Does the stream of elementary particles (Protons or Electrons) refract when travel from one medium to another?
471090
Well, a proton is not an elementary particle.  And the electron is the smallest lepton.  However, an elementary muon will decay to an electron and neutrino when passing from space into an atmosphere
126283
In some experiments light behaves as a wave as in the single slit diffraction experiment, Youngs Double Slit experiment etc.\n\nHowever when it transfers energy to matter, it behaves as if it consists of particles that physicists have named photons. Such particle like behaviour can be seen in the photoelectric effect.\n\nSo it is both a particle and a wave, but what character is dominant depends on what situation you are talking about.
707414
Through any transparent or translucent material medium, like glass or air, it has a lower speed than in a vacuum; the ratio of c to this slower speed is called the refractive index of the medium (the actual speed is not affected, the speed of light is constant, the fact that the light is reflected around inside the glass will make a greater amount of time necessary for it to reach the next point). Changes of gravity, however, warp the space the light has to travel through,
369237
No. Protons don't flow. Electrons can be removed from the atom, but protons can't (well, unless nuclear reactions are taking place).\n\nI'm assuming you're talking about electricity flow? Instead of electron flow, you can use "space" flow, that gap that "travels" like a wave in the opposite direction of the electron flow.
27460
light has two different models, and both are correct. The quantum mechanical model as demonstrated by Einstein is the photon model. The other model is the wave model. This is probably more useful in answering your question. Light consists of of two mutually perpendicular fields - electric and magnetic. These are both in phase and using the right-hand rule you can work out the direction of propagation of the wave. Using the standard electromagnetism model it can be shown mathematically that electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum. You start with Maxwell's equations - look them up because they involve greek letters which can't be shown in here. Then manipulate the equations using vector identities until you get the final form which gives you the wave equation which incoroorates the speed of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum. The speed of EM-waves is related to the relative permitivity and permeability of free space: c^2=(mu0*epsilon0)^-1 - it is these constants which are calculated from experimental data and are approx: mu0= 4pi*10-7 N/A^2 and epsilon0 = 8.85*10-12 C^2/Nm^2. It is admittedly hard to explain in a hand wavey way why light travels through a vacuum, although I can assure you that mathematically, it is perfectly reasonable for it to do that. Hope this helps!
41037
actually, none of these answers are correct.\n\nA, B, and C are right out, since i can turn up the power of my radio transmitter which increases the amplitude, and tune my radio transmitter to a different frequency, which is essentially the same thing as varying the wavelength.\n\nD might be what you'd consider the right answer, but it's only true in one special case:  vacuum.  all electromagnetic waves have the same velocity in a vacuum: c, which is around 3x10^8 m/s.\n\nhowever, your question says "in any one material", and vacuum is quite literally the absence of any material.\n\nin a material, things are a little different.  any material has a property associated with it called "dispersion" and basically it means that electromagnetic waves travel at different speeds, depending on their frequency.  dispersion is actually a property of ANY kind of wave in a medium, though it is most familiar in light waves.\n\nfundamentally dispersion is what is responsible for what we call "refraction".  white light splits into a rainbow at the glass-air interface of a prism because the different frequency components move at different speeds in the glass.\n\nso tell your teacher the multiple choice quiz is wrong and explain dispersion and i'll bet ya get some bonus points!\n\nsee the links below for more details about dispersion:\nhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/dispersion.html\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)
515706
The atmosphere is made up of several layers,each one with a varying density.Thus,the speed of light differs in different layers of the atmosphere and the light gets refracted(deviated from its path when it travels from one medium to another)when passing from one layer of atmosphere to another.Due to this refraction of light in the different layers of the atrmosphere,stars appear to twinkle
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The Electro magnetic radiation passes through a medium depending upon the frequency of the ray, permeability and permittivity of the medium.\n\nIt has maximum speed in vaccum. In any othe medium it may be reflected, refracted .  The speed in any medium is less than in vaccuum. With in the medium it may be absorbed or may even pass through them.\n\nXray passes throuh almost any medium.\n\nRadio waves are almost reflected. If enters a meduim it is  absorbed easily.
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The speed of light does depend on the medium in which it travels. See refraction \nRefractive Index = Speed of light in Vacuum / Speed of light in Medium\n\nRefractive index = c / v    where v<c  where c= 299,792.458 kilometer per second or 186,282.397 miles per second. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light\n\nSee http://www.onlinephysicshelp.com/refraction.htm \n\nCURIOUS  is that the speed of light depends only on the medium it travels through. So when it travels in vacuum it is c, when in glass it is v and when it returns to vacuum it is again c.\n\nWhile The Michelson-Morley Experiment), by measuring the speed of a beam of light in the detection and against direction of the Earth's rotation, has demonstrated in 1887 no change in speed of light. That suggested that light wave propagates without a medium. \nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson-Morley_experiment  \n\nHowever \nmedium does have effect on its propagation: " The speed of light through a transparent medium (that is, not in vacuum) is less than c; the ratio of c to this speed is called the refractive index of the medium." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light \n\nI hope that helps.
777449
It's not a matter of great energy to travel a large distance. In a vacuum, there is nothing to stop objects. Once in motion, any object will keep going until some for acts on it. A photon(s) of light will travel untill someting absorbs it or reflects it or refracts it. Tissue paper DOES absorb light, depending on the intensity of the light, it will absorb all or a fraction of it. Pretty much anything physical absorbs light, even glass, though the absorption is very small for glass. Of course this is dependent on wavelength, some wavelenths are absorbed more than others and if you go to shorter wavelengths like x-rays, they pass right through the paper. Longer wavelenths like radio waves also pass right through.
1060331
Electromagnetic waves. When a wave reaches a surface seperating two media refraction occurs.
681287
OK-Simple and understandable.\nLight is actually small quanta of energy called photons.\nWhen these photons are propagated or travel through a medium, they are only allowed to travel as fast as the medium will allow.\nHydrogen will only let light travel at a certain speed, and that speed is always the same for light travelling through hydrogen.\nLight actually has a different constant for each medium that it is propagated through.\nSo regardless of how fast the light source is travelling, the photons will only propagate at a set speed.\n\nThe closest example would be sound waves. They can only travel at a certain speed as well within a given medium. Once the source of the sound catches up to and passes the sound, it creates a sonic boom.\nSo again, regardless of the speed of the jet, the sound it creates can only go so fast.\n\nThe constancy of the speed of light actually applies to the speed within the medium through which it is being transferred.\n\n\nHope this helps
188402
You don't need a force to enable something to travel, it's quite the opposite! Remember the Newton's First Law: an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.\nOf course Newton's Laws doesn't directly apply to light, which is best described by quantum mechanics as a flow of photons. However, I'm referring to it because its rationale holds also for photons and its formulation is very intuitive (opposite to quantum mechanics).\nOnce photons are emitted by a light source (for instance, electrons changing energetic level within an atom), they "just go", with no need of energy other than the energy that produced them in the first place.
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Believe it or not, we already have it and use it everyday. I want to answer this in detail, but I cant disclose the true nature of how light travels until I publish.\nI will say that light that is propagated within a closed system can and does move at superluminal speeds relative to a location outside the closed system.\n\nI know-Everybody has a theory, but I can also explain why light bends at every instance without once referring to the fabric of space/time.\n\nWhat if Einstein was WRONG...errr...ok... (just so I dont offend anyone) not completely correct? What if light actually didnt travel by propelling itself into the electromagnetic field created by....itself? What if there was no such thing as a pure vacuum with zero atomic content? (by the way, there is no such vacuum.)\nResearch it, its true, there are always atoms left over to fill the space left by the vacated ones.\nDon't you find that at least a little interesting?  No such thing as a pure vacuum?
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REFRACTION IS THE PHENOMENA\n\nWhen light travels from one medium to another, it bends. In other words, it changes direction and moves at different speeds in different mediums. This property of light is called “refraction”. \nWe also know that white light is made up of different colours. Different colors of light have different frequencies. Except in vacuum and air, they travel at different speeds in different mediums.\nIf you were to allow a beam of light to pass through a simple prism, it will bend when it enters the prism, when it leaves the prism it bends again. The different colours of the white light travel with different speeds inside the prism. The slanted surfaces of the prism makes the different colours emerge separately, thus in addition to bending light as a whole, a prism separates white light into its component colors. This splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion, where prism is a dispersing element.\nThis is exactly what happens when the sun rays hit droplets of water. When the sunlight strikes a raindrop, the light is refracted (bent) because the light is moving from one medium(air) to another( water). Drops of rainwater can disperse light in the same way as a prism.. When the light comes out of the water droplet, the sun's rays (white light)have now been split into their component wavelengths (colors). In this way, each individual raindrop behaves just like a prism, dispersing white sunlight into its seven component colors and a rainbow is formed. \nThe rainbow we see is thus a result of many, many raindrops bending the sun's rays.
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Radio waves, radar, lasers, visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays, all travel as mass-less tiny packets of energy (photons) at the speed of light.  They can all easily pass through a perfect vacuum (as could a bullet!).  In fact photons interact with the electrons orbiting atoms and molecules and can be absorbed kicking the electrons into higher more energetic orbits or entirely out of the atoms during ionization.  When electrons return to their normal (rest) orbits in one or more steps they give up their excess energy in the form of fresh photons.  When a substance absorbs the energy of photons it will heat up and when the photons are released again the substance will cool.  When you hold up your palm to the sun, you can feel the warmth of the billions of photons that strike your hand which will quickly cool in the shade as it gives up more (infrared) photons than it receives.\n\nThe light that reaches your eye from a distant star is merely composed of photons of different wavelengths (colors) that have traveled through the near-perfect vacuum of space perhaps for years at the speed of light without interacting with any electrons.  In fact, clouds of gas in space could prevent the light from reaching you.
43650
Light travels through space as photons (tiny mass-less packets of energy).  Photons can interact only with the electrons surrounding an atom or molecule by kicking them to higher energy levels in higher orbits or shells.  If there is no matter with electrons (a perfect vacuum) the photons travel on unimpeded at the speed of light.  Space is almost a perfect vacuum and starlight (photons) can travel for thousands of light years without interacting with electrons to reach your eye.