why alkanes also known as parrafins?
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because paraffins are widely used in the petrochemical industry, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons where as alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2.
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are a group of simple alkanes (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) that also contain both chlorine and fluorine atoms.  They were widely used as propellant gases, dry cleaning solvents and refrigerants (Freon, and others).  As gases, these compounds often rise into the upper layers of the atmosphere where they react with sunlight to break down, releasing chlorine and fluorine atoms.  This process is called photodissociation.\nFree halogen atoms (such as chlorine and fluorine) react readily with ozone.  Their use over the last several decade has lead to a depletion in the ozone layer which protects our atmosphere from harmful UV radiation.  The international agreement called the Montreal Protocol is the reason that their use is prohibited.
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There are essentially three types of hydrocarbons:\n\naromatic hydrocarbons, which have at least one aromatic ring \nsaturated hydrocarbons, also known as alkanes, which don't have any double, triple or aromatic bonds \nunsaturated hydrocarbons, which have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, are divided into: \nalkenes \nalkynes \nSorry I only found 3
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Fats are also called triacylglycerols or lipids;\n\nthe structure is the result of an esterification reaction between one molecule of glycerol ( a tri-hydroxy alcohol ) and three molecules of fatty acid ( long-chain carboxylic acids ):\n\n R-OH + R-COOH --->  R-C(=O)OR + H20\n\nglycerol is H2C(OH)CH(OH)CH2OH;  the fatty acids are typically stearic ( C18H36O2 ) or oleic ( C18H34O2 ) acids.\n\nThe bonds holding the fatty acids to the glycerol part are called ester bonds (-C(=O)-O-C-)
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The separation of normal paraffins from isoparaffins is done commercially for a number of reasons. In the lighter hydrocarbon range, isoparaffins are often more desirable because of their higher octane values and their superior gasoline alkylation characteristics. In the heavier range, normal paraffins are typically the desired product because of the benefits derived from their linearity in the production of plasticizers, linear alkylbenzene sul-fonates, detergent alcohols, and ethoxylates.\n\nThe specific application of the UOP* Molex* process to the separation of normal paraffins from isoparaffins. Although not limited in its application to a particular processing mode or carbon number, the Molex process is most often used in the recovery of normal paraffins for plasticizer and detergent-range applications. Typical carbon numbers are C6 to C10 for plasticizers, C10 to C14 for linear alkylbenzenes, and C10 to C18 + for detergent alcohols.\n\nThe UOP Molex process is an established, commercially proven method for the liquid-phase adsorptive separation of normal paraffins from isoparaffins and cycloparaffins using the UOP Sorbex* separations technology (see Chap. 10.3), which uses zeolitic adsorbents. Isothermal liquid-phase operation facilitates the processing of heavy and broad-range feedstocks. Vapor-phase operations, in addition to having considerable heating and cooling requirements, require large variations of temperature or pressure or both through the adsorption-desorption cycle to make an effective separation. Vapor-phase operations also tend to leave a certain residual level of coke on the adsorbent, which must then be regenerated on a cyclic basis. Operation in the liquid phase allows for uninterrupted continuous operation over many years without regenerations.\n\nRefer to Chap. 10.3 for details of the operation of this separations technology. Figure 10.7.1 illustrates the general design characteristics of such units.
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alkenes like ethene,propene undergo addition reactions at high temperatures and pressures to form addition polymers like polythene,PVC etc.\nalkenes like ethene are used in artificial ripening of fruits.
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alkenes r more reactive as they can undergo addition reactions too due to the presence of double bonds while alkanes can undergo only substitution reactions.alkynes r evn more reactive as they hv triple bonds.\nwat is a soptier flame????\n\nbromine test.alkene will decolourize the bromine while alkane will not.
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Heats of Combustion are quoted in kJ/mole. However, the amount of Carbon and Hydrogen that you have in bigger molecules is larger for 1 mole. \n\nHeat is released because Carbon - Oxygen and Hydrogen - Oxygen bonds are more stable than  Carbon - Carbon or Carbon - Hydrogen bonds. When you burn an alkane, you break the Carbon - Carbon and Carbon - Hydrogen bonds and form Carbon - Oxygen and Hydrogen - Oxygen bonds. A way of thinking of this is that because these  Carbon - Oxygen and Hydrogen - Oxygen bonds are more stable, less energy is required to hold the pieces together. The energy you no longer need is released as heat.\n\nSo why release more when you have longer chains? 1 mole is a set number of molecules, but the longer the carbon chain is, the more Carbon and Hydrogen you have. \n\nAs a result, more Carbon - Carbon and Carbon - Hydrogen bonds are being converted to Carbon - Oxygen and Hydrogen - Oxygen bonds. Result, you have to get rid of more heat.\n\nSo the Heat of Combustion becomes more negative, that is to say you release more heat to the surroundings.\n\nAny help?
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pure butane is neutral for sure. And butane, no matter isobutane(2-methylpropane) or just butane, is an alkane. \n\npH = -log[concentration of hydronium ions] (hydronium is H3O+), but Alkane does not dissolve in water since no ionic bond exists in the compound, so measuring its pH does not make much sense.\n\nCarbon and hydrogen have very similar electronegativity, so it's very difficult to remove hydrogen from the saturate carbon chain. alkane has pka value around 50, pKa value for water is around 16.
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All hydrocarbons.  They start with gaseous methane (CH4) dissolved in the oily liquid, then through heavier dissolved gases with 2 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule, then liquids with every posible number of carbon atoms per molecule from 6 (benzene) to 8 (octane) to scores and scores, then waxes (the stuff of Vaseline) which have up to hundreds.  Sometimes there are sulphur-based impurities.\n\nRefining the oil is the process of separating the different weights of components.  Car and aeroplane fuel is roughly from C6 to C10, diesel fuel is heavier, and heating oils and lubricating oils are heaviest.
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C6H14\nAll alkanes follow the same formula:\nC(n)H(2n+2) where n is any real number.\nSo hexane, hex meaning 6, is 6 carbons, and 12+2 hydrogens, 14.
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An alkane follows the formula CnH2n+2 (n=any real number), meaning for every carbon, there are 2 hydrogens.  Of the choices, C7H16 is an alkane.
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The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2
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Reduction reactions like aldehydes to alcohols. In vegetable oil refineries like palm oil refineries in separation.
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basically hydrogen and carbon since they belong to a group called hydrocarbons.
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gasoline is obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.  It is therefore a hydrocarbon.  It is evaporated and mixed with air and forced into the cylinder where it burns.  When the C--C and C--H bonds are broken, energy is required but then more eneryg (than is required to break these bonds) are given off on the formation of H--OH (water) and O--C--O (carbon dioxide)bonds.  This is the thermal energy that causes the burned gas in the cylinder to expand thus forcing the piston away from the spark-plug end, causing the engine to "run"
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Crude oils vary in their composition, but generally range around 20% gasoline and naphtha, 35% gas oil, 20% lube distillate, 20% residuum, and 5% light gasoline. Refinery processes turn low quality material into higher quality products. \n\nPlastic manufacturers use processes like refiners, or purchase products to produce the chemicals that are used in synthesizing plastics. Since crude oil contains many molecules, the industry breaks and builds molecules to fill the niche. I'll discuss just a portion of the most notable processes. \n\nFluid Catalytic Cracking breaks larger molecules into Gases, Gasoline, Gas oil, and Heavy bottoms. The product streams produced by the FCC contain unsaturated hydrocarbons referred to as olefins. The gases are separated and stored, sold, or used in subsequent processes. \n\nOf these gases produced, propene is used in the manufacture of cumene. For information regarding Cumene, see this website. There's a lot of information. http://www.aristechchem.com/products/cumene.htm \n\nThe other processes that are important are the reforming and alkylation processes. Reforming converts naphthenes into aromatics like benzene, toluene, xylenes, and alkylbenzenes. These chemicals have their roles in the plastics industry. If you visited the above websites, benzene and propene are the feeds for producing cumene. \n\nAlkylation builds larger molecules from smaller molecules. Typically, butenes are mixed with iso-butanes to produce branched chain hydorcarbon polymers called isoparaffins. \n\nIn the United States alone, production of polymers as long ago as 1981 was more than 24 million metric tons, exceeding in volume the production of steel, and is the basis for industries that employs more than 3.5 million people. So, what are polymers? \n\nPolymers are simply very large molecules (macromolecules) that are made up of smaller molecules (monomers) that can be linked together in various ways, resulting in a range of what we call microstructures (e.g., linear chains, branched chains, densely interconnected networks, and so on). Although natural polymers (cotton, wool, silk), have been used throughout recorded history, the first true synthetic polymers were produced relatively recently (in historical terms), at the start of the 20th century. Furthermore, the long chain nature of their chemical structure was not recognized until the 1920s. In the decades that followed, however, an astonishing range of new synthetic materials were quickly produced by polymer chemists, revolutionizing some older industries, like those based on rubber, paint, and natural fibers, and creating new ones associated with the production of plastic goods. Polymers are also a crucial component of other advanced technologies, such as those essential to the electronics industry, where polymers are an integral part of the chip and printed circuit production process. \n\nClearly, there is a broad range of industries that are based on polymer science and engineering. There are two categories of companies. The first consists of those chemical companies that actually make the resins; poly (ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(styrene), PVC, polyesters, nylons, etc. This part of the industry is dominated by large multinational companies with familiar names; Dupont, Dow, Union Carbide, Bayer, Exxon Mobil, Shell, etc. Most of the materials they now produce can be considered commodities and are sold to companies that constitute the second part of the industry, those firms that process polymers into films, fibers, paints, adhesives, composites (e.g., glass fiber reinforced polyesters) and the extraordinary range of plastic goods that are in modern society. The "chemical" part of the industry has from its inception been on the cutting edge of synthetic and chemical processing technology. Even today, it is still introducing new ways to make "old" polymers through the use of novel catalysts (e.g., metallocenes), which promise superior