where did the concepts of temperament originate?
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Pythagoras{c.55o b.c.}
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First, the supposed connection with wife-beating is a modern urban legend.\n\nThe term refers to making a quick, approximate judgment.   Its  early uses seem connected with the practice of carpenters, also tailors and artists.  \n\nThe notion of using the thumb to measure parallels many other traditional uses of body parts to make measurements  --some of which are even ensconced as measuring terms in modern English,  e.g.,  foot,  hand.  In fact, the inch measure itself originates from the use of part of the thumb --between the thumb's tip and its first joint.  (Other measures based on body parts include cubits and palms).\n\nThe suggestion that the expression "rule of thumb" came from a rule about the limits of physically chastizing one's wife are very recent and seem based largely on misunderstandings.   (Even if anyone ever actually applied the expression that way, this is NOT its origin.  Its use for a rough & ready measurement goes back much further.)
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http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=slv8-frz&p=history%20of%20the%20word%20%22divorce%22\n\nno one person...it simply evolved from Latin as most all our words do....and it did so stemming from the need to identify the act of when a marriage had to be dissolved...Unfortunatley there have arisen these "necessities" throughout the course of history due not only to marital misbehavior, but poor judgements in entering marriage....it's just sad, but that's my take on it.
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When a person is describes as "Anal" It means the person is\n\nObsessively self-controlled: \n\nin Freudian theory, relating to adult personality traits that are considered to have originated during or be characteristic of the anal stage of development, e.g. obsessive neatness, stubbornness, and frugality
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Oh yes.  There is a theory called Affect Control Theory which has affective measurements of emotions, mood, identities, etc.  Go to the source below and select Interact.  You'll have to play around a bit and read the background information to find out all about EPA--the evaluation, potency and activity dimensions that fill out the mathematical model, but there is quite a bit of research that has been done and there will also be indications on how this measurement was performed (and how you could do it if you want).  I hope that is helpful.  Sociological social psychology (like Social Psychology Quarterly) is a good area of people who do this kind of work.  Good luck!
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1.The Early History of adolescence was primarily recognized and afforded for humanity a cause to be recorded by the teachings of Aristotle (Greece; Fourth Century B.C., Philosopher) and Plato (Greece; Fourth Century B.C. Philosopher/Tutor).  Both philosophers recognized the very important stage/or stage developments of adolescence.  \n2.Aristotle’s argument was simply that ‘the most important aspect of adolescence is the ability to choose, and that self-determination is a hallmark of maturity; that and a good aggregate of ‘egocentrism,’ and according to \n3.Plato it was his strong belief ‘that children should spend their time in sports and music while adolescents should study science and mathematics.’  “Reasoning doesn’t belong to childhood, but rather first appears in adolescence,” and thus this multi-stage of the lifespan of a person as an adolescent should be nurtured and reasoned with thusly, both by their parents, their governments and their societies as a whole.
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The overall personality
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There is acutally a class in Philosophy called "Personal Identity" which explores the very meaning of personality. Personality is what makes you... you. In Psychology it is the way you make choices, preferences, relationships and work habits. Myers Briggs developed something called the Personality Inventory that checks to see whether you are Introverted/Extroverted... Sensing/Intuitive... Thinking/Feeling... Judging/Perceiving. Personality is everything that makes us an individual and different from everyone else inside and out. Personality is the quality of uniqueness we each possess.
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TThe short answer: the irrational idea springing from the limbic system of all human brains...comes from our cave man days and shows up as irrational worldviews.
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Well, scientically it would be attributed to evoltion and how each evolved,\n\nhowever the answer may lay in the concept of the soul, or whatever is in control of the brain.
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This is a large question, and the source of much controversy, conflict, anger, and hilarity for all of recorded history. Aristophanes' Lysistrata is merely one of the earliest in a long literary tradition exploring the question. James Thurber is only one of the most recent, and funniest, of those writing in English.\n\nOnly in the last few decades has there been any scientific evidence which even begins to explain why the so long observed differences exist. \n\nIt is clear that there are, on average, anatomic differences between female and male brains. For instance, in the connection between the two hemispheres. And imaging studies of working brains ('PET scans') have shown some apparently characteristic differences in the areas of the brain used by males and females when their brains are ostensibly doing the same thing. There is even enough of such evidence that there are now centers for the study of gender differences. \n\nFrom a behavioral viewpoint, the field of evolutionary psychology (or sociobiology) has produced a series of testable hypotheses about differences between female and male behavior. These are essentially unique in the field because they suggest experiments which can test them. Thus far, this approach has shown promise in accounting for some of the non-cultural non-religious behavior differences. Thus far, even such things as the clothing styles chosen when going to dance clubs have been accounted for to some extent by this approach. Much of this work is controversial amongst one or another group since it deals with issues (eg, sex, reproduction, mating behavior, ...) which are of great importance socially or religiously.\n\nThe most reasonable account of behavioral differences between the sexes is based on reproductive success. Males who behaved this way (or these ways) tended to have more descendants (more children who survived to have children themselves), and females who behaved that way (or those ways) also had more children who survived to have children of their own. Much of the reasoning on these matters is based in the fact that, in humans, females cannot have more than a small number of children, given the underlying biology. We humans are born far from able to cope with life, and require a long period of maturation before we can. We share some of this extended infancy with some other species (such as chimpanzees and orangutans) and, to some extent, they show similar sex linked behavioral differences. Males, on the other hand, are capable of having a great many children. But, because of the long term helpless infancy period, together with typical human female awkwardness during much of pregnancy, it seems likely that males who stayed with the female increased the chances that children (half of whose genes came from him) were more likely to survive to child-bearing age. This pattern may also account for male jealousy (only if the female is sexually exclusive can he be sure the child is his) and female interest in male resource control. If he's rich (however rich is measured in a society), he will likely be able to increase the chance that her children will survive to have children of their own. Some of these suggestions (hypotheses) are subject to test in humans and some other species; the evolutionary approach has illuminated some hitherto opaque behaviors.\n\nThese matters are very near to the center of much conflict in traditional (and some other not so traditional) societies, many of whose citizens are made uneasy by new and different behaviors and by research which either 'endorses' some of those behaviors or 'undermines' some of their existing or traditional behaviors. In fact, the science is still in its infancy, and those who claim it endorses this or that don't understand it, and those who fear the science would be better advised to concentrate on policy makers of various kinds who don't understand the nature of science, nor much of this emerging scien
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Concerning ADHD:\nThe conflicts concerning the "right" way to treat ADHD, and their partial resolution in the accepting attitude evinced by the "Individual Basis" or phenomenological approach, finds a profound resonance in the image of the human being developed by Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925), the philosopher and social thinker who laid the foundations for Waldorf education. Drawing on ancient traditions, esoteric teachings, and his own clairvoyant faculties, Steiner described the human being as an entity possessing four "bodies," each of which manifests itself in a unique manner. These "bodies" should ideally function in harmony with one another, resulting in well-integrated and balanced human beings. In real life, however, they are often vying for dominance, overstepping their apportioned boundaries, and their conflicts may go so far as to appear as mental imbalance and physical illness. Except for the "physical body," the other "higher members" of the human entelechy are invisible to ordinary sight. This does not mean that those of us who are not clairvoyant must accept them on faith, or scoff at the pretensions of those who claim to perceive "invisible bodies." Steiner was helpful in delineating the effects through which these bodies make themselves known in the sensory world, the ripples and echoes through which even ordinary perceptive faculties can be made aware of their presence and activities.
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Psychodynamic Theories\nMany psychologists have proposed theories that try to explain the origins of personality. One highly influential set of theories stems from the work of Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, who first proposed the theory of psychoanalysis. Collectively, these theories are known as psychodynamic theories. Although many different psychodynamic theories exist, they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality.\nSigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis\nIn the late 1800s and early 1900s, Freud developed a technique that he called psychoanalysis and used it to treat mental disorders. He formed his theory of psychoanalysis by observing his patients. According to psychoanalytic theory, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.\nThe Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious\nFreud believed that most mental processes are unconscious. He proposed that people have three levels of awareness:\n\n    * The conscious contains all the information that a person is paying attention to at any given time.\n\nExample:\n\nThe words Dan is reading, the objects in his field of vision, the sounds he can hear, and any thirst, hunger, or pain he is experiencing at the moment are all in his conscious.\n\n    * The preconscious contains all the information outside of a person’s attention but readily available if needed.\n\nExample:\n\nLinda’s telephone number, the make of her car, and many of her past experiences are in her preconscious.\n\n    * The unconscious contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which people have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives.\n\nExample:\n\nStan’s unconscious might contain angry feelings toward his mother or a traumatic incident he experienced at age four.\nFreud believed that information in the unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, and the associations people make between ideas.\nThe Freudian Slip\n\nCathy calls up her mother on Mother’s Day and says, “You’re the beast, Mom,” when she consciously intended to say, “You’re the best, Mom.” According to psychoanalytic theory, this slip of the tongue, known as a Freudian slip, reveals her unconscious anger toward her mother.\nThe Id, the Ego, and the Superego\nFreud proposed that personalities have three components: the id, the ego, and the superego.\n\n    * Id: a reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression. The id is unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle, the drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. The id is characterized by primary process thinking, which is illogical, irrational, and motivated by a desire for the immediate gratification of impulses.\n    * Ego: the component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world. Some parts of the ego are unconscious, while others are preconscious or conscious. The ego operates according to the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world. The ego is characterized by secondary process thinking, which is logical and rational. The ego’s role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways.\n    * Superego: the moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society. The superego forces the ego to conform not only to reality but also to its ideals of morality. Hence, the superego causes people to feel guilty when they go against society’s rules. Like the ego, the superego operates at all three levels of awareness.\n\nConflict\nFreud believed that the id, the ego, and the superego are in constant conflict. He focu
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This is a really good book on the topic. \nhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/080078703X/102-9095437-1414512?v=glance&n=283155\nBasically, four types of personalities...\n1.  Drivers - Take charge, steamroller types\n2.  Amiable - Just want to get along with everyone\n3.  Expressive - Life of the party types\n4.  Analytics - Thinkers, precise, accountant types.\nHope this helps!  :)
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DEVELOP AN OUTGOING SOCIAL PERSONALITY\nTHE TENTH FUNDAMENTAL\n\n \n\nThe Tenth Fundamental is "Develop an Outgoing, Social Personality." \n\nThis Fundamental goes right to the heart of achieved happiness. As the research has clearly shown, there is no doubt that one of the most characteristic traits of the happiest individuals is an extroverted, social personality. \n\nHappy people are quite extroverted, according to research studies. (Note: add research refs. here). \n\nExtroversion, "an interest more in other people than in oneself" (according to dictionary definitions), is highly characteristic of happy people. Indeed, in my lectures over the years, I have referred to extroversion as being one of "the two Hallmark Qualities of the happy person." The other, optimism, we talked about in an earlier Chapter. \n\nTHE HAPPINESS-EXTROVERSION CONNECTION \n\nWhy has the research found such a strong connection between extroversion and happiness? There are a number of reasons... \n\nTo begin with, naturally enough, extroverted people usually spend a lot more of their time in social situations than less extroverted persons do. Thus they tend to maximize their participation in the "Number 1" source of happiness: social activity. \n\nClearly, this should make sense. If social activity is the most happiness-producing of all human activity, then those who's basic personality attracts them to such activity should well be happier. \n\nBut this in not the only happiness-benefit for the extrovert. An indirect benefit comes with wide social activity: that of meeting "special people"... \n\nBy "special people," I mean the kind of person that might end-up being a good friend or love-mate. Mathematically speaking, it is far more probable that a person who attends several social gatherings during a month will happen into many more "special people," over a year, than a person who never goes out at all. \n\nSo, here again, the extroverted, socially comfortable person maximizes his or her "happiness possibilities." In general, they have a happier time at a social affair than they would staying at home, but they also increase their chances of making new contacts which may lead to closer relationships, which can only boost their "happiness possibilities" even further. \n\nThe final reason why extroversion and happiness shows such a strong connection in the research, has to do with self-esteem. \n\nAs we detailed in the last chapter, self-esteem is a critical ingredient in both happiness and mental health. And it is clear from the research that extroversion is a typical trait of those who have a healthy, positive self-image. \n\nPeople with a positive self-image and a high degree of self-esteem (people who "like themselves," as we put it earlier) are more likely to be extroverted than introverted. They tend to be be more outgoing and expressive; they tend to be more self-assured and comfortable with others; they like people and enjoy social contact; and because they "like themselves," they are usually much more authentic, natural, and spontaneous around others -- and this only paves the way to more successful socializing! \n\nIt doesn't take a happiness scientist to figure-out why extroverted people rocket their way to happiness so easily. By being so social, they participate more than others in the primary source of happiness (social interaction). By participating more in this primary source, they have a lot more fun. By widening their "social radius" they increase their chances of finding friendships and love opportunities. By being extroverted, they become more comfortable and natural in social situations as time goes by. In becoming more comfortable and natural, the better they are liked by others. The better they are liked by others, the better they feel about themselves. The better they feel about themselves, the more com
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I think this is related to the so-called "pathetic fallacy": the idea that a person's moods are connected with the weather and so on.  (Nowadays, it doesn't seem like so much of a fallacy!)
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Yes...the word comes from modest or shy.\n\nAND THERE'S NOTHING WRONG WITH BEING MODEST OR SHY!!