what are the pathophysiology of rheumatic heart fever?
102774
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease which occurs after an untreated Group A streptococcal infection, typically a throat infection. The antibodies formed against the bacteria attack parts of the body, typically the joints and the heart.\n\nGroup A Streptococcus pyogenes has a cell wall that is composed of branched polymers which sometimes contain "M proteins" which are highly antigenic. The antibodies formed against these proteins sometimes cross-react with normal tissue causing damage. Depending on the site of damage, this can lead to the clinical symptoms described in the attached article.
537015
The best method is echocardiography. Also, one can try MRI and CT scans. Also, improvement in general outlook (exercise tolerance), disappearance (not changing nature) of heart murmurs, which are heard through the stethoscope, is an important indicator. Negative blood culture (disappearance of bacteria from blood) may not be the most reliable indicator if one is on antibiotics. Take care.
419651
Your mitral valve is one of four valves that regulate blood flow in your heart. The valve is like a one-way gate. It allows blood to flow in only one direction, from the upper to the lower heart chambers (from the left atrium to the left ventricle).\n\nNormally the mitral valve closes after blood flows through it. The closure keeps blood from leaking back into the upper chamber (left atrium).\n\nIf you have mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the valve flaps bulge backwards (prolapse) into the upper chamber.\n\nUsually, the effect on your heart is minor because the seal between the two heart chambers remains tight enough to prevent leakage. \n\nIf the flaps don't seal tightly enough, however, blood could leak back into the left atrium. This is called mitral valve regurgitation. In most cases of mitral valve prolapse, this leakage doesn't happen. \n\nMitral valve prolapse has also been called floppy valve syndrome, Barlow's syndrome, and click-murmur syndrome. \n\nContact me for further question
440494
Not possible. Strep throat must be taken care of with antibiotics. It is too serious of an infection to not provide proper treatment for. Left untreated, Strep can cause rheumatic fever and kidney disease. If you suspect you have strep, it's important to get to a doc ASAP.
783028
What is aortic regurgitation? \nThe aortic valve is between the heart's left ventricle and the aorta, the large artery that receives blood from the heart's left ventricle and distributes it to the body. Regurgitation means the valve doesn't close properly, and blood can leak backward through it. This means the left ventricle must pump more blood than normal, and will gradually get bigger because of the extra workload. Aortic regurgitation can range from mild to severe. Some people may have no symptoms for years. But as the condition worsens, symptoms will appear. These can include\n\n\nfatigue (especially during times of increased activity) \nshortness of breath \nedema (retention of fluid) in certain parts of the body such as the ankles \nheart arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats) \nangina pectoris (chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle) \nWhat causes aortic regurgitation?\n\nAortic regurgitation can be caused by several things. It may be due to a bicuspid aortic valve. This is a congenital (existing at birth) deformity of the valve. In it, the valve has two cusps (flaps) rather than the normal three cusps. It can also be found in other kinds of congenital heart disease. Aortic regurgitation can also be caused by infections of the heart, such as rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Diseases that can cause the aortic root (the part of the aorta attached to the ventricle) to widen, such as the Marfan syndrome or high blood pressure, are other causes.\n\nWhat should be done?\n\nPatients with mild aortic regurgitation who have few or no symptoms need to see their physician regularly. As conditions worsen, medications may be used. These drugs can help regulate the heart rhythm, rid the body of fluids to control edema, and/or help the left ventricle pump better.\n\nSerious cases may require surgical treatment. This involves replacing the diseased valve with an artificial one.\n\nPeople with aortic regurgitation are at increased risk for developing an infection of the valve (endocarditis). They need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures.
213720
you mean...PATHOPHYSIOLOGY...??\n\nPathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions that a disease causes, or that which causes the disease. An example, from the field of infectious disease, would be the study of a toxin released by a bacterium, and what that toxin does to the body to cause harm, in cases of sepsis. Another example is the study of the chemical changes that take place in body tissue that is undergoing inflammation.
1007744
A leaky mitral valve (also called mitral insufficiency or mitral regurgitation) causes some of the blood to be pumped in the wrong direction (ie from the left ventricle back into the left atrium), instead of flowing only into the aorta. This means that for a particular amount of squeeze the heart is less efficient. This can lead to multiple problems including congestive heart failure and hypertrophy (enlargement) of the heart muscle.
706559
the valves\n\nthe aorta valve prevents the blood from coming back from the aorta to the left ventricle.\n\nthe pulmonary valve prevent the blood from flowing back from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.\n\nthe mitril valve prevents blood from flowing from the left ventricle back into the left atrium\n\nthe tricuspid valve prevents blood from flowing from the right ventricle back into the right atrium.
664220
Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology.\n\nThe term "rheumatism" is still used in colloquial speech and historical contexts, but is no longer frequently used in medical or technical literature; it would be fair to say that there is no longer any recognized disorder simply called "rheumatism". The traditional term covers such a range of different problems that to ascribe symptoms to "rheumatism" is not to say very much: arthritis and rheumatism between them cover at least 200 different conditions.\n\nA vast number of traditional herbal remedies were recommended for "rheumatism". Modern medicine, both conventional and complementary, recognises that the different rheumatic disorders have different causes (and several of them have multiple causes) and require different kinds of treatment. Most sources dealing with rheumatism tend to focus on arthritis. However "non-articular rheumatism", also known as "regional pain syndrome" or "soft tissue rheumatism" can cause just as much discomfort and difficulty.\n\nThe major rheumatic disorders currently recognised include:\n\nOsteoarthritis \nRheumatoid arthritis \nRheumatic heart disease (Rheumatic fever) \nShoulder pain \nNeck pain \nBack pain \nFibromyalgia \nAnkylosing spondylitis \nPsoriatic arthritis \nSystemic lupus erythematosus \nPolymyalgia rheumatica \nTenosynovitis \nCapsulitis \nBursitis \nRheumatic fever. \nAlthough these disorders probably have little in common in terms of their epidemiology, they do share two characteristics: they cause chronic (though often intermittent) pain, and they are difficult to treat. They are also, collectively, very common. The very long list of supposed herbal remedies for rheumatism no doubt reflects the intractable nature of the problems it involves, and so, perhaps, does the fact that are no fewer than six patron saints for sufferers from rheumatism: Saint Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, Saint Colman, Saint James the Greater, Saint Killian, Saint Servatus, and Saint Totnan.\n\nInitial therapy of the major rheumatological diseases is with paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), members of which are ibuprofen and diclofenac. Often, stronger analgesics are required.
1081976
Ben has it mostly right.  A couple of other things.\n\nA murmur rather than being just due to abnormal valvular function is more correctly due to abnormal blood flow - for instance a septal defect (a small hole between the chambers of the heart) produces a murmur also.  Children also have murmurs that have to do with the hyperdynamic contractility of their heart muscle and thin chest wall - completely innocent.\n\nThere are innocent murmurs and pathologic (no problem and problem, respectively)  Usually acquired murmurs require at least initial evaluation, especially if it is new.  It is a rare case that newly acquired murmurs are an emergency but in some circumstances, it can be.  You would be symptomatic, so it is not a mystery as to which is which.
754456
1) OK\n2) B - Blood enters the right atrium and pass through right atrio-ventricular valve (tricuspid), then pulmonary valve, left atrio-ventricular valve (mitral) and aortic valve.\nhttp://www.guidant.com/condition/heart/heart_valves.shtml\n3) OK
1053734
yes  leukemia  causes  amyloidosis  in which  a kind of protein is deposited in  tissues  mainly  the kidneys and spleen  and bone marrow (large amounts of blood)  and  the heart.\nusually  it  takes  some time to develop.\nfor  the  leaky heart valves the  cause might be general enlargement of the heart either due to this cause  or previous longstanding hypertension.\nplease  ask  your physician to explain  this  aspect of the disease to you and get as much information for yourselves from him as you can, thats what hes there for.
807200
The first link has an animated description.Anatomy of the Human Heart with Flash Illustration\n\n    *  The Right Atrium, receives "used blood" from the body. Blood will be pushed through the tricuspid valve to the\n\n    * Right Ventricle, the chamber which will pump to the lungs through the pulmonic valve to the\n\n    * Pulmonary Arteries, providing blood to both lungs. Blood is circulated through the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen added. It returns through the\n\n    * Pulmonary Veins, which empty into the\n\n    * Left Atrium, a chamber which will push the Mitral Valve open. Blood then passes into the\n\n    * Left Ventricle. Although it doesn't always look like it in drawings done from this angle, this is the largest and most important chamber in the heart. It pumps to the rest of the body. As it pumps, the pressure will close the mitral valve and open the aortic valve, with blood passing through to the\n\n    * Aorta, where it will be delivered to the rest of the body.\n\n\nhttp://www.heartpoint.com/theheart.html\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/\n\nhttp://texasheart.org/HIC/Anatomy/Anatomy.cfm\n\nhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/illustrations/figure?id=505\n\nhttp://sln2.fi.edu/biosci/preview/heartsee.html\n\nhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6100/1heart.html\n\nSTRUCTURE OF THE HEART.\n\nhttp://www.infovisual.info/03/062_en.html\n\nhttp://www.cayuga-cc.edu/people/facultypages/greer/biol204/heart1/heart1.html\n\nhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6100/1HrtPics.html\n\nGood luck.\n\nKevin, Liverpool, England.
457389
By getting sick. Most likely pnuemonia.
730443
check this link for information on rheumatoid arthritis\nhttp://www.arthritisreliefhelp.info/Reactive-Arthritis-Is-a-Systemic-Rheumatic-Disease.php
409677
increase in heart rate is from the illness not the penicillin. make sure you are drinking plenty of fluids and resting.
1029415
Depends on the type of tricuspid valve disorder. if one has tricuspid stenosis then cardiac output (CO), left atrial pressure (LAP), blood pressure (BP) and right ventricular pressure (RVP) will be low. If one has tricuspid valve regurgitation (leaky valve) then total CO will be high, BP would be relatively unchanged, LAP would be relatively unchanged and RVP would be high from RV volume overload.