what is neurotrophic kerotosis?
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Neurotrophic keratopathy is a degenerative disease characterized by decreased corneal sensitivity and poor corneal healing. This disease leaves the cornea susceptible to injury and decreases reflex tearing. Epithelial breakdown can lead to ulceration, infection, melting, and perforation secondary to poor healing.\n\n\nPathophysiology: The common factor in all cases of neurotrophic keratopathy is corneal hypesthesia. Sensory nerves exert a trophic influence on the corneal epithelium. The sensory neuromediators, acetylcholine, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, have been shown to increase epithelial cell proliferation in vitro. \n\nDenervation results in decreased cell metabolism, increased permeability, decreased levels of acetylcholine, and decreased cell mitosis. Because a continuous turnover of corneal epithelial cells occurs, this can lead to an epithelial defect even in the absence of injury. Sympathetic neuromediators and prostaglandins decrease epithelial cell mitosis. In fact, ipsilateral sympathetic denervation appears to mitigate the effects of corneal sensory denervation.\n\n\nFrequency: \n\n\nIn the US: Of anesthetic corneas, 15% will develop serious complications. Of the 40,000-60,000 cases of herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurring each year, 50% will have ocular involvement. Of these, 16% will demonstrate some form of neurotrophic keratopathy. \nMortality/Morbidity: \n\nBlurred vision secondary to epithelial irregularity, neovascularization, or corneal scarring \nSecondary infection of nonhealing epithelial defects \nCorneal perforation following stromal melting \nRace: No racial differences exist. \n\nSex: No gender differences exist. \n\nAge: Incidence of neurotrophic keratopathy increases with age.
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ectopia:  An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury\n\nneuronal:  pertaining to a neuron
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Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a neurological condition which normally occurs in adults 55-years and older. NPH is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causing the ventricles of the brain to enlarge, and in turn, stretching the nerve tissue of the brain causing a triad of symptoms: gait disturbance, dementia and urinary incontinence.
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"Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the (gnathostome) vertebrates, but it has also arisen by parallel evolution in some invertebrates."
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CMT could stand for a number of things. One condition is Charcot Marie Tooth Syndrome, otherwise known as HMSN (Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy).\n\nhttp://www.charcot-marie-tooth.org/
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just a suggestion.. it might be a form of neuropathy..\n\n\nkerri
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Could you mean Stein-Levinthal syndrome, or Polycystic Ovary Disease?
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I am only a first year med student, but your topic interested me and I spent some time researching it.\n\nIt can also be called PNH (periventricular nodular heterotopia) or just PH. The most common form of the disease results from a mutation in a gene on the FLN-1 gene on the X chromosome.  What is odd is that it is a X-linked dominant mutation (most of what you hear with the X chromosome is recessive).  This means that either:\n\n-The mother of the child had it and passed it on\n-That a spontaneous mutation occured while the DNA of the egg was being copied.  (A baby girl who is born has already copied all the DNA for her future children, so it was nothing a mother could have affected through lifestyle)\n-A third option is that it is caused by something called "somatic mosaicism".  This is a difficult topic to explain.  It means that while the embryo was multipling and copying its DNA, a mutation occured in this gene just randomly.  Therefore every cell that comes afterward from this cell is also affected.  This means that if the mutation occured early, a lot of cells would be affected.  It it occured later in the embryo, less cells would be affected.  A 1999 article I read said that this was the generally accepted view on males with PH.   \nI also read that they generally see this disease in baby girls, because boys with the mutation rarely survive to term birth and are often miscarried.  Females have two X chromosomes and thus the other "normal" X chromosome must have some protective effect.  \nThe gene makes a protein that is important for the migration of neurons during embyrogenesis.  With this malfunctioning protein the neurons did not migrate properly during while in gestation (in the mother's womb).  \nI read a lot about epilepsy (seizures) being associated with PH (actually 80% according to two articles I read).\nI also read that the levels of mental retardation can be vary a lot (which is very much in line with the idea of somatic mosaicism = varying degrees of pathology depending on which types of cells have the mutation and which don't).  There are some reported to have no mental retardation.  \nI was not able to find any support groups for your son's condition which is critical for further information.  I would recommend that your son be seen by a pediatric neurologist if he has not seen on yet (though I would assume he has).\nFinally, I did find a web site that tries to confidentially try to link up families that have similar genetic conditions that there are no support groups for.  This issue is about Angelman's syndrome but if you go to the bottom of the "Links Line" there is a family with an 11 year old son with the condition that would like to talk to others.  There is a contact person at the bottom.\n\nhttp://www.geneticsupportcouncil.org.au/uploads/pdfs/Gene%20Advocate%20Edition%2026%20June%202004_364.pdf\n\nHope this all helps.  I am still an eager first year medical student and I have sympathy for your family since I have three daughters of my own.
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it is called endocytosis and it is a form of bulk movement in for cells. "endo-" meaning in, "-cytosis" meaning cell. \n\nEndocytosis is a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules or other cells) from outside by engulfing it with their cell membranes. It is used by cells (especially protists) because most substances important to them are polar and consist of big molecules, and thus cannot pass through the highly hydrophobic plasma membrane.
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I had not heard of it but there seems to be lots of web sites out there.\n\nhttp://www.wellnessimages.com/common%20questions%20NMT.htm\n  What is Neuromuscular Therapy?\n\nNeuromuscular therapy is a type of bodywork that reduces chronic pain and normalizes body posture by selectively loosening tight muscles and connective tissue.  First, the therapist consults with the client to get an understanding of their symptoms and concerns.  Then the client’s presenting posture is observed.  It is understood that muscles move bones, and that distortions in posture are a result of muscle imbalance. \n\nWhen posture is distorted, joints deteriorate prematurely, nerves become compressed, and circulation is impaired.  Tissues are deprived of vital nutrients.  Chronic pain often results. \n\nA neuromuscular therapist develops an individualized strategy to restore the client’s healthy posture and reduce pain.  Overly tightened tissues are relaxed through the use of specifically applied manual therapy. \n\nNeuromuscular therapy owes its success to the successful resolution of compensating factors, often distant from the site of the client’s presenting symptoms.
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Take a look at this web site:  http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brachial_plexus/brachial_plexus.htm\nI hope this helps.
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It may be a sign of nerve damage.  See your doctor.
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Here you go! Hope this helps.\n\nhttp://web.uvic.ca/~rburke/burkelab/neuraldevelopment.htm
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The globe is definately the eye ball.  What the density can be, I don't know.  When is your appointment with the neurologist?  When the radiologist I work for reads out a MRI, and he finds something abnormal, he will usually give examples of what it could be.  It is called a differential diagnosis.  Do you have a report from the radiologist?
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not too common, here is info from the experts...\n\nUndescended testicle\n \nMy nephew's son was born with only one testicle. What causes this? Can it be treated?\n- No name / No state given\n  Mayo Clinic pediatrician Jay Hoecker, M.D., and colleagues answer select questions from readers.\nAnswer\nDuring male fetal development, the testicles (testes) form in the abdomen. In the final months before birth, they typically move down into the scrotum. But sometimes one testicle fails to fully descend. At birth, it remains up in the abdomen or only part way down toward the scrotum. Doctors refer to this as an undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). Up to 30 percent of boys born prematurely — and 4 percent of full-term male infants — have an undescended testicle.\n\nThis condition usually corrects itself without treatment within the first year of life. If this doesn't occur, treatment may include:\n\nInjections of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate movement of the testicle into the scrotum \nSurgery to relocate the testicle to the scrotum \nIf both testicles are undescended in a newborn male, a doctor may recommend tests to confirm the baby's sex and to identify the location of the testes.\n\nA male with only one healthy testicle can still have normal erections and make adequate sperm to conceive a child. However, potential health concerns in a male with an undescended testicle include:\n\nIncreased risk of testicular cancer, even if the testicle has been surgically relocated \nAn undescended testicle could twist and impair blood flow to the testicle (testicular torsion) \nhttp://www.mayoclinic.com/health/undescended-testicle/AN00556
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There appears to be more than one type of amyotrophy. See the links.
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Sounds like peripheral neuropathy. See a neurologist.