principle of subsidiarity whay does mean?
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Subsidiarity\nSubsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the lowest competent authority. The Oxford English Dictionary defines subsidiarity as the idea that a central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level. The concept is applicable in the fields of government, political science, cybernetics, and the management of large organizations. Subsidiarity is, ideally or in principle, one of the features of federalism. \nThe word subsidiarity is derived from the Latin word subsidiarius and has its origins in Catholic social teaching. It is found in several constitutions around the world (see for example the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution). \nIt is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries is insufficient. The principle was established in the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht, and is contained within the proposed new Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe. \nCatholic social teaching \nThe principle of subsidiarity holds that government should undertake only those initiatives which exceed the capacity of individuals or private groups acting independently. The principle is based upon the autonomy and dignity of the human individual, and holds that all other forms of society, from the family to the state and the international order, should be in the service of the human person. Subsidiarity assumes that these human persons are by their nature social beings, and emphasizes the importance of small and intermediate-sized communities or institutions, like the family, the church, and voluntary associations, as mediating structures which empower individual action and link the individual to society as a whole. "Positive subsidiarity", which is the ethical imperative for communal, institutional or governmental action to create the social conditions necessary to the full development of the individual, such as the right to work, decent housing, health care, etc., is another important aspect of the subsidiarity principle. \nThe principle of subsidiarity was developed in the encyclical Rerum Novarum of 1891 by Pope Leo XIII, as an attempt to articulate a middle course between the perceived excesses of laissez-faire capitalism on the one hand and the various forms of totalitarianism, which subordinate the individual to the state, on the other. The principle was further developed in Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quadragesimo Anno of 1931, and Economic Justice for All by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. \nQuadragesimo Anno \nIn the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, Pope Pius specifically said at paragraphs 79 and 80: \n79. As history abundantly proves, it is true that on account of changed conditions many things which were done by small associations in former times cannot be done now save by large associations. Still, that most weighty principle, which cannot be set aside or changed, remains fixed and unshaken in social philosophy: Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do. For every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the body social, and never destroy and absorb them.\n80. The supreme authority of the State ought, therefore, to let subordinate groups handle matters and concerns of lesser importance, which would otherwise dissipate its efforts greatly. Thereby the State will more freely, powerfully, and effectively do all those things that belong to it alone because it alone can do them: directing, watching, urging, rest
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"There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all arguments and which can not fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance-that principle is contempt prior to investigation."\n     --HERBERT SPENCER
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OK, you're doing your homework.  You probably have a formal definition of "social contract theory," since you use capital letters.  I don't, but I'm going to answer anyway.  Maybe it fits, maybe not.\n\nA contract, in law, is an offer, acceptance and consideration.  In a social contract, therefore, we have an assumption that social institutions are voluntary, the way a contract is voluntary, and that there are benefits on both sides (consideration).  In the Declaration of Independence, this is explicit:  "deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed."  It is implied strongly in the Constitution:  "We the people . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution."  \n\nIn both cases, they were contrasting our system to one with a monarch, yet that monarch was also subject to a written contract, the Magna Carta.  So the concept of contract was not new, only the way in which it was used.  It was developed to be the ruling document of the nation.  And it was a nation with a Constitutionally defined President, not a monarch.
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The rule of law is a principle founded on the plains of England in the Magna Carta.  It is exemplified by countries like the United States and Australia.\nIt simply means that all people within the citizenship are equal in the eyes of the law.  It is why the statue of Justice has a blind-fold, so that she cannot see how pretty you are or what color your skin is.  She cannot tell how much money you have, either.\nEqual rights under the law means that everyone is subject to the same treatment in court and by extension, in society in general.
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OK, here it is in a brief synopsis:\n\n1984 warns of the terrifying dangers that man may create for himself in his quest for a utopian society.  It warns that people might believe that everyone must become slaves to the government in order to have an orderly society, but at the expense of the freedom of the people.
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The Peter Principle--you rise to the highest level of your incompetency.\n\nThe principle is based on the observation that in an organization new employees typically start in the lower ranks, but when they prove to be competent in the task to which they are assigned, they get promoted to a higher rank. This process of climbing up the hierarchical ladder can go on indefinitely, until the employee reaches a position where he or she is no longer competent. At that moment the process typically stops.
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"when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security." - The Declaration of Independence\n\nYes, you read that right. If you believe our government has become despotic it is not just your right, but your DUTY, to overthrow that government.\n\nDespotism is a form of government by a single authority, either an individual or a group which rules with absolute political power. \n\nDoes it fit?
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Not sure what you're asking---the first line is a noun phrase that could (I suppose) be considered a nominalized form of the second and third lines (which are sentences).\n\nI don't know if I'm in the Asshat category, but, honestly I do not know what "nominalize" means.\n\nThe delegation of full authority to the above defuty\nThis is a noun phrase (should be dePuty)\n\nI delegate a authority to the above deputy\nmy delegation of (full?) authority to the above deputy\n\nthe above deputy is hereby delegated full authority\n\nsame as above, or if you want a noun clause: "That the above deputy is hereby delegated full authority"
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Hi Violet.\n\nWhat area of tort were you reading about? I don't have this particular book as it is too far out of date.\n\nThere must be some context in which importance was attached to what was said, perhaps a reference to some precident or case?
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Basically what we now call nation-building.  League of Nations - global economic realities.  Love this quote:  "A progressive country would be one where the people were able to take care of themselves."
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It means taking control of every little task; being afraid to delegate anything to anyone.  I don't know a situation where it is effective since it usually results in the micromanager wasting their time on menial tasks and not getting any of their own more important work done.
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My understanding:\n\nHe who gives of himself, Must Receive others as who they are.
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It's as obvious as it seems. \n\nA condition precedent is something that must be satisfied in order to trigger a requirement by another to perform.
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Seigniorage \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nSomething claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it.
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I'm going to quote from Spiderman here (as lame as that is) lol.  "With great power comes great resposibility."\n\nI would think that a person, nation, corporation, etc. that was truely powerful would have the resposiblity to help or protect the weak. Even better would be to teach the weak to become strong. The powerful have the ability to either use it to dominate or for more noble purposes.
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Not sure what principles you are looking for, but look at the source below, it may help.
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its the "Peter Principle"