How are fiberglass made? What are its components?
369135
Fiberglass or fibreglass is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many plastic products; the resulting composite material, properly known as glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) or glass-fiber reinforced epoxy (GRE), is called "fiberglass" in popular usage.\n\nGlassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible with the advent of finer machine-tooling. In 1893, Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited a dress at the World's Columbian Exposition incorporating glass fibers with the diameter and texture of silk fibers. What is commonly known as "fiberglass" today, however, was invented in 1938 by Russell Games Slayter of Owens-Corning as a material to be used as insulation. It is marketed under the trade name Fiberglass.\n\nFormation\nGlass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters suitable for textile processing. Glass is unlike other polymers in that, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid). The properties of the structure of glass in its softened stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber. One definition of glass is "an inorganic substance in a condition which is continuous with, and analogous to the liquid state of that substance, but which, as a result of a reversible change in viscosity during cooling, has attained so high a degree of viscosity as to be for all practical purposes rigid." [1]\n\nThe technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been known to exist for thousands of years; however, the concept of using these fibers for textile applications is more recent. The first commercial production of fiberglass was in 1936. In 1938, Owens-Illinois Glass Company and Corning Glass Works joined to form the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation. Until this time all fiberglass had been manufactured as staple. When the two companies joined together to produce and promote fiberglass, they introduced continuous filament glass fibers.\n\nChemistry\nThe basis of textile grade glass fibers is silica, SiO2. In its pure form it exists as a polymer, (SiO2)n. It has no true melting point but softens up to 2000°C, where it starts to degrade. At 1713°C, most of the molecules can move about freely. If the glass is then cooled quickly, they will be unable to form an ordered structure. [2] In the polymer it forms SiO4 groups which are configured as a tetrahedron with the silicon atom at the center, and four oxygen atoms at the corners. These atoms then form a network bonded at the corners by sharing the oxygen atoms.\n\nThe vitreous and crystalline states of silica (glass and quartz) have similar energy levels on a molecular basis, also implying that the glassy form is extremely stable. In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to temperatures above 1200°C for long periods of time. [1]\n\n \nMolecular Structure of GlassAlthough pure silica is a perfectly viable glass and glass fiber, it must be worked with at very high temperatures which is a drawback unless its specific chemical properties are needed. It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials, to lower its working temperature. These materials also impart various other properties to the glass which may be beneficial in different applications. The first type of glass used for fiber was soda-lime glass or A glass. It was not very resistant to alkali. A new type, E-glass was formed that is alkali free (< 2%) and is an alumino-borosilicate glass [3]. This was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. E-glass still makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world. Its particular components may differ slightly in percentage, but must fall within a specific range. The letter E is used because it was originally for elec
423686
Fiberglass or fibreglass is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many plastic products; the resulting composite material, properly known as glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) or glass-fiber reinforced epoxy (GRE), is called "fiberglass" in popular usage.\n\nFormation\nGlass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters suitable for textile processing. Glass is unlike other polymers in that, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid). The properties of the structure of glass in its softened stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber. One definition of glass is "an inorganic substance in a condition which is continuous with, and analogous to the liquid state of that substance, but which, as a result of a reversible change in viscosity during cooling, has attained so high a degree of viscosity as to be for all practical purposes rigid."\n\nThe technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been known to exist for thousands of years; however, the concept of using these fibers for textile applications is more recent. The first commercial production of fiberglass was in 1936. In 1938, Owens-Illinois Glass Company and Corning Glass Works joined to form the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation. Until this time all fiberglass had been manufactured as staple. When the two companies joined together to produce and promote fiberglass, they introduced continuous filament glass fibers.Owens-Corning is still the major fiberglass producer in the market today.\n\nManufacturing Processes\nThere are two main types of glass fiber manufacture and two main types of glass fiber product. First, fiber is made either from a direct melt process or a marble remelt process. Both start with the raw materials in solid form. The materials are mixed together and melted in a furnace. Then, for the marble process, the molten material is sheared and rolled into marbles which are cooled and packaged. The marbles are taken to the fiber manufacturing facility where they are inserted into a can and remelted. The molten glass is extruded to the bushing to be formed into fiber. In the direct melt process, the molten glass in the furnace goes right to the bushing for formation. \n\nThe bushing plate is the most important part of the machinery. This is a small metal furnace containing nozzles for the fiber to be formed through. It is almost always made of platinum alloyed with rhodium for durability. Platinum is used because the glass melt has a natural affinity for wetting it. When bushings were first used they were 100% platinum and the glass wetted the bushing so easily it ran under the plate after exiting the nozzle and accumulated on the underside. Also, due to its cost and the tendency to wear, the platinum was alloyed with rhodium. In the direct melt process, the bushing serves as a collector for the molten glass. It is heated slightly to keep the glass at the correct temperature for fiber formation. In the marble melt process, the bushing acts more like a furnace as it melts more of the material. \n\nThe bushings are what make the capital investment in fiber glass production expensive. The nozzle design is also critical. The number of nozzles ranges from 200 to 4000 in multiples of 200. The important part of the nozzle in continuous filament manufacture is the thickness of its walls in the exit region. It was found that inserting a counterbore here reduced wetting. Today, the nozzles are designed to have a minimum thickness at the exit. The reason for this is that as glass flows through the nozzle it forms a drop which is suspended from the end. As it falls, it leaves a thread attached by the meniscus to the nozzle as long as the viscosity is in the correct range for fiber formation. The smaller the annular ring of the nozzle or the thinner the wall at exi
1132513
Nothing is indestructable, everything burns or melts at a certain temperature. even aerogel, the most fire resistant synthetic material, has a melting point of about 2000 degrees farenheit. This website should help clear it up, \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Box_%28transportation%29\n\nbut basically it is a quarter of an inch thick steel with fireproof material like kevlar underneath. it is a flight data recorder and voice recorder that can store flight data to tell what went wrong and voice recorder to tell if it was a terrorist attack/highjack or determine if it was a human error. old ones used to have moving parts and failed occasianally, but newer digital ones have no moving parts, hold more information, and never fail that i have heard about.
595422
It is made up of metal.\nIt makes noise to warn sailors about fogs.
996953
Basically its a way of creating a battery by using a styrofoam cup and some other materials. To read how to make one, go to the site below.\n\nwww.exo.net/~pauld/summer_institute/summer_day15current/saltwaterbattery.html
969632
Yes, Glass should be the cheapest product you should buy. It is made of Silicate which is sand. They heat the the sand up using special vessels to remove any impurities from the Silicate, then the glass is formed at a different temperature after removing all impurities from the sand.
811801
hi!\nGo through these links. hope you will get useful information\n\nhttp://composite.about.com/od/books/\nhttp://composite.about.com/od/referencematerials/l/aa040797.htm\nhttp://composite.about.com/library/weekly/aa051297.htm
761593
Probably silicone and iron.   It's a friggin big rock.   Hollow it out a bit; near the center the gravity is probably near earths gravity.
115545
The strict materials definition of glass is a uniform amorphous solid material produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form.\nNormal glass like in a window is made from mostly silicon dioxide.\nMany different manufacturing processes, the most used is the float or annealing process.
697102
The main constituent of Flat Glass is SiO2 (silica sand). This has a high melting temperature in the region of 1700 degrees C and its state at this temperature is like syrup on a very cold day.\nFor practical and economic reasons, the high melting point and viscosity of silica is reduced by adding sodium oxide (a flux)
871748
rule out metals!\n\ni'm surprised nobody said foam - styrofoam, for example.\n\nor anyhthing else that traps air.\n\nglass.\n\nplastics.
1066948
fiberglass is glass the only possible chemical that could "disolve" (because it won't, it will create a salt) is hydrofluoric acid (HF). However this chemical is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS, it reacts with anything. Professional training is needed before handeling this chemical (lethal dose is 30 ppm)
196135
go to your local auto parts store and buy a can of fiberglass resin.(around 10.00)then get the fiberglass cloth.(around 5.00)now,sand around the hole in your boat at least 1" from the outer edges.apply some fiberglass resin with a small paint brush,but not to thick.cut a piece of the cloth to cover the resin.apply another layer of fiberglass resin over the cloth.take the end of your brush tips and gently stab untill you see all of the air bubbles dissapear.let set-up.if you want you can repeat on other side.the can of fibberclass and cloth will last you for years and will come in handy for future repairs. lol.
222182
the frame is the heart of any bike, the fork attaches to it with a headset, the fork and frame together are called a frameset. the frame can be made of carbon, aluminum, titanium, or steel ( uslly a chromoly alloy ), from with it you attached the wheelset, the crankset, the stem, the handlebar, the seatpost, the seat, the rear cluster, the derailurs ( front and rear ), the pedals, the shifters, the brakeset.
583360
One piece carbon sticks are made from the inside, out. They layer carbon fiber over and over. Each layer gets a coat of epoxy. This is what makes it hard. The epoxy is brittle and the carbon is strong but flimsy. Think of carbon fiber as fabric and the epoxy as peanut brittle (stay with me). If you took a slapper with just an epoxy stick, it would shatter. If you took a slapper with just a carbon fiber stick, it would flap in the breeze. The combination of the two gives it unbeatable strength yet still allows it to flex a bit.
132944
It would decrease insulation.  Fiberglass insulation is engineered with air pockets for optimum heat retention.\n\nIf it WAS better to pack it in, manufacturers would sell a higher density product and charge more.
3373
It is a fiber that is made from an organic solvent process. Lyocell fiber is similar to rayon, but more durable and stronger.