glaciological volcanic index: definition, scale, implications?
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hmmm ..... go here !>>> under google >>> http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=glaciological%20volcanic%20index:%20definition,%20scale,%20implications&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart\nNew modeling of the Vostok ice flow line and implication for the glaciological chronology of the … - group of 10 »\nF Parrenin, F Rémy, C Ritz, MJ Siegert, J Jouzel - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, 2004 - ggy.bris.ac.uk \n... 2. Description of the Glaciological Dating Model Used [ 5 ] To compute the age of ...\nNote that there is a circular problem in the model definition: the thinning ...
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Volcanic activity can be classified as \na)active b)intermittent c)dormant or d)extinct. \n\nActive volcanoes erupt constantly. The eruption is generally quiet,but occasionally becomes violent. A famous active volcano is Stromboli,which lies on an island off the coast of Italy.\n\nIntermittent volcanoes erupt at fairly regular periods. Such volcanoes include Mount Asama in Japan, Mount Etna in Sicily, and Hawaii's Hualalai.\n\nDormant volcanoes have become inactive, but not long enough to know whether they will erupt again. Such 'sleeping' volcanoes include Lassen Peak in California and Paricutin in Mexico.\n\nExtinct volcanoes have been inactive since the beginning of recorded history. Aconcagua in Argentina and Mount Kenya in Kenya are extinct volcanoes. They propably will not erupt again.
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I agree, the threat of a volcanic eruption is very minimal in Michigan.\n\nIf you look at a geologic map of the bottom part of Michigan you will see that it is a giant dome that has been eroded over time.  I have not been able to find out if this was created due to some density differences, or if this is all that remains from an eroded volcanic cone.
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cooling and solidification of magma
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1854 does sound about right; see source below.  Basically it hasn't had anything substantial for a while; the last eruption before 1854 seems to be over 2,000 years ago.
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largest with all the ice\n\n2nd largest without all the ice
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by following this recipe:\nhttp://hometown.aol.com/ckckside/reports/volcanoes/vol10.htm
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A subset of the map at the following web page?\n\nhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/major-volcanoes.htm
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http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm
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From the various reading I've done on this subject, as well as the educational programming I've watched about it, I'd say that all things considered, a volcanic eruption, like that of the 1883 explosion of Krakatoa, is by far the most violent and has the most and the longest-lasting consequences not only on the area in which the volcano erupted and the area the lava reached, and not only the areas affected by the resulting tsunamis, its effect actually includes the entire planet, since such an eruption is violent enough to change the entire planet's climate!\n\nWith a volcanic eruption you have: rocks of all sizes, including those the size of houses, hurled out like torpedoes, hot lava that incinerates everything in its path, hot gasses that not only expand, creating a pressure front, not only also incinerate, but also form acids that dissolve the various objects in their path, massive earthquakes, massive tsunamis and last, but most certainly not least, a thick cloud of ash, particles and gasses that wreak utter havoc with the atmosphere and the planet's general climate, thus disrupting wind currents, ocean currents and the general climatic-atmospheric signature of the planet. Consequently, even those places that were nowhere near the volcano, nowhere near the radius of the area the lava will reach, nowhere near any coast that would be affected by the resulting tsunamis, it will still be affected by the falling rocks and debris, which were spewed up into the atmosphere, as well as by the climatic disruptions.\n\nTo my knowledge, not even earthquakes, regardless how violent, can match that level of and extent of destruction, despite the fact that they cause massive fires and potent tsunamis!\n\n\nNote: I took a very "flexible" interpretation of the word storm. I took it to mean any weather/climatic phenomenon/activity. Thus, in that sense, a volcanic eruption can be interpreted as a storm, even though it is not a current of air or water or both!  But, then again, if that type of climatic activity is not to be considered a storm, then what else can it be called? It is ludicrous to lump wind & water weather events together under the title storm, yet consider volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis & mudslides, to name a few, categories & titles in of themselves!
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Volcanoes are usually situated either at the boundaries between tectonic plates or over geology hotspots. Volcanoes may be either dormant (having no activity) or active (near constant expulsion and occasional eruptions), and change state unpredictably.\n\nSurprisingly, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an "active" volcano. The lifespan of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a distinction sometimes meaningless when compared to the lifespans of humans or even civilizations. For example, many of Earth's volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years but are not currently showing signs of activity. Given the long lifespan of such volcanoes, they are very active. By our lifespans, however, they are not. Complicating the definition are volcanoes that become restless but do not actually erupt. Are these volcanoes active?
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Well...\n\nhttp://volcano.und.edu/\nhttp://www.volcanoes.com/\nhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\nhttp://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/\nhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/text.html\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano\nhttp://www.usgs.gov/hazards/volcanoes/\nhttp://www.volcano.si.edu/world/\nhttp://www.cdli.ca/CITE/volcano.htm\n\nOkay, some of these rotate around grouped sites where many sites join together, but other than the USGS sites, I think most of these are individual... I haven't checked on them in a while, so yeah.
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Supervolcanoes are volcanic eruptions where more than 1000 cubic kilometers of material is extruded. As a comparison, the Mount Helens eruption amounted to 2.3 cubic kms.\n\nThe following locations are known to be supervolcanoes:\n\n- Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia - 75,000 years ago (2,800 km³)\n- Yellowstone, United States - 2.2 million years ago (2500 km³) and 640,000 years ago (1000 km³)\n-La Garita Caldera, Colorado, United States - 27.8 million years ago (over 5,000 km³)\n-Bruneau-Jarbidge, Idaho, United States - 10-12 million years ago (responsible for the Ashfall Fossil Beds 1600 km to the east)
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Well, a shield volcano is the shortest volcano, but it's not the one with the shortest diameter. Stratovolcanoes are.
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The two properties of the magma that determine the kind of volcano are:\n\n1)Viscosity\n2)Composition\n\nThe viscosity of the magma is a function of the temperature, the degree of crystallization, degree of polymerization and the composition of the melt.\n\nThe composition of the melt is related to the amount of silica it contains and the amount of volatiles dissolved.\n\n\nThis two property are usually coupled (they act together).\nSilica rich magmas are usually colder that mafic ones, contain more volatiles, and hence they have a higher viscosity compared to mafic magmas, so they form strato volcanoes as opposed to shield volcanoes.
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Yahoo search on images of volcanos:\nhttp://img.search.yahoo.com/search/images?fr=slv2-&ei=UTF-8&p=volcano
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The primordial soup of early volcanoes.