what is the normal range of microalbuminuria in spot urine sample?
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15752236&dopt=Abstract\n\n\n\nhttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/1838
171413
depends on body fat.but for general urinalysis purposes-45 days.
648824
7% was the old recommendation for diabetics, now its 6% and under is what the current guideline recommend. For most labs, 4% to 5.9% is normal.
969081
Answer depends on: 1.What is the reason for the urine testing? 2.What medication you are taking? 3.What was the appointment for?
743847
A normal person usually urinates only once from bedtime until the time she wakes up in the morning. However, if she frequently urinates at night, then her diabetes might not be controlled. First, a urinalysis should be done to rule out urinary tract infection. Midstream or the middle flow should be collected as the initial flow is dirty, middle is sterile, meaning it is more clean.  Her sugar should be monitored. When was the last time she had been tested for the HBA1c, this is a blood examination, called glycosylated hemoglobin which determines the average blood sugar for the past 8 weeks.  It should be less than 7. Her 2 hour postprandial or blood taken 2 hours after meal should also be taken. FBS or fasting blood sugar should also be done together with the creatinine *( determines the kidney function). liver enzymes ( to rule out liver disease due to intake of medications), uric acid to rule out Gouty arthritis! as a cause of the joint pains. \n   For the diet, her ideal weight for the height & built should be taken to determine is she is underweight, within ideal or overweight, or obese. From there you will know how much she weighs in excess or just enough. \n   Ideally for this case, a dietician should be consutled. She should have low salt, low fat, diabetic diet. Avoid too much of fruits because this contains natural sugar called fructose which can also increase her blood sugar. Avoid softdrinks, if cant control, then diet will do, but the best will be water, 8 glasses of water a day. If you are diabetic, you should have breakfast, lunch, dinner & 2 snacks to prevent hypoglycemia, blood sugar goes down which is more dreadful. Simple snacks can be simple crackers. Avoid too much of cheese this increases her sodium as well as her cholesterol. Avoid instant soups, this increases her sodium.
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I was recently told by my doctor, (I am also diabetic), that anything over 110 can BEGIN to cause damage.\n\nSo sorry, but you will have to wait for another answer for the low end, as i do not know.\n\nI will be checking back to find out though.\n\nGood question.\n\nUpdate: \nAt the above mentioned Dr.'s appt. I seem to remember 70 or 80 for a healthy low.
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Excessive thirst and passing of urine, lack of energy.\nA fasting blood glucose will be above 7 mmol/l and a glucose tolerance test will show a 2 hour blood glucose of above 10mmol/l
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The symptoms have been mentioned already: most common is thirst and urination, as a result of trying to satisfy the overwelming thirst.  You are borderline if your blood glucose is between 120 and 140.  If you go over 140 then you are diabetic.  "Normal" is 80 to 120 and that varies between individuals.  A simple blood glucose test will tell you what you need to know.  If you know anyone that has diabetes you can ask them to run the test on yourself and in less that one minute you will have your answer.  Blood glucose tests are usually done two hours after eating a meal.  If you get over 140 see a doctor, specifically an endocrinologist that deals with diabetic patients.\n\nGood luck.
224467
Albumins and globulins.  Globulins are roughly divided into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma globulins.\n\nBovine serum albumin=89kD\nGlobulin range=150 - 900kD
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70 to 100 is normal. Anything higher may be too high. You should go to a doctor (general physician or endcrinologist) and get it checked. Are you often thirsty and have to use the bathroom frequently? \n\nYour active work may play a part, but I would check with a doctor. Good luck!
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Urine pH as measured by urinalysis has a normal range of about 4.5-8 with a pH of 6 being the average. Neutral pH is 7. Anything having a lower pH is acidic and anything with a higher pH is basic. \nUrine is actually a fairly good growth medium for bacteria and is sometimes used in labs for this pupose. However urine with a lower pH (more acidic) has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria. \nUrine that is high in ammonia on the other hand with its higher pH (more alkaline or basic) has been found to impede the bodies immune responce to a UTI. In fact Proteus species of bacteria which is a common cause of UTIs produces a substance called urease which breaks down uric acid (an end product of nitrogen metabolism found in urine) into ammonia and carbon dioxide, thus causing the urine to become more basic. The ability of Proteus of produce urease increases its ability to cause pylonephritis (infection of the kidney as opposed to the blatter or ureters).\nTaking substances that will alter the pH of your urine however may have unforseen side effects. The pH of the urine helps determine what is and what is not filtered out of the blood by the kidney. Also altering the pH will have an effect of the formation of kidney stones. Certain particles will become "un-dissolved" at a higher pH and some at a lower pH. If enough of the particles come out of solution, you will get kidney stones. In fact the Proteus bacteria that cause the urine to become more basic are associated with an increase in kidney stones.\nI general however pH has very little to do with get or not getting a UTI. The urinary tract from the distal urethra up is mostly sterile and the few bacteria that do get into the urinary tract are usually flushed out when you urinate. Some bacteria however such as E. coli have molecules on thier outer membrane that can adhere to the urinary tract lining. It can do this reguardless of pH and pH in general has little effect on E. coli which is what causes about 85% of UTIs not contracted in a hospital. E. coli is found in the digestive tract and most UTIs are caused when the E. coli finds its way into the urinary tract. While in the digestive tract the E. coli has had to endure the extremely acidic pH of the stomach and the very basic pH of the small intestine.\nMost bacteria that cause UTIs are from the digestive tract. Often they are aided in migration to the urethra by sexual intercourse. The use of spermicides is associated with an increase in UTIs because the protective bacteria of the vagina are killed by the spermicide and this leave the vagina vulnerable to colinization by UTI causing bacteria.\nAlso some women are genetically predisposed to UTI because they have more adhesion molecules on their vaginal walls.\nCranberry juice is helpful in preventing UTI. Studies have shown that cranberry juice inhibits the ability of bacteria to adhere to the urinary tract.\nIf recurrent UTIs are a problem you may want to speak to you doctor about methanamine. It is used to prevent UTIs especially those caused by E. coli which is the most common cause of UTIs.
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Urine volume is normally measured as a part of the creatinine clearance test, or any test that measures the amount of a substance eliminated in a day (for example, protein, aldosterone, sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen).\n\nThe creatinine clearance is an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate, that is, the volume of filtrate made by the kidneys per minute. The urine and serum creatinine levels are measured along with the urine volume in 24 hours. The clearance rate is then calculated.\n\nThe calculation uses a correction factor for body size. The creatinine clearance appears to decrease with age (each decade corresponds to a decrease of about 6.5 ml/min./1.73 m2).\n\nCreatinine is used for this purpose, since it is normally present in the body and very little creatinine is reabsorbed after it is filtered. The amount of filtrate made in the kidney depends on the amount of blood that passes through the glomeruli and the ability of the glomeruli to act as filters.\n\nBecause a small amount of creatinine is secreted by the kidney tubules, creatinine clearance is not exactly equivalent to the GFR. In fact, creatinine clearance usually overestimates the GFR. This is particularly true in patients with advanced renal failure, where the percentage of secreted creatinine in the urine means a greater percentage of the overall urine creatinine.
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yeah i have no idea where you get 7.2. but you won't read this if your sugar is 7.2 right now.  Normal reading is 70-110.  This can fluctuate from stress like surgery or exercise (either up or down) and from food.   Your doctor can administer the oral glucose tolerance test, test a fasting sugar, and draw a HbA1c with is the average of the last 3 months of blood sugars.  In fact that 7.2 sounds more like that test.  If you are diabetic, you will start to see excessive eating, this due to your bodys cells telling you that they have glucose to process because it is all in you bloodstream and is unable to get into the cells due to lack of insulin.  Excessive urination, from your body's safety mechanism for purging glucose from the body throught the kidneys along with ketones when the sugar gets really high.  Finally excessive drinking, from being dehydrated from all the urination, also it lowers the bodys pH from ketosis. (ketones in blood).  For your last question about the speed of sugar entering the bloodstream, sugar and carbs entering the blood stream is delayed or slowed by anything that takes longer to digest (fats or protein) For example, a bag of skittles would raise you blood sugar faster than that chocolate.
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Blood sugar tests measure how well your body is processing sugar. The results of the tests indicate whether you might have an underlying disease or condition.\n\nClick on the tabs to the left to find out what these tests are, what's normal and what levels suggest you may have prediabetes or diabetes.\n\nFasting blood sugar\n\nWhat is a fasting blood sugar test?\nA fasting blood sugar test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in your blood after you fast for eight hours.\n\nWhat's normal?\nYour fasting blood sugar is normal if it's 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.88 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), to 100 mg/dL (5.55 mmol/L). \n\nWhat level suggests prediabetes?\nIf your fasting blood sugar is 100 mg/dL (5.55 mmol/L) to 125 mg/dL (6.94 mmol/L),  you may have prediabetes.\n\nWhat level suggests type 1 or type 2 diabetes?\nA fasting blood sugar value by itself doesn't help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. But a fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL (7.00 mmol/L) or higher is consistent with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes when accompanied by classic symptoms of diabetes — increased thirst or hunger, frequent urination, weight loss or blurred vision. Your doctor may repeat this and other tests on a different day to confirm the diagnosis.\n\nRandom blood sugar\n\nWhat is a random blood sugar test?\nThis test measures your blood sugar without considering the last time you ate a meal, snack or beverage containing calories.\n\nWhat's normal?\nIf your random blood sugar is less than 100 mg/dL (5.55 mmol/L), it's normal.\n\nWhat level suggests prediabetes?\nIf your random blood sugar is greater than 100 mg/dL (5.55 mmol/L) but less than 199 mg/dL (11.05 mmol/L), you may have prediabetes.\n\nWhat level suggests type 1 or type 2 diabetes?\nA blood glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.11 mmol/L) or higher suggests you have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.\n\n2-hour glucose tolerance test\n\nWhat is a 2-hour glucose tolerance test?\nA glucose tolerance test measures your body's response to sugar. You drink a liquid containing sugar and then have blood withdrawn from a vein in your arm two hours later.\n\nWhat's normal?\nA normal level is less than 140 mg/dL (7.77 mmol/L).\n\nWhat level suggests prediabetes?\nIf your two-hour glucose tolerance is 140 mg/dL (7.77 mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.05 mmol/L), you may have prediabetes.\n\nWhat level suggests type 1 or type 2 diabetes?\nA blood sugar of 200 mg/dL (11.11 mmol/L) or higher two hours after you drink the sugar solution indicates you may have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Your doctor may repeat this and other tests to confirm a diagnosis.\n\nGlycated hemoglobin test\n\nWhat is a glycated hemoglobin test?\nA glycated hemoglobin test, also called a glycosylated hemoglobin test or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. This test isn't used for diagnosis of prediabetes or diabetes. Instead, your doctor uses it to determine how well you're managing your blood sugar if you have diabetes.\n\nWhat's normal?\nThe normal range at Mayo Clinic is 4 percent to 6 percent. But this range will vary from lab to lab. Normal standards haven't been established for this test.
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Standard Liver Function Tests\n\nTotal Protein (TP)\nThe liver produces most of the plasma proteins in the body making a measure of the amount of protein in the blood useful. Reference range (60-80 g/L).\n\nAlbumin (Alb)\nAlbumin is a protein made specifically by the liver, and can be measured cheaply and easily. It is the main constituent of total protein; the remaining fraction is called globulin (including e.g. the immunoglobulins). Albumin levels are decreased in chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. It is also decreased in nephrotic syndrome, where it is lost through the urine. Poor nutrition or states of protein catabolism may also lead to hypoalbuminaemia. The half-life of albumin is approximately 20 days. Albumin is not considered to be an especially useful marker of liver synthetic function, coagulation factors (see below) are much more sensitive. The reference range is 30-50 g/L. (3.0-5.0 mg/dL)\n\nlanine transaminase (ALT)\nAlanine transaminase (ALT), also called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferrase (ALAT) is an enzyme present in hepatocytes (liver cells). When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood, where it is measured. ALT rises dramatically in acute liver damage, such as viral hepatitis or paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Elevations are often measured in multiples of the upper limit of normal (ULN). The reference range is 15-45 U/L in most laboratories.\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\nAspartate transaminase (AST) also called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is raised in acute liver damage. It is also present in red cells, and cardiac and skeletal muscle. The ratio of AST:ALT is useful in differentiating between causes of acute hepatitis.\n\nAlkaline phosphatase (ALP)\nAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or infiltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also present in bone and placental tissue, so it is higher in growing children (as their bones are being remodelled). The reference range is usually 30-120 U/L.\n\n\nTotal bilirubin (TBIL)\nBilirubin is a breakdown product of heme (a part of hemoglobin in red blood cells). The liver is responsible for clearing this, excreting it out through bile into the intestine. Problems with the liver or blockage of the drainage of bile will cause increased levels of bilirubin, as will increased haemolysis of red cells.\n\nDirect bilirubin, or conjugated bilirubin is often measured in tandem, especially if the total bilirubin level is elevated. Bilirubin is unconjugated before the liver modifies it for excretion. It is dangerous in babies, as it can pass the blood-brain barrier causing kernicterus.\n\nThere is more testing that a doctor can do if any of the above tests are abnormal.
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Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Glucose found to be present in urine is an indication of diabetes. 5.0ml of Benedict's qualitative solution is mixed with 0.5ml of urine and the mixture is put in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes. The results are recorded thus:\n\nno precipitate — \nGreen a trace \nyellow + \norange ++ \nred +++ \n\nOnce sugar is detected in urine, further tests have to be undergone in order to ascertain which sugar is present. Only glucose is indicative of diabetes.
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Monocube kind of has the right idea, but not really. The first thing you look at is the pH. Normal range is 7.35 - 7.45, with the absolute being 7.4. the lower the #, the more acidic it is, and the higher it is the more alkalotic. \n\nThe next thing you look at is the PaCO2. Normal = 35 - 45. When CO2 mixes w/ H20, you get carbonic acid, so increased PaCO2 will cause the pH to be more acidic (lower pH), decreased - more alkaline (higher pH).\n\nThen you look at the HCO3 level. Normal is 22-26. Bicarb is alkaline. The higher the bicarb level, the more alkaline (higher pH) and decreased bicarb = more acidic (lower ph).\n\nSo, lets make up a blood gas:\npH 7.28  PaCO2 74 HCO3 26 (we'll forget the other results for now & concentrate on this part)\n\nOk, so we see that the pH is low, so this is an acidic result. Now - what's causing it? The respiratory system, or the kidneys? Our CO2 (respiratory) is high, which means acidic. The bicarb is normal, so it is not a metabolic (kidney) problem. This is a respiratory acidosis.\n\n And you want to know about compensation...compensated means that it is a chronic problem. Something that has been going on for awhile, and the body has had time to fix the problem, and return the pH back to the normal level. \nThe example we have above is an acute problem. The bicarb level is normal. It takes at least 24 hours for the kidneys to try to compensate for a respiratory problem. This is an acute respiratory acidosis.\n\nIf we change the values - pH 7.33, same PaCO2 - 74, and HCO3 of 32, then we see that the kidneys have now started to fix the problem. Our pH is still acidic, still caused by a respiratory issue, but the bicarb is now elevated, so this is a partially compensated respiratory acidosis.\n\nOnce again, changing values to pH 7.37, PaCO2 74, HCO3 36. Now our pH is in the normal range. BUT, this is where people get messed up - you have to remember that the absolute normal is 7.40. This pH is on the acidic side, even though it is in the normal range. So then you look at the other values. the CO2 is very high, but so is the bicarb.\n I have seen Doctors and nurses who are unfamiliar with blood gas interpretation freak out on a gas like this. Is this patient in respiratory distress? NO! let me explain why. This is a compensated respiratory acidosis. The pH is back in the normal range! This is a typical blood gas for a COPD patient. This is where they "live". They retain CO2, their levels are always high, so the kidneys "compensate".\n\n If you have more questions, feel free to email me at mike.marlow@yahoo.com I hope this helps you.