what are some defenses bacteria have against phage infection?
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Restriction enzymes- they cut the phage's DNA so that the instructions within the DNA don't make any sense anymore and can no longer harm the bacteria. \n\nScientists are now using these restriction enzymes in laboratories to duplicate it in biotechnology testing
1054558
no works as competitive inhibitors to inhibit the bacteria enzyme
17905
viruses cause viral infections, and bacteria cause bacterial infections. But they're also different in other ways.\n\nViruses are much smaller than bacteria.\n\nViruses are not living organism so they need a host.
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The specific answer to that question can be found when you Google "burst size bacteriophage"....and select first line entitled\n"Bacteriophage Lecture Notes".....go down a few lines and it gives exact details.\n\nHope this helps.
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Well, not to sure about your question... so I'll do my best.\n\nPositive interactions between microbes would be ones that cause a general benefit.  Like a bacteria excreting a certain amino acid that another bacteria would need in order to survive.\n\nNegative interaction would be microbes causing a detriment to each other.  Pencillium notatum generates an antibiotic naturally, causing a harmful environment to some bacteria.\n\nSymbiosis is two organisms living together in harmony.  If you refference Margulis's endosymbiont hypothesis, a large microbe, say an amoeba engulfs a photosynthetic bacteria.  The amoeba provides a safe location for the bacteria, and the bacteria provides energy to the amoeba.\n\nAntagonism... not to sure about this one.  Probably something of a parasitic interaction.
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I think you mean why do the bacteria have a higher resistance.\n\nIt is called evolution in action.  The bacteria with low resistance die, the bacteria with higher resistance reproduce.
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here are lists and pictures\n\nhttp://www.buddycom.com/bacteria/gpc.html
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it mostly depends on the vitamin. some vitamins help certain bacteria to grow and some make them die. it all has to do with the vitamin
583253
Bacteria, one-celled organisms visible only through a microscope. Bacteria live all around us and within us. The air is filled with bacteria, and they have even entered outer space in spacecraft. Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and deep within Earth. They are in the soil, in our food, and on plants and animals. Even our bodies are home to many different kinds of bacteria. Our lives are closely intertwined with theirs, and the health of our planet depends very much on their activities.\n\nMuch of our experience with bacteria involves disease. Although some bacteria do cause disease, many kinds of bacteria live on or in the human body and prevent disease. Bacteria associated with the human body outnumber body cells by ten to one. In addition, bacteria play important roles in the environment and in industry.\n\nWe have all had bacterial diseases. Bacteria cause many cases of gastroenteritis, sometimes called stomach flu. Perhaps the most common bacterial disease is tooth decay. Dental plaque, the sticky film on our teeth, consists primarily of masses of bacteria. These bacteria ferment (break down) the sugar we eat to produce acids, which over time can dissolve the enamel of the teeth and create cavities (holes) in the teeth.\n\nTooth decay provides a good example of how multiple factors contribute to bacterial disease. The human body hosts the bacteria, the diet supplies the sugars, and the bacteria produce the acid that damages the teeth.\n\nCommunities of bacteria form what are called biofilms on many body surfaces. Dental plaque is a biofilm covering the teeth. Biofilms also cover the soft tissues of our mouths and the inner surfaces of our nose, sinuses, throat, stomach, and intestines. Even the skin has bacterial communities that extend into hair follicles. Bacterial communities differ in each region of the body, reflecting the environmental conditions in their specific region. Bacteria that inhabit the surface of the stomach, for example, must deal with extremely strong acid in the digestive juices.\n\nSome regions in the interior of the body are sterile—that is, devoid of living organisms other than the cells of the body. Sterile regions include the muscles, the blood, and the nervous system. However, even these regions face constant invasion by bacteria. The body’s immune system is designed to rid the body of these invaders.\n\nA healthy, balanced community of bacteria is extremely important for our health. Some of these organisms protect us from disease-causing organisms that would otherwise infect us. Animals raised in a completely germ-free environment, without any contact with bacteria, are highly susceptible to infectious diseases if they are exposed to the outside world. Bacteria in our bodies also provide us with needed nutrients, such as vitamin K, which the body itself cannot make. The communities of bacteria and other organisms that inhabit the body are sometimes called the normal microflora or microbiota.\n\nFor the rest of this information, go to:)\n\nhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574409/Bacteria.html
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A virus (Latin, poison) is a microscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism.They can't multiply on their own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles. \nViruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of protein. They are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside them. \n\nBacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. They are capable of multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. Their shapes vary, and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups. \n\nBacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful. But some bacteria can cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong place in the body, or simply because they are 'designed' to invade us. \n\nViral and bacterial infections are both spread in basically the same ways. \n   - A person with a cold can spread the infection by coughing and/or sneezing.\n   - Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by touching or shaking hands with another person.\n   - Touching food with dirty hands will also allow viruses or bacteria from the intestine to spread. \n   - Body fluids such as blood, saliva and semen can contain the infecting organisms and transmission of such fluids, for example by injection or sexual contact, is important, particularly for viral infections like hepatitis or AIDS.\n\n\nAn example of a viral infection would be Chickenpox (Varicella) and an example of a bacterial infection would be Pertussis (Whooping Cough) .
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Mostly because of bacteriophages (a type of virus), their natural *predators*. For every bacteria, there are 10 phage particles. And phages are very specific, there are even phages that *attack* archeobacteria.
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Unlike bacteria that multiply in the correct conditions of their own volition, viruses have to invade a cell and change it to spread.  They can't just be, they have to take something over.
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Antibiotics kill targeted bacteria cells by either interfering with the cell membrane formation, killing organelles, or stopping cell division.\n\nViruses are different from bacteria cells - instead of a cell membrane, they have a hard protein coat. In fact all they are is a hard protein coat with DNA jammed inside. They are also very very small. Many scientists would tell you that they aren't even living things. \n\nAntibiotics do not work against viruses because viruses do not have soft cell membranes or organelles to kill. They don't multiply by themselves either (They inject their DNA into real cells and get their hosts to do the work)
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Skin acts as a barrier protecting your body from external world. It protects you from microbes entry to your body, protects your body from losing water and other electrolytes.\n\nThis is achieved by production of sebum by sebaceous glands that acts as antiseptic to many microorganism. I\n\nIt should be noted that skin habors other microorganisms like Staphyloccocus Aureus and many other that produces toxins that prevents other bacteria from invading. However, these bacteria if kept outside the skin are considered normal flora and when they are removed, SUPERINFECTIONS results.\n\nIf you have more questions about microbiology, let me know. I can help
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Antibiotics are a valuable tool for fighting bacterial infections which persistantly do not resolve with your body's own Immune System.\n\nAntibacterial products have been touted to reduce infection from exposure to things you touch, wear, etc.  This is valuable for some people with compromised immune systems, but the normal healthy person really has no need for such products.\n\nIn fact, the use of those products and antibiotics are creating stronger more resistant bacteria in our environment.  With stronger more resistant bacteria comes the risk of NOT being able to get rid of an infection when one occurs.  \n\nExamples of resistant bacteria are MRSA and VRE.  These are very difficult infections to fight BECAUSE of their resistance.\n\nSo, to recap, most of the time exposure to bacteria will actually increase your immune systems ability to FIGHT that bacteria later and using too many products to kill bacteria can actually, in the end, hurt us.
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The above answer is incorrect. Cipro is used against psudomonas, though I agree that resistance is increasing. Serious pseudomonas infections are covered with Cefepime or imipenem.
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The germs one comes into contact with daily are familiar, assuming you spend your life in one particular geographic location, going about a regular routine. So your body gets to know those germs and learns how to defend against them, maybe even alters them in subtle ways as part of its defense. So then when you share utensils, food, etc., with another person, you are exposing yourself to unfamiliar germs, just as they are exposed to your (possibly) altered, unfamiliar germs. Your immune system has no prior information to help it fight these 'new' germs. But it will mount a defense nevertheless, and if you are relatively healthy, you will survive the encounter and your immune system will have an expanded database.