what are some GOOD examples of endosymbiotic relationships in mammals?
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>>>>>(IT IS NOT HOMEWORK! i am competing with a friend for the >>>>> best example)\n\nAnd cheating by asking strangers on the internet. I like the way you think.\n\nThe most extreme example of bacterial endosymbiosis amongst mammals is without a doubt the presence of mitochondria. You might not relaise it but mitochondria are stable line bacterial endosymbionts, complete with there own genetic structure. It's hard to top that.\n\nAfter that probably comes the entire rumen structure of ruminants. Its incredibly cmmplicated, but basically the stomach of cows and sheep is one massive bacterial fermentor. The cow eats grass but is totally unable to digest it. Instead it grinds the grass up fine and swallow sit to wet it. It leave sit in the stomach to fermenta while then brings it up to shew again after the bacteria have softened it. The food then goes back down for even more fermentation in the other three chambers of the stomach. To add to the elegance of this system cows don't just excrete their urea through their kidneys like other mammals. Urea is  a waste in mammals and is poisonous, but it is also a good fertiliser. Ruminants excrete their urea through their salivary glands. It then passes into the stomach and what was a poison to the cow becomes fertiliser for the bacetria, who convert the waste urea into protein that the cow can use. As a reuslt ruminants are the only mammals in the world tht can survive with no protein input intheir deit at all. Which explains why they have been so extraordinarily successful at surviving in harsh and low nutrient environments.\n\nLast comes the biosynthesis of vitamins. Mammals can't   make their own vitamins, they normally need to take it in on the food. However numerous mammals species from dogs to horses are able to harvest those vitamins from bacteria that grow in their guts. So although a dog lives on a diet that is horrendously deficient in 3 or four vitamins it never gets ill or needs to take vitamin tablets. Which is pretty clever.
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http://www.soils.agri.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil3612/Symbiotic_Nitrogen_Fixation/Specificity.htm\nhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag152\nhttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~gaud/bio326/class/ecosyst/Ncycling2.html
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1.Mitochondria have a set of double membranes, as do most bacteria; and the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes shows no similarities with the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. If mitochondria evolved inside of proto eukaryote, their membrane composition would be expected to be of the same material. Instead, it appears that mitochondrial membranes more closely resemble bacterial membranes in terms of lipid composition \n\n2.The inner-membrane infoldings in the mitochondria lend more credence to the symbiosis theory. the infoldings (cristae) "are adaptations that increase the surface area of oxidative enzymes, evolutionary analogues to the mesosomal membranes of many prokaryotes" . In addition, the cristae keep the various enzymes segregated according to use, as do bacteria\n\n3.Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA sequences bear much more in common with bacteria than with ribosomes in the eukaryotic cytoplasm. For example, n-formylmethionyl transfer RNA has been found to exist only in mitochondria and bacteria \n\n4. Not only do mitochondria possess their own DNA, but it is circular, as is bacterial DNA; and DNA synthesis is continuous as opposed to that of eukaryotic nuclear DNA. Furthermore, the ratio of guanine-cytosine base pairs in mitochondrial DNA is proportionately higher, as with bacteria, than in eukaryotic nuclear DNA\n\n5.Mitochondrial division resembles bacterial reproduction.  "Genetic recombination in (mitochondria) is far more reminiscent of phage and bacterial sexuality than it is of eukaryotic nuclear sexual behavior
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As we know from biological studies in the field, many animals are homosexual.  Hundreds of species are covered in the seminal work in the area -- Biological Exuberance by Dr. Bruce Bagemihl, published by St. Martin's Press.  Higher and (to my surprise) lower animals routinely engaged in homosexual behavior -- including EXCLUSIVELY HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR in hundreds of species.  Those species with pair bonding demonstrated homosexual pair bonding as well.\n\nIt's a fascinating read.\n\nRegards,\n\nReynolds Jones\nSchenectady, NY\nhttp://www.rebuff.org
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Symbiosis is the interaction between two organisms which are living together in some sort of an "intimate" association.\n\nIt's quite hard to define symbiosis in itself but I think it'll be easier to understand if you know that parasitism, mutualism, commensalism etc. are all different forms of symbiosis.
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The euglena moves, which is something more commonly associated with animals. It has a flagellum. It also has an eyespot.
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Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes of both plants and animals. Frequently these ribosomes are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.
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When you take molecualr biology, you learn about the processes in eukaryotes, and prokaryotes.  And even between those two domains, most things are pretty much the same.  Fungi, plants and animals are all eukaryotes, so on a molecular biology level, they are pretty much the same.  Plants photosynthesize, which the others don't, but that's about it when it comes to molecular biology.
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See first link for a parasite found in Wisconsin lakes\n\nHmm.. most examples of mutualism/commensalism are either terrestrial or marine.  I can't find any for freshwater lakes, sorry.
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Not too sure i can give a firm answer for this... see the website below for some good resources\n\nhttp://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/rhesus/Pho-ref.htm
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Presence of Mitochondria\nCilia or Flagella used for cellular locomotion\nPresence of RNA
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Wood-boring bivalves of the family Teredinidae (commonly called shipworms) are known to harbor dense populations of gram-negative bacteria within specialized cells (bacteriocytes) in their gills. These symbionts are thought to provide enzymes, e.g., cellulase and dinitrogenase, which assist the host in utilizing wood as a primary food source. A cellulolytic, dinitrogen-fixing bacterium, Teredinibacter turnerae, has been isolated from the gill tissues of numerous teredinid bivalves and has been proposed to constitute the sole or predominant symbiont of this bivalve family. Here we demonstrate that one teredinid species, Lyrodus pedicellatus, contains at least four distinct bacterial 16S rRNA types within its gill bacteriocytes, one of which is identical to that of T. turnerae. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the three newly detected ribotypes are derived from gamma proteobacteria that are related to but distinct (>6.5% sequence divergence) from T. turnerae. In situ hybridizations with 16S rRNA-directed probes demonstrated that the pattern of occurrence of symbiont ribotypes within bacteriocytes was predictable and specific, with some bacteriocytes containing two symbiont ribotypes. However, only two of the six possible pairwise combinations of the four ribotypes were observed to cooccur within the same host cells. The results presented here are consistent with the existence of a complex multiple symbiosis in this shipworm species.
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So funny thanks, have to tell my biology teacher that one, actually on second thoughts perhaps not the type of thing you tell your teacher. Thanks anyway xXx
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http://biology.about.com/\nI don't know what your scope is. \nThat site is a very great and big source of biological knowledge. There are so many topics and I hope you will find it useful.\nGood luck!
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I think you're looking for a "symbiotic" relationship rather than a "parasitic" one. In a symbiotic relationship the two species rely on each other for survival or they help each other out in some way.\n\n"An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between clownfish of the genus Amphiprion (family, Pomacentridae) that dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators (a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles)."
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See the links\nhttp://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/14 \nhttp://nistads.res.in/contents/genart/ga-rkk1.htm \nhttp://www.rmh.uwyo.edu/species/wybiblio.pdf \nhttp://indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?prodstock=12981 \nhttp://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/zafeer.htm \nhttp://www.univnorthco.edu/biology/SRMIF/SRMIFChecklistFeb04.pdf
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I'll give you the general idea, you figure out the specific sentences you want.\n\nIn general, symbiosis is where 2 organisms co-exist and help each other out.  For example we have bacteria in our digestive tract.  The bacteria helps us digest some foods and we in turn give the bacteria a home.  Good for the bacteria (they get to live), and good for us (we get some foods digested that our digestive tracts could not otherwise get digested).