said pitcher will be charged with both the loss and a 'blown save.' The blown save is not an officially recognized statistic, but many sources keep track of them. Blown saves have been tracked since 1988. Once a pitcher blows a save, he is no longer eligible to earn a save in that game (since the lead that he was trying to "save" has disappeared), although he can earn a win if his team regains the lead. For this reason, most closers' records include few wins. Closers make the majority of their appearances with their team ahead, so a win usually includes a blown save.\n\nIf a pitcher enters a game in a save situation (for a team leading by three runs or less) in an inning which is not the last (e.g. in a regulation 9-inning home game, pitching the top of the 8th), and his team later scores one or more run(s) to extend their lead beyond three runs, then as long as the same pitcher pitches until the end of the game, he is still credited with the save. As the various roles of relief pitchers have changed since the 1960s, closers who often pitch two or more innings have become increasingly rare; although exceptions remain.\n\nA pitcher also cannot create his own save situation. For instance, if he enters the game with a lead too large for a save, he would not make himself eligible for a save by surrendering enough runs to contract the lead to within save range. It must be a save situation when he enters the game, or he will not be able to earn one.
547600
Easy enough:\n\nERA= (ER/IP)*9\n\nER = Earned Runs\nIP = Innings Pitched\nERA = average number of runs allowed per nine innings
597583
it's the # of bases per at bat.... add up the # of total bases (1 for single, 2 for double, 3 for triple, 4 for homerun) and divide by the number of at bats