How do scientist find out about a chemical's structure?
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All of these techniques.  \n\nhttp://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm
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1. measure the density of the unknown substance.  Compare with published lists of the density of known substances.\n\n2. In general, but not always, solids are more dense than liquids which are more dense than gases.
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If you know the mass ratio of the components of a compound you can determine the empirical formula.  What you have to do is convert the mass ratio into a percentage of the compound.  Then assuming you have a 100 gram sample the percentages would be the grams of each element.\n\nThen divide the grams of each element by each element's atomic mass.  This gives you the moles.\n\nThen divide the moles of each element by the smallest value to get an integer value.  If one or more of the values is not an integer, multiply by the smallest number you can to get whole numbers.  Then the numbers will be the number of atoms of each element in the compound.\n\nYou determine the mass ratio by quantative analysis.
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This is a difficult part of chemistry, but you'll get it if you just keep going over it - really slowly. Also ask your teacher for help, get a tutor, or get together with a group of your classmates.\nYou should do all of this before looking at a website because it could just confuse you more and have more details than you need to know. \nHere is a website you can check out.
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Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.\n\n    * Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdiciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.\n\n    * Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics.\n\n    * Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.\n\n    * Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. In other words, it is the study of those substances that contain carbon.\n\n    * Physical chemistry is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry.\n\n    * Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the second world war, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics. Essentially from reductionism theoretical chemistry is just physics, just like fundamental biology is just chemistry and physics.\n\n    * Nuclear chemistry is the study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.\n\nOther fields include Astrochemistry, Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental chemistry, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medicinal chemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Sonochemistry, Supramolecular chemistry, Surface chemistry, and Thermochemistry.
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The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics has all kinds of good information like that (although it is pricey).\n\nOr, search the web for the specific liquid of interest.
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Go to the website of your local university and look up the Chemistry department.  There should be plenty of professors and researchers there.  Read about each of them, and find one that is currently doing biochemistry research, or even a professor of biochemistry.
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Knowing the number of electrons present in the outer shell and  valence of each oxygen molecule.\n\nBesides there are techniques which actually helps us to visualize electrons like electron density map.\n\nHope this helps.
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you would also use one of the following equations typically depending on the other information your given, but for sure, you need to look up its chemical composition. (ex: water is H2O)\n\nif youre given concentration:\nconcentration=moles/volume\nmoles=mass/molar mass\nmass=moles*molar mass\nmass=(concentration*volume)(molar mass)\nkeep in mind molar mass can be found by adding and multimplying as necessary the atomic masses of each element in the compound.\n\nif youre given density (which i bet you can easily look up on google or something if youre not given that information):\ndensity=mass/volume\nmass=density*volume
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Contact the national chemistry society or the universities where they worked.
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Well, look in the periodic table of the elements and find the molecular weight. The molecular weight tells you how many grams are in one mole of that element. Once you know the amount of grams that correspond to 1 mole, you do the math.\nGood luck!
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The density, the atomic structure, and the state of matter it is in.
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Chemisty, A Formula For Answers
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Chemistry is just like any other science.  You make observations of phenomena, you theorize about what is causing the phenomena observed, then you check the validity of the theory by predicting experimentation, and make sure there is repeatability of the predicted observations.\nThere are alot of things in chemistry that people don't know, and they're working on finding ways to explain/predict those things.  Until then, they have models that explain things which wouldn't be called assumptions because they're not assumed to be true.\nUnless you're talking about the assumptions that simplify equations, which we still do not think are true, they just make equations alot easier to solve.
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If it counts as a chemistry discovery, the periodic table is definitely the most important.  It allows chemists to predict the chemical properties of known and undiscovered elements, including boiling and melting points, reactivity, and potential bonding.  It also provides the basis for determining the formulae of molecules and compounds, which is absolutely fundemental for chemistry.  Any chemist will tell you that the periodic table is an essential tool for chemistry.
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what you need to do, get a SI data book, and look up their natural state. not bonded with anything else, and possibly itself.\n\nPhophorus - white: molecular (P4). red: Chain. Black: Layer\nIodine - molecular (I2)\nMagnesium - hexagonal closest-packing\nNeon - cubic closest-packing\nArsenic -grey: 3d structure - Layer formation. yellow: molecular As4\nSulfur- molecular S8\nBoron - complicated structure.\nSelenium - grey: chain, Red: molecular: Se8\nGallium - Complicated\nCesium - body-centred cubic\nOxxygen - O2, O3 molecular
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something about chemistry