how does the endrocirne system and nerve system work together?
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The adrenal gland in the endocrine system actually works in co-ordination with the autonomic nervous system of the peripheral nervous system.
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Neurotransmitters - What They Do . . .\n\nNeurotransmitters are small molecules whose function is to transmit nerve signals (impulses) from one nerve cell (neuron) to another. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers which neurons use to tell other neurons that they have received an impulse. There are many different neurotransmitters - some trigger the receiving neuron to send an impulse and some stop it from doing so. See this simplified diagram of a neuron: \n\n\nNerve impulses always flow in one direction - from the branched extensions called dendrites, down the neuron to the presynaptic terminals. The join between the presynaptic terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another is called the synapse. \n\nThe two neurons do not actually touch each other but are separated by a space called the synaptic cleft. \n\nWhen a nerve impulse arrives at a presynaptic terminal it causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind with special "postsynaptic receptors" in the dendrites of the receiving neuron. \n\nWhen a postsynaptic receptor receives a neurotransmitter it can either cause a nerve impulse to travel down the neuron or it can inhibit a nerve impulse depending on the neurotransmitter released. \n\nNeurotransmitters which propagate nerve impulses in the receiving neuron are called excitatory neurotransmitters. Those which inhibit nerve impulses are called inhibitory neurotransmitters. \n\nNeurotransmitters are sythesized in the cell body (the soma) and migrate down the axon to the presynaptic terminals. Here they are stored in little packets called vesicles which fuse with the synaptic membrane. When a depolarizing current (the action potential) is received, these vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft. \n\nNeurotransmitters activate receptors by "sticking" to them and thus preventing other neurotransmitters from activating them. Inactivation of the transmitter happens in one of three ways: \n\n\nReabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the neuron. This is known as reuptake. \n\nDestruction of the neurotransmitter with special chemicals called enzymes. This is known as enzymatic degradation. \n\nBy the neurotransmitter becoming deteched from the receptor and drifting out of the synaptic cleft. This is known as diffusion.\nSubstances that effect neurotransmission but are not neurotransmitters can be broadly divided into two categories - agonists and antagonists. \n\nAgonists make transmission of nerve impulses more likely. They do this in a number of ways including preventing reuptake (cocaine works this way). \n\nActually triggering the receptor themselves (nicotine works this way) \n\nAnd by making the receptor more responsive (a lot of anti-anxiety drugs work like this). \n\nAntagonists do the opposite - they interfere with nerve transmission across the synapse sometimes by blocking receptor sites (many spider and snake venoms work this way) \n\nAnd sometimes by preventing release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal (many anti-psychotic drugs operate like this). \n\nThe following is an partial list of neurotransmitters, together with the sites in which they work: \n\nNeurotransmitters Group Neurotransmitter Region of Operation \nAcetylcholine Acetylcholine Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)  \nSerotonin SerotoninCNS and PNS \nAmino acids Glutamate, GammaAminobutyric Acid (GABA), Glycine, Aspartate  CNS \nHistamine Histamine Hypothalamus \nCatecholamines Norpinephrine, Epinephrine (Adrenalin) CNS and Sympathetic Nervous System \nNeuropeptides Endorphins (Enkephalins and Dynorphins), Substance P CNS \nDopamine Dopamine CNS \nNucleotides Adenosine, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) CNS, PNS and ANS \nNitric oxide Nitric oxide CNS
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INFORMATION IS CONDUCTED ELETROCHEMICALLY BY THE NEURONS THROUGH VARYING CONCENTRATIONAS OF Na and K ions across the myelin seath of the neurons.in a neuron at rest there is more conc. of k ions on the inner side(this is the polarised region) and more conc. of Na ions on the outer side(depolarised region) .thus the inner side is at a greater potential than the outer side .when a stimulas is received the conc. in a particular regin of the neuron begins to change. K IONS move to the outer side and Na ions move to the inner side.now in that part of the neuron the outer membrane is at a higher potential than the the inner membrane. in the outer region the Kions are surrounded by large number of Na ions due to this a current sink develops and the K ion move back to the inner side while Na ions move back to the outer region and this region gets repolarised.but the region next to this gets deolarised in the process.thus the nerve impulse travels across the neuron as a wave of polarisation, depolarisation and repolarisation.\n           as the nerve impulse reaches the terminals of the neuron called dendrites the vesicles present there release ascetylcholine and this neurotransmitter transfers messages from one neuron to another and the above process continues till the message reaches the concerned organ.
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The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. \nThe peripheral nervous systems is structurally made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors( eye, ears etc.) Functionally, the PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic. The somatic system is under our control and involves skeletal muscle contraction. The autonomic system is further subdivided into parasympathetic and sympathetic. The  parasympathetic is the system responsible for everyday function such as digestion etc.; it is known as the rest or repose system. The sympathetic acts only when in a stress situation and is related to survival; it is known as the fight or flight system.
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When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon it is transferred to the next nerve cell so the message can continue. At the end of the axon the cell widens out and forms a bulb which comes close to but does not touch the next nerve cell. It is this tiny space between the two cells that is referred to as a synapse. Transmission of the signal across a synapse involves the release of a chemical, called a neurotransmitter, which passes from one cell to the other across the synapse. The neurotransmitter acts on receptor sites on the second cell's membrane, changing its permeability to sodium ions and thus stimulating depolarization. In this manner the nerve impulse is transferred to the second cell.
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Even nerves work with chemical reactions.  Plants have chemicals in them that react to/with the stimuli.  Chemical changes in the plant cause it to change.
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1. Nerve anatomy: nerves are axons of a neuron, enclosed by myelin, and are part of the peripheral nervous system. Afferent nerves carry sensory information from the body to the dorsak root ganglia of the spinal cord and then to the brain (although cranial nerves go directly to the brain). Efferent nerves carry motor information from the brain to the body (muscles) to contract or relax. \n\n2. Reflex architecture: reflex arc. Sensory info (i.e. pressure) activates specialized sense receptors-->sends afferent signal to dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord-->sends info to interneuron-->sends info to ventral root-->sends efferent info to muscle-->muscle contracts (or relaxes, muscles work in pairs).\n\n3. Embryo forebrain-->telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system). Midbrain-->Mesencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus). Hindbrain-->metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata).\n\n4. Functions of what?\n\n5. Hearing: consists of outer, middle, and inner ear. Outer ear is ear canal, middle ear is the ear drum and 3 smallest bones in body (hammer, anvil and stirrup), inner ear is the cochlea. Sound waves travel through the canal, cause the ear drum to vibrate, which moves the 3 bones, which causes the fluid in the cochlea to move, which activates the hair cells (receptors) that send infor to the auditory cortex in the brain.\nVision: from the outer eye to inner eye, you have cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, and the retina (which has the receptors). Within the retina, you have photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells. Photoreceptors are rods (light) and cones (color). From the ganglion cells, information gets sent to the primary visual cortex in the brain.\n\n6. The spinal cord is long tube protected by vertebral column. It has white matter (axons or nerves from above definition) on the outside and gray matter (cell bodies) on the inside. The gray matter kind of looks like a butterfly in the spinal cord.\n\n7. Cerebellum: coordinated movement\nThalamus: sensory relay station\nCerebrum: divided into 4 sensory lobes, performs several higher functions such as language, emotion, and memory.\nHypothalamus: controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems (4 F's: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating...)\nMedulla: controls vital functions (cardiovascular, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone).
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Both A) and B) appear to be true, unless I am overlooking something...\n\nMuscarinic receptors are G-protein linked receptors that are activated by acetylcholine. That makes A) true.\n\nBoth nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are located on the postganglionic cells in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. However, neither ACh receptor is located on the preganglionic cells of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems. So, since they are only located on the post and not the pre, I would consider B) to be false.\n\nMuscarinic receptors do not always produce an excitatory response. They are G-protein linked, so they can cause a wide variety of activities within different cells. Nicotinic, on the other hand, always involve the opening of a sodium channel and are therefore always excitatory. C) is false.\n\nNicotinic control sodium channels, so D) is false.\n\nNorepinepherine does not activate ACh, so E) is false.\n\nIn my opinion, you could make an argument for either A) or B) being true. Muscarinic receptors are located on the surface of ganglion cells in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, but only on the postganglionic neurons. The ganglionic neurons only release ACh.\n\nA) is therefore the "safe" choice.
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The brain is part of the nervous system.  The smallest component of the nervous system are axons, which have a head and a tail.  Millions of these line up head to tail and form the nerve endings in your body.  In the space between each head and tail (called a synapse) chemicals can flow.  When something happens (you prick yourself), an axon signals chemicals to flow between the synapse, activate the next axon, and the next until the message reaches your brain and you react.  Different drugs affect the ability for these chemicals to flow across the synapse (speeding up, slowing down, or not at all) or wipe out axons all together leaving gaps in the message chain.
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The sympathetic nerves arise in the brain in the reticular formation, a diffuse set of nuclei (cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord) and send axons (bioelectrical transmission lines) the the lateral horn of the spinal cord.  The reticular formation receives incoming pain signals as well as higher input from the hypothalamus, cortex and elsewhere.  The axons descending to the lateral horn snynape (form chemical connections that communicate with the next neuron by chemicals known as neurotransmitters) with the cell bodies of motor neurons.  These motor neurons send myelinated (myelin is a biological insulator) axons to the ganglia (collections of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord) for the sympathetic nervous system.  These ganglia include a long chain that entends from the cervical to the lumbar regions, plus other ganglia in the head and adbominal cavity.  This synapse typically releases the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, which acts on nicotinic type "N" receptors - nicotinic-ganglionic receptors.   Nicotinic "N' receptors are distinguished from nicotinic "M" receptors (the neuromuscular junction) that serve skeletal muscle by differing responsiveness to pharmacological agents.  The post-synaptic (cell that receives the chemical signal) neurons are not mylenated and project to the visceral organs, skin, and blood vessels where they release neurotransmitters (norepinephrine or, in the case of skin, acetylcholine) that act on the effector organs.
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Endocrine refers to all hormones, not just those of the pancreas.  They are made in one cell and released into the blood stream where they work on distant cells.\n\nNeurological transmissions are predominately electrical.  The neuron gets depolarized and sends an electric signal down its axon (long process of the cell) to where it will be going to  (a muscle for example).  When the electric signal reaches its destination (the end of the axon) it causes a release of a neurotransmitter from the axon (each axon only releases one type of neurotransmitter).  These transmitters diffuse to where they are going (a muscle for example) and cause a change in that cell.\n\nSome similarities are that both hormones and neurotransmitters have specific receptors for them and they both cause changes in the cells that they interact with.  Also, there are some neurotransmitters that are hormones, they are released from the end of the axon into the bloodstream and then go to distant cells to do their work.
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Smooth muscle. It is part of the autonomic nervous system. This muscle helps to control the pressure and flow in the arteries of the body.
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Post-micturition convulsion syndrome, which often affects men, occurs toward the end of the urination session and isn't completely understood. Most speculation rather than scientific conclusions have been made regarding the cause(s). It is predominately believed that the shiver is a side effect of interactions between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSN). The SNS, in this case is responsible for holding the flow of urine, and the PNS is responsible for releasing urine. Although they are far more common amongst men, women also experience these convulsions
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Autonomous nerve-sys.-regulates our organs and vital functions.\nNerve endings-contain neurotransmitters in  its fluid.\nneurons-bundles of nerve cells.\nElectrical impulses-together with chem. transmits messages.\nsynapse-Impulse jump to dendrites from here.
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Sympathetic:\nHas an activation or arousal function and it tends to act as a total unit, for example, when you encounter a stressful situation your sympathetic nervous system helps you confront the stress-er in several ways, it speeds up your heart rate so it can pump more blood to your muscles and it dialates your pupil so more light would come in to improve your vision. Mainly, it activated things in your body to help you cope with the stress.\nParasympathetic:\nIt slows down body processes and maintains a state of tranquility. It slows down your heart rate.\n\nThe two systems work together to maintain homeostasis which is a constant balanced internal state.
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http://www.jimmyr.com/endorphins.php
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I thought there was a site on neural chemistry for kids, but the site I found was about neuroscience but did not talk about neural chemistry. \n\nfound this on the site listed below, they talk about how neural chemistry works  but it a commerical site, so they are trying to sell you something.\n\nEndorphin is the brain's painkiller, and it is 3 times more potent than morphine. Scientific research over the last several decades has led to the revolutionary discovery of opiate-like chemicals in the body that associate with opiate specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, including Serotonin, a hormone manufactured by your brain.