Which governement (other then the US) uses the advanced encryption standard (AES)?
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In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the US government, and is expected to be used worldwide and analysed extensively, as was the case with its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It was adopted by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as US FIPS PUB 197 in November 2001 after a 5-year standardisation process (see Advanced Encryption Standard process for more details).\n\nThe cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, and submitted to the AES selection process under the name "Rijndael", a portmanteau comprised of the names of the inventors. Rijndael can be pronounced "Rhine dahl", a long "i" and a silent "e" (IPA: ). In the sound file linked below, it is pronounced .\nDevelopment\nRijndael was a refinement of an earlier design by Daemen and Rijmen, Square; Square was a development from Shark.\n\nUnlike its predecessor DES, Rijndael is a substitution-permutation network, not a Feistel network. AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory. As a new encryption standard, it is currently being deployed on a large scale.\nDescription of the cipher\n\nStrictly speaking, AES is not precisely Rijndael (although in practice they are used interchangeably) as Rijndael supports a larger range of block and key sizes; AES has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits, whereas Rijndael can be specified with key and block sizes in any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128 bits and a maximum of 256 bits.\n\nThe key is expanded using Rijndael's key schedule.\n\nMost of AES' calculations are done in a special finite field.\n\nAES operates on a 4×4 array of bytes, termed the state (versions of Rijndael with a larger block size have additional columns in the state). For encryption, each round of AES (except the last round) consists of four stages:\n\n   1. SubBytes — a non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table.\n   2. ShiftRows — a transposition step where each row of the state is shifted cyclically a certain number of steps.\n   3. MixColumns — a mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state, combining the four bytes in each column using a linear transformation.\n   4. AddRoundKey — each byte of the state is combined with the round key; each round key is derived from the cipher key using a key schedule.\n\nThe final round omits the MixColumns stage.\nThe SubBytes step\n\nIn the SubBytes step, each byte in the array is updated using an 8-bit S-box. This operation provides the non-linearity in the cipher. The S-box used is derived from the inverse function over GF(28), known to have good non-linearity properties. To avoid attacks based on simple algebraic properties, the S-box is constructed by combining the inverse function with an invertible affine transformation. The S-box is also chosen to avoid any fixed points (and so is a derangement), and also any opposite fixed points.\n\nThe S-box is more fully described in the article Rijndael S-box.\nThe ShiftRows step\nThe ShiftRows step operates on the rows of the state; it cyclically shifts the bytes in each row by a certain offset. For AES, the first row is left unchanged. Each byte of the second row is shifted one to the left. Similarly, the third and fourth rows are shifted by offsets of two and three respectively. In this way, each column of the output state of the ShiftRows step is composed of bytes from each column of the input state. (Rijndael variants with a larger block size have slightly different offsets).\nThe MixColumns step\n\nIn the MixColumns step, the four bytes of each column of the state are combined using an invertible linear transformation. The MixColumns function takes four bytes as input and outputs
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UK, USA< INDIA< any etc.
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The CIA maintains a site where you can find information about almost any country. Look here: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
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Yes, in fact, any programming language can be used. It depends on the encryption and algorithms themselves.
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http://world.std.com/~franl/crypto.html\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography\nhttp://www.faqs.org/faqs/cryptography-faq/\nPlease click the above links to know in detail.
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Almost all the concern of the EU in the matter of privacy concerns data protection: http://www.cdt.org/privacy/eudirective/\n\nIf you want to see how the USA and the EU have tried to resolve the conflict in these matters, especially with regard to the USA PATRIOT Act and passenger verification demands, see the Web site of the US Mission to the EU: http://useu.usmission.gov/Dossiers/Data_Privacy/default.asp
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Basically for security authentication etc. Most popular is X.509 used in digital certificates.
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i would say USA and UK
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iran , china, us, saudi arabia\n\njust to name a few
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Please specify, the country also.
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In the U.S. ?\nSee the link below.
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China and Japan do this on a regular basis.  Sadly there isn't any software that I know of that can get around this!  It's blocked at a local level, most often by those in power.
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The USA is a 4th World Country with controlling the majority of Gold heald and the largest stock market in the world. 80% of all control happens from the USA.
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Here are a few, more can be found at the link below:\n\n212.103.196.189 80 transparent Italy 2006-04-04 Whois\n212.162.145.225 3128 transparent Saudi Arabia 2006-04-04 Whois\n213.142.6.182 3128 transparent Sweden 2006-04-04 Whois\n70.235.97.66 8080 anonymous United States 2006-04-04 Whois\n203.146.86.72 8080 transparent Thailand 2006-04-04 Whois\n217.218.42.252 80 anonymous Iran 2006-04-04 Whois\n203.212.223.89 80 transparent India 2006-04-04 Whois
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http://www.globalsecurity.org
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in computer language encryption is the first layer which is unintelligible computer language which hides the second layer, which is the actual point of reference; i.e., an email address may be the point of reference but is hidden by unintelligible computer language ontop of it.
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You're the crypt keeper. The UK has 1 camera for every 13 people. Catch on you're a police state.