Which empire experienced sinificant defeats a the hands of the sevevth-century Arab armies?
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The Byzantine empire was booted from Egypt in the mid 7th century by the Arab armies of Islam,and yes,Spain was considered Caliphate(bieng governed by a Muslim Caliph) around this time as well.
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Three factors:::\n\n(1) weak, short-lived emperors imposed, deposed, and  \n    murdered by the military.\n\n(2) invasions by Germanic tribes.\n\n(3) the loss of eastern territories to the Persians.\n\nThree factors fed into the transformation of the Mediterranean economy of antiquity into the European economy of the Middle Ages. The Germanic invasions of the later Empire were one of these factors; the other two were the civil wars of the 3rd century, and the Islamic invasions of the 7th century. \n\nAsk your teacher, he may give you 10/10...\n\nhttp://360.yahoo.com/jcbroogley
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Cruelty and Technological Superiority. Cruelty: Everyone knew that if you rebelled against the Romans, they'd slaughter you and your kids and ravage your wife and salt the earth of your best farm lands. Technological superiority:Military strength of the bow and effective catapults is amazing when you're fighting Germanic tribes with out of date weapons\n\nDoc's answer is better
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http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wsem/hd_wsem.htm\nGreat website that talks all about the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires of the western Sudan.  Includes maps and photos of artifacts. The site discusses historical events, the rise and fall of the kingdoms.
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Probably the age of ancient empires, though you should mention to your teacher that an archaeologist told you that none of those answers are very correct.
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today or in ancient times?  in any case: with a military
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http://www.answers.com/topic/byzantine-empire
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The billiant generalship of Kimon extended the Athenian empire along the shores of Asia Minor, so that when he in his turn was ostracised in 461 B.C., Pericles presided over the Golden Age of unparalleled intellectual and artistic achievements coinciding with a political decline, almost imperceptible at first, but leading to the outbreak of the disastrous Peloponnesian War (431-404 B. C.) in which the personification of Greek virtues and vices, Alcibiades, played the leading part.  The year of Athens' final defeat and humiliation also witnessed his murder.
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Sun Tzu (who wrote The Art Of War). Ancient Chinese warrior (500BC) who first wrote about warfare.  \n\n"The oldest military Treastise in the world"
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490 B.C. - Battle of Marathon\n480 B.C. - Battle at Thermopylae\n479 B.C. - Battle at Salamis\n479 B.C. - Battle at Plataea\nThe battles of Marathon and Thermopylae are famous for the Greeks' heroism against overwhelming odds. The naval battle of Salamis almost wiped out the Persian fleet. The battle of Plataea was the final defeat.
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In the Battle of Issus in 333 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia.
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Egypt \nIntroduction\n\nBackground: The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C. and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
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Carthage - the PUNIC wars were fought with what is now Tunisia and that part of Africa.\nThe others vary dependent on which part of the Empire timeline you are examining; try SCOTLAND.
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Afghanistan,against Russian invaders.\nthey fought for a full decade!\nwatch out AMERICA.
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Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco 1956\nor ghana 1957 depending on what you define as sub-saharan. look at the map and other link.
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Arabs were great slave traders from Africa\n\nThe Arab world has traded in slaves like many other cultures of the region. It was one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by hundreds of years[2]. The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade is thought to have originated with trans-Saharan slavery. The Moors, starting in the 8th century, raided coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Northern European (including British and even as far north as Scandinavian) coastal areas and would carry away sometimes whole villages to the Moorish slave markets on the Barbary Coast. Nautical traders from the United States became targets, and frequent victims, of the Barbary pirates, as soon as that nation began trading with Europe and refused to pay the required tribute to the North African states. The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia was dominated by Arab and African traders in the coastal cities of Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa.\n\nMale slaves were employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers by their owners, while female slaves, mostly from Africa, were long traded to Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab, Indian, or Oriental traders, some as female servants, others as sexual slaves. Arab, Indian, and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent. As many African slaves may have crossed the Sahara Desert, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean as crossed the Atlantic, perhaps more. Some sources estimate that between 11 and 17 million slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 to 1900, compared to 11.6 million across the Atlantic from 1500 to the late 1860s. The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade continued into the early 1900s[2].\n\nMany Slavic males from the Balkans, and Turkic and Circassian males from the Caucasus Mountains and the eastern Black Sea regions were taken away from their homes and families and enlisted into special soldier classes of the army of the Ottoman Empire. These soldier classes were named Janissaries in the Balkans and Asia Minor, and Mamelukes in Egypt. The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the intrigues of the Istanbul court of the Ottoman sultans, while the Mamelukes were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Mongols from entering Egypt.\n\nThe Arab trade in slaves continued into the 20th century. Written travelogues and other historical works are replete with references to slaves owned by wealthy traders, nobility and heads of state in the Arabian Peninsula well into the 1920s. T. E. Lawrence documented practices in which African Muslims performing the hajj would bring a son with them to Mecca and there sell him into slavery[3]. Slave owning and slave-like working conditions have been documented up to and including the present, in countries of the Middle East. Though the subject is considered taboo in the affected regions, a leading Saudi government cleric and author of the country's religious curriculum has called for the outright re-legalization of slavery[4][5].\n\n\n[edit] Slavery in Africa\nMain article: African slave trade\nFrench historian Fernand Braudel noted that slavery was endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders" (Braudel 1984 p. 435). During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export traffic, with its slave traffic from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. Later, the United Kingdom, which held vast colonial territories on the African continent (inclu
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E: Egyptologist, Egyptian, Egypt\n\nJ: Jebel Barkal, small mountain that marked the southern limit of the Egyptian empire\n\nL: literature - Egyptian literature included:\n\nc. 1800 BC: Story of Sinuhe and Ipuwer papyrus \nc. 1600 BC: Westcar Papyrus \nc. 1400 BC: Tulli Papyrus \nc. 1300 BC: Ebers papyrus \nc. 1180 BC: Papyrus Harris I \nc. 1000 BC: Story of Wenamun \n\nT: Tut, as in King Tutankhamun of the 18th dynasty, only of minor hystorical significance but the very celebrated "Boy King"\n\nU: Unsolved mysteries of Egypt: the pyramids perfection \n\nV: Victorious Egypt, when In the Battle of Megiddo of 609 BC, the forces of Egypt fought those of the Kingdom of Judah.\n\nX: The letter X, one of the many letters believed to have evolved from Egyptian Hyroglificis.  The original form of samekh may have been an Egyptian hieroglyph for the Djed column,