what is the function of oxygen in aerobic respiration and why NAD help and why what happens to the 1 hydrognen
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The oxygen is used for the oxidation of glucose molecules, so that they are broken down and release the energy that we need for the metabolic activities inside our body.\nFirst the glucose molecule is acted upon by enzymes which break it into 2 'chains'. The 6 carbon atoms in the chains then react with oxygen to form CO2; and simultaneously an enzyme dehydrogenase removes hydrogen atoms from the glucose molecule which then react with oxygen to form water. \nC6H1206 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
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aerobic respiration is a process of liberation of energy from respiratory substrate especially glucose which is broken down in a series of reactions where oxygen is required.  \n\nanaerobic respiration is a process of breaking down of glucose with the production of energy in the absence of exygen.
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The starting substances in respiration are a sugar (usually glucose) and oxygen.  The sugar first goes through glycolysis , which breaks it down into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, and  2 NADH. Then the 2 pyruvates go into the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and more NADH are made, plus 2 GTP.  Then all of the reducing power enters the electron transport chain where electron are transferred to oxygen to make H2O and ATP at the end of the respiration pathway.  The carbons in the glucose are converted into CO2.
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thats a pretty loaded question there...the best I can summarize is:\nglycolysis:\nglucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ +4ADP + 2Pi= 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H20\nthis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell\n\nKreb's/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle:\n3 NADH + FADH2 + 2CO2 for each turn of the cycle\nthis happens in the mitochondria\n\nETC:\nhappens in the mitochondrial matrix but is hard to explain without diagrams...basically you get +2.5ATP for each NADH that goes through and +1.5 ATP for each FADH2 that goes through
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Aerobic Respiration\nI  INTRODUCTION \n\nAerobic Respiration,  biochemical process in living things whereby sugars and similar substances, resulting from the digestion of food, are broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy. "Aerobic" means "with oxygen". The reaction can be represented by the general chemical equation \n\nC6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy\n\n\nIn words, sugars and oxygen react together to produce carbon dioxide and water with the release of chemical energy. In biology, the term “respiration” is also used for the physical process of breathing in animals, and for the general chemical process in animals, plants, and microbes of obtaining oxygen from the surrounding air or water. To distinguish from these, the biochemical processes of aerobic respiration and the closely related anaerobic respiration are sometimes termed “cellular respiration” (see Metabolism).\n\nII  CHEMICAL RESPIRATION AND ENERGY \n\nAll living organisms require energy to carry out life processes such as bodily growth, repair, and reproduction. This energy is obtained by chemically breaking the energy-rich bonds in organic “fuel molecules”, usually sugars and similar carbohydrates, which are obtained from digested food. In cells, this energy is transferred to molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which are converted in the process to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These high-energy ATP molecules are the main immediate source of useable energy for cell activities.\n\nIII  TWO STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION \n\nThe whole process of aerobic respiration contains more than 20 chemical steps or stages. The first series of stages is known as glycolysis. This occurs in the jelly-like cytoplasm of the cell, and it is anaerobic—that is, it does not require oxygen. It releases only a small proportion of the total energy available from a fuel molecule of glucose or a similar sugar. (The second series of stages is known as the citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, or Krebs cycle. It is aerobic—that is, it requires oxygen. It releases far more energy, compared to glycolysis, from the remainder of each sugar molecule. This series of stages happens inside the tiny organelles (parts inside the cell) called mitochondria. The food molecule is broken down in a step-by-step process that produces ATP molecules at almost every stage.\n\nIV  PRODUCTS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION \n\nIf one molecule of a sugar such as glucose is broken down completely during aerobic respiration, it yields 38 molecules of high-energy ATP. Up to eight of these come from the first, anaerobic stages (glycolysis). The other 30 are obtained from the second, aerobic or oxygen-requiring stages of the Krebs cycle.\n\nAlmost all organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, use aerobic respiration. It is the reason that we and other animals breathe or respire, to obtain oxygen from air. However, some simpler organisms and cells can respire anaerobically when oxygen is absent. A few organisms, such as microbes at the bottom of the deep sea, are unable to respire aerobically at all. These are known as obligate anaerobes.\n\nAnaerobic Respiration\nI  INTRODUCTION \n\nAnaerobic Respiration, also called anaerobiosis, biochemical process in living things whereby sugars and similar substances, resulting from the digestion of food, are broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen. "Anaerobic" means "without oxygen". It thus differs from the allied process of aerobic respiration, which requires the presence of oxygen. Life processes such as growth and repair of tissues require energy, and this is obtained by the chemical breaking of bonds in organic molecules such as sugars and other carbohydrates present in digested food. The chemical energy released by this process in cells is transferred to molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which become converted to adenosine triphosph
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It is grabbed from the CO2 in the air.  Protosynthesis involves combining carbon dioxyde from the air with water to produce sugars and release oxygen.
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aerobic respiration requires oxygen, but oxidizes glucose completely to CO2 and water. Different text books have different values for the amount of ATP you get from a single molecule of glucose but it'll be somewhere in the 30-36 range.\n\nWithout oxygen available, the glucose can only be fermented. Yeast ferment glucose to ethanol and CO2.  In the process, a cell can produce only a net of 2 ATP  per moleucle of glucose used.
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It is the initial process of most carbohydrate catabolism, and it serves three principal functions:\nThe generation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources as part of anaerobic respiration.\nProduction of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration.\nThe production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.\nAs the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is one of the most universal metabolic processes known and occurs (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms. Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells devoid of mitochondria (e.g. mature erythrocytes) and eukaryotic cells under low oxygen conditions (e.g. heavily exercising muscle or fermenting yeast).
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You can have anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration. The ultimate result is ATP. Anaerobic is done without oxygen (fermentation) and aerobic is done with oxygen,\n\nit starts with glycolosis which takes place in the cytoplasm. Glucose is turned into two pyruvates through a 10 reaction process meditated my enzymes. you produce one ATP and one NADH\n\nthen the pyruvates go into Krebs Cycle or the TriCarboxylic Acid Cycle and goes into the mitochondria. The pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A. then the acetyl Co A enters Krebs and continuously generates Oxaloacetate among other enery-rich compounds such as ATP, NADH and FADH2 with CO2\n\nthen final process is in the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner membrane if the mitochondria. In this process lots of H+ is pumped out of the membrane, which means that H+ is accumalated outside the inner matrix. then the concentration gradient causes a sudden influx of H+ back into the inner membrane which creates "proton-motive force" which zaps ADP+Pi= ATP. \n\nthe end result is 38 ATP for regular cells or 36 ATP for muscles and brain cells.\n\nOXYGEN IS REQUIRED!!! \n\nhope that helps\n\n*oh and ATP is a form of energy for the cell...
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The answer is C.  Glucose + oxygen are metabolized through glycolysis, the krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce a net gain of 38 ATP (energy) and produce H20 and CO2 as byproducts.
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Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 10 reactions that convert glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate. The first stage is priming of glucose. Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate using a molecule of ATP, a process called phosphorylation. Then the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate through the process of isomerization. This is further phosphorylated to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (phosphorylation). This fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. The two G3P undergo substrate level phosphorylation, a sequence of 5 reactions, involving dehydrogenation where NAD+ is reduced, dephosphorylation where two molecule of ATP is formed, isomerization where the phosphate group moves, dehydration where the molecule lose water and dephosphorylation where 2 molecules of ATP are generated and two molecule of pyruvate is formed. \n\nThe fact that glycolysis produces ATP fulfills a minor energy requirement of the cell, since ATP is the energy currency required for cellular functions to work. Another minor energy requirement is the formation of NADH, because the proton in NADH is required to activate the proton pump at the electron transport chain, which, in turn, activates the enzyme ATP synthase responsible for the synthesis of many ATP molecules (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nThe major relation of glycolysis to the energy requirements of the cell is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to coenzyme-A to form acetyl-coA, which then goes through krebs cycle. Both these processes form NADH (and ATP in the case of the krebs cycle), which can then provide many protons to activate ATP synthase. (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nMoreover, pyruvate can also be used in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic respiration. Through this process, ATP can be formed without oxygen and can thus fulfill energy requirements of the cell.\n\nVery long but hope this helps =)
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aerobic rxns use oxygen...anaerobic is w/o oxygen.
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cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.\nit involves glycolysis and then the krebs cycle and then the electron transport chain.\nte end product of the whole process is the synthesis of ATP which is the energy used in most cellular work. \n\nthat's as simple and general as i can put it. look it up on the net if you need more info. lotsa websites out there.
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It is an enzyme that can counteract the damagging effects of oxygen in tissues. Like the vitamin E.
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in the first stage (the light dependent stage) water is broken down (releasing oxygen) to donate electrons to antenae pigments, which "absorb" light and use it's energy to make ATP and NADPH\n\nin the second light independent stage, ATP and NADPH made from the first stage are combined with CO2 in the calvin cycle to make G3P, which can make Glucose or materials to keep the calvin cycle going.
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how would they be uncoupled? \n\nUnless you are trying to say that one of them isn't functioning. Perhaps ATPase is inhibited or something.\n \nif so, then the most immediate would be a build up of the proton concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Physiological impact of that... i'm not too sure.\ni suppose NAD and FAD will be recycled initially cos ETC is still functioning, but obviously ADP is not being phosphorylated to form ATP. Deficiency of ATP = detrimental effects.\n\nif the ETC is disrupted (cytochrome inhibition by cyanide?), perhaps anaerobic respiration will kick in for a while? considering tt the aerobic route is faulty, there will be an increased dependency on glycolysis and the pyruvate/lactate route. but a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule isn't very beneficial.
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Aerobic respiration requires, of course, oxygen to proceed. After glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate (glycolysis), the pyruvate enters the mitochondria to take part in the citric acid cycle (aka. krebs cycle). The krebs cycle makes energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are high energy electron carriers that make more ATP in the electron transport chain, which happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Thus, you can get about a 36-38 ATP yield from aerobic respiration. Comparatively, anaerobic respiration happens without oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose. This happens through fermentation, which produces lactate/lactic acid in humans (so it's not that great, since it causes sore muscles, etc.). Aerobic respiration produces much more energy than anaerobic repiration does, even though glucose is the starting point for both.