Which apparatus used in thermosonimetry analysis?
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www.mrl.ucsb.edu/~cheetham/pdf_items/pub_38.pdf\n\nScroll down several articles
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Amount of heat generated by a given mass of fuel when it is completely burned. It is measured in joules per kilogram. Calorific values are measured experimentally with a bomb calorimeter
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None.\n\nCalories are a measure of the heat content of objects.  If you are referring to the amount of heat radiated by the earth, it would be stated in some unit appropriate to the measure of radiant energy, such as watts or newtons per second.\n\nYou may be able to find an answer by visiting the library or using the internet.
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test tube- observing for chemical reations
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Think of different ways you could measure it and describe those methods.  Check the reference section of a library for the CRC Handbook for the specific heat of known reference materials.  Does the specific heat change with temperature?  How could you test that?  Think about measurement methods you could do, without fancy or expensive equipment.  Think about how you could test how good your equipment is and how you can get the best accuracy from it.  If you actually do it, you can make a good science project of it.
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heat is the measurement of thermal energy
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A Psychrometer is the general name for instruments designed to determine the moisture content of air. A psychrometer consists of dry-and wet-bulb thermometers that give the Dry-and Wet-bulb Temperatures, which in turn are used to determine Relative Humidity and Dew Point.
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One method is by solubilizing a portion of the polymer and analyzing via GC/Mas spectrometer. Another means would be to burn a portion of the polymer and trap the gases in a trap of sodium hydroxide solution. The solution could then be tested via specific ion electrode and the proportion of flourine could be calculated by knowing the volume of the trap solution, the concentration of fluoride in the trap and the mass of material burned.There are several other means of performing this analysis. One non-destructive test is via X-ray fluorescence. Each element has characteristic fluorescent lines. This method is not terribly sensitive for fluorine but might work well if one was dealing with percentage levels of fluorine.
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In the Environmental Lab, we used the Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter to measure the change of heat or capacity of heat for different substances.  What I basically mean is that we put the substance into a reaction vessel and then into the reaction container(bomb).  The bomb is pressurized,  filled with Oxygen, ignited and the data from the reaction is extrapolated to give us the Caloric Value for the substance.  \n\nWe took in Hazardous Waste for incineration in an industrial Kiln.  It was important to know the Caloric Value for these substances as it would determine how much other fuel (Usually natural gas) we would have to use to maintain the optimum temperature for the Kiln to operate.
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vernier callipers \nmeasuring weights\nmagnet bars\nIC tester\nvoltmeter\nammmeter\nenergy meter\nMultimeter\nDC Power Supply \nFunction Generator \nDigital Multimeter \nOscilloscope \npower wires\nBreadboard\nresitors \ncapacitors\nvoltage divider and current divider circuits
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try this\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Laboratory_equipment
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Measure a suitable mass of liquid in say a Styrofoam cup (let's say 100 g). Place thermometer in cup along with heating coil. Be sure that resistance heater does not touch the sides of cup or the thermometer. Have ammeter in series with the resistance heater and voltmeter in parallel. Turn on heater and note the current, voltage and time to reach say 10 deg C above the starting temperature. Electrical energy in = heat energy gained by the system. Electrical energy = current x voltage x time (in seconds). Heat gained = specific heat of liquid x change in temperature x mass of liquid.
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Peter B has it right -- atomic absorption will do elemental analysis.\n\nAtomic emission spectroscopy is another tack, though a bit more challenging.
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Look for caliper (spelling counts).  Specifically, Vernier Caliper, and micrometer.  \n\nThose are the two major precision measuring tools.  Try the starrett.com web site.  They have a sterling reputation for quality.
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There are several techniques for measuring heat on small lab vessels. The only practical solution for larger systems (above 1 litre) however is to measure the heat gained or lost by the heating/cooling medium The idea is that you measure the mass flow and temperature change of cooling/heating fluid (plus corrections for heat loses and temperature changes). The problem with this method however is that it does not work well with tradition cooling systems. To measure heat on large systems, you need to use a cooling jacket which operates at constant flux.
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The working principle of a thermocouple depends on the thermo-electric effect. If two dissimilar metals are joined together so as to form a closed circuit, there will be two junctions where they meet each other. If one of these junctions is heated, then, a current flows in the circuit which can be detected by a galvanometer. The amount of the current produced depends on the difference in the temperature between the two junctions and on the characteristics of the two metals. This was first observed by Seebeck in 1821 and is known as Seebeck effect.\n\nInstrument which records the variation in current flow are calibrated in terms of temperature and are know as thermocouple pyrometers. Thermocouples are made from two different kinds of metals. the wires are joined at the ends which forms two junctions, a measuring junction and a reference junction. Heating the measuring junction produces voltage greater that the voltages across the references junction. The difference between voltages is measured and voltmeter reading is converted to its corresponding temperatures. This conversion table is generally supplied by the thermocouple manufacturer. There are various types of thermocouples which are widely used in industries. Viz. copper constanant, iron constantan, chromel alumel, platinum rhodium and chromel-constantan.\n\nAdvantages\n\nThey have rugged construction \nThermocouple are inexpensive \nTheromcouples are simpler to use than resistance thermometers. \nThere is no need of a bridge circuit.\n\nDisadvantages\n\nThermocouples have limited use in temperature spans of less than about 33°C because of the relatively small change in junction voltages with temperature. \nThermocouples require much of an amplifier for many applications.\n\nThermocouples need expensive accessories for control applications.
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a thermistor is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. Because of the known dependence of resistance on temperature, the resistor can be used as a temperature sensor.\n\nSo, add a thermistor into a simple circuit with a power supply and a meter to measure current and you have the essence of a device to measure temperature.\n\nGet a bucket, fill it with ice and leave it till the ice has half melted. The temperatue of the water will be 0 degrees C. Pop in the thermistor (suitably electrically insulated) and measure the current.\n\nBoil a pan of water on the stove. As it's bubbling the water will be exactly 100 Degrees C, and again measure the current.\n\nUsing both values you can calibrate your new electronic thermometer!