a simple definition of what a baculovirus expression system is - footnote details please!
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A baculovirus expression system is a tool used by scientists to make genetically engineered proteins from insect cells.  Baculovirus specifically infects insect cells.  Normally the baculovirus hijacks the insect cell machinery to make more virus proteins.  The expression system used by scientists uses a modified baculovirus to produce the desired protein instead of virus proteins.  These proteins can then be used for research or perhaps as a pharmaceutical.  Recently scientists have further modified baculovirus to infect mammalian cells.  This has increased the baculovirus expression system's usefulness in a variety of ways.  The technical paper listed as the 4th source might help you further.
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A virus can be in one of two forms: a DNA virus or an RNA virus.\n\nOnly a DNA virus can DIRECTLY incorporate its DNA into the host's genome.\n\nAn RNA virus has to perform an extra step before it can incorporate its genetic material into the host's genome.  It must convert its RNA code into a DNA sequence.  \n\nHere is a little bit more information:\n\nThis extra step makes RNA viruses more "dangerous", because mistakes often occur when converting the RNA to DNA.  This allows RNA viruses to mutate faster, and so drugs to prevent RNA viral expression often become outdated because the virus mutates so quickly during this extra step.\n\nIt was fun thinking about your question.  I hope you pass on the good Karma!
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1. In eukaryotes the expressed part of genes are called exons and the pieces that are removed before transcription are called introns.\n2. If there is a mutation in one stop codon the other will most likely still be functional so you will usually get a functional product in the end.
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Here is the best description I can find.\n\n"An episome is a plasmid that can integrate itself into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism...  In mammalian systems, the term episome refers to a circular DNA (such as a viral genome) that is maintained by noncovalent tethering to the host cell chromosome."\n\nBasically it's extra-chromosomal (not part of the DNA), but it can be incorporated into the host DNA to be replicated and cause cancer.  It's
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A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic particle that infects cells in biological organisms. The study of viruses is virology.\n\nViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. Viruses infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria; viruses infecting prokaryotes are also known as bacteriophages or phages. Typically viruses carry a small amount of genetic material, either in the form of DNA or RNA, but not both, surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. The viral genome codes for the proteins that constitute this protective coat, as well as for those proteins required for viral reproduction that are not provided by the host cell.\n\nViruses are non-living particles that can only replicate when an organism reproduces the viral RNA or DNA. Viruses are considered non-living by the majority of virologists because they do not meet all the criteria of the generally accepted definition of life. Among other factors, viruses do not move or metabolize on their own. However, a comprehensive definition of life is still somewhat elusive since some bacteria (considered living) like rickettsia exhibit both characteristics of living and non-living particles.
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It's the door to the cell with a doorman in charge.\n\nThe cell membrane lets good things in, it keeps the bad things out, and it expels the waste.  Just like a good doorman would.\n\nThe doors are the permeable points on the cell membrane and the doorman sits inside the nucleus so he can control all the various doors.\n\nWhen a bacterium attacks it wages war on the cell and fights from the outside trying to break the cell membrane and storm the doors.\n\nWhen a virus attacks the cell the virus sendsa few of its agents inside, they knock out the doorman and allow more of the virus code in.  Once enough of these agents get inside they hijack the nucleus and later the entire cell.
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A virus (Latin, poison) is a microscopic, filter passing micro-organism, parasitic within living cells, and of which many forms cause disease in human beings.\nBacteria (singular: bacterium)- A group of micro-organisms, also called 'schizomycetes'. They are typically small cells of about 1 micron in transverse diameter. Structurally they are a protoplast, containing cytoplasmic and nuclear material (not seen by ordinary methods of microscopy) within a limiting cytoplasmic membrane, and a supporting cell wall. Other structures such as flagella, fimbriae and capsules may also be present. Individual cells may be spherical, straight or curved rods, or spirals; they may form chains or masses, and some show branching with mycelium formation. They may produce various pigments including chlorophyll. Some form endospores. Reproduction is chiefly by simple binary fission. They may be free living, saprophytic or parasitic; some are pathogenic to man, animals and plants.\nPlease see the webpages for more details on Virus and Bacteria.
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This letter could mean that not enough cells were obtained for a good test.  Please don't worry too much if it didn't say anything about abnormal cells.  Bad tests can happen.....it stinks, but it is a medical reality.
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A better definition is a cell which is growing a foreign entity within its cytoplasm.  That can be a bacteria or virus or retrovirus, or an 'engineered virus' or something else in the strange and alien category.
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DNA gel electrophoresis will tell you nothing about gene expression.\n\nGene expression means RNA polymerase is transcribing the DNA into RNA and ribosomes are translating the RNA to proteins.\n\nFirst we'll look at the RNA aspect.  \n\nYou can measure gene expression by constructs known as reporter fusions.  In a reporter fusion, the promoter sequences for the genes of interest are ligated into plasmids containing reporter genes (genes encoding easily measurable products, such as green fluorescent protein or beta glucuronidase).  You can then measure the differences in production of the markers in differen conditions.\n\nAlso using RNA you can perform microarray analysis, if the genome has been sequenced and arrays are available.  This technique has either whole genome PCR products, or long oligos specific to every ORF in the genome spotted on a glass slide.  You purify RNA from your cells in normal culture, and in the conditions you're curious about testing.  This RNA is then treated with reverse transcriptase to generate cDNA, which is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to the array.  A computer reads the relative intensities of the fluorescent tags and tells you the ratio of gene expression (I've left a lot out :P).\n\nYou can also do quantitative, real time, reverse-transcriptase PCR.  I'm not practiced in this method, but in general terms it uses reverse transcriptase for the first step of a PCR with your RNA as a template.  Then for successive rounds of PCR it monitors the amount of dsDNA, and then a computer estimates starting levels of RNA.\n\nThe other aspect is proteins.  You can run proteins on an acrylamide gel.  The simple way is just to run 2 samples, cells in normal culture, and cells in the experimental setup.  You'll see some sort of different banding pattern.  You can get fancy and purify differentially expressed bands, and send them off for edmond degredation for identification. \n\nYou can also be a little more hardcore about it and run a 2D gel, which gives considerably more resolving power for separating your bands.
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The answer to your question is (C). \n\nEvery living organism is made up of one or more cells, all cells arise from preexisting cells, the smallest living organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms.\n\n"Virus - a non cellular parasitic particle that consists of a protein coat surrounding a strand of genetic material; multiplies only within a cell of a living organism (the host)."
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A simple definition would be antibodies raised against a piece of DNA.\n\nSome viruses are jsut naked nucleotide sequences, and during an infection anti-DNA antibodies will be formed. Having said that, most human viruses are not naked.
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Might want to be slightly more specific in the question.\n\nCloning, can refer to the copying of a complete individual. Or it can mean a single cell's complete genome has been copied for use in a gene library so that a specific gene can be separated out and studied.\n\nGenetic engineering, is manipulating the genes of a plant or animal, so that deleterious phenotypes, or even advantageous phenotypes can be bread in or out. Say like making a tomato last longer or stay nice and shiny red.
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Here are some links. I hope they help. In the first one look at the Herpes Simplex Virus, that is the one that is T=16. With the Herpesvirus a lot of the proteins are in the tegument.  I don't know of any links for T=19. Good luck.\n\nhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content-nw/full/101/44/15549/FIG1
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Yes, try to this!\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3906008
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haha so much for doing your hwk\nc d c c a b b d b b e? c b c? e a a a c b b a b? d?\n\nThats all i have time for... im dont remeber to much on this but best of luck to you\n\nLet me see if I can find my old textbook site and you can read it:\n\nah... here\nhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/student/olc/chap08-outline.mhtml
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click here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B#Structure