An obstruction in the proximal convoluted tubule decreases glomerular filtration rate because?
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The correct answer is definitely C.  It has no effect on blood flow.  Blood is not able to flow through the basement membrane of the glomerulus because of the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capsule.  Again, we just learned about this in med school.
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The question is not what diet but what medications should he be on and how should the kidney function be measured.  Kidney function declines about 1% per year in healthy people.  Microscopic amounts of albumin in the urine precede elevations in creatinine.  Meds called ACE inhibitors and ARBs improve kidney function and slow further decline.  Both diabetes and hypertension predispose to kidney failure and the combination increases this risk.
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Each kidney receives its blood supply from the renal artery, two of which branch from the abdominal aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller interlobar arteries situated between the renal papillae. At the outer medulla, the interlobar arteries branch into arcuate arteries, which course along the border between the renal medulla and cortex, giving off still smaller branches, the cortical radial arteries (sometimes called interlobular arteries). Branching off these cortical arteries are the afferent arterioles supplying the glomerular capillaries, which drain into efferent arterioles. Efferent arterioles divide into peritubular capillaries that provide an extensive blood supply to the cortex. Blood from these capillaries collects in renal venules and leaves the kidney via the renal vein. Efferent arterioles of glomeruli closest to the medulla (those that belong to juxtamedullary nephrons) send branches into the medulla, forming the vasa recta. Blood supply is intimately linked to blood pressure.\n\n\n[edit] Nephron\n \n1. Renal pyramid\n2. Efferent artery\n3. Renal artery\n4. Renal vein\n5. Renal hilum\n6. Renal pelvis\n7. Ureter\n8. Minor calyx\n9. Renal capsule\n10. Inferior renal capsule\n11. Superior renal capsule\n12. Afferent vein\n13. Nephron\n14. Minor calyx\n15. Major calyx\n16. Renal papilla\n17. Renal columnMain article: Nephron\nThe basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, of which there are more than a million within the cortex and medulla of each normal adult human kidney. Nephrons regulate water and soluble matter (especially electrolytes) in the body by first filtering the blood under pressure, and then reabsorbing some necessary fluid and molecules back into the blood while secreting other, unneeded molecules. Reabsorption and secretion are accomplished with both cotransport and countertransport mechanisms established in the nephrons and associated collecting ducts.\n\n\n[edit] Collecting duct system\nMain article: Collecting duct system\nThe fluid flows from the nephron into the collecting duct system. This segment of the nephron is crucial to the process of water conservation by the organism. In the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH; also called vasopressin), these ducts become permeable to water and facilitate its reabsorption, thus concentrating the urine and reducing its volume. Conversely, when the organism must eliminate excess water, such as after excess fluid drinking, the production of ADH is decreased and the collecting tubule becomes less permeable to water, rendering urine dilute and abundant. Failure of the organism to decrease ADH production appropriately may lead to water retention and dangerous dilution of body fluids, which in turn may cause severe neurological damage. Failure to produce ADH (or inability of the collecting ducts to respond to it) may cause excessive urination, called diabetes insipidus.\n\nAfter being processed along the collecting tubules and ducts, the fluid, now called urine, is drained into the bladder via the ureter, to be finally excluded from the organism\n\nBlood Pressure\n\nSodium ions are controlled in a homeostatic process involving aldosterone which increases sodium ion absorption in the distal convoluted tubules.\n\nWhen blood pressure becomes low, a proteolytic enzyme called Renin is secreted by cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (part of the distal convoluted tubule) which are sensitive to pressure. Renin acts on a blood protein, angiotensinogen, converting it to angiotensin I (10 amino acids). Angiotensin I is then converted by the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung capillaries to Angiotensin II (8 amino acids), which stimulates the secretion of Aldosterone by the adrenal cortex, which then affects the kidney tubules.\n\nAldosterone stimulates an increase in the reabsorption of sodium ions from the kidney tubules which causes an increase in the volume of water that is reabsorbed from the
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Dialysis tubing is tubing with a semi-permeable exterior, thus allowing the osmosis of small molecules, such as water, through its wall, while preventing larger molecules such as starch and proteins from passing through. It is used as a filter for dialysis.\nTypically a solution of several types of molecules is placed into a semipermeable dialysis bag, such as a cellulose membrane with pores, and the bag is sealed. The sealed dialysis bag is placed in a container of a different solution, or pure water. Molecules small enough to pass through the tubing (often water, salts and other small molecules) tend to move into or out of the dialysis bag, in the direction of decreasing concentration. Larger molecules (often proteins, or polysaccharides) that have dimensions significantly greater than the pore diameter are retained inside the dialysis bag.
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Think about the relative concentration gradients of specific solutes. You clearly wouldn't infuse something that would cause water to move out of the vasculature into the brain, you would want something that would do the opposite.
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j-g complex -->\njuxtaglomerular complex \n\na complex consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent glomerular arteriole and sometimes also the efferent arteriole; extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, which are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles; the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule; and granular epithelial peripolar cells located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to the visceral capsule of the renal corpuscle; believed to provide some feedback control of extracellular fluid volume and glomerular filtration rate. \n\nSynonym: j-g complex, juxtaglomerular apparatus. \n\nRetrieved from "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/J-g_complex"\n\n j-sella deformity\nPear-shaped or J-shaped deformity of sella turcica caused by increased pressure on growing sphenoid bone; noted in the mucopolysaccharide storage diseases.
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Most of the sugar and protein constituents that pass through the glomerulus are absorbed back into the circulatory system.  Check out the following diagram on illustration of how the nephron works:\n\nhttp://www1.shore.net/~straub/labsk_nephron.gif
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Hypertensive nephropathy (or "hypertensive nephrosclerosis", or "Hypertensive renal disease") is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high blood pressure.\n\nIt should be distinguished from "renovascular hypertension" (I15.0), which is a form of secondary hypertension.\n\nIn the kidneys, as a result of benign arterial hypertension, hyaline (pink, amorphous, homogeneous material) accumulates in the wall of small arteries and arterioles, producing the thickening of their walls and the narrowing of the lumens - hyaline arteriolosclerosis. Consequent ischemia will produce tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, glomerular alterations (smaller glomeruli with different degrees of hyalinization - from mild to sclerosis of glomeruli) and periglomerular fibrosis. In advanced stages, renal failure will occur. Functional nephrons have dilated tubules, often with hyaline casts in the lumens.
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All of these may have an effect on absorbance since they all have the potential to affect the final concentration of the solutions being measured; In (a), you don'y know what might be in the wet stuff in the beaker, so your absorbance might go up.  In (b), because the pipet has not been "wetted" with your solution, you might pick up less than you thought, so your concentration might be lower and give a lower absorbance.  I'll let you figure out (c) for yourself since I can't be sure what you typed!
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Glomerular capillary filtration is sensitive to ionic charge of a compound being passed through it. this is why complex proteins become trapped in the basement membranes and appear as electron dense deposits in tissue sections examined by electronmicroscopy. ionic charge of lipid is repelled
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Pyelocaliectasis is a congenital ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction in children. By definition, this diagnosis signifies functionally impaired transport of urine from the renal pelvis into the ureter. Early and complete obstruction, which is rare, leads to total nonfunctioning. A narrowing of the junction of renal pelvis and ureter is the most common cause of primary congenital UPJ obstruction. Late and partial prenatal obstruction leads to varying degrees of pyelocaliectasis and functional renal impairment. With the advent of prenatal sonography, most UPJ obstructions are now detected in utero.
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Total Parenteral Nutrition\n\nTry this? http://www.espen.org/education/documents/Renalinsufficiency2.pdf
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According to my anatomy textbook, it's so that once urine comes out of the ureter into the bladder, the ureter is automatically pinched shut so that the urine doesn't flow back up the ureter toward the kidneys.  Having problems with this mechanism can cause one to have to urinate a lot more often (because when the bladder squeezes to empty itself, some of the urine goes back the wrong way), and if serious or untreated for a long time, can lead to kidney problems.\n\nOut of curiosity, why did you want to know?
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<>In this disease, protein blocks the filtration system of the kidney.  The protein is being removed from the blood and once the filtering is blocked, the blood flow backs up.  Once the blood flow backs up in the kidney, it backs up throughout the blood vessel system; backed up blood flow creates higher pressure in the system, thus, high blood pressure.\n\nhttp://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/iganephropathy/
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kidney, specifically the nephron
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Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to diffuse through the lipid bilayer and are too big to diffuse through membrane channels can cross the plasma membrane by facilated difussion.In this process, a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a changhe in shape.\n\nLike diffusion, facilitated diffusion is a passive process.The net result of facilitated diffusion is movement down a concentration gradient.The solute binds more often to the transporter on the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of solute.Once the concentration is the same on the both sides of the membrane,solute molecules bind to the transporter on the cystolic side and move out the extracellular side and move into the cytosol.The rate of facilitated diffusion(how quickly it occurs) is determined by the stepness of the concentration gradient across the membrane.\n\nThe number of transporters available in a plasma membrane places an upper limit,called the transport maximum,on the rate at which facilitated diffusion can occur.Once all the transporters are occupied, the transport maximum is reached, and further increase in the concentration gradient does not increase the rate of facilitated diffusion.Thus,much like a completely saturated sponge can absorb no more water,the process of facilitated diffusion exhibits saturation.\n\nHope this helps you.Please check my spelling too.I may misspelled some words.So many too typed.No time to check it.\n(^^o)/
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The first part of the renal tubule is called the proximal tubule, unless you count the glomerulus, but that is usually not considered part of the tubule, although it is the beginning of the nephron.  The proximal tubule is the place where all the glucose and much of the electrolytes are pumped back into the blood.