which kind of pipe cracks the easiest when filled with water and frozen?
101848
crack pipes with water?
1078588
yes the glass would break because unlike any other liquid water expands when frozen therefore the glass would break regardless of how full it is
319184
if the cold thing is cold and crystaline, like pyrex or ice, the object cracks because of rapid localised expansion.\n\nIf it is really really cold, the water will crystalise.\n\nIf cold water hits something hot it forms little drops with a protectice steam jacket and they bounce around for ages, a cool experiment for home on a hot frying pan. (only uses drops of water though)
815697
freezing cold water/ice cubes
606548
Absolute zero.  There are ways to keep water from freezing using pressure, motion, impurities, and so forth.
229428
Above ground: Use infrared satellite imaging and put a hiking path along there for manual inspection. Use a robot inside the pipe too. What does the US Alaskan oil pipeline use?\n\nBelow ground: Run a robot through the pipe that has sensitive acoustic ears to hear or sense local turbulence. Maybe active sonar pinging would help detect problems. If you could stop the water flow once per day it would be easier to detect smaller leaks.
663929
The salt cannot penetrate the ice crystall immedately
274147
when something gets too cold\nexample: at room temps, steel is tough, can be bent but not break, welded, and hammered. when you get it cold enough, and hit it with a hammer, it would shatter just like a glass window.
5932
Steel is the most common. Hot water heaters are steel tanks with a glass or 'stone' (Hydrastone (R)) lining to prevent corrosion. Cold water tanks may be made of heavy guage plastic. Underground cisterns are typically build of concrete blocks painted with a cement coat, or made of concrete.
272000
ice pack.  a good ice pack to use is frozen peas or corn cuz they can form easily to the area instead of being "small blocks"
169888
Yes, it does.  This is evident by water freezing in enclosed containers (such as pipes) and deforming them, sometimes even rupturing them.  \n\nWhen water molecules become cold enough to freeze, or change into a solid form, their crystal structure is less dense than when in liquid form.  This is due to the inherent shape of the water molecule and how the molecules line up in solid form.\n\nIf you live in a colder climate, it's a standard procedure to drain any remaining water out of things kept outside over the winter, such as boats, swimming pools, outdoor water pipes, etc.  Otherwise you can almost expect them to be ruined by the time you want to use them again.
246690
Water actually freezes on the top, around from the edges, first. Water also expands when frozen. As the water freezes inwards, towards the centre, a little hole is created in under the right conditions the expansion can create a frozen spike on the ice cube.
183943
I would say the thick glass. mainly because My roomate has destroyed many beer mugs making tea.  I would assume the reason is because the temperature is hotter on the inside than the outside  and this causes it to break.
82013
The question about water expanding is not really broad enough to merit an entire project, much less an experimentation.\nThe reason why water expands when frozed can be easily researched and I cannot think of how you would try to turn this into a science project using the scientific method with an experiment.\n\nThe project involving gold balls however does have a clear problem and variables you could control.\nIf your forced to choose either of the two, the better project in my opinion is the golf ball project.
975752
Forming ice crystals?\n\nThe easiest way is to place a petri dish in the freezer and once cold, place a single drop of the water solution on it.  The ice will form immediately.  You can store it in the freezer until you need it.  A microscope slide can be used this way to get great specimens to look at under a microscope too.\n\nFor non-ice crystals, the two simplest compounds to use are table salt (Sodium chloride) and cane sugar (Sucrose).  To make crystals with these, dissolve as much salt or sugar in a container of boiling water until no more will dissolve.  Upon cooling, crystals will start to form.\n\nSome people will use a weight on a string to hang in the solution to allow the crystals to form rapidly.  If you just add a few solid crystals once the solution is cold, you can get good crystals without the string inside.\n\nLess common substances which can be used to made other crystals at home would include Copper sulfate (called blue stone, it is used to treat algae in fish tanks and ponds) and Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom's salt)
980411
No. It would have to be extremely cold before one would crack. I've had them in my vehicle when it got down to -10F and nothing happened.
733661
How far below?\n\nWater has quite a high thermal conductivity value.  Depressing the freezing point can be obtained by adding a salt, such as table salt (sodium chloride) or even calcium chloride.  Maple Leaf Gardens (the old NHL hockey arena in Toronto, Ontario) use to use a brine (salt water) solution in the cooling system to keep the ice frozen.\n\nIf you weren't worried about corrosion, you could try a brine (saturated salt solution) in your cooling system.  Water has a thermal conductivity of approximately k=5 to 6 mW/cm/K (relative to carbon tetrachloride or toluene being close to 1 and still able to go well below 0C/32F and remain liquid).  (CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry...do your own unit conversions)\n\nDon't let the brine leak though....