Describe how electrical gradient forms, maintained, and are used in a neuron for communication. Comment on at least two of the four important ions
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The neuron actively builds the ionic gradients by pumping specific ions into or out of the cell.  Na+ and K+ are the major players, Cl- less so, and Ca2+ the least important.  Na+ ions are pumped out and K+ ions are pumped in by the Na+/K+ ATPase.  At rest, there are a lot of Na+ ions outside the cell and a lot of K+ ions inside the cell.  The charge imbalance means the cell has an electrical voltage across its membrane.\n\nWhen the neuron is activated, it opens up ion channels that allow these ions to suddenly flow into or out of the cell down their gradients.  For example, Na+ ions are suddenly going to rush into the cell and K+ ions will rush out of the cell slightly later.  The result is a sudden change in the electrical voltage of the cell membrane.  This is the basis of how nerves generate electrical impulses.
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I think you would do well to look a while at this excellent - but - simpliefied source on neuroscience:\n\nhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html
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Here you go! Hope this helps.\n\nhttp://web.uvic.ca/~rburke/burkelab/neuraldevelopment.htm
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1. Nerve impulse signal integrity and discrimination for neural synaptic interface.\n\n2. Artificial muscle (polymer hydogel)\n\n3. Artificial bone using nanotechnology to grow as the subject grows this would also apply also to the artificial muscles.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons
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This is probably a motor neuron you are describing.  There are the branches to make the synapses because the motor neuron must innervate a muscle.  They must synapse at multiple places over the muscle cell to create the proper action potential for contraction.  Interneurons do not always have to be myelinated either.  Interneurons are those which only communicate from neuron to neuron, and these are mostly found in the brain and spinal cord.  The unmyelinated neurons make up the gray matter common to these areas.
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1. Impulse\n2. Dendrites, axon, and cell body\n3. Has nucleus that controls the cell\n4. Transmit impulse to cell body\n5. Carry impulse from one cell body to another\n6. The myelin sheath provides protection for the long and delicate axon and allows the impulse to travel faster by "jumping" from one Schwann Cell to another instead of travelling along the entire axon\n7. Synapse\n\nHope i was helpful!
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Try this, it just might help you http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve\ngood luck.
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Neurons are a major class of cells (parenchyma) in the nervous system whose main role is to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are found in the brain, the spinal cord and in the nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.\n\nNeurons are typically composed of a cell body, a dendritic tree and an axon. In the classic view of vertebrate neuron function, the cell body and dendritic tree receive electrical signals from other neurons while the axon transmits electrical output signals. For invertebrate neurons, the information flow is less well defined.\nYOUR QUESTION:\nAre they the motor end plates of the effector neurones?\nYES:\nNeurons are able to generate and propagate electrical impulses because they have excitable membranes. Neurons make connections with other neurons and transmit information to them via synaptic transmission. Different types of neurons have different shapes(Like Plates), possess specific electrical properties adopted for their function and use different neurotransmitters.
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I assume you're talking about the things measured by an electroencephalogram: they are, actually, electrical current, after all.\n\nThe tricky bit is that the voltages and amperages are incredibly small: microvolts and milliamps.  Slim pickings, energy wise!\n\nConversely, implanted electrodes are used in brains--mainly in non-human brains, for research purposes, but slowly we're doing a few useful things with the electrodes in humans--and their electrical activity triggers neurons to fire, creating, indeed, brain waves.\n\nDon't hold your breath on using brain energy to power much of anything, nor on using electrical stimulation to produce coherent sensory experience other than triggering memories and a handful of other small change things: we're quantum leaps away from that, still.
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You need a reference table and some instruction. Go to this site and scroll down to electrochemistry. Good luck!\nhttp://spiderpong.sitesled.com/chemistry_12_handouts.htm
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THis was by Caitlin T. Mueller\nunder the direction of\nDr. Michael Levin\nForsyth Institute\nResearch Science Institute\nAugust 1, 2002\n________________________________________\nVarious training methods have been used in learning experiments, the most popular being\nclassical conditioning, which exposes a test subject repeatedly to a Conditioning Stimulus,\nor CS, followed immediately by an Unconditioned Stimulus, or UCS. For example, in this\nstudy the CS is a change in overhead illumination, and the UCS is a weak electric shock. The\nUCS induces a consistent reaction in the subject called the Conditioned Response, or CR, in\nthis case, a longitudinal body contraction. Eventually, after many trials, the subject begins\nto anticipate the UCS by sensing the CS. A subject has “learned” when it has expressed a\nCR following a CS, but before the onset of a UCS. [9]\nPast research has shown that this method is effective in training planaria. [2][10][11] After\na planarian has been successfully trained, it can cut transversely into anterior and posterior\nsegments, both of which regenerate into separate individuals. It has been shown that both\nsegments retain the memory of their predecessor. Additionally, it has been observed that\nplanaria regenerated from both anterior and posterior regions retain the same amount of\nknowledge, suggesting that cephalization is not necessary for memory retention.[12]\nThis is a noteworthy finding because it refutes most of the commonly accepted theories\n1\n________________________________________\nPage 4\nheld today asserting that memory storage is a purely neurological mechanism [1]. The\npurpose of this particular study is to first reaffirm the assertion that planaria are able to\nlearn, and then to investigate the nature of the planarian memory mechanism. Inquiries\ninto this mechanism may hold vast implications for understanding learning and memory on\na broader level.\n2 Materials and Methods\n2.1 Basic Planaria Care\nThree species of planaria were studied in this experiment: Dugesia dorotocephala, Dugesia\njaponica, and Phagocata gracilis. The D. dorotocephala and the P. gracilis were obtained\nfrom Ward’s Biological Supply. All D. japonica were derived from one planarian transferred\nfrom Japan, and were therefore genetically identical. The planaria cultures were stored in\nrectangular plastic containers measuring 22 cm × 22 cm × 7 cm filled with Poland Spring\nwater and incubated at 18\n◦\nC. The culture was fed organic chicken liver twice a week. Excess\nmeat was removed with pipettes after three hours, and the water was exchanged twice\nto remove residual waste and debris. Planaria were observed regularly under a dissecting\nmicroscope to monitor health. Unhealthy worms were removed from the general culture and\ntreated with various antibiotic treatments.
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A. Yes, the use of ATP against the gradient is active\nB. This is diffusion or osmosis\nC. Nope\nD. This is passive transport
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1.  not enough info\n2.  conduction?\n3.  conductor\n4.  resistance
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An action potential is an all-or-nothing response to a stimulus of threshold in the membrane of a neuron.  A neurotransmitter from a previous neuron or a stimulus from the environment causes a graded potential in the soma of the neuron.  The potential reaches the axon hillock leading to the axon.  If the potential or sum of all the potentials is strong enough to reach the treshold of the axon hillock, an action potential is initiated down the axon.  \n\nVoltage-gated Na+ channels open allowing Na ions to rush into the cell causing the inside of the axon to become positive.  Shortly after, the time-delayed K+ voltage-gated channels open allowing K ions to move out of the cell and bring the potential back toward neutral.  The Na-K ATPase pumps then begin to work to pump Na+ back out of the cell and K+ back into the cell.\n\nThe large positive potential from the influx of Na+ stimulates the opening of voltage-gated channels further down the axon and the process repeats until the axon terminal is reached.  There, channels allow Ca2+ to enter the cell and cause the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
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Supporting cell that surround neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
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Ionophores- They havea negatively charged channel that allows the solute to enter\n\nFacilitated diffusion- Essentially they capture a solute and tug it into the cell.\n\nactive transport- i believe they look similarly to proteins that facilitate diffusion