which type of seismic wave does the most damage to property and why?
370879
Surface waves are the most destructive because they travel along the earth's surface and travel more slowly because they have a lower frequency.  There are two types of surface waves Rayleigh waves and Love waves.
555431
Fires cause most of the destruction after the Earthquake. So surviving buildings would probably suffer the most in the hours after the Earthquake.
778146
Nothing!  Seismic Waves are caused by earthquakes not hurricanes.  A good transmit means certain substance aid wave movement and others hinder wave movement,\nHurricanes cause high wind, spawn tornadoes, cause flooding from heavy rain and tidal surges and usually effect large areas.
121746
Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional or tensional stresses built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the earth's surface (see lithosphere). The immediate cause of most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of stress along a fault, or fracture in the earth's crust, resulting in movement of the opposing blocks of rock past one another. These movements cause vibrations to pass through and around the earth in wave form, just as ripples are generated when a pebble is dropped into water. Volcanic eruptions, rockfalls, landslides, and explosions can also cause a quake, but most of these are of only local extent. Shock waves from a powerful earthquake can trigger smaller earthquakes in a distant location hundreds of miles away if the geologic conditions are favorable.
231102
Both A and B- The peak amplitude of the wave is indicative of the peak energy carried.  Any displacement from the rest is a measure of energy (rest being zero energy).  Thus, it is both the maximum energy and the maximum displacement.
768331
Are you talking about the 'Modified' Mercalli and the Richter scale?  \n\nIf so, the 'Modified' Mercalli scale measures the intensity of the earthquake.  This means it measures the affects of the earthquake.  Some things that may be noted on this scale is that the road cracked, buildings fell down, or even just that trees shake.  This scale measures intensity on a scale of 1-12 with the most destructive being a 12.\n\nThe Richter scale measures the magnitude of the earthquake.  Magnitude is the amount of energy released.  It has nothing to do with the amount of damage caused.   This scale is measured from 1-8 with 8 having the most energy released.\n\nI hope this helps!
328674
Go the web-page below, u will almost all the details:-\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_retrofit
898102
There are several factors decides the amount of destruction during earthquakes. The safest place is only the open ground. Important factors are magnitude, frequency of earthquakes, and natural frequency of buildings, geographical condition, and the distance from the source of earthquakes. Some times tall building withstands the quakes and short buildings are damaged. If the frequency of earthquakes matches with the natural frequency of the building the damages will be more. You can construct the building of short height using the technology adopted for self alignment bearings. That will just osculate. No damages will be there for any quakes. Please visit my slide show in the following URL. \nhttp://asia.pg.photos.yahoo.com/ph/quake
945993
Earthquake, shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the Earth by earthquake waves. The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”). Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists.\n\nThe destruction an earthquake causes depends on its magnitude and duration, or the amount of shaking that occurs. A structure’s design and the materials used in its construction also affect the amount of damage the structure incurs. Earthquakes vary from small, imperceptible shaking to large shocks felt over thousands of kilometers. Earthquakes can deform the ground, make buildings and other structures collapse, and create tsunamis (large sea waves). Lives may be lost in the resulting destruction.\n\nEarthquakes, or seismic tremors, occur at a rate of several hundred per day around the world. A worldwide network of seismographs (machines that record movements of the Earth) detects about 1 million small earthquakes per year. Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, which caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide once every few years. Moderate earthquakes, such as the 1989 tremor in Loma Prieta, California, and the 1995 tremor in Kōbe, Japan, occur about 20 times a year. Moderate earthquakes also cause millions of dollars in damage and can harm many people.\n\nIn the last 500 years, several million people have been killed by earthquakes around the world, including over 240,000 in the 1976 T’ang-Shan, China, earthquake. Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused severe property and structural damage. Adequate precautions, such as education, emergency planning, and constructing stronger, more flexible, safely designed structures, can limit the loss of life and decrease the damage caused by earthquakes.
869831
P wave is the primary wave. Generated from the point called focus. The speed of this wave is from 13 to 17 kilo meters per second. Moves the particles in its direction of propagation. you can assume that this is non destructive wave. The secondary waves comes from the point of focus. The speed is nearly half of the primary wave. This moves the particles perpendicular to the direction of its propagation. Destructive.Do not pass through liquid. These waves are called body waves. generated from earthquakes. The L wave and R waves are most dangerous waves coming from the surface of the earth. These waves are coming because of reflection and refraction.These are called surface waves. The speed is slower than other two waves.
905919
An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from and is powered by the sudden release of stored energy in the crust that propagates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property.\n\nEarthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of human activities. In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves.\n\nTypes of earthquakes\n\nNaturally occurring earthquakes :-\nMost naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the Earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. The Earth's lithosphere is a patchwork of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. Plate boundaries grind past each other, creating frictional stress. When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value, called local strength, a sudden failure occurs. The boundary of tectonic plates along which failure occurs is called the fault plane. When the failure at the fault plane results in a violent displacement of the Earth's crust, the elastic strain energy is released and seismic waves are radiated, thus causing an earthquake. This processes of strain, stress, and failure is referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth and is converted into heat. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy, though these losses are negligible\nEarthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes, while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.\n\nThe majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding a few tens of kilometers. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (up to hundreds of kilometers). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep focus earthquakes are another phenomenon associated with a subducting slab. These are earthquakes that occur at a depth at which the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure.\nEarthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.\n\nA recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.\n\n\nInduced earthquakes :- \n\nSome earthquakes have anthropogenic sources, such as extraction of minerals and fossil fuel from the Earth's crust, the removal or injection of fluids into the crust, reservoir-induced seismicity, massive explosions, and collapse of large buildings. Seismic events caused by human activity are referred to by the term induced seismicity. They however are not strictly earthquakes and usually show a dif
507624
transmission of shock waves across a boundary between matter/states causes a net loss of energy in the resultant shockwave. thus only high energy shock waves from under water will result in a shock wave transmiting into the air above. any shock waves with less energy than the threshold requirement of the boundary (defined by the properties of the 2 substances either side of the barrier,) will be reflected back inside the matter/state of its origin. also, refraction of the shock wave accross a state boundary - in much the same way as light passing through a prism, will split the wave into a number of waves of specific frequency and amplitude, thus accounting for the net energy transmitted. only some of these resultant waves are likely to be audible to human ears.
454597
None of them .L waves causes more damage of all.\nPrimary (P)waves : Pressure waves caused when rock is pushed or pulled forward or backward. Primary waves, the fastest wave sent out by an earthquake, travel down into the earth rather than along the surface.(Remember: P waves - primary,p ressure, push-and-pull\nSecondary (S) waves : Shear waves caused when rock is shaken or whipped from side-to-side, like the wavy motion of a slithery snake. Secondary waves, the second-fastest wave sent out by an earthquake, travel down into the earth rather than along the surface. (Remember: S waves - second, shear, side-to-side)\nSurface (L) waves : Up-and-down (rolling) or side-to-side motion of the earth surface. Surface waves, the slowest earthquake waves, travel along the surface of the earth rather than down into the earth. Although they are the slowest of all earthquake waves, L waves usually cause more damage to society than P or S waves. L waves were named after a geologist who studied them. ( Remember: L waves are always the last to arrive.
1055203
hehehehehehe first of all i wud like to say u tht ther is no advantage of earthquakes, everything are disadvantages ok\n\nso as u say u need for your project then i shall surely help but if its the best one (and i know it will be) please give me the best answer ok.\n\nThe disadvantages or the effects of earthquakes are as follows : -\n\n1.GROUND SHAKING : - \nGround shaking is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during an earthquake. Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface waves. As a generalization, the severity of ground shaking increases as magnitude increases and decreases as distance from the causative fault increases. Although the physics of seismic waves is complex, ground shaking can be explained in terms of body waves, compressional, or P, and shear, or S, and surface waves, Rayleigh and Love. \n\nP waves propagate through the Earth with a speed of about 15,000 miles per hour and are the first waves to cause vibration of a building. S waves arrive next and cause a structure to vibrate from side to side. They are the most damaging waves, because buildings are more easily damaged from horizontal motion than from vertical motion. The P and S waves mainly cause high-frequency vibrations; whereas, Rayleigh waves and Love waves, which arrive last, mainly cause low-frequency vibrations. Body and surface waves cause the ground, and consequently a building, to vibrate in a complex manner. The objective of earthquake-resistant design is to construct a building so that it can withstand the ground shaking caused by body and surface waves.\n\nIn land-use zoning and earthquake-resistant design, knowledge of the amplitude, frequency composition, and the time duration of ground shaking is needed. These quantities can be determined from empirical (observed) data correlating them with the magnitude and the distribution of Modified Mercalli intensity of the earthquake, distance of the building from the causative fault, and the physical properties of the soil and rock underlying the building. The subjective numerical value of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale indicates the effects of ground shaking on man, buildings, and the surface of the Earth.\n\nWhen a fault ruptures, seismic waves are propagated in all directions, causing the ground to vibrate at frequencies ranging from about 0.1 to 30 Hertz. Buildings vibrate as a consequence of the ground shaking; damage takes place if the building cannot withstand these vibrations. Compressional waves and shear waves mainly cause high-frequency (greater than 1 Hertz) vibrations which are more efficient than low-frequency waves in causing low buildings to vibrate. Rayleigh and Love waves mainly cause low-frequency vibrations which are more efficient than high-frequency waves in causing tall buildings to vibrate. Because amplitudes of low-frequency vibrations decay less rapidly than high-frequency vibrations as distance from the fault increases, tall buildings located at relatively great distances (60 miles) from a fault are sometimes damaged.\n\n\n2.SURFACE FAULTING : - Surface faulting -- the differential movement of the two sides of a fracture at the Earth's surface-- is of three general types: strike-slip, normal, and reverse (or thrust). Combinations of the strike-slip type and the other two types of faulting can be found. Although displacements of these kinds can result from landslides and other shallow processes, surface faulting, as the term is used here, applies to differential movements caused by deep-seated forces in the Earth, the slow movement of sedimentary deposits toward the Gulf of Mexico, and faulting associated with salt domes.\n\n\nDeath and injuries from surface faulting are very unlikely, but casualties can occur indirectly through fault damage to structures.\n\nSurface faulting, in the case of a strike-slip fault, generally affects a long narrow zone whose total area is small compared with the total area affected by ground shaking. Neverthe
554109
use ultrasonic machine... the sound waves should shatter it to smithereens
550519
It is about the frequency, not the amplitude. Any frequency below 20 000 Hertz is capable of shattering glass provided it's constant and from an uniform source and is properly directed onto a subject, which is glass in this case.
544138
There are many factors that would determine whether your house would be knocked down by an earthquake or not.\n\nThe most obvious would be the size of the earthquake and your distance from the epicenter. The amount of destruction tends to drop off rapidly with distance from the epicenter.\n\nThe next factor would be what your house is made of.  Wood frame structures tend to stand earthquake stress more readily than a masonry (brick or concrete) building would because the joints between the wood can flex and return to their original form whereas bricks will break apart.  The age of the structure and any earthquake retrofitting will also be a factor.  In homes, one of the most common retrofits is to bolt the house to the concrete foundation so it won't slide off during a quake.\n\nThe third factor is the ground under your house.  There are certain soil types that can magnify the force of the earthquake.  An example of this is the Marina District in San Francisco.  It is largely built on top of debris from the 1906 quake.  During the Loma Prieta quake, the relatively loose rubble vibrated and shifted causing extensive damage to the buildings atop it.