elementary mode analysis of metabolic pathway in drug target (methodology)?
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elementary mode analysis Is also known as extreem path way analysis. It defines the limiting bondaries of the operation of a metabolic network. The normal approach is to use singular value decomposition to determine the constraints of a metabolic network.\n\nTo be honest its a bit over rated since all it does is define the feasable space of operation of a cell. You have to use other principles such as cyberbnetics (maximise growth rate and then use linear programming) or kinetic modeling to determine the expected operation of a cell. \n\nTry a search for Palson - but dont cite or talk to him because he is an arrogant self promoting w****r who doesnt cite competing groups work.
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it use an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy
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http://abstracts.aspb.org/pb2004/public/P28/7904.html\n\nhttp://www.nio.org/jsp/analytical.jsp
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A- if you are asking what product of glycolysis diffuses into the matrix for the krebs cycle
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Fermentation:\nC6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 \n\nCellular Respiration:\nC6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released (2830 kJ mol−1)\nmore specifically:\n-TCA Cycle\n--Isocitrate Dehydrogenase\n--alpha-ketogluterate Dehydrogenase
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Oxidative phosphorylation is a biochemical process in cells. It is the final metabolic pathway of cellular respiration, after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.\n\nPlease see the wikipedia article below for a detailed explanation:
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do ur experiment, plot graph enzyme activity Vs. concentration.........from the graph the highest enzyme activity divide by half....draw a line to the graph that u PLOT and from there scroll down to the X-axis and here u are , u get the IC50 value.the concentration is Ur IC50 value.
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Glycolysis.\n\nOne molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid generating energy in the form of ATP and NADH. This is one of the most common metablic pathways known, being found in the majority of living organisms.
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glycolysis the step just before cellular respiration
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do u mean the steps of cellular respiration? if so...\n1. glycolysis\n2. pyruvate oxidation\n3. krebs' cycle\n4. electron transport chain
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1. Glycolysis\n2. lactate\n3. 8\n3. fermentation\n6. FADH2 and NADH
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50%/50%\nindividual thing and it's about some different metabolistic systems, specific for each person more or less
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development of drugs using biochemistry\nunderstanding of organic processes\nenergy production\nmany others
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There are five main ways that enzyme activity is controlled in the cell.\n\nEnzyme production (transcription and translation of enzyme genes) can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction and inhibition. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes called beta-lactamases are induced that hydrolyse the crucial beta-lactam ring within the penicillin molecule. Another example are enzymes in the liver called cytochrome P450 oxidases, which are important in drug metabolism. Induction or inhibition of these enzymes can cause drug interactions. \n\nEnzymes can be compartmentalized, with different metabolic pathways occurring in different cellular compartments. For example, fatty acids are synthesized by one set of enzymes in the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus and used by a different set of enzymes as a source of energy in the mitochondrion, through β-oxidation.\n\nEnzymes can be regulated by inhibitors and activators. For example, the end product(s) of a metabolic pathway are often inhibitors for one of the first enzymes of the pathway (usually the first irreversible step, called committed step), thus regulating the amount of end product made by the pathways. Such a regulatory mechanism is called a negative feedback mechanism, because the amount of the end product produced is regulated by its own concentration. Negative feedback mechanism can effectively adjust the rate of synthesis of intermediate metabolites according to the demands of the cells. This helps allocate materials and energy economically, and prevents the manufacture of excess end products. Like other homeostatic devices, the control of enzymatic action helps to maintain a stable internal environment in living organisms. \n\nEnzymes can be regulated through post-translational modification. This can include phosphorylation, myristoylation and glycosylation. For example, in the response to insulin, the phosphorylation of multiple enzymes, including glycogen synthase, helps control the synthesis or degradation of glycogen and allows the cell to respond to changes in blood sugar. Another example of post-translational modification is the cleavage of the polypeptide chain. Chymotrypsin, a digestive protease, is produced in inactive form as chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas and transported in this form to the stomach where it is activated. This stops the enzyme from digesting the pancreas or other tissues before it enters the gut. This type of inactive precursor to an enzyme is known as a zymogen. \n\nSome enzymes may become activated when localized to a different environment (eg. from a reducing (cytoplasm) to an oxidising (periplasm) environment, high pH to low pH etc). For example, hemagglutinin of the influenza virus undergoes a conformational change once it encounters the acidic environment of the host cell vesicle causing its activation.
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One of the best programs is Chemwindow.\nYou can find evrything about it at: http://www.bio-rad.com/B2B/BioRad/product/br_category.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@1669986194.1150690834@@@@&BV_EngineID=ccchaddidjeemigcfngcfkmdhkkdfll.0&divName=Informatics+%7c+Sadtler&loggedIn=false&serviceLevel=Lit+Request&lang=English&csel=null&catLevel=4&catOID=-24402&isPA=false&categoryPath=Catalogs%2fInformatics+%7c+Sadtler%2fCheminformatics%2fStructure+Drawing+and+Reporting+-+ChemWindow\nIt allows 2-D & 3-D presentations, drawing of laboratory installations, directly import IR, NMR, MS, and Raman spectra, and chromatograms, using common native file formats, recognizes stereochemistry and automatically specifies R/S centers and E/Z double bonds, etc, etc....\nIt's intuitive and easy to use even if it's the first time you see it.\nMain drawback.... it's not free ;)\n\nAnother good editor is Isis Draw. \nYou can download it from: www.mdli.com/downloads\nIt's free but you have to create first an account.\nAlso don't forget to take the IUPAC naming plugin (Autonom).
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In addition to what Jen said, I would also like to point out that although isoenzymes by definition catalyze the same reaction, they often do it with different kinetic parameters.\n\nFor example, there may be different reaction order, affinities (K-constants), and the like, between two isozenzymes, even though they both perform the same product-to-substrate conversion.
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Software \nBayesian Analysis of Gene Expression Levels (BAGEL): a program for the statistical analysis of spotted microarray data.