what are the 3 types of response in the immune system?
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The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. The purpose of this article is to review the organs, cell types and interactions between cells of the immune system as a commentary on their importance and interdependence on the T helper subset. Such an understanding may help comprehend the root of immune deficiencies, and perceive potential avenues that the immune system can be modulated in the case of specific diseases.
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lots of vitamin C and drink plenty of fluids, especially orange juice. Get lots of rest and wear warm clothes. Relax and try to avoid stress, which can suppress the immune system. This should help quite a bit. Good Luck.
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Granulocytes\nGranulocytes are a category of white blood cells, characterised by the fact that all types have differently staining granules in their cytoplasm on light microscopy. These granules are related to lysosomes found in some regular cells and primarily act in the digestion of engulfed invaders. There are three types of granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils (named according to their staining properties). Neutrophils deal with bacterial infection and are usually first responders to bacterial infection, their activity and death in large numbers forms pus. Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing inflammation. Eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections.\n\n[edit]\nLymphocytes\nLymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system, and include the so-called "killer T-cells". The blood has three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells and natural killer cells. B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction. CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection). CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus. T cells are crucial to the immune response because they possess a unique 'memory' system which allows them to remember past invaders and prevent disease when a similar invader is encountered again by deploying the correct antibody.\n\n[edit]\nMonocytes\nMonocytes share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an additional role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognised again and killed, or so that an antibody response may be mounted. Monocytes are also known as macrophages after they migrate from the bloodstream and enter tissue.
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The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system is a major component of the immune system.\n\nThe lymphatic system has three interrelated functions: (1) removal of excess fluids from body tissues, (2) absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, chyle, to the circulatory system and, (3) production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells).
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There are a number of different cell types in circulation in the blood stream. Here's a quick review:\n\nRed cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body. They are essentially bags of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying molecule. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to iron atoms, which give the hemoglobin and thus the cells their distinctive red color. \nWhite cells (leukocytes, "clear cells") are divided into two types: \nPolymorphonuclear cells, are of three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. \nNeutrophils fight bacterial infection. They form pus and are the chief ingredient of an abscess. See band cells. \nEosinophils are cells which are strongly related to allergy and the recognition of foreign things in the body such as parasites. \nBasophils are cells that are also part of the allergy and parasite recognition system.\nLymphocytes are the virus killers. There are two types of these: \nT-cells which remember what germs we've been exposed to and how to kill them. T-cells are the key component of the immune system that is missing in AIDS. \nB-cells that secrete the actual antibodies that attach to viruses and bacteria and identify them as things to be destroyed - rather like tagging the target with a laser so that the smart bomb will home in and blast the target. \nMonocytes are cells that are related to lymphocytes but have a killing and cleaning function. They cruise through the tissues of the body cleaning up debris and killing any bacteria they find. They are often increased in viral infections - a reassuring finding that your doctor may note on your child's blood count. See mononucleosis. \nPlatelets are the cells that plug leaks in the vascular system, the clotting cells. \n\n What are the different blood groups?   \n   The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.\n\nThere are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.\n\nNobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    AB0 blood grouping system   \n    According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null).\n\n \n   \n   Blood group A\nIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group B\nIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group AB\nIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group 0\nIf you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    Rh factor blood grouping system   \n \n \n   Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ bloo
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
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The immune system is made up of three major components:  \nCentral lymphoid organs & tissue\nPeripheral "           "             "\nAccessory  "           "             "\nThe Lymphatic system is sometimes condsidered part of the circulatory system.  It is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland and spleen.  The system transports fluid (tissue fluid) from the tissues back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs.  Lymphatic organs also aid in defending the body against infections by removing particles such as microorganisms from the tissue fluid.  In addition, it supports the activities of certain cells (lymphocytes) that produce immunity by reacting against specific disease-causing agents.
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Humoral immunity refers to an immune response from antibodies (for example, an antibody is produced by a B cell and recognizes a foreign antigen and triggers an immune reponse).  In contrast, cell mediated immunity occurs when a cell (for example a T cell) directly recognizes a foreign antigen being "presented" by another cell.
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Well, I dont know if your are looking for a simple answer or extensive article. But i will try to sum it up in a simple fashion.\n\nTwo type of lymphocytes\n\nCD 4 (Helper T cell)\n\nCD 8 (Cytotoxic T cell)\n\n\nCD 8:\nis responsible for protection against and fighting :\nEndogenous Peptides e.g.\nViruses\nIntracellular Bacteria ( thankfully there are not many)\nIntracellular Parasites\nNeoantigens (tumor cells)\nGraft\n\nCD 4:\nis responsible for protection against and fighting:\nExogenous Peptides e.g\nBacteria ( which are neumerous day to day infections and            \n          varied from staphylococuss to anthrax and more; \n          like day to day cold to plaque)\nToxins\n\nHIV hampers the function of these cells and as this branch of immumity gets weaker, other branches are affected to and the individual is severly immunocompromised.
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ANTIBODIES,T C CELLS,T H CELLS,PHAGOCYTOSIS,MHC,CD,COMPLEMENT SYSTEM,APP,CRP,INTERLEUKIN\n,INTERFERON,\nMACROPHAGES,\nNK CELLS,\nCATHELICIDIN,HYPERSENSITIVITY....10 DONE...\nTHERE IS MUCH MORE....BODY IS A BIG TIME FIGHTER...\nINFECTIONS DONOT MESS  WITH IT
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Both proceed from cells of the immune system but the difference lies in which part of the system they come from.\nThe immune system is made of several types of cells and substances.\nAmong the cells there are myeloid cells that are made in the bone marrow and they can be mainly four types, Monocytes, Neutrophyles, Basophyles and Eosinophyles, the names come from how they look on the microscope, these cells protect you against bacteria and parasites. \nFrom the bone marrow you also get red blood cells that transport oxygen in your blood and platelets that help in the process of blood clotting.\nThe other system that plays an important part of the immune system is called the lymphoid system, its made of the lymph  nodes, the thymus and the spleen: this system produces two types of cells called lymphocytes T and B they are the main and most specialized cells that help you fight against infections.\nLeukemias come from cells of the myeloid system usually and lymphomas come from the lymphoid system.\nboth are diseases coming from the immune system but the cells and organs involved in each disease vary although sometimes they may superimpose so one leukemia can affect the lymphoid system ore one lymphoma can affect the myeloid system.
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Your tissues have 'tissue macrophages' in them.  These are sentinels (like guard duty) for the immune system.  When they come in contact with a foreign substance (the splinter) they become activated and signal other components of the immune system.  Together, the macrophages and other immune components create an inflammatory response.  You notice this as redness, pain and swelling.
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erythrocytes (red blood cells)\n\nneutrophil granulocytes (the most abundant type of white blood cells and form an integral part of the immune system)\n\neosinophil granulocytes (white blood cells that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in the body)\n\nlymphocytes (a type of white blood cell involved in the human body's immune system that plays an important and integral part of the body's defenses)\n\nthrombocytes (are the blood cell fragments that are involved in the cellular mechanisms that lead to the formation of blood clots)\n\nother blood components: fluid plasma
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The correct answer is C.\n\nIn A. Only T-cells take part in cell mediated immunity. The others are not cell-mediated. For example, B-cells take part in humoral immunity. Natural killer cells are non-specific (innate immunity) and are therefore not part of cell-mediated immunity (which is acquired immunity).\n\nIn B. Infected cells do get killed off in the process. Infected cells will display the antigen fragments via their major histocompatibility  (MHC) I proteins on the surface of the cells. These antigens will allow cytotoxic T-cells to bind to them with their CD-8 receptors. The cytotoxic T-cells will release perforins that cause pores to form on the cell membrane. Granzyme is also released to cause proteins in the cell to break down.\n\nIn C. Antibodies are part of the humoral response (humoral immunity). Opsonization only occurs for antigens outside the cell, in the bloodstream or lymph fluid. They are not part of cell-mediated immunity.\n\nD is definitely wrong.
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1) a physical stimulus, e.g. pressure\n2) a chemical stimulus, e.g. an acid\n3) an electrical stimulus, e.g. direct current
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its been a while since bio.. but here is a shot...\n\n1) RRHH\n2) RrHh\n3) rRhH\n4) rrhh\n\nLet me know it i got it right!?!?!
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1. bacteria\n2. vectorborne\n3. b\n4. a\n5. yes\n6. muscle\n7. b\n8. 10\n9. c\n10. 10