what is a  surface runoff?
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Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other precipiation, that flows over the land surface, and is a major component of the water cycle.
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Jetties and sea walls cause sand and silt to be deposited on their down-current side.  Example: The long jetty near the airport.\n\nWetlands are drained for development thus removing the buffer that wetlands provide against storm surges and flooding.  Example: Burnt Bridge Creek area - Lacamas Creek Enterprises Inc. filled approximately 1.2 acres of wetlands
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A catch basin or concrete structure underground with a steel grate on top that is used for draining and transporting storm water
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Hi. They are surface currents. : http://www.answers.com/topic/mixed-layer
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A hydrograph shows the flow in a stream over time.  The shape might be described as "peak and trough" line graph.  Here's a quick website to look at for an example of a hydrograph:\n\nhttp://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/major/midminn/subshed/sevenmi/vtour/hydrograph.html
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We never get new water here on earth..it's just recycled. The water cycle defined is "Transition and movement of water involving evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, percolation, runoff, and storage."\n\nWater falls in the form of precipitation (snow, rain, etc). Some of it seeps into the ground that makes up our water aquifers (perculation), some is in the form of runoff (rivers, streams), eventually water makes its way to lakes, ponds, oceans, etc and is stored. Some water is taken up by plants and is stored there. It leaves "storage" when the water evaporates and through transpiration in plants (plants lose water through their leaves which is why they seem especially prone to wilting on a hot windy day).\n\nCondensation is when water goes from a gaseous state back to a liquid state. An example of this putting your breath on a cold window or mirror and watching the water droplets form.\n\nHope this helped. It's a simplified explanation, but it will get you started.
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Get rid of water surrounding your house.
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As you know, the Earth is a watery place. Estimates vary, but somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered. But water also exists in the air as water vapor and in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers. Thanks to the water cycle (view a graphic of the water cycle) our planet's water supply is constantly moving from one place to another and from one form to another. Things would get pretty stale without the water cycle!\n\nWhen you take a look at the water around you, you see water in streams, rivers, and lakes. You see water sitting on the surface of the earth. Naturally, this water is known as "surface water." Your view of the water cycle might be that rainfall fills up the rivers and lakes. But, how would you account for the flow in rivers after weeks without rain? In fact, how would you account for the water flowing down this driveway on a day when it didn't rain? The answer is that there is more to our water supply than just surface water, there is also plenty of water beneath our feet.\n\nEven though you may only notice water on the Earth's surface, there is much more water stored in the ground than there is on the surface. In fact, some of the water you see \n\nThere is about 323 billion gallons  of surface water and about 85 billion gallons  of ground water.
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I wasn't sure of what level of detail you were looking for.\n\nEasier to understand:\nhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wwvisit.html\n\nhttp://www.humboldt.edu/~ere_dept/marsh/flow1.html\n\nMore difficult to understand:\nhttp://waterhome.brc.tamus.edu/texasyst/household.html\n\nhttp://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?SpaceID=10086&BookID=290
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water and drainage, respectively
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Rivers & streams are parts of drainage basins (aka watersheds). This means that they drain most of the surface water from an area.\n\nWhen it rains very heavily, it runs off & goes into the rivers & streams b/c they are lower in elevation. This is called surface runoff.\n\nRivers are only capable of handling a certain amount of water at a time. When it reaches flood stage it will overflow it's banks.\n\nAlthough it is possible for a lake to flood, more than likely it will not. It is less likely to get all the surface runoff from the surrounding area.\n\nOceans are not going to flood unless sea level rises. There is no real "normal" flood stage for oceans. Over time they transgress & regress in response to climate change. Water is constantly being evaporated from the oceans as well.\n\nMost of our precipitation comes from water vapor that was evaporated from the oceans. This is simply b/c oceans cover the majority of the planet.\n\nHope this helps.
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Well water can over time through a process called weathering, other than that acid is excellent, that is how acid rain is effecting us.\nAlso salt and a number of other chemicals and solvents.
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A drainage area is in essence a watershed.\n\nIt is where all the running surface water of an area drains into a common river system.\n\nIf you want something local, other than what you have listed, try Google searching the name of your state with the term 'watershed'. Many times you will find a nice set of maps & lists of the different river basins in your area.\n\nThe Amazon of South America is one of the largest river basins in the world. The Nile river basin is another large one. Both cover a large area & drain most of the worlds fresh running surface water into the oceans. The Mississippi river basin also covers most of the United States & drains into the Gulf of Mexico dumping lots of sediment as it does so.
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Flood : When it rains or snows, some of the water is retained by the soil, some is absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the remainder, which reaches stream channels, is called runoff. Floods occur when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water; water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs (see Dam). About 30 percent of all precipitation is runoff, and this amount may be increased by melting snow masses. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks; a flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides induced by severe winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis caused by undersea earthquakes.\nDrought : Drought, condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region where some rain might usually be expected. A drought is thus quite different from aridity, which designates a region that is normally, or at least seasonally, dry.
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B.  As the matter settles in the bottom of the basin.\n\n"There are a wide range of techniques that can be used to remove the fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water" - wikipedia
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aquifers, undergound streams, etc. anything under ground
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hydrological AND hydrodynamical engineering