how recognize between old &new strand in mismatching?
361812
Usually older DNA strand has post transcription modification compared to newer DNA strands (methylation).\nAs for experiments to tell which one is old vs. new, you can do a purse-chase experiment using radio-labeled dNTPs.
1112549
In this question, they're testing 2 key points -- do you know what introns and exons are, and do you know which type of mutation is the worst.\n\nExons and Introns are different pieces of DNA where introns don't code for anything, whereas exons do.  So an easy way to remember that is EXons are EXpressed. (the DNA code is like this as a safeguard from mutations--since when DNA replicates there is so much to replicate, and to prevent many errors it has a lot of buffer material (the introns), so it is less likely that something important well have a mutation since only 5% of all the info is important (the exons).\n\nso, a is obviously out since introns don't contribute to anything.\n\nb) transversion v. frameshift.  Transversions are when 2 base pairs get flipped.  Frameshift mutations are when the reading frame gets shifted.  If you have a transversion, it is okay because either 1 or 2 proteins max will change.  However, if you have a frameshift mutation, then you can have stops where u have starts, or starts where you have stops, and that is much worse, so you would get a much worse outcome if you were to have a frameshfit mutation.\n\nso C is the worst.
877991
try to find out which one is not correct
726530
Experimentally you can do primer extension, which will show the +1 site, from there you can identify the RBS and -10 and -35 sequences.\n\nYou can also do mobility shift assays with RNA polymerase to show that a certain piece of DNA contains the promoter, then do DNAse protection assays to show where the polymerase is actually binding.
16777
I'm not familiar with the algorithm, but I'll take a stab at the question. Reconstructing phylogenies genetically has to do with comparing DNA sequences. The mathmatical analysis has to do with determining what is the likelihood that two sequences of DNA can be the same by chance alone. If the odds are that they would be unlikely to be the same by random chance, they would be considered to have had a common ancestor.\n\nYou can think about the probabilities here. If you flip a coin twice, the chances of getting heads both times is pretty good. If you flip it a hundred times, the chance of getting heads everytime is diminishingly small. \n\nThe algorithm probably compares DNA sequences and determines how likely it is that they are related, and how closely related. I don't do this kind of work, so someone else may know specifically, but this would be the idea.
132431
You may need watson - creek structure\nDNA structure
600557
Ultimately all changes in DNA sequence across all living organisms are the result of mutations.  Essentially, the copying process went wrong somewhere along the line and generated a change.  These may occur as a result of many factors.\n\n1.) Substitutions are changes in single bases.  A becomes T for example.  In a large fraction of cases, this will lead to  a change in the amino acid, which in turn changes the protein.\n\n2.) Indels (insertion/deletion events) will add or subtract DNA.  During replication, a segment of DNA may be added or removed leading to a change.  It is also possible that DNA becomes damaged or lost and that change is passed on to future generations.\n\n3.) Recombination can lead to novel arrangements of existing strands of DNA.  It can also occur improperly and generate change (often through indels).\n\n4.) Chromosomal rearrangement.  If chromosomes break they may reattach elsewhere, become a whole new chromosome, or lose parts entirely.  This can lead to moving an allele into a completely new gene environment.  The protein itself may not change, but the expression of the protein might.\n\nFinally, natural selection and random effects (such as bottlenecks) will affect the gene frequencies.  Sometimes these will allow for new interactions of genes.
638715
Stain with ethidium bromide (careful, its a carcinogen) and photograph under uv light.\n\nMeasure the migration of the bands and those of the size reference.  Plot the migration of the size reference on semi-log paper and use the resulting curve to detemine the size of your plasmid fragments.
29539
No, different genes are coded starting on different strands. However, one strand must be used for one protein; they cannot both be used, because RNA polymerase binds to a start codon and then must procede in the 5' to 3' direction.
116048
same number but one is just mutated
940203
Here is one that is pretty good.  This is for comparing comparing known theoretical sequence with sequence obtained by experimentation.\n\nI think NCBI also has comparative sequence feature, but I have not found it to be that great.\n\nHope this helps.  Pass on the good Karma!
971621
"A" is the answer.  It happens in prophase of meiosis 1 and it does exactly what choice "A" states.  The rest of the choices happen during meiosis as well, but do not explain the importance of crossing over.
736773
There are too many things that might have gone wrong.\nYou are saying your template is a genomic DNA and then that it is plasmid ("if I shouldn't use a plasmid DNA") ? It can't be both, unless you mean you have a genomic library in a plasmid...\n\nplasmid templates are very good for PCR so that is definitely not the problem.(Unless the plasmid preparation is not good and you have e.g some ethanol or isopropanol or whatever in it.)\n\nIf you meant that you have a choice between genomic and plasmid template  go for the plasmid \nYou have to check again the design of your primers, the putative Tm, the size of the DNA so that you let elongation occur for enough time, etc...\n\nSome polymerases cannot cope with very long and difficult templates under usual conditions so you might have play with the conditions or change polymerase or use a polymerase mix.\n\nWe don't have enough info to be more specific. You just have to go through the design again carefully to see if there are any mistakes and then start changing conditions (Temperature, Mg concentration, annealing temperature varying with cycles, polymerase, etc)\n\nAlso if you designed the primers based on the cDNA but the template has introns, did you check that there are no introns disturbing the sequence which the primers should be annealing to?
905993
In that situation, an A was inserted into the middle codon of the first sequence, between the C's in CCG\nso gca cAcg gag\nthis caused all following nucleotides to be one out of place, and thus all following codons will be different.\nThis is called a frameshift mutation.
396880
DNA duplicates during inter phase of cell division to prepare the cell for mitosis
327006
You're trying to say you have a synthetic chromosome. I would check all the experiments for contamination, and check the cells for endogenous expression before jumping to that conclusion. There are a lot of hurdles to leap, as mentioned in the other posts.
593627
They are different varieties due to different in DNA color sequence.This is regulated by gene regulation and expression by making novel proteins.