What is an advantage of using chlorine to disinfect drinking-water supplies?  How about ozone?
358805
One advantage is the concept of chlorine residual.  When chlorine is added to the water at the treatment plant, it stays in the water until the very last house on the line.  As you can imagine, there are a lot of potential water contaminants that could occur in the pipes between the plant and the last house on the line.  Since there is a chlorine residual - or chlorine still in the water - those potential contaminants are taken care of.\nOzone only treats the water at the plant and there is no residual to clean any potential contamination.  Also, ozone can only be mixed on-site, whereas chlorine is easily transportable.
628336
as opposed to polluted water?
1177272
Chlorine gas can be produced by the electrolysis of Sodium Chlo rid (Salt) , Chlorine gas is used as disinfectant for water , the products of electrolysis of salt are, chlorine gas which liquefied and filled in cylinders, Caustic Soda, HCl . clorox which is a trade name for sodium hypochlorite Na0Cl(4%solution ) is used for household uses , produced by the reaction of chlorine with caustic soda and diluted with distilled water.
868966
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is using ultra violet light and small filters to sterilize water.  Deionized water basically pure of minerals and other impurities but is not sterile. Both are used in scientific experiments depending on what impurities you are concerned with.
914690
a) You friend is wrong. Even pure water has some OH- and H3O+ ions. The concentrations are very low (10^-7), but they are there.\n\nb) There is Clorine in Clorox (sodium hypochlorite), and the bleaching reaction causes oxidation.
1121627
First off -- in the city or anywhere water systems operate, it's not free. You pay for that water.  Most people buy bottled water because they recognize that most public water sources derive from polluted waterways, is delivered through deteriorating, antiquated piping systems, and contains numerous sediments, microorganisms and other contaminants including the chemicals used to treat the water. Unfortunately, most people who buy bottled water don't take the time to investigate the quality of the product they're buying. Just because it says "spring" water doesn't really mean anything. #1, that spring may be a source of water from a polluted aquifer or may be receiving various pollutants into its recharge zone. #2, bottled spring water is treated with chemical systems, bottled in plastics which may leech carcinogens into the water, and may just be slightly better than the water coming out of your taps -- but far more expensive. On average, bottled water frequently is more expensive than gas/petrol.\n\nP.S. regarding convenience of bottles, it's far easier to fill a bottle or canteen from your tap. You can also use filtering systems at home to remove most contaminants in tap water.  \n\nEvian is still naive spelled backwards....
1073289
When chlorine gas dissolves in water, it forms the relatively weak acid hypochlorous acid\n\nCl2 + H2O --> HClO + HCl\n\nHypochlorous acid is the strong oxidizing agent that acts as a disinfectant.\n\nTake note that reaction must take place in dark. Otherwise, there is formation of undesirable HCL (which raises the saltiness of the water and decreases pH significantly) according to reaction\n\n2HClO (sunlight)--> 2HCl + O2\n\nSince most pools are sunlight, there is decrease of hypochlorous acid over time, resulting in the formation of more and more HCl, which makes the water saltier.  Therefore, chlorine must be added at regular intervals.
638627
My best guess would be chlorine.  Chlorine is harmful to humans if its concentrated enough (certainly could be concentrated enough in a chamber), and kills bacteria in water which is why it is used in water distribution.
1070569
Reverse osmosis, also known as hyperfiltration, is the finest filtration available today. It is the most common treatment technology used by premium bottled water companies. It is effective in eliminating or substantially reducing a very wide array of contaminants, and of all technologies used to treat drinking water in residential applications, it has the greatest range of contaminant removal. Reverse osmosis will allow the removal of particles as small as individual ions. The pores in a reverse osmosis membrane are only approximately 0.0005 micron in size (bacteria are 0.2 to 1 micron & viruses are 0.02 to 0.4 microns). \n\nThere are two types of reverse osmosis membranes commonly used in home water purification products: Thin Film Composite (TFC) and Cellulose Triacetate (CTA). TFC membranes have considerably higher rejection rates (they will filter out more contaminants) than a CTA membrane, however, they are more susceptible to degradation by chlorine. This is one of the reasons why it is important that a reverse osmosis system include quality activated carbon pre-filters. \n\nA typical RO system is composed of an array of granular activated carbon (GAC) pre-filters, the reverse osmosis membrane, a storage tank, and a faucet to deliver the purified water to your countertop. Reverse osmosis systems vary in membrane quality, output capacity, and storage capacity.
824641
Mostly they add sodium hypochlorite or bleaching powder to swimming pool for disinfection. It is the active oxygen in these products which kill the organic matter of the bacteria and virus, leaving them dead. It is not chlorine gas which is evolved, rather it is active oxygen which is evolved and it is also corrosive to skin. Avoid using swimming pools when it is smells a hell of chlorine.
613040
Treat the chloride solution with ozone.
944598
Not sure what you're asking, but ammonia is used as a refrigerant for large industrial refrigeration applications such as ice cream plants and breweries. \nIt is very efficient and causes no ozone depletion whatsoever. It is however very noxious to humans so leak detection equipment is required.
533071
www.sensorex.com/support/education/ORP_education.html\n\nwww.zentox.com/CleanStreams/ Ozone_Cooling_Tower_Systems_KSC.pdf\n\nNote the limitations !  It only works for clean waters.\n\nanrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8149.pdf
230666
Chlorination of drinking water eliminated typhoid, cholera, and dysentery that were commonly carried in drinking water when chlorination was introduced in the early 1900's.\n\nHowever, there are some negative effects:\nI quote:\n"... the July [1992] issue of the American Journal of Public Health, researchers found that people who regularly drink tap water containing high levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons have a greater risk of developing bladder and rectal cancers than people who drink unchlorinated water. The study estimates that about 9% of all bladder and 18% of all rectal cancer cases are associated with long-term consumption of these hydrocarbons. This amounts to over 20,000 new cases each year."\nhttp://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/water/watinorg.html\n\nEuropean water treatment has largely shifted to ozone and filtration, and they have found it works. Plus the chlorine residuals are about 10 times less than in US water.\n\nAnother negative effect of chlorination is that it can create what are known as trihalomethanes. One example of a trihalomethane is chloroform, which causes an allergic reaction in about 10% of the population. Chloroform, or trichloromethane can cause liver and kidney damage.  Fortunately the concentrations are monitored and are generally quite low. One trihalomethane, known as dibromochloromethane is associated with cancer risk of one per million at 0.6 micrograms per liter. That's about the same as 6 parts per billion. The cancer risk of this is only one per million, but that concentration is barely measureable, and most people ingest large quantities of drinking water daily, so it is not as insignificant as it may seem. \n\nBromine is also sometimes used, either in addition to chlorine, or as a substitute. This is the source of what I believe are the worst hazards, such as dibromochloromethane.\n\nAnother chemical that is added to drinking water is fluorine. Fluorine is added in much smaller concentrations than chlorine, and does substitute for some of the chlorine so it actually will reduce the amount of chlorination. You probably get quite a bit of fluorine in your toothpaste, as there is almost no toothpaste on the market today that does not contain fluoride. There are some potential negative health effects of fluoridation, however, there is lots of evidence that in the concentrations in most drinking water that it is beneficial more than harmful. Fluoridation is added in about 60% of US public drinking water.\nhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/fluoridated-water\n\nIf you are concerned about your drinking water I suggest you use an activated carbon type filter and filter both drinking and cooking water. Not all activated carbon filters are created equal. Here is a source that explains what they will remove and what they won't remove:\nhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/h2oqual/watsys/ae1029w.htm\n\nDrinking bottled water does not mean you have avoided this problem. Bottled water is regulated in the US by the FDA, and must generally comply with the same standards as public drinking water. In many cases it is better because reverse osmosis, or distillation has removed any potential contaminants. One trade-off is that water in plastic bottles will absorb small quantities of phthalates. Studies that showed that phthalates caused cancer in rats were generally  dismissed as not being relevant to humans. They are also known to be broken down in the body within one or two days, so do not pose a risk of bioaccumulation. I quote:\n"The CDC report is, in all, very good news because the trace levels of phthalates found are within EPA safety levels and therefore should not pose a concern for human health."\nhttp://www.phthalates.org/yourhealth/human_exposure.asp
307435
Are you asking about a chlorine generator that uses salt water? Such things do exist. Several brands. All of them are fairly expensive, not electrically efficient (the electricity they use costs more than the chlorine they make), and very unreliable. Plus, they are expensive to repair. And, they break down a lot! You still are using chlorine to sanitize your water so what have you gained? Silly idea, isn't it? Take my advice. STAY AWAY from the things!
587298
Chlorine in the water is probably bad for us in the long run, but if it wasn't there we'd be dead already from cholera or typhus.  There is no such thing as "safe", you just need to gauge the amount of risk you are willing to tolerate for an enjoyable life for you and your family.
1041343
Most filters can reduce most pollutants.  For something stronger, contact the experts: culligan, etc.  Get a couple of recommendations.  My wife had a problem with her well water before we were married (contaminated with something toxic due actions of a neighbor), and a house filter took care of it.\nGod Bless,\nVic