what is the effect of estrogen on plasma nitrite in diabetic female?
365267
Maffei, et al investigated whether estrogen therapy exerted vasoactive affects on post menopausal, healthy women.  Their results, "obtained in healthy women in recent menopause, indicate that the ratio between vasodilator (NOx and prostacyclin) and vasoconstrictor (Estrogen Therapy) bioavailability shifted towards the previous ones after Oral-ET, while it remained unchanged after Transdermal-ET; moreover, catecholamines levels were reduced by both treatments already from 1 month of therapy. These changes might represent very early beneficial effects evoked by ET on the cardiovascular system."\n\nHwang et al investigated the long term effect of estrogen replacement on plasma nitric oxide levels and the effect of arteriosclerotic plaquing.  "In this study, we found no evidence for an estrogen-induced effect on plasma total NO levels which unlikely accounted for the mechanism underlying the 17beta-estradiol atheroprotective effect on subclinical atherosclerosis progression."\n\nKonukoglu, et al investigated plasma total homocysteine concentrations in obese and non-obese female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; its relations with plasma oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels.  They determined "there was no significant correlation between plasma homocysteine and plasma NOx, insulin and blood pressure. They thought that homocysteine might have a permissive role on the endothelium damage through free radical generating systems and the presence of obesity the free radical induced-damage has been elevated in diabetic patients."\n\nR.W. Ke et al was investigating Effect of short-term hormone therapy on oxidative stress and endothelial function in African American and Caucasian postmenopausal women.  In addition, HT's effect on plasma nitric oxide (NO) activity was determined as a measure of vascular endothelial function. They investigated the relationship of these markers and HT across race and the cardiovascular risk factors of smoking, diabetes and hypertension.\nThey determined that "Nitrite, the stable oxidation metabolite of NO, was measured by the Greiss reaction after nitrate reduction to nitrite with cadmium.Plasma levels of free 8-isoprostane decreased significantly after 6 weeks of HT. Although almost all subjects benefited from the reduction in free 8-isoprostane, PMW with at least one cardiovascular risk factor (n = 19) demonstrated higher free 8-isoprostane than did subjects with no risk factors. "\n\nIn sum it appears that estrogen in the form of oral hormone replacement therapy increases the plasma nitrite levels in diabetic, post menopausal females to a greater extent than that of their non-cardiac risk factor counter parts.
88626
I am not a nurse or doctor,however,I have been diabetic (type 1) for 36 years. A normal blood sugar reading is between 80 and 120, At 190 sugar spills into your urine. That's when you become thirsty, beyond belief, and start to dehydrate. You will know every washroom in the city because of constant urination. I have been hospilized w/ a reading of about 1200. That was with taking insulin. I had dental work done, and the infection got the best of me. Your reading shows you that your sugar is high, but it is the way the sugar affects your organs that can be fatal. When I had my episode, my potassium levels were screaming high,my kidneys had shut down,I lost the vision in one eye from such a low blood pressure. I was in a coma for a day before anyone found me. I remained so for an additional five days. During that time I suffered a heart attack. Diabetes can be hard to control, even with insulin. Sometimes it becomes more complicated because of the insulin. If you can manage it without..DO IT! Get on a diet recommended by a dietition, get yourself a glucometer to check your sugar at home frequently. Exercise. Show your family the way to deal with it should they eventually have it. Your circulation is compromised, affecting your legs and feet, eyes, and kidneys, skin. High sugar means you will have a harder time fighting infections. Your teeth and gums will need extra care-and you are the only one that can do it. Don't become blind or on dialysis because you can't pass up a candy bar or a chunk of cake. your family needs you, and when you look at their smiling faces, you'll be grateful to be with them. I know I am telling you scary things. I wish someone had really explained to me HOW these things could come to pass. It's because it affects the smallest,tiniest blood vessels in your body. You don't always "just die" from diabetes. You could live a long time with what it can do to you. Good luck to you. I would be so proud of you if you could turn this thing around to become incredibley healthy. This would be the time to do that. If you see that your sugar is rising,for no apparent reason, such as large meal,eating fruit,etc.,call your doctor. It may be from a sinus infection, earache,cut that won't heal. The infection raises your sugar, your sugar makes it difficult to get rid of the infection. And so it goes..round and round. Don't wait for a huge spike in your numbers.
85787
*Pondering* Now mind you, it would be better to ask your physician or a dietician, but...\n\nDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high. Cells in the body break down glucose in order to provide energy for movement, growth, and repair. The hormone insulin is responsible for regulating glucose levels in the blood. Abnormally high levels of glucose can damage the small and large blood vessels, leading to diabetic blindness, kidney disease, amputations of limbs, stroke, and heart disease.\n\nThere are three common types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is usually (but not always) diagnosed in children and young adults. Persons with type 1 diabetes make no insulin and must take insulin every day. Type 2 diabetes is usually (but not always) diagnosed in adults over the age of 45. In type 2 diabetes, either the person is not making enough insulin, or the body is resistant to insulin and cannot use it properly. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy: 2-4 percent of all pregnant women have gestational diabetes. If a woman has gestational diabetes, she has about a 40 percent chance of having type 2 diabetes later in her life.\n\nAbout 17 million persons in America have Diabetes mellitus, but five million of them don't even know it. Nearly 1 million new cases are diagnosed each year. The disease affects men and women of all ages and ethnic groups. African Americans, Latinos, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders are more greatly affected than other groups.\n\nUnless you must take regular insulin shots, you can control some diabetes with a proper diet. Below I've added a few links on the subject.
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I'm a RN who has taught Nursing for over 20 years and who has taught Diabetes Management at a large local hospital.  First of all I congratulate you for your willingness to help your stepmom with her hyperglycemia problem.  She has type 2 diabetes or previously known as adult onset diabetes.  Type 2 diabetics have insulin resistance.  Although their pancreas does produce some insulin their body is not able to properly utilize the insulin to allow glucose to get into their cells for fuel and energy.  As a result they become very tired and lethargic,  are thirsty and hungry often, and have to get rid of urine frequently.  Other symptoms may include blurred vision, dizziness, inability to concentrate,  headaches, yeast infections, leg pain, etc. Diabetes Type 2 is treated by diet, exercise, and medication.  Thank you for listing the medications your stepmom is on:  Metformin 500 mg qid and Glipizide 10 mg bid.  Her blood sugars are too high and the medication is no longer working efficiently for her.  As a result she is experiencing hyperglycemia or too high blood sugars.  In my professional opinion she now needs to be seen by a Diabetologist who can evaluate her thoroughly and probably would alter her medication and diet. A Diabetologist is an Endocrinologist who specializes in Diabetes.  You can find one by phoning your local hospital and requesting the names and phone numbers of Diabetologists that they have on their medical staff.  I'm pleased to hear that you have been trying to get her to work out with you.  That is a great start!  I cannot emphasize enough the importance of a Diabetologist treating your stepmom as quickly as possible so that her poor sugar control can be turned around.  The long term effects of uncontrolled Diabetes can result in neuropathy, blindness, foot amputation, severe cardiac disease and kidney disease.  What is done for her now or not done for her could have lasting effects long term.  To look up related sites on the web look up type 2 diabetes management.  I wish your stepmom God's blessings and healing touch.  Good luck to you.
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estrogen is a sex hormone, functioning as the primary female sex hormone, while insulin is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.\n\nFrom wikipedia:\nEstrogens' (also oestrogens) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the oestrus cycle, functioning as the primary female sex hormone. While estrogens are present in both men and women, they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) regulate the production of estrogen in ovulating women. Since estrogen circulating in the blood can feedback to reduce circulating levels of FSH and LH, some oral contraceptives contain estrogens.\n\nThe three major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estradiol, estriol and estrone. In the body these are all produced from androgens through enzyme action. Estradiol is produced from testosterone and estrone from androstenedione. Estrone is weaker than estradiol, and in post-menopausal women more estrone is present than estradiol.\n\nInsulin: \n, "island", as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Apart from being the primary effector in carbohydrate homeostasis, it also has a substantial effect on small vessel muscle tone, controls storage and release of fat (triglycerides) and cellular uptake of both amino acids and some electrolytes. In this last sense, it has anabolic properties. Its concentration (more or less, presence or absence) has extremely widespread effects throughout the body.\n\nInsulin is used medically in some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on exogenous insulin (injected subcutaneously) for their survival because of an absolute deficiency of the hormone; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have either relatively low insulin production or insulin resistance or both, and a non-trivial fraction of type 2 diabetics eventually require insulin administration when other medications become inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels.\n\nInsulin has the empirical formula C257H383N65O77S6.\n\nSo essentially, tho they are both hormones, they play very different roles. Also, insulin is not typcally realted to one gender, while estrogen is mainly a female hormone (and therefore has feminising abilities)\nHope that helps you!
458983
This is a very 'controversial' issue.  A lot of scientific work is being done to gather enough evidence to give a clear answer.\n\nSoy Isoflavones have a mild estrogenic activity in the body.  They compete with estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors.  However, they only weakly activate the receptor, whereas estrogen strongly activates the receptor.  For most women the net effect of this is to 'modulate' the estrogen receptor response.  This means if the woman's estrogen levels are too HIGH, the soy isoflavones will reduce estrogen receptor responses.  And, if the woman's estrogen levels are too LOW, the soy isoflavones will bind to the receptor and initiate at least a little response (increasing her receptor responses overall).\n\nSo, the best way to think about all of this, is to think of 'soy' as an estrogen 'modifier' or 'moderator'.  If estrogen activity is too high, soy lowers it.  But, if estrogen activity is too low, soy raises it.  It is a pretty neat 'biologic trick' that will be 'productive' for most women.\n\nHope you find this helpful.  Best wishes and good luck.
682390
Estrogen plays several important roles as an 'anti-inflammatory' agent in the body.  The reduction in estrogen after total hysterectomy would be expected to lead to an increase in inflammation.  Joint aches may be a result of this increase.  Bio-identical hormone replacement therapy (not premarin or provera) may be helpful.  Phytoestrogens from dietary sources may also be beneficial.  Lastly, large intakes of antioxidants such as Vitamins C and E, lipoic acid, glutathione, N-Acetyl-Csyteine (NAC), beta-carotene (but not in smokers) and selenium, magnesium and zinc may also be indicated.\n\nBest wishes.
185017
Altered hemodynamic response to isosorbide dinitrate in essential hypertension\nBM Pannier, T Kando, AA Safarian, RN Isnard, BE Diebold, and ME Safar\n\nRelaxation produced by nitrates on venous, arteriolar, and large arterial vessels is well known but has never been studied in human hypertensive aortas studied in vivo. In this investigation, the effects of acute oral administration of 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate were evaluated in 12 patients with sustained essential hypertension and nine normotensives of the same age. Noninvasive measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and aortic-arch diastolic diameter using suprasternal echocardiography were determined before and 3 hours after drug administration. In normal subjects, isosorbid dinitrate significantly decreased systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure but did not affect diastolic and mean arterial pressure. In contrast, in hypertensives, the same dosage of isosorbid dinitrate decreased together systolic, diastolic mean, and pulse pressure. In both populations, pulse wave velocity decreased significantly whereas aortic arch diastolic diameter increased markedly. The increase was observed mainly in normal subjects. The study provided evidence that (1) both in normal subjects and hypertensives, isosorbide dinitrate caused an increase in aortic diameter together with an increase in arterial distensibility; and (2) the changes in mean arterial pressure were significant only in hypertensives, indicating that the altered vasodilator response in essential hypertension is not endothelium-mediated
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Nothing in particular, except smoking. Smoking causes characteristic damage to several body systems, and it reinforces the damage diabetes does. No one needs both at work. Give it up! If you have lost feeling in the feet, it's best by far to check them often for signs of blisters or cuts or skin breaks of any kind. The reason is that, if you can't feel it, you won't take care of it. Diabetes is the largest cause of amputation in adults in theh North America save trauma (like automobile accidents). The reason is largely reduced circulation, and reduced wound healing, and increased infection severity in many diabetics. Watch those feet.   \n\n\nNo food, or food type, is inherently bad for diabetics, and in the case of Type 1 diabetics, there is less concern for various kinds of food than for Type 2 diabetics, for whom excess weight seems to both bring on Type 2, but also to make more severe cases. \n\nThe problem for Type 1s is that, producing no insulin of their own, it's necessary to provide insulin from the outside, and to come as close as possible to the non-diabetic levels of insulin so that blood glucose levels are as near normal as possible. Insulin controls how, and how much, about 2.3 of body cells taek up glucose from the blood. Among much else, of course, for it is a hormone which has wide and varied effects throughout the body. \n\nThere are several things which affect how fast and high blood glucose goes: \n\n--First is how much food is eaten. In this case, sugar (sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), starch (many glucoses stuck together in chains), fat (a small part of fats -- the glycerol backbone -- can be converted to glucose in the body), and so on. All provide glucose, eventually, to the blood. One of the purpsoes of the 'exchange' system is to provide a handy way to estimate the food quantities eaten. \n\n--Second is exercise. Even without insulin, exercise (even mild exercise such as a brisk walk) causes glucose to be uptaken by muscle cells. Given any partiuclar amount of food, exercising before the meal will result in less inculin needed than otherwise, since the mechanisms are independent. teh effect lasts for some hours, so a brisk walk for 30 minutes just after luch will still increase glucose absorprion rates of food eaten at dinner.  \n\n--Third, is the amount of insulin. All other things being equal, more insulin means that more glucose will be absorbed from the blood by body cells and less insulin will mean less. \n\n--Fourth, type of insulin. There are several types of insulin. They vary largely by how long their effect (forcing absroption of glucose from the blood) lasts, and whether there is a marked peak in action. So, a given amount of regular insulin acts faster and more intensely than lente ('slow') insulin which takes longer to exhaust itself, or ultra lente ('very slow') insulin. NPH insulin falls between regular and lente in speed of action adn suration of action. The analog insulins (one from Lilly and one from Novo Nordisk) are much more quickly acting, beginning totake effect with 15 or 20 minutes and being done in an hour or perhaps an hour and a half. Two special insulins, Lantus and Detemir, are unusual in that they exhibit very little peak of action. Their insulin effect  takes place steadily over about 24 hours. \n\nLocation of administration also has a secondary effect on how long the insulin effect lasts. \n\n--Fifth is the composition of the food eaten.  For example, skim milk contains lactose (a mildly sweetish dual sugar) which is disassembled into its component simple sugars and absorbed by the intestines. Drinking the same amount of whole milk delivers the same amount of lactose, but much more slowly since the butterfat in the whole milk slows down digestive action on the lactose. A baked potato eaten 'dry' will be converted to glucose and absorbed, while the smae amount of potato eaten with butter or sour cream is much more slowly a
66193
my mom used estroven to help her menopause. it really helped when she took it regularly.
1130117
While hormone therapy will help, if you want to go totally natural, get yourself checked out for hyperinsulinemia.  Estrogen helps keep a high insulin condition under control - somehow.  Now that your estrogen producers are gone, insulin can go wild.  Are you gaining weight too?  That may be a symptom.  \n\ncheck out www.hufa.org regarding hyperinsulinemia and some of its other effects.
472772
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15752236&dopt=Abstract\n\n\n\nhttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/1838
1094036
J and gand..are both absolutely correct. If you are diabetic and checking your sugar and you are having difficulty controling it you need to see your diabetes management nurse or physician. Now there are a few other things that can also cause a rise in am sugars that would be the use of corticosteroids for the control of inflamation or endocrin disorders. Corticosteroids can actually cause a non diabetic to require the use of diabetic medications during the course of there treatment (that cortisol thing going on there)
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1.  It is known that estrogen(and progesterone) hormone replacement does NOT prevent Alzheimer's and may even increase the risk for dementia.  This is very new.\nhttp://www.alz.org/Resources/FactSheets/FS_hrt.pdf\n\n2.  People are apparently starting to look at whether testosterone (and luteinizing hormone, LH) may prevent Alzheimer's in men, but it looks like this is under investigation and there is no clinical evidence of this yet (warning: poorly written article linked)\nhttp://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CD89F93A-EACF-4811-9C6D-5419FAACC9CB.htm\n\nThese hormones are generally given as a pill.  They are absorbed into the bloodstream and then carried to the whole body, including the brain.  There are no direct brain injections techniques yet.
174104
hi, Dr Diana Schwarzbein has a wonderful book called The Schwarzbein Principle - you can probably get it at your library.  In back of the book it says she founded The Endocrinology Institute of Santa Barbara in 1993.  She sub-specializes in metabolism, diabetes, osteoporosis, menopause and thyroid conditions, subjects she lecture on frequently.  She lives.. in Santa Barbara..  very good info!
98644
The link I'm providing is a study titled, "Type 2 Diabetes: An Inflammatory Disease Process? Clinical and Physiological Links Between Diabetes and Heart Disease." \n\n"In a large seven year study, for which over 12,000 patients were screened, cardiovascular risk was demonstrated to be associated with an elevated white blood cell count (WBC) ..."\n\nI'm not a doctor, nor am I suggesting you may have heart disease, but the study is an interesting read, nonetheless.\n\nI hope you find the answer you're looking for.  Good luck!
313294
Go on a diabetic diet. You can find a book on the subject at the library.