Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response?
145085
D is a specific response.\n\nSpecificity refers to a specific defense that is activated by a specific antigen and the immune response targets that particular antigen and no others.\n\nNonspecific defenses are the same, regardless of the type of invading agent.  They include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement proteins, inflammation, and fever.
1068983
An epitope is the part of a macromolecule that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or cytotoxic T cells. Although usually epitopes are thought to be derived from nonself proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized are also classified as epitopes.\n\nMost epitopes can be thought of as three-dimensional surface features of an antigen molecule; these features fit precisely and thus bind to antibodies. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope. Exceptions are linear epitopes, which are determined by the amino acid sequence (the primary structure) rather than by the tertiary structure of a protein.\n\nEpitopes can be mapped using protein microarrays, and with the ELISPOT or ELISA techniques.\n\nGenetic sequences coding for epitopes that are recognised by common antibodies can be fused to genes, thus aiding further molecular characterization of the gene product. Common epitopes used for this purpose are c-myc, HA, FLAG, V5.\n\nInterestingly, epitopes are sometimes cross-reactive. This property is exploited by the immune system in regulation by Anti-idiotypic antibodies (originally proposed by Nobel laureate Niels Kaj Jerne). If an antibody binds to an antigen's epitope, the paratope could become the epitope for another antibody that will then bind to it. If this second antibody is of IgM class, its binding can upregulate the immune response; if the second antibody is of IgG class, its binding can downregulate the immune response.\n\nIntensive research is currently taking place to design reliable tools that will predict epitopes on proteins.
212381
What are you asking about these reactions?
630519
Both.\n\nA preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection.
615019
Antantibodies against antigen are produced by subpopulation of B - cells (B-lymphocytes) activated by antigen against which antibodies are produced.\n\nAntibodies are produced mainly against proteins which contains highly antigenic epitopes. Some polysaccharides may be highly antigenic. (but not starch ...)
1014501
the only one i can think of is Inergy
185157
B cells produce antibodies when triggered by an antigen.  They also produce memory cells (these "remember" a particular antigen and allow large scale production of antibodies if the antigen enters the system again) \n\nAntibodies are also called immunoglobins, and their job is to combine with specific antigens (such as pollen, dust, etc.).  They may coat the antigens in such a way that they can be absorbed by phagocytic cells, combine with an antigen in order to inhibit its function, or may actually lyse and destroy the antigens.  \n\nCytotoxic, or killer, T cells lyse and destroy foreign cells and material and any cells in the organism infected with foreign material.\n\nHope this is helpful :-)
692533
After your body has been exposed to an antigen, it keeps some "memory" cells, specific to that antigen, that are ready to jump into action producing antibodies in case you are ever exposed to that particular antigen again.  The antibodies can be transferred to another person, but the cells cannot--well you could, but they'd probably be destroyed by your immune system.  The antibodies will confer temporary immunity, but eventually they will disappear.  You need the living cells to get long-term immunity.  The only way to get these memory cells is to be exposed to the antigen--either through an active infection, or by vaccination.
353450
Aantibodies when they bind to the corresponding antigen(s) bring as many as 5 such antigens or antigen containing entities per antibody depending on the type of the antibodytogether. However such antigen containing cells/entities have many such antigens on their surface and therefore are attacked upon by many such antibodies which result in a meshwork like formation resulting in the phenomen of agglutination. The classic example for this is blood grouping.
776733
I assume the end of the question was "antibodies" or "antigens" and the answer is false for both.\n\nHowever there have been a few moderately successful attempts at engineering antibodies with catalytic activity. But in normal cellular physiology only specific enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
99678
The body produces two types of antibodies. The first is designed to attack an antigen that has entered the body, to keep it from multiplying. This first type is stored in the lymph system throughout the body, and is assigned to attack antigens as they appear.\n\n The second type of antibody, the one you are concerned with, is formed to attack a specific microorganism. When a vaccine is administered into the body, it is a weakened or dead form of microorganism, which the body produces antibodies against. These antibodies remain in the body in great enough numbers to ward  off infection from that microorganism, in many cases, for the remainder of your life. The second type of antibody would only serve to protect the body from that microorganism for which it was originally formed ( the vaccination). Hope this helps some.
278332
I did a google search and found lots of lab write-ups and discussions of research, but not an easy educational source. \nYou might want to try wikibooks.\nHere's a link to one of the searches I did for you.\nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Immunology_-_Experimental_Methods_in_Immunology
479427
Dye-labeled antigens for specific variants of MHC?
193389
Neutrophils, or polymorphonucleocytes, are leukocytes (white blood cells) that are part of the first-response mechanism after cellular injury resulting in inflammation.  They leave now-leaky blood vessels in the vicinity of the injury and phagocytize(i.e. "eat") invading microorganisms and cellular debris.  Thus, they are part of the non-specific immunne response and to tissue injury in the same way whether the person has even been exposed to the cause of injury before.  They play no role in the specific (i.e. acquired) immune response.  Other white blood cells, such as the basophils, also play a role in the non-specific imflammatory response.  It is the macrophages and the different types of T and B lymphocytes that produce the specific (i.e. acquired) immune\nresponse, which leads to the efficient detection and destruction of microorganisms to which the person has been exposed at least once before.  The first exposure is known therefore as the immunizing exposure and often, though not always produces the disease associated with that organism;  subsequent exposures to the same microorganism produce a much greater and effective response that prevents recurrence of the disease. This is why those of us who are old enough had measles, mumps, and chickenpox only once.  Note that this immunizing exposure may be natural (exposure to a wild virus) or artificial (exposure to a modified virus in a vaccine).  This secondary immune response may take the form of rapid production of antibodies specific to that organism by modified, sensitized B lymphocytes called plasma cells. Or it could also take the form of attack on the organisms already inside host cells by sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes.  This specific immune response is triggered in the body by the presence of organisms that carry proteins on their surfaces that the immunized person's system recognizes as foreign, or "not-self".  The response can be fooled by viruses which are similar but not identical to the strain that produced the immunizing response.  This is why we can contract influenza and the common cold more than once in our lifetimes; the influenza virus modifies itself over time so that its surface proteins differ from strain to strain.  There are an enormous number of viruses that can cause the common cold, but they  all have different surface proteins, and so exposure to one will not produce immunity to all the rest.\n\nThe components of the specific immune system play another role in body defense.  The same system will immediately recognize as foreign cells coming from another person or the cells of a newly arisen cancer carrying unusual surface proteins.  They then orchestrate an elaborate response that destroys such cells, leading on the one hand to organ or tissue transplant rejection and on the other hand to early destruction of the new cancer before it has a chance to grow and spread.  Much research has gone into the development of  drugs that diminish the response to transplanted organs, and has led to greatly increased rates of organ transplant success in the last 25 years.  Research also continues into ways that the ability of the immune system to detect and destroy cancers, through the use of chemicals that stimulate that response or the augmentation of the response by administration of antibodies that have  been produced outside the person's body but are sensitized to the surface identity of a cancer's cells. \n\nA particular nasty characteristic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which causes HIV/AIDS, is that it can modify its surface proteins after it is already in the body of the infected person.  This means that while first exposure causes immunization and production of antibodies against the virus, the virus can nevertheless continue to evade the immune system by changing its surface "identity" and hiding inside even the host's own lymphocytes.  This is primarily why so little progress has been made in the
1173957
Huh?  Please, provide examples of what you are talking about so that we can respond.
1045549
Genetically modified foods, bio-pesticides and bio-engineered therapeutic products or vaccines are some examples.
668075
That would be the red blood cells. White blood cells have to do with immunity to illnesses.