how is polymerase chain reaction(PCR) contributes to understanding of genetics?
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Polymerase Chain Reaction allows for massive production of DNA sequences for study. Most DNA sequencing begins with a PCR amplification and purification. Using PCR requires an understanding of the correct DNA primers for proper annealing and duplication. The link below would help.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html
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The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, in the form of DNA. Together with the environmental variation that influences the individual, it codes for the phenotype of that individual. Non-hereditary mutations are not classically understood as representing the individuals' genotype. Hence, scientists and doctors sometimes talk for example about the (geno)type of a particular cancer, thus separating the disease from the diseased. While codons for different amino acids may change in a random mutation (changing the sequence coding a gene), this doesn't necessarily alter the phenotype.\n\nTypically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid individuals, it refers to what combination of alleles the individual carries (see homozygous, heterozygous). Any given gene will usually cause an observable change in an organism, known as the phenotype. The terms genotype and phenotype are distinct for at least two reasons:\n1. To distinguish the source of an observer's knowledge (one can know about genotype by observing DNA; one can know about phenotype by observing outward appearance of an organism). \n2. Genotype and phenotype are not always directly correlated. Some genes only express a given phenotype in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, some phenotypes could be the result of multiple genotypes. The genotype is commonly mixed up with the Phenotype which refers to the physical appearance\n\nThe distinction between genotype and phenotype is commonly experienced when studying family patterns for certain hereditary diseases or conditions, for example, hemophilia. Sometimes people who do not have hemophilia can have children with the disease, because the parents each "carried" hemophilia genes in their body, even though these genes have no effect on the parents health. The parents in this case are called carriers. Healthy people who are not carriers and healthy people who are carriers of the hemophilia gene have the same outer appearance (ie they do not have the disease), therefore they are said to have the same phenotype. However, the carriers have the gene and the other healthy people do not (they have different genotypes).\n\nWith careful experimental design, one can use statistical methods to correlate differences in the genotypes of populations with differences in their observed phenotype. These association studies can be used to determine the genetic risk factors associated with a disease. They may even be able to differentiate between populations who may or may not respond favorably to a particular drug treatment. Such an approach is known as personalized medicine.\n\nInspired by the biological concept and usefulness of genotypes, computer science employs simulated genotypes in genetic programming and evolutionary algorithms. Such techniques can help evolve mathematical solutions to certain types of otherwise difficult problems.
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Taq polymerase has a higher mutation rate during DNA synthesis because the enzyme lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (ie: the enzyme lacks the ability to detect and repair base mis-matches).  To increase the fidelity of the PCR product, one should use an enzyme capable of proof-reading activity such as Pwo polymerase.
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The PCR process consists of a series of twenty to thirty cycles. Each cycle consists of three steps \n\n The double-stranded DNA has to be heated to 94-96°C in order to separate the strands. This step is called denaturing; it breaks apart the hydrogen bonds that connect the two DNA strands. Prior to the first cycle, the DNA is often denatured for an extended time to ensure that both the template DNA and the primers have completely separated and are now single-strand only. Time: 1-2 minutes.\n\n\nAfter separating the DNA strands, the temperature is lowered so the primers can attach themselves to the single DNA strands. This step is called annealing. The temperature of this stage depends on the primers and is usually 5°C below their melting temperature (45-60°C). A wrong temperature during the annealing step can result in primers not binding to the template DNA at all, or binding at random. Time: 1-2 minutes.\n\nFinally, the DNA-Polymerase has to fill in the missing strands. It starts at the annealed primer and works its way along the DNA strand. This step is called extension. The extension temperature depends on the DNA-Polymerase. The time for this step depends both on the DNA-Polymerase itself and on the length of the DNA fragment to be amplified. As a rule-of-thumb, 1 minute per 1000bp.\n\n\nRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA. If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme. The similarity of the patterns generated can be used to differentiate species (and even strains) from one another.
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mRNA is a carrier  of a genetic message hence the name. It carries the message in the form that a machinary for protein synthesis will understand and translate in amino acid sequence. Ribosomes and tRNAs can not directly read the genetic information from DNA hence the need for the mediator to do the job.
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Genetics and Microbiology.  Do you mean to become a forensic scientist?  You have to study biotechnology techniques such as PCR.  Best thing is to talk to your advisor to find a courseload/major that suits your needs.
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It forms soluble complexes with dNTP and the DNA template to produce the substance the substrate actually recognises.It activates the buffer solution so that PCR can take place.If Magnesium ions which are needed for activation are not present, pcr cannot happen.
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A, B, and Z DNA are the 3 main types which refer to the orientation of the structure of the double-helix, and therefore, the ability of the DNA to express (turn on) genes.\n\nOther designations are gDNA (genomic DNA), also called wtDNA (wild-type DNA) which is DNA as it is found normally in nature.  cDNA is DNA which contains only the exon portions of genes and omite the intron portions.  Introns are the portions of genes which are spliced out once the gene is actually expressed.  The role of introns in genes is not functional and is speculated structural.\n\nIn molecular biology, we use many such working designations to determine the type of DNA we are using.  These help us to define the structure and nature of the form of a gene we are using for research purposes.
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PCR involves\na) marking a region of DNA with borders (also called primers), say A and B, and then\nb) amplifying the DNA flanked by these primers. \n\nFor DNA finger printing, the A and B are chosen such that the, region between them varies in length across individuals. This is because certain elements (i.e., stretches of nucleotides) present between the A and B vary in their number. So, when PCR is performed, the product length varies depending on the template DNA taken from different individuals. \n\nBy the electrophoresis technique, the PCR products of different length can be visualized and one can detect the differences between the individuals. Thus, the VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) among individuals is the basis of DNA finger printing by PCR.
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I think analyzing the information in DNA has come along way.  This information can be useful for numerous advances in medicine, one being determining ones predisposition of developing certain diseases.  This analysis can take quite a long time but researches are currently working on ways to speed this up, hopefully to less than 1 day.  You can see this article in New Scientist for a further information.  http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn9001&feedId=online-news_rss20
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Not sure if this will help but try the link below\n\nhttp://www.answers.com/topic/gene
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The reason repetitive sequences often do not affect the carrier's phenotype is because many repetitive sequences are in what we know as "introns" or unexpressed regions of DNA. While our DNA contains an enormous amount of data, often only a small sequence of nucleotides is necessary to make the proteins that produce a phenotype. These active sequences are in expressed portions of the DNA, or "exons." In addition, sometimes a single strand of DNA carries sequences for many different types of characteristics in an individual, but have different portions of the DNA expressed. Therefore, what may be an intron for, say, eye color, may be an exon for hair color.
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Your genetics..dna..you know..the whole human biology thing..
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http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/DNA/dna.htm
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human body and molecular biology..
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Technology is used in the field of genetics in that it is used to determine the DNA of someone and it is used to retrive the data on the databank of DNA.\n\nIt is always appropirate to conduct genetic testing to solve a crime.  Using any available resources to end crime has no downfalls.  A situation where it would be appropriate would be a rape case where there was DNA retreived from teh victim and matched the the perp\n\nDNA evidence is enough evidence to convict a person of a crime.  One reason is that DNA does not lie.  ANother reason is that everything else, including eye witness testimony, is influenced by outside factors.