Anyone know a process and method of collimating a Nd:YAG Laser at 532 AND 1064nm. Must work at both λ. Thanks!
155010
You need an achromat, which is a compound lens (doublet) designed to have the same focal length at multiple wavelengths.  Take a look at this on from CVI lasers:http://www.cvilaser.com/Catalog/Pages/Template1.aspx?pcid=196&filter=0
190902
As usual, howstuffworks has great illustrations and description of how things work, including LED's.  High intensity LED's use the same principles but supply greater light flux (and perhaps focus it better too).  Good luck.
651191
Phase matching is also a strongly variant function of temperature, more so than phase matching angle.  You have to specify at what temperture the gain medium is held constant in order to specify the optimum phase matching angle.  Phase matching is also a function of the signal wavelength, which you have generalized verily from 3-12 microns.  The angle is gonna change so much over that wavelength range that you can't specify a single best phase matching angle.\n\nWhat do you have, an OPO?  What's this application?
1094514
Light waves can have harmonic frequencies, but it's not what you are thinking.  When someone refers to a light harmonic, stop thinking about the sound analogy and start thinking about lasers.  In order for a laser to be an effective analytical tool (if you are interested in this, do some research on Raman Spectroscopy, Time Resolved Laser induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy, and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) one needs to be able to produce a specific wavelength of light.  While this may seem an easy thing to do, it is quite complicated.  \n\nBack to the harmonic.  The harmonic can be described as a frequency doubling stage.  For example, as a 1064 nm laser is passed through a harmonic generator, it's frequency is doubled and the resulting beam exits at 532 nm.  This change is referred to as generating a second harmonic (relative to the original beam).  This is considered a light harmonic.\n\nThis process can be repeated, but the solution may non-intuitive depending on the setup.  If the 532 beam is then passed through a "second harmonic generator" the output is 266 nm (as you would expect).  This beam has a frequency that is double the entering beam and four times the original.  However, another setup is to place a "third harmonic generator" in the line.  As the 532 nm beam enters, a 355 nm beam exits.  This beam now has a frequency three times that of the original, not the entering beam.  \n\nHarmonic generators can go as high as a fourth harmonic generator (I'm not aware of higher generators, though they may exist).  These generators are useful for taming something like a CO2 laser which excite around 9400 and 10600 nm.\n\nAs for applications, these beams can then be put into a variety of devices for tuning the beam.  As a spectroscoper, we use an OPO (Optical Parametric Oscillator) to take the 355 beam and tune it to a variety of frequencies.
128889
Here ya go!\n\nhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/laser.htm
708353
Hmm. . its pretty rare stuff so you are not going to hand out samples\nSince it was once used in lasers you could start your presentation with a laser light show, or just a simple laser pointer\nPresent the information chronologically, show how and why it was discovered (it started as a blank square on the Periodic Table of the Elelments) talk about it uses and why it was replaced\ngood luck
952580
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~bramall/laserhowtohtml/laser_project/laser_intro.html\n\nThat's a danged powerful one and requires machining, I don't think I'd reccomend it for a science project but there it is and should give you basic laser info.\n\nActually building a working laser is probably more than most people would be looking at doing for a science project -- using a laser for something like holography (where you can use an off-the-shelf laser) might be a better project unless you are REALLY ambitious and willing to spend either a lot of time or a lot of money on the project.\n\nBTW, there used to be some books from TAB publishers about building your own lasers from surplus parts -- but I doubt most of the parts mentioned in them are available any more.  Still, it is worth checking out the science section of your local library to see.
154
Materials that form an inverse energy distribution?  Not quite.\n\nThere are three basic components for getting a laser to work.  First, one needs an excitation source (pumping source) such as a flashlamp, an electrical spark, etc.  Second, one needs a material (the gain medium) which can exhibit what's known as population inversion - the capacity for a material to raise the electron energy level from the lower to the upper energy states.  Nearly all materials will exhibit this behavior with some more efficiently than others.  Finally, one needs to direct the stimulated energy by using a resonator.\n\nThere are many combinations of pump sources, lasing materials and optical configurations depending on the intended use.  There are solid state (ruby, Nd:YAG), gas (nitrogen, helium-neon) and semiconductor (gallium-arsenide) lasers that come in a variety of wavelengths (colors) to choose from, again, depending on what you want to do with it.\n\nJust a little bit of background: My degree is in Physics, and I've been working in the lasers and electro-optics field for the past 10+ years.  You can see what my graduate lab at SDSU looked like at: http://www.equationlab.com/mtp/quantumblog/about.html
85548
Polarized  Unpolar.  Magnifying  Difracting Refracting Magnifying
823733
My plastic surgeon told me not to do that, and he used a YAG on me.  My tattoo was multi-colored with a lot of black, it took about a year, but it cleared up nicely.  He did advise me to use some scar reducing cream and skin cream on the area to reduce and afteraffects of the laser.  You can't even tell where my tattoo was now. Just be patient and it'll clear up sooner than you think.
265230
dust\nDon't use a mirror to look at a laser. don't use anything to look at a laser unless you know what you are doing. not even one of those 'meeting pointers'. it could very easily damage your eye and cause blindness. don't even shine a laser at an object that is not intended to receive laser energy. you could crash a plane or hurt or kill someone else.
417677
For refractors, the most common problem is chromatic aberration. In this, you get little rainbows around bright objects and a blurrier image around others. This happens because the lenses act like prisms. All refractors are subject to this, but some *very* expensive ones have it less. They fix this by using more than one type of glass.\n\nFor reflectors, the main problem is spherical aberration. This is caused by the mirror not being a perfect paraboloid. It is much easier to grind a sphere than a paraboloid, and most mirrors are first ground to a spherical shape. If the subsequent grinding isn't done right, the resulting images will be blurrier than need be. For decent images, the mirror's shape has to be within 1/4 of a wavelength of light, and for a good image it should be correct to within 1/10 of a wavelength. Considering how small the wavelength of visible light is, you can see how hard that is.
860076
Sorry I can't help you, I didn't pay close enough attention during UV-Vis Spec. But I don't see why you would need the lamda (sp?) max for b. But really, I'm not sure. Good luck!
422752
Smoke or fog will work.  There are also 100mW red lasers out there (wickedlasers.com should do the trick) that have some visibility in daylight, but this always depends on there being something (even the tiniest amount of dust) in the air to scatter off of.
1088047
infared light. frequency: above 700nm(in greece we use nm. i dont konw elswhere what the use).\nUses: In photography to take a photo through clouds, to warm objects(metals)\nDangers: i dont think there are\n\nultraviolet: under 400nm\nUses: To clean(and removes mirco-organisms) from medicine tools.\ndangers: it may cause skin cancer if exposed for a long time.\n\nI dont remember anything. It's been a year since i last read 'em\nHope i helped
105477
Do you mean Tri-Luma? You can find out more at:\nwww.triluma.com
664272
Just goanna tell you why it is like that physically not mathematically but the math part I think you already know.\n\nFor starters there aren't any 2 level lasers there are 3 level lasers and 4 level lasers (4 levels is better then 3) never 2, you will understand why.\nNow first of all you have three processes:\nStimulated emission ;(SE)\nStimulated absorption ;(SA)\nSpontaneous emission;\nThe first two are absolutely symmetric they work with the same constants, they have just one difference, the SE is   proportional to the number of electrons in the exited state and SA proportional to the number of electrons in the fundamental (I do not consider empty places because in practice they aren't really important, don't know if you have saw them if not forget it). Now imagine your gain medium in the fundamental state, you pump it, the medium passes to have more electrons in the exited state, you pump it hard, so now what happens you have the 3 processes. The SA increases the population in the upper level and the SE in the lower level, the SA at first is more successful because there are more atoms in the fundamental state. But you arrive to a point where the population in the 2 levels is equal then both processes have the same intensity, that’s the limit of this system equal population, but you pump even stronger  trying to get an inversion population, what happens? Both process are equal in intensity the population will not vary, now let’s consider the third process. This is a less intense process if you pump well; this will just contribute to the population in the lower level, so you never arrive to have half the atoms in the upper state because even if the SA and SE are equal the spontaneous emission will create one more atom in the lower level.\n\nYou can never have population inversion in a 2 level system. There aren't any lasers with 2 levels, but you can do the calculations for. If you do not understand why population inversion is important here it goes:   you always have lost in your cavity, reflection in the gain medium, output coupler ...Only when you built a laser you see: there are "huge" losses in the laser everywhere. So you have to compensate that with a gain at every passage, well your gain medium only will have a gain > then 1 if you have population inversion, if not your medium will absorb and emit the same quantity having given 0 photons in plus to your system, So you will lose photons at every turn your light will end up really quickly.\n\nNow 3 level systems, in this systems you can pump really hard to the level 3 you can pump electrically by other means, you can pump it optically… but for instance imagine that the only thing getting out of 3 is the spontaneous decay from 3 to 2 only (which is possible, stimulated emission from 3 to 1 might not even be possible) then you can have more atoms in 2 then 1 you have population inversion. 3 level systems are the ruby, first laser ever built, and the Nd:Yag a very powerfull laser, used a lot \n\nIn relation to 4 levels 3 levels systems difference, there you can see the following, when you start to pump in the 4 level systems your base state (in relation to the emission line), is desert you have population inversion immediately, is easier to obtain gain.\n\nTo finalise this part of the answer I can tell you that getting energy out of a 2 level system would be like getting more energy then the one you input it would violate the thermodynamic law the energy conservation principle.\n\nThe second part of the question, I do not now if you where talking in the 2 level or in the 3 level system but I suppose it’s the 3 level system all the way.\nNow the answer to your question is one of most beautiful things that the basic laser physic has, remember you have medium and a cavity, this cavity reproduces it self times and times over. You need the source in 1 to 3 and you create population inversion, now your medium will emit in all directions b