what is the mechanism of leukocyte impairment in diabetics ?
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Leukocyte-Derived Myeloperoxidase Amplifies High-Glucose—Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Through Interaction With High-Glucose—Stimulated, Vascular Non—Leukocyte-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species \nChunxiang Zhang, Jian Yang, and Lisa K. Jennings \nFrom the Vascular Biology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee \n\nVascular non–leukocyte-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have emerged as important molecules in diabetic endothelial dysfunction. In addition, leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been implicated in vascular injury, and its injury response is H2O2 dependent. It is well known that MPO can use leukocyte-derived H2O2; however, it is unknown whether the vascular-bound MPO can use high-glucose–stimulated, vascular non–leukocyte-derived H2O2 to induce diabetic endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we demonstrated that MPO activity is increased in vessels from diabetic rats. In high-glucose–incubated rat aortas and in carotid arteries from rats with acute hyperglycemia, vascular-bound MPO utilized high-glucose–stimulated H2O2 to amplify the ROS-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation via reduction of nitric oxide bioavailability. Hypochlorous acid (HOCL)-modified LDL, a specific biomarker for the MPO/HOCL/chlorinating species pathway, was detected in LDL- and MPO-bound vessels with high-glucose–stimulated H2O2. The results suggest that vascular-bound MPO could use high-glucose–stimulated H2O2 to amplify high-glucose–induced injury in the vascular wall. MPO/H2O2/HOCL/chlorinating species may represent an important pathway in diabetes complications and a new mechanism in phagocyte- and systemic infection–induced exacerbation of diabetic vascular diseases. \n\nAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Chunxiang Zhang, MD, PhD, Vascular Biology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Ave., Coleman Bldg., H300, Memphis, TN 38163. E-mail: czhang@utmem.edu
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J and gand..are both absolutely correct. If you are diabetic and checking your sugar and you are having difficulty controling it you need to see your diabetes management nurse or physician. Now there are a few other things that can also cause a rise in am sugars that would be the use of corticosteroids for the control of inflamation or endocrin disorders. Corticosteroids can actually cause a non diabetic to require the use of diabetic medications during the course of there treatment (that cortisol thing going on there)
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Causes of Diabetes.\n(1) Hereditory factors.(parents, brothers & sisters having diabetes.\n(2) Overweight & belly stomach.\n(3) Over 45 years of age.\n(4)Ethnic community more suceptible for diabetes.\n(5) Women who had gestational diabetes and those who had delivered a baby having a weight more than 4 Kg.\n(6) High Blood Pressure.(above 140/90 mm Hg)\n(7) Persons having high triglycerides level.\n(8) Persons having high cholesterol in the blood.\n\nDiabetes Mellitus\nEssentials of diagnosis.\n(1) Usually gradual in adults but acute in children.\n(2) Polyuria (excretion of excessive amount of urine) , intense thirst.\n(3) Nocturia (void of urine at night).\n(4) Polyphagia (excessive ingestion of food).\n(5) Weight loss, weakness, lassitude.\n(6) Pruritus valvae (itching of the external genitalia) in females, balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis) in males.\n(7) Leg cramps, crops of boils, loss of libido (sexual urge) and impotence (partial or complete inability of the male to perform the sexual act or to achieve orgasm) in middle age.\n(8) Blurring of vision may develop.\n(9) High fasting blood sugar content >120 mg%\n(10) Urine may be positive for sugar.\n\nABCs for good Diabetes Care.\nA.Get your Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test done at least twice a year. (Target: Below 7).\nB.Albuminuria. Get your urine micro-albumin test done atleast twice a year. (Target: Below 30).\nC.Aspirin- Check with your doctor if you need to take aspirin daily.\nD.Blood pressure. Get your blood pressure checked every visit. (Target: Below 130/80 mm Hg)\nE.Cholesterol Get your LDL (bad cholesterol) levels checked at least once a year. (Target: Below 100 mg/dL). Triglycerides. (Target: Less than 150 mg/dL) Serum Cholesterol (Target: Less than 200 mg/dL) HDL (god cholesterol) (Target: More than 50 mg/dL)\nF.Diabetes Education. Know about diabetes & get updated regularly.\nG.Eye exam. Get your eyes examined regularly, get checked at least nce a year. \nH.Teeth. Get your teeth examined by a Dentist and get tartar (plaque) removed once in a year. \nI.Foot care. Check your feet daily . Request your doctor to check them every visit. Get an extensive foot examination done once in a year.\nJ.Glucose (Sugar) test. Control  your blood glucose & do self-monitoring as & when required. (Target: Fasting blood sugar 60-100 mg/dL; Postprandial blood sugar 2 hours after food-Less than 180 mg/dL)\nK.Health life style. Exercise regularly & stay healthy.\nL.Identify special medical needs. Voice your health concerns to your doctor . Follow your doctor’s advice.\nPlease see the webpages for more details on Diabetes. You should also know about Glucose test, Diabetic drugs, Diabetic neuropathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic nephropathy, Heart diseases (Coronary artery disease, Myocardial infarction), Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, Diabetic foot and Cholesterol. (Please search Wikipedia / MedlinePlus for more details on the above subjects.)
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Diabetes occurs when the body's insulin production is impaired in some way.  When there is insufficient insulin in the body, the complex sugars in our food cannot be broken down into glucose for use by our cells.  Ironically enough, this leads to a situation where the blood has excess sugar but the cells are starved of glucose.  Since glucose is required for many cellular functions and to provide energy, the depletion of cellular glucose ultimately leads to a feeling of fatigue.
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I had a long explanation, but there is a more concise version at\n\nhttp://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp\n\nClick on the menu at the left. There are two types of "sugar" diabetes. The most common is Type II (insulin insensitivity, most often associated with obesity).\n\nDiabetes is a wasting disease, eventually starving cells of needed glucose. It leads to and/or exacerbates other medical problems in the eyes, kidneys, numb toes, infections, etc. If you have it, work with your doctor to keep it VERY WELL CONTROLLED. Too many people have had amputated limbs, or need renal dialysis, or lost sight from this disease.
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Insulin promotes the expression of glucose receptors at the cell surface.  This mechanism is indirect; insulin binds to its receptor and promotes glucose transporter expression on the cell surface.  No glucose transporter - glucose can't get into the cell (the cell membrane is essentially impermiable to glucose).  Note that brain and liver are insensitive to insulin.
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When you eat, your stomach produces glucose that acts like an acid to break down the food, pass it into your blood and absorb it into the body tissues. Insulin packs the food into your body tissues and, at the same time, flushes the excess glucose out of your body. Insulin is made by the pancreas and diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to do these two jobs. Therefore an excess of glucose also builds up in the blood and bercause it is acidic, it eats away at your body's blood vessels. It attacks the liver, kidneys, eye retinas and the toes causing kidney disease, blindness and sometimes requiring amputation of the feet. So, the second part of your question is correct: the cells cannot deliver energy without insulin but there is also a build up of glucose in the blood which attacks the blood vessels.
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antibodies, white blood cells
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The binding of insulin to cell surface receptors initiates an increase in Glucose Transporter (GLUT) Proteins.\nGLUT Proteins are transmembrane molecules.\nGlucose moves into the cell - facilitated diffusion.\n\nLook here:
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You have a raal problem on your hands. If it's Type 2 diabetes, do something about proper choices in your food intake. A viable solution for you would be I.V. chelation therapy. Try to find the book: Reversing Diabetes written by an acquaintance of mine, Dr. Julian Whitaker.\nThese are practical solutions that work. Try to afford the chelation treatments.
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Lipid peroxidation .\nTry this link for more:\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3319227&dopt=Abstract\nAND:\nhttp://www.answers.com/Organelle+Dysfunction?gwp=11&ver=1.1.2.381&method=3\n Hope that helped ;-)
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Glucose is a chemical which contains a good bit of energy. It is somewhat reactive as well. It is the sugar in grapes, the components of starch, and 1/2 of the disaacharide sucrose (table sugar). \n\nGlucose reacts with a great many proteins in the body. this quite normal and is always found. The reaction depends on the glucose concentration, and higher glucose levels result in larger numbers of them. The HB1ac blood test measures one of these reactions and uses the level measured as an estimate of the average blood glucose level for the past 3 months or so. \n\nSome of those reactions are more damaging. It's thought that these reactions are connected with the vascular damage which causes problems in eyes, kidneys, and feet. And also probably with neuropathy. \n\nHigher than normal glucose levels have been shown to associate with these complications, and diabetics who keep their glucose levles normal have complication rates very much like those of non-diabetics. Several large studies have demonstrated this for both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. There is little question any more that keeping one's glucose levels at or very near normal is well worth doing.
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Complications from diabetes.
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Nothing in particular, except smoking. Smoking causes characteristic damage to several body systems, and it reinforces the damage diabetes does. No one needs both at work. Give it up! If you have lost feeling in the feet, it's best by far to check them often for signs of blisters or cuts or skin breaks of any kind. The reason is that, if you can't feel it, you won't take care of it. Diabetes is the largest cause of amputation in adults in theh North America save trauma (like automobile accidents). The reason is largely reduced circulation, and reduced wound healing, and increased infection severity in many diabetics. Watch those feet.   \n\n\nNo food, or food type, is inherently bad for diabetics, and in the case of Type 1 diabetics, there is less concern for various kinds of food than for Type 2 diabetics, for whom excess weight seems to both bring on Type 2, but also to make more severe cases. \n\nThe problem for Type 1s is that, producing no insulin of their own, it's necessary to provide insulin from the outside, and to come as close as possible to the non-diabetic levels of insulin so that blood glucose levels are as near normal as possible. Insulin controls how, and how much, about 2.3 of body cells taek up glucose from the blood. Among much else, of course, for it is a hormone which has wide and varied effects throughout the body. \n\nThere are several things which affect how fast and high blood glucose goes: \n\n--First is how much food is eaten. In this case, sugar (sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), starch (many glucoses stuck together in chains), fat (a small part of fats -- the glycerol backbone -- can be converted to glucose in the body), and so on. All provide glucose, eventually, to the blood. One of the purpsoes of the 'exchange' system is to provide a handy way to estimate the food quantities eaten. \n\n--Second is exercise. Even without insulin, exercise (even mild exercise such as a brisk walk) causes glucose to be uptaken by muscle cells. Given any partiuclar amount of food, exercising before the meal will result in less inculin needed than otherwise, since the mechanisms are independent. teh effect lasts for some hours, so a brisk walk for 30 minutes just after luch will still increase glucose absorprion rates of food eaten at dinner.  \n\n--Third, is the amount of insulin. All other things being equal, more insulin means that more glucose will be absorbed from the blood by body cells and less insulin will mean less. \n\n--Fourth, type of insulin. There are several types of insulin. They vary largely by how long their effect (forcing absroption of glucose from the blood) lasts, and whether there is a marked peak in action. So, a given amount of regular insulin acts faster and more intensely than lente ('slow') insulin which takes longer to exhaust itself, or ultra lente ('very slow') insulin. NPH insulin falls between regular and lente in speed of action adn suration of action. The analog insulins (one from Lilly and one from Novo Nordisk) are much more quickly acting, beginning totake effect with 15 or 20 minutes and being done in an hour or perhaps an hour and a half. Two special insulins, Lantus and Detemir, are unusual in that they exhibit very little peak of action. Their insulin effect  takes place steadily over about 24 hours. \n\nLocation of administration also has a secondary effect on how long the insulin effect lasts. \n\n--Fifth is the composition of the food eaten.  For example, skim milk contains lactose (a mildly sweetish dual sugar) which is disassembled into its component simple sugars and absorbed by the intestines. Drinking the same amount of whole milk delivers the same amount of lactose, but much more slowly since the butterfat in the whole milk slows down digestive action on the lactose. A baked potato eaten 'dry' will be converted to glucose and absorbed, while the smae amount of potato eaten with butter or sour cream is much more slowly a
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Leukocyte or white blood cell count just lets the doctor know there is an infection.  And there are many internal infections that can cause elevated WBC's.  But, elevated WBC's do not cause infection...it just says there is one somewhere.\n\nThe other symptoms you present will lead your doctor into knowing where the infection is and what antibiotic to treat it with.
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The Cause of Type 1 Diabetes\n\nAutoimmune reactions, in which the body's white blood cells harm its own tissues, cause many diseases including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and arthritis, among others. We don’t known why immune cells target certain organs, and why in type 1 diabetes, only insulin-producing cells are killed.\n\nIn type 1 diabetes, the body's immune T-cells react against beta cells -- the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas -- effectively shutting them down and triggering disease onset.\n\nSo, it is known that type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system turning against cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. What's remained unclear is the target for this immune response.\n\nSome studies report that albumin, the protein in milk, is a causal agent for that immune reaction. Also some theories point toward viruses. The glutamic acid decarboxylase is another molecule that has been believed to be the cause for that reaction.\n\nNow, after eight long years of careful research, scientists believe they've finally pegged insulin as the prime antigen -- immune system target -- responsible for this shutdown.\n\nDr. David A. Hafler, Breakstone professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School guided the research, which appears in the May issue of Nature. Unfortunately, the only way to adequately answer that question in humans is to examine tough-to-obtain pancreatic lymph tissues.\n\n"It took us years to get these tissues, to clone the cells and then to really characterize them and examine their activity," he said. “The results of that effort show that indeed the target -- the cause -- of type 1 diabetes may be T-cell reactivity to insulin," Hafler said.\n\nHis team in Miami has been testing insulin as a potential basis for a vaccine against type 1 diabetes. However, another expert in type 1 diabetes research, Edwin Gale --who is professor of diabetic medicine and head of the department of clinical science at the University of Bristol in England-- cautioned that a potent vaccine against the illness remains a distant goal.\n\nThese findings are very interesting for people with type 1 diabetes, but not for those with type 2 diabetes, since although in both cases the result is hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Reports Health Day News\n\n\nWhat Causes Type 2 Diabetes\n\nType 2 diabetes affects about 200 million people worldwide and has a predicted increase to 300 million by 2025. Also, nowadays more and more children and adolescents are developing Type 2 diabetes, which used affect mostly adults in the past.\n\nRecent studies reveal that genetics, obesity, fetal history, lack of activity, a diet high in fat and stress, all may play a role in the development diabetes.\n\nGenetic studies have shown that the association of some genes is the root of the cause of Type 2 diabetes. A healthy and active lifestyle for the whole family of a person with diabetes is then greatly recommended to protect their children and young people.\n\nLow birth weight has also been associated with Type 2 diabetes. It seems that poor nourishment of the fetus increases the risk of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.\nIf that baby is overfed and becomes overweight during childhood, then the risk is a lot higher.\n\nOn the other hand, stress has been associated with insulin resistance, which leads to Type 2 diabetes. This happens due to the cascade of metabolic reactions that our emergency hormones trigger when we are stressed.\n\nObesity has long been associated with diabetes, as well as the lack of physical activity and a diet high in fat. This is thought to cause a condition called insulin resistance.\n\nWhat is insulin resistance?\n\nInsulin resistance means that your muscles, fat, and liver cells cannot use insulin properly. There can be a lot of insulin circulating, but the cells are incapable of using it to allow glucose entering the cells and be conv
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well,u asked the NORMAL QUANTITIES THEN IT WILL BE THE NEUTROPHILS because aids virus destroys the helper t-lymphocytes after invading the body.neutrophils just remains nearly same