can you characterise effector T cells by flow cytometry?
479951
Not sure if this will help, but check out this paper:\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415536a.html\n\nThis is the abstract:\n\nActivation of naive CD4+ T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells1. Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)- and lymphotoxin) that are commonly associated with cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions4, and induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases5. Th2 cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) that are crucial for control of extracellular helminthic infections and promote atopic and allergic diseases4. Although much is known about the functions of these two subsets of T-helper cells, there are few known surface molecules that distinguish between them. We report here the identification and characterization of a transmembrane protein, Tim-3, which contains an immunoglobulin and a mucin-like domain and is expressed on differentiated Th1 cells.
299988
The innate immune system, when activated, has a wide array of effector cells and mechanisms. There are several different types of phagocytic cells, which ingest and destroy invading pathogens. The most common phagocytes are neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Another cell type, natural killer cells are especially adept at destroying cells infected with viruses. Another component of the innate immune system is known as the complement system. Complement proteins are normally inactive components of the blood. However, when activated by the recognition of a pathogen or antibody, the various proteins are activated to recruit inflammatory cells, coat pathogens to make them more easily phagocytosed, and to make destructive pores in the surfaces of pathogens.
368912
Right, Posotive and negative selection occurs in the thymus.\n\nImmature T cells move from the Bone Marrow to the tymus where they are posotivly and negativly selected and this is the basis of Tolerance.  T cells that bind Too Weakly to the MHC antigen complex are killed by apoptosis.  T cells that bind too strongly are also killed by apoptosis.  Those that lie between are selected.  \n\nThis is important as T cell binding too weakly cant raise immune awarness and cells that vbind too strongly cause autoimmune diseases.\n\nLook up T cell anergy which is things like blocking of the receptor deletion of the T cell etc.  Try the book immunobilogy By c Janeway or "the immune system" by Peter Parham both published by garland science.  \n\nok this is a very basic overview as its a long subject and needs to be read rather than asked on this.\n\ngood luck
27818
self-cells have their own protein marker(protein embedded in the cell surface ) that will differentiate the self-cells with non-self cells.We have our own immune system(white blood cells or T-cells/marcophages/B-cells).This immune system will monitor and differentiate our cells using the antigen(protein embedded in the cell surface).If the cells does not have this kind of self marker,marcophages will activated and stimulate the T-cells to attack the cells(non-cells)
941975
Flow cytometers are computer-driven instruments which analyse cells moving in a fluid stream past a laser.  Some flow cytometers have the additional capacity to sort cells, that is, to physically remove cells with certain defined characteristics from the fluid stream, and put them into a separate container.  So, the short answer to your question is - all cell sorters are flow cytometers, but not all flow cytometers are cell sorters.
921261
Interphase\n\nhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
618782
Indirectly, yes. Antibodies are produced by B cells, which are, in turn, regulated by helper T cells by chemicals called cytokines.
577147
This article answers your question.\n\nhttp://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fgeneral%2Fans_043.html
31175
The T cells that are "relevant", meaning the ones that are adapted to take care of the certain antigen (yes, there are leukocytes in our body that are adapted to take care of HIV viruses, but they die before they can hold the desease back), do reproduce as a result of the exposure to the antigen. But, as I said, don't "get there in time" to prevent the infection and thus cannot avoid AIDS.\n\nShortly - the answer is yes :).
640553
I work in a large NHS Haematology laboratory running the flow cytometry section. There will normally be a flow cytometer in larger labs that are regional centres or teaching hospitals. Our department does all the flow cytometry for about 5 surrounding smaller NHS trusts, so it is certainly not true that all Haematology labs will have one. Flow cytometers are expensive and require specific expertise from Biomedical Scientists. Unless the workload is high enough it will be more cost effective to refer samples to a regional centre. \nOur laboratory uses the Flow Cytometer for Lymphocyte markers (CD4 counts in HIV patients and for investigating Immunodeficiency), HLA-B27 typing (patients with ?ankylosing spondylitis) and in Leukaemia Immunophenotyping. It is also a great research tool used for many student projects. Hope that helps?
88540
E-rosette test\nn.\nA test to identify T cells by mixing purified human blood lymphocytes with serum and sheep red blood cells; rosettes of red blood cells form around human T cells on incubation.
121182
Part of the cell mediated antigen-antibody defense system.
292388
In a lab that does research of this type.  I don't think the process is available in clinics as of yet.\n\nI would have said in Korea, but apparently their data is all fake.
444842
check the journal of immunology
479427
Dye-labeled antigens for specific variants of MHC?
618273
There are a number of different cell types in circulation in the blood stream. Here's a quick review:\n\nRed cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body. They are essentially bags of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying molecule. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to iron atoms, which give the hemoglobin and thus the cells their distinctive red color. \nWhite cells (leukocytes, "clear cells") are divided into two types: \nPolymorphonuclear cells, are of three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. \nNeutrophils fight bacterial infection. They form pus and are the chief ingredient of an abscess. See band cells. \nEosinophils are cells which are strongly related to allergy and the recognition of foreign things in the body such as parasites. \nBasophils are cells that are also part of the allergy and parasite recognition system.\nLymphocytes are the virus killers. There are two types of these: \nT-cells which remember what germs we've been exposed to and how to kill them. T-cells are the key component of the immune system that is missing in AIDS. \nB-cells that secrete the actual antibodies that attach to viruses and bacteria and identify them as things to be destroyed - rather like tagging the target with a laser so that the smart bomb will home in and blast the target. \nMonocytes are cells that are related to lymphocytes but have a killing and cleaning function. They cruise through the tissues of the body cleaning up debris and killing any bacteria they find. They are often increased in viral infections - a reassuring finding that your doctor may note on your child's blood count. See mononucleosis. \nPlatelets are the cells that plug leaks in the vascular system, the clotting cells. \n\n What are the different blood groups?   \n   The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.\n\nThere are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.\n\nNobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    AB0 blood grouping system   \n    According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null).\n\n \n   \n   Blood group A\nIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group B\nIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group AB\nIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group 0\nIf you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    Rh factor blood grouping system   \n \n \n   Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ bloo
673060
Probably nothing...especially if it was an automated differential--they often miscount the cells.\n\nA manual differential is more accurate, but still 48% lymphocytes would not be concerning.\n\n"Normal" levels are determined statistically. They perform the test on 1000 healthy people, and basically throw out the bottom 2.5% and the top 2.5% and the remaining range becomes the "normal" range. So as you can see, 5% of all "normal" people will have "abnormal" lab tests without having any sort of disease whatever.\n\nStatistically, if you have a panel of more than 20 tests done, one of them will be "abnormal."