How is polyactic acid produced?
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It can be easily produced in a high molecular weight form through ring-opening polymerization using a stannous octoate catalyst, but for laboratory demonstrations tin(II) chloride is often employed.\nand you meant polyLactic acid
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lol no, research it yourself\n\nhttp://www.google.com/search?hs=qgl&hl=en&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&q=polysaccharide+structure&btnG=Search\nhttp://www.google.com/search?btnI=I%27m+Feeling+Lucky&q=wiki+polysaccharide
79517
Your friend is very true. He has just been explaining the solubility of citric acid in water. Citric acid is indeed polyprotic, in simple terms, it can release 3 H+ ions into solution. Also, to add to what ur friend has said, Citric acid can form Hydrogen bonds faster and easier compared to NaCl. Hydrogen bonds are formed between an electronegative atom of one molecule and a Hydrogen atom of another molecule (Intermolecular) OR an an electronegative atom of one molecule and the Hydrogen of the same molecule. In the case of citric acid, it is Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding between citric acid and water. \nThis makes citric acid to dissolve better in water than NaCl.
3490
it's an organic acid\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid
418688
So that you can form phosphoenolpyruvate, which can react to form pyruvate and regenerate another ATP molecule-\n\nThis reaction is aimed at converting the relatively low energy phosphoacyl-ester of 3PG to a high-energy form and harvesting the phosphate as ATP. The 3PG is first converted to 2PG by phosphoglycerate mutase and the 2PG conversion to phosphoenoylpyruvate (PEP) is catalyzed by enolase.  Its all a matter of generating a higher energy compound so you can make more ATP, and pyruvate to feed into the TCA cycle in aerobic metabolism, or reduction to lactic acid in anarobic metabolism.  I hope that answered your question.
451621
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_polymerization
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E is the answer.   i think its about 2 produced during glycolysis,  30 or 32 from TCA cycle and another 2 from going from glycolysis to TCA
1140608
Polymers are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a large number of repeating units. There are both naturally occurring and synthetic polymers. Among naturally occurring polymers are proteins, starches, cellulose, and latex. Synthetic polymers are produced commercially on a very large scale and have a wide range of properties and uses. The materials commonly called plastics are all synthetic polymers. \n\n  \n\n             Polymers are formed by chemical reactions in which a large number of molecules called monomers are joined sequentially, forming a chain. In many polymers, only one monomer is used. In others, two or three different monomers may be combined. Polymers are classified by the characteristics of the reactions by which they are formed. If all atoms in the monomers are incorporated into the polymer, the polymer is called an addition polymer. If some of the atoms of the monomers are released into small molecules, such as water, the polymer is called a condensation polymer. Most addition polymers are made from monomers containing a double bond between carbon atoms. Such monomers are called olefins, and most commercial addition polymers are polyolefins. Condensation polymers are made from monomers that have two different groups of atoms which can join together to form, for example, ester or amide links. Polyesters are an important class of commercial polymers, as are polyamides (nylon).
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Biopolymers are just naturally occuring polymers.  A polymer is any molecule where small units link together to make a chain of subunits.  Examples in industry are plastics, but in biology, polymers are seen in peptide chains (used for builiding proteins), DNA (which controls the form and function of an organism by encoded the information that is needed to assemple petide chains to make proteins), charbohydrates (chains of sugars that can serve to store energy or serve structural purposes, like glycoprotein recognition molecules that are on the outsides of cells), and lipids (fatty acid chains that also store energy or serve to make structures, like cell membranes).\n\nAdditionally, proteins of a similar type like actin can polymerize, to create a super-protein that have important functions in cell structure and motility.\n\nThe components of these are nucleotides for DNA, amino acids for peptide chains/proteins, sugars for carbohydrates, and CH2 units for lipids (so-called saturated fats are chains of carbon atoms with two hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom).
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i don't know exactly how the film is made. but the polythene is made up of monomers called ethene. Ethene is an alkene - notice the 'ene' on the end. Ethene has come from a process of 'cracking'. Before cracking, ethene was ethane - and guess what these are called- alkanes - notice the 'ane'. Alkanes make up crude oil, which we fractionally distill to get fuels such as petrol (for cars) and kerosine( aeroplane fuel)  \nAll these monomers (ethene) will join together to make a polymer - which in this case is polythene - in theory it should be called polyethene, not polythene. This process is called polymersiation. \n\nthis is it in basic form\n\ncrude oil ---> fractionally distilled (burn off fuels at certain temperatures) ----> get alkanes (which have a single carbon bond)-->process of cracking --> get an alkene (which have a double carbon bond - making it more reactive than an alkane) -->example - get ethene, which is a monomer ---> this monomer comes together with other monomers to make a polymer----> this process is polymerisation ----> the ethene monomers will come together to form polythene\n\nThere are other examples - such as the alkane - propane - notice 'ane' again. Once propane is cracked, it will form into an alkene called propene - notice 'ene' - the monomers are propene. So loads of propene monomers will come together (polymerisation) and form polyPROPene , not polyTHEne
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http://www.google.com/search?btnI=I%27m+Feeling+Lucky&q=polysaccharide+wiki\n\nIt's a complex sugar
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I'll talk through it, since I can't draw structures.  Presumably, this is an acid catalyzed process.  The first step is protonation of the oxygen on acetone.  This creates a more electrophilic carbonyl.  One of the hydroxyls of the starting material will attack the carbonyl carbon, generating a hemiacetal.  Protonation of the hydroxyl of this hemiacetal, followed by elimination of water with assistance from the lone pairs on the neighboring oxygen will generate an oxonium ion suited for another nucleophilic attack by the other hydroxyl of the hydrobenzoin.  A final proton transfer will generate the acetal.
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Aerobic glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate, requires two equivalents of ATP to activate the process, with the subsequent production of four equivalents of ATP and two equivalents of NADH. Thus, conversion of one mole of glucose to two moles of pyruvate is accompanied by the net production of two moles each of ATP and NADH. \n\nGlucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi -----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+\n\nThe NADH generated during glycolysis is used to fuel mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation, producing either two or three equivalents of ATP depending upon whether the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate-aspartate shuttle is used to transport the electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. The net yield from the oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of pyruvate is, therefore, either 6 or 8 moles of ATP. Complete oxidation of the 2 moles of pyruvate, through the TCA cycle, yeilds an additional 30 moles of ATP; the total yield, therefore being either 36 or 38 moles of ATP from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O. Got it?
1151421
Lots of microbes produce pectinase.\nThose can be isolated from fruit skin, and other high pectin containing natural resources.
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Polymerise (v), Polymerization (n),  is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains . There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.\n\nThe main categories are\n\nAddition polymerization \nCondensation polymerization \nTerminology in the literature to represent these types of polymerizations is not standard: there are multiple terms for the same type. For example, "step polymerization" and "step-growth polymerization" refer to the same type of polymerization.\n\nHistory\nPolymerization dates back to the beginning of DNA based life, as both DNA and proteins can be considered polymers. The first 'synthetic' polymers of the 19th century were actually formed by modifying natural polymers. For example nitrocellulose was manufactured by reacting cellulose with nitric acid. The first genuinely man-made polymer, the phenol-formaldehyde resin bakelite, was synthesized in 1872. However, research into polymers and polymerization only really accelerated in the 1930s after the serendipitous discovery of polyethene by the chemical company ICI.
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polymers of L and D of galactose!and from a red alge
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Polythene bags..\n\nethylene on polymerization will give polythene material..\n\nThats it!