the process in the deep ocean in which plant life absorbs nutrients from the friction of microscopic organisms
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In the deep ocean, phytoplankton is only in a state of starvation.  They have no alternatives to carbon fixation using sunlight, unlike chemotrophic organisms, which use high concentrations of sulfur.  The closest exception is in mixotrophic organisms that can both photosynthesize and consume organic particles.
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Process by which organisms use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
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the earliest known form of life is cyanobacteria which grew in bluish green pod like colonies approximately 3.4 billion years ago.
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It exists, but there's no real mystery about it anymore. The main theory is that it's just pockets of methane gas under the ocean floor. When the gas escapes, it lowers he density of the water big time and any ship caught in it's path will sink almost instantaneously, it also messes with plane engines if enough of it enters the air in dense enough pockets.
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The leaves (or whatever is green) on the plant make photosynthesis from sunlight---our sun gives its strongest, most energetic light in green---which is why our plant world is green---- to absorb the sun's green light the best. Water and minerals come up the roots. We breathe oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, plants breathe cabon dixoide and exhale oxygen. Cool, isn't it?\n\nSome plants in the desert have the abiity to generate new leaves in just a day or two when it rains. Rainwater has nitrogen  \n\nThe overall equation for photosynthesis is deceptively simple. \n\n6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2\n\nThe product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate, such as the sugar glucose, and oxygen which is released to the atmosphere. All of the sugar produced in the photosynthetic cells of plants and other organisms is derived from the initial chemical combining of carbon dioxide and water with sunlight. This chemical reaction is catalyzed by chlorophyll acting in concert with other pigment, lipid, sugars, protein, and nucleic acid molecules. Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to form specialized carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, to build complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
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# Anoxic autotrophs: Obtain hydrogen from chemicals such as sulfur.\n[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Dead Zones are areas where the bottom water (the water at the sea floor) is anoxic, meaning that it has very low (or completely zero) concentrations of dissolved oxygen.]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\nDead Zones are areas where the bottom water (the water at the sea floor) is anoxic, meaning that it has very low (or completely zero) concentrations of dissolved oxygen. These dead zones are occurring in many areas along the coasts of major continents, and they are spreading over larger areas of the sea floor. Because very few organisms can tolerate the lack of oxygen in these areas, they can destroy the habitat in which numerous organisms make their home.\n\nThe cause of anoxic bottom waters is fairly simple: the organic matter produced by phytoplankton at the surface of the ocean (in the euphotic zone) sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where it is subject to breakdown by the action of bacteria, a process known as bacterial respiration. The problem is, while phytoplankton use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen during photosynthesis, bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during respiration. The oxygen used by bacteria is the oxygen dissolved in the water, and that’s the same oxygen that all of the other oxygen-respiring animals on the bottom (crabs, clams, shrimp, and a host of mud-loving creatures) and swimming in the water (zooplankton, fish) require for life to continue.\n\nThe "creeping dead zones" are areas in the ocean where it appears that phytoplankton productivity has been enhanced, or natural water flow has been restricted, leading to increasing bottom water anoxia. If phytoplankton productivity is enhanced, more organic matter is produced, more organic matter sinks to the bottom and is respired by bacteria, and thus more oxygen is consumed. If water flow is restricted, the natural refreshing flow of "oxic" waters (water with normal dissolved oxygen concentrations) is reduced, so that the remaining oxygen is depleted faster.\n\nMany of the areas where increasing bottom water anoxia has recently been observed are near the mouths of major river systems. While Satellite images can’t see the bottom of the ocean, they can see the surface, where sediments from rivers mix with ocean waters. The images shown here are Satellite images (SeaWiFS) observations of the Mississippi River delta, the Yangtze River mouth in China (The Yangtze River mouth is not currently identified as an area with an associated dead zone, but such conditions could develop there in the future), and the Pearl River mouth in China, near Hong Kong.\n\nSeaWiFS can also observe areas where water flow is restricted, such as the Baltic Sea in Europe. The image on the left features Denmark after strong storms caused flooding and increased sediment suspension in the Baltic. On the right is an overview of the Baltic Sea, including a plankton bloom in the Skagerrak just north of Denmark.\n\nThe apparent cause of the creeping dead zones is agriculture, specifically fertilizer. While fertilizer is necessary to foster bumper agricultural crops, it also runs off the fields into the streams and rivers of a watershed. When the fertilizer reaches the ocean, it just becomes more nutrients for the phytoplankton, so they do what they do best: they grow and multiply. Which leads to more organic matter reaching the bottom, more bacterial respiration, and more anoxic bottom water.\n\nThese effects can be magnified by catastrophe. When the heavy rains of Hurricane Floyd caused extensive flooding in North Carolina in September 1999, the heavy load of nutrients (from dead animals, flooded animal waste ponds, and numerous other sources) reached the sounds that lie between the coast and the Outer Banks, oxygen levels in the water plummeted. The picture at the top of the page shows the heavy load of sediments flowing into Pamlico Sound. SeaWiFS captur
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plants need minerals as their food through the process of photosynthesis as people need minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, protein fats , oil, etc as food through the process of digestion and assimilation
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Process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light into chemical energy. In green plants, light energy is captured by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of the leaves and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds (simple and complex sugars) that are the basis of both plant and animal life. Photosynthesis consists of a number of photochemical and enzymatic reactions. It occurs in two stages. During the light-dependent stage (light reaction), chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites some electrons in the pigment molecules to higher energy levels; these leave the chlorophyll and pass along a series of molecules, generating formation of NADPH (an enzyme) and high-energy ATP molecules. Oxygen, released as a by-product, passes into the atmosphere through pores in the leaves. NADPH and ATP drive the second stage, the dark reaction (or Calvin cycle, discovered by Melvin Calvin), which does not require light. During this stage glucose is generated using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is crucial for maintaining life on Earth; if it ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on the planet, and most types of organisms would disappear.\n\n\n\n    6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O\n\n    Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen + Water
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An extention of the cell membrane which has the ability to move providing propulsion to the prokaryote
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Studies have shown that the mineral iron (but only in the proper amounts) can lead to increased blooms of many (though not all) kinds of phytoplankton (e.g. Boyd et al., 2000). Iron is primarily made available to oceanic phytoplankton through the deposition of atmospheric dust on the sea surface. Oceanic areas adjacent to arid parts of continents thus typically have abundant phytoplankton (e.g., the western Atlantic Ocean, where trade winds bring dust from the Sahara Desert in north Africa). It seems a paradox that arid land areas may actually contribute to increased plant life proliferation in the world's oceans. It has been theorized (but never actually attempted) that large-scale 'seeding' of the world's oceans with iron would generate such massive blooms of phytoplankton so as to draw enough carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere to counteract the Greenhouse Effect (or global warming) (Martin, 1990).
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you have to know that submarine is just found in last 50 years, i guess. But the creatures in the deep ocean are actually involved to live or do activity in that kind of enviroment in few thousand years, even million years.\n\nFor example, if you bring those creatures upto few ft. deep water that could actually kill them in that pressure, even sunlight. On the other hand, just as you said, we can't go that deep because we are not belong to live in that kind of enviroment.\n\nAnd something about Oxygen, I don't sure there would have it or not, but i am sure one thing that some plants in deep ocean consume the heat and minaral near underwater volcano or "hotspring"( I don't know how to call them). So I think the fishes may consume other elements than oxygen.
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I'm going to assume you are asking about deposition of rock, but am unsure because this is under 'other' and not earth science. \n\nDeposition of rock in the marine environment occurs in at least three ways. The first is by transport, which can be by wind, water, gravity, or ice. Water from rivers carries sediment into ocean basins where it deposits forming deltas, and turbidite deposits on the deeper ocean floor. Wind carries sediment out over the oceans. Gravity causes landslides that often continue into the marine environment, and sometimes take place entirely within the marine environment. Icebergs often carry rock out over the ocean floor and as they melt the rock drops to the sea floor. These ice-transported rocks are known as erratics. \n\nMuch of the deposition of rock material, or what eventually becomes rock, in the marine environment comes from biological sources. Plankton die and sink to the ocean floor, coral reefs build huge platforms (Florida for example) that become limestone rock. Many marine organisms use calcium carbonate to form shells and other parts of their structure, marine algae often contain calcium carbonate, and many microscopic marine organisms precipitate calcium carbonate and some other minerals as part of their biological processes. \n\nChemical deposition also occurs in the marine environment, and deposits of calcium carbonate (very few, but some), salt (halite, sylvite, etc.), and calcium sulfate in the form of gypsum or anhydrite occur as a result of oversaturation conditions in ocean water. Often this deposition only occurs when special conditions exist that confine a portion of an ocean basin and allow the concentrations of dissolved minerals to build up. An example would be the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the late Miocene.
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Water equalizes the pressure between the outside and the inside of the cell wall, so it doesn't become damaged.  It also is the transport medium for nutrients coming in, and waste exiting.
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Well, the neritic province includes most of the lfe you see in the oceans (coral reefs, kelp forests, etc.) the benthos is the sea floor bottom. new research is proving that much MUCH more life can be found in this area than the average person realizes. this doesn't have to include large animals like whales, in fact most life forms on the sea floor are rather small. the only problem is, we can't get down there to find all of them. since the question says benthos along shoreline, there is sure to be lots of sediment and detritus for organisms to feed off of. the atlantic ocean is very broad and includes benthic and neritic zones and then some. lots of life found in the atlantic. The deep sea province is the only one that seems to stand out to me, but then again there's a fair amount of life in the deep sea ( alot of commercial fishing takes place there.) so my best guess would be answer B but then again, this is a somewhat bad question. :)
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Deep inside the ocean...B-)
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The tissues and cells of creatures that inhabit the deep oceans are filled with fluid and thus air space is significantly minimized . Air is subject to compression, whereby a fluid such as water cannot be compressed.\n\nWithout internal compression, the creatures have negated the potential external pressure of the depths.
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Microbiology \n \nAmericans are fascinated by world records. The Guiness Book of World Records is a very popular text because we are interested in the biggest and the best of everything. \n\nIn the late '80s a Dr. Fishelson found a very unusual bacterium called Epulopiscium fishelsoni. This bacterium lives in the gut of a Red Sea surgeonfish. This bacterium can grow up to 600 micrometers long and 80 micrometers wide. The average Epulopiscium fishelsoni is 250 micrometers long and 40 micrometers wide. Six hundred micrometers is a little over a half a millimeter. A millimeter is about as long as the period in the box below. \n\n1millimeter=. \n\nThe human eye can see things as small as 200 micrometers, making this bacteria the first one to actually be visible to the naked eye. To give you a better idea of how big this bacterium really is, "normal-sized" bacteria are only about 0.2 micrometers to about 1.5 micrometers in length or diameter. \nIn the microbial world a record has finally been broken for the biggest bacteria in the world. The record holder for the biggest bacteria recorded on the earth is now (drum roll please): Thiomargarita namibiensis. This behemoth of bacteria is round rather than rectangle like Epulopiscium fishelsoni. It averages about 180 micrometers in diameter. The largest cells have been measured at 750 micrometers. On a cell volume basis the largest Epulopiscium fishelsoni is .003 millimeters cubed. However, Thiomargarita namibiensis' largest cells have an enormous volume of 0.22 millimeters cubed. \n\nNot only is Thiomargarita namibiensis a giant but it is also very unusual. It utilizes sulfates and nitrates to get its energy. This bacteria found off the coast of Namibia is in the sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Basically, Thiomargarita namibiensis gets necessary electrons from sulfates. It then uses nitrates to grab onto the electron instead of oxygen. Those electrons are eventually used to generate energy for the cell. It gets its enormous size because it stores huge amounts of nitrates to hold onto these electrons. It needs to store the nitrates because nitrate levels are very low in these waters most of the time. It isn't until a major storm stirs up the mud at the bottom of the ocean that Thiomargarita namibiensis can get the nitrates it needs. \n\nWhen nitrates are around, these bacteria literally stuff themselves with nitrate. In essence they are a huge ball of nitrates with a very thin layer of cytoplasm (cytoplasm contains all the necessary stuff for bacteria to live, grow, and reproduce) around this nitrate. \n\nThis bacteria may prove useful in other areas of the world's oceans. \n In waters contaminated with nitrates from fertilizers and sewage these organisms may be useful in taking up these nitrates. If too much nitrate is in the water, algae in the water will grow out of control and kill or chase away other inhabitants in the area. Thiomargarita namibiensis could be placed in these nitrate rich waters to remove them and prevent the algae from growing out of control. There needs to be a lot more work done on this unique bacterium. Researchers have yet to get it to grow in a test tube. However, in time this giant among bacteria may be tamed and utilized to help in other areas of the world. \n \nFor more information go to the Science(April 16, 1999, vol. 284, No.5413, pages 415 and 493-495) article. You can't get all the information from the online version unless you are a subscriber. On the other hand, the cover of that issue has a picture of this mighty bacteria. \n\nTake Care and Think Microbiologically!