what is the index of refraction of kerosene?
113342
The index of refraction of kerosene at 20 degrees C is 1.448.
556680
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_index
246151
Kerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum at 150°C and 275°C (carbon chains from the C12 to C15 range).\n\nTypically, kerosene directly distilled from crude oil requires some treatment, either in a Merox unit or a hydrotreater, to reduce its sulfur content and its corrosiveness. Kerosene can also be produced by a hydrocracker, which is used to upgrade the parts of crude oil that would otherwise only be good for fuel oil.\n\nKerosene was first refined from coal by Atlantic Canada's Abraham Gesner in 1846, founding the modern petroleum industry in the process. Gesner went on to establish his Kerosene Gaslight Company to market kerosene around the world in 1850. Polish chemist Ignacy Łukasiewicz discovered the means of refining kerosene from the less expensive seep oil in 1856.
829483
for the size of the lens i would go back to the lens maker formula it is:\npower of lens = (n(lens) - n(0)) * (1/R1 - 1/R2)\nwhere n(lens) is refractive index of lens material\nn(0) is refractive index of the medium in which lens is kept\nR1 and R2 are surface radius of the two sides of the lens.\nso you can see from the equation to increase power of the lens we can either increase refractive index of the lens (assuming we are seeing it in air) or reduce the radius of curvature of the lens sides. so ideally as power increses the radius of the lens decreases and so the size of the lens also reduces. you can also check out gullstrands equation for further reference of thicker lenses. hope this helps
586314
ñ = n - iκ\n\nHere, n is the refractive index indicating the phase velocity as above, while κ is called the extinction coefficient, which indicates the amount of absorption loss when the electromagnetic wave propagates through the material. Both n and κ are dependent on the frequency (wavelength).
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The index of refraction of water is 1.33.  The refraction of light from the air to the water creates an apparent magnification of objects below the surface.  This magnification gives the impression that things are closer than they are and that the water looks shallower.
493310
Refraction: Deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely from one medium (as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.
895656
Hi. You could start here : http://www.mellesgriot.com/products/optics/oc_3.htm\nMay not be the best for everyone.
834313
Cidar wood oil and lens in compound microscope have the same refractive index. So the oil is used. Magnifying power is the same with any medium.
727712
Speed of Light in Air = 2.99792458 X 10^8m/s\n\nTo get the refractive index,take the speed of light in air divide by the speed of the in another medium.\n\nHence is (2.99792458 X 10^8)/(2.5 X 10^8) = 1.2(approximate)
771806
Yes, the refractive index of glass varies with wavelength. If it didn't, a prism wouldn't disperse light into a spectrum.\n\nThe index of refraction is always higher for shorter wavelengths. I'm not sure why; maybe it takes more time for a higher energy photon to be absorbed and re-emitted? The result is that blue light is refracted more than red light. Numbers for a typical crown glass (Bk7) are 1.5143 at 656.3nm and 1.5267 at 435.8nm.
1047938
Can you be more specific? Every material has it's own index of refraction....and none of them work out to nice even numbers. (well, hardly any of them). Is this all the questions says? I looked around on some websites, none of which made this question any clearer. Good luck!
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The refractive index of a material is the ratio of the velocity of light in free space to that in the material.\n\nThe speed of light in free space is the maximum value. Therefore the speed of light in any medium is always less than that of the speed of light in free space.\n\nTherefore refractive index of any material is always greater than one.\n\nIn a given material the refractive index changes for change of frequency of the light wave. The refractive index of violet (High frequency) light will be more than that of red (Low frequency) light.\n\nThe refractive index of a material is greater implies that the speed of light in it will be less. We call this material as optically denser than the material for which the refractive index is less. \n\nFor the same material the density varies with temperature and generally when the density increases the refractive index also increases.
836128
Kerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum at 150 °C and 275 °C (carbon chains from the C12 to C15 range).\n\nTypically, kerosene directly distilled from crude oil requires some treatment, either in a Merox unit or a hydrotreater, to reduce its sulfur content and its corrosiveness. Kerosene can also be produced by a hydrocracker, which is used to upgrade the parts of crude oil that would otherwise only be good for fuel oil.\n\nKerosene was first refined from a naturally-occurring asphaltum called Albertite by Abraham Gesner in 1846, founding the modern petroleum industry in the process. Gesner went on to establish his Kerosene Gaslight Company to market kerosene around the world in 1850. Scottish chemist James Young built the first truly commercial oil-works in the world at Bathgate in 1851, using oil extracted from locally mined Torbanite, shale and bituminous coal. Polish chemist Ignacy Łukasiewicz discovered the means of refining kerosene from the less expensive seep oil in 1856. The widespread availability of cheaper kerosene was the principal factor in the precipitous decline in the whaling industry in the mid- to late 19th century, as the leading product of whaling was oil for lamps.\n\n\n[edit] Uses\nAt one time it was widely used in kerosene lamps and lanterns. These were superseded by the electric light bulb and flashlights powered by dry cell batteries. Now it is mainly used in fuel for jet engines (more technically Avtur, Jet-A, Jet-A1, Jet-B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7 or JP-8). A form of kerosene known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications as to smoke points and freeze points.\n\nIn the early 1900's, kerosene was used as a cheap fuel for tractors. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. A "heat valve" on the manifold would route the exhaust gasses around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it can be ignited by a electrical spark.\n\nIts use as a cooking fuel is mostly restricted to some portable stoves for backpackers and to less developed countries, where it is usually less refined and contains impurities and even debris. It can also be used to remove lice from hair, but this practice is painful and potentially very dangerous.\n\nAs a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some filling stations. It is sometimes used as a heat source during power failures. The use of portable kerosene heaters is not recommended for closed indoor areas without a chimney due to the danger of buildup of carbon monoxide gas.\n\nKerosene is widely used in Japan as a home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In Japan, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to homes.\n\nThe Amish, who limit use of electric appliances for religious reasons, rely on kerosene for lighting and often purchase kerosene-powered versions of appliances such as refrigerators.\n\nIt is used as an organic solvent.\n\nKerosene is often used in the entertainment industry, as a fuel for fire dancing. Kerosene is not usually used as a fuel for indoor fire-dancing as it produces an unpleasant odour which becomes, in sufficient concentration, poisonous. In general such use of fire indoors is not common. Methanol is often used instead [citation needed], however it can be a more dangerous fuel because of its lower flash point, and it also produces less "impressive" flames.\n\nMore ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters were often built into kitchen ranges and kept many farm and fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time citrus growers used smudge pots fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops. "Salamanders" were kerosene space heaters used on construction sites to dry out
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Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of altitude.\n\nAtmospheric refraction near the ground produces mirages and can make distant objects appear to shimmer or ripple.
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(1) Take a container and measure the length of the container. Let us say the length of the container is L. \n\n(2) Take a beam of light (preferably a monochromatic source like laser beam) and shine it through the empty container. \n\n(3) Measure the intensity of the light at the end where the beam has gone through the empty container. Let this be Io. \n\n(4) Now fill the container with the liquid whose molar extinction coefficient is unknown. Now measure the light intensity as the beam travels the length L of the container. The measured intensity is I.\n\n(5) Beer-Lamberts law is I=Io exp(-a L) where all the quantities have been experimentally determined except a which is the extinction coefficient. \nRearrange the above formula and we get, a=(-1/L)*log(I/Io) where log is to the base e.
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http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C13463677&Units=SI&Type=IR-SPEC&Index=1#IR-SPEC