what is asphalt, and what is the composition of the major components of asphalt?
401718
Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as asphalt, is a composite material commonly used for construction of pavement, highways and parking lots. It consists of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate mixed together then laid down in layers and compacted.\n\n \nBase layer of asphalt concrete in a road under constructionMixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of several ways:\n\nHot Mix Asphalt Concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMAC) is produced by heating the asphalt in order to decrease its viscosity and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mixing. Mixing is generally performed at about 160 degrees Celsius, while paving and compaction are performed at about 140 degrees Celsius. HMAC is the form of asphalt concrete most commonly used on highly trafficked pavements such as those on major highways and airfields. \nWarm Mix Asphalt Concrete (commonly abbreviated as WMA or WAM) is produced by adding either zeolites, waxes, or asphalt emulsions to the mix. This allows significantly lower mixing and laying temperatures and results in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less carbon dioxide, aerosols and vapours. Not only are working conditions clearly improved, but the lower laying-temperature also leads to more rapid availability of the surface for use (in construction sites with critical time schedules). \nCold Mix Asphalt Concrete is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with (essentially) soap prior to mixing with the aggregate. While in its emulsified state the asphalt is less viscous and the mixture is easy to work and compact. The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates and the cold mix will, ideally, take on the properties of cold HMAC. Cold mix is commonly used as a patching material and on lesser trafficked service roads. \nCut-back Asphalt Concrete is produced by dissolving the binder in kerosene or another lighter fraction of petroleum prior to mixing with the aggregate. While in its dissolved state the asphalt is less viscous and the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid down the lighter fraction evaporates. Due to the resulting air pollution cut-backs have been illegal in the US since the 1970s. They are still widely used in Europe and the rest of the world, especially for recycling old asphalt pavement. \nIn addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as polymers, and antistripping agents may be added to improve the properties of the final product.\n\nNatural asphalt concrete can be found in some parts of the world where rock near the surface has been impregnated with upwelling asphalt.\n\nThe term asphalt concrete is typically only used in engineering jargon. It is often called just asphalt by laypersons who tend to associate the term concrete with portland cement concrete only. The engineering definition of concrete is any composite material composed of mineral aggregate stuck together with a binder, whether that binder is portland cement, asphalt or even epoxy.\n\nAsphalt concrete is often touted as being 100% Recyclable. Several in-place recycling techniques have been developed to rejuvenate oxidized binders and remove cracking, although the recycled material is generally not very water-tight or smooth and should be overlaid with a new layer of asphalt concrete. Asphalt concrete that is removed from a pavement is usually stockpiled for later use as a base course material.\n\nVery little asphalt concrete is actually disposed of in landfills. Sometimes waste materials, such as rubber from old tires, are added to asphalt concrete but there is a concern that the hybrid material may not be recyclable.\n\nAsphalt concrete pavements—especially those at airfields—are sometimes called tarmac for historical reasons, although they do not contain tar and are not constructed using the macadam process.
532046
woohoo geology... lets see if I remember anything...\n\nOkay here is a basic thing, the composition of rocks, especially it's silicate level, can tell us much about the molten/semimolten layers of Earth.... Okay I was enver very good in this subject, so look here...\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology
222907
pharmaceutical glycerin is the base ingredient of most smoke machines.  I think 1 part to 10 parts water.
672167
Asphalt....to fix and build roads to help improve tourism and travel, thus making the country some money.
282857
bitumen is a hydrocarbon and a long chain alkane i.e. a longer carbon chain than petrol, gasoline, methane, kerosine etctera... It's used as a lubricant. Not sure if it's safe or not but presumably it is safe but I'd check.
37026
Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants but can also be produced synthetically.\n\nSynthetic Rubber comprises the polymerisation of a variety of monomers to produce polymers. These form part of a broad study covered by Polymer Science and Rubber Technology.\n\nWikipedia knows all.
802199
Hi,, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen... \n\n good luck.....
312860
the unit weight of asphalt s-3 is \nabout 1,02-1,04 ton/cubic.metres\n\n1 yard = 3 feet = 38 inches = 0,9144 metres\n\nthe volume asphalts did you meant is \n= 1x1xthick \n= 1x1x(1/38)\n= 0.026316 cubic.yard \n= 0.020119 cubic.metres\n\nSo s-3 asphalt weight per square yard @ 1" thick is about\n(20,52138-20.92376) kilograms
1002183
Concentrated Nitric Acid and copper.  Be careful.  Nasty stuff... really!
413935
Petroleum Distillates, Hydrotreated Heavy Naphthenic\nPetroleum Lubricating Oils, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil Based\nThickener (Lithium soap)\nAdditives (Antioxidant, tackiness agent, rust inhibitor)
816034
All hydrocarbons.  They start with gaseous methane (CH4) dissolved in the oily liquid, then through heavier dissolved gases with 2 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule, then liquids with every posible number of carbon atoms per molecule from 6 (benzene) to 8 (octane) to scores and scores, then waxes (the stuff of Vaseline) which have up to hundreds.  Sometimes there are sulphur-based impurities.\n\nRefining the oil is the process of separating the different weights of components.  Car and aeroplane fuel is roughly from C6 to C10, diesel fuel is heavier, and heating oils and lubricating oils are heaviest.
665609
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc. are some elements\nCarbon tetrachloride, Methane, Ammonia etc are some such compounds.
898957
Its a mixture of hydrocarbons. It doesn not have a name because it is not composed of one compound.
972611
Aluminum for one thing...it's mainly what the plane is comprised of...aircraft aluminum piping and aircraft aluminum sheeting...there's also plastics and steel that comprise the cabin compartment and the engine, along with rubber for the tires and glass for the windows, not to mention the chemicals the airplane uses...
854363
Crude oils vary in their composition, but generally range around 20% gasoline and naphtha, 35% gas oil, 20% lube distillate, 20% residuum, and 5% light gasoline. Refinery processes turn low quality material into higher quality products. \n\nPlastic manufacturers use processes like refiners, or purchase products to produce the chemicals that are used in synthesizing plastics. Since crude oil contains many molecules, the industry breaks and builds molecules to fill the niche. I'll discuss just a portion of the most notable processes. \n\nFluid Catalytic Cracking breaks larger molecules into Gases, Gasoline, Gas oil, and Heavy bottoms. The product streams produced by the FCC contain unsaturated hydrocarbons referred to as olefins. The gases are separated and stored, sold, or used in subsequent processes. \n\nOf these gases produced, propene is used in the manufacture of cumene. For information regarding Cumene, see this website. There's a lot of information. http://www.aristechchem.com/products/cumene.htm \n\nThe other processes that are important are the reforming and alkylation processes. Reforming converts naphthenes into aromatics like benzene, toluene, xylenes, and alkylbenzenes. These chemicals have their roles in the plastics industry. If you visited the above websites, benzene and propene are the feeds for producing cumene. \n\nAlkylation builds larger molecules from smaller molecules. Typically, butenes are mixed with iso-butanes to produce branched chain hydorcarbon polymers called isoparaffins. \n\nIn the United States alone, production of polymers as long ago as 1981 was more than 24 million metric tons, exceeding in volume the production of steel, and is the basis for industries that employs more than 3.5 million people. So, what are polymers? \n\nPolymers are simply very large molecules (macromolecules) that are made up of smaller molecules (monomers) that can be linked together in various ways, resulting in a range of what we call microstructures (e.g., linear chains, branched chains, densely interconnected networks, and so on). Although natural polymers (cotton, wool, silk), have been used throughout recorded history, the first true synthetic polymers were produced relatively recently (in historical terms), at the start of the 20th century. Furthermore, the long chain nature of their chemical structure was not recognized until the 1920s. In the decades that followed, however, an astonishing range of new synthetic materials were quickly produced by polymer chemists, revolutionizing some older industries, like those based on rubber, paint, and natural fibers, and creating new ones associated with the production of plastic goods. Polymers are also a crucial component of other advanced technologies, such as those essential to the electronics industry, where polymers are an integral part of the chip and printed circuit production process. \n\nClearly, there is a broad range of industries that are based on polymer science and engineering. There are two categories of companies. The first consists of those chemical companies that actually make the resins; poly (ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(styrene), PVC, polyesters, nylons, etc. This part of the industry is dominated by large multinational companies with familiar names; Dupont, Dow, Union Carbide, Bayer, Exxon Mobil, Shell, etc. Most of the materials they now produce can be considered commodities and are sold to companies that constitute the second part of the industry, those firms that process polymers into films, fibers, paints, adhesives, composites (e.g., glass fiber reinforced polyesters) and the extraordinary range of plastic goods that are in modern society. The "chemical" part of the industry has from its inception been on the cutting edge of synthetic and chemical processing technology. Even today, it is still introducing new ways to make "old" polymers through the use of novel catalysts (e.g., metallocenes), which promise superior
993253
blueb_24' s answer to the first part of you question is great. \n\nMechanical mixtures are very simple mixtures that can be separated mechanically (soap is definitely not one). Some mechanical mixtures found in everyday life: \n- M&M's (various colours)\n- Mixed vegies\n- Bag of marbles\n- Box of bolts and nuts\n\nSolutions are more complex and can only be seperated by means of their physical properties, such as boiling point. Some everyday solutions include:\n- Coffee\n- Detergent\n- Salt water\n- Vinager\n\n4.a  Solid solutions: \n- Sand - suspension mixture of solid particles\n- Muddy water - solid particles suspended in water\n- Smoke - solid mixed in gas\n\nb) a liquid solution that does not contain water:\n- Motor oil - a mixture of heavy hydrocarbons\n- Vegetable oil - mixture of plant oils\n\nc) a solution of gases\n- Air - air is a mixture of many gases\n- LP gas (liquid petroleum gas)- mixture containing mainly propane or butane (depending on application)
820104
milk is a mixture \ncopper is an element