rotational,vibrational spectra and diffraction in atoms and molecules?
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CHEMISTRY I: ATOMS AND MOLECULES\nTable of Contents\nAtoms | Electrons and energy | Chemical Bonding | Chemical reactions and molecules\n\nLearning Objectives | Terms | Review Questions | Links\nAtoms | Back to Top\n\nMost of the Universe consists of matter and energy. Energy is the capacity to do work. Matter has mass and occupies space. All matter is composed of basic elements that cannot be broken down to substances with different chemical or physical properties. Elements are substances consisting of one type of atom, for example Carbon atoms make up diamond, and also graphite. Pure (24K) gold is composed of only one type of atom, gold atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle into which an element can be divided. The ancient Greek philosophers developed the concept of the atom, although they considered it the fundamental particle that could not be broken down. Since the work of Enrico Fermi and his colleagues, we now know that the atom is divisible, often releasing tremendous energies as in nuclear explosions or (in a controlled fashion in) thermonuclear power plants.\n\nSubatomic particles were discovered during the 1800s. For our purposes we will concentrate only on three of them. The proton is located in the center (or nucleus) of an atom, each atom has at least one proton. Protons have a charge of +1, and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu). Elements differ from each other in the number of protons they have, e.g. Hydrogen has 1 proton; Helium has 2.\n\nThe neutron also is located in the atomic nucleus (except in Hydrogen). The neutron has no charge, and a mass of slightly over 1 amu. Some scientists propose the neutron is made up of a proton and electron-like particle.\n\nThe electron is a very small particle located outside the nucleus. Because they move at speeds near the speed of light the precise location of electrons is hard to pin down. Electrons occupy orbitals, or areas where they have a high statistical probability of occurring. The charge on an electron is -1. Its mass is negligible (approximately 1800 electrons are needed to equal the mass of one proton).\n\nThe atomic number is the number of protons an atom has. It is characteristic and unique for each element. The atomic mass (also referred to as the atomic weight) is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Atoms of an element that have differing numbers of neutrons (but a constant atomic number) are termed isotopes. Isotopes can be used to determine the diet of ancient peoples by determining proportions of isotopes in mummified or fossilized human tissues. Biochemical pathways can be deciphered by using isotopic tracers. The age of fossils and artifacts can be determined by using radioactive isotopes, either directly on the fossil (if it is young enough) or on the rocks that surround the fossil 9for older fossils like dinosaurs). Isotopes are also the source of radiation used in medical diagnostic and treatment procedures.\n\nNote that each of these isotopes of hydrogen has only one proton. Isotopes differ from each other in the number of neutrons, not in the number of protons. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.\n\nSome isotopes are radioisotopes, which spontaneously decay, releasing radioactivity. Other isotopes are stable. Examples of radioisotopes are Carbon-14 (symbol 14C), and deuterium (also known as Hydrogen-2; 2H). Stable isotopes are 12C and 1H.\n\nCarbon has three isotopes, of which carbon-12 and carbon-14 are the most well known. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.\n\nThe Periodic Table of the Elements provides a great deal of information about various elements. An on-line Periodic Table is available by clicking here, or if that is busy try a mirror site.\n\nThe Periodi
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go to\nwww.chemistry.com
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There are a variety of sources. If it's a physical constant, I'd suggest the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or Langer's Book of Chemistry. You might also try the chemical literature through scifinder, if you are at a university that has a subscription.
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The space between the molecules
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http://submarine.dyndns.org/~tofu702/Science/Physics_Book/PhysicsBookFull.pdf\n\nInduced absorption and stimulated emission in the ground state of a three-level atom\nC Mavroyannis 1992 Quantum Opt. 4 145-150   doi:10.1088/0954-8998/4/3/001\n\n   \n     PDF (237 KB) | References | Articles citing this article \n  \n   \n\nC Mavroyannis\nSci. Inst. for Molecular Sci., Nat. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada\nAbstract. Studies the competition between absorption and stimulated emission induced by two laser fields at low intensities interacting on a two-photon resonance with a three-level atom. The induced spectrum into the ground state consists of a peak whose height and asymmetry depend strongly on the detuning. The spectra arising from the emission of a laser photon by the excited state consists of two peaks describing stimulated emission and induced absorption, respectively, where the former dominates the latter for small values of the Rabi frequencies but for higher ones, they cancel each other out. \n\nPrint publication: Issue 3 (June 1992)\n\n\nPDF (237 KB) | References | Articles citing this article
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Try this:\nhttp://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/physics/f3.htm
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Field ¤ subfields\n\n§ Astrophysics - ¤ Cosmology, Planetary Science, Plasma Physics\n\n§ Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics - ¤ Atomic Physics, Molecular Physics, Chemical Pphysics, Optics, Photonics\n\n§ Particle Physics - ¤ Accelerator Physics, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics Phenomenology\n\n§ Condensed Matter Physics - ¤ Solid State Physics, Materials Physics, Polymer Physics\n\n\n\nHowever, there are many areas of research that mix physics with other disciplines. For example, the wide-ranging field of biophysics is devoted to the role that physical principles play in biological systems and the field of quantum chemistry studies how the theory of quantum mechanics gives rise to the chemical behavior of atoms and molecules. Some of these fields are listed below.\n\nAcoustics - Astronomy - Agrophysics - Biophysics - Chemical physics - Computational physics - Econophysics - Electronics - Engineering - Geophysics- Geology - Materials science - Mathematical physics - Medical physics - Physical chemistry- Theoretical chemistry - Physics of computation - Quantum chemistry - Quantum information science - Vehicle dynamics
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The splitting and shift of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field.
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Study of data with respect to different spectral responses
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it is a method to calculate atomic and molecular structure from first principles. the basis is the Schrodinger wave equation. without use of a computer it is a hopeless task.
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All elements (atoms) absorb and reflect certain frequencies(colors) of light. This spectra can be used to identify the elements present in a sample of material even if it is a neutron star a billion light years away or a piece of lint on a table.
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thermodynamic factors as well as the orientation and relative energies of the pi molecular orbitals involved.
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Molecules vibrate. As they vibrate faster, matter expands. The vibration is this energy we call heat. When vibration is lowered to a certain levels, matter becomes solid (water freezes), at the other end of the spectrum, when molecules agitate at a certain speed, liquids turn into gas (water evaporates).
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It doesn't give me room to list them all and explain them on here so let me direct you to a website I found that does a pretty good job:\nhttp://vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu/notes/quantrev/node20.html
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Generally, atoms of a substance vibrate in their positions. Temperature of a substance is directly related to this vibration velocity.
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Everything thing in world is made up of atoms. These atoms are associated with each others with the bonds. The atoms in a molecule may vibrate, may rotare about a particular axis or they may show the electronic transitions. This vibration of the atoms (i am talking about vibration, same is the case with rotation and electronic transitions) in the molecule take place at a particular frequency, not at all the frequencies. As an example, let me say that a particular atom vibrates at a frequency 1085 cm-1. so, whenver a light beam of this frequency will hit the molecule, the atoms in that molecule will vibrate, that is, that molecule will absorb that particular frequency. if a light beam other than this frequeny will hit the molecule, the molecule will not absorb that frequency and it will be called transparent to that frequency (because its not the nature of molecule to absorb that frequency). \nIn simple languauge, let me say like this. yu will be having only one best friend. y? because his/her frequency matches with yours. thats why he/she is yur best friend. you absorb at his/her frequeny. And you are transparent to the other people's frequencies, because they don't match up with your frequencies.
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The UV-VIS spectrum is due to the electronic transitions of the molecule. This is characteristic of a compound. Qualitative and quantitative estimations of compounds are possible by this non destructive technique. \n\nThe absorption (A) of a solution at a particular wavelength is given by Beer-Lambert's law ect = A where c is the concentration of the compound , t is the thickness of the cell and e is the molar extinction coefficient characteristic of the compound at a given wavelength. This principle is used for quantitative measurements. \n\nCary 5E is a high resolution spectrophotometer to study the electronic spectrum of solutions, single crystals and powder samples (in nujol mull) in the range of 3150-185 nm. This is a double beam instrument controlled by a microprocessor. Base line correction, repetitive scan, kinetics, derivative and concentration modes are possible. Diffuse reflectance is available for solid samples. VT accessory in the range 5-90 degrees Centigrade is available\n\nThis principle is used for quantitative measurements.