What is a byzantine?????????
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Byzantine\n\n1. \na. Of or relating to the ancient city of Byzantium.\nb. Of or relating to the Byzantine Empire.\n2. Of or belonging to the style of architecture developed from the fifth century a.d. in the Byzantine Empire, characterized especially by a central dome resting on a cube formed by four round arches and their pendentives and by the extensive use of surface decoration, especially veined marble panels, low relief carving, and colored glass mosaics.\n3. Of the painting and decorative style developed in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by formality of design, frontal stylized presentation of figures, rich use of color, especially gold, and generally religious subject matter.\n4. \na. Of the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it.\nb. Of a Uniat church that maintains the worship of the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it.\n5. often byzantine\na. Of, relating to, or characterized by intrigue; scheming or devious: "a fine hand for Byzantine deals and cozy arrangements" New York.\nb. Highly complicated; intricate and involved: a bill to simplify the byzantine tax structure.\nn.\nA native or inhabitant of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire.
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sassnid and persian empires\n\n=)
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Question\nI'm trying to find on the Internet information of saint George his birth and death and other important dates through his history can you help please Tracey amas \n\n\nAnswer\nThis answer is posted on behalf of Philip.\nAlmost nothing at all is known about the person who we now call St George. He was a Roman, but we don’t know where in the Empire he came from. Not do we know when he was born. We do know he was probably of noble origins, and that he was put to death on 23 April 303, under orders from the Emperor Diocletian, in Nicomedia. Diocletian ordered a persecution of the Christians . The Roman soldier we now know as St Sebastian was also killed during Diocletian’s persecutions. I would suggest looking online using a search engine, for the search phrase ‘Diocletian persecution Christian’. This will give you much valuable background information about the times that St George lived in, even though it won’t tell you anything much in detail about the man himself.\n\nAnd that is really all that is known about St George.\n\nDuring the Middle Ages a mythology grew up around him, and many stories date from this late time period, but they have nothing much to do with the man as an historical figure. If you are interested in this side of things, then you could do a web search, and put in the search phrase ‘St George mythology’.
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try this link it's got loads http://www.arkeodok.com/Skeletons/pages/Executed2.html\nand good for you! that sound like a really interesting job.
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This is good one.......\n\nAcronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle" containing thousands of computers linked to the Internet.\n\nweb.uncg.edu/dcl/icampus/access/glossary.asp
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The Knights Templar were founded as a group supposedly to help the folks who were doing pilgrimage to the Holy Land. They set up their headquarters in the supposed stables of King Solomon's Temple. Of course, Solomon's Temple had been destroyed long before, where they were was actually Herod's reconstructed temple -- still destroyed but the most recent. They may have found something there in the ruins. We are not sure.\n\nThey went from being a small band of knights to becoming very wealthy, the equivalent of bankers of the Middle Ages. Eventually, that wealth attracted the envious eyes of a strong King: Philip la Belle (the good looking) of France. He had just managed to buy a Pope (Clement) and decided to take over the Templars. Under sealed orders Philip had all the Templars arrested. Some escaped (supposedly to Scotland and to Spain). The loot went with the escapees. The head of the Templars, Jacques de Molay, was roasted on a fire but not before he cursed King Philip and Pope Clement. Both died within a year of Jacques' death.\n\nThere are some records of fighters looking like Templars showing up in Scotland fighting on the side of Robert the Bruce. This is in the 1300s. Then the rumors sort of died down. Funny thing, the Templar battle flag had a funny cross on it. You have seen it in your grade school history books on the sails of Columus' ships. Oh, they never did find the Templar fleet either.\n\nCenturies later a flamboyant Freemason named Chevalier Ramsey claimed that Freemasonry really was the heir to the Knights Templar. The French (who had long since spit on Philip's grave) ate that up and decided that a Knight Templar degree would be cool. There were many more degrees instituted ontop of the regular three (possibly four if you count the Mark degree) Blue Lodge of Freemasonry degrees. \n\nNow Rosslyn Chapel does have some good ties to Masonry and Templarism. Some even have found Templar graves on the coast of Scotland. Another bunch of authors think that the Shroud of Turin was created by the torturing of Jacques de Molay.\n\nSomehow most of it will remain speculation. But it is fun to read about. When you reach 21 years of age and if you are interested, feel free to knock on the door of Freemasonry and ask to join. Co-Masonry admits women and men. Even before then, most Lodges will allow you to use their libraries. I think all Masons are interested in such.\n\nA Master Mason\nAmerican Co-Masonry\n\nHiram Lodge (Santa Cruz, CA)\nAmon Ra Lodge (Los Angeles, CA)\nSapientia Lodge of Research (Larkspur, CO)\nAdamant Mark Lodge (Santa Cruz, CA)
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1.) The Eastern Roman Empire, having Rome and Italy in it, necessarily had higher levels of corruption, and a lower percentage of citizens in the legions. \n2.) The Western Roman Empire, was effectively started by Constantine, who was the chief influence that caused the Roman Empire to take Christianity as its state religion.\n\nReligion played a huge role in both empires - in the East, successor states in the area generally did not survive unless they adopted Christianity (especially when powerful rulers such as Charlemagne specifically went around thumping pagans). In the West, the Roman empire became the Byzantine Empire (although it was never referred to as such by its denizens), and it's emperors often felt that they were the head of the Church. Byzantine Emperors went so far as to depose popes that got in their way (when they could).\n\nFor your questions:\n+ how did the differences in what happened bring them back together for the Crusades/How did the similarities:\n\nThe Byzantines and the European states worked together during the Crusades for differing reasons. As most of Europe was thoroughly Christianized, they ran into a paradox: Christian leaders weren't supposed to fight amongst one another, thus, they should be fighting infidels. This led to a lot of warriors going to Spain for the Reconquista, to the East to stomp Pagans, and to the Middle East for the Crusades. The Byzantines were desperately trying to reverse centuries of decline, especially after they lost large chunks of Anatolia (modern Turkey) to the Arabs.  Unfortunately, the differences in religion meant that after the Second Crusade (when the Byzantines had less apt rulers), the Europeans didn't care if they screwed their allies (a la the Sack of Constantinople in 1204) or left them to the wolves.\n\n+ why the Crusades were a turning point in history (consider the effects)\n\nFirst, the Crusades greatly broadened the horizons of the Europeans, giving them a new taste for foreign trade and travel. Second, the Crusades reversed the Arabs for quite a while - without the Crusades, Constantinople falls in the 1200's or 1300's to the Muslims instead of 1450. Third, the Crusades strengthened the Christian Church, setting up the events that would lead to Protestantism.\n\n+ how the effects of the Crusades can still be seen in our world today\n\nMany Muslims consider the Crusades proof that Christians are just interested in slaughtering them - they remember that the Crusaders were often merciless with the Muslims they fought (conveniently forgetting that the Muslims weren't all much better).\n\n+ the fate of the Western Roman Empire\n\nThe Western Roman Empire fell in the mid 5th century after Rome was sacked yet again by the Visigoths. The traditional date is September 4, 476 when Romulus Augustus, the Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain.\n\n+ the fate of the Eastern Roman Empire\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire fell on May 28th, 1453 when Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople. Emperor Constantine XI was killed in the final battle.\n\nHopefully, the terms and names given here are enough to spur extra research.
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Greek fire (also called Byzantine fire, wildfire and liquid fire, Greek Υγρό Πυρ, igró pir) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673.\nThe ingredients, process of manufacture and usage were a very carefully guarded military secret, so secret it remains a source of speculation to this day. Speculations include:\n\n    * naptha, niter, sulfur\n    * petroleum, quicklime, sulfur\nThese ingredients were apparently heated in a cauldron, and then pumped out through a siphon or large syringe, known as a siphonarios mounted on the bow of the ship. It could also be used in hand grenades, made of earthenware vessels. If a pyrophoric reaction was involved, perhaps these grenades contained chambers for the fluids, which mixed and ignited when the vessel broke on impact with the target.
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none: "Perusal of historical records indicates that the first mention of such a feast in Constantinople (Constantine's own city, after all) was not until 379 AD, under Gregory Nazianzus. In Rome, it can only be confirmed as being mentioned in a document from approximately 350 AD, but without any mention of sanction by Emperor Constantine."\n\n349 A.D.
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http://www.roman-empire.net/constant/constant-index.html\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople\nhttp://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp\nhttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04301a.htm\nhttp://historymedren.about.com/cs/byzantinestudies/a/forgotten.htm\n\nHopefully some of these will help.\n\n-dh
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The Catholic Church. \nThe Monastic Order called "Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon" popularly known as the "Knights Templar"\nThe Order was founded in 1119 and they were exempt from all authority except that of the Pope\nThey received massive donations of money, land, and noble-born sons from families across Europe.\nThough the primary mission of the Order was a military one, only a small percentage of its members were actually at the front lines, while many others were involved in developing a financial infrastructure to support the warrior branch. The Order also innovated ways of generating letters of credit for pilgrims who were journeying to the Holy Land, which involved pilgrims depositing their valuables with the Order before setting off on the journey. This may have been the first form of checking put into use. From this mixture of donations and shrewd business dealing, during the 12th and 13th centuries the Order acquired large tracts of land both in Europe and the Middle East, built churches and castles, bought farms and vineyards, was involved in manufacturing and import/export, had its own fleet of ships, and for a time even owned the entire island of Cyprus.
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Could you tell us at first what is meant by Orthodox Christians? Because there are many Christians rites that say they are Orthodox.
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It has a little to do with religion, but more to do with politics.  The Greeks were the originators of Orthodox Catholicism.  The Russians adopted it later and everyone was happy for a while.  Then the Greeks declined and Russia ascended in power.  When Byzantium collapsed, the Russians essentially took over as leaders and protectors of the Orthodox religion.  Of course they made certain changes that the Greeks didn't agree with and you see your first big split.  All's cool again for a while until Russian Orthodoxy decides to make a few reforms.  Nothing major, but trying to correct some corrupted texts, slightly change a few traditions, that sort of thing.  Unfortunately, the Russian method of encouraging change has always been rather...forceful.  Whoever wouldn't change was excomunicated.  The big problem with this was that it seemed to say that all the people and saints who had gone before and practiced Orthodoxy by the old ways were irredeemably wrong.  Certain traditional Russians couldn't accept such this, and the second big split occurred.  Then you have Russia's imperial ambitions.  Russia thought of itself as the defender of the faith, with Moscow being like a '3rd Rome.' It wished to be a hegemon in Eastern Europe and used this religious mandate as justification.  The other countries would have been more or less willing to let Russia have it's way - it's nice having big friends, after all - except that as the best and the biggest, Russia expected these other countries to become like mini-Russias.  Russia thus tried to impose its language, government, religion, etc. on them.  Eventually these countries had enough and wanted to split.  Now keep in mind that religion at this time is inherently linked to power and to government.  To split from Russia but keep its religious leaders as the head of your religion is not to split from Russia at all.  So you end up seeing a lot of nationally divided splinter groups.  I'm not saying there aren't also legitimate theological differences, but they were probbly  initiated and exaggerated by political factors.
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http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/archdischild%3B79/1/56
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I am so reactionary that I don't support Bush. I want to re-establish the Byzantine Empire. I prefer feudalism to capitalism. Monarchy is better than a republic any day of the week. How about them apples?
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Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.\n\nI believe Aachen, in modern Germany, was the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Is the bridge between continental Europe and Asia. \n\nTurkey was place of many civilizations and had ruled important position in ancient empires. They hold most of Helenisc culture (Greek) and also culture from Bizantines and recent Muslim culture. \n\nTurkey is a place of contradictions and mix of cultures.