What are the phases of Preclinical Testing?
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In preclinical testing, the pharmaceutical company would be testing the compound for desired effect using an animal model.\n\nTake an antidepressant. They would have a potential chemical that they felt would be a good antidepressant. They would first tes it on rats to see if it had the predicted effect on the chemistry of the brain. Tis is step one of preclinical testing. To determine mechanism of action. Step 2 is dosage and toxicity. This is done to measure the effects on organ systems and look for side effects at high doses. \n\nOnce these are done, and the medication shows promise in animal models and has proven to be relatively safe in animal models then clinical testing may begin if the FDA approves it.\n\nIn clinical trials there are 3 phases:\n\nPhase I toxicity, i.e. checking if it hurts healthy people. Healthly volunteers take it or a placebo and report seide efects and they are closely monitored for problems.\n\nPhase II efficacy, i.e. if it does any good in patients with the condition. The target audience or population is given the medication or placebo to see if it truly works on them.\n\nPhase III long-term side-effects. In some medications this is shortened or skipped by the FDA. It should catch things liek the heart problems associated with celebrex, etc.
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Typing would be one.....just kidding.  Check this out.\nStudents planning to major in pharmacology enter as a biological sciences premajor and take a common core curriculum of introductory biology, general chemistry, mathematics, physics, and organic chemistry. Students should complete this preparatory coursework in their freshman and sophomore years. Following successful completion of seven of these courses, students may advance from biology premajor to full major status. The pharmacology major requires completion of upper division coursework in biochemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, and genetics. Students round out their degree by selecting electives in molecular and cellular biology, neurobiology, biochemical pharmacology, physiology and developmental biology. Students should review the full requirement sheet for the major they intend to declare and plan their schedules accordingly
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Depends on your method of deployment (phased vrs big bang)and how you plan to test your development\n\nI'd look on the net for phase containment, RAD (rapid application development), V model, waterfall testing
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Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3
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1.blood type testing\n2, tissue type testing\n3. size of organ\n4. health of donor
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These are my steps; it might be different for different people.\n\nCritical value approach:\n\n1. State null and alternative hypothesis.\n2. Compute the test statistic.\n3. Find the critical value and rejection region.\n4. Make you conclusion.\n\nP-value approach:\n\n1. State null and alternative hypothesis.\n2. Compute the test statistic.\n3. Find the p-value.\n4. Make your conclusion.
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It is depended on following matters.\n1) The purpose of testing.\n2) The advantages and disadvantages to the animal.\n3) The effectness to the equilibrium of global environment.
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In the S phase, which is between the G1 and G2 Phase
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I think you are talking about a Lab Report. You start with a hypothesis followed by a objective, steps taken, notes, and a conclusion (say if your hypothesis was correct and if your objective was completed).
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A test for a computer product prior to commercial release. Beta testing is the last stage of testing, and normally can involve sending the product to beta test sites outside the company for real-world exposure or offering the product for a free trial download over the Internet. Beta testing is often preceded by a round of testing called alpha testing.
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Blood tests or hair strand tests
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Usually the Dr. will tell you they want it tested.  Most often it is fasting (first thing when you wake up) and before meals  and before bedtime if you are being regulated on meds.
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the list of activities is endless:\n\nDNA replication, mitosis, protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, protein and lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, cholesterol synthesis, and on and on and on the list goes . . . . of course it all depends on the type of cell.
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Beta is a prerelease version of a program. It is somehing in the testing phase.
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it depends on the test results
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Use three test tubes, put equal amout of enzymes in all and put the substance they digest in both (equal amounts of course).\n\ntake a test tube(A) and put 2cm3 of Hydrochloric acid.\nTake test tube (B) and put 2cm3 of Pure water(pH7).\nTake test tube (C) and put 2cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide.\n\nshake them all a little just as you start the test.\n\nLeave them for half an hour at their optimum temperature and other factors.Make sure all factors among them are equal.\n\nAfter that, Test for the substance you put in (e.g test for starch using iodine if you put starch in).\n\nThe one with the most negative result is the optimum pH.
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Depends if you are doing flow cytometry testing, serology testing or DNA/PCR typing.  If you are doing serolgy testing, then usually you have pre-loaded serum panels on microplates that will be indicative of certain antigens.  You add the patients lymphocytes and incubate.  You then stain using a live dead stain, with fluorescent green indicating live cells (no cross reactivity) or red, indicating dead cells or a rejection reaction.  From these results you can decide which antige3ns the patient would potentially react (or not) with. That's the short answer as there are other lab protocols that encompass HLA testing.