history of dengue fever..review of related literature about dengue fever...reason why there is dengue?
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Dengue Virus\nThe dengue virus belongs to the Family Flaviviridae. It is an enveloped plus-strand RNA arbovirus. Being an enveloped virus, it has pieces of host cell’s plasma membrane that virion acquires as it emerges from its host cell and with spikes or protruding proteins. As a plus-strand RNA virus, it is translated directly by the host ribosome.  \n\nVirus Life Cycle\nAll viruses undergo the same life cycle. First, it attaches itself to the host cell known as adsorption. Then, the genome enters the host cell in the penetration process. During the uncoating, the virus removes its capsid and envelope. It is followed by the viral synthesis wherein the host cell manufactures viral components. Then maturation process takes place as the components assembles into intact new virions. Lastly, the virus particles leaves infected cell. \n\n\nPathophysiology\nThe transmission cycle of dengue virus by the mosquito Aedes aegypti begins with a dengue-infected person. This person will have virus circulating in the blood—a viremia that lasts for about five days. During the viremic period, an uninfected female Aedes aegypti mosquito bites the person and ingests blood that contains dengue virus. Although there is some evidence of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti, usually mosquitoes are only infected by biting a viremic person.\nThen, within the mosquito, the virus replicates during an extrinsic incubation period of eight to twelve days.\nThe mosquito then bites a susceptible person and transmits the virus to him or her, as well as to every other susceptible person the mosquito bites for the rest of its lifetime.\nThe virus then replicates in the second person and produces symptoms. The symptoms begin to appear an average of four to seven days after the mosquito bite—this is the intrinsic incubation period, within humans. While the intrinsic incubation period averages from four to seven days, it can range from three to 14 days.\nThe viremia begins slightly before the onset of symptoms. Symptoms caused by dengue infection may last three to 10 days, with an average of five days, after the onset of symptoms—so the illness persists several days after the viremia has ended.\nTransmission cycle that takes place within the human body.\n1.The virus is inoculated into humans with the mosquito saliva.\n2.The virus localizes and replicates in various target organs, for example, local lymph nodes and the liver.\n3.The virus is then released from these tissues and spreads through the blood to infect white blood cells and other lymphatic tissues.\n4.The virus is then released from these tissues and circulates in the blood.\nTransmission cycle that takes place within the mosquito.\n5.The mosquito ingests blood containing the virus. \n6.The virus replicates in the mosquito midgut, the ovaries, nerve tissue and fat body. It then escapes into the body cavity, and later infects the salivary glands. \n7.The virus replicates in the salivary glands and when the mosquito bites another human, the cycle continues.\nThere are 4 Serotypes of Dengue virus (1,2,3,4 Group B arbovirus). The first attack, neutralizing antibodies are produced principally against this virus type inoculated by the mosquito vector.  Although antigenetically linked to each other, they may only give partial cross-protection, after being infected by any of them. \nThe pathogenesis of hemorrhagic dengue fever is the result of many factors. As the dengue virus attacks the human body, the immune complex or antibody tries to fight off the virus resulting to anaphylactic reactions that produce toxic substances such as histamine, serotonins, and bradyknin which damage the capillary walls. These are responsible for the increase in vascular permeability exhibiting symptoms such as macopopular, rashes, pruritus, edematous extremities, and flushed skin.  Increase in vascular permeability causes extravasation of fluids resulting to fluid shifts especially in the abdomen, p
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the doctor was partially right, for some viruses. many diseases we get from mutations in bacteria or viruses, from animals, from food, from a new environment we aren't used to, etc.\n\np.s. Any expert can tell you exactly how to contract the bubonic plague (often called the black death, the black plague, the plague, etc.) that wiped out 1/4 of Europe in its time. People got it from fleas. It is often associated with rats because rats carry fleas, and therefore the plague. When the flea bit an infected person, and then someone else the other person got infected, as did anything else the flea bit. And with the poor sanitation a few hundred years ago, and their total lack of knowledge as to what caused it, it is no wonder the plague wiped out entire towns.
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IT could be an infection of some type. There are also diseases that cause fevers, such as lupus. Also it could be the heat. I know in the summer time I run a low grade fever, it's pretty normal for me. I did talk to a doctor about it. \n\nSeeing a doctor is advisable. ;0)
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The first documented case was in 1959 in the Congo, the only reason we even know is that the man was sick and they took and froze his blood. The linked article is fairly recent and explains the origins of HIV and the method they used to find it.
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Synchronous menstruation was first described in 1971 by researchers McClintock and Stern. It is a proven occurrence, borne out by additional studies.\n\nThough they are still unclear as to exactly why it occurs, the most widely accepted theory is that it is due to pheromones. Others think it's due to some evolutionary carry-over from prehistoric times, when it was common for men to take multiple mates to ensure the survival of the species, but the pheremone theory makes more sense... \n\nSource(s):\n\nMcClintock, M. K. (2000). Human pheromones: primers, releasers, signalers or modulators? In K. Wallen and J. Schneider (Eds.), Reproduction in Context: Social and Environmental Influences on Reproductive Physiology and Behavior. MIT Press. Pp. 355-420.\n\nMcClintock, M. K. (1998). Whither menstrual synchrony? Annual Review of Sexual Research, 9, 77-95.
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thi happen in a frien of mine in singapore, and as far as i can guess it can in here UK to. specialy with this hot weather...\n\n\n\nFrom a friend.\nWe purchased a "Takada" Air Cooler from Carrefour about 4\nmonths ago but\ndid not realised that it can be a breeding ground for mosquitoes.\n\nLast week I noticed a  few young mosquitoes flew around my son's writing\ndesk, close to where we placed the Air Cooler for my son in his study\nroom.\n\nThen, I was wondering where could these young mosquitoes come from and I\nwas thinking whether could it be from the water in the Air Cooler.\n\nYesterday morning, I was burdened again to check the Air Cooler and to\nmy horror when I drained out the water from the Air Cooler and was\nshocked to find about 20 huge mosquito larvae flowed out from the Air\nCooler.\n\nYesterday, I reported in writing to Dr Yaacob Ibrahim, the Environment\nMinister from the Ministry of the Environment to request him to urgently\ntake the appropriate action to advise the Public to drain out the water\nfrom their Air Cooler to check for mosquito larvae because no one,\nincluding ourselves, suspect mosquitoes can fly into the Air Cooler and\nbreed from there. Secondly, I requested him that in order to prevent the\ngeneral Public from innocently breeding the mosquitoes in their Air\nCoolers at home and the office, the Ministry should ban the sales of\nthese Air Coolers ( there are several brands in the departmental\nstores). We hope this feedback will help in the prevention of the Dengue\nFever in Singapore.\n\nWith this email, I hope you can inform your staff and your friends to do\nsome regular checks on their Air Cooler if they own one, before their\nFamily become victim of the Dengue Fever. \nThank you.
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Chikungunya is a relatively rare form of viral fever caused by an alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, though recent research by the Pasteur Institute in Paris claims the virus has suffered a mutation that enables it to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus (Tiger mosquito). This was the cause of the actual plague in the Indian Ocean and a threat to the Mediterranean coast at present, requiring urgent meetings of health officials in France, Italy, and Spain.There is no specific treatment for Chikungunya. Vaccine trials were carried out in 2000, but funding for the project was discontinued and there is no vaccine currently available. A serological test for Chikungunya is available from the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\n\nChloroquine is gaining ground as a possible treatment for the symptoms associated with Chikungunya and as an antiviral agent to combat the Chikungunya virus. According to the University of Malaya, "In unresolved arthritis refractory to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chloroquine phosphate (250 mg/day) has given promising results."\n\nDengue fever (IPA: ['deŋgeɪ]) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics, with a geographical spread similar to malaria. Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (rarely Aedes albopictus).\n\nThe mainstay of treatment is supportive therapy. The patient is encouraged to keep up oral intake, especially of oral fluids. If the patient is unable to maintain oral intake, supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant hemoconcentration. A platelet transfusion is rarely indicated if the platelet level drops significantly or if there is significant bleeding. But the transfusion is recommendable on platelet count falling below 20,000 without hemorrhage / bleeding or approx 50,000 with hemorrhage/bleeding. Internal bleeding indicated by dark color of stools, other bleedings indicated at surface as red rashes all over or most of the body parts.
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Have you ever watched a loved one wither away in their hospital bed from a common cold because the AIDS virus made their immune system so weak? If not, you should be grateful. I watched my uncle sit there and wither away to skin and bones because of AIDS. Please educate yourself more on this subject and be more respectful about it.
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To reduce the risk of diseases carried by mosquitos including Malaria and West Nile virus among others.\n\nAlso to avoid the hassle and irritation of the bites.
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yes, and also the water..possibly lowered your resistance to illness. plus heat fever happens...drink more water.
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cases, outbreaks, or new diseases?\nTry the World Health Organisation (WHO) - google them.
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Some people are more allergic to mosquitos than others and wil develop large bumps from the bites that tend to go away after a couple days. Nothing much to worry about if that is the case.
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inflamed skin....I would say that it was not a major discovery. Almost everyone has had itchy or red skin at some point in life.
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I think it is possible thats how it came about .... Just as jeans are passed to an unborn child from a father so can a dvirus .... I had raised the question to a OB Doc. when I was attending the visits for my son before he was born and thats what she told me.... Hope I could help
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what kind of project report are you doing? a comparative study on airlines regarding which airlines gives the best service, the most comfortable seats? the least boring long flights? \n\nor are you doing a case study on how airlines unwittingly cause the spread of a disease from one endemic place to another place, where the disease is not normally found? for example, malaria or avian flu
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Its not an urban legend... there are in fact twelve documented cases reported annually worldwide.\nIt's the most puzzling thing to the medical community, since there is no apparent cause for it.
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Hi emailenoch,\nThere are lots of reasons but try http://www.WebMD.com and call your doctor if it continues.Good Luck: Blueladybug