i want more detail description regarding urea recycle in humans rather than it is a complex process?
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Normal metabolism produces Ammonia within the body, which is toxic.  This Ammonia must be neutralized.  One of the ways the human body does this is the production of urea or uric acid in the liver.  Excess amino acids are also turned into Urea within the body.\n\nIf an excess of Uric acid occurs in the body ( Eating the wrong foods, kidney malfunction ), a condition called GOUT occurs...VERY painful joints and cartilage...
1179036
Metabolism is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways. The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell.
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It's a common misconception that your food comes out either as pee or poop or some ratio depending upon it's state of matter before being eaten. In fact, the different sources of energy (i.e. fats and carbs) as well as proteins, undergo catabolism so much that the waste products are nothing like them at all. In any case, feces (poop) is what is never actually absorbed by your body. Anything that is taken up by the body and used is in the urine (pee). This is mostly water, salt, and urea (broken down proteins).
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Specifically: water, pyridine, squalene, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid, complex alcohols and glycols, ketones, and aldehydes.
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All things in nature ultimately succumb to decay. Much of this is a natural consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. Many molecules degrade by the action of oxygen, halogens and radicals naturally found in the environment. A large proportion of materials degrade because their components are subject to the action of enzymes. Unfortunately for humans, many of the wastes that we produce do not decay as fast as we would like. They end up polluting the air, land and water. Two major factors prevent our wastes from decaying rapidly. One is that we produce so much at one time that the rate of natural decay is insignificant compared to the amount present. Another factor is that most wastes end up in areas not conducive to rapid degradation. \nResearchers developed bioremediation as a way to accelerate or encourage the degradation of pollutants. Bioremediation is a term that describes the use of organisms to remove or reduce human-made pollution. The term bioremediation is new in the scientific vocabulary. In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency had to develop an absolute definition of the term for their purposes. The principles of modern bioremediation are not new, dating back to the 1960's. Some of the first studies on using microbes to degrade oil in sea water were conducted in 1972 although sewage treatment using rock filtration was the earliest application of bioremediation. Bacteria were encouraged to grow in these filters which broke down and absorbed organic matter before it reached a lake, ocean or river. At first bioremediation was a curiosity, today it is seen as a cure-all for up all types of pollution, including radioactive isotopes.\nBioremediation is based on the idea that all organisms remove substances from the environment to carry out growth and metabolism. Bacteria, protista and fungi are very good at degrading complex molecules and incorporating the breakdown products into their metabolisms. The resultant metabolic wastes that they produce are generally safe and somehow recycled into other organisms. Fungi are especially good at digesting complex organic compounds that are normally not degraded by other organisms. The ability to degrade a pollutant is dependent on enzymes produced by the organism. Petroleum can be degraded only by bacteria with the ability to produce enzymes that select petroleum as a substrate. \nBioremediation does not involve only the degradation of pollutants. Sometimes it is sufficient to remove the pollutant from the environment without degrading it. Bacteria in particular take up large amounts of metals and minerals to ensure adequate resources for binary fission. Algae and plants are very good at absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and many minerals and metals from the environments. For example, plants like locoweed remove large amounts of the toxic element selenium. The selenium is stored in plant tissues where it poses no harm until/unless the plant is eaten. Many algae and bacteria produce secretions that attract metals that are toxic in high levels. The metals are in effect removed from the food chain by being bound to the secretions. \nThere are several limitations to bioremediation. One major limitation has to do with the nature of the organisms. The removal of pollutants by organisms is not a benevolent gesture. Rather, it is a strategy for survival. Most bioremediation organisms do their job under environmental conditions that suit their needs. Consequently, some type of environmental modification is needed to encourage the organisms to degrade or take up the pollutant at an acceptable rate. In many instances the organism must be presented with low levels of the pollutant over a period of time. This induces the organism to produce the metabolic pathways needed to digest the pollutant. When using bacteria and fungi, it is usually necessary to add fertilizer or oxygen to the material containing the pollutant. This can be disruptive to other organisms when done in situ. In
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Hi there !\nWhat do you mean by the question ? \nYou expect somebody to describe the "entire digestion" and the "metabolism mechanism" of the Human body in this column ?\nBetter verify the "Book of Physiology by Guyton" or "Chatterjee"..they have given beautiful descriptions ! \nbest wishes !
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Uric acid (or uricite) is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.\n\n In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. In most other mammals, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin.\nUric acid is also the end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds and reptiles. In such species, it is excreted in feces as a dry mass. \nHumans produce only small quantities of uric acid with excess accumulation leading to a type of arthritis known as gout.\n\nIn human blood, uric acid concentrations between 3.6 mg/dL (~214µmol/L) and 8.3 mg/dL (~494µmol/L) (1mg/dL=59.48 µmol/L)[3] are considered normal by the American Medical Association, although significantly lower levels are common in vegetarians due to a decreased intake of purine-rich meat.\n\nThe disease gout in humans is associated with elevated blood levels of uric acid . Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of kidney stones when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. Some patients with gout eventually get uric kidney stones. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with very high serum uric acid levels .
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No, carbon dioxide is linear, urea is triagonal planar
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urine contains urea, which is a nitrous acid that is digested out of the bloodstream. when the urea mixes with the toilet water, it foams.
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This is not a pure biology question. Should be bio-chemistry.
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He discovered the urea cycle in 1932. The urea cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animal organisms that produces urea from ammonia. This cycle, also known as ornithine cycle, was the first metabolic cycle discovered (Krebs and Hensenleit, 1932). \n\nUrea is much less toxic than ammonia; therefore, organisms that cannot easily and quickly remove ammonia usually have to convert it to some other substance, like urea or uric acid. Insufficiency of the urea cycle occurs in some genetic disorders (inborn errors of metabolism), and in liver failure. The result in liver failure is accumulation of nitrogenous waste, mainly ammonia, which leads to hepatic encephalopathy. and the citric acid cycle in 1937, which is still often called Krebs cycle. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953. The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. It is the second of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production, the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. \n\nThe citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amino acids, and some of its reactions are therefore important even in cells performing fermentation.
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THere are a lot of ways. Entire textbooks are dedicated to this. Almost any way you can think of. IN terms of energy, bloodflow, chemical composition, excretion body composistion hormones....
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it is a system that comprises of the kidneys ,ureterand urethra where the function of this system is to collect the nitrogenous and other kind of harmful wastes and eliminate it from the body .this system also contains the sweat glands and the lungs as they eliminate the the wastes,regulate the temp of our body and release the harmful co2 from our body respectively .kidney forms stores and then eliminates the waste as urine from the body
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Well, on a space ship the water in urine actually is recycled, but the waste products are removed first.  No one wants to drink urea (the yellow part), but the water's just water.  It might seem weird to think about, but the water portion of urine is recycled on a global scale too.  When you flush the toilet, it goes to a sewage treatment plant, and then the treated sewage is dumped some where.  Eventually, the water evaporates, and then comes back in the form of rain.  Chances are that every molecule of the water you drink has been through the body of some person or animal somewhere at least once.\n\nAs for recycling feces, it's not practical.  The waste that's excreted is excreted for a reason.  There's little or no valuable nutrients left, and it's teaming with harmful bacteria.  However, like water, the atoms in feces are recycled.  Wherever it ends up, bacteria and fungi will decompose the compounds in feces, and they will end up in the soil.  Some of these atoms in the soil are then absorbed by plants.  So there are probably former feces atoms in the cocoa beans that were used to make your brownies.  Not quite as direct as you were imagining, but on some level it does happen.
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The chemistry of a perfect life would be one where all the metabolic processes are well regulated and where the chemical pathways of energy production are not futile, but rather very efficient. This is hard to find. The human body was made to resist changes despite the outside environment and being perfect at a certain time would probably mean there is not external factor that affects calls for homeostasis, which is pretty unlikely.
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From MayoClinic.com:\n\n"Elevated blood levels of urea and creatinine are likely evidence of decreased kidney function. Urea and creatinine are waste products that your kidneys normally filter from your blood. If your kidneys aren't working properly, these substances build up in your body. Blood tests that evaluate kidney function are used to measure urea and creatinine."
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The pH of the body fluids has to be carefully regulated in the range 7.35 to 7.45, since deviations outside this range affects normal functioning of cells and body systems. One of the ways the kidneys have of excreting excess acid in the body fluids is to excrete ammonia (or rather, the ammonium ion: NH4+) in the urine. Exposed to air, the ammonium ions in urine change back to ammonia and produce the distinctive smell. The source of the excess acid could be from the diet, for example - acidic foods such as citrus fruits, vinegar and so on, or as a result of heavy exercise. This may be enough to produce transient rises in ammonium content of the urine.\n\nAnother component of urine which can result in the release of ammonia is urea, particularly if the urine is left standing for a while. Urea is produced during protein metabolism. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, and these contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. When proteins are broken down by cells throughout the body by a process called deamination, ammonia is formed as a waste product and released into the blood.  The liver converts this ammonia to urea which is then excreted by the kidneys. The amount excreted will therefore depend on the amount of protein consumed and the rate of protein breakdown in the tissues. On standing a specimen of urine will be exposed to oxygen in the atmosphere. The presence of oxygen converts the urea in the specimen back into ammonia. Hence, a specimen of urine can give off an ammoniacal smell if allowed to stand for any length of time.\n\nIf the ammonia smell becomes noticeable over longer periods, and particularly if it is accompanied by illness, then it is important to seek a medical opinion. An infection of the urinary tract can produce urine with a strong ammoniacal smell as many of the pathogens (commonly gram-negative bacilli found in the gastrointestinal tract) are urea-splitting organisms. A vaccine against persistent bladder and urinary tract infections is due to go on trial at the end of this year (Coghlan, 1999). The vaccine targets Escherichia coli, the bacterium responsible for 85 per cent of all urinary tract and bladder infections. Other clinical problems such as diarrhoea and respiratory problems can also increase the smell of ammonia. A metabolic disturbance such as diabetic ketoacidosis will lead to an increase production of ammonia as protein is utilised for heat and energy (gluconeogenesis).