what is a cyclic redundancy check?
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It is an error in DVD burning that happens when the DVD is dirty. Wash it off in warm water and a drop of dishwashing liquid, dry with soft cloth and try again.
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A measure of how a buggy your software is.\nBuggy lines divided by total lines.
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Same as a regular check.\n\nCoach
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the three R's! reduce, reuse and recycle.
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Redundancy means of repition of data , if u have same data exists multiple , it would be known as redundancy .
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C solution:\n\nint nr[20];\nint valid=1,i,j;\nint main(int argc, char **argv){\nfor (i=0;(i<20)&&(valid);i++){\n scanf("%d",&nr[i]);\n if (nr[i]<10)||(nr[i]>100){\n  printf("Invalid number");\n  valid=0;\n }\n for (j=0;j<i;j++)\n  if (nr[j]==nr[i]){\n    printf("Duplicate number");\n    valid=0;\n  }\n}\n}
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single replacement, double replacement, decomposition, synthesis
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recurring and non-terminating
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Hi there;\n\nThere are many ways to use java to toss in a CRC. R you asking for the exact code?\nMwa-hahhahaha not so fast my friend.\nBut I can steer you in a direction if you want. :)\nCheck out the Sun Developer Network and good luck to you. :D
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Fault tolerance is often achieved through error correction or redundancy, or both, depending on the needs of the fault tolerance in the system.\n\nIn the case of error correction, additional bits referred to as parity bits are computed and/or stored.  Minor failures such as the wrong bit or byte of information are identified and corrected using the parity information.\n\nIn the case of redundancy, one or more copies of the system are used. When the main system fails, the redundant system takes it's place. Depending on the service availability needs, this system might be a hot copy of the whole system processing the same information and all data as the primary system in parallel or it could be simply a spare system that boots to take the place of the primary.
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RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O (input/output) operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. Since multiple disks increases the mean time between failures (MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases fault tolerance. \nA RAID appears to the operating system to be a single logical hard disk. RAID employs the technique of disk striping, which involves partitioning each drive's storage space into units ranging from a sector (512 bytes) up to several megabytes. The stripes of all the disks are interleaved and addressed in order. \n\nIn a single-user system where large records, such as medical or other scientific images, are stored, the stripes are typically set up to be small (perhaps 512 bytes) so that a single record spans all disks and can be accessed quickly by reading all disks at the same time. \n\nIn a multi-user system, better performance requires establishing a stripe wide enough to hold the typical or maximum size record. This allows overlapped disk I/O across drives. \n\nThere are at least nine types of RAID plus a non-redundant array (RAID-0): \n\nRAID-0: This technique has striping but no redundancy of data. It offers the best performance but no fault-tolerance. \nRAID-1: This type is also known as disk mirroring and consists of at least two drives that duplicate the storage of data. There is no striping. Read performance is improved since either disk can be read at the same time. Write performance is the same as for single disk storage. RAID-1 provides the best performance and the best fault-tolerance in a multi-user system. \nRAID-2: This type uses striping across disks with some disks storing error checking and correcting (ECC) information. It has no advantage over RAID-3. \nRAID-3: This type uses striping and dedicates one drive to storing parity information. The embedded error checking (ECC) information is used to detect errors. Data recovery is accomplished by calculating the exclusive OR (XOR) of the information recorded on the other drives. Since an I/O operation addresses all drives at the same time, RAID-3 cannot overlap I/O. For this reason, RAID-3 is best for single-user systems with long record applications. \nRAID-4: This type uses large stripes, which means you can read records from any single drive. This allows you to take advantage of overlapped I/O for read operations. Since all write operations have to update the parity drive, no I/O overlapping is possible. RAID-4 offers no advantage over RAID-5. \nRAID-5: This type includes a rotating parity array, thus addressing the write limitation in RAID-4. Thus, all read and write operations can be overlapped. RAID-5 stores parity information but not redundant data (but parity information can be used to reconstruct data). RAID-5 requires at least three and usually five disks for the array. It's best for multi-user systems in which performance is not critical or which do few write operations. \nRAID-6: This type is similar to RAID-5 but includes a second parity scheme that is distributed across different drives and thus offers extremely high fault- and drive-failure tolerance. \nRAID-7: This type includes a real-time embedded operating system as a controller, caching via a high-speed bus, and other characteristics of a stand-alone computer. One vendor offers this system. \nRAID-10: Combining RAID-0 and RAID-1 is often referred to as RAID-10, which offers higher performance than RAID-1 but at much higher cost. There are two subtypes: In RAID-0+1, data is organized as stripes across multiple disks, and then the striped disk sets are mirrored. In RAID-1+0, the data is mirrored and the mirrors are striped. \nRAID-50 (or RAID-5+0): This type consists of a series of RAID-5 groups and striped in RAID-0 fashion to improve RAID-5 performance wi
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finding bugs ...based on Mc Cabe's cyclomtic complexity
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MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures\nMTTR = Mean Time To Repair\n\nThe MTBF is the sum of all probable failure modes multiplied by the amount of time each part in an assembly is likely to last. This is data that is accumulated from input made by manufacturers, consumers, and testing departments that specialize in destructive testing. The averages are calucalted, and ... well, away we go.\n\nThe MTTR is a collection of recorded data for several different repair facilities (including the original manufacturer, usually) to repair a given fault. It includes the actual time to accomplish the repair, not the time necessary to obtain parts or the time to ship it from the site of the failure to the repair facility and back again.\n\nBoth pieces of information is only as good as the data that goes into making them ... if nobody's had the failure before (or nobody's reported having it - or fixing it), you'll have to take your best guess at a probable answer.
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To maintain change control.  You do not want all of the programmers altering the same code at the same time.  You also need to give your quality assurance testing staff time to ensure the modified code is accurate before deploying.  Having a regular migration cycle will also encourage preplanning of the change cycle and help streamline the order of modifications.\n\nConfiguration management also ensures that all of the required permissions to alter code and other components are maintained in a small set of people.
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Short for Redundant Array of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks, a category of disk drives that employ two or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and performance. RAID disk drives are used frequently on servers but aren't generally necessary for personal computers.\n\nThere are number of different RAID levels:\n# Level 0 -- Striped Disk Array without Fault Tolerance: Provides data striping (spreading out blocks of each file across multiple disk drives) but no redundancy. This improves performance but does not deliver fault tolerance. If one drive fails then all data in the array is lost.\n# Level 1 -- Mirroring and Duplexing: Provides disk mirroring. Level 1 provides twice the read transaction rate of single disks and the same write transaction rate as single disks.\n# Level 2 -- Error-Correcting Coding: Not a typical implementation and rarely used, Level 2 stripes data at the bit level rather than the block level.\n# Level 3 -- Bit-Interleaved Parity: Provides byte-level striping with a dedicated parity disk. Level 3, which cannot service simultaneous multiple requests, also is rarely used.\n# Level 4 -- Dedicated Parity Drive: A commonly used implementation of RAID, Level 4 provides block-level striping (like Level 0) with a parity disk. If a data disk fails, the parity data is used to create a replacement disk. A disadvantage to Level 4 is that the parity disk can create write bottlenecks.\n# Level 5 -- Block Interleaved Distributed Parity: Provides data striping at the byte level and also stripe error correction information. This results in excellent performance and good fault tolerance. Level 5 is one of the most popular implementations of RAID.\n# Level 6 -- Independent Data Disks with Double Parity: Provides block-level striping with parity data distributed across all disks.\n# Level 0+1 – A Mirror of Stripes: Not one of the original RAID levels, two RAID 0 stripes are created, and a RAID 1 mirror is created over them. Used for both replicating and sharing data among disks.\n# Level 10 – A Stripe of Mirrors: Not one of the original RAID levels, multiple RAID 1 mirrors are created, and a RAID 0 stripe is created over these.\n# Level 7: A trademark of Storage Computer Corporation that adds caching to Levels 3 or 4.\n# RAID S: EMC Corporation's proprietary striped parity RAID system used in its Symmetrix storage systems.
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A residual current device (RCD), or residual current circuit breaker (RCCB), is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the flow of current is not balanced between the phase ("hot") conductor and the neutral conductor. The presumption is that such an imbalance may represent current leakage through the body of a person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit. A shock, possibly lethal, is likely to result from these conditions; RCDs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to prevent such shocks.
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Error detecting capability e of convolutional code is e=dmin-1 where dmin is the smallest Hamming distance (number of bits different) between any vector in the codeset and the 0 vector.\n\nThe error correcting capability t is given by t=(dmin-1)/2.\n\nSee equations 6.44, 6.47, and 7.11 in the reference in "source(s)."