If one piece of DNA goes crazy when zapped with 632.8 nm laser, what happens to two?
107171
There are intracellular repair mechanisms that might repair the DNA by reading off from the other strand and rebuilding it.  This is, of course, not unique to using lasers to zap the DNA.\n\nIf BOTH strands are broken, there are still times when repair might be achieved--it sort of matters how the backbone of the DNA gets broken, here--but if there is damage to the same areas of both strands of DNA, you have a mutation, which might change the function of the gene, or might shut the gene off altogether (by so deforming the gene that its product, or its other function is not able to work).
341693
The mother and child will have *nearly* identical DNA.  There will be a few mutations because mutations are ubiquitous, but 99.99+% of their DNA will be the same.
937500
Many times what happens is a specific gene or stretch of DNA is duplicated in an organism.  If this doesn't cause any harm, one copy of the gene can mutate, leaving the other one intact to carry out its original function.  The extra gene can then become something entirely different over time, occasionally mutating into something useful.  \nA word of warning- don't start with a belief and look for the evidence.  You will find evidence (not good or true evidence, but you will find something) for whatever you go out looking for, especially on the internet.  Find the evidence first and see where it leads you, or you will end up very, very wrong about some important things.
93644
I use a 1 KB DNA ladder for electrophoresis and it comes with a paper to actually tell you which band represents which size fragment. Maybe you could look on the tech company's website. If you do not need to know the actual fragment size of each band, maybe you could just compare to make sure the band you need is there in the first place.
784635
If the two lasers have the same frequency and you pointed them right into each other a thing called a node would form. Which is the cancelation of the wave. The red light would no longer visible because that light hase been deformed by deconstructive interference due to the only single frequency laser that was pointed at it. The node would go all the way into the origin of the other laser and there would be nothing but blankness. The instant the lasers stop interfering with each other the laser will come back to its original state.
612256
Those portions of DNA are probably difficult to replicate properly (or perfectly I should say).  What's the difference between 5,000 repeats and 4,995?  Not much as far as the cell is concerned.
653190
None, these are parasitic microbes and the colour of light falling on them has no effect. But if you beam un-filtered blue light which may have a substantial amount of UV lighht or UV light itself on microbes, they will die. Effect on growth will be the arresting of growth, as many genes are damaged. Efect on genes is the disruption of genes by UV light induced damage. And funnily, genes responsible for repair of UV induced damage will be switched on and will become most active genes in them during and for some time after UV light beaming.
325792
of coarse. DNA is found in every cell. not just semen.
896514
It is important to understand that, with more than one billion molecules and 1/3 (333+ million) of those being the programming molecules, there are more than 122.9637 x 10 to the 32nd power (sorry, I don't have super script on this software) possible different combinations in just one chromosome. That is 1,229,637 with 28 zeros behind it. Now multiply that times the 46 chromosomes you have in every cell in your body. It is easy to see how complex this can get.\n\nSo now the 3% and yes it is 3, becomes very big.\nAlso note not all of DNA is functional.
79740
Would have to be a DNA molecule which can have 10^8 bases or 10^10 separate atoms.
664272
Just goanna tell you why it is like that physically not mathematically but the math part I think you already know.\n\nFor starters there aren't any 2 level lasers there are 3 level lasers and 4 level lasers (4 levels is better then 3) never 2, you will understand why.\nNow first of all you have three processes:\nStimulated emission ;(SE)\nStimulated absorption ;(SA)\nSpontaneous emission;\nThe first two are absolutely symmetric they work with the same constants, they have just one difference, the SE is   proportional to the number of electrons in the exited state and SA proportional to the number of electrons in the fundamental (I do not consider empty places because in practice they aren't really important, don't know if you have saw them if not forget it). Now imagine your gain medium in the fundamental state, you pump it, the medium passes to have more electrons in the exited state, you pump it hard, so now what happens you have the 3 processes. The SA increases the population in the upper level and the SE in the lower level, the SA at first is more successful because there are more atoms in the fundamental state. But you arrive to a point where the population in the 2 levels is equal then both processes have the same intensity, that’s the limit of this system equal population, but you pump even stronger  trying to get an inversion population, what happens? Both process are equal in intensity the population will not vary, now let’s consider the third process. This is a less intense process if you pump well; this will just contribute to the population in the lower level, so you never arrive to have half the atoms in the upper state because even if the SA and SE are equal the spontaneous emission will create one more atom in the lower level.\n\nYou can never have population inversion in a 2 level system. There aren't any lasers with 2 levels, but you can do the calculations for. If you do not understand why population inversion is important here it goes:   you always have lost in your cavity, reflection in the gain medium, output coupler ...Only when you built a laser you see: there are "huge" losses in the laser everywhere. So you have to compensate that with a gain at every passage, well your gain medium only will have a gain > then 1 if you have population inversion, if not your medium will absorb and emit the same quantity having given 0 photons in plus to your system, So you will lose photons at every turn your light will end up really quickly.\n\nNow 3 level systems, in this systems you can pump really hard to the level 3 you can pump electrically by other means, you can pump it optically… but for instance imagine that the only thing getting out of 3 is the spontaneous decay from 3 to 2 only (which is possible, stimulated emission from 3 to 1 might not even be possible) then you can have more atoms in 2 then 1 you have population inversion. 3 level systems are the ruby, first laser ever built, and the Nd:Yag a very powerfull laser, used a lot \n\nIn relation to 4 levels 3 levels systems difference, there you can see the following, when you start to pump in the 4 level systems your base state (in relation to the emission line), is desert you have population inversion immediately, is easier to obtain gain.\n\nTo finalise this part of the answer I can tell you that getting energy out of a 2 level system would be like getting more energy then the one you input it would violate the thermodynamic law the energy conservation principle.\n\nThe second part of the question, I do not now if you where talking in the 2 level or in the 3 level system but I suppose it’s the 3 level system all the way.\nNow the answer to your question is one of most beautiful things that the basic laser physic has, remember you have medium and a cavity, this cavity reproduces it self times and times over. You need the source in 1 to 3 and you create population inversion, now your medium will emit in all directions b
888249
Sequencing is so cheap these days, you'd rarely have to do this kind of thing in real life...\n\nThe key to notice is that your paternal version has a cut site 7 bases in, that your maternal doesn't.\n\nIt looks like your probe sits on the end bit, just after a second cut site, shared by both.  So your probe will stick equally well to the DNA from both alleles.  \n\nSo I don't see how that probe helps.
62145
LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation\n\n     Well, let me try to explain this a little more fully.  A laser is a more complex light source than most.  It relies on stimulating electrons in atoms to jump to a higher state.  A laser creates a large population inversion (many atoms with excited electron states).  When these electrons return to their original states, they emit certain wavelengths of light.\n\n     Therefore, in a laser, all of the light is organized and has the same wavelength, rather than the randomized light from most light sources (light bulbs, etc.).  In the laser, there is also a pair of mirrors that causes this light to reflect back and forth, stimulating more electrons in the process.  One of these mirrors is only semi-silvered, so some light can escape from this chamber.  This escaping light is the laser.
661131
Oh boy.  There's no doubting it when it happens.  Depending on the size they will catch fire and you'll smell a combination of copper and ozone.  It will give out a typical pulse signal however some of the pulses may be missing or it won't produce power at all.
49900
Two words: Deoxyribonucleic and Acid.
708353
Hmm. . its pretty rare stuff so you are not going to hand out samples\nSince it was once used in lasers you could start your presentation with a laser light show, or just a simple laser pointer\nPresent the information chronologically, show how and why it was discovered (it started as a blank square on the Periodic Table of the Elelments) talk about it uses and why it was replaced\ngood luck
618211
UV can affect DNA from any organism.  \n\nUV (ultraviolet) radiation is the high-energy non-visible radiation in sunlight, beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum (hence the name ultraviolet).  This high-energy radiation can knock DNA molecules out of whack ... what we call a mutation.  \n\nThe difference betwen bacteria (and other single-celled creatures) and multi-cellular creatures is that bacteria will pass this mutation on when they reproduce by division. \n\nIn multicellular organisms, this mutations in the DNA can cause uncontrolled growth of new cells, all with the same damaged DNA.  This is cancer.