Why is it easier to remove an electron from the "p" subshell than an "s" subshell?
369573
I think if you put that sort of question you are familliar with SCHRODINGER ecuation. It is a complex ecuation simply described by\n\nNabla (a small triangle with the basis on the upper side) of H (hamiltonian - a complex math analysis operator) equals to zero.\n\nThis equation was solved only for the Hydrogen atom (in my physics books from college the solution occupy 8 A4 pages ...) and the results were extrapolated for others atoms (helium, lithium, berylium, etc.) but is just an extrapolation. \n\nFor other atom than Hydrogen the Schrodinger equation can not be solved with the mathematical apparatus we dispose today ...\n\nSo, the Schrodinger equation describes the POSSIBILITY to find an electron in a region of space at one moment. The shape of this spatial arrangement is called orbital (wave function) and we have S orbitals (spherical shape - maximum 2 electrons), P orbitals (spatial simetry over Ox, Oy and Oz with a shape similar to mathematical sign for infinitum on every axis - maximum 6 alectrons in 3 pairs), D orbitals (maximum 10 electrons in 5 pairs) and F orbitals (maximum 14 electrons in 7 pairs)\n\nSo the Sulphur electronical configuration is:\n1S(2)2S(2)2P(6)3S(2)3P(4)\n\nFrom the last shell is probably the easier to extract an electron. The distance from the nucleus dictate the strenght of atraction ... So, an 3S electron is harder to remove than an 3P electon but easier to remove than a 2P electron\n\nDONE!
69638
s,p,d,f are the names of different kinds of electron orbitals.  they correspond to different values for the angular momentum quantum number "l".  \n\ngoing from s -> p -> d -> f and so on means an increase in the electron's angular momentum about the nucleus.  s means the l quantum number is 0; p means l = 1, d means l=2, f means l=3.  \n\nrereading the question, maybe you mean what do the letters stand for?  it has to do with the way electron orbitals are studied, which is via emission spectroscopy.  the names were originally given to describe different kinds of spectral lines and they stand for:  sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.
786820
Flourines electron configuration is [He]2s2 2p5.  In the p-orbitals there are three subshells, each subshell is capable of taking only two electrons a piece.  This leaves you with one electron that is unpaired.  Because in the p-orbitals you can only have a total of 6 electrons.  So, 6-5=1.
358467
because electrons mass is insignificant to the mass of the nucleus of the atom. omitting the electron mass is prctical because there is soo much space between electrons and other atoms in a molecule at any given time that 99.9% of the density that effects the behavior of a moving molecule come from the nucleus itself.
1131979
OK.  There was a discrepancy in the atomic mass of elements.  We have electrons, which have insignificant mass, and an equal number of protons (to make the atom neutral), but the atomic mass exceeds the sum of the masses of the protons + electrons.  So we hypothesize that there is another particle in the atom which has atomic mass roughly the same as a proton but no charge.\nIt makes sense that this particle is in the nucleus.\nBUT, we can't use magnetic properties to isolate this particle.  And an atom is pretty much indivisible.  So we must actually strip off the electrons AND the protons to isolate neutrons.  That's not easy.
570227
Na is larger than Na+.\nF is larger than F+.\nCations are always smaller than the parent atom as the effective nuclear charge acting on an electron increases as the total number of electrons decreases.\nIn the case of Na&Na+,Na+ has one whole shell lesser than Na.
748685
Some points:-\n1) Neutron is a neutral particle, so it does not get deflected by electric or magnetic fields. Great advantage isn't it.\n\n2) The most important point is however,\nthat these particles are accelerated using accelarator. Now if the particle be of light weight, then a very small increase in the energy corresponds to a great increase in its velocity. So the accelerator goes easily out of step, without supplying required energy to the particle. Neutron is the heaviest among the sub-atomic particles ( at least according to the 12 th standard). So this problem gets minimised by using neutrons.\n\n3) Neutrons being uncharged is not deflected by the target nuclei. So we need not impart that much amount of energy to a neutron, that was to be imparted to a proton or an electron.\n\npoint 2 prohibits the usage of electron & point 3 The usage of proton. So the only sub-atomic particle left (according to the 12 th standard) is a neutron. That is why it is used widely.
885865
a)  here, you're basically going down a column of the periodic table.  the electrons are thus filling up higher energy levels, which causes the atomic radii to increase.\nb)  the chloride ion has one more electron than the chlorine atom, so the increased force of repulsion among the electrons causes the atom to expand.\nc)  magnesium has a full 3s subshell, so it's relatively difficult to remove an electron.  aluminum has one lone electron in its 3p subshell, so removing it would lead to a relatively stable configuration (magnesium's configuration), and removing an electron is easier.\nd)  after removing 2 electrons from magnesium, you'll have reached a noble gas configuration, so the 3rd ionization energy of magnesium is SUPER-HIGH, resulting in a greater difference.
784377
This is true.  The Px, Py, and Pz orbitals are degenerate in all atoms provided the atom is not subjected to a magnetic field. \n\nIn hydrogen and other single electron systems (He+ etc) only the n quantum number matters to determine energy.  So you can actually say that the 2s, 2px, 2py and 2pz are all degenerate.  \n\nThe s, p etc orbitals lose this degeneracy when there is more than one electron due to electrostatic repulsion between the electrons, so then you need both the n quantum number and the l quantum number to determine energy.
493325
It is because a a shell can occupy only a maximum of 8 electrons which satisfies the octet rule.\n\n the rules are:\nHUND's rule of maximum multiplicity\nPAULI's exclusion principle\nAUFBAU principle
797297
It's unlikely a particle accelerator event would just remove one or more neutrons.  Splitting the nucleus is more likely, as is adding a neutron to a nucleus.  The half-life of a free neutron is about 15 minutes.
564065
The nucleus of an element has a particular charge associated with it, the effective nuclear charge regards the shielding of the electrons in diminishing the field experienced by a proximal valence electron.\n\nThat is when one of the electron is removed, the magnitude of the positive nuclear charge remains the same, however, the shielding has now been decreased by one electron; the result is that the rest of the electrons experience a greater attraction and the radii is correspondingly decreased.\n\nYou should read upon the concept of effective nuclear charge.
845173
well, as you go down the table, the extra shells of electrons cause shielding of force applied on the electrons by the protons. this causes three effects that i know of. 1. the electrons are easier to remove. 2.the atom is less likely to attract another electron. 3. and the atoms bond radius increases. \nas you move across the table the greater number of protons and electrons(without adding shells)causes the attraction of electrons from the protons to increase. and causes three effects that i know of. 1.the electrons are harder to remove. 2.the atom is more likely to attract electrons. 3.and it causes the atom's bond radius to become smaller
178437
The ion has one ore more surplus electrons to fill the outer shell to 8 of them.\nElectrons repell each other, so they take a little bit more space.\nSo the negative ion is a bit bigger than the atom.
1100902
Here's the watered-down high school version...it gets more complex than this.\n\nElectrons are lazy.  They will go where it costs them the least amount of energy.  In the first energy level, the electrons are quite close to the nucleus.  Remember that electrons repel each other and want to be as far away as possible.  Because it is such a small space, it would require much more energy to put a third electron there than it would to just put the electron into the second energy level.  The second energy level has a bit more room, so you can fit 8 electrons in this level before it becomes too "expensive" and the electrons start filling the third level.
272575
let me explain this with an example.take Cl atom which has 17 protons in the nucleus and equal no. of electrons(17)revolving around the nucleus.this means tht the 17 positive charges are attracting the 17 negative charges.\nnow let us consider the chloride ion Cl(-1). the protons are again 17 here but one negative charge is extra ie there are 18 electrons.so,in this case the 17 positive charges are pulling the 18 negative charges.\nnow u can imagine in which case is the pull less efficient atom or anion?\nobviously it is less efficient in case of anion because of the inequality of charges thus making it bigger in size.\nhope ,i ve made it clear with an example...
1010723
First the electron would have an sp1 configuration not np1.  As to which orbital it would revolve in...it doesn't matter.  The x, y, and z are just ways to distinquish the 3 different orbitals.  the point in the center is a null point.  the electrons do not actually travel through that spot.  Orbital configurations just define a volume where an electron might spend some of its time.  it could be found anywhere in the volume.