Sample 4 reacts with anti-B serum only. What are the possible blood types?
100678
Antigens: B\n\nGenotypes: BO, or BB\n_____\nExplanation:\n\nAll the terminology makes it seem confusing, but it's actually fairly simple.  Anti-A serum binds to A antigens, and anti-B binds to B antigens.  \n\nIf the antibodies in the serum bind to the blood cells, you see a reaction.  So, if the sample reacts with anti-A serum, there have to be A antigens.  But that alone doesn't tell you whether or not there are B antigens too, so the sample could be either A or AB.  \n\nSimilarly, if it reacts with anti-B serum, there are B antigens, and there could also be A or not.  If it reacts with both, there have to be both A and B.\n\nPS.  Good work asking for an explination!  Most people just want the answers.
794089
Each blood group is represented by a substance on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These substances are important because they contain specific sequences of amino acid and carbohydrate which are antigenic. As well as being on the surface of RBCs, some of these antigens are also present on the cells of other tissues. A complete blood type describes the set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens; usually only the ABO blood group system and the presence or absence of the Rhesus D antigen (also known as the Rhesus factor) are determined and used to describe the blood type. Over 600 different blood group antigens have been found, many of these being very rare. If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the individual can become sensitized to that antigen; the immune system makes specific antibodies which binds specifically to a particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that particular antigen is formed. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells) often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. Knowledge of an individual's blood type is important to identify appropriate blood for transfusion or tissue for organ transplantation.\n\nSeveral different RBC surface antigens stemming from one allele (or very closely linked genes) are collectively labeled as a blood group system (or blood group). The two most important blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion, the ABO group in 1901 and the Rhesus group in 1937. These two blood groups are reflected in the common nomenclature A positive, O negative, etc. with letters referring to the ABO group and positive/negative to the presence/absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus group. Development of the Coombs test in 1945 and the advent of transfusion medicine led to discovery of more blood groups. The Coombs test is used routinely in the screening of blood for blood group antibodies in the preparation of blood for transfusion.\n\nBlood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. Some blood types are rare, and are primarily found in certain ethnic groups. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases, for example the Kell antigen is associated with McLeod syndrome. Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen. Very rarely, a person's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection or malignancy. Transfusion reactions can occur if a person is transfused with blood of a different blood type. Mismatches involving minor antigens or weak antibodies may lead to minor problems; however, more serious incompatibilities can lead to a more vigorous immune response with massive RBC destruction, low blood pressure, and even death.\n\nABO and Rhesus: the two main blood group systems--\nThe ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses.\n\nThe Rhesus system is the second most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The most important Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens; however, anti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. It is common for RhD negative individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies; nevertheless, RhD negative individuals can produce IgG antibodies when they are transfused wit
518975
I don't know Singapore but you can fing what you want in a good Pharmacy. If you want to know your blood group ask for Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-Rh sera. Few drops of your blood(3drops) and add to each a drop from each bottle and see if there's clumping in blood (that's it kings turn into dots):\n\nIf it clumps with anti-A aloe so you're A\nIf it clumps with anti-B alone so you're B\nIf it clumps with anti-A and b so you're AB\nIf it doesn't clump with anti-A or B then you're O\nRegarding the abti-Rh..if there's clumping you're positive (+) and if not you're negative (-) So that you become O+ or O- or whatever
183322
YOUR BODY WILL START REJECTING BLOOD DUE TO WHICH IT PRODUCE ANTIGEN AGAINST ANTIBODIES OF THE OTHER BLOOD TYPE.\nTHIS MAY SUFFER YOUR BODY AND IF NOT TREATED PROPERLY THE PERSON MAY DIE.
87550
blood brothers are an interesting concept - whilst the small amount of blood shared is unlikely to cause any transfusion reactions - it may transmit HIV or Hepatitis, but there is a strange case in Switzerland where a group of girls developed antibodies despite never having been transfused or pregnant/ it was eventually discovered that they had had a blood sisters pact and shared each others blood and had subsequently developed red cell antibodies to the blood they had mixed.
353450
Aantibodies when they bind to the corresponding antigen(s) bring as many as 5 such antigens or antigen containing entities per antibody depending on the type of the antibodytogether. However such antigen containing cells/entities have many such antigens on their surface and therefore are attacked upon by many such antibodies which result in a meshwork like formation resulting in the phenomen of agglutination. The classic example for this is blood grouping.
639698
I don't think blood type has anything to do with it.  The best diet includes vegetables, whole grains and milk products.
563817
A, B, and O are the names of specific marker proteins on the blood cells.  A and B are with protiens and O is without.  Positive is indicative of yet another protein, and negative means you don't have it.  The body uses these proteins to identify the cell as 'self', to make sure it isn't a germ.  O negative blood can be accepted by anyone because it does not have any of the proteins that the body would call 'other' and attack.  It is the 'neutral' blood type. The big problem with this, though, is that people with O negative blood can only receive O negative because thier bodies would reject anything else.
1011740
I had something simular and it took 4 blood tests to determine that I had Mono.   You could also check if you have celiac disease or maybe you have atypical depression
668664
Previous studies have tried to determine diagnostic laboratory markers to define or detect active NPSLE, but these have yielded conflicting data, and have generally failed to establish clearly defined pathogenic factors.27–29 Elevated antibody titres to dsDNA have been proposed as helpful in identifying NPSLE patients,28 but CNS involvement can occur in the presence of normal values of anti-dsDNA antibodies.27,29 Controversy also exists regarding the association of anti-Sm antibody with NPSLE manifestations.28,29 Increased antibody titres to dsDNA, as well as anti-Sm antibody, were not correlated with NP manifestations in our study. On the contrary, low serum levels of C3, and particularly of C4 complement components, were seemingly strongly associated with NPSLE. This association probably implies an underlying relation to common pathogenic mechanisms, such as local deposition of immune complexes in blood vessel walls with subsequent complement activation, resulting in vasculitis. Vasculitis of the brain vessels has been documented in 7–15% of NPSLE autopsy cases.21–23
941608
i'd think that maybe they are really buissy.  if it was positive i dont think they would mis place it and they would have you come in and take more blood probalby for another sample would be my guess.  good luck.
70412
AB is the rarest blood type, while the universal O blood type is the most common.
433957
A and B blood types are both dominant, so each parent could potentially be A0, and B0, meaning the children could be any combination of A,0 and B, 0, so: AB, A0, 0B, or OO.  The kid could be blood type A, B, AB, or 0.
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oh my god - some of these answers are scary.\n\nthe question is very excellent though and very correct. the anti-A and anti-B CAN destroy the patients red cells if transfused to a group A or group B or group AB individual.\n\nhowever:\n\nthe antibodies are in the plasma and modern practices in blood processing split the components into their various parts - plasma and platelets and red cells. the red cells has very little plasma on them so very little anti-A or anti-B is transfused\n\ndonations with plasma on them are tested to see if the levels of anti A or anti B might be considered harmful and those donations with high titre (levels) of anti-A or anti-B are marked as not for transfusion to group A or B or AB patients.\n\nthe term universal donor is a very misleading one, in general it is true and group O can give to any other group, but precautions are necessary and are taken by transfusion services
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The main blood groups of concern here are the ABO and Rhesus. \n\nThe rarest ABO group is AB which is found in ~ 3% of the UK population.  It actual frequency does vary depending on you racial background.\n\nThe Rhesus groups are generally classified as +'ve or -'ve.  You could see this written as DD or Dd for +'ve and dd for -'ve.  Rh + occurs in about 92% of the population and Rh- in the remaining 6%.\n\nThe rarest group would be AB, Rh- which would be found in about 1 in 500.\n\nHowever, the Rhesus system is more complex that simple +'v or -'v.   It can be broken down  into 6 or more Rh groups.  The rarest of these is written as Rh2Rh2 and occurs  in ~1%.     \n\nThere are many other blood groups.  Some can be important in transfusion but I will leave it here.
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Agree with above: possible options are A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+ and AB-.\n\nTo go into more detail, and explain why a kid with blood type B is possible:\n\nBlood types are named according to proteins in the blood. If you have protein A but not B, you are blood type A. If you have B but not A, you are blood type B. If you have both, you're AB, and if neither, you're O. (O is "recessive" - it just means that you don't make protein, so to be blood type O, you have to have two O genes.)\n\nYou only need one copy of a gene to make the protein, but we all have two copies (alleles) of each gene. We know the dad has to have one A and one B gene. However, the mom could have two A genes, or only one A and one O.\n\nEach parent gives one allele to the child. If the mom has genes AO, she could give the O to the child. The dad has both A and B. So, if a kid ended up with O from mom and B from dad, its genes would be OB and its blood type would be B.\n\nThe Rhesus factor (Rh) + or - is also recessive. If both parents are carrying a negative gene, and the kid got two copies of the negative gene, then it could be Rh-.
36000
The blood types are A, B, AB, and O. Additionally, you can either be Rh+ or Rh-\n\nso in total the blood type possibilities are\nA+\nA-\nB+\nB-\nAB+\nAB-\nO+\nO-\n\nhope that helps.  If you are looking for the genetics codes thats different....be a little more specific in that case...