Which OSI layer handles the scrambling of system passwords?
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ISO/OSI Network Model\nThe standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers. \n\nLayer 1 - Physical \nPhysical layer defines the cable or physical medium itself, e.g., thinnet, thicknet, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP). All media are functionally equivalent. The main difference is in convenience and cost of installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to another operate at this level. \n\nLayer 2 - Data Link \nData Link layer defines the format of data on the network. A network data frame, aka packet, includes checksum, source and destination address, and data. The largest packet that can be sent through a data link layer defines the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). The data link layer handles the physical and logical connections to the packet's destination, using a network interface. A host connected to an Ethernet would have an Ethernet interface to handle connections to the outside world, and a loopback interface to send packets to itself. \n\nEthernet addresses a host using a unique, 48-bit address called its Ethernet address or Media Access Control (MAC) address. MAC addresses are usually represented as six colon-separated pairs of hex digits, e.g., 8:0:20:11:ac:85. This number is unique and is associated with a particular Ethernet device. Hosts with multiple network interfaces should use the same MAC address on each. The data link layer's protocol-specific header specifies the MAC address of the packet's source and destination. When a packet is sent to all hosts (broadcast), a special MAC address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) is used. \n\nLayer 3 - Network \nNFS uses Internetwork Protocol (IP) as its network layer interface. IP is responsible for routing, directing datagrams from one network to another. The network layer may have to break large datagrams, larger than MTU, into smaller packets and host receiving the packet will have to reassemble the fragmented datagram. The Internetwork Protocol identifies each host with a 32-bit IP address. IP addresses are written as four dot-separated decimal numbers between 0 and 255, e.g., 129.79.16.40. The leading 1-3 bytes of the IP identify the network and the remaining bytes identifies the host on that network. The network portion of the IP is assigned by InterNIC Registration Services, under the contract to the National Science Foundation, and the host portion of the IP is assigned by the local network administrators, locally by noc@indiana.edu. For large sites, usually subnetted like ours, the first two bytes represents the network portion of the IP, and the third and fourth bytes identify the subnet and host respectively. \n\nEven though IP packets are addressed using IP addresses, hardware addresses must be used to actually transport data from one host to another. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map the IP address to it hardware address. \n\nLayer 4 - Transport \nTransport layer subdivides user-buffer into network-buffer sized datagrams and enforces desired transmission control. Two transport protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sits at the transport layer. Reliability and speed are the primary difference between these two protocols. TCP establishes connections between two hosts on the network through 'sockets' which are determined by the IP address and port number. TCP keeps track of the packet delivery order and the packets that must be resent. Maintaining this information for each connection makes TCP a stateful protocol. UDP on the other hand provides a low overhead transmission service, but with less error checking. NFS is built on top of UDP because of its speed and statelessness. Statelessness simplifies the crash recovery. \n\nLayer 5 - Session \nThe session protocol defines the format of the data sent over the connections. The NFS uses the Remote
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That would depend on which system you're talking about!\n\nWithout more details, I'd say a "system password" is at the hardware / BIOS level, whereas a software password is at the operation system or application level. However, that's only a guess, as your question is rather vague.
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Looks like a dongle protected hack to me! \n\n on the call:\nCX=PASSWORD 1     \nDX=PASSWORD 2\n on the return:     \nCX : 3RD RETURN CODE      \nDX : 4TH RETURN CODE
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You can try Password Manager XP
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Use a firewall (either hardware or software) and block the port 1234, 1236 and 1238, set password to settings, done!
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There are some programs that show x's for the password. It doesn't matter what it shows as long as no one can see your password over your shoulder.
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Encryption, passwords.
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Here is a good link regarding recovering Linux passwords (including root)\n\nhttp://www.linuxpipeline.com/55300253
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There may be pdf password recovery tools that could help.\n\nHmm.. yes, here are two (I did a search on "password recovery", PDF, and Files):\nhttp://www.verypdf.com/pwdremover/index.htm \nhttp://www.elcomsoft.com/apdfpr.html\n\nAnd here is a shareware version:\nhttp://www.popularshareware.com/Advanced-PDF-Password-Recovery-download-2605.html
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http://dhvrm.blogspot.com/2006/04/clearing-saved-passwords-auto-complete_23.html
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goto control Panel-->User accounts-->user-->remove password.\ndone!
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I am not sure about password protected processes, but I really like Process Explorer. It can be found at: http://www.sysinternals.com/
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Visit http://www.lostpassword.com/word.htm\nor http://www.intelore.com/word-document-password-recovery.php or http://lastbit.com/word/ or http://www.passwordservice.com/word/ or http://www.intertek.org.uk/downloads/word.html
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Without any PHP knowledge, try Bravenet's Password Gate Service...
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There are a lot of ways.  Using a packet sniffer they can capture passwords (always use secure sign-on options to prevent this).  They can use keyloggers to capture everything you type.  Some pose as IT staff and trick users into divulging their passwords.  There can guess the password using something called a dictionary attack.
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spend all night guessing passwords..... that's about it.....\n\nhere's a starter list:\n\npassword\nmaster\ngod\nadmin\nadministrator\ndefault\nnone\nroot\n8883706561.... oh wait, that is the password to our firewall... or is it some phone number that i was supposed to remember?
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I'm a security professional, and this is a good opportunity to point out just how easy it can be to defeat the Windows password.  The website I'm linking you to provides a boot disk that is a known safe way to do this:\n\nhttp://home.eunet.no/~pnordahl/ntpasswd/bootdisk.html