basic principles of X-Ray machine?
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We are not here to do your homework for you.\nGIYF (Google is your friend)
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symmetry makes reading the x-ray crystallograph much much easier.
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It is used in inspecting for micro fractures in metal and usually welding. Most places with govt. contracts especially for airplanes and weaponry can't afford micro fractures in welds and such. Some form of xray is also used to help detect fractures.
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One thing to consider is that nowadays films are being used less and less. My last CT-scan didn't end up on film, just on a CD-ROM. I don't know if that's possible for X-ray, but I would think this is a shrinking market.
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Measuring the background radiation.\nCalculations involving half life.\nCalculating the energy of fusion and fission reactions.
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You don't send radio or x-ray, you measure them coming from the objects in the sky. The telescope is the instrument to collect this waves and concentrate them. Just as a common telescope receives light, this instruments receive other wavelenghts such as the mentioned above, which are produced and send by the objects.
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X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. This generally leads to an understanding of the material and molecular structure of a substance. The spacing in the crystal lattice can be determined using Bragg's law. The electrons that surround the atoms, rather than the atomic nuclei themselves, are the entities which physically interact with the incoming X-ray photons.
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Read the book "Nuclear and Radiochemistry" by Friedlander, Kennedy and Miller for the basic principles and then contact the cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University for Ideas on their cyclotron.  You could also contact Washington University in St. Louis, MO and get their plans.
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Actually, x-rays films are also very senstive to light. Light is what is actually used to expose the film to the image. \nIf an x-ray film was only senstive to x-rays they a patient would require a very high dose of radiation in order to produce an image (this is how it was done in the 1950's).\nToday we have these deveices called Intensifying Screens. The x-rays hit the intensifying screens and then give off light to make the image on the film (this helps to decrease the dose of radiation that that patient will be exposed to because the screens take each xray photon and multiple it by a lot.)\n\nAnd now to how x-ray film is developed.\n1963 to 1993 \n\nIn 1963 when I was first introduced to the X-ray business, film processors were really in their infancy. When I talk about "X-ray film processors", I mean those devices that were automated in some fashion, and the processing of film was taken out of the hands of the X-ray technician. \n\nThe first Hospital that I walked into with the man that was assigned to train me, had probably one of the first X-ray film processors in the St. Paul, Minneapolis, Minnesota area. It was a Kodak M1 or M2 processor. It was more than 8 feet long, and took 10 to 15 minutes to process a film from "dry to dry". The roller racks in the processor were so large that a "traveling" crane was attached to the ceiling to lift the racks out of the processing fluid tanks. The crane was designed to move up and down the line of travel in order to lift one or another of the racks out of the tanks. It could then be moved to lower the rack at the side of the processor where the rack could be cleaned. These roller racks allowed the film to travel in a somewhat vertical fashion, down and up, through the chemistries. The film would be fed into the rack and follow a "turn-around" which would direct the film down into the bath, traveling through the rollers. Than the film would be directed through a turn around at the bottom of the rack and brought back up to be sent over to the next rack. This was the beginning of automated film processing. I would say that the Kodak company was the father of the automated processor. There could have been others that were there 1st, but I didn't know about them. \n\nOther companies came on line soon after, but Kodak (I think) still dominates the market with its processor line. \n\nI think a step back in time, is in order to look at what the X-ray technician had to do before the automated processor became popular. \n\nThe dark room consisted of 2 or 3 tanks that were filled with chemistry. The tanks were than contained in a massive tank filled with tempered water. The water was constantly circulating and replaced as it drained out, at a controlled temperature, usually 68 degrees F. This arrangement kept the chemistry at the required temperature, so that the films could come out with very little variation in density, contrast, fog, (Etc.). The tanks were arranged so that the developer chemistry was at one end, with a "Stop" bath (sometimes) next, than the fixer chemistry, and sometimes a tank was used for the wash bath. Fixer chemistries were later changed to contain the "stop" action needed to stop development. This did away with the stop bath portion of the system. Usually the wash was done in the master water tank where the circulating water would aid in washing the film. \n\nIn this system, the film in a special holder, would be placed in the developer tank for a specified time (5 minutes more or less). Than the film was moved to the stop bath, if the system used one, or moved into the fixer tank for 10 or more minutes. Then the film was moved into the wash where it could be left for up to 20 minutes. After that the film was moved into a tall heated drying rack which looked like a large clothes locker. Depending on temperature the film would be dry in 15 to 20 minutes. \n\nCan you imagine? Some thing had to be done
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The major difference is that MRI scanners CAN NOT image bone.\n\nUsing a very powerful magnet and pulsing radio waves the detection coils in the MRI scanner read the energy produced by water molecules as they mis-align themselves after each RF alignment pulse. The collected data is reconstructed into a two dimentional illustration through any axis of the body. Bone is virtually void of water and therefore does not generate any image data. This leaves a black area in the images. MRI scanners are best suited for imaging soft tissue.\n\nCT, Computerized Axial Tomgraphy, uses xrays to generate images of the body, including bone. In the CT scanner the x-ray tube, (source) rotates around the patient laying on the table. On the opposite side of the patient from the tube is the x-ray detector. This detector recieves the beam that makes it through the patient. The beam is sampled via some 764 channels, (approximate number of channels). The signal received by each channel is digitized to a 16 bit value and sent to the reconstruction processor. Measurements are taken about 1000 times per second. Scan rotations are usually 1 to 2 seconds long. Each view/channel chunk of scan data is compared to calibration scan data of air, water and polyethelyne, (soft plastic) previously acquired in the exact same relative location. The comparisons allow the image pixels to have a known value for a particular substance in the body regardless of differences in patient size and exposure factors. The more samples, or views, the better the picture. By doing the math you can see that a huge amount a data is acquired to generate one CT slice. 15 years ago it would take a supercomputer called an Array Processor almost a minute to reconstruct the image, now it happens within seconds. Doctors can look at the image and determine what they are looking at simply by the lightness or darkness of the grey areas on the monitor. CT scanners are not able to make still-life images of fast moving things like the heart.
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I guess next time nujdawg needs a CT examination, he won't care if the person performing it is trained in radiation safety.  Anybody can push a scan button, but not anyone can set the machine properly to get a quality examination with the lowest dose possible.  In order to execute a CT scan, I had to have a great deal of schooling, and I had to pass both state and national licensing boards.  Anybody can push a scan button, but what millimeter thickness is best for a pulmonary emboli vs a chest mass?  What pitch is best for which circumstance?  If a patient cannot hold his breath for long, what can you do to shorten the scan time?  How many second delay is best post injection for a kidney stone vs a kidney mass?  What pressure setting should you have the pressure injector set at?  There are no set imaging parameters in CT (or any radiologic imaging).  \n\nThis website has a great description of what is needed to be a CT technologist:  \n\nThese professionals use radiation, or a computerized digital process, to produce images of tissues, organs, bones and vessels that physicians study to diagnose and treat disease or injury. Rad techs combine the science of computers and the art of individual technique to create crisp images that provide complete and accurate information.\n\nIt’s clear that rad techs enjoy science. They must have an understanding of anatomy, physiology and radiation biology. Rad techs use this knowledge as they prepare patients for diagnostic images by administering drugs or chemical mixtures. Rad techs position patients under machines and regulate controls to minimize radiation exposure. They may even perform x-ray examinations under sterile, surgical conditions. Some of these fluoroscopic x-rays produce “real time” images of the body at work. Rad techs may also maintain radiological equipment.\nAlong with scientific and technical knowledge, rad techs must possess a caring nature, strong problem-solving abilities and communication skills.  http://www.azcaringcareers.com/loc.cfm?page=radtech
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I would ask your vet if they can export it to a regular JPEG.\n\nThe problem with X-Rays is that they represent many more shades of grey than a regular image (or monitor) can support.  As such, you always view a subset of the true image.\n\nThere is way to view all the data, but without a specialized monitor, you are always going to see a subset.\n\nChances are that your x-rays are in DICOM form, and as such, you can use a DICOM viewer, or other tools (such as JDICOM from tiani.com) to view them and/or export them, but if you can get your vet to export it to a regular image with a generic display setting, you'll probably have all you want.
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I'm very interested in becoming an radiology technologist, and from what I've heard, nowadays, the equipment is so good and improved that techs recieve little or no radiation.  There are actually little pins that techs can wear to track how much radiation they are exposed to, and like I said, with the new equipment, the pins have been very helpful in confirming the lack of exposure.
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X-rays can cause certain phosphors to fluoresce.
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Duplication of an xray is done using UV light and Specific Sensitive  Duplicating film- sensitive for The UV light.\n\nYou would need to find an Xray tech/ or clinic that has a duplicating machine.  OR ask the place where you had them taken to duplicate the film (small fee usually about 7 dollars)\nOR you can ask for it to be Digitizes and placed on a CD, Most Imaging facilities are now using a Digital Image archive- May be better to ask to see if it can Be Scanned and placed on  a CD- all depends on the reason you need it duplicated.\n\n(if you tell them it is to send to another Doctors office they will do it for Free )
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First, this is a topic that is of continual annoyance for people who work with radiation.  Let's tackle this in sections...\n\nFirst let's start with the Roentgen.  The Roentgen (R) is defined as charge per unit mass.  Historically, it was defined as the amount of gamma or x-rays that produced one electrostatic unit of charge in 1 mL of air at STP (1.293E-3 g).  More currently, R=2.58E-4 C/Kg (C=Coulombs).\n\nOk, back to it.  A RAD is defined as 100 erg/g.  This is basically the same thing as R; a unit of charge per unit mass.  This is the "old" system unit.  This was supplanted by the SI unit of the Gray (Gy).  A Gy is defined as 1 J/kg (seeing the trend?).  Both units are a measure of Absorbed Dose (D).  Ok, if you would like to move between them, the conversion is 1 Gy = 100 RAD.  Why?\n\nOk, 1 J/Kg = 10^7 erg/10^3 g = 10^4 erg/g = 100 RAD\n\nNow, onto the Dose Equivalents.  A dose equivalent, H, is the effective dose received from ionizing radiation.  However, not all radiations are created equal.  A 1 RAD exposure to x-rays is far less harmful that a 1 RAD exposure to >10 keV neutrons.  So, a sliding scale was introduced.  For a given exposure to radiation, \n\nH=QF * D\n\nwhere QF is the quality factor and D is the absorbed dose.  Ok, back to your question.  A REM is the Dose Equivalent corresponding to Absorbed Dose in RAD.  Confused?  Ok, take a dose in RAD, multiply by the quality factor, and you get an answer in REM.  For the SI system, take a dose in Gy, multiply by the QF, and your answer is in Sieverts (Sv).  Generalized quality factors are:\n\nX and GammaRays - 1\nElectrons and Positrons - 1\nNeutrons E < 10 keV - 3\nNeutrons E > 10 keV - 10\nProtons  - 1 to 10\nAlphas - 1 to 20\nHeavy Ions - 20\n\nFor reference to the annoyance caused by the dual systems, as a radiological worker, my DOE imposed dose limit is 5 REM.  This dose is very easy to remember and seems intuitive.  However, under the SI system, my dose limit is 50 mSv, which seems small, though they represent the same physical quantity.
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There you go, and more...\n\nhttp://www.univsource.com/radiology.htm