What is the main function of IL-23 in humans?
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IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation \nORRESPONDENCE Daniel J. Cua: daniel.cua@dnax.org\n\nInterleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a unique p19 subunit, and a common p40 subunit shared with IL-12. IL-12 is important for the development of T helper (Th)1 cells that are essential for host defense and tumor suppression. In contrast, IL-23 does not promote the development of interferon-{gamma}–producing Th1 cells, but is one of the essential factors required for the expansion of a pathogenic CD4+ T cell population, which is characterized by the production of IL-17, IL-17F, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor. Gene expression analysis of IL-23–driven autoreactive T cells identified a unique expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines and other novel factors, distinguishing them from IL-12–driven T cells. Using passive transfer studies, we confirm that these IL-23–dependent CD4+ T cells are highly pathogenic and essential for the establishment of organ-specific inflammation associated with central nervous system autoimmunity.\n\nAbbreviations used: CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; CNS, central nervous system; DLN, draining LN; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; MOG, myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide; PLP, proteolipid protein peptide.\n\nClaire L. Langrish1, Yi Chen1, Wendy M. Blumenschein2, Jeanine Mattson2, Beth Basham3, Jonathan D. Sedgwick1, Terrill McClanahan2, Robert A. Kastelein1, and Daniel J. Cua1\n\n1 Discovery Research, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304\n2 Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304\n3 Bioinformatics, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304 \n\nPublished 18 January 2005. doi:10.1084/jem.20041257\n© Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $8.00\nJEM, Volume 201, Number 2, 233-240
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It is hypothesized that the inhibitory effect ubiquinone has on NF-kB, a major regulator of immune response and a primary transcription factor for anti-oxidant enzymes, is due to the reduction of oxidant stimulation.  Ubiquinone is involved in a large number of pathways, so you would have to be more specific than merely antioxidant.
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The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. The purpose of this article is to review the organs, cell types and interactions between cells of the immune system as a commentary on their importance and interdependence on the T helper subset. Such an understanding may help comprehend the root of immune deficiencies, and perceive potential avenues that the immune system can be modulated in the case of specific diseases.
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This is an awfully specific question.  I believe you will find your answer in the journal article below. Here is the abstract:\nBone wound healing requires osteoinductive signals that are attributed to (the) bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The cellular origin of such osteoinductive signals has only been partially elucidated. Because of the central role of the macrophage in cutaneous wound healing, we hypothesized that the macrophage could play a similar role in osseous healing. It was the aim of the present investigation to examine the possible expression of BMP by the macrophage, and to evaluate the contribution of macrophage products to an early step of bone formation modeled in an in vitro culture system. The synthesis of BMP-2 and BMP-6 by cultured human and murine macrophages was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were grown in conditioned media from J774A.1 cells, alkaline phosphatase expression increased. This induction was blocked by anti-BMP-2 antibody and by anti-transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) antibody. Modeling of the macrophage expression of osteoinductive signals by potential physiological situations was evaluated by treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or macrophage chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1). Macrophage BMP-2 expression was reduced by proinflammatory LPS stimulation (which was confirmed to induce release of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha), and conditioned media from LPS-treated macrophages had no ability to increase alkaline phosphatase activity in hMSCs. This first study of macrophage BMP-2 expression indicates that the macrophage is capable of physiological regulation consistent with a key role in osteoinduction for osseous wound healing.
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well,the main metabolic function of liver are:\n1.produces and excretes bile.\n2.performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism like Gluconeogenesis,Glycogenolysis &Glycogenesis.\n3. breakdown of insulin and other hormones. \n4.Cholesterol synthesis.\n5. production of triglycerides (fats). \n6.liver produces coagulation factors which are I (fibrinogen),II (prothrombin),V,VII,IX,and XI as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin.\n7.converts ammonia to urea.\n8.stores a multitude of substances like glycogen,vitamin B12,iron,and copper.\n9.the main site of red blood cell production in the first trimester fetus.
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LIVER\n\nIt plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including glycogen storage, plasma protein synthesis, and drug detoxification. This organ also is the largest gland in the human body. It produces bile, which is important in digestion. It performs and regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions requiring specialized tissues.\n\nFAT\n\nFats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. They also serve as energy stores for the body. Fats are broken down in the body to release glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy. The fatty acids are a good source of energy for many tissues, especially heart and skeletal muscle.
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ANTIBODIES,T C CELLS,T H CELLS,PHAGOCYTOSIS,MHC,CD,COMPLEMENT SYSTEM,APP,CRP,INTERLEUKIN\n,INTERFERON,\nMACROPHAGES,\nNK CELLS,\nCATHELICIDIN,HYPERSENSITIVITY....10 DONE...\nTHERE IS MUCH MORE....BODY IS A BIG TIME FIGHTER...\nINFECTIONS DONOT MESS  WITH IT
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immune system is not working properly
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immune systen is the defense system of the body and inflammation is a way of responding to various harmful stimuli. it is mediated at the cellular level and it involves a lot of complex processes and chemicals like histamine and the like. i think its bronchoconstriction that ur talking about, ya it could be inherited, environmental and immunological. Asthma is a good example.
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The structural interaction between the human T-cell receptor (TCR), and the antigenic peptide as linked to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule are fundamental to the workings of the immune system. Previous work has shown that when a virus or bacteria invades the body, the immune system first breaks up cells infected by the invaders. These infected cells are 'flagged" with a combination of the foreign protein and an MHC molecule and bound to a TCR. Roving T-cells then recognize and destroy these flagged cells. \n\nBut until now, no one has known what the atomic structure of this immune interaction looked like. Harvard researchers, led by Don C. Wiley of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, determined that TCR structure resembles that of another key component of the immune system, antibodies, particularly, the anitgen-binding region. This discovery led the way to the identification of the entire structure of the MHC-TCR complex. \n\nThe research indicates that the antigenic peptide produced by degradation of the invading virus within the cell is held within the MHC binding cleft almost like a hot-dog is held in a bun. This peptide and most of the MHC molecule are engulfed by the TCR. \n\nIn a related study, researchers at the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute gained new insight into the phenomenon of superantigen creation. In some cases, the TCR-MHC interaction leads to an overreaction by T-cells. This overactive immune creates superantigens have that have been implicated in diseases and complications as varied as toxic shock syndrome, diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. \n\nThe researchers showed for the first time how a superantigen protein (in this case, the peptide toxin produced by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus) binds to the TCR. The work showed that by bringing the MHC and TCR together directly, regardless of the peptide bound to the MHC, the superantigen circumvents the normal mechanism for T-cell activation by specific peptide-MHC complexes, and triggers a more general reaction instead. \n\nThe basis for the current work can be traced back to 1974, when Drs. Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty determined that killer T-cells sense infected target cells by the identification of viral antigens displayed on the cell surface in combination with MHC proteins. This process has become known as MHC restriction. The two scientists shared the Nobel prize this year for this work.
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Although gamma delta T cell receptor-bearing lymphocytes (gamma delta T cells) constitute a significant minority of circulating and tissue-associated T lymphocytes, the mechanism responsible for the activation of these cells is unknown. To address this question, resting gamma delta TCR+, CD3+, CD4-, CD8- cells isolated from the blood of healthy volunteers were cultured with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) or monocytes, and their proliferative response measured. DC alone induced gamma delta T cells to proliferate, with a peak response on the sixth day of culture. Pretreatment of DC with an anti-HLA-DR mAb, but not anti-HLA class I or anti-CD1 mAbs, inhibited the response of gamma delta T cells. Antibodies to gamma delta T cell receptor, CD2, CD3, or CD11a were also inhibitory, whereas antibodies to alpha beta T cell receptor, CD4, CD5, and CD8 had no effect. Although only 40-60% of freshly isolated gamma delta T cells expressed CD28, mAbs directed against CD28 or its ligand, CD80, were markedly inhibitory. Moreover, removal of CD28+ cells from the gamma delta T cell population nearly abrogated the response to DC. These results demonstrate that resting gamma delta T cells recognize and respond to MHC class II determinants on allogeneic DC in a manner that is highly dependent on the CD28 activation pathway as well as molecules such as CD2 and CD11a that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion.
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The human body has every thing it needs to kill any bacteria and virus.  Like Lyme or MS.  We have the cellular power to kill the bad pathogens.  \nHere is a website of some one who has signed testimony of his success in this.
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Spleen is useful to\n \n1) filter for your blood, cleansing it of bacteria, viruses and other debris. When blood flows through your spleen, white blood cells attack and remove any foreign invaders. This keeps your blood clean and helps protect you against infection.\n\n2) Destroying old red-blood cells\nRed blood cells have a lifespan of around 120 days, after which your spleen breaks them down. The red blood cell remains are transported elsewhere in your body where they are excreted or recycled to manufacture new red blood cells.\n\n3) Making blood cells\nBefore birth, foetuses produce red and white blood cells in their spleens. Shortly before birth the spleen loses its ability to make red blood cells and bone marrow takes over this job. The spleen continues producing infection-fighting white blood cells throughout our lives.\n\nWhat happens if spleen is removed (Living without a spleen)\nIt is possible to live without a spleen as most of its functions can be taken over by other organs. However, people without spleens are more vulnerable to all kinds of infections.
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Everything you do, touch, breath, eat and drink affects your immunity. How to build strong immunity in your body is greatly affected by how you live your life. Sleep, exercise, nutrition, stress reduction, and health conditions are the main providers of foundation of having strong immune response.\n\nThings to do:\n>>Live a healthy life in general.\n>>Adequate rest and sleep - during deep sleep, our bodies release potent immune-enhancing substances that strengthen immune function.\n>>Regular exercise -  The body has a remarkable ability to increase its metabolic capacity through consistent regular physical conditioning.\n>>Good nutrition -  A healthy balanced diet of vegetables, fruits, whole and fortified grains, and dairy products, with small amounts of fish and meat if you wish. is absolutely essential to maintain good immunity. A healthy immune system depends on adequate amounts of protein, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other important metabolic nutrients. \n>>Detoxification - effects of  toxins and pollution are harmful to the immune system. Avoiding source of toxins and pollution is the best way to help.\n>>Avoid geting stress - stress has been found to stimulate immune-suppressing chemicals such as adrenaline. Stress reducers such as meditation, relaxation, guided imagery, and hypnosis can effectively enhance immunity.\n>>Avoid smoking or getting exposed to smoke - smoking suppresses immune cells.\n>>Immunization against some diseases is a good help.☺
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No we don't. The human immune system is an extraordinary thing much like the rest of it's systems. The more it's exercised the stronger it gets. Avoiding germs and bacteria only makes people weaker.
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the inmune system is afected.. the blood white cells suffer this attack, they loose effectiveness because they are weakened by the virus, then they can`t attack other viruses and bacteries that incomes to the body, and causes "common" infections but with major severity, because the inmune system is out of order. Those infections kills the patient, not the HIV virus or its atttacks.
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23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body