how are ccharm quarks seen?
473847
Charm quarks were first seen, and are most commonly observed, in the production of the J / psi particle, which is the lowest mass bound state of charmonium (a c/anti-c quark combination).  As with any quark, you'll never see one unbound (for reasons I won't go into here).\n\nIf by 'seen' you mean 'observed', then the above particle was first seen in a particle chamber at SLAC and at Brookhaven - and any observation which provides information about quark composition of particles will also take place in a particle chamber of some kind, as only they are capable of tracking particle motion - and it is the specific forms of particle tracks which allow us to identify quark composition.
401428
Basically no. The idea behind subatomic physics is that when things get stuck together, you have to put energy into them to split them apart. (just like "real" physics). The tighter they are stuck together, they more energy it takes to split them apart. And the smaller they are, the tighter they are stuck together.\n\nQuarks are stuck together into subatomic particles so tightly that we need to build even bigger more powerful "atom smashers" to bust them loose; big "racetracks" miles across where the electrons can wind up faster and faster until they get released at the target. Costs a LOT to build. Until then, they're just a theoretical toy.\n\nAs for 'colors', that's just a name they made up to classify them by, doesn't apply to anything real. Same as the properties they call 'strangeness' or 'charm'.
428553
Good news.  Dark matter is now offered in McDonald's Happy Meals.  You may have to buy more than one, because they're also copromoting with items such as the "Ball O' Quarks" and "Junior Neutron Home Particle Accelerator".
94713
As far as we know, quarks are elementary particles (meaning they are not made up of anything else).\n\nQuarks were formed at the beginning of the universe, but new ones are also formed all the time.  \n\nIn high-energy collisions quarks can be created.  At Fermilab, protons are collided with anti-protons each with about 1000 GeV of energy, and hundreds of quarks can be created in each collision.  A radiated gluon, for example, can hadronize into many particles made of quarks.
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The most fundamental particles known to exist at the moment are quarks and leptons. Quarks are the things the make up the pieces of the nucleus in an atom and leptons include things like electrons.\n\nWithin a nucleus you will have heard of Protons and Neutrons ro collectively Nucleons. Well a quark is a sub unit of one of these so called "Nucleons". There are three quarks to every nucleon. There are many types of quark and these create many types of particles, most of which are extremely shortlived. You can learn more about the world of Particle Physics in the Particle Physics Adventure.\n\nhttp://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/
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Quarks are bound together by the strong nuclear force.\nAs far as i understand it, quarks don't like to be separated from other quarks for very long, and exert strong attractive forces on neighbouring quarks to coalesce them into a particle with a white colour (this is a technical term for saying you need one blue, one red, and one green quark).\nThe current reason for research into quarks is that they *appear* to be fundamental particles.\nIt may take many more years before we are able to use them in any practical way.
1156566
1) Solid\n2) Liquid\n3) Gas\n4) Plasmas: Normal and quark-gluon\n5) Strange Matter\n6) Liquid Crystals\n7) Supersolids and superfluids\n8) Magnetic: Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic\n9) Bose-Einstein Condensates
106790
< quark >   \n \nAny of a group of six elementary particles having electric charges of a magnitude one-third or two-thirds that of the electron, regarded as constituents of all hadrons.\n\nIn particle physics, quarks are subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible. They are one of the two kinds of spin-? fermions (the other being the leptons). Objects made up of quarks are known as hadrons; well known examples are protons and neutrons.
105178
subatomic particles include the down, bottom, and strange quark with charges of -1/3 electron charge, the electron muon and tau lepton, and the sigma minus, the delta minus, and the omega minus.
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Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks, which are elementary partcicles (i.e have no inner structure that we know of). There are six different falvours of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. \nA proton is made of to up quarks and a down quark. A neutron is made up of two down quarks and an up quarks.\nElectrons are elementary partcicles that belong to a group called leptons.
526886
In order:\n\n1) Red, blue, and green colour charges are distinct, but arbitrary, exactly like + and - electrical charges.  There is a difference between something positively charged and something negatively charged.  With quarks, it's simply that there are three different kinds of charge, instead of just two for electromagnetism.\n2) Because gluons are, themselves, influenced by the strong force, a correct description of the quantum force diagrams (penguin diagrams, if you know that term) must necessarily include higher order interactions than simply quark <-> gluon <-> quark.  The one you propose is, I believe, possible by the rules governing the quantum behaviour of quarks and gluons, as are many, many more distinct diagrams.\n3) There is no meaningful order.  RBG and RGB are both "colourless".\n4) String theory is outside of my area of expertise, I don't think I can address this issue in any meaningful way.
908545
Tiny particles called gluons.
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You would expect the sum of the rest masses of the quarks to be less than the mass of the proton or neutron.  A proton/neutron is a bound state of quarks made up of quarks and gluons.  With the gluons in there, you get more mass.  It has also been shown that the mass of a nucleus is greater than the mass of its constituent protons and neutrons.  This is because the "binding energy"  that is, the energy it takes to stick the nucleus together also adds to the mass of the nucleus.  \n\nSo, the quarks+gluons+binding energy=mass of proton/neutron\nYou can't really find out a velocity from that...
1065873
Accordig to Fermi-Dirac-distribution-statistics.
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They think that protons and neutrons are made of quarks.  No one is sure what a quark is made of, however.  When we break apart a proton or neutron in the lab, we can see the effects of quarks, but not the quarks themselves.  So far, the best ideas regarding what quarks are made of are contained in the 'Superstring' theory, but we have a lot of experimenting to do so see how superstrings work.
401330
Quarks are fundamental subatomic particles. Your and my school physics probably stopped at electrons protons and neutrons, but leptons and quarks are now widely regarded as "more fundamental" i.e. the building blocks out of which protons and electrons and neutrons (known collectively as hadrons) are built.\n\nAs you might expect if there is a top quark, there is a bottom quark, too. In fact there are six types of quark in all. With various properties ...\n\nEach quark is assigned a baryon number, B  =  1/3, and a vanishing lepton number L  =  0. They have fractional electric charge, Q, either Q  =  +2/3 or Q  =  −1/3. The former are called up-type quarks, the latter, down-type quarks. \n\nEach quark is assigned a weak isospin: Tz  =  +1/2 for an up-type quark and Tz  =  −1/2 for a down-type quark. Each doublet of weak isospin defines a generation of quarks. There are three generations, and hence six flavours of quarks — the up-type quark flavours are up, charm and top; the down-type quark flavours are down, strange, and bottom (each list is in the order of increasing mass).\n\nThe fractional electric charges are worth a comment.\n\nAs you know electrons have a charge of -1 and protons a charge of + 1. This means that electrons contain three quarks with Q = -1/3 and protons contain three quarks, two of them having Q = +2/3 and one of them having Q - -1/3. And neutrons (charge 0) contain 3 quarks, one of them having Q = +2/3, and two of them having Q = -1/3\n\nQuarks are not seen in isolation as separate entities, they are contained within (or "confined" to) the hadrons of which they are part.
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Protons and neutrons are made of three quarks each. Quarks have properties with names like up, down, color, flavor, truth, beauty and charm. They also carry a charge of +2/3 and -1/3 of a proton's charge, so two 2/3 quarks combined with one -1/3 make a proton, and one 2/3 with two -1/3s make a neutron.\n\nThat's one version, anyway. Physicists are now poking around at an even smaller level than quarks in the latest attempt to unify the four forces of nature and have come up with several types of string theory as possible explanations.\n\nStrings are supposed to be one-dimensional things that vibrate in ten-dimensional space and are the fundamental components of everything. Physicists have hypothesized a smallest possible length - called the Planck length - and a smallest possible time - the Planck time, how long it takes light to travel the Planck length. If these things are real it means that space and time come in tiny chunks just like energy: there is no Planck length/2, for example.\n\nPretty strange concepts, however not as strange as assuming that things are infinitely sub-dividable. That leads to even worse paradoxes!