phase diagrams in metallurgy?
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check out the site below. contains phase diagrams for solder systems.
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melting physical\nrusting chemical\nburning chemical
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Never trust materials science majors ...\n\n1. NaCl (s) --> Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)\n2. Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) --> Ca(OH)2 (s) + H2 (g)\n3. Ca(OH)2 (s) --> H2O (g) + CaO (s)
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Any metal will melt on heating (unless burning up before), but for pure lead the melting point is fairly low with 600K (327°C, or 621°F). The melting point for lead alloys (with tin and/or antimon) is even lower.\n\nEven candle flames emit sufficient heat to melt down lead placed on a spoon in reasonable time.
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http://www.indiaxpress.com/au/coe/dept/met/Metallurgical_Engg_Catalog.pdf\n\nhttp://engineering-services.globalspec.com/Industrial-Directory/tester_model\n\nor google "poldi hardness testing principle"
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Some information\n\nhttp://www.key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art2.htm\n\nmedia.wiley.com/product_data/ excerpt/61/04713870/0471387061.pdf
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Hertzsprung-Russell  Diagram.  See the wikipedia article for more info.
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Try doing a Google search under the Hall or the Hall-Heroult process.    That or check out a General or an Inorganic Chemistry book from the library.  That's a good launch point.
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This isn't the final answer, but it is a clue:\n\nhttp://www.thesheetmetalshop.com/pdf_manual/Problem1.pdf
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First, here is a back drop of info to help you determine wether brazing or soldering will be msot effective for you. \n\nBrazing use molten metal to join two pieces of metal, yes. However, the metal added during the process has a melting point lower than that of the workpiece, so only the added metal is melted, not the workpiece. \n\nSoldering uses metals with a melting point below 800 degrees Fahrenheit; brazing uses metals with a higher melting point. Because soldering and brazing do not melt the workpiece, these processes normally do not create the distortions or weaknesses in the workpiece that can occur with welding. \n\nSoldering commonly is used to join electrical, electronic, and other small metal parts. Brazing produces a stronger joint than does soldering, and often is used to join metals other than steel, such as brass. Brazing can also be used to apply coatings to parts to reduce wear and protect against corrosion.\n\nI recommend copper or aluminum for your small project.
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http://chemistry.allinfoabout.com/features/nonmetals.html
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The logic behind the four elements was fine for it's time - but as elements go not a mesh.  However they do correspond with the four phases of matter:\nSolid\nLiquid\nGas\nPlasma
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There is a HUGE amount of infomation on metallurgy out there, but if you want an interesting search, try searching out why the HUBBLE Space Telescope failed - there was some deformed metal and the reason the optics tests passed before launch is an interesting story about materials, optics and people.\n\nI'm a metallurgist, and of all the exotic materials it turns out steel has the greatest range of properties (from annealed iron all the way up to ball bearing steel and stainless).  Titanium is interesting stuff (good for corrosion and medium temps (500°F-1000°F), but aluminum can have the highest density-to-strength ratio.  Research on how tungsten filaments are made is interesting too.  \n\nMark Twain said that a metallurgy student would learn more making his own pocket knife by digging the ore out of the ground, refining it into steel, and fabricating the knife than he would by book learning - do you have a passion you're particularly interesting in?  Learning about something you're interested in is effortless.\n\nAnother optics subject of interest is what is currently going on in semiconductor photolithography - they are reaching the limits of what can be done with light and refractive materials (CaF lenses) and immersion lithography (see link below).
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R&D Projects\nAdvanced Computations\n\n \n\nAlloy Selection System for Elevated Temperatures (ASSET)\n \nMany aspects of equipment design and operation as well as alloy selection and design are influenced by the expected lifetimes of equipment in high-temperature, corrosive gases.  Currently, many processes are limited by the inability to predict corrosion rates for equipment used in high-temperature processes. A new database is being developed to enhance the ability of the chemical industry to predict corrosion of commercial alloys.  Benefits in improving the ability to manage corrosion data for alloys in high temperature, corrosive gases will be far reaching in the chemical industry.   Better characterization of alloys under operating conditions will result in reduced energy use and maintenance, increased process safety, cost-effective use of expensive alloys in equipment designs, and improved productivity.   \n\nASSET will be an alloy selection and corrosion prediction system that includes a database linked to thermomechanical calculation programs.  The linked programs will use experimentally measured corrosion data obtained under well-controlled conditions to predict the corrosion rates for commercial alloys.   This project will include data on an extensive list of alloys exposed to a wide range of complex and corrosion gases for temperatures of 250 to 1,150oC.  The considerations being used to generate the corrosion data include oxidation, sulfidation, sulfidation/oxygenation and carburization.  The approach to this project includes improving and expanding the ASSET system and training participating companies in its use.
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this has some lock diagrams. hope it helps
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Metallic materials consist of a microstructure of small crystals called "grains" or crystallites. The nature of the grains (i.e. grain size and composition) determine the overall mechanical behavior of the metal. Heat treatment provides an efficient way to manipulate the properties of the metal by controlling rate of diffusion, and the rate of cooling within the microstructure. In carbon and low alloy steels, fast rates of cooling result in a high degree of hardness. In precipitation hardened alloys like 2000 series, 6000 series, and 7000 series aluminum alloys, as well as some superalloys and some stainless steels, fast cooling rates result in a softer metal. At these fast cooling rates, the alloying elements are trapped in solution and require a tempering to precipitate intermetallic particles, there by achieving maximum strength and hardness\n\nAnnealing is a technique used to recover cold work and relax stresses within a metal. During annealing, small grains recrystallize to form larger grains, and precipitates dissolve into the matrix. The result is a soft, ducile metal. When an annealed part is allowed to cool in the furnace, it is called a "full anneal" heat treatment. When an annealed part is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool in air, it is called a "normalizing" heat treatment.\n\nTo harden by quenching, a metal (usually steel or cast iron) must be heated into the austenitic crystal phase and then quickly cooled in oil, water, or brine. Upon being rapidly cooled, the austentite will transform to martensite, a hard brittle crystalline structure. Often a quenched metal is too hard, and must be tempered (heat treated at a low temperature) to impart some ductility.\n\nIf a peripitation hardend alloy is quenched, its alloying elements will be trapped in solution, resulting in a soft metal. Tempering a "solutionized" metal will alloy the alloying elements to diffuse through the microstructure and form intermetallic particles. These intermetallic particles will fall out of solution and act as a reinforcing phase, there by increasing the strength of the alloy. This process is called "artificial aging". Conversely, some alloys may be "naturally aged" in which the intermetallic particles form at room temperature. Naturally aging alloys are often stored in a freezer to prevent them from aging until needed.\n\nComplex heat treating schedules are often devised by metallurgists to optimize an alloy's mechanical properties. In the aerospace industry, a superalloy may undergo five or more different heat treating operations to develop the desired properties. This can lead to quality problems depending on the accuracy of the furnace's temperature controls and timer.\n\nCase hardening is a type of quenching heat treatment in which the surface of a part is heated (either with a flame or inductive heating) and then quenched. This imparts a hard surface to a part, without robbing it of ductility. Tools, blades, and bearings are often case hardened\n\nWhen the term is applied to aluminum alloys, however, its use frequently is restricted to the specific operations employed to increase strength and hardness of the precipitation-hardenable wrought and cast alloys. These usually are referred to as the "heat-treatable" alloys to distinguish them from those alloys in which no significant strengthening can be achieved by heating and cooling. The latter, generally referred to as "non heat-treatable" alloys depend primarily on cold work to increase strength. Heating to decrease strength and increase ductility (annealing) is used with alloys of both types; metallurgical reactions may vary with type of alloy and with degree of softening desired. \n\nOne essential attribute of a precipitation-hardening alloy system is a temperature-dependent equilibrium solid solubility characterized by increasing solubility with increasing temperature. The mayor aluminum
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A molten nickel-iron core