Wut r the two main biological roles of adrenaline, explaining a potential therapeutic application of EACH role
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well,here is the answer:\n1-promotes peripheral vascular resistance via alpha-stimulated vasoconstriction:for that reason it is used in case of cardiac arrest and other cardiac disrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output,such that blood is shunted to the body's core.\n2-suppresses the adaptive immune system:for that it is used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis.
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Hormones are chemical messengers in the body that can do many things. It depends on the hormone. \n\nHormones trigger growth spurts and the onset of puberty. They can regulate blood sugar (insulin is a hormone). Hormones can trigger the 'fight or flight' response in you when you face danger (that's adrenalin). \n\nLook at these websites:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormones
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It's effects!\n\nBeta blockers block the action of endogenous catecholamines, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in particular, on β-adrenergic receptors, part of the sympathetic nervous system which mediates the "fight or flight" response.\n\nThere are three known types of beta receptor, designated β1, β2 and β3. β1-Adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the heart, kidney, and adipose tissue. β2-Adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the heart, lung, GI tract, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The role and location of β3-receptors is less well-defined.\n\n\n β-Receptor antagonism\nStimulation of β1 receptors by epinephrine induces a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on the heart and increases cardiac conduction velocity and automaticity. Stimulation of β2 receptors induces smooth muscle relaxation (resulting in vasodilation and bronchodilation amongst other actions), induces tremor in skeletal muscle, increases glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle.\n\nBeta blockers inhibit these normal epinephrine-mediated sympathetic actions, but have minimal effect on resting subjects. That is, they reduce the effect of excitement/physical exertion on heart rate and force of contraction, dilation of blood vessels, opening of bronchi, reduce tremor, and breakdown of glycogen.\n\nIt is therefore somewhat unexpected that non-selective beta blockers have an antihypertensive effect, since they appear to cause vasoconstriction. The antihypertensive mechanism appears to involve: reduction in cardiac output (due to negative chronotropic and inotropic effects), reduction in renin release from the kidneys, and a central nervous system effect to reduce sympathetic activity.\n\nAntianginal effects result from negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, which decrease cardiac workload and oxygen demand.\n\nThe antiarrhythmic effects of beta blockers arise from sympathetic nervous system blockade – resulting in depression of sinus node function and atrioventricular node conduction, and prolonged atrial refractory periods. Sotalol, in particular, has additional antiarrhythmic properties and prolongs action potential duration through potassium channel blockade.\n\n\nIntrinsic sympathomimetic activity\nSome beta blockers (e.g. oxprenolol and pindolol) exhibit intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These agents are capable of exerting low level agonist activity at the β-adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site antagonist. These agents, therefore, may be useful in individuals exhibiting excessive bradycardia with sustained beta blocker therapy.\n\nAgents with ISA are not used post-myocardial infarction as they have not been demonstrated to be beneficial. They may also be less effective than other beta blockers in the management of angina and tachyarrhythmia (Rossi, 2006).\n\n\nα1-Receptor antagonism\nSome beta blockers (e.g. labetalol and carvedilol) exhibit mixed antagonism of both β- and α1-adrenergic receptors, which provides additional arteriolar vasodilating action.\n\n\n Other effects\nBeta blockers decrease nocturnal melatonin release, perhaps partly accounting for sleep disturbance caused by some agents (Stoschitzky et al., 1999).
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The thyronines act on the body to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline). Hypothyroidism is an insufficient production of the thyroid hormone.  The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis.  Because the body's metabolic rate is slowed the rate of absorption of energy-releasing compounds is decreased, and the susception to energy increasing hormones like adrenaline declines.  In order to compensate with this, one of the ways the body reacts is by requiring more sleep. Physical fatigue is a common symptom of the condition, so don't worry too much.  As long as you've seen your GP and are taking the prescribed medication, the body's balance should eventually correct itself.
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Epinephrine plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction—the physiological response to threatening, exciting or environmental stressor conditions such as high noise levels or bright light (see Fight-or-flight response). It is secreted by the adrenal medulla. When released into the bloodstream, epinephrine binds to multiple receptors and has numerous effects throughout the body. It increases heart rate and stroke volume, dilates the pupils, and constricts arterioles in the skin and gut while dilating arterioles in leg muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in adipocytes. Epinephrine has a suppressive effect on the immune system.\n\nEpinephrine is used as a drug to promote peripheral vascular resistance via alpha-stimulated vasoconstriction in cardiac arrest and other cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output, such that blood is shunted to the body's core. This beneficial action comes with a significant negative consequence—increased cardiac irritability—which may lead to additional complications immediately following an otherwise successful resuscitation. Alternatives to this treatment include vasopressin, a powerful antidiuretic which also increases peripheral vascular resistance leading to blood shunting via vasoconstriction, but without the attendant increase to myocardial irritability.\n\nBecause of its suppressive effect on the immune system, epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis. Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy may receive an epinephrine rinse before the allergen extract is administered, thus reducing the immune response to the administered allergen. It is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific beta-2-adrenergic agonists are unavailable or ineffective. Adverse reactions to epinephrine include palpitations, tachycardia, anxiety, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema.\n\nA pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland (or, rarely, the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system), which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine.
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Go read this article from the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research \nhttp://www.wi.mit.edu/news/archives/1996/pk_0828.html
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Lots of information needed to answer this question based on what the question or paper is really asking....\nBut you can check out these sites...\n\nAbout Hormones   http://www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm12.htm\n\nHormones are secreted from the glands of the endocrine system, they are specific in that each hormone causes a response in a specific target organ or group of cells, rather than on the body as a whole. Exocrine hormones are secreted via a duct into the blood and usually effect a distant organ or tissue. Endocrine hormones are secreted within the tissue (rather than via a duct) and enter the blood stream via capillaries. \n\n \nadrenal: \n http://www.urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfmcat=04&topic=30 \n\n    Relating to or on the kidneys. Also used to describe the effects of the adrenal glands.  \n\nWhat are adrenal glands? \n\nLocated on top of both kidneys, the adrenal glands are triangular-shaped and measure approximately half an inch in height and three inches in length. The inner part (adrenal medulla) of the adrenal glands secretes hormones such as adrenaline that affect blood pressure, heart rate and sweating. The outer part (adrenal cortex) secretes many different hormones that control the use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body. The cortex also secretes male sex hormones as well as mineralocorticoids that control blood pressure and the levels of salt and potassium in the body. \n\nDisorders....\nHyperaldosteronism:Pheochromocytoma:Adrenal benign and cancerous tumors:Pituitary adenoma:Cushing's syndrome
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The adrenergic chemical neuro-transmitters that occur naturally in the body are epinephrine(adrenalin) and norepinephrine(noradrenalin). There a number of other adrenergic "messengers" that operate in the brain.  P.S. This area of biology is complicated.  Suggest you read a textbook.
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Cells use this energy for their metabolism/ life processes. the life processes include:\nGrowth\nReproduction\nRespiration\nSynthesis\nTransport\nExcretion\nHomeostasis\nNutrition\n\nATP (the molecule in which cells store energy-- specifically, it's found in the bonds), or Adenosine Tri Phosphate, is used for all of these processes. I'm not sure about what you mean, "Two main things"-- but of those proccesses listed above, the "two main" ones would probably be Homeostasis (maintaining a stable internal environment) and Synthesis...
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Its all to do with adrenaline.  We spend alot of our working lives with too much to do and not enough time.  In these situations, our adrenal glands release adrenaline.  Our bodies respond by increasing our blood supply to our brain and muscles.  Our primitive ancestors would have had this response in situations of combat, and this enabled them to think quickly and fight or run away.  Most of us rarely fight.  However, when we leave work to the last minute, the adrenaline results in increased increased brain activity, and therefore a better end product. Through an accumulation of past experiences, we learn that in these situations, we actually do produce the goods.  Inevitably, this is a better use of our time, but has unfortunate results on our health.
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There are at least 3 types of beta receptors in the body - beta 1, 2, and 3 - and they are sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine. beta 1 controls heart rate and force of contraction in the heart (an increase in these will increase blood pressure, thus blocking them will lower blood pressure). beta 2 controls smooth muscle many places in the body. beta 3 receptors have less well defined role in fat metabolism.\n\nThe late American scientist Raymond Ahlqvist suggested already in 1948 that opposite effects of catecholamines were mediated by different receptors in the target organs, which he called alpha- and beta-receptors. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1988/press.html
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cells communicate via molecules they release and the receptors that recognize the molecules.  For example, hormone is one way a distant cells or tissue communicate with other tissue down the stream.  In addition, cell that are adjacent to each other will also communicate by biological molecules, that are not hormones.  For example, Interleukin molecules are use T cells to communicate with B cells within our immune system.\n\nin term of nerve cells, the neuron will have cell potential changes and the signal travels as a form of electric signnal all the way along the long axon.  then the signal terminal wih the release of molecules, such as the epinephrine or the acetylcholine.  these molecules bind to the receptor of the post-synatic neuron and pass the signal along to the next neurons.  \n\nsometimes, a cell will conduct self signaling by release a molecules and the molecules bind to a receptor on the cell itself and generate a signal that re-transmit back to the cell.\n\nSignal transduction is another huge topic that is to difficult to discuss here.  basically, signal transduction mechanism happen in every cells, when the receptor binds to a protein/ molecule, it will change its configuration and chemical or physiological changes occur.  this changes cause many cascade events down the stream and allow the cells to do a lot of things, even turning on or off a gene expression.
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Advantage: many chekpoint allow for a very fine tuning of the hormone response as each steps is another way to control the hormone output.\n\nDisadventage: hell of a lot harder to study in a lab, believe me!
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Clearly, your thoughts are quite accurate.\nThere is lots of information available about Toxins and the Immune System. Dr. Grace Ziem MD,http://www.chemicalinjury.net/index.htm\n\n and Dr. Martin Pall  http://molecular.biosciences.wsu.edu/Faculty/pall/pall_mcs.htm\nas well as many other doctors write about this.\n\nGood Reading: \n\nGo to Environmental Health Perspectives and read more about the environment and your health. Lots of good info there. http://www.ehponline.org/\n\nStill need more... Look up MCS and see all the info available on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity.
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the research in biomedical genetics is carried mainly for\nI) The role of signaling networks and small molecule metabolites in normal cell regulation and organ development as well as in diseases with a genetic basis, such as cancer\n\nII) Stem cell research in association with tissue repair paradigms
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It is a part of stress response. your body diverts blood flow to the brain/musculoskeletal syatems for "fight or flight". The body's digestive, elimination and reproductive systems are a low priority for stimulation/metabolic activity because the body is focused on survival.
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it has so many functions.. all concerning autonomic actions (involuntary actions) - \nthe most important are: \n1- control of cardiac activity (it has 2 centers: cardiac accelerating and inhibitory centers)\n2- control of respiration (via dorsal and ventral motor neurones)\n3- regulation of heart rate and respiratory rate via central chemoreceptors\n4- regulation of arterial blood pressure by controlling the diameter of arterioles via vaso-motor center\n5- control of vital actions as swallowing ...etc