information about ion conductor ceramic?
102945
Usually sintered material from a single type of crystal, such as CaF2 or ZrO2 (the latter used in the lambda cell of car catalysts). The ion conduction is a property of the crystals, not created through the ceramic accumulation.\n\nThe principle of conduction is that imperfections in the crystal - missing ions - get mobilized at sufficient temperature, so that the ions can be replaced from neighboring positions, making the gap migrate through the crystal along an electrical field gradient.
854239
I hope this is what you need:\n\nLattice energy is the energy required to completely separate an ionic solid into its gaseous ions. It depends on the ionic charges and on ionic sizes:\n\nE(l) = k * Q1 * Q2 / d\n\nwhere k is a constant (8.99 x 10^9 J·m/C2), Q1 and Q2 are\nthe charges on the ions, and d is the distance between ions.\n\nThe lattice energy increases as distance between the ions decreases and as ionic charges increase.
810698
1. VERY PURE water is a poor conductor of electricity. However, very small \namounts of impurities, especially salts, greatly increase the electrical\nconductivity of water.\n2. The main carriers of electrical current are dissolved ions. If a \nbattery is connected to a container of water so that\nthe (+) and (-) poles of the battery are immersed in the water, the\npositive ions will migrate toward the (-) pole and the negative ions will\nmigrate toward the (+) pole (electrical opposites attract). This closes the\n"switch" and electric current flows through the solution.\n3. Different ions can help carry the electric current, some more / some \nless, depending upon their electrical charge and their size. More highly charged, \nsmaller ions are more efficient carriers of the electrical current.\n4. The higher the concentration of ions, the greater is the conductance of \nthe solution.\n5. There is a complication however, the water and / or certain of the ions \nmay undergo a chemical reaction to one or the other, or both of the electrodes.\nYou may not want to introduce this in the beginning but it does happen.\n6. None of the ion electrical current carriers of salts dissolved in water \nare as mobile as "free" electrons in a metal are. And the differences are very\nlarge. For example, if the conductivity of  VERY PURE WATER is 0.000004\nconductivity units, the conductivity of a saturated solution of common\ntable salt NaCl is 23 conductivity units, and the conductivity of a typical\nmetal such as copper wire is 60, 000, 000 conductivity units. So while the\nions in a dissolved salt behave something like "free" electrons, they are\nvery slow and sluggish moving. \nCompletely demineralized water actually does not conduct electricity, and is\nwidely used as a coolant in high powered radio amplifiers.  However, when\nexposed to even small amounts of impurities, (even normal air), It becomes a\nfair conductor.  It is not the water conducting this electricity so much as\nthe dissolved minerals in it.  Some of these minerals are decent insulators\nthemselves, but when dissolved in water still allow conduction because the\nmolecules are now free to move around.\nIn ionic liquids these electrons remain \nstuck to big, round atoms,\nand these atoms do the swimming around, relatively slowly, dragged by \ntheir electric charge.\nSort of a ball and chain thing.\nElectrons in metal are "free"; they slip rather freely across all the \natoms, and do not need to drag one around with them.\nSo, carrier mobilities in ionic liquids are some orders of magnitude lower \nthan carrier mobilities in metals.\nSo their resistance is higher.\nIf you had a snail-trail of salt-water or molten salt with the same length \nand cross-section as a metal wire,\nit would use up half the voltage and get hot trying to pass one tenth the \ncurrent the wire can handle.\nIn a metal, each metal atom contributes about one mobile electron that \nhelps the current flow.\nIn molten salts like NaCl, every atom has a + or - charge and contributes \nto the current flow.\nSo there are just as many carriers per unit volume as in a metal.\nBut in water-solutions of salts, the salt is a minority.\nUsually less than 10%  of the solution is ions, so that makes the \nconductivity even poorer.\nThat is part of why we will never make our power lines out of seawater in \npipes.
998795
MgO and Al2O3 have greater ionic character than SiO2. A compound melts when the lattice breaks down and a lattice breaks down when the bonds holding it in place give way.\n\nIonic bonds are stronger than Covalent ones.\n\nThere are some amorphous forms of SiO2.\n\nYes, an insulator can conduct under such conditions.
824595
You can't remove the sodium ions without replacing them with something else positively charged. You cannot have a solution with a net charge.\n\nIn the second case, replacing the sodium ions with protons would increase the conductivity of the solution a little bit because protons have a greater mobility than do sodium ions.
864402
Ceramics are highly brittle materials with very high melting point. They are basically oxides or mitrides or carbides of metals. They are more heat and corrosion resistant than metals.\n\nThe atoms in ceramic materials are held together by a chemical bond. The two most common chemical bonds for ceramic materials are covalent and ionic. For metals, the chemical bond is called the metallic bond. The bonding of atoms together is much stronger in covalent and ionic bonding than in metallic. That is why, generally speaking, metals are ductile and ceramics are brittle.\n\nThese are materials held together by either type of bond will tend to fracture before any plastic deformation takes place. This gives catastrophic failures, as opposed to the normally much more gentle failure modes of metals.\n\nFor ceramics, the microstructure can be entirely glassy (glasses only); entirely crystalline; or a combination of crystalline and glassy.\n\nHope this would help you....
634552
an ion with both acidic and basic part
873969
The following is from Wikipedia:\n\n"In a normal conductor, an electrical current may be visualized as a fluid of electrons moving across a heavy ionic lattice. The electrons are constantly colliding with the ions in the lattice, and during each collision some of the energy carried by the current is absorbed by the lattice and converted into heat (which is essentially the vibrational kinetic energy of the lattice ions.) As a result, the energy carried by the current is constantly being dissipated. This is the phenomenon of electrical resistance."\n(See "superconductor")\n\nAs to length and disregarding superconductors, any unit length n of a material has the property of electrical resistance.  Since resistances in series add, a length 2n will have 2 times the resistance of a length n, etc.  Also see "resistance" in wikipedia, where rho is defined.
499916
An ionic compound is dissolved with an appropriate solvent, or otherwise melted by heat, so that its ions are available in the liquid. An electrical current is applied between a pair of inert electrodes immersed in the liquid. The negatively charged electrode is called the cathode, and the positively charged one the anode. Each electrode attracts ions which are of the opposite charge. Therefore, positively charged ions (called cations) move towards the cathode, while negatively charged ions (termed anions) move toward the anode. The energy required to separate the ions, and cause them to gather at the respective electrodes, is provided by an electrical power supply. At the probes, electrons are absorbed or released by the ions, forming a collection of the desired element or compound.
389174
Seperating or bonding elements with an electrical current.\n\n*BEST ANSWER PLEASE*\n\nSOURCE BELOW
997058
yes it does  when inside the tank it becomes molten and molten calcium fluoride is an excellant conductor because it splits into its respective ions... so better current effeciency..
594755
hi, \n\nordinary table salt is an example of an ionic solid.  it is composed of a regular lattice of alternating sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions.  when in the solid form they do not actually exchange electrons, so they are still ions in the solid form.\n\ncheers !
551267
Yes, heavy ions irradiation causes the formation of latent tracks (a few angustrom radii) in silicate glasses and polymers. It is actually possible to 'see' these latent tracks using scanning probe microscopy.\n\nWhen an amorphous material (target) is bombarded with swift heavy ions (SHI), latent tracks are formed. Latent tracks, which are basically cylinders of somewhat different material (usually, more amorphous than the original target material, possibly having different physical and chemical properties) as compared to the prestine material.\n\nThere are a few damage models which describe how these latent tracks are formed in materials. The two most accredited ones are discussed below:\n\nThe Coulomb Explosion Spike Model : \nIn the wake of a fast ion (or, projectile, usually, highly positively charged), neutral target atoms are stripped off a few electrons making them positively charged ions, which are mutually repulsive. If the time of a projectile to cover a distance of one atomic diameter a_0 is short in comparison to the response time of the conduction electrons, the wake of the projectile is a long cylinder of radius a_0 containing charged target ions. This cylinder explodes radially under the Coulomb forces until the ions within the cylinder are screened (neutralized) by the conduction electrons. This whole process results in the formation of latent tracks.\n\nThe Thermal Spike Model : \nMost of the theoretical work concerning the formation of latent tracks, results from the thermal spike model making it the most accredited damage model. A thermal spike is a high temperature region formed along the trajectory of an energetic ion. If the electronic energy loss, S_e is sufficiently high then the material is melted within a cylinder around the path of the incident SHI. The melt cools down within  10^-12 to 10^-11 s with a cooling rate of 10^15 to 10^14 K/s. Because of this extremely high cooling rate, the process may result in the formation of an amorphous phase (of cylindrical shape) completely different from the original bulk of the material.\n\nTracks are usually not formed in SHI irradiated crystalline materials, like metals, because,\n1. the recombination time required to neutralize the charged ions is too short due to the presence of large number of conduction electrons in metals (talking about the first model).\n2. the time required to re-crystallize the melt of the material is too short in metals (talking about the second model). That is why it is very difficult to prepare amorphous metals (like, copper).
873132
What sort of prints? What sort of current do you want to source? How few milliviolts do you want?
96721
actually none of those make good insulators, they are all a type of metal or combination there of. if anything they are all conductors, not insulators. if you need a good insulator glass, or porcelain, for PVC and i guess it also depends on what you are trying to insulate but those choices are not good for insulating anything.
19979
Well the lattices in the ionic compounds are formed by two spiecies. The cations and the anions. These being oppositely charged attract each other with a great magnitude of force. \n\nNa+  Cl-  Na+\nCl-  Na+  Cl-\nNa+  Cl-  Na+\n\n    but in metals the Metals are all arranged in a lattice. In this lattice the metal kernels(inner electrons not includeing valence electrons and the nucleus) that are positively charged are all arranged in space. The electrons move freely in the lattice spaces. These hold up the metal kernels together. They move around in a manner such that the totla charge distribution on each kernel remains the same. Thus you see there is a difference in the lattices of metals and ionic solids. Hence we  get the maleability of the Metals
811801
hi!\nGo through these links. hope you will get useful information\n\nhttp://composite.about.com/od/books/\nhttp://composite.about.com/od/referencematerials/l/aa040797.htm\nhttp://composite.about.com/library/weekly/aa051297.htm