what are mutating chromozones?
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Genetic Mutations\n\nIn biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA). Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to progeny and somatic mutations, which cannot be transmitted to progeny. Mutations, when accidental, often lead to the malfunction or death of a cell and can cause cancer. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (beneficial or advantageous) ones tend to accumulate. Neutral mutations are defined as mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species. These can accumulate over time. Contrary to tales of science fiction, the overwhelming majority of mutations have no significant effect, since DNA repair is able to revert most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.
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No clue yet on this one. But leading research is showing that this may be a random event because of chromosome breakage. I would look into telomerase extension if I were you. Most of the time this is bad (Double stranded DNA breaks), but it happens all of the time (but luckily we have a good DNA repair system, I believe there are well over 1000 breaks a day and all we need is 1 for some bad genetic disease)
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Mutation not nutation\nIn biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA). Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to progeny and somatic mutations, which cannot be transmitted to progeny. Mutations, when accidental, often lead to the malfunction or death of a cell and can cause cancer. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (beneficial or advantageous) ones tend to accumulate. Neutral mutations are defined as mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species. These can accumulate over time. Contrary to tales of science fiction, the overwhelming majority of mutations have no significant effect, since DNA repair is able to revert most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.\n\nBy effect on structure\nThe DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Structurally, mutations can be classified as:\n\nSmall-scale mutations affecting one or a few nucleotides, including: \nPoint mutations, often caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, (C ↔ T). A transition can be caused by nitrous acid, base mispairing, or mutagenic base analogs such as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Less common is a transversion, which exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine (C/T ↔ A/G). A point mutation can be reversed by another point mutation, in which the nucleotide is changed back to its original state (true reversion) or by second-site reversion (a complementary mutation elsewhere that results in regained gene functionality). These changes are classified as transitions or transversions. An example of a transversion is adenine being converted into a cytosine. There are also many other examples that can be found. Point mutations that occur within the protein coding region of a gene may be classified into three kinds, depending upon what the erroneous codon codes for: \nsilent mutations: codes for the same amino acid \nmissense mutations: codes for a different amino acid \nnonsense mutations: codes for a stop, which can truncate the protein \nInsertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements, or errors during replication of repeating elements (e.g. AT repeats). Insertions in the coding region a gene may alter splicing of the mRNA, or cause a shift in the reading frame (frameshift), both of which can significantly alter the gene product. Insertions can be reverted by excision of the transposable element. \nDeletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. Like insertions, these mutations can alter the reading frame of the gene. They are irreversible. \nLarge-scale mutations in chromosomal structure, including: \nAmplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them. \nDeletions of large chromosomal regions, leading to loss of the genes within those regions. \nMutations whose effect is to juxtapose previously separate pieces of DNA, potentially bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes (e.g. bcr-abl). These
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Alterations to DNA are called mutations, and they can result in the formation of new characteristics that are heritable, or capable of being inherited.\n\nEvery cell in the body of every living organism contains DNA in threadlike structures called chromosomes. Stretches of DNA that hold coded instructions for the manufacture of specific proteins are known as genes, of which the human race has approximately 40,000 varieties. If the DNA of a particular gene is altered, that gene may become defective, and the protein for which it codes also may be missing or defective. Just one missing or abnormal protein can have an enormous effect on the entire body: albinism, for instance, is the result of one missing protein.\n\nMutations also can be errors in all or part of a chromosome. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and an extra chromosome can have a tremendous negative impact. For example, there should be two of chromosome 21, as with all other chromosomes, but if there are three, the result is Down syndrome. People with Down syndrome have a unique physical appearance and are developmentally disabled. Nor is an extra chromosome the only chromosomal abnormality that causes problems: if chromosomes 9 and 22 exchange materials, a phenomenon known as translocation, the result can be a certain type of leukemia. Down syndrome also results from translocation.\n\nGerminal mutations are those that occur in the egg or sperm cells and therefore can be passed on to the organism's offspring. Somatic mutations are those that happen in cells other than the sex cells, and they cannot be transmitted to the next generation. This is an important distinction to keep in mind in terms of both the causes and the effects of mutation. If only the somatic cells of the organism are affected, the mutation will not appear in the next generation; on the other hand, if a germinal mutation is involved, what was once an abnormality may become so common in certain populations that it emerges as the norm.\nEvery single human trait—blue eyes, red hair, cystic fibrosis, a second toe longer than the big toe, and so on—is the result of some genetic mutation somewhere back down the line. Traits that are shared by all people must have arisen long ago, while other traits occur only in certain populations of people. Traits may be as innocuous as eye color or hair texture or as grave as a shared tendency toward a particular disease. Cystic fibrosis, for instance, is most common in people of northern European descent, while sickle cell anemia (see Amino Acids) occurs frequently in those of African and Mediterranean ancestry. A fatal disorder known as Tay-Sachs is found primarily in Jewish people whose ancestors came from Eastern Europe. In many cases, the particular mutation, while harmful in one regard, proved to be a useful one for that population. We know, for example, that while two copies of the mutant sickle cell anemia gene cause illness, one copy confers resistance to malaria—a very useful trait to people living in the tropics, where malaria is common.\n\nThe Pima "fat-Storage Mutation."\n\nResearchers have noted a high incidence of obesity among the Pima, a Native American tribe whose ancestral homeland is along the Gila and Salt rivers in Arizona. The Pima tend to eat a diet that is no more fatty than that of the average American—which, of course, means that it is plenty fatty, complete with chips, bologna, ice cream, and all the other high-calorie, low-nutrient foods that most Americans consume. But whereas the average American is over-weight, the average Pima is more dramatically so. This suggests that long ago, when the ancestors of the Pima had to face repeated periods of famine in the dry lands of the American Southwest, survival favored the individual or individuals who had a mutation for fat storage. It so happens that today, there is more than enough food at the local supermarket, but by now the Pima as a group has the fat-stora
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NO it is not, it is a cellular mutation that can be reversed. To find our more check out the link.
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Bacteria is constantly mutating. Sooner or later it'll mutate into a strain that is resistant to antibiotics
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Phenotype frequency:\nDo you know what a phenotype is?  It's the result of the genotype and environmental influence.  In other words, it's the organism's physical characteristics (and some other things).  A phenotype could be green eyes, red hair, pale skin, and freckles, or simply green eyes.  The phenotype frequency is just how often that phenotype occurs in the population.  So if green eyes occur in 5% of the population (note I'm just making up the number), the frequency of the phenotype green eyes is 5% or 0.05.\n\nSympatric speciation:\nSympatric speciation refers to speciation that occurs within a population in a single location (as opposed to speciation that occurs as the result of geographical isolation).  The most frequently observed example of sympatric speciation is polyploidy in plants.  In most animals, a complete extra set of chromosomes is generally really bad, but for plants it can be just fine, or even a good thing.  When, through random chance, a plant receives a complete extra set of chromosomes (so it now alternates between tetraploid and diploid rather than dipliod and haploid), it can no longer produce fertile offspring with the members of the parent species (the offspring would be triploid, which makes meitosis impossible - if you'd like me to explain this in more detail, just ask).  Thus the new tetraploid (4n) plants are a separate species from the original diploid (2n) plants.  Becaues the new species arose without a geographical barrier (a mountain range, river, etc. separating the two populations), this is an example of sympatric speciation.\n\nPostzygotic isolation:\nFor starters, do you know what a zygote is?  It's the result of fertilizaition.  Post- means after, so postzygotic means after fertilization.  I assume you know what isolation means :), so postzygotic isolation is reproductive isolation that occurs after fertlization.  Basically, the sperm of one species can successfully combine with the egg of another species, but the resulting zygote will either be inviable (i.e. it will die in the early stages of embryonic development) or grow into an infertile organism.
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There are two aspects of this statement that make it false.  Sorting and recombination of genes occurs during meiosis.  The second false statement concerns the driving of evolution.  The recombination causes variation within a species.  It does not drive evolution.
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hey a correction there.... Genes are actually a small string of bases on a dna chain...so a dna chain has many genes.... and these dna are located in the chromosomes...not vice versa. chromsomes are in the nucleus of all cells.
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Ultimately all changes in DNA sequence across all living organisms are the result of mutations.  Essentially, the copying process went wrong somewhere along the line and generated a change.  These may occur as a result of many factors.\n\n1.) Substitutions are changes in single bases.  A becomes T for example.  In a large fraction of cases, this will lead to  a change in the amino acid, which in turn changes the protein.\n\n2.) Indels (insertion/deletion events) will add or subtract DNA.  During replication, a segment of DNA may be added or removed leading to a change.  It is also possible that DNA becomes damaged or lost and that change is passed on to future generations.\n\n3.) Recombination can lead to novel arrangements of existing strands of DNA.  It can also occur improperly and generate change (often through indels).\n\n4.) Chromosomal rearrangement.  If chromosomes break they may reattach elsewhere, become a whole new chromosome, or lose parts entirely.  This can lead to moving an allele into a completely new gene environment.  The protein itself may not change, but the expression of the protein might.\n\nFinally, natural selection and random effects (such as bottlenecks) will affect the gene frequencies.  Sometimes these will allow for new interactions of genes.
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Chromosomal aberrations include\n1) inversions (rearrangements of DNA segments within chromosomes)\n2) reciprocal translocations (DNA segments exchanged between chromosomes)\n3) aneuploidies (deviations from the normal diploid number of chromosomes in somatic cells, either because different chromosomes join, or there is one or more extra chromosomes, etc.)\n4) transpositions (a chromosome segment is transfered to another place in the same or a different chromosome).
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They are different varieties due to different in DNA color sequence.This is regulated by gene regulation and expression by making novel proteins.
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Good question!\n\nNature has evolved molecules that pigment various parts of organisms.  Plants and flowers are the obvious case in point, but in humans, skin pigments, and those in the iris (giving us blue, green brown etc. eyes) have also evolved.\n\nIt is QUITE POSSIBLE that at some point in the past, alternative pigmentation DID evolve in humans, and the only thing we CAN say with any certainty, is that if it did, if was later eradicated from the gene pool, and does not ersist any longer.\n\nMost notably, the only ANIMALS that have evolved the colours you mention have been birds, where the ability to fly away rather than the need to camoflage and blend in is the preferred means of evading redators.  So bright colours in these cases are NOT dangerous to the organism (bird) displaying them.\n\nIt is true that some other apes (primates) DO display bright colours.  Some have bright red backsides, and in some cases, bright blue pigment is evident on parts of the bodies.\n\nSo as a final thought:  in a world where bright colouring is no longer likely to be life endangering to humans, how long will it be before a random genetic mutation causes pigmentation other than the standard tan and browns that we are used to to evolve?!
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sounds like a genetic problem Hun..my uncles ex wife had the same with girl baby..was found to be  to do with chroma zones
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Rosa chinensis viridiflora, a chance mutation discovered before 1856, exact origin unknown.  Yes through genetic mutations and also through weird hybrids and gene splitting and techno planting medlings. They are also sometimes just dyed that color
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In organisms that reproduce only sexually, the mutations in somatic cells normally don't go beyond the individual. But in the case of organisms that can reproduce asexually, by means of divisions of those somatic cells, a mutation in those cells could be passed to the descendants and thus be under the influence of evolutionary forces. \nThat's a common event in plants, especially a type of mutation called polyploidy (multiplication of the entire chromosome set). These types of mutations are also induced by man to obtain new varieties.
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Not a stupid question at all. Mutation (as mentioned above) does occur, though of course it will only affect individual cells and their descendents, not all cells in the individual. There is also a process that is being increasingly studied called genomic imprinting or epigenetic inheritance. These are not DNA sequence changes, like you asked about, but seem to be related to your question. The wikipedia article is a decent introduction but there are other summaries available.