Nerve impulses travel along the long cellular extension of the neuron called the?
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The direction of a nerve impulse is as follows: dendrite, cell body, axon. Dendrites are short extensions and axons are the longer ones. Once the impulse gets to the end of the axon, it travels through the synapse and then on to the dendrites of the following neuron. Within the neuron the impulse travels electrically with the resting potential changing to the action potential. In between neurons, through the synapse, the impulse is propagated chemically with the release of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic vesicles in the end of the axon . The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron which starts the action potential there.
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The neuron actively builds the ionic gradients by pumping specific ions into or out of the cell.  Na+ and K+ are the major players, Cl- less so, and Ca2+ the least important.  Na+ ions are pumped out and K+ ions are pumped in by the Na+/K+ ATPase.  At rest, there are a lot of Na+ ions outside the cell and a lot of K+ ions inside the cell.  The charge imbalance means the cell has an electrical voltage across its membrane.\n\nWhen the neuron is activated, it opens up ion channels that allow these ions to suddenly flow into or out of the cell down their gradients.  For example, Na+ ions are suddenly going to rush into the cell and K+ ions will rush out of the cell slightly later.  The result is a sudden change in the electrical voltage of the cell membrane.  This is the basis of how nerves generate electrical impulses.
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Mostly epithelial motifications for collecting sensory impulses which are synaptic..an action potential forms after depolarization caused by a threshold stimulus
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Cells have openings on their outer membrane - ion pumps. The pumps regulate the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the cell. The difference in ions in and out of the cell creates an electric potential across the membrane allowing a nerve impulse to propagate along its length. Jens C. Skou won the 1997 Nobel Prize for work in this area. Several ion pumps have now ben described.
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light, (in the perspective you are talking about) would be, more specifically- visible light.  This light in particular consists of a specific range of of vibrational frequency.  (dont know the range off hand) now, set that aside for a moment.  OKay. Now, through a process known as evolution (inhereted change in dna over time) moleculres began to form in ways that were able to carry out very specific functions. this continues until you have cells and then cells aquire specific functions.....nervous systems develope and with the a nerve cell that responds and is stimulated (specifically) by the particlar wave frequency of visible light(mentioned earlier) now, the visible light spectrum is like the key ( the receptor being the lock) and it activates the cell which then sens an action potential (depolarization) of the cellular membrane at what is known as the site of excitation.  at this site, ion channels open and + charged sodium ions are transported into the cell axon where there is the reversal of the net negative charge.  (keep in mind this is all on the one cell being stimulated) this reversal of the charged is the action potential.  By reversing the charge it has a gradient-like affect which causes an electrical current which travels the length of the axon to what is known as the "terminal buttons" which then enscribe the elctrical message into a chemical message; known as a neurotransmitter , which is then sent across a fluid filled gap between this cell(transmitting neuron or pre synaptic neuron) and the recieving neuron or post synaptic neuron.  The gap is known as the synaptic cleft.  This neurotransmitter is accepted by a form of endocytosis by the recieving neuron and the process continues till the message reaches the brain. here, it gets very detailed and very complex and requires the reading of books not message bored summaries.
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A nerve cell is specialized to carry messages, in the form of electrical impulses, very fast through the body.
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Autonomous nerve-sys.-regulates our organs and vital functions.\nNerve endings-contain neurotransmitters in  its fluid.\nneurons-bundles of nerve cells.\nElectrical impulses-together with chem. transmits messages.\nsynapse-Impulse jump to dendrites from here.
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Well, our professor was telling us about the possibility of applying stem cell technology in this area. Embryonic stem cells when given the right environmental cues can develop into neurons. Alternatively, Schwann cells which are the ones that wrap around the axons and allow for conduction can also be generated from embryonic stem cells. Hope that helps.
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Although the nervous system is very complex, there are only two main types of cells in nerve tissue. The actual nerve cell is the neuron. It is the "conducting" cell that transmits impulses and the structural unit of the nervous system. The other type of cell is neuroglia, or glial, cell. The word "neuroglia" means "nerve glue." These cells are nonconductive and provide a support system for the neurons. They are a special type of "connective tissue" for the nervous system.\nNeurons\n\nNeurons, or nerve cells, carry out the functions of the nervous system by conducting nerve impulses. They are highly specialized and amitotic. This means that if a neuron is destroyed, it cannot be replaced because neurons do not go through mitosis.
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The placement of nerve endings, and stimulation of nerve endings
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"Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the (gnathostome) vertebrates, but it has also arisen by parallel evolution in some invertebrates."
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Efferent (motor) neurons appear how nerve cells are typically drawn - short dendrites and a long axon. Almost all efferent nerve cell bodies are located in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).  Motor neurons conduct signals from your brain to cause muscles to move, so this makes a kind of sense.\n\nAfferent (sensory) nerves are structured oppositely - they have long dendrites and a short axon. Almost all afferent cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system.  These are cells that detect various sensory inputs and relay the signals through your central nervous system to your brain.
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Most nerves can only fire at about 50 times per second.\n\nNerves both conduct electricity and they produce it.\n\nThere are some nerves that extend from the feet all the way to the brain, making the cells over 5 feet long in some people.\n\nWhile the signal in the nerve is electrical, the signal is tranmitted to other nerves only chemically, using neurotransmitters in the synapsis.\n\nA nerve can only fire or not fire. There is no partial signal transmitted. Analog information is created by frequency of firings, and combinations of nerves firing.
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The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem, above the spinal cord, below the pons, and anterior to the cerebellum. It controls autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord.
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Medulla oblongata. [L., oblong medulla] (Anat.), the posterior part of the brain connected with the spinal cord. It includes all the hindbrain except the cerebellum and pons, and from it a large part of the cranial nerves arise. It controls very largely respiration, circulation, swallowing, and other functions, and is the most vital part of the brain; -- called also bulb of the spinal cord. See Brain.
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because that's where your nerve endings are.
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Hope u will get the idea through this flow diagram.\n\nstimulus-> receptors-> sensory nerves (impulses)-> control center (brain or/and spinal cord)-> motor nerve (impusles)->response (muscle contraction).