What is the foam on the Space Shuttle's external tank made of?
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The external tank is covered by three types of spray-on foam: a polyurethane foam known as BX-250 and a pair of polyisocyanurate foams known as NCFI 24-124 and NCFI 24-57. NCFI 24-124 covers most of the liquid-oxygen and hydrogen tanks, and NCFI 24-57 is used on the lower hydrogen tank dome. Both of these foams are applied with the blowing agent HCFC-141b, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon. BX-250 found its use on the domes, ramps, and areas where foam is applied by hand—the areas where the foam has been found to shed. The blowing agent for BX-250 is a chlorofluorocarbon, CFC-11.
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Zippo lighter cases are usually made of brass and coated with a variety of materials, most are chrome plated, some are silver or gold plated, some are just polished brass, and some are solid gold or silver. Because of wartime shortages during WWII, Zippo was forced to fabricate lighter cases out of steel instead of the traditional brass. To keep them from rusting the cases were painted black, and the finish was baked on giving the lighter a "black crackle" look. The inserts are made of nickel silver. Zippo lighters can cost between $13 to more than $3000 U.S. dollars, depending on the rarity and materials used in the given item.\n\nThe 1999 Millennium Edition Collectible of the Year features Zippo’s inaugural use of TVD titanium coating, which is produced by the same technology used by NASA to protect the Space Shuttle, and authenticated by an exclusive bottom stamp.\n\nCheck the sites below for a lot more information and pictures of Zippo lighters.
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I think it is vinyl or imitation leather, or latex rubber.
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Aluminum Foil\n\nNot a paper actually.
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Aluminum for one thing...it's mainly what the plane is comprised of...aircraft aluminum piping and aircraft aluminum sheeting...there's also plastics and steel that comprise the cabin compartment and the engine, along with rubber for the tires and glass for the windows, not to mention the chemicals the airplane uses...
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nylon\n\nmade from petro chemical
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It is a plastic composite, the components are:\nA web made of fiber.\nA resin \nA catalytic reactor who reacts with the resin and made a hard material.
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Balsa wood/foam packing material like a meat tray/and a plastic bag or rubber tube buoyed by air....all will float...make three identical sizes to see the carrying capacity/weight....
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Before launch, the shuttle crew activates the the ship's rockets. At t=0, the Solid Rocket Boosters or SRBs are activated to provide the initial lift. As the name implies, the SRBs run on solid fuel in order to maximize thrust, but the design has a major drawback. Combustion of the solid fuel cannot be controlled in any way, and it will continue to burn the rest of the way until the fuel runs out 5 minutes later. So, the ship is stabilized before ignition.  After 5 minutes, the SRBs are jettisoned to lessen weight and the SRBs parachute back to earth. The shuttle continues on with the fuel in the external tank (the orange cone) attatched to its belly until the fuel it contains is used up 30 minutes later. That is then it is also jettisoned, but unlike the SRBs, the external tanks remain in space, for good. The shuttle then maneuvers itself around using its own fuel and thrusters to do the job it came up for. It may dock with the ISS, do some repairs, release its sattelite cargo or do whatever it came up to do.\n\nWhen it's time to head home, the shuttle again uses its thrusters and boosters to maneuver itself into low orbit and heads into the atmosphere for re-entry. As the shuttle heads deeper into Earth's atmosphere, friction between the shuttle and the air increases. The space shuttle is purposely built to utilize this effect for re-entry. Its design incorporates a flat base on the underside. That part and some others are generously covered with special ceramic tiles that can withstand temperatures up to 5000 degrees, depending on the thickness. So, the shuttle maximizes friction during re-entry by facing its underside to the direction it is travelling to, using the red-hot ceramic tiles to absorb the heat while slowing itself down. It is a dangerous procedure. If only one of the tiles cracked, went loose or dropped, the shuttle will disintegrate like shuttle Columbia. If the shuttle survives, it heads to its planned destination - a commercial runway. It slowly shifts its flying position back to aircraft-style and lands using landing gears and brake parachute.
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There are many space qualified adhesives.  You should also note that most spacecraft construction is conducted by contractors, NOT NASA employees, though in the past some maitenance activities, like gluing on new shuttle tiles have been done by NASA (I think this is contracted out again.) \n\nThe shuttle tiles are held on with a silicone based epoxy (which is hell on optics; the stuff outgasses like crazy and the resulting residue is hard to clean off since most organice solvents don't remove it very effectively.)  There is a company called "Huntsman" that makes some organic epoxies under the Epibond brand name.  Some of these are space qualified.  \n\nHere is a link to a page describing the Mil Spec document that flight qualified adhesives must meet:\n\n(ASTM 6412) http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/D6412D6412M.htm?E+mystore\n\nIf you look up adhesives that meet that standard, you have found a flight qualified part.  I am sure NASA keeps a list of manufacturers and product names that meet this specification.  Maybe you can find it.
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I would guess it is made from rapid prototyping:- Fused-deposition modeling.  It technique is call Extrusion of melted plastic. there is more information that you can find. Just keep looking..
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Over the past 40 years the space program has used two types of propulsion systems, those that use liquid and those that use solid propellants. In space the propellant typically has a source of fuel and an oxidizer to enable the fuel to burn. Today most space systems, such as the Space Shuttle, use a combination of the two systems. Solid propellants are the easiest and safest to work with; however, they are not controllable. Solid propellants have the fuel and the oxidizer combined into solid rods of material that once ignited by a high temperature source continue to burn until all of the propellant is consumed. Liquid propellants tend to be hazardous to handle; however, they are controllable and the engines can be turned on and off and the amount of thrust can be throttled \nduring a mission. Several liquid propellants are also toxic which can add to the handling \nproblems. \n\nThe specific impulse, measured in seconds, is the most commonly used figure of \nmerit for rocket thrusters and research efforts continue to increase the specific impulse of space propulsion systems. Anhydrous hydrazine is a colorless, toxic, corrosive, liquid that is insensitive to shock or friction and is chemically stable and can be stored in tanks for long periods of time. It is commonly used for propulsion in space, while solid propellants are used for the boost phase from the ground. Typical values for specific impulse for fuels used in space are 290 seconds for solid propellants, and 230 seconds for hydrazine. \nThe favorite fuel and oxidizer combination used during the boost phase are hydrogen and oxygen which can provide a specific impulse of 445 seconds, almost double the value of hydrazine. The problem with these fuels are that they must be held at cryogenic temperatures to remain in the liquid form. Hydrogen boils at - 253 degrees Celsius while oxygen boils at - 183 degrees Celsius. Thus, fueling the booster rockets is a complex and hazardous process, for as soon as oxygen comes in contact with hydrogen they spontaneously combust in a powerful explosion. Over the years these cryogenic engines have become the backbone for boosters, used for placing heavy payloads in space,such as those used for the main engine on the Space Shuttle. During the fueling process of these rockets great care must be taken to vent the vapors generated as the huge tanks cool down to below the boiling points of the fuel and oxidizer, while keeping the vapors separated to \nprevent an explosion. \n\n\nCryogenic Heat Engine\nan air-powered car is being developed by researchers at the University of Washington using the concept of a steam engine, except there is no combustion. The Washington researchers use liquid nitrogen as the propellant for their LN2000 prototype air car. The researchers decided to use nitrogen because of its abundance in the atmosphere -- nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of the Earth's atmosphere -- and the availablity of liquid nitrogen. There are five components to the LN2000 engine: \n•A 24-gallon stainless steel tank. \n•A pump that moves the liquid nitrogen to the economizer. \n•An economizer that heats the liquid nitrogen with leftover exhaust heat. \n•A heat exchanger that boils the liquid nitrogen, creating a high pressure gas. \n•An expander, which converts nitrogen's energy into usable power. \nThe liquid nitrogen, stored at -320 degrees Fahrenheit (-196 degrees Celsius), is vaporized by the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is the heart of the LN2000's cryogenic engine, which gets its name from the extremely cold temperature at which the liquid nitrogen is stored. Air moving around the vehicle is used to heat the liquid nitrogen to a boil. Once the liquid nitrogen boils, it turns to gas in the same way that heated water forms steam in a steam engine. \nNitrogen gas formed in the heat exchanger expands to about 700 times the volume of its liquid form. This highly pressurized gas is then fed to the expander, where t
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Air. It's made out of air and plastic.
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The liquid oxygen goes in the smaller, top tank inside the external tank.  To provide better stability in rockets, one should always put the densest (and heaviest) fuel at the top.\n\nThe propellant mixture in each SRB motor consists of an ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer, 69.6 % by weight), aluminum (fuel, 16 %), iron oxide (a catalyst, 0.4 %), a polymer (such as PBAN or HTPB - a binder that holds the mixture together, 12.04 %), and an epoxy curing agent (1.96 %).
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id say foam it is comfortable
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well for a candle to burn and have a visible flame we need 2 things convection currents and gravity to support those convection currents. both missing in the space shuttle :))
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compressed air and microfiber cloth.