what is six sigma? can u explain in detail?
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Six sigma is Business process introduced by G.E and now its a industry standard. \n\nSix sigma deals with step by step a close loop plan for any business approach.\n\nU have various belts in the Six Sigma. Like Yellow, Green & Black. \n\nPls visit.\n\nSome of the topics covered under Six Sigma, It would give u a understanding of the process too. Also visit.http://www.isixsigma.com/sixsigma/six_sigma.asp\n\n\nMODULE: \n\n\nSection A : Overall Course Roadmap\nCost of Quality \nUnderstanding the Q.C.S. parameters \nMeaning of Six Sigma \nWhy Six Sigma \nHow to get There \nTerminologies in Six Sigma\n \nSection B : Process Mapping\n\n• Understanding and Improving Processes\n• Using a Process Map to improve Process\n• Collecting information \n• Selecting a Process to Map\n• Steps from “AS IS” to “ Should be”\n• Case Study - 1\n• Case Study -2 \n\nSection C : Tracking Process Defects\n\n• Defects per Unit (DPU)\n• Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO)\n• Total Defects per Unit (TDU)\n• DPU, DPMO and Sigma level\n• Exercises \n\nSection D : Statistical Process Control, Principles & Applications\n\n• Basic Statistical Principles and Q C Tools\n• Measuring Variation\n• Process Capability Indices\n• Monitoring Variation via Statistical Techniques\n• Exercises \n\nSection E : Customer Inputs\n\n• Voice of the Customer\n• Quality Function Deployment \n• Case Study - 3\n• Case Study - 4 \n\nSection F : 8 Discipline Problem Solving\n\n• Introduction : The need for a disciplined problem solving approach\n• Step D - 0 : The planning stage\n• Step D - 1 : Establishing the team\n• Step D - 2 : Problem definition/statement\n• Step D - 3 : Developing Interim Containment Action (ICA)\n• Step D - 4 : Identifying and Verifying Root Cause\n• Step D - 5 : Identifying Permanent Corrective Action (PCA)\n• Step D - 6 : Implementing and Validating the PCA\n• Step D - 7 : Preventing Recurrence\n• Step D - 8 : Recognizing Team Efforts\n• Case Study - 5 \n\nSection G : DMAIC\n• Define\n• Measure\n• Analyze\n• Improve\n• Control\n• Case Study - 6 \n• Application of Six Sigma and DMAIC in “Service” Processes\n\nSection H :Failure Mode and Effects Analysis\n\n• Fundamental Objectives\n• Planning for Quality\n• Role of FMEA's in Design and Manufacturing\n• Connecting Failure Mode to Cause and Effect\n• Developing a “Risk Model”\n• Design and Process FMEA Road Maps and Control Plan\n• Case Study - 7 \n\nSection I : Design of Experiments\n\n• What is an experiment ?\n• Objective & Strategy of Experimentation\n• Factorial Designs\n• Replication, Randomization, Blocking\n• Case Study –8\n\nSection J: Supply Base and Material Management\n\n• Economic/Monetary significance of purchased material\n• Reducing supplier related costs\n• Supplier partnerships\n• Early Supplier Involvement\n• Supplier Rating and Relationships\n• Just in Time Production\n• Supplier Surveys
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Most world class businesses use Lean Manufacturing techniques. You can find a good definition of what this involves in Wikipedia.
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software quality is a goal to reach.\nwhen you have reached that goal, then it's quality software.
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A KPI is a common term found in ISO compliant quality assurance systems. It is an objectively measurable result of a system that is used to determine the level of its performance.\n\nFor a pest control operation, there are intrinsic KPI's (number of bugs killed, percent reduction in number of bug sightings, for example), and extrinsic KPI's (percent of on-time appointments, percent of customer satisfaction, percent of required return visits / 2nd treatments per calls made).\n\nThe implementation of KPI's is to provide visibility for everyone as to how the organization is performing. If everyone sees that there are excessive tardies to appointments, then everyone can make an effort to take an extra 10 minutes to get to an appointment, for example.\n\nWithin the current version of ISO 9000 quality standards, there is an objective of constant improvement, i. e. the identification of KPI's and their tracking is required.\n\nNot sure if this answers your question or not.
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There are different aspects and tools used with Six Sigma.  It may be a Lean project of a Design for Six Sigma.  Ceck out the link for some good info.
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Up until the mid to late nineties, AQL acceptable quality level has been based on distributions involving 3 sigma (3 standard deviations) which relate to a 99.997% population. Some have come to believe that leaves a higher probability for failure or unacceptable number of defects.\nThis certainly makes sense in making items such as pace makers, or purity of drugs or supercomputers.\n\nSix sigma takes this to a much tighter tolerance measuring in PPM parts per million. Such things as acceptable rate of radon in water for example where levels of 30PPM is of concerned makes sense to talk about.\n\nI'm not convinced that using a tighter tolerance of measurement on some things that don't have a population near 1 million make sense. Lets say that the number of students in a high school of 2000 who smoke is 100. That would equate to 50000 PPM. That sounds terrible, but in old terms that is 5%. The number doesn't change, just the way it is disclosed.\n\nMore importantly, Six-sigma is a tool not a process. This came out of the LEAN process which is a way to improve. Not necessary to beat on the existing process, but to find better ways to accomplish the results desired. \nLook at the end result goal then examine what better ways are there to get you there. That is the LEAN process.\nex: you can beat your head on making the most efficient gasoline engine. What you should look at is transportation that doesn't depend on oil.\n\nSampling: \nCheck out MIL-105D, MIL-105E which is military standard. Has sample size based on AQL.
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Companies such as GE and Motorola of course train and certify their own Six Sigma Black Belts and Master Black Belts but there are private companies that do the training as well. The training requirements are rigorous around statistical analysis and mathematics. It helps to be excellent at Excel and Minitab and have a curious mind. I will attach a good web site to get started and find some private courses. Today, most companies add training for Lean principles into Six Sigma but really they have little intrinsically to do with one another.\n\nEdit:\n\nIn that case, I would add some things below, including 101 things a BB should know\n\nhttp://www.pyzdek.com/101.htm\n\nHow to certify:\n\nhttp://www.pyzdek.com/PDF/2001-03.pdf\n\nAn appraisal form\n\nhttp://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c030305a.asp\n\nA good practice exam\n\nhttp://www.qualityamerica.com/Exams/Public/Blackbelt/login.ahtml\n\nHit me up if you have more questions \n\n(I am a certified BB in case you had not guessed)
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Hi. Sigma is a unit of standard deviation. Six sigma is a level of quality control that assures (theoretically) a level control that only allows a very small number of defects. A black belt is someone certified to not only understand this concept, but can assure that processes are in control (or figure out how to get them in control) within Six Sigma.
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Explain ABC analysis?\n\nWhat are the factors influence in  fixing  the Re-order level
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"To take just one example, ISO standards for such seemingly humble items as bolts, nuts, screws, pins and rivets literally help stop much in the world around us from falling apart - but you're not likely to come across references to them in the business and economic press, nor see companies proudly advertising that they implement them."  \n\nTry the link below and take "The Magical Demystifying Tour of ISO 9000 "
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Analytical Hierarchy Process\n\nAHP is especially suitable for complex decisions which involve the comparison of decision elements which are difficult to quantify. It is based on the assumption that when faced with a complex decision the natural human reaction is to cluster the decision elements according to their common characteristics.\n\nIt involves building a hierarchy (Ranking) of decision elements and then making comparisons between each possible pair in each cluster (as a matrix). This gives a weighting for each element within a cluster (or level of the hierarchy) and also a consistency ratio (useful for checking the consistency of the data).\n\nThe Analytical Hierarchy Process Model was designed by TL Saaty as a decision making aid.\n\nSaaty TL, 1980, The Analytic Hierarchy Process, NY, McGraw Hill.
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Six Sigma certification usually involves both an education and a project portion.  There are two main levels for which certifications are normally given:  Green Belt and Black Belt.  I typical Green Belt certification involves 2 full weeks of education, whereas Black Belt certification normally involves 4 or more full weeks.  Both usually require a project, but a Black Belt project will be more involved and will ususally last 4-6 months.    \n\nThe curriculum usually involves process improvement and problem solving tools to be used in the DMAIC approach.  DMAIC consists of Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control.  \n\nIn the define stage, you learn to properly state the problem at hand, form an effective cross-functional team to be involved in the project, and state a goal in terms useful to the process owner and to senior management (dollars saved, define the scope of the project, and begin to map the process at hand.\n\nIn the measure stage, you check the measurement systems that are involved to ensure that they will produce reliable data, and you establish a baseline to which to compare the improvments.\n\nIn analyze, you gather and select possible solutions, collect and analyze data to support the solution.\n\nIn improve, you implement the solutions generated from the analyze phase.\n\nIn control, you create a plan to ensure that the improvments are sustained and you transfer ownership of these improvments to the process owners to allow for work on another project.\n\nThere are some organizations beginning to offer master black belt certification, which normally requires at least 3 projects completed and sometimes up to ten, and more education, possible DFSS (design for six sigma) and courses to help with training black belts.  Sometimes actually experience training or mentoring black belts is required.
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A loss function is generally defined as the variance of some statistical group from an optimum value. The Taguchi loss function (ref.) has meaning in quality control where the variance affects the quality of a product and the cost of reworking or discarding unacceptable products. The ref. has a fuller definition, formulas and examples.
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Lean manufacturing is most often associated with the Toyota Production System. Lean manufacturing designs manufacturing processes with built in capabilities to eliminate waste and mistakes as well as increase productivity. Search Yahoo on "Toyota Production System" and "Kan-ban" to find all you would ever want to know.\n\nCellular manufacturing is more about the arrangement of machines and process to eliminate "queues" or inventory piles between processes. This is especially important in operations that depend highly upon the orientation of a part or blank in order to process it. By using a cell, the orientation is utilized and controlled throughout all the operations of the cell (once a part gets tossed in a bin, the orientation is lost).\n\nSocio-technical approaches have a high degree of dependency upon the type of manufacturing and product being produced. Flexible manufacturing is a socio-technical approach that is implemented with some degree of success.
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Software testing, Software Quality Assurance, etc, has many definitions, purposes and goals. Certainly heart monitoring software used in hospitals on critically ill patients would have had a different set of definitions, purposes and goals from those for a new Blackjack card game, so the answer is somewhat "situational".\n\nThere are many areas of testing:\nUnit\nDocumentation (Hard Copy, Electronic and on-line help)\nUsability\nFunctional\nBoundary\nStress\nLanguage\nInstall\nUninstall\nUpgrade\nFeature\nFree Form\nAnd each of these can be done as any of the following test types:\nWhite Box (also called Clear Box by some)\nBlack Box\n\nIn White box testing you are supposed to know what the limits, functions, internal limits and all other "things" so you can know what to expect as results.\n\nBlack Box testing is where you see the input side and the output side and know nothing about the middle.\n\nI feel White Box testing can fulfill all testing needs if enough data is given the test team and they are allowed to execute a full test cycle covering at least the following:\n\nFunctional\nBoundary\nStress\nInstall\nUninstall\nUpgrade\nFeature\nFree Form\n\nThe ultimate goal for testing is no undiscovered software defect. More often reality in the form of budget and time causes the approach to be one which as the test cycles continue find less and less defects with no more new Level 1 (Serious and Fatal) defects being found, and the other levels diminishing as well. A test team has to remember that they do not:\nFix a defect\nDecide what to fix\n\nAnd they do\n\nFully document a defect including reliable step by step directions on reproducing the defect and the environment in which it occurs\n\nReliably test defect fixes both in patch mode and in full install mode\n\nRecheck every level 1 serious fatal defect each time a new full build is presented\n\nwhew!! I think I could write forever on this... there is so much to cover\n\nFrank
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Lean Manufacturing is a business initiative to reduce waste in manufactured products. The basic idea is to reduce the cost systematically, throughout the product and production process, by means of a series of process reviews.\nThe crucial insight is that most costs are assigned when a product is designed. Often an engineer will specify familiar, safe materials and processes rather than inexpensive, efficient ones. This reduces project risk, that is, the cost to the engineer, while increasing financial risks, and decreasing profits. Good organizations develop and review checklists to review product designs.
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helloo,,my name is Dee and i am a certified black belt ready to start my own conuslting company in six sigma training and process improvement.  I would defnititely be ope to training you for free,,