How was paper manufactured during the renaissance?
142053
the common paper of the time was usually canvas, made of cotton, or another soft fabric, or animal skin... They also pressed processed bark and other things, along with animal-hid glue but it was on a much smaller scale
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Paper is made from wood, which is made up mainly of white cellulose. Wood also has a lot of a dark substance in it called lignin, which ends up in the paper, too, along with the cellulose. The exposure of lignin to air and sunlight is what turns paper yellow.\n\nLignin makes wood stiff and trees stand upright. You could say it acts as a glue to bind the cellulose fibers together. It is a polymer, a substance that is formed by the joining of simpler molecules into giant molecules that act differently than the smaller molecules did. Dr. Hou-Min Chang, a professor of wood and paper science at N.C. State University in Raleigh, N.C., compares lignin to the concrete used in buildings, with cellulose as the steel frame. Without lignin, Chang says, a tree could only grow to be about 6 feet tall. Lignin also helps protect the wood from pests and other damage.\n\nNewsprint, which must be produced as economically as possible, has more lignin in it than finer papers. At the mill, the wood that will be turned into newsprint is ground up, lignin and all.\n\nPaper manufacturers utilize the benefits of lignin in some types of paper, though. Brown kraft paper, the dark brown paper used in grocery store bags, and cardboard are stiff and sturdy because they have more lignin in them, and because those kinds of paper aren't treated with bleaching chemicals. It doesn't matter how dark they are because the printing on them is limited.\n\nTo make a fine white paper, the mill puts the wood through a chemical solvent process, which separates and discards the lignin. Pure cellulose is white, and the paper made from it will be white and will resist yellowing.\n\nLignin eventually turns paper yellow because of oxidation. That is, the lignin molecules, when exposed to oxygen in the air, begin to change and become less stable. The lignin will absorb more light, giving off a darker color. Chang says that if newsprint were kept completely out of sunlight and air, it would remain white. After only a few hours of sunlight and oxygen, however, it will start to change color.
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I don't know for sure if they have detailed plans and measurements, but I'd check out the public library. Medieval History would likely have enough drawings and sketches for you to make up your own schematic. The engineering section might have something. I think Leonarda Da Vinci had made some plans and sketches, so investigate wherever they have him filed.\n\nAnother possibility at the library is the "Stagecraft" section. Trebuchets and Onagers have surely been used enough in plays and movies to have deserved some attention.
146596
A courtier named Ts'ai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the inventor of paper (not papyrus) circa 105 A.D. Tell your friend I'm sorry he/she lost the bet.
389821
Newsprint paper is generally made using the "groundwood" process.  In this process tree trunks (minus the bark) are ground on stone grinding wheels to separate the wood into fine fibers.  Newsprint is also made by "thermomechanical" pulping.  This is a similar process except that wood chips are used rather than tree trunks and they are impregnated with high temperature water prior to grinding.  Some newsprint paper is made from a combination of Groundwood and thermomechanical pulp.\n\nMany newsprint producers also include recycled fiber in their products.  This is discarded paper from a variety of different sources so the exact ingredients are difficult to quantify definitively.\n\nRegardless of the pulping process, the fibers are then mixed with water and some chemical retention aids and clay fillers.  This mixture is then sent to the paper machine where is it is formed into a sheet and dried.  During this process another chemical called "sizing" is often applied to the surface to improve smoothness and printing quality.
919813
we print on paper in the present and past
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Tsai Lun, is the inventor of paper. He lived and served as an official at the Chinese Imperial Court at the Han Dynasty in China at about 1800 years ago. In or about the year 105 A.D.,  He took the inner bark of a mulberry tree and bamboo fibers, mixed them with water, and pounded them with a wooden tool. He then poured this mixture onto a flat piece of coarsely woven cloth and let the water drain through, leaving only the fibers on the cloth. Once dry, Ts'ai Lun discovered that he had created a quality writing surface that was relatively easy to make and lightweight. He presented Emperor Han Ho Ti with samples of the paper. Chinese records do mention and credit Tsai Lun with the invention of paper. His name is well known in China.\n\nTsai Lun was a eunuch. Because he was an officer, he had the access to lots of resources, including money and human resources, for papermaking research. He was promoted by the Emperor for his invention and became wealthy. Later he got involved in palace intrigue, which led to his downfall. Finally he ended his life drinking poison.\n\nEven though archaeological evidence shows that paper may have been made even a little earlier, Ts'ai Lun was the first to have his efforts recorded. Like many inventors through the centuries, he built upon the work of others. \n\nOkay, people had written even before paper was invented. They scratched on cave walls, painted too, and drew characters on wet clay. They even wrote on papyrus made from thinly-sliced papyrus reed which they glued together to make a sheet.\n\nBut it was paper, not papyrus, which has come to touch just about every aspect of our lives, from term papers and books, to money and personal care products.
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"Renaissance" is the name given to the great intellectual movement in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries--a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times. It began in the revolt of men of culture against the intellectual sterility and narrowness of the medieval spirit, and especially against scholasticism, whose pedantic and dogmatic narrowness had reached the extreme point of its development. The Renaissance began in Italy, and its first period (1300 to 1375) was marked by a universal revival of interest in classic literature and the classic ideals. It was a great revolt against bigotry and in favor of mental freedom and its first sign was a passion for the largeness and richness of the pagan world. Traces of this feeling can be seen in Dante(1265-1321), who, although thoroughly medieval in his sympathies, chose Virgil as his model, and who, in the vigor and magnificence of his own verse, was a striking contrast to the dull formalists who had before his time written for the men of the Middle Age.\nIn philosophy it gradually replaced the purely formal methods of thought that scholasticism had fostered; in science it led to the great discoveries of Galileo and Copernicus; in architecture it brought about the revival of the classic style; in art it developed the new school of painting of which Michael Augelo and Raphael in Italy were the great names, and still another school in the Netherlands and Flanders; in religion its influence is seen in the revolt of Luther; and it indirectly inspired the passion for exploration that led to the discovery of the New World.
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The printing press was invented to create hard-copy manuscripts and books only - replacing monastic monks rewriting books by hand.\n\nComputers and printers can create hardcopies - the internet by itself, cannot. The internet was made to communicate electronically - printing results by chance, and often without revision and editing.
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Parchment and vellum are made from animal skin. As early as 2450 BC, skins of animals were in use in Egypt as writing material. Leather was the first to be used and many of the Dead Sea Scrolls were written on it. It was later refined into parchment, of which vellum is a finer quality. \n\nThe manufacture of vellum and parchment is a very skilled process. Various animal skins are used, mainly calf, sheep and goat. The skins are washed and stripped of hair or wool, then stretched on a frame to be scraped to remove further traces of flesh or hair. The scraping must be careful enough to remove all unwanted material without piercing or tearing the skin. The skins are then whitened with chalk and smoothed with pumice before being cut into sheets. \n\nMost early manuscripts in Egypt were written on papyrus, which was made from reeds which grew almost exclusively along the Nile. According to tradition, Ptolemy V of Egypt was a great collector of books and was anxious not to be outdone in his collection by Eumenes II of Pergamum (then a Greek city, now modern Bergama, in Turkey). He therefore banned the export of papyrus, which forced Pergamum into the manufacture of parchment. (The word is derived from Latin and Greek words for 'made in Pergamum'). \n\nParchment in fact offered advantages over papyrus. Bigger sheets could be made, it was flexible and could be written on both sides. It could also be stitched and this meant that a book of parchment sheets could be made, whereas papyrus could only be collected in loose sheets. \n\nParchment made from the more delicate skins of new or stillborn calf or kid came to be called vellum. The vellum of most early manuscripts, up to the 6th century AD, is of good quality. After this, as demand increased, a great amount of inferior material came on the market, but by the 12th century, when large numbers of manuscripts were being produced in western Europe, a soft, pliant vellum was in vogue. In Constantinople, a luxury version was produced at an early date by dyeing the material a rich purple and lettering it in silver and gold, a practice condemned as a useless luxury in a well-known passage of St. Jerome. The purple dye was subsequently abandoned, but the practice of "illuminating" parchment manuscripts in gold, silver, and other tints flourished in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. \n\nThe cost of papyrus and parchment was too high for everyday use for record making. Wax tablets were used instead for routine work and note taking. Because ancient writing materials were expensive, they were often reused. Papyrus presented difficulties, for ink soon bonded itself firmly into the surface, but parchment could be readily reused, because it is tougher and can be washed or scraped clean. Many medieval monks, when short of writing materials, took ancient books to pieces, cleaned off the leaves and reused them. \n\nVellum is still made today for calligraphy, the best quality being Manuscript vellum. Goatskin can also be used, while parchment made from sheepskin is less useful, due to its grease content.
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The very first known "font maker" may have been the creator of the Phaistos Disc, a Grecian artifact which is the oldest example of a font set, a set of stamps used to make impressions in a clay disc.\n\nModern printing originated in China by using carved blocks dipped in ink and pressed onto paper by hand, but it was Gutenberg who in 1447 developed the first printing press with movable type.  He developed the technology based on earlier machines used to press grapes and olives for wine and oil, respectively.  The first book printed on such a press was Ars Minor, a latin grammar book.
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In Rome, scribes wrote on papyrus (an early form of paper) with a thin metal rod called a stylus, which left a light but readable mark. Other early styluses were made of lead. Today we still call the core of a pencil the "lead" even though it is made from nontoxic graphite.  (Lead is toxic and leaches right through your skin, so it's not a great choice for a writing implement!)\n\nGraphite came into widespread use following the discovery of a large graphite deposit in Borrowdale, England in 1564. Graphite left a darker mark than lead, but was so soft and brittle that it required a holder. At first, sticks of graphite were wrapped in string. Later, the graphite was inserted into wooden sticks that had been hollowed-out by hand! The wood-cased pencil was born.
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Today it is done with high tech scanners and even more high tech photo quality printers. That's the easy part. the hard part is getting the right quality paper because it's almost a cloth material.
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The bulk is cellulose or cellulose derivatives or processed cellulose, aka, paper.
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the color change that paper undergoes overtime can be traced to the substances that make up its raw materials. since paper comes from trees, you can expect that it contains cellulose, or the complex carbohydrate (polysaccharride) and the polymer which cements the cellulose molecules together, lignin. lignin is a complex carbohydrate which makes tree trunks and branches sturdy and hard. \n\nthe exposure of lignin to sunlight and air is what turns the paper yellow. when lignin oxidizes it begins to become more and more unstable. it then absorbs more light which in turn causes lignin to emit a darker color.
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Bees and ants originate from wasps(and they are some of natures' most useful creatures)  so yes, they were also the first paper makers, plus they were around before humns so we are an irritation to them!
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Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest of man's technologies. The oldest known textiles date back to about 5000 B.C. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing.\n\nTypical textile processing includes 4 stages: yarn formation, fabric formation, wet processing, and fabrication.\n\nThe three main types of fibers include natural vegetable fibers (such as cotton, linen, jute and hemp), man-made fibers (those made artificially, but from natural raw materials such as rayon, acetate, Modal, cupro, and the more recently developed Lyocell), synthetic fibers (a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals rather than arising from natural chemicals by a purely physical process) and protein based fibers (such as wool, silk, and angora).