what is polyclonal antisera and its uses?
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Generally polyclonal anitbodies are used to bind non-specifically to antigens. For instance, you might use monoclonal antibodies to specifically bind to your protein of intererst. You might then use polyclonal Ab to bind the rest of the proteins i.e. to block off the other available 'slots'
132203
Anti-nuclear antibodies are antibodies directed against the cell nucleus. They are raised in several conditions, usually in an auto-immune condition where the immune system makes antibodies to fight its own body. Normally a test is  is administered in people with many arthritic type symptoms or skin rashes. The rashes could be over both cheeks and shaped like a butterfly, or a wolf. They are known to effect almost any part of the body including kidneys and brain. The most popular auto-immune disease systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).
566223
There are several ways to do it.. \n\nYou can perform an ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay) this technique involves the use of antibodies specific for the cytokine you wish to measure and then a secondary antibody to bind to the antibody against the cytokine which is tagged with an enzyme that can change colour when a certain chemical is added allowing the whole reaction to be quantified and measure the amount of cytokine being produced.\n\nAnother method to use is reverse transcriptase PCR - this measures the amount of mRNA made of the cytokine of interest.. However controversy exists over this method as it is not known if the amount of mRNA present is truly indicative of the amount of protein made.\n\nHope this helps..\n\nKatie
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An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. Production of antibodies is referred to as the humoral immune system.\nMany illnesses are diagnosed by antibodies. Antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream or bound to cell membranes. Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body's own epitopes; many can be detected through blood tests.
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it used to be isolate the pathogen from an infected host and use it to infect a healthy animal, but i believe they are now using the third choice more because the second choice doesn't always work.  so i would say isolate bacterial/viral proteins by electrophoresis.
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As far as I know... mAbs are engineered for specific antigens.  Find out what the antigen is and research it.
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It's used in serological testing.  The basic premise of serology the interaction of antibody and antigen.  When doing an experiment, like an ELISA or EIA,  you are looking for antibody/antigen binding.  You use a labeld antibody to visualize the reaction.\n\nOnce example would be if you had antibody attached to the well of a microplate, and you wanted to see if there was antibody in a person serum.  You would add the serum, wait a bit, then wash it off very well, so that the only antibody still left woud be attaced to the antigen.  Then you would add your labeled antibody, choosing one that binds to all human antibodes.  Wait, then wash, then add the last step to turn the label on. You could also start out with antibody in the wells, and be looking for antigen in the serum.  It's a bit tricky to explain, so I linked to some pictures of it.  It's the second to the last step that uses the labeled antibody.  \n\nThere are several different types of labels attached to antibodies.  Some change color, so emit a certain wavelenght of light, at one time, radioactive ones were popular, but those have gone the way of safer tests.
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SDS-PAGE is a type of electrophoresis used to separate proteins based on their relative sizes. The polyacrylamide gel is formed when free radicals produced by ammonium persulfate cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis. A chemical called TEMED is added to stablize the free radicals. Tris is used as a buffer. Prior to electrophoresis you sample is treated with a buffer containing Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and beta-mercaptoethanol (b-ME) and boiled. The boiling denatures the proteins by breaking all the hydrogen bonds that form the alpha-helix and the beta-pleated sheet structures. The SDS is a detergent that wraps around all the proteins in your sample and gives all the proteins a negative charge. The b-ME breaks the disulfide brigdes within the protein strand. The proteins will now be able to move through the gel as a function of their size only because they will all have the same relative charge.
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Affinity purification is a method commonly used in protein chemistry to isolate a product from a mixture that interacts with another known, and previously isolated, product.  Negative affinity purification, on the other hand, is a method used to deplete a known contaminant from a protein mixture based upon its ability to bind to a different molecule.\n\nFor example, a scientist wants to make an antibody specific for a novel protein. He/she produces the protein as a fusion product linked to GST (glutathione-S-transferase), since there are many methods to allow isolation of this fusion protein (by affinity purification techniques).  This fusion product is then injected into a mouse or rabbit and after some time the animal produces antibody in its blood.  \n\nWhile it might be acceptable to use the whole serum (containing the protein specific antibody) from this animal for subsequent experiments, the antibody of interest is only a small fraction of the total protein in the serum.  So, the scientist purifies the antibody directed against the protein of interest using a column containing the GST-fusion product used for inoculation (again, affinity purification) and elutes the antibody fraction that recognizes this protein.  Great, but the scientist knows that the GST component of the fusion protein will also induce the mouse to make antibodies, and that these GST-specific antibodies will be purified by the previous step.  So, he/she decides to do NEGATIVE Affinity Purification by passing the purified antibody mix over a column that contains the GST protein alone (not the fusion product) and then collects the antibody that DOES NOT bind to the GST alone.  Voila, protein specific antibody without contaminating GST-specific antibody... using negative affinity purification.
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there are several, one is a vacuole. It is used to store soemthing usually food within the cell
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The body produces two types of antibodies. The first is designed to attack an antigen that has entered the body, to keep it from multiplying. This first type is stored in the lymph system throughout the body, and is assigned to attack antigens as they appear.\n\n The second type of antibody, the one you are concerned with, is formed to attack a specific microorganism. When a vaccine is administered into the body, it is a weakened or dead form of microorganism, which the body produces antibodies against. These antibodies remain in the body in great enough numbers to ward  off infection from that microorganism, in many cases, for the remainder of your life. The second type of antibody would only serve to protect the body from that microorganism for which it was originally formed ( the vaccination). Hope this helps some.
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diagnostic test\n\nn : an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes
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antibody immune response.\n\nits an antibody, its foreign; new to the body.
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A plasma cell is a mature B lymphocyte that is specialized for antibody (immunoglobulin) production. Plasma cells are rarely found in the peripheral blood. They comprise from 0.2% to 2.8% of the bone marrow white cell count. Mature plasma cells are often oval or fan shaped, measuring 8-15 µm. The nucleus is eccentric and oval in shape. The nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is typically 2:1 to 1:1. The nucleus may be bilobed or multilobed, especially in patients with lymphoid blood dyscrasias. The perinuclear zone is very distinct, appearing white in the deeply basophilic cytoplasm. Nuclear chromatin is condensed and very patchy, appearing as dark blocks on a reddish-purple background. The cytoplasm stains deep blue to gray blue, depending on the stain and the ribosomal content of the individual cell. Plasma cells are seen in multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance.\n\nPlasma cells are large lymphocytes with a large cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio and a characteristic appearance on light microscopy. They have basophilic cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus with heterochromatin in a characteristic cartwheel arrangement. Their cytoplasm also contains a pale zone that on electron microscopy contains an extensive Golgi apparatus and centrioles. Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum combined with a well-developed Golgi apparatus makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins.\n\nCancer of plasma cells is termed multiple myeloma. This condition is frequently identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody, which can be detected as a paraprotein.\n\nCommon variable immunodeficiency is thought to be due to a problem in the differentiation from lymphocytes to plasma cells. The result is a low serum antibody level and risk of infections.
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its a polymer which is present in the cellwall of bacteria.it is present in larger amounts in gram positive bacteria than in gram negative bacteria. it forms the basic principle for the gram staining procedure for bacteria. it contains amino acids like N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine.in gram negative orgs it is in small amounts. they have more amounts of a substance called as lipopolysaccharide.
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B cells produce antibodies when triggered by an antigen.  They also produce memory cells (these "remember" a particular antigen and allow large scale production of antibodies if the antigen enters the system again) \n\nAntibodies are also called immunoglobins, and their job is to combine with specific antigens (such as pollen, dust, etc.).  They may coat the antigens in such a way that they can be absorbed by phagocytic cells, combine with an antigen in order to inhibit its function, or may actually lyse and destroy the antigens.  \n\nCytotoxic, or killer, T cells lyse and destroy foreign cells and material and any cells in the organism infected with foreign material.\n\nHope this is helpful :-)
115925
ELISA(Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay)- a type of blood test to detect the antibodies to a suspected infecting organism.