what is chip designing ,explain with an example?
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The process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from national power grids all the way down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. For simple circuits the design process can often be done by one person simply designing the circuit as they go along, but for more complex designs, teams of designers following a systematic approach with intelligently guided computer simulation are becoming increasingly common.\n\nFormal circuit design usually involves the following stages:\n\nsometimes, writing the requirement specification after liaising with the customer \nwriting a technical proposal to meet the requirements of the customer specification \nsynthesising on paper an abstract electrical or electronic circuit that will meet the specifications \ncalculating the component values to meet the operating specifications under specified conditions \nbuilding a breadboard or other prototype version of the design and testing against specification \nmaking any alterations to the circuit to achieve compliance \nchoosing a method of construction as well as all the parts and materials to be used \npresenting component and layout information to draughtspersons, and layout and mechanical engineers, for prototype production \ntesting or type-testing a number of prototypes to ensure compliance with customer reqiurements \nsigning and approving the final manufacturing drawings \npost-design services (obsolescence of components etc.) \nContents [hide]\n1 Specification \n2 Design \n2.1 Costs \n3 Verification and testing \n4 Prototyping \n5 Results \n5.1 Documentation \n6 See also \n7 References \n \n\n\n[edit]\nSpecification\nThe process of circuit design begins with the specification, which states the functionality that the finished design must provide, but does not indicate how it is to be achieved .[1] The initial specification is basically a technically detailed description of what the customer wants the finished circuit to achieve and can include a variety of electrical requirements, such as what signals the circuit will receive, what signals it must output, what power supplies are available and how much power it is permitted to consume. The specification can ( and normally does ) also set some of the physical parameters that the design must meet, such as size, weight, moisture resistance, temperature range, thermal output, vibration tolerance and acceleration tolerance.\n\nAs the design process progresses the designer(s) will frequently return to the specification and alter it to take account of the progress of the design. This can involve tightening specifications that the customer has supplied, and adding tests that the circuit must pass in order to be accepted. These additional specifications will often be used in the verification of a design. Changes that conflict with or modify the customer's original specifications will almost always have to be approved by the customer before they can be acted upon.\n\nCorrectly identifying the customer needs can avoid a condition known as 'design creep' which occurs in the absence of realistic initial expectations, and later by failing to communicate fully with the client during the design process. It can be defined in terms of its results; "at one extreme is a circuit with more functionality than necessary, and at the other is a circuit having an incorrect functionality". (DeMers, 1997) Nevertheless some changes can be expected and the wise designer keeps his options open: it's easier to remove spare gates from the circuit later on than it is to put them in.\n\n[edit]\nDesign\nThe design process involves moving from the specification at the start, to a plan that contains all the information needed to be physically constructed at the end, this normally happens by passing through a number of stages, although in very simple circuit it may be done in a single step. [2] The process normally begins with the conversion of the specification into a block diagra
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Because they r the most convinient way to integrate all the digital circuitry into one assembly... The similar & commonly used electronic circuits r integrated into one chip. So that it is easier to assemble the part, each time u di-assemble it. Chips r therefore called Integrated Circuits (ICs). They r made of semiconductor materials.
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Each chip has a crystal (oscillator) which has an exact frequency. Knowing the frequency people calculate how many executions it takes (from that frequency) to get one second. That is then calibrated (programmed) in the chip and … internal clock become live :)
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Chip 1 ??, chip 2 is 4mb. They both are old, so even if you wanted to use them, they most likely (99.999% sure) wont work in a modern computer.
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Look at the Texas Instruments web site, or at http://www.dlp.com/Default.asp?bhcp=1 .\n\nA DMD is a chip which is fabricated with a large array of very small mirrors.  It is used in devices like displays and projectors.   They also use the name DLP for digital light processing. \n\nThis is the most common examples, and most widely used, micromechanical device.
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Intel has online data books. These are helpful in programming, interfacing, sample code as well as hardware information.
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you need to know c programming language coz take for this case     \n When you replace a EEPROM on your machines hardware you need to rewrite the software in that EEPROM which is nothing but a bit complex c program - generally written and complied using Kyle C. \n As you are going to be a hardware engineer you will have to do chip level reparing also so and at time you will need to do things similar to the things mentioned above.\n So man learn the language as it packs more power than what you have not thought ight now ! ...
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You do know that c and VHDL / verilog are used for different purposes. VHDL /Verilog are used for designing logic for PGA's,  FPGA's and such. C is used for embedded controllers. \n\nFor VHDL, try a book called "The students guide to VHDL"\n\nIf you know nothing about C, then a book called "Using C" is OK, or one called "The C programming language".\n\nIf you know what type of processor you are writing code for, then it would be of great help to get the data book for it and learn exactly how microprocessors work. Its a BIG help!
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Buffered Memory\nA buffer isolates the memory from the controller to minimize the load on the chip set. It is typically used when the system has a high density of memory and/or when a system has more than 3 memory module sockets.\n\nUnbuffered memory\nThis is where the chip set controller deals directly with the memory. There is nothing between the chip set and the memory chips on the module as they communicate.\n\nRegistered Memory\nRegisters delay memory information for one clock cycle to ensure all communication from the chipset is collected by the clock edge, providing a controlled delay on heavily loaded memories.\n\nIf I were you I would go to crucial.com and let them analyze your machine for the types of memory that are compatible with it, make recommendations, and then list options for you to choose from. \n\nThey are safe and reliable ...I have bought from them, as well as everyone I know...(even our local  Mom and Pop computer shops get their memory sticks from them.)
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It is a single chip that has dual processor cores.  I have it on my laptop and it's great! Software today can't really take advantage of it, but future software will.  Currently the biggest benefit comes while multitasking.
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vlsi stands for very large scale integration.its usefulness can be seen every where.in mobiles u carry, in i pods and every other electronics of today.everything uses ic's.ic designing takesplace through softwares like vhdl,verilog.as millions of digital units(gates) need to be designed to make a complex digital device.so software is used too design and simulate it.
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try it... then you might want to go into details like integrated circuits ICs and transistors...\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
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The first item listed at the search\n\nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=example+data+flow+design\n\nwas\n\nhttp://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~tdrewry/dfds.htm\n\nseemed like a decent starting point.
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An integrated circuit (IC) is an electronic circuit miniaturized to fit on a small piece of semiconductor material such as silicon. This piece of silicon is encased inside a hermetically sealed plastic, metal, or ceramic package that prevents it being damaged from dust, moisture, and contact with other objects. The package also serves to allow easier connections to a printed circuit board (PCB). The chip inside the IC package is so small that connecting it directly to a PCB would be difficult.\n\nThe purpose of a PCB is to connect ICs and discreet components together to form larger operational curcuits. PCBs may also allow parts to be mounted to them such as card sockets. They are sometimes used as heat sinks for components that generate heat. This is done by making a large copper area then mating the component to the PCB so that it touches the copper area and transfers heat to it.\n\nBefore PCBs, components were connected together with wires, in a scheme called "point-to-point" wiring. It was messy and unreliable when compared to PCBs.
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It is a custom chip that is not sold as a discrete component. As such the manufacturer does not need to release the pinouts, nor do they want to it seems.
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Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of systems of transistor-based circuits into integrated circuits on a single chip first occurred in the 1980s as part of the semiconductor and communication technologies that were being developed.\n\nThe first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and as a consequence more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.\n\nThe first "generation" of computers relied on vacuum tubes. Then came discrete semiconductor devices, followed by integrated circuits. The first Small-Scale Integration (SSI) ICs had small numbers of devices on a single chip – diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors (no inductors though), making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. The fourth generation consisted of Large-Scale Integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. The natural successor to LSI was VLSI (many tens of thousands of gates on a single chip). Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and hundreds of millions of individual transistors.\n\nAs of mid-2004, billion-transistor processors are not yet economically feasible for most uses, but they are achievable in laboratory settings, and they are clearly on the horizon as semiconductor fabrication moves from the current generation of 90 nanometer (90nm) processes to the next 65nm and 45nm generations.\n\nAt one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like Ultra-large-scale Integration (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine distinctions moot. Terms suggesting more-than-VLSI levels of integration are no longer in widespread use. Even VLSI is now somewhat quaint, given the common assumption that all microprocessors are VLSI or better.
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I'm assuming you mean in the context of digital hardware.\n\nYou should browse the electrical engineering/computer engineering programs at various university pages. Some have their lectures posted online, such as this one:\n\nhttp://wearcam.org/ece385/lectureflipflops/flipflops/\n\nMIT also has open courseware (highly recommended).\n\nhttp://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/index.htm