Bacteria reproduce by invading and using the DNA in other organisms.Is this true?
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A virus (not bacteria) is made up primarily of DNA and a protein coat.  They invade the cells of a living organism and destroy the host's DNA, then inject their own DNA into the host cell.  The result is that the infected cell produces new viruses which then exit the host cell and are released to infect others.  This is done because viruses do not contain cells with the orrganells and compounds necessary to reproduce, so they must get cells from the host to do the work for them.  Of course, the host cell is no longer functional as an intact cell once the virus leaves.
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Algae and higher plants are called eukaryotic.  They tend to have two different types of genetic material, one located in the nucleus and a different type located in the cell’s mitochondrion.  Bacteria, on the other hand, are called prokaryotic.  They only contain one type of genetic material.  Some bacteria’s genetic material resembles that found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.  Some bacteria DNA or RNA more closely resembles that of mitochondrion.\nProper cleavage of the genetic material, followed by TLC or possibly paper chromatography, could show the similarities or differences.  This could be used to infer (not prove) any evolutionary relationships.
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I can assure you that this is absolutely not biologically possible.  Members of different species cannot reproduce and produce viable offpsring together, according to the classical definition of a species.
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See the Endosymbiont Theory. Basically, early symbiosis between the two types of organisms, and DNA transfer from one to the other.
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DNA Technology\nRecombinant DNA technology refers to the techniques used to transplant genes from one living source into another where it will be expressed.\n \nHow Does it work?:\nThe science of DNA technology includes the use of special enzymes called restriction enzymes, DNA vectors, and the host organisms. We will take a look at each of these groups in the following section.\n \nRestriction Enzymes:\nThese special enzymes were discovered in the late 1960's as naturally occurring agents in bacteria. They protect the bacterium against foreign DNA from other organisms. Invading DNA is cut into pieces and made inoperable. This process is called restriction. As with any enzyme, these are specific in the job they do. Many of them only recognize short, specific nucleotide sequences( recognition sequences) and cut at specific points within those sequences. Bacteria protect their own DNA by a process called methylation. During this process methyl groups are added to the nucleotides within the recognition sequence. There are several hundred restriction enzymes and about 100 different recognition sequences.\nRecognition Sequences: are symmetric in that the same sequence of 4 to 8 nucleotides is found on both strands, but run in opposite directions. The restriction enzymes usually cut the phosphodiester bonds of both strands in a staggered manner. The result being both ends have a single stranded area called the sticky ends. It is within this space that the new piece of DNA is added, attaching to the sticky ends. \n \nThese unions are temporary until the enzyme DNA ligase is added to catalyze the formation of the phosphodiester bonds.\nVectors: are used as carriers for moving DNA from test tubes into cells. Bacterial plasmids and viruses are the most widely used vectors in DNA transfer. Bacterial cells can pick up the DNA through the process of transformation. Lambda phages are used by eliminating the middle of its liner genome and adding the foreign DNA in the created space. The phage is then introduced into the bacterial cell where it replicated itself via the lysogenic cycle.\nHost Organisms: Bacteria are usually used as hosts in genetic engineering. There are several reasons why they are chosen. 1. Bacterial DNA can be easily isolated and reintroduced into bacterial cells. 2. Bacterial cultures grow quickly. Some disadvantages surface as well: 1. Bacteria, being prokaryotic, may not be able to use the information in eukaryotic genes. 2. Bacterial cells cannot make the the necessary changes in transcription to produce some eukaryotic proteins. Eukaryotic cells can also be used as hosts. Yeast cells and some plant and animal cells can be a host for foreign DNA, but it is often difficult to get such cells to take up engineered DNA.\nSteps for using Bacteria and Plasmids to Clone Genes:\n1. Isolation of two kinds of DNA.\n2. Treatment of plasmid and foreign DNA with the same restriction enzyme.\n3. Mixture of foreign DNA with clipped plasmids.\n4. Addition of DNA ligase.\n5. Introduction of recombinant plasmid into bacterial cells.\n6. Production of multiple gene copies by gene cloning and selection process for transformed cells.\n7. Final screening for transformed cells.\n \n\n \nAdditional Methods for Analyzing and Cloning Nucleotide Sequences:\n1. Gel Electrophoresis. is used to separate either nucleic acids or proteins based upon molecular size, charge and other physical properties. Various DNA's can be identified by their characteristic banding patterns after being cut with their particular retraction enzymes. Genes can be isolated, purified and recovered from the gel with full biological activity.\n2. DNA Synthesis. It is possible to create known short DNA sequences in the laboratory. The Sanger Method is used to identify the sequence of a DNA molecule. This method is based on: a). use of restriction enzymes into small reproducible fragments. b). produce in a test tube DNA strands complimentary to a strand from the restr
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Non-living. It cannot reproduce by itself, cannot regulate homeostasis, depends/hijacks other hosts for reproduction. It's mostly leftover/waste DNA of some bacteria/protist that ejects their DNA into the air with a protein capsule to reproduce, although this didn't work.
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A bacterium is a microscopic unicellular organism with a simple cell structure, they procreate by fission, that is splitting and sharing DNA.\n\nA virus is a submicroscopic parasite which invades living cells, including bacteria, and hijacks the cell's systems to force the cell to make copies of the virus.
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i'm going to say no. dna has evolved in organisms over millions of millions of years on this planet to be just the way it is today. viruses are random strands of this dna or rna (viruses are not alive). the chances that a similar genetic material has developed elsewhere in this universe is extremely thin, and on top of that, there would be a slim chance of it somehow reaching our earth.
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One way that transformation can be helpful for bacteria is that this is a main way for the bacterium to gain genes for antibiotic resistance, environmental stress resistance (like heat or pH), or an advantage against the host's immune system.  Think of it as a big "fruit basket turnover" where one bacterium's DNA (along with its advantages) can be trasferred to another bacterium simply by the cells making contact.\n\nAnother example is that scientists use transformation as a tool in molecular biology.  We can put our DNA of interest into a bacterial cell (usually E. coli) and basically make it do whatever we want it to do.  It's a pretty handy trick, actually.
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Even single celled organisms engage in an exchange of genetic material, aka s e x.  One organism extends a pili and genetic material is exchanged between it and another microbe that lacks a pili.
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dr d is correct.\n\nIt is transfer of genes within a generation, as compared to transfer from the parental generation to the offspring generation; that is vertical gene transfer between generations.\n\nIf genes are picked up from a cell in some way, and put into other cells (not involving cell division), then the genes have been transferred "horizontally".\n\nAn example is when a bacterium carrying a certain plasmid grows a "sex pilus", which then connects with the cell wall of a bacterium that does not carry that plasmid.  It will inject a copy of the plasmid, via the sex pilus, and the recipient has then become a carrier, too.  These plasmids often carry extra genes, as well as those coding for this ability.  These phenomena are sometimes considered to be similar to sex, but are really more like catching a virus!
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OK, this can be pretty complicated, but basically, what researchers do is that they take genes that code for insulin production in the human body and insert them into a plasmid. a plasmid is a piece of DNA that will be inserted into bacteria (or sometiimes viruses) but will remain independent from the bacteria's own genetic code. when the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, the bacteria start producing insulin because they now have the gene for it. because bacteria have no use for insulin, they secrete it off as waste product, and this is collected and used for the benefit of humanity.
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Ok as it seems that most people here havnt really got an idea i'll explain.\nBacteria - completley different organism to a virus (as said before is single celled)  Contains all the mechanisms to be able to replicate of its own accord.  Bacteria have all the usual cellular properties you would expect from a prokaryotic.  Different bacteria have different methods of movement, replication and need different environmental conditions.\n\nVirus:  A virus is generally an obligate intracellular parasite.  That is to sayit cannot complete it's life cycle withought being inside a host cell as it does not contain the organelles to be able to replicate on its own.  A virus normally consists of a protein coat with EITHER double stranded DNA genome Single stranded RNA SS DNA has been seen aswell.\n\nThe symptoms of a viral infecton are generally the same as bcterial because the body reacts in the same way.  I.e raise Temperature swollen lymphnode (site of Antigen presenting) Antibiotics do nothing to a virus but can be effective against bacteria (depending on the bacteria and the antibiotic)\n\nMRSA is predominantly a hospital problem but i shouldnt be Too worried. Just make sure when any member of staff sees you they have washed Their hands.  C.dificil is the bugger.  Cannot be killed by cnventionaaal cleaning methods.\n\nThis is by no means a conclusive answer.  Try looking on wikipedia.com or any decent biology book written for university students
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becouse each strain of bacteria have their own specialized DNA sequence
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I would have to answer that you're asking the wrong question!  \n\nThe explanation of how a plant or animal can develop asexual reproduction isn't going to help you better understand incremental changes via evolution; what you really need to understand is how a plant or animal can develop sexual reproduction. \n\nLooking at the first, microbiological life, asexual reproduction - i.e. cell division or 'budding' -  was the first and most essential form of reproduction. It took century upon century for more complex life to develop and specialize; and, for the mechanisms of sexual reproduction to develop and become established. \n\nThe change from asexual to sexual reproduction would indeed have been  massive, but it doesn't follow that it had to be sudden. When scientists look at species and evolution, they will generally say that one species was more successful at adapting to their environment than another. \n\nIt seems that the ancestors of many plants and animals developed sexual reproduction mechanisms, and they were more successful in competing with other animals for food/territory, over an extended period of time. The less successful ones died out long ago.\n\nSo - it may not be totally accurate to say, "reproduction either works or it doesn't." A better statement would be, "evolutionarily speaking, changes in species over time may cause one method of reproduction to become less successful than another."  \n\nHaving said that: there are other scientists who agree that evolution isn't always slow and gradual; they argue that sometimes evolution happens occasionally in a sudden and dramatic way, when one species splits to become new species - generally the new species are created when one population becomes separated by geographic boundaries. \n\nI'd strongly suggest reading the Wikipedia article (linked below) on Stephen Jay Gould for an evolutionary point of view which counters the slow evolution methodologies advocated by Dawkins; as well as the articple on evolution itself - which looks at the development of the understanding of evolutionary principles and their historical context.
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Depends on what kind of cloning you are talking about.\n\nThe term "cloning" can be used to describe inserting a foreign gene into a bacteria... or creating a genetically identical copy of organism.\n\nTo create an identical copy... you would require an oocyte (an egg) and a somatic cell.  You'd need to remove all the DNA from the egg and the somatic cell... then inject the DNA into the egg.  Along with other factors and after growing... you will have an organism gentically identical to the orriginal.\n\nCloning genes into bacteria involves a plasmid (circular piece of non-chromosomal DNA).  You would need to open up the plasmid using restriction enzymes (DNA scissors basically) and cut the gene of interest out with the same enzyme.  Mix them then insert into your bacteria by your favorite method (electroporation, chemical method, heat/cold shock, micro-injection).  Let the bacteria grow (all bacteria in a colony are gentically identical to the parent... for the most part)
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a phage can package its dna in itself.\nbut the genes it packages, also constitute the lytic cycle genes which destroy the cell.\nthe phage head recognises viral dna by the cohesive site genes and so engulfs the dna flanked by this site.\nwhen we use seperate mutated bacteria to produce different parts seperately, we have the benefit of replacing the entire viral dna by our gene of intrest and the flanking it with cos sites so that the phage head takes it up as its own dna.\nthis will eliminate the genes that cause the lytic cycle and we will have successful transformation of the bacteria, without killing it.