wat is rutherfords scientific accomplishment?
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before rutherford, the atom was considered to be a homogenous object - kind of blobby and with its mass evenly spread out in space.  the current model of the atom with the mass concentrated in the nucleus at the center was rutherford's creation.  furthermore, rutherford didn't merely theorize the existence of the nucleus, he experimentally verified it.  \n\n(actually there is kind of a neat story to this - rutherford had been forced to take on an undergraduate student, named ernst marsden.  rutherford was investigating the way a thin foil of gold could make a beam of alpha particles spread out and become diffuse.  \n\ndealing with the undergrad was kind of a hassle, so rutherford got him out of his hair by giving him a task to keep the student busy - looking for particles reflected backwards from the foil.  \n\nhe didn't expect marsden to find anything, but was certainly surprised when the young student did, and this discovery of back-scattered radiation was some of the first (and still, damned good) evidence for the existence of the nucleus.)\n\nhe also generated the modern theory of radioactivity, was the first person to cause (by artificial means) a nuclear reaction, experimentally verified the age of the earth, invented a radiation-sensing device that was the precursor to the geiger counter, and even discovered the phenomenon that modern smoke detectors use in their normal operation.  all in all, he was a giant in the annals of physics.
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Pauling, Linus Carl (1901-1994), American chemist and physicist, whose investigations into the structure of molecules led to discoveries of how chemicals bond.\n\nPauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901, and educated at Oregon State College and the California Institute of Technology. He began to apply his insights into quantum physics as Professor of Chemistry at the institute, where from 1927 to 1964 he made many of his discoveries. By devising techniques such as X-ray and electron diffraction, he was able to calculate interatomic distances and the angles between chemical bonds.\n\nDuring the 1930s Pauling introduced concepts that helped reveal the bonding forces of molecules. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, the result of these investigations, has been a major influence on scientific thinking since it was published in 1939. Pauling also investigated the atomic structure of proteins, including haemoglobin, and discovered that cell deformity in sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a genetic defect that influences the production of haemoglobin. He was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work. In later years Pauling fought ardently against nuclear weapons testing, warning the public of the biological dangers of radioactive fallout, and presented a petition to the United Nations in 1958 signed by over 11,000 other scientists. In 1962 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the second person, after Marie Curie, to win two Nobel Prizes.\n\nThroughout his scientific career, Pauling followed his creative hunches, no matter how controversial they were. In 1970, for example, he advocated large doses of vitamin C to treat the common cold—a belief, however, that few medical authorities have endorsed.
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I dont know who proved that nucleus is the governing centre but the discoverer was Robert Brown... Maybe it was him who also proved its function as he may have studied it further for the reason for its presence.Anyway shall ask someone and try to tell you...
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British chemist, John Newlands had the idea of arranging chemical elements in order of their relative atomic masses and he arranged his elements in columns. However, Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev greatly improved on Newlands' idea and convinced other chemists to use it, so Mendeleev has been credited with the invention of the periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev came up with his first version of the periodic table in 1864, since then more than 700 versions of the table have been proposed.\n\nNo chemistry textbook, classroom, lecture theatre or research laboratory is complete without a copy of the periodic table of the elements. Since the earliest days of chemistry, attempts have been made to arrange the known elements in ways that revealed similarities between them. However, it required the genius of Mendeleev to see that arranging elements into patterns was not enough; he realised that there was a natural plan in which each element has its allotted place, and this applies not only to the known elements but to some that were still undiscovered. Today we have the so-called long form of the table. This has emerged supreme from well over 100 designs that have been proposed since the time of Mendeleev. With the advantage of hindsight we can now see why this form of the table was bound to succeed.\n\nToday there are 111 elements recognised by IUPAC, and these are usually displayed in the form of a matrix called a periodic table. The term periodic came from the regular occurrence of certain chemical properties in the list of known elements when these are arranged in order of increasing relative mass. The common form, complete with the new group numbers (1-18) were finally agreed by the International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, in 1985, after years of wrangling. In truly Parkinsonian fashion, this least important of changes has probably consumed the most effort!\n\nSince Antoine Lavoisier first defined a chemical element and drew up a table of 33 of them for his book 'Traité Elémentaire de Chimie' (Treatise on the Chemical Elements) published in 1789, there have been attempts to classify them. Lavoisier himself grouped them into four categories on the basis of their chemical properties: gases, nonmetals, metals and earths. In the first category he listed substances that we now know as oxides but which at the time had defeated all attempts at separation.\n\nThis desire to identify and classify elements continued in chemistry for another 80 years until Mendeleev stumbled upon the correct classification - the periodic table. Today the periodic table is securely based on the properties of atomic number of the nucleus and the electron energy levels which surround it. Both of these concepts postdate Mendeleev by several decades. He, however perceived them indirectly through the related properties of atomic weight and chemical valency and arrived at the periodic table in 1869.\n\nBecause atomic weight, relative atomic mass, is roughly proportional to atomic number, and because valency, which manifests itself in the chemical composition, is based on the outermost electrons of an atom, Mendeleev had chosen the two properties that in his day most nearly reflected the fundamental principles on which the table today is based. Consciously or subconsciously, he arrived at the idea that a table existed with positions that were to be occupied by the elements, rather than the other way round - that the known elements determined the arrangement of the table, as others imagined.\n\nThis being so, Mendeleev then put the 65 elements he knew into his table and at the same time pointed out the many unoccupied positions in the overall scheme. He took the further and much bolder step of predicting the properties of these missing elements. Moreover, the gap in atomic weights between cerium (140) and tantalum (182) suggested to him that a whole period of the table remained to be discovered. Later in the century many of these elements,
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My favourite is the test done to prove the magnetic force of earth.  I do not remember who the scientist was but in the dome of St. Pauls's Cathedral in London UK, he suspended a rope from the highest point down to the ground where he had a level patch of sand.  A weighted point on the rope was just about able to touch the sand.  Sure enough, as time went on the rope began to move with the direction of the earth leaving evidence of stripes in the sand.
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Henri Becquerel. \n\nGlenn T. Seaborg. \n\nMarie and Pierre Curie\n\nEnrico Fermi\n\nIrene Joliot-Curie\n\nFrederik Joliot\n\nErnest Rutherford\n\nHarold Urey\n\nand literally thousands and thousands more.
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And what does he have to do with science?
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fairy tales? , probably you can do that in literature or history, but in physics is sort of hard ..He dedicated his life to work , he was truly a genius, we needed a bunch of scientists to get together just for continue with his legacy ; maybe his ideas were , at his time, sort of fantastic ; but I don't think He was a lier or something ,if that's what you were trying to say... if not, yeah he was fun :P
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He was a theoretical physicist
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Gravitational contraction makes things hot, just like your bicycle air pump gets hot from compressing air.  In the sun, this means TREMENDOUSLY HOT.\n\nHot enough and with enough pressure to start nuclear reactions, also facilitated by carbon atoms--the hydrogen-carbon-helium reaction:\n\nMatter is so pressed in the sun that actual space inside atoms is reduced.  Hydrogen is forced into the carbon nucleus, but it can hold only four such protons.  When this saturation state is achieved, it begins to emit helium as fast as new protons arrive.  Thus the hydrogen is changed into helium with the production of energy. Carbon, the catalyst, remains unchanged.\n\nThere is a loss of mass -- check out atomic weights and you will see a difference between two hydrogens and one helium.  The difference is mass that was converted to energy.\n\nThere are other processes going on in the sun.  Check out THE URANTIA BOOK in the 400+ pages range for more copious info on this subject in easy to understand English without jargon and pretension.\n\nThe brutally dangerous energies are attenuated by the "Compton effect" (look it up) as they percolate towards the surface transferred from one strata of elements to another.  This journey takes 500,000 years from the center!\n\nThe sun consists of many layers like an onion.  The last layer is calcium rich and 6000 miles thick.  That is because calcium is propelled to the surface, even though it is heavier.\n\nThis miraculous provision of the creators makes life possible on the earth as harmful X-rays are attenuated.\n\nCalcium is a photokinetic material under certain circumstances, where it loses one electron.  The PHOTOKINETIC FORCE propels much of this type out into the solar system annually, in spite of the massive solar gravity.\n\nYou also see shells of exploding material coming off of supernovae, much like the shell being blown off an egg.\n\nThe surface temperature of the sun is about 6000 degrees F, 3333 degrees C.\n\nHowever, in the center it is 35 million degrees Fahrenheit, about 19.4 million degrees C.\n\nThe suface is boiling.  All elements are in gaseous state, even calcium.  Much of this is boiling calcium.\n\nThere is a great battle between the forces of heat and gravity, expansion and contraction.  These have achieved a state of dynamic equilibirium on a massive scale.  At an earlier age the sun actually pulsed like those stars called Cepheid variables.\n\nI see other people have relevant details that I will not repeat.  Temperatures going out from surface are different...\n\nMy information is often left out.
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Actually, he got the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the photoelectric effect, which showed light to be a particle.  That more or less ushered in most of modern physics...
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All transuranic elements (elements with an atomic number greater than 92) are unstable, some of their isotopes more so than others, and they aren't found in nature, only as a result of bombardment in particle accelerators or as byproducts of nuclear fission reactors or atomic bombs.\n\nEinstein was involved in the theoretical physics which led to the Los Alamos project to build an atomic bomb, before Hitler could build one. It was the Danish physicist, Nils Bohr, who first split the atom, however.\n\nSome elements are named after people (Fermi, Einstein, Curie) and some after places (Berkely, California) who/which were influenrial or important in the development of transuranic elements.
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Actually, you can turn one element into another by nuclear transmutation. Radioactive elements spontaneously decay over a long period of time and transform into other more stable elements.\n\nSo, doesn't that make Nuclear Physicists Alchemists?\n\nNatural transmutation was applied consciously to modern physics first by Frederick Soddy when he, along with Ernest Rutherford, discovered that radioactive thorium was converting itself into radium in 1901. At the moment of realization, Soddy later recalled, he shouted out: "Rutherford, this is transmutation!" Rutherford snapped back, "For Christ's sake, Soddy, don't call it transmutation. They'll have our heads off as alchemists."\n\nSo, you should study to be a Nuclear Physisicist.
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He didn't actually do the experiment, he supervised it.  It happened in 1909, and you can read all about it here:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger-Marsden_experiment
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Einstein received the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery that a quanta of energy (photon) could free up an electron in his famous photoelectric effect.
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He was on the committe that investigated the Challenger explosion.\n\nHe developed the sum over histories method to explain the motion of an electron as it exhibited wave characteristics through a double slit.\n\nHe developed a unique geometric proof that orbiting paths are elliptical.\n\nThere are a few for you off the top of my head.
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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(November 7, 1888-November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him.\n\nRaman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. At an early age Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He completed his BA and MA in Physics and English from the Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai). He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Civil Services as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta (now Kolkata).\n\nRaman was a professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta for the next fifteen years. It was during his stay here that his work on optics was recognized.\n\nRaman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon. An interesting anecdote goes that he booked his tickets to Stockholm several months before the Nobel prizes were announced.\n\nRaman also worked in theory of transverse vibration of strings, his analysis of bowed string on the basis of superposition velocities has an upper-hand in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz.\n\nIn 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India. He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, serving as its director and remained active there until his death on 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82.\n\nHe also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [1]\n\nHe was knighted in 1929 and awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.\n\nCV Raman is the uncle of Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.\n\nIndia celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.