what was the primary means of staffing the fed. wrkforce in the exec. branch frm the late 1820s to the 1880s?
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The president was able to use the "spoils" system to staff the federal workforce as he saw fit.  In 1883 the Pendleton Act established a federal Civil Service Commission.
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The rate at which Federal Reserve loans money to Banks.
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Not according to this etymology website:\njob  \n1557, in phrase jobbe of worke "piece of work" (contrasted with continuous labor), perhaps a variant of gobbe "mass, lump" (c.1400, see gob). Sense of "work done for pay" first recorded 1660. Slang meaning "specimen, thing, person" is from 1927. The verb is attested from 1670. On the job "hard at work" is from 1882. Jobber "one who does odd jobs" is from 1706. Job lot is from obsolete sense of "cartload, lump," which may also be ult. from gob.
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are there any??\nnot aware of any fed>
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It was the first time the Federal government was granted "implied powers."  As the Federal bank was directly related to enumurated functions the court reasoned the power to have a federal bank regulated by the feds was implied. Since this time implied powers have been used to justify many things few are actually related to enumarated powers at all.
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They weren't drawing a government salary, and they were acting as a private set of advisors to the President. It was 100% constitutional. The real cabinet runs departments, and has a constitutional role in the line of sucession, etc, thus they are required to be confirmed by the Senate. But Andrew Jackson was perfectly free to assembly an indepedent group of advisors.
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Visit the USA Jobs website.  It's the Office of Personnel Management's one stop website for Federal employment opportunities.\n\nhttp://www.usajobs.opm.gov/
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Officially in 1933, but it started to fade during the Woodrow Wilson Presidency with the formation of the Federal Reserve.\n\nHope that helps...\n\n- Optimum Motorworks
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cop1    ( P )  Pronunciation Key  (kp)\nn. Informal \nA police officer. \nOne that regulates certain behaviors or actions: “Faced with the world recession of the early 1980s,... the World Bank... became a stern economic taskmaster and cop” (Richard J. Barnet). \n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n[Short for copper2.]
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US$7,200,000 on 9 April 1867
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Steward. \nMechanic.\nFederal marshall.
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The structure of federal governments vary from institution to institution based on a broad definition of federation. Students of federal governments will note that within a basic federal political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution.\n\nThe United States is considered the first modern federation. After gaining independance from Britain, the U.S. adopted its first constitution, Articles of Confederation in 1781. This was the first step towards federalism by establishing the federal congress. Yet, congress was limited as to its ability to pursue, economic, military, and judiciary reform. In 1787, federal congress participated in what is known as the Philadelphia Convention and by 1789, the U.S. was officially a federation.\n\nOther nation-states followed suit in establishing federal governments: Switzerland (1848); Canada (1867); Germany (1871 and again 1949); Australia (1901); Austria (1920) and again 1945
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Established the United States Department of the Navy and created the Secretary of the Navy Cabinet post in 1798 \nSigned Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 \nSigned Judiciary Act of 1801 \n\nmore details about him you will find on the source page.
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This is a really WIDE-ranging question, and it's practically impossible to give you a good answer that's practical for use. Fed Reserve prints money, essentially, "increasing the money supply" (counterfeiting) on demand. It is private, yet govt controlled. The govt simply placed it in "private hands" so they could get away with their political sleight of hand without having to worry about the Constitution. The IMF, of which the US is a member with about 17% of the clout, loans federal reserve funny money and usurious rates, then, eventually, puts anyone small (only large companies can afford usurious rates) out of business, out of house, home, food, and everything else. Ask Jamaica. The federal govt, in taking us off the gold standard, has sentenced the US to eventual economic death.\n\nGo to the web and search for Liberty Dollar. You can trade $10 in federal funny money for real silver, and $1 for silver certificates backed by real silver. If enough of us used this, we could make the US financially solvent again, over the years.
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.\n.\n.\nIn the beginning the Bank was the Government's banker; managing the Government's accounts and providing and arranging loans to the Government. It was also a commercial bank, dealing in bills - the then total equivalent of overdraft finance, furnishing finance for trade and took deposits and issued notes. The concept 'credit' or imaginary money' emerged during this period also. It was realised that money could take on new forms, possess no intrinsic value and yet still retain qualities to fulfil payment obligations. Therefore at the same time that the National Debt was born, paper money came into existence. \n\nDuring the 18th and early 19th centuries great demands were placed on the Bank for finance; the National Debt grew from £12 million in 1700 to £850 million by 1815, the year of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. However, in creating credit-issuing notes that were not fully backed by cash (gold) in hand, but were partly supported by credit given to the Government or by commerce - rendered itself liable to its depositors wanting all their money returned at once. The Bank therefore, needed to retain a prudent reserve of gold to ensure liabilities could be met on demand. This can be seen as the beginning of a policy of monetary stability. \n\nEventually, though, prudence and discretion proved insufficient. The Bank was the nation's bank, and at times of natural crisis its gold reserve was needed for national purposes.\n\n.\n.\n.\n\n1946: Bank of England nationalised\nNationalisation, after the Second World War, made little immediate practical difference to the Bank. The Bank remained the Treasury's adviser, agent and debt manager. During and for years after the war it administered exchange control and various borrowing restrictions on the Treasury's behalf. However, a revival of interest in monetary policy during the high inflation period of the seventies ultimately led to a re-evaluation of the role of the Bank of England.\n\n1997: Bank now responsible for monetary policy and the creation of the United Kingdom Debt Management Office\nIn 1997 the Government announced its intention to transfer full operational responsibility for monetary policy to the Bank of England. The Bank was given its independence as a central bank. Debt Management on behalf of the government was continued through the creation of the UK Debt Management Office, an executive agency of HM Treasury. The Bank's regulatory functions passed to the Financial Services Authority. ( http://www.dmo.gov.uk/bginfo/bofe.htm )
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B.\n\nCheck this:\n\nhttp://www.firstgov.gov/Agencies/Federal/Independent.shtml
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Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837.