Where UNDER the surface of the Earth would one expect a convection current directed towards the surface?
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I believe in either the lithosphere or asthenosphere (mantle)
270208
Intensity of current and magnetic permeability of the core.
509631
Hola Umar! Im just as confused as you are!\n\nNot Anymore, I got it! It is the Convection Zone!!!!!\n\nAbraham asked this question, I found it and did a double check and it is right!
628521
I would think it would be the depths of the oceans up to about 5 miles into the atmosphere around the entire earth
12026
Good luck with your exam, this should help:\n\nConvection  is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise. Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by movement of currents. (It can also happen is some solids, like sand.) The heat moves with the fluid. Consider this: convection is responsible for making macaroni rise and fall in a pot of heated water. The warmer portions of the water are less dense and therefore, they rise. Meanwhile, the cooler portions of the water fall because they are denser.\n\nConduction is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. For example, a spoon in a cup of hot soup becomes warmer because the heat from the soup is conducted along the spoon. Conduction is most effective in solids-but it can happen in fluids. Fun fact: Have you ever noticed that metals tend to feel cold? Believe it or not, they are not colder! They only feel colder because they conduct heat away from your hand. You perceive the heat that is leaving your hand as cold.\n\nRadiation: Electromagnetic waves that directly transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated through space to our planet without the aid of fluids or solids. The energy travels through nothingness! Just think of it! The sun transfers heat through 93 million miles of space. Because there are no solids (like a huge spoon) touching the sun and our planet, conduction is not responsible for bringing heat to Earth. Since there are no fluids (like air and water) in space, convection is not responsible for transferring the heat. Thus, radiation brings heat to our planet.
522348
This will create land & sea breezes.\n\nLand (sand) gains & loses heat faster than water due to water's latent heat properties.\n\nDuring the day, the land heats up faster than the water. A low pressure will develop over the land. This means that the air above the ground is warmed & will rise.\n\nSince air pressure will equalize, air from over the sea will move inland to replace the air that was lifted. A convection current starts. This is a sea breeze. (winds are named for the direction they come from.)\n\nThe opposite occurs at night. The land cools faster than the water. Since the water is warmer at night, a low pressure cell forms over the sea.\n\nHigher pressure from over land moves toward the low pressure to equalize. This is called a land breeze b/c it comes from the land.
733424
The earth is made of around 6 major plates with a number of smaller plates. These plates which are part of the earths crust are floating on an area of the earth just below the crust known as the mantle. The mantle is basically very viscous magma which isn't a liquid but at the same time not solid. Its really disgusting but think of it as tramped dog poo. These plates are floating on this material. The mantle is producing whats known as convection currents. These currents are rotating very slowly in different areas. Some currents are spinning clockwise and others are spinning counter clockwise. One plate is sitting on one current with the other sitting on the other current. Because the currents are spinning in opposite directions the plates slowly move apart. These are known as divergent plates. Other plates and pushing together and are known as convergent boundary's. The the plates are either pushing against each causing mountains to form such as the Himalayas or splitting apart as in the case of Africa and south America. Mount Everest is actually growing in height a couple cm a year.
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Hi. They are surface currents. : http://www.answers.com/topic/mixed-layer
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Convection basically means heat rising.  Geologically speaking, along ocean ridges where tecto0nic plates intersect and the mantle has access to fissures in the tectonic plates magma will continually pour out of the fissures.  The best known of these is the mid Atlantic ridge that runs from the bottom of SouthAmerica to Iceland.  Magma continually spews from this fissure separating the tectonic plates.  The spewing magma forms new ocean floor.  Samples of iron rich minerals taken from the ridge indicate that since the earth's origin there have been pole reversals relatively often (in geologic time).  \n\nThe Pacific rim (part of the circle of fire) is also an example of renewal of ocean floor.  In the pacific rim, the Hawaiian Islands were formed from uprising magma.
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The best thing would be a copper wire attached to a metal bar into the earth. Other choice would be the gorund wire in an electrical outlet (careful not to hit live wires) or to a rubber mat on a concrete floor
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At the bottom! Along Plate Boundaries.
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Mantle convection moves the plates\n\nAt plate boundaries, there are many forces at work: ridge push, slab pull, trench suction, slab roll back and basal shear resistance to name a few.\n\nThe links go into more detail about the forces and where they working.
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Alfred Wegener, German meteorologist, was gathering climate information with a partner when he started noticing glacial deposits that matched on different continents.\n\nThis led to more study of course. Why were similar deposits found in such far removed places?\n\nWhile looking into this, he also noticed that rocks & fossils on different continents were also identical.\n\nThis, along w/ the "continent puzzle" led to his hypothesis of continental drift. Notice, it is referred to as a hypothesis. This is because Wegener could never provide a driving mechanism for continental drift.\n\nWegener tried explaining how continents could move but to no avail. His explanation that the continental crust literally plowed through oceanic crust did not "cut" it. PUN intended. This was not possible w/o leaving torn crustal plates behind & there was no evidence of that.\n\nMost scientists rejected his hypothesis. Some, however, kept searching for the "driving mechanism" behind continental drift.\n\nIn 1968, scientists could finally provide this force behind the movement of the crust. It was named the theory of plate tectonics.\n\nThis theory stated that the earth's crust was broken down into many major & minor lithospheric plates. These plates moved due to uneven heating of the molten magma in the earth's mantle.\n\nConvection currents w/in the mantle are created by cooler magma sinking & hotter magma rising. As the hotter magma rises towards the asthenosphere, it will cool & then sink. This principle works in the same manner as it does in the atmosphere.\n\nPlates were either pulled apart at divergent boundaries or subducted at convergent boundaries unless it is at two continental convergent boundaries. In this case the two crusts are less dense than the magma below & will deform rather than be subducted.\n\nSo yes, Alfred Wegener did suggest the theory of continental drift. But it was not actually taken seriously until the theory of plate tectonics came along.
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Maybe you have a large ore deposit beneath your location. This could generate a strong field that the polarized molecules would be attracted to. If it's closer to the upper part of the hill and big enough, it could also provide a small amount of gravitational attraction that could be pulling the water uphill.\n\nThe gravitational field of the Earth varies from place to place at the surface. We see this all the time when we take very sensitive readings. It is possible that a gravitational anomalies can be enough to cause odd effects at the surface.
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Heat transfer in the Earth's atmosphere is dominated by radiation effects, rather than thermal conduction or convection.\n\nIt's complicated, but on average the Earth's surface is a few tens of degrees warmer than the surface of the Moon, which receives the same amount of sunlight, and of course has no atmosphere.
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Hi Rams, The simple answer is heat, produced by radioactive decay within the Earth. In effect the mantle is a vast heat engine. However, the details have been controversial over the years. Now a picture is emerging, produced by a geophysical technique called seismic tomography. This has imaged subducting slabs of cold dense lithosphere drooping all the way down to the core-mantle boundary. This represents a return flow for convection, affecting the entire mantle. The mantle cools however principally by passive upwelling at mid-ocean ridges. So the mantle contains convection cells. The convection is very slow but relentless, driving the plates at a few cm a year. In essence the plates are just a stiff outer skin, pulled by the subducted slabs. So it is the nature of the outer, cool part of the Earth that organises the convection in the deep Earth. The core-mantle boundary becomes the graveyard of the plates. But plate tectonics only accounts for about 90% of the current Earth heat engine. The other 10% drives from mantle plumes that originate from the core-mantle boundary. Plumes are lava-lamp-like upwellings, although they can take about 100 million years to reach the upper mantle. Plumes are represented on the Earth's surface as "hot-spots" - sites of apparently anomalous volcanic activity such as are found on the Hawaiian islands.\n\nFollowing are links to some excellent resources that answer your query, along with some illustrations :\n\nhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/unanswered.html\nhttp://element.ess.ucla.edu/publications/1998_Earth2/1998_Earth2.htm\nhttp://geology.com/plate-tectonics/\n\nMerry Christmas!
948797
convection, advection and radiation