What is the most simple way to determine the microbes in water?
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there are lots of ways to test water.  plating a water sample on EMB or MacConkeys agar will show if bacteria present are enteric bacteria.  if the sample has very few bacteria present you may have to filter a larger volume through a sterile 0.2 micron filter to collect enough bacteria to examine.
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The major groups of microorganisms—namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses
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The simplest way is spectography. if you are speaking of a breathalizer test it is via conductivity.
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Most common method would be an oxidative digestion (most likely using ultraviolet radiation) in order to eliminate the organic matrix, and subsequent simultaneous ICP-OES analytics. Numerous other detection methods are available (electrochemistry, mass spectroscopy, atom absorption spectroscopy, even classical wet chemistry might give satisfactory results if done with extreme care and insight).\n\nThe heavy metals would be the usual suspects also monitored in drinking water, with special emphasis on any material used or present as impurity in the packaging (tin, lead, cadmium, zinc...)
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Water... its got a pH=7
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The basic check is: measure the mass, divide by the volume of water displaced, check that the density is correct. After that you should still do a chemical analysis to make sure there aren't other heavy metals, like uranium or lead mixed in.
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temperature, pH, concentration of nutrient, type of nutrient, type of bacteria, amount of light
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It depends on your source of water.  Rainwater, wastewater, pond water, and well water all go through different steps.\n\nThe things that need addressed in one manner or another are particulates (usually cleaned out by a filter in the beginning stages of the process), bacteria and larger life forms (also many of which can be be filtered out with finer filters), and chemicals (usually removed by reverse osmosis or by charcoal or some other cleansing chemical process).\n\nThere are a lot of sources out there.  I have listed a few of them below.  Good luck.
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bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria or fungi?  or do you mean specific examples
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There's a formula in this article:\nhttp://www.naturodoc.com/library/nutrition/water.htm
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Here is what I would suggest.  First let the water stand still for a while to settle heavy particle as sand, pebbles, rocks etc.  Then using coffee filter or thick paper towel, decant water.  That should take care of smaller stuff.  Then you use fine powder charcoal and add to your water (filterate).  Let it sit for 10 minutes and stirr occasionally.  Then filter the water using coffee filter or paper towel and you will have odor free-clear, very pure (~ 99%+ water) that can be used for drinking.  If you want absolute pure, before charcoal step, heat the water to boil, cool and then do charcoal step and you will have killed all bio organisms also.
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Depends on the country. Here in the US our water is relatively bacteria free, but other countries.........well, DON'T DRINK THE WATER!!
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WATER. It's that simple.
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Print off the picture, cut out all areas that bacterial growth is observed and using a sensitive balance scale weigh the paper that has bacterial growth on it.  Works pretty good.
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Run to a pool supply store and pick up a water PH kit...they aren't expensive and it's got directions.
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For quantitative detection of coagulase positive Staphylococci from foods and other sources like skin, mucous membranes, faeces, air and soil
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Water analysis is a routine check to make sure that the concentration of potentially pathogenic bacteria in drinking water is sufficiently low to say it is safe for human consumption at a reasonable level of confidence.