how is ribavirin dispersed?
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I assume you mean how it is dispensed or the forms it is available in.... Ribavirin is an antiviral drug used commonly in the treatment of Hepatitis C infection. It is available and used in oral forms (to be taken by mouth) or as an inhalation. Ihope this answers your question.
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Media releases concerning the possibility of mosquitoes transmitting AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) were common when the disease was first recognized, and the subject is still addressed by tabloids that seek captivating headlines to increase their circulation. The topic was initiated by reports from a small community in southern Florida where preliminary evidence suggested that mosquitoes may have been responsible for the higher on average incidence of AIDS in the local population. The media was quick to publicize claims that mosquitoes were involved in AIDS transmission despite findings of scientific surveys of the National Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that clearly demonstrated that mosquito transmission of AIDS in that community appeared highly unlikely. Nevertheless, media releases perpetuated the concept that mosquitoes transmitted AIDS, and many people still feel that mosquitoes may be responsible for transmission of this infection from one individual to another. \n\n     There are three theoretical mechanisms which would allow blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes to transmit HIV.\n\n1. In the first mechanism, a mosquito would initiate the cycle by feeding on an HIV positive carrier and ingest virus particles with the blood meal. For the virus to be passed on, it would have to survive inside the mosquito, preferably increase in numbers, and then migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands. The infected mosquito would then seek its second blood meal from an uninfected host and transfer the HIV from its salivary glands during the course of the bite. This is the mechanism used by most mosquito-borne parasites, including malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and the encephalitis viruses.\n\n2. In the second mechanism, a mosquito would initiate the cycle by beginning to feed on an HIV carrier and be interrupted after it had successfully drawn blood. Instead of resuming the partial blood meal on its original host, the mosquito would select an AIDS-free person to complete the meal. As it penetrated the skin of the new host, the mosquito would transfer virus particles that were adhering to the mouthparts from the previous meal. This mechanism is not common in mosquito-borne infections, but equine infectious anemia is transmitted to horses by biting flies in this manner.\n\n3. The third theoretical mechanism also involves a mosquito that is interrupted while feeding on an HIV carrier and resumes the partial blood meal on a different individual. In this scenario, however, the AIDS-free host squashes the mosquito as it attempts to feed and smears HIV contaminated blood into the wound. In theory, any of the mosquito-borne viruses could be transmitted in this manner providing the host circulated sufficient virus particles to initiate re-infection by contamination.\n\n     Each of these mechanisms has been investigated with a variety of blood sucking insects and the results clearly show that mosquitoes cannot transmit AIDS. News reports on the findings, however, have been confusing, and media interpretation of the results has not been clear. The average person is still not convinced that mosquitoes are not involved in the transmission of a disease that appears in the blood, is passed from person to person and can be contracted by persons that share hypodermic needles. Here are just some of the reasons why the studies showed that mosquitoes cannot transmit AIDS:\n\n \n\n  Mosquitoes Digest the Virus that Causes AIDS\n\n\n    When a mosquito transmits a disease agent from one person to another, the infectious agent must remain alive inside the mosquito until transfer is completed. If the mosquito digests the parasite, the transmission cycle is terminated and the parasite cannot be passed on to the next host. Successful mosquito-borne parasites have a number of interesting ways to avoid being treated as food. Some are refractory to the digestive enzymes inside the mosquito's stomach; most bore their way out of the stom
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How is HIV Transmitted?      \n\nHIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:\n\nBlood (including menstrual blood) \nSemen \nVaginal secretions \nBreast milk \nBlood contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed by semen, followed by vaginal fluids, followed by breast milk.\n\n* Activities That Allow HIV Transmission\n\nUnprotected sexual contact \nDirect blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products \nMother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk) \nSexual intercourse (vaginal and anal): In the genitals and the rectum, HIV may infect the mucous membranes directly or enter through cuts and sores caused during intercourse (many of which would be unnoticed). Vaginal and anal intercourse is a high-risk practice.\n\nOral sex (mouth-penis, mouth-vagina): The mouth is an inhospitable environment for HIV (in semen, vaginal fluid or blood), meaning the risk of HIV transmission through the throat, gums, and oral membranes is lower than through vaginal or anal membranes. There are however, documented cases where HIV was transmitted orally, so we can't say that getting HIV-infected semen, vaginal fluid or blood in the mouth is without risk. However, oral sex is considered a low risk practice.\n\nSharing injection needles: An injection needle can pass blood directly from one person's bloodstream to another. It is a very efficient way to transmit a blood-borne virus. Sharing needles is considered a high-risk practice.\n\nMother to Child: It is possible for an HIV-infected mother to pass the virus directly before or during birth, or through breast milk. Breast milk contains HIV, and while small amounts of breast milk do not pose significant threat of infection to adults, it is a viable means of transmission to infants.\n\nThe following "bodily fluids" are NOT infectious:\n\nSaliva \nTears \nSweat \nFeces \nUrine
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Below is a link to the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for this compound, which is actually 2,4-Dihydroxy-5-iodopyrimidine, but curiously it does not list the density.\n\nHave you looked in the Merck Index?
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The best answer seems to be that HIV CAN be trasmitted via breastmilk while the hepatitis B virus CANNOT.  For both, the most common modes of transmission are 1) via contact with bodily fluids such as blood, semen, or vaginal secretions during unprotected rectal (Yahoo bleeps the more common term starting with the letter "a") or vaginal sex with an infected person, and 2)contact with the blood of an infected person while sharing contaminated IV drug injection paraphernalia.  Infection of an infant by its infected mother happens, during childbirth for both HBV adn HIV and via breastmilk for HIV, but this is much less frequent in the United States than the two major modes described above.  In high prevalence regions vertical transmission from mother to infant occurs more frequently.\n\nHIV and HBV have in the past been transmitted via contaminated donated blood and blood products, but the blood supply has been screened for both for many years now and hence is believed to be entirely safe.  People undergoing kidney dialysis are probably still at some risk contracting HBV, but this can be prevented very easily by proper decontamination of implements used during the process.  HIV is found at very low levels in saliva and tears, but no confirmed instances of transmission via contact wthi these fluids has ever been documented.  And neither virus has ever been shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes.
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It's usually transmitted that way right after someone has used it, not like days later. Usually someone uses it and within minutes someone else uses that same needle and syringe and gets HIV that way. \n\nI work in a hospital pharmacy and ever now and then we will get nurses who come down to get medicine because they got a needle stick by a possible HIV+ patient. Usually the nurse is drawing blood and when she/he goes to put the cap on the needle they accidentally stick themselves. Since they just drew the blood it's possible they might have contracted HIV from that tiny stick.
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Dengue Virus\nThe dengue virus belongs to the Family Flaviviridae. It is an enveloped plus-strand RNA arbovirus. Being an enveloped virus, it has pieces of host cell’s plasma membrane that virion acquires as it emerges from its host cell and with spikes or protruding proteins. As a plus-strand RNA virus, it is translated directly by the host ribosome.  \n\nVirus Life Cycle\nAll viruses undergo the same life cycle. First, it attaches itself to the host cell known as adsorption. Then, the genome enters the host cell in the penetration process. During the uncoating, the virus removes its capsid and envelope. It is followed by the viral synthesis wherein the host cell manufactures viral components. Then maturation process takes place as the components assembles into intact new virions. Lastly, the virus particles leaves infected cell. \n\n\nPathophysiology\nThe transmission cycle of dengue virus by the mosquito Aedes aegypti begins with a dengue-infected person. This person will have virus circulating in the blood—a viremia that lasts for about five days. During the viremic period, an uninfected female Aedes aegypti mosquito bites the person and ingests blood that contains dengue virus. Although there is some evidence of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti, usually mosquitoes are only infected by biting a viremic person.\nThen, within the mosquito, the virus replicates during an extrinsic incubation period of eight to twelve days.\nThe mosquito then bites a susceptible person and transmits the virus to him or her, as well as to every other susceptible person the mosquito bites for the rest of its lifetime.\nThe virus then replicates in the second person and produces symptoms. The symptoms begin to appear an average of four to seven days after the mosquito bite—this is the intrinsic incubation period, within humans. While the intrinsic incubation period averages from four to seven days, it can range from three to 14 days.\nThe viremia begins slightly before the onset of symptoms. Symptoms caused by dengue infection may last three to 10 days, with an average of five days, after the onset of symptoms—so the illness persists several days after the viremia has ended.\nTransmission cycle that takes place within the human body.\n1.The virus is inoculated into humans with the mosquito saliva.\n2.The virus localizes and replicates in various target organs, for example, local lymph nodes and the liver.\n3.The virus is then released from these tissues and spreads through the blood to infect white blood cells and other lymphatic tissues.\n4.The virus is then released from these tissues and circulates in the blood.\nTransmission cycle that takes place within the mosquito.\n5.The mosquito ingests blood containing the virus. \n6.The virus replicates in the mosquito midgut, the ovaries, nerve tissue and fat body. It then escapes into the body cavity, and later infects the salivary glands. \n7.The virus replicates in the salivary glands and when the mosquito bites another human, the cycle continues.\nThere are 4 Serotypes of Dengue virus (1,2,3,4 Group B arbovirus). The first attack, neutralizing antibodies are produced principally against this virus type inoculated by the mosquito vector.  Although antigenetically linked to each other, they may only give partial cross-protection, after being infected by any of them. \nThe pathogenesis of hemorrhagic dengue fever is the result of many factors. As the dengue virus attacks the human body, the immune complex or antibody tries to fight off the virus resulting to anaphylactic reactions that produce toxic substances such as histamine, serotonins, and bradyknin which damage the capillary walls. These are responsible for the increase in vascular permeability exhibiting symptoms such as macopopular, rashes, pruritus, edematous extremities, and flushed skin.  Increase in vascular permeability causes extravasation of fluids resulting to fluid shifts especially in the abdomen, p
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Retroviruses exit the cell by budding and in the process gain their envelope from the cell membrane. It is the envelope gained in this process that contain the viral receptors allowing the particle to find another cell, attach, and infect. Thus all infectious retrovirions have an envelope. Within the cell, retroviruses have not gained their envelope as well as particles released when the host cell is lysed. This is because they did not bud and recieve their envelope.
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There are several alternative treatments that have been yielding encouraging evidence in controlling the virus.\n\nYou may visit the source website below for further description of these.
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Bored at work:\n\nYou could look for reverse transcriptase activity in infected cells.  This is a sure sign of RNA being turned into DNA.\n\nYou could purify virus from the aftermath of infected cells.  Then set up experiments to determine the nature of what you've isolated and what its properties are.
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yes it is. i don't remember any details by i heard a scientific report a few years back that basically said that the HIV virus needs the help of a vitamin (i forget which) to get into your cells. if i remember my biochemistry correctly, a virus is only a sort of capsule full of DNA. what it does is it attaches to a cell and feeds it the DNA, so that the cell turns into a virus factory, instead of continuing to fulfil its original function. if the cells aren't doing what they're suppose to be doing, you get sick and eventually die. \nso the virus can't actually do any harm until it can get into the cells and this vitamin opens a doorway. unfortunately, it is one of the vitamins the human body produces naturally. however, there are some people who do not produce this vitamin. they have some helth issues because of it, but because they don't have this vitamin in their body, the HIV virus cannot get into the cells and so they are immune to AIDS. they do however, carry the virus around with them and so they can pass it on.
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This is a guess, especially because I don't know what the diluent is made of, but maybe its because the viral coat is weaker and more susceptible to bursting without some sort of albumin present?\n\nGood luck.
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Hepatitis C is transmitted by blood to blood contact only.  This means that blood infected with hepatitis C must come into direct contact with the bloodstream of another person.  Even the smallest amounts of blood can transmit hepatitis C.\n\nTransmission can occur through:\n\nsharing and equipment used to inject drugs  \nunsterile tattooing, body piercing and skin penetration procedures \nhousehold practices (such as sharing razor blades and toothbrushes) \noccupational procedures (eg, needlestick and sharps injuries) \ncertain sexual activities \nmother to baby.\nSharing injecting drug equipment\n\nSharing injecting equipment is the most common way of becoming infected with hepatitis C in Australia.  Syringes, hands, needles, tourniquets, swabs, water, filters or spoons can transmit hepatitis C and other viruses.\n\nIt is possible for a person with hepatitis C to be reinfected with a different strain (genotype) of hepatitis C.\n\nTattoos, body piercing and skin penetration\n\nHepatitis C can be transmitted through unsterile tattooing and body piercing equipment, including tattooing inks.\n\nHousehold transmission\n\nWherever blood to blood contact happens, transmission of hepatitis C can occur.  Sharing razor blades, toothbrushes and personal hygiene items can potentially transmit hepatitis C.\n\nHepatitis C is not transmitted by touching, kissing, hugging or closeness.  Hepatitis C is not present in saliva so cups, plates, utensils and other household items can be considered safe.  However, washing and general cleaning of these household items can protect from many other illnesses and should remain a part of every household's common hygene practice.\n\nA recent study initiated by the Institute of Sciences and Oxford University has shown that one in four homeless people in Oxford are infected with Hepatitis C, posing a major public health concern. \n\nThe study, carried out by Luke Sheriff and Dr Richad Mayon-White, has shown that inadequate diets, poor hygiene and high levels of intravenous drug use have lead to the high numbers of homeless people that tested positive for the virus when screened. \n\nOxford is now the second most highly affected area in Britain; unsurprising, given that it is also the city with the highest recorded number of rough sleepers outside of the capital. \n\nThere are currently between 2,500 and 3,000 people in Oxford classified 'homeless' by Emmaus, a charity operating in the city. Whilst not all of these people may actually live on the streets, the often cramped and squalid conditions in which many 'squatters' find themselves create a ready environment in which the virus can spread. \n\nOf the 98 individuals of the Oxford homeless community who were interviewed and tested for HCV, the results gave an estimated HCV prevalence of 26.5 percent.\n\n\n\nThey are also more prone to HIV, and this is because they are unable to receive adequate medical care, and are more likely to be drug users, and have poor diets, all things that put them at risk or might possibly expose them to the diseases.
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How is Hepatitis B transmitted?\n\n    * Hepatitis B is transmitted directly and indirectly through infected body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions; the infection can also be picked up through mucous membranes and broken skin 5\n    * Although hepatitis B is commonly transmitted by sexual contact, it can also be picked up through\n          o Exposure to the blood of an infected person through contact sports\n          o Repeatedly sharing an infected person's razor, toothbrush or earrings 4\n          o Travel to a high-risk area\n          o Use of illicit injectable drugs\n          o Potentially through contaminated needles used for tattooing or piercing 2 \n    * About one third of those infected do not know the source of their infection 5 \n\nhope that helps and gives you some peace of mind.
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It is a virus, so it is passed around like a cold.  The best way to avoid it is keeping everything clean and lots of hand washing!
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The ink is not travelling in or out of a cell, so the last three are out because they require travelling through channels. The answer is diffusion.
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1) It replicates quickly\n2) it becomes part of your body, killing the virus will kill your immune system in effect\n3) It is a retrovirus and mutates extremely quickly. It is based on RNA and not DNA and does not have a second strand like in DNA viruses so it mutates very very quickly. A cure today will not work in a couple of years. Like the flu virus, the vaccioine changes every year because the flu virus constantly changes\n4) it is hard to determine where exactly the virus is located\n5) It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, only get iut to small amounts