want to know about the use of building material and achemicals used in ancient india?
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marble was widely used by the mughal rulers..
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Hinduism. it still includes mother goddess, sun, fire worship and shamans. \n\nwe call it Sanatana dharma. it includes most ancient traditions. yet always modifying itself according to changing ideas. still retaining old traditions and beliefs.\n\nstill for religious practices pots made of bronze are supposed auspicious. that was the first metal man used. \n\nHinduism has a continuous evolution tradition. but it never negated or disregarded earlier beliefs. it just modifies them. \n\nyou want to study religious evolution of man study hinduism. it will go back to stone age and latest off shoot of hinduism Sikh Panth is hardly 400 yers old.
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Well, ancient India developed writing (Sanskrit) before almost everyone (with the exception of the Cuniform found in Mesopotamia).  Additionally, in India they developed cities, a complex caste system (where people were divided into different socioeconomic classes) and a strong written and oral tradition (see the Vedas, the Baghavadgita, etc).  Additionally, there are many who believe that India had the first real civilization as much as 14000 years ago, but that their initial advancement was set back by a rise in the sealevel due to glacial runoff (the thawing of the most recent ice age, actually).  There are even speculations that they possessed advance techology.  For example, there is an account in the Gita about a weapon that sounds a lot like a nuclear weapon.  Additionally, Alexander the Great (not a guy known for exageration) swore up and down that when he invaded that area he was attacked by "flying machines".  Very interesting story.
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Castles? Well acutally this kind of structure dates back to the Dark Ages in Europe, if by that you mean a moat, drawbridge. portculis. turreted walls, and a central keep and dungeon.  I don't know if maybe even if the Romans and other societies in Europe had them too, but there are indications that some kind of fortifications were in use in Indo European times as far back as 10,000 BC.\n\nI think any static, non nomadic culture any where might have created a place to gather and defend them selves against raids and predations from other tribes. -
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hey hey. finally something i know about.\n\nInsulation? by that i think you refer to the resistance on heat traveling from one area of a building to another (or from outside to inside)? well, i have heard of, fibreglass woll. spun molten rock wool, polystyrene, etc. if you are refering to building materials used by varying cultures around the world, then i would say, mud walls. clay walls, logs, stone, thatch (roofing), straw (hay), ice (igloos). If im not on the right track, im me and ill tell you other stuff
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Here are some links that might be helpful:\n\nhttp://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/women_egypt.html\nhttp://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/eyeliner2.html\nhttp://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam23.html\nhttp://www.werner-forman-archive.com/Ancient%20Egypt.htm\nhttp://members.tripod.com/~ancient_egypt/dema.html\n\nBy the way, these were all found from a search for ancient, cosmetics, and egypt on images.google.com. Good luck on your project!
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Oldest Civilisation\nRich Heritage
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A soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the excavation of ancient Babylon is evidence that soapmaking was known as early as 2800 B.C. Inscriptions on the cylinders say that fats were boiled with ashes, which is a method of making soap, but do not refer to the purpose of the "soap." Such materials were later used as hair styling aids. \n\nThe early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently did not use soap. Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of clay, sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil. They also used oil with ashes. Clothes were washed without soap in streams. \n\nSoap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals were sacrificed. Rain washed a mixture of melted animal fat, or tallow, and wood ashes down into the clay soil along the Tiber River. Women found that this clay mixture made their wash cleaner with much less effort. \n\nThe ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering a substance called soap, made of tallow and ashes, that they used to tint their hair red.
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The first South Asian civilization develop in Indus River Valley (present date India) some 5000 years ago
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vastindia  (vasthu+india)\nMayandi ( Mayan +india)\narchind  (architecture + india), arind, archtech, indarch, arkind
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Indian timber trees\nThere are over 150 species of timber which are produced in India. Following are the chief varieties of timber trees which are used for engineering purposes in India:\n\n[edit]\nList of Indian timber trees\n1. Aini  \nIts colour is yellowish brown. It is elastic, close-grained and strong. Its weight at 12 per cent moisture content is 595 kg/m3. It takes polish. It can be used under water. It is found in Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh, Madras and Kerala. \nIt is used for ordinary building construction, structural work, paving, furniture, etc.\n\n2. Arjun  \nIts colour is dark brown. It is heavy and strong. Its weight after seasoning is about 870 kg/m3. It is found in Central India. \nIt is used for beams, rafters, posts, etc.\n\n3. Axlewood  \nIt is very strong, hard and tough. Its weight at 12 per cent moisture content is 930 kg/m3. It takes a smooth finish. It is liable to cracking. It is found in Andra Pradesh,Madras, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. \n4. Babul  \nIt is strong, hard and tough. Its colour is whitish red. It takes up a good polish. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content is 835 kg/m3. It is found in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Bengal, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. \nIt is used bodies and wheels of bullock carts, agricultural instruments, tool handles, well curbs, etc.\n\n5. Bakul  \nIts colour is reddish brown. It is close-grained and tough. It is found in some parts of North India. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content is 880 kg/m3. \nIt is used for making cabinets.\n\n6. Bamboo  \nIt is an endogenous tree. It is flexible, very strong and durable. It is found in abundance in Assam and Bengal. It is also found in most of the parts of India. \nIt is used for scaffoldings, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges, etc.\n\n7. Banyan  \nIts colour is brown. It is strong and durable only under water. Its weight after seasoning is about 580 kg/3. It is found all over India. \nIt is used for aerial roots for tent poles, well curbs, etc.\n\n8. Benteak  \nIt is strong and takes up a smooth surface. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content is 675 kg/m3. It is found in Kerala, Madras and Maharashtra. \nIt is used for building constructions, boat construction, furniture, etc.\n\n9. Bijasal  \nIts colour is light brown. It is coarse-grained, durable and strong. It is difficult to work. White ants do not easily attack it. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content is 800 kg/m3. It is found in Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Madras, and Orissa. \nIt is used for ordinary building construction, cart wheels, etc.\n\n10. Casuarina  \nIts colour is reddish brown. It grows straight. It is strong and fibrous. It is, however, badly twisted. Its weight at 12 per cent moisture content is 765 kg/m3. It is found in Madras. \nIt is used for scaffolding, posts for temporary structures, etc.\n\n11. Deodar  \nIts colour is yellowish brown. It is the most important timber tree providing soft wood. It can be easily worked. It possesses distinct annual rings. It is moderately strong. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content in 560 kg/m3. It is found in Himalayas, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. \nIt is used for making cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work, etc.\n\n12. Guava  \nIts colour is yellowish brown. It is the most important timber tree providing soft wood. It can be easily worked. It possesses distinct annual rings. It is moderately strong. Its weight after seasoning at 12 per cent moisture content in 560 kg/m3. It is found in Himalayas, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. \nIt is used for making cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work, etc.\n\n13. Gumar  \nIts colour is pale yellow. It can be easily worked. It is strong and durable especially when used under water. Its weig
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Too big of a question to answer here!\n\nHowever there are several good websites on the subject.\n\nHere are two to get you started (the web design is a bit cheesy, but has some good content)\n\nhttp://library.thinkquest.org/11372/\n\nAlso\nhttp://www.cultureofindia.net/\nhas some good info.
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all kinds of organi materials
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History of the Physical Sciences in India\n\nIn all early civilizations, the study of the physical sciences was neither formalized nor separated from other branches of knowledge. And at least initially, there were few conscious attempts to study the theory of science independently of the practical innovations and technologies that required some application of scientific principles. In most cases, technological discoveries took place without any knowledge of the underlying scientific principles, through hit and trial, and by experience. Sometimes there was a vague or approximate awareness of the science, but the predominant focus remained on the utilitarian aspects of the technique, on practical efficacy, as opposed to how and why something worked or didn't work.\n\nIn India, the earliest applications of chemistry took place in the context of medicine, metallurgy, construction technology (such as manufacture of cement and paints) and in textile production and dyeing. But in the process of understanding chemical processes, there also emerged a concomitant interest in attempting to describe the basic elements of matter - what they were composed of, and how they interacted with each other to produce new substances. Natural phenomenon were studied in the context of tides, rainfall, appearance of the sun, the moon and stellar formations, changes in season, weather patterns and agriculture. (For instance, Vedic literature mentions the condensation of water vapour from seas and oceans due to evaporation (caused by the sun's heat) and the subsequent formation of clouds and rain.) This naturally led to theories about physical processes and the forces of nature that are today studied as specific topics within the fields of chemistry and physics.\n\nPhilosophy and Physical Science\n\nWhile it is hard to say which precedes which - theory or practice - clearly there is a dialectical relationship between both, and the neglect of either leads to the death of science. Religious beliefs, particularly religious taboos and irrational indoctrination towards mystical or magical phenomenon, or adherence to false superstitions can often pose as serious impediments to the advance of science, and play an important role in whether the why and the how of physical causes can be safely and usefully explored.\n\nSocieties that believed that only the "gods" knew the secrets of nature, and that it was futile for humans to attempt to unravel the mysteries of the universe were naturally incapable of making any substantial progress in the realm of the sciences. Even in societies where there were no formal religious taboos in understanding real-world phenomenon in a scientific way, the power and the influence of the priests could serve as an obstacle to scientific progress. For instance, in a society where ritual practices alone were considered sufficient in achieving desired goals, there would naturally be little scope for serious investigation into the properties and laws of nature.\n\nWhile ancient India did not generally suffer from the first affliction (of religious opposition to science), it did suffer from the second (the proliferation of rituals and superstitions). The progress of science in India was thus inextricably linked to challenges to the domination of the priests, and resistance to the proliferation of rituals and sacrifices. It was necessary to at least argue that rituals alone were insufficient in producing desired results, and that some measure of rational observation of the world was necessary in shaping human destiny. It is therefore no accident that, by and large, developments in science and technology came in parallel with the advance of rational philosophy in India. (See Development of Philosophical Thought and Scientific Method).\n\nIn the earliest scientific texts such has those of the Vaisheshikas (6th C BC or possibly earlier), (see Philosophical Development from Upanishadic Theism to Scientific Realism), there was a
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In 35 plus years of experience of materials sales , I can say without a doubt , that the materials used today are :\n1. Friendlier to the environment  2. More affordable \n3. Are safer to use  4. When used according to Manufacturer's recomendations, will provide superior performance.   \nIn summary : Developments in materials through research has made the above possible!
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The Harappan-Mohanjodaro (Dravidian)civilisation around the banks of Indus (now in pakistan),\nand the related Vedic civilisation again near Indus and later on the Ganges , formed by the mixture of the cultures of Dravidian and invading Aryan tribes. \n\nThese are perhaps older and more avanced than the others you have mentioned
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stupas \nThe link below is to the Stupa Information Page