what is spalling resistance of refractory?
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Refractory materials retain their strength at high temperatures. They are used to make linings of furnaces, kilns and incinerators.  Some examples are Zircon and Silicon carbide.  Spalling is cracking, flaking, chipping or otherwise losing integrity.\nThe resistance is the ability of the refractory material to maintain it's true form when exposed to high temperatures.  It can measured either in the amount of coating required for lining that particular surface, or the temperatures that it can withstand.
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Ruby, a form of Corundum has a hardness of 9 on the Moh's Scale.\n\nCalcite is a 3 \nK-Spar is a 6\nAgate is a 7
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an extremely low value of 1.1 × 10-6 Ω·m but the interesting thing is it almost never varies with changes in physical conditions(actully only but higly small amounts) and so it is used to make standard resistance boxes.
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http://bulkpharm.mallinckrodt.com/_attachments/msds/S5066.htm
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Go to azom.com they have info on both 304, 316 and many other metals.\n\nIn a nut shell, 316 stainless steels are more corrosion resistant than 304 stainless steels
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Hi,\n\nCarbon composition resistor is made of carbon granules mixture.\n\nCompared with other resistors, carbon composition resistor also has lower cost and wider resistance range in general than many other resistor types.\n\nYou may refer to this page to know more.\nhttp://www.kodkodkod.com/files/carbon_composite_resistor.htm\n\nKodKodKod Learning Consulting\nhttp://www.kodkodkod.com/index_files/submitquestion.htm
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In a test where a steel ball is dropped from various prescribed heights, bamboo resisted denting better than oak, and is about equivalent to our hardest native wood, maple. The finish chosen can have a much greater impact on long-term durability and scratch-resistance. Eventually, all floors will scratch, and bamboo can easily be refinished, unlike laminate flooring.\n*In a cross-section of a bamboo culm it has to be distinguished between a dark outer zone (approximately 30 percent) with closely packed fibers and a white inner zone (about 70 percent), which is rather porous. With increasing culm height the share of percentage of the dense exterior fibers in relation to the cross-sectional area increases and therefore slim canes are superior to thick-walled bamboo. \nThe accumulation of the rigid fibers in the edge zone improves the values of elasticity as well as tension, shear, and bending strengths. As of timber, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of bamboo is reduced with increasing stress (5-10 percent). A MOE of 2.000 kN/cm² can be assumed to calculate constructions.The bamboo tube is stiffened by the nodes by preventing buckling of the culm wall: The fibers are curved towards the culm axis, similar to a multiple-curved surface. Their MOE is 40 percent less than that of the internodes. \n\nThe tensile strength of the outer zone is two to three times higher than that of the inner zone. The tensile strength in the nodes is only moderate because the fibers there run disorderly. Nodes reduce the tensile strength of the culm. The tensile strength decreases in culms of over 5-6 years of age.The compression strength, however, increases with the age. In a test the 6 year old culms showed 2,5 times the compression strength than the one year old ones. Cane sections with nodes show approximately 8 percent higher compression strength values parallel to the fiber compared to sections without nodes. In tests with compression load perpendicular to the culm axis, the nodes cause strength values up to 45 percent higher than in tests with tube sections without nodes. The sea level, at which the plant grows, as well as the age of the poles have a big influence on the silicification of the vessels, which leads to a considerable increase of compression strength.The shear strength of thin bamboo canes is higher than that of thick-walled tubes, caused by the ratio of the rigid fibers to the sectional area. The shear strength of node material is about 50 percent higher than that of internode material. \n'Atrops' examined bamboo that is usual for building materials: Tube diameter 70-100 mm, wall thickness 6-12 mm, used for a span of 3,60 m. The elastic deflection was min=1/25,9; max=1/16,1; on average 1:20,1 of the span. \nIf deflection is not desired, the green bamboo culms can be bended to the opposite before installation (superelevation). \nFracture behavior-The bamboo tubes behave well at compression load. No sudden buckling nor cracking of the tube wall occurs. Shear fractures are the most frequent failures in bending tests. These are favored by drying cracks parallel to the culm axis. The internodes in which high shear stresses occur should therefore be filled with concrete. In case of shear failure, there will always remain a load-carrying capacity of the two halves. The fracture behavior of conventional timber differs from the fracture behavior of bamboo. Cracking of individual fibers does not lead to a spontaneous break of the whole cane. The appearing cracks are immediately redirected into the fiber direction and therefore affect less the stressed part. The input of energy is retarded. The reinforcement nodes (diaphragms) prevent the emerging longitudinal cracks from spreading over the entire tube length. \nParticularly the compression, shear, and ply bond strength are increased by the node material. Such symptoms are called factors of increase of the fracture toughness. In the research of modern composite materials, the attention
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See if these help\n\nhttp://www.pslc.ws/macrog.htm\n\nhttp://www-classes.usc.edu/engr/ms/125/MDA125/polymers_files/frame.htm
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Probably PVC.....it's pretty inert and resistant to acid or, in your case, base.
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All clay refractory bricks have been the standard, but recently, bricks of 85% perlite and 15% clay are gaining popularity do to their light weight.\nSee the references below:
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Its all about mobility.  \n\nHow does the energy (in the form of heat) get transported over the structure?  Lattice vibrations, right?\n\nThe bonds have to deform in order to vibrate, and the higher electronegativity, associated with a higher bond strength, is more resistant to the imposed deformations, and therefore to transporting the heat.\n\nExcept for radiant transport (and thats a factor of T^4) the best conductive insulator or convective insulator is... a vacuum.  No mass means no bucket in which to ship the energy.
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The hotter the surface gets the more resistance. It is a solid state item.
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kakani P wrote an excellent explanation but I wanted to add an example to help you furhter understand a practical application.\n\nThe tooth on the front of a backhoe bucket is a great piece to be carburized.  It could be made totally of high carbon throughout but that would make it brittle and subject to break since it experiences many impacts and shock loads as it encounters rocks (or old concrete from foundations being demolished) and other debris in the soil.  We still would like to have the surface hardened to reduce wearing but we still want the core to be ductile to prevent premature failure.  Carburizing allows us to "have our cake and eat it too".  We can make the surface wear resistent and hard but leave the core ductile and able to withstand large shock loads through the process of carburizing.
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http://lakeaccess.org/russ/conductivity.htm
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Material - Portland Cement\n Bulk Density- 1,2-1,36\n Max Angle of Inclination - 20\n Repose Angle - 39
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You should use DOD Specification 5200.28-M, for the degaussing and destruction of high-density media.\n\nhttp://all.net/books/standards/remnants/standards.html
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Here is a good guide\n\nhttp://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Stoichiometry/Limiting-Reagent.html