Can someone please give me information about "Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks"?
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Well, I gotta tell you that there's a lot of them.  The paleozoic spans a period from roughly 560 million years ago to roughly 240 million years ago.  There's a LOT of them - the periods are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and the Permian.  Then we go into Mesozoic life.\n\nI guess maybe an answer would be the types of fossils we find: multicellular organisms, with amphibians being the dominant land animal in the later part.  Dinos don't come around much until the Mesozoic.\n\nOther than that, you get all types of sedimentary rocks and forms as you do now.  Hope that sort of answers your question!
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Here are some really basic notes, i don't know what grade you are in, i'm is 6th\n\nFirst, a fossil is made by:\n\n1.  the animal dies and lays on usually sand and mud\n2.  any living objects have calcium\n3.  later, the skins and other parts are rotted and faded away.  \n4.  only the solid, bone, is left\n5.  new sediment covers it\n6.  then the water or whatever goes down into the sediment.  \n7.  the minerals of the water then fills in any gaps and hardens\n8.  the bone or solid will then be replaced by the minerals that are harden\n9.  a replica of the bone is made\n\nremember that a fossil is not a bone\n\na fossil is a replica, copy, of a bone\n\na fossil is a rock\n\narchaeolgist then puts the fossils together to get a view of the organism that has onced lived.\n\nmany things count on fossils, like what type of animals lived.  or even how migrators moved.  footprints are also can be a type of fossil...\nwww.diamondgemztone.piczo.com\n<>dia gemz\nsheri
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To understand sedimentary rock layers, it is important to understand that the earth's surface is always slowly - but constantly - changing.  Mountains and other areas that are raised above the surrounding land are subject to wind, rain, and water which constantly wear them down.  The bits of sand, pebbles, and rubble that get worn down from mountains, mesas, and cliffs are pulled by gravity to the low-lying areas (valleys, lake beds, sea-shores) where they collect over time.  Over millions of years, these deposits can harden and petrify into sedimentary rock layers.  Other sedimentary rock layers (like limestone) form on ancient sea or lake beds and are the remains of the various animals and plants that lived in the water.\n\nThus when you look at the different layers of the Grand Canyon, you are looking at the petrified remains of what was once the surface of the earth (or the bottom of a sea bed) at a time the region was being covered with sedimentary material.  Different rock layers occur when changes to the environment cause one type of material to stop being deposited and new materials get deposited instead.  For example, a shallow sea may create layers of limestone.  If the sea later dries up and the now exposed sea bed gets covered over with blowing dry sand, then a layer of sandstone will be deposited on top of the limestone.  In this way, geologists can see how the surface of the earth changes at a given spot over time.\n\nAs for the specific rock layers in the Grand Canyon, here is a VERY SIMPLISTIC description of the situation and processes that produced the major rock layers (from the oldest layer at the bottom to newest at the top):\n\nVishnu Schist (bottom) - 1.7+ billion years ago the area around Grand Canyon was a series of volcanic islands surrounded by a shallow sea.  The resulting deposits of ash, sand, and mud created shales, sandstones and mudestones that were eventually compressed and distorted with time and pressure into gneiss and schist.\n\nTapeats Sandstone - There is a long period where the rocks from this area did not survive and so no record is left (the Great Unconformity).  Eventually this area became part of the edge of the still forming North American continent.  Sandy beaches in this area around 540 million years ago created this sandstone formation.\n\nBright Angel Shale - The water moved further inland, causing this area to be frequently underwater and covered with deposits of mud (which is where shale comes from).\n\nMuav Limestone - The water got deeper and the area became part of the sea-floor proper leading to limestone deposits.\n\nFollowing the Muav Limestone, the sea appears to have receded and the land was again above water.  Little is left from this period.\n\nRedwall Limestone - Around 363 million years ago, the sea moves in rapidly again and the area is once again part of a sea floor leading to limestone deposits.\n\nSupai Group and Hermit Shale - This is actually a lot of smaller layers (a mix of shales, mudstones, and limestones) created as the sea came in and went out numerous times over a period of 30 million years.\n\nCoconino Sandstone - The seas pulled back and this part of North America became part of a vast sand-dune filled desert (similar to North Africa).  The Coconino Sandstone is the petrified remains of ancient sand dunes.\n\nToroweap Formation and Kaibab Limestone (top of canyon) - The sea came back and turned the area first into shallow mud flats (Toroweap) and then drowned it completely into a sea floor (Kaibab) about 240 million years ago.\n\nOne frequent related question... how can Grand Canyon rock layers be from the bottom of a sea when the canyon rim is at 6000+ feet elevation, did the water get that high?  The answer is no... at the time that the sea floor deposits were created, this part of North America was much lower (ie: below sea level).  \n\nThe reason you can find limestone rock layers with fossil fish and clams at high elevations above current se
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how related is your question with Zoology?\nAnyway\nmudstones are\nPhyllite\nShale\nSlate\nShist\n(depeding on how much degree original sedimentary rock is metamorphosed)
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You are looking for the Cnidaria corals I believe. In the early Paleozoic (cambrian to silurian) they diversified into tabulate corals, rugose corals, and heliolitid corals. All these forms were wiped out at the end of the Permian Period, in a mass extinction event that claimed something like 95% of all marine invertebrate species.\n\nDescriptions of these types of corals are linked in this page:\nhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidariafr.html\n\n\nTHis page may also be a big help to you:\nhttp://www.paleoportal.org/fossil_gallery/taxon.php?taxon_id=55
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Too long to list:\nhttp://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/ROCKS.htm\ngood site
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You could start here:\n\nhttp://webmineral.com/data/Magadiite.shtml
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The Cenozoic Era (sen-oh-ZOH-ik; sometimes Caenozoic Era in the United Kingdom) meaning "new life" (Greek kaino = new + zoikos = life) is the most recent of the four classic geological eras. It covers the 65.5 million years since the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous that marked the demise of the last dinosaurs and the end of the Mesozoic Era. The Cenozoic era is ongoing.\n\nThe Mesozoic is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The division of time into eras dates back to Giovanni Arduino in the 18th century, although his original name for the era now called the Mesozoic was "Secondary" (see Tertiary.) Mesozoic gets its name from the Greek meso (middle) and zoo (animals) and is often called the "Age of Medieval Life."\n\nThe Paleozoic is a major division of the geologic timescale, one of four geologic eras. The division of time into eras, the largest division of geologic time, dates back to Giovanni Arduino in the 18th century, although his original name for the era now called the Paleozoic was "Primitive" (see Tertiary). The word paleozoic comes from the Greek words paleo (old) and zoo (animals) and means "ancient life."\n\nWhat is folding, not sure what definition you need for this. I did find a web page that describes folding, not sure if this is the info you need. The website is below, hope this helps you out.
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Sedimentary:\nAndesite is an igneous rock with feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, biotite and hornblende minerals in it. The feldspar, pyroxene, biotite and hornblende will weather out to become clay. In some situations they may become grains or clasts. The quartz will become grains. So they will become shale and sandstone (possibly conglomerate), depending on the amount of weathering. \n\nMetamorphic:\nAssuming you mean direct metamorphism of andesite, the andesite will become greenstone, greenschist, amphibolite, or granulite depending on the degree of metamorphism.\n\nIf you are having trouble figuring out the different metamorphic series go here and click on the links marked by "rock cycle stage" to see diagrams:\nhttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Wilson/Rkcyckey.html
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Okay, I have worked Alaska as a geologist, so I figure I can point you to a good book. I am sure Roadside Geology of Alaska will have a good summary of Alaska's geology. I looked on Amazon and didn't find anything I liked so my next stop was the Walter Geology Library at UT Austin. There are two or three really good geology libraries in the US and this is one of the better ones. To search yourself go here: http://utdirect.utexas.edu/lib/utnetcat/\n\nHere is my recommendation. You should be able to find this book in many libraries because it is published by the Geological Society of America. It is out of print so I recommend you have your library order it on interlibrary loan. Even public libaries can do this for you. I looked and there are no used copies on Amazon. Here is the library listing:\n\nTITLE:\n    The geology of Alaska / edited by George Plafker and Henry C. Berg. \nPUBLISHED:\n    Boulder, Colo. : Geological Society of America, 1994. \nDESCRIPTION:\n    x, 1055 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm. \nSERIES:\n    Geology of North America v. G-1 \nNOTES:\n    Accompanied by 1 portfolio containing 14 folded col. maps, and 1 microfiche in pocket.\n    Includes bibliographical references and index. \nSUBJECTS:\n    Geology--Alaska\n    Mines and mineral resources--Alaska. \nOTHER AUTHORS:\n    Plafker, George, 1929-\n    Berg, Henry C. \nISBN:\n    0813752191 \nOCLC NUMBER:\n    30473293 \n\nCall Number and Library for item location:\nQE 71 G48 1986 V.G-1 Geology Library\nQE 71 G48 1986 V.G-1 Geology Library COPY 2\nQE 71 G48 1986 V.G-1 PLATES Geology Library\nQE 71 G48 1986 V.G-1 PLATES Geology Library COPY 2\n\n\n\nGood luck with your paper. \nHere is the GSA bookstore:\nhttp://www.geosociety.org/bookstore/
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Fossils (from Latin fossus, literally "having been dug up") are the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms. The totality of fossils and their placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record. The study of fossils is called paleontology. Because fossils are by their nature old, the word has also entered the modern vernacular as a derogatory term for an elderly person. Fossils are like coal, oil, etc or u can try these:\n\n\nKind of fossils:\n1 Trace fossils \n2 Microfossils \n3 Resin fossils \n4 Pseudofossils \n5 Living fossils
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It is a huge question, but in general you would want to check paleoclimatology (for example, glaciation of Antarctica after opening of Drake and Tasmania passages), paleontology/biogeography (distribution of fossils and ancient migration of various animal groups).\n\nThere is a page with lecture notes which is very shorthand but touches on most things you may want to check:\nhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/ConDrift_PlateTec.html\n\nAnother link that touches on the subject:\nhttp://pgap.uchicago.edu/PGAP2000-1.html
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Can i help you with my research paper about the exact topic?\nthis is my answer:\n\n\nFossil records as a proof about the Continental Drift Theory…\n\n1.) Fossil records are also used to prove the existence of Continental Drift Theory. This theory believes that the Negritos (Aetas),came to our country by the use of the land bridges that sank into the ocean.\n\na. Land Bridges- These are lands that serves as bridges that is connected with one continent to the other.\nb. Negritos - These men are accepted to be our ancestors and first mans to that lived in the Philippines.\n\n2.) Continental Drift Theory can be possibly true because of the fossils that are founded on different continents, it could suggest that the continents were at one time joined, then drifted apart. The similarity in organisms means that natural selection could not have had time to take place to create dissimilarities in the species..\n\nc. Fossil- Petrified in the earth and recognizable as the remains of animals or plants. Especially the prehistoric ones (like the one that is founded in the land bridge).\n\n3.) Some scientist supports the acceptable theory of Alfred Wegener that land bridges are real and the 7 continents are a single land. Fossils are seen in land bridges maybe because when they are traveling to go to the other places they’ve died.\n\n4.) Eduard Suess was an Austrian geologist who first realized that there had once been a land bridge connecting South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. He named this large land mass Gondwanaland (named after a district in India where the fossil plant Glossopteris was found). This was the southern supercontinent formed after Pangaea broke up during the Jurassic period. Suess based his deductions on the fossil plant Glossopteris, which is found throughout India, South America, southern Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. \nFossils of Mesosaurus (one of the first marine reptiles, even older than the dinosaurs) were found in both South America and South Africa. These finds, plus the study of sedimentation and the fossil plant Glossopteris in these southern continents led Alexander duToit, a South African scientist, to bolster the idea of the past existence of a supercontinent in the southern hemisphere, Eduard Suess's Gondwanaland. This lent further support to A. Wegener's Continental Drift Theory\n\n5.) Many evidence of the scientist said that on the year of the Pleistocene the people living in the Philippines have the same item with the people living in Java and China. Because of these evidence scientist believes that the continents are only a single land mass.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6.) The continents of the earth today are believed to be a single land mass a long time ago. Alfred Wegener called it Pangaea which was surrounded by an ocean mass called Panthalassa. The Pangaea broke, broke and broke up as the years goes by and formed into what they are now. \n\n7.) Base in the researches of the scientist, searchers of the evidence that they’ve collected, There are already humans in our country when it is the year of the Java men and Peking 500,000- 750,000 years ago. They are saying that the first men to live here in the Philippines are in the country of Indonesia and Malaysia. For that, it proves that those land bridges really existed at that time. In fact, no boats are yet discovered at the time of the Java men and on that time the people living in the Asia are homo- erectus(Chimpanzee- like human with small skull but a brain as big as the brain of the chimpanzee.)\n\nBase on their evidence, it is in the Cagayan Valley where the greatest evidence of the men that crossed the Philippines by the use of land bridges.\n\n8.) The fossils that are founded in the land bridges are said to be the bones of the elephant, stegodons, crocodile, humans, rhinoceros, giant turtles and other animals that live in the other place of Asia.
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MEZOZOIC, CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC PERIOD (FROM 125 MILLION YEARS AGO TO 65 MILLION YEARS AGO
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Fossils form in sedimentary rocks such as Limestone, Chalk and Mudstone. They can also be found in Metamorphic rock like Slate.
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Applications of the concept that the present is the key to the past in the earth's history:\n1. volcanology: Today, volcanic rocks are generated at active volcanic centers--from the cooling of lava. We assume that when we map out similar rocks in older strata that they also formed at volcanic centers--even if there is no active volcanism in the area today. \n2. paleontology and paleoenvironment: We know that certain plants and animals live in the ocean and certain organisms live on land.  If we find fossils of marine organisms(like oysters, corals, ammonoids, shark teeth) in sedimentary rocks on high mountains, we interpret that the strata were originally deposited on the sea bottom that has since been uplifted.\n3. paleoenvironment: we know that modern desert areas covered by dunes have certain characteristics--that the dunes have certain types of crossbeds, the sand is well-sorted and well-rounded, for example. If we observe similar characteristics in sandstone beds of the Colorado Plateau, for example, that is considered evidence for an arid desert environment in the past.\n4. Modern plate boundaries are associated with major fault systems, certain rocks types, etc. In  the Sierra Nevada, geologists have mapped out ancient fault boundaries that put marine sedimentary rocks against dissimilar volcanic arc-related rocks. The patterns they have mapped out are considered evidence that the plate boundary of North America was once a convergent margin located farther east than it is today.
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Lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone\nUpper Devonian Shale's\nCoal Bed Methane