how do opportunistic pathogens survive anaerobic conditions?
457847
An opportunistic pathogen usually are anaerobic.  For instance, if your natural flora in the intestinal track is introduced to sterile areas of the body can become an opportunistic pathogen, such as a perforation in the intestinal wall, exposing a normally "good" bacteria to a steryl area, which wasnt intended for it. This can cause helpful bacteria to become dangerious. Is this helpful?
459013
Possible scenario of the evolution of the mitochondrion in Kinetoplastida. A facultative anaerobic, 'pluripotent' ancestral eukaryote was formed by endosymbiosis of a facultative anaerobic α-proteobacterium by an archaebacterial host. It has been proposed [118] that different capacities of the original symbiont were lost in different eukaryotic lineages, leading to different types of organelles (aerobic mitochondria, anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes). In Kinetoplastida, the original hydrogenase, anaerobic terminal oxidases and the capacity to synthesize quinones of low redox potential were lost. Indications for the retainment of the PFO have been reported, but its presence still requires unequivocal confirmation. The kinetoplastid mitochondrion acquired an AOX and its metabolism became partially fermentative (see text). Abbreviations: AOX, alternative oxidase; ASCT, acetate:succinate CoA transferase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PFO, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; terminal oxidase O, O2-dependent terminal oxidase; terminal oxidases A, terminal oxidases using 'anaerobic' electron acceptors.\n\n\nhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=317351&rendertype=figure&id=F9
716028
This article has a mechanism (APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1995, p. 4374–4377), but you may not can see the link provided (try the second).
401982
E.\nBecause bacteria can obtain nutrition chemically, they can live in conditions that no-one thought possible, for example in volcanic vents at the bottom of the ocean.
231344
I've never heard of any attempt of last-gasp reproduction in the animal domain. I have however heard of something similar in the bacterial domain of life. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus will sporulate under the appropriate environmental cues. These cues are usually things like low amounts of water, food, extreme shifts in temerature, etc. All these cues are ones that would probably end up in the death of the organism. The spores that are created are resistant to these harsh conditions and allow the bacteria to survive for long periods of time and can germinate if conditions return to a friendlier state.
337172
If you mean a round, whitish colony like you see in petri dishes, it's because they require moisture, salts, and nutrition to divide rapidly and maintain that kind of population.  You *will* find colonies of bacteria anywhere that those conditions apply, such as in the mouth, in decomposing animal and plant matter, in stagnant ponds, etc.  There are small, microscopic, colonies and single bacteria everywhere, waiting to exploit that situation.
624003
You are talking about PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They are small molecules or parts of molecules typically associated with pathogenicity. They are never found in the host organism and can be used as a way for the immune system to identify a foreign agent. The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) mentioned in the previous answer are an example in prokaryotes. So are bacterial flagellins. Some mucin-like glycoproteins in protozoa like trypanasomes are thought to be eukaryotic PAMPs.
45390
Good Question:\n\nParamecium eat bacteria.
859339
Well, if you consider the phages can be as small as 20 nm, any pore larger than that will allow them through.  Remember an nm is a billionth of a meter.\n\nThat's tiny.
374452
Opportunistic infections are infections caused by organisms and usually do not cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system, but can affect people with a poorly functioning or suppressed immune system. They need an "opportunity" to infect a person.
511940
Chemosynthetic bacteria, chemosynthetic bacteria can survive without light energy, they can live in dark and inhospitable regions, including the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific Ocean. Around these vents, where temperatures reach up to 350°C/662°F, the chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of a food web supporting fishes and other marine life including the fairy shrimp
567277
Plasmids often contain genes for drug resistance and are used in genetic engineering, since they can be transmitted between bacteria of the same and different species.\n\nThat's the only one with any survival qualities.
290177
Such a thing does occur among small animals such as planaria. The exchange of gases and therefore the exertion and movement such animals can perform is very limited. Microbes do not have a real respiratory system nor a circulatory systems in the terms we consider customary. It does limit the range and degree of motion. Gas exchange and work is severely limited. I see no advantages unless one wishes to become a planarian.
784116
When I was in Microbiology class, I was taught to stab the agar after streaking, to form sort of an Anaerobic chamber to look for Anaerobic hemolysis/growth. To this very day if and when I am working in microbiology, I still do a 4 way streak, and stab at the end. \nWhen streaking a BAP confirmation plate for tests such as a Quick Strep test, that stab can be of definite help.
6888
First off jamesmusik84's is completely wrong. Please don't consider any of it. The second answer is along the right path, except I have no idea what the reference to antibiotic is suggesting and some viruses have RNA genomes but many more have DNA genomes. And as far as bacteria go, both RNA and DNA are present inside there cells.\n\nSo, the answer to your question. Let's start this way: Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Unllike eukaryotic cells (like the ones that make up animals, plants, fungi and many single-celled organisms such as yeasts) which package their genetic material (DNA) in membrane structures called nuclei, bacteria (which are also referred to as prokaryotes) don't have a nucleus. Bacteria also don't have other organelles which are found in eukaryotes, such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochandria, chloroplasts, golgi bodies, etc. But like eukaryotes, bacteria do have an outer lipid membrane.\n\nSo, you can think of bacteria of little fluid filled sacs. Along with eukaryotic, bacteria are an example of "cells" which are the smallest unit of living things on earth.\n\nViruses, on the other hand, do not have an outer membrane. They don't the capacity to make their own proteins. They don't have the capacity ot replicate or metabolize on their own -- of which bacteria (and eukaryotes) do. It's for this reason that we don't consider viruses "living" things. Viruses have to "infect" a cell -- injecting its genetic material inside -- and use the cell's metabolic machinery to reproduce.\n\nViruses are essentially small protein "capsules" that have a piece of genetic information packaged inside. Because viruses are required to infect a cell to propogate themselves, they are classified as obligate intra-cellular pathogens.\n\nViruses tend to only infect specific cell types. Some infect bacteria. Some infect plants. Others infect animals. The specificity of what a virus can infect is goes beyond whether they can infect bacteria, plants or animals. Usually viruses have to infect a very specific animal, plant or bacteria. And even in the case of viruses that infect animals and plants, not only do the infect specif animals, they are usually limited to a few cell types whithin that animal.\n\nTake HIV for example: to the best of my knowledge HIV only infects humans (i.e. the "H" in HIV -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus). But it doesn't just infect any human cell. HIV only infects white blood cells -- specifically a class of white blood cells called T cells (there are many other "classes" of white blood cells including such things as B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and macrophages).\n\nI hope this sheds some light on the matter.
995722
they rot because of action of micro organisms as the interorgans are wet
623757
Maybe prokaryotes. But I'm not sure... I think there's still a debate about them cause they're not really living creatures... They are "alive" when they are inside a host, but otherwise, they're just lifeless proteins.. :)