What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? differentiate between active and passive immunity
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Innate immunity: defence mechanisms that are non-specific and ubiquitous. Think of it as the cannon fodder of the human immune system. These are the cells that are often first on the scene, and charge in blindly, attacking everything left, right and center, and then die. Kind of like suicide bombers. Only good.\n  Includes cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and very importantly, the entire complement system.\n\n------\n\nAquired immunity: also called adaptive immunity, comes from exposure to immunogens.\n  Includes B cells and T cells. B cells make antibodies after being exposed to an immunogen. Encountering that foregin body again (now called an "antigen") will cause the adaptive immune system to react faster than it did previous (because it has this antibody memory, now. Thats why its adaptive, or aquired).
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The change in morphology and behaviour of lymphocytes exposed to a mitogen or to an antigen to which they have been primed. The result is the production of lymphoblasts, cells that are actively engaged in protein synthesis and that divide to form effector populations. Should not be confused with transformation of the type associated with oncogenic viruses, and "activation" is therefore perhaps a better term.
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Active and passive. Effectors change the function of the allosteric enzymes, and can make enzymes either active (allosteric activation) or passive (allosteric inhibition).
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This is false. \nWhite blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are the body's defensive cells and are part of the immune system. There are different types of leukocytes, including B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.\nB lymphocytes msture in the Bursa of Fabricius. {hence their name}\nand also include two types:\n      a) Memory B cell- these cells "remember" how to make a certain antibody in response to a particular pathogen (antigen).\n      b) Plasma B cell- secrete antibodies in order to destroy antigens. antibodies bind the antigens together to make the easier targets for the phagocytes (which "eat" them up.)\n\nT lymphocytes mature in the thymus {that's what the T stands for}. There are three kinds of T cells:\n     a)Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. \n     b) Helper T cells, when activated, they proliferate and secrete cytokines that regulate or "help" effector lymphocyte function. \n     c) Regulatory T cells, also known as suppressor T cells, suppress activation of the immune system and maintain immune system homeostasis. If these fail, you get an autoimmune disease (where the immune system attacks itself!)\n\n\nOn the other hand, Red blood cells, also known as eythrocytes, carry oxygen. They have hemoglobin, which is a globular protein containing four subunit proteins found in the blood of vertebrates (organisms with a backbone). The heme group has iron in it, and this is where the oxygen binds to. This also gives blood its red color.\nRBCS are circulated by the blood.\ntheir biconcave shape (like they have a dent on both sides...) let them carry oxygen more efficiently as well. \nA disease of this, called sickle cell anemia, is when RBCs are sickle shaped and do not carry oxygen efficiently, resulting in a tired person. \nyeah.\nhave a nice day!
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The concept of antibiotic immunity is a misnomer that can lead people to believe that they may become "immune" or "resistant" to an antibiotic if they take it too frequently or inappropriately. This notion stems from a misunderstanding in the general public of the concept of antibiotic resistance.\nIt is not people who become immune or resistant to an antibiotic. Rather it is the bacteria responsible for infections that become resistant. The purpose of an antibiotic is to kill--or at least inhibit the growth of--bacteria to quell an infection. Bacteria have been around for thousands of years and have had to survive in hostile environments. As a result, they are able to adapt and have a number of mechanisms for survival, one of which is the development of resistance to antibiotics.\n\nMisuse or overuse of antibiotics selects for resistant bacteria. In a bacterial infection, billions of bacteria are present. Taking an antibiotic will kill or inhibit those bacteria that are susceptible to its effects and leave behind a subpopulation of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic. These remaining bacteria can survive and continue to grow. If they then spread from person to person, they may become the norm, and all future infections caused by these resistant bacteria will withstand the original antibiotic, rendering it useless for treatment. For many infections, patients often begin to feel better before all the bacteria have been eliminated. But it is important to complete a full course of antibiotics, even if one’s symptoms have improved, to ensure that as many bacteria as possible are destroyed.\n\nBacteria have a variety of mechanisms by which they become resistant to antibiotics, depending on the particular antibiotic (or class of antibiotic) and the type of bacteria involved. Because antibiotics work differently to attack an essential function of bacteria, it is necessary to consider both the phenotypic mechanism of resistance and the underlying genotypic mechanism of resistance.\n\nFrom a physical or biochemical perspective, there are a number of factors that contribute to antiobiotic resistance. First, the cell wall of a bacterium can be altered so that an antibiotic cannot penetrate it. Second, some bacteria produce enzymes that can destroy antibiotics before they can work. Third, certain bacteria have developed mechanisms known as efflux pumps, which are able to "eject" antibiotics from the bacterial cell before they have a chance to exert any effect. Finally, the antibiotic target site within the bacteria can be altered. In this situation, when an antibiotic enters the bacterial cell it must bind to its intended target in order to have an effect on the bacteria. If the target within the bacteria has been changed to make this binding impossible, the bacteria will be resistant to the medicine’s effects.\n\nUnderlying the phenotypic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are the genetics of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria, like other living organisms, possess DNA that codes for the proteins and enzymes it requires for survival. Changes to the DNA can result in alterations in the final proteins or enzymes, which in turn can lead to antibiotic resistance. A common genetic mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance is the acquisition of tiny fragments of DNA known as plasmids or transposons. Transposons may code for a specific antibiotic-inactivating enzyme, which, when produced by the bacteria, destroys an incoming antibiotic before it has an opportunity to work. These tiny fragments may be passed directly from one bacterium to another by a process known as conjugation. Alternatively, small viruses may attack certain bacteria and inject DNA fragments by a process known as transduction. \nAnother genetic mechanism of antibiotic resistance is the acquisition and accumulation of resistance genes from neighboring bacteria through a process known as transformation. A good example of thi
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one that is constantly mutating, such that its protein coat is always slightly different and so the body's immune system is unable to recognize it quickly as a pathogen to get rid of it.\n\nalso, superviruses may attack the immune system, as in HIV, such that the immune system breaks down.\n\nin the case of flu, there are thousands of different flu viruses with their unique protein coats. hence the immune system may not have encountered the virus before and is thus slow in recognizing the pathogen
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White cell count tells you there is an inflammatory reaction-it does not tell if there is an infection because A) there are types of viral or bacterial infections and situations in which the body does not respond to the infection properly, and thus WBC does not increase and \nB) there are numerous situations in which WBC will increase in the absence of infection.\nThe only truly valid method is to culture the area of infection and see if there are pathological bacteria or viruses present.  There are currently very sensitive ELISA assays for a number of diseases, which can show the presence of the virus or bacteria immediately, without having to wait for the culture.
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A "cold" is usually a viral infection.  These take about 3-5 days to be recovered from.  The best way to help your immune system get the job done is to have lots of rest, drink lots of fluids, especially water and just take care of yourself by not exposing yourself to other sick people so you don't get a second infection at the same time... which can and does happen often.
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wbc white blood cells protect your body from viruses\n\nrbc red blood cells distribute oxygen in your body.
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There are loads to describe. Bacteria and viruses. What are the difference? I can tell you viruses always mutates and could harm you and need cells to depend on while bacteria multiply themselves in the bloodstream and they can harm you but unlike viruses they can also benefit you.
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A predator- kills its (animal) prey while or before consuming it.\nA parasite-consumes it's host, usually not killing it.\nA pathogen-produces disease.\n\nExamples:\n\nMosquitoes are parasites, but not pathogens (May carry pathogens).\nMalaria is a parasite and a pathogen, though parasites are usually thought of as larger organisms.\nLions are predators.\n\nAlso, life is not biology.  Usually there are some things that don't fit neatly into a classification.  Life is just too complex, and defies categorization!  That's  what I love about biology.
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both are diff pls refer any Univ which will help u to know better
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compared to other immunoglobulins IgG is small enough to move across the tranplacental barrier.  The major antibody for antitoxins, viruses and bacteria it can provide the baby passive immunity.
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our skin is our first external defence, providing a barrior between the bacteria and our bodies. Another defence is flem, the stuff that comes out when you blow your nose. it captures dirt and bacteria on it's way to the lungs and gets rid of them either by taking it down to the stomach and a nice acid bath, or your cough it up and get rid of it completly.\nan obvious internal defence is the antibodies and white blood cells of the immune system.
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Others have already noted the definitions and differences: aseptic = free from pathogens (i.e. anything that can cause 'sepsis'), sterile = free of anything living, as well as of things like bacterial spores that could in future hatch into bacteria.\n\nI'd just add that in medicine and surgery, 'aseptic technique' and 'sterile technique' are not the same thing. For sterile technique, EVERYTHING is sterile to start with: the inside and outside of syringes, gloves, gowns, instruments. In aseptic technique, parts of it can be sterile but others aren't - you may be wearing nonsterile gloves, handling a syringe that is not sterile on the outside, but which contains sterile medication you will be injecting into an IV on a person's hand, for instance.
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Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual is exposed to an agent that is designed to fortify his or her immune system against that agent. The material is known as an immunogen. Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination in that inoculation and vaccination use a viable infecting agent like immunization does. Immunization is just the general term for vaccination and such things as what you gain from these process. When the human immune system is exposed to a disease once, it can develop the ability to quickly respond to a subsequent infection. Therefore, by exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, their body will then be able to protect itself from infection later on in life.\nPlease see the webpages for more details on Immunization.
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Above is a good wikipedia article.  The simplest way to define infection is that it requires an invasion of a microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.) into a space within the body, where no microbes should exist.  Furthermore, such invasion should then lead to tissue destruction and immune response of the body to meet the full definition of the term.