And, what is the function of the polypeptides that are involved in emotional responses with relation to liver function?\nPlease no wikipedia answers on this, i'm looking for own words to give me food for thought :-)\nThanks.
128123
Hey armchair philosopher.  You do get 'interesting' answers here!  Your question is quite interesting too.  The biomedical research world is very busy 'as we speak' researching these issues.  A large number of neuropeptides, polypeptide signaling molecules, cytokines, etc. are now known to interact with virtually all the cells of the body, including the liver.  This 'reality' is often reflected in the scientific 'game' of calling a variety of integrated systems one system (e.g. the "psycho-neuro-immuno-gastrointestinal-endocrine system").\n\nA more significant question might be 'which (if any) neurotransmitters and polypeptide signaling molecules Are Not involved in liver function?".\n\nI realize I have not truly answered your question.  But it is way too complex to answer and (paradoxically) there is too little clear info. on which to base a more specific answer.\n\nI will offer one 'example' of an interaction between emotions and liver function.  An emotional stressor will induce CRF secretion from the Hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates ACTH secretion from the Pituitary (both of these hormones are polypeptides).  The ACTH is released into the blood system, travels to the adrenal cortex and stimulates synthesis and secretion of cortisol (a steroid hormone).  Cortisol travels through the blood to the liver where it stimulates gluconeogenesis.  So, emotions stimulated polypeptide production that eventually changed liver function.\n\nHope this is at least marginally helpful.  It was fun to think about how to give a useful answer to a tough, yet interesting question.\n\nBest wishes.
84617
Your experience is interesting!  My first thought is as follows:  Vitamin D inhibits the renin-angiotensin system which plays a role in fluid balance (and therefore blood pressure) in the body.  You may have a genetic polymorphism (variation) creating a 'hypersensitivity' to vitamin D in this system.  However, if Vitamin D is really the cause of your thirst response, does exposure to sunlight also produce this effect in 5 or 10 minutes?  Lastly, I would expect it to take longer than 5 or 10 minutes for any vitamin D consumed to actually get into your blood stream.\n\nSo....if I haven't confused you by now, I guess the best answer I can offer is.... "that's a good question!"\n\nBest wishes and good luck!
204825
Liver:The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body\nFunction:It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including glycogen storage, plasma protein synthesis, and drug detoxification.\nIt also produces bile,\nGall bladder:A part of Digestive system\n\nSpleen:Lymphatic system\nFunction:The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is not necessary for life but is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells.\n\nPancreas:A part of Digestive system and Endocrine system.\n\nPericardium:The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart \n\nCardiac valve:circulatory system\n\npyloric valve:Digestive system\nAt the end of pyloric stomach is presnt a strong circular muscle band,called pyloric valve
389554
You should do your homework on your own,,, Besides, I sat here for a few minutes and I could not figure it out.\n\ncirrhosis (of the liver)
614794
If you get an excersize ball it works great to stretch on,  or theres a back press at the gym I use for mine, it strengthens my back and I havent had any pain in awhile.  I have bulging disks.  Also theres this stuff by Melaleuca, its called pain a trate it works great and its all natural.  Doesnt really smell horrible like Icy hot either.  Medicine is bad on your liver, but i've heard alternating tylenol and motrin to be effective.
657097
Basic question on structure and function.  Blood test can tell you how your liver is functioning or if there is any damage occuring. Tests included SGOT, SGPT, Alk Phos, bilirubin, PT, PTT, INR, NH3.  Again this is a test of how you liver is functioning.  If there is a disturbance of function, then the question is what is causing the disturbance.  Can the disturbance be caused by something structural like a stone, a mass, or abcess etc.  This is where a CT scan can be useful.  CT scan will look at the structure of the liver and can detect structural abnormalities that may be causing the liver blood test abnormalities.\n\nRemember that in medicine  we sometimes need more then one test to fully evaluate an organ.  And again to evaluate and organ we look at function of the organ and then structure of it.  For the lungs - Chest Xray and Pulmonary Function Test.  For Kidneys - blood and urine test and CT or U/S. For heart - stress test, ekg, echo. etc
206496
Amino acids are organic molecules with amino groups (-NH2) and acidic groups (-COOH).  When the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid reacts with the acidic group (-COOH) of another, the bond is called a "peptide" bond (IIRC.)\n\nIf you link a small number of amino acids in this way, the product is often just called a "peptide".  The better term is "oligopeptide", as "oligo" comes from Greek, meaning "few".\n\nReally long peptides are called polypeptides or proteins.  ("poly" comes from Greek, too, meaning "many")\n\nSome proteins have different polypeptides that stick together, held by weaker forces such as electrostatic attraction.\n\nDoes that help?
653113
Hepatitis is a fancy way of saying inflammation of the liver.  There are many different reasons that can cause hepatitis.  Virus, massive blood infections, medications, alcohol, auto-immune disorders are some general causes of hepatitis. \n\nHepatitis C virus and alcohol both can cause inflammation of the liver.  Hepatitis C can be easily tested by blood work and if you have abnormal liver function test and Hepatitis C, it could be causing the hepatitis.  If you test negative for Hepatitis C and you drink alot of alcohol, then the alcohol may be causing it.  Now if you drink heavily/frequently and also have Hepatitis C it may be hard to figure which one is doing more damage.  In the last case senerio,  the important thing to rememeber is that both the alcohol and hepatitis C could be causing liver inflammation and ultimately you could develop liver cirrhosis (liver is so damaged and scarred from chronic inflammation) faster than if you have only had one causative factor.\n\nUnlike what people above said, alcohol does cause hepatitis and it is common.  Chronic hepatitis can ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis.
442592
The article in the Journal Medicine Today encouraged a gradual reduction in weight which has been shown to improve liver function and reverse liver damage. However the authors warn against very rapid weight loss from fad diets or radical surgery which may have a negative impact upon the progression of liver injury. Also, dont go Veg, when your body is healing it is crucial to get complete protiens (most of which come from animal sources). Just remember to keep animal products at a minimum and cholesterol low (that wont help the liver). As far as the kidneys....you can get cranberry extract at any drug store (pill or tincter form) pop one of those a day with plenty of water.
139240
Are you looking at any protein in particular?  Look up in situ hybrdization for proteins ( at least it will give you an idea where it is localised).  I think that it would really depend on the system ad proteins that you want to study, so I am not sure how much else I can tell you, sorry.
173717
Well, there really isn't one answer to this. You have to think about the function of your enzyme and why it might or might not need multiple substrate/pH combinations.\n\nBear in mind that organisms often have different responses as a result of different stresses. Your enzyme could very well be sensing pH and using that to select a particular cell signalling pathway to deal with a particular stress. \n\nWork it out and you should have a nice paper.
261939
Answer is B.\n\nPart A is half true, half false.  The shape *and* function are affected by the sequence.\nParts B and D go together.  The HYDROPHILIC molecules -- usually translated as "water-loving" -- will remain outside while the HYDROPHOBIC molecules (these fats/lipids are "water-fearing") will remain inside.  The shape of the protein is formed in part by this association and disassociation with water.\nPart C is incorrect.  The linking of amino acids is part of the same amine-alkyl-carboxylic acid backbone.  There is no molecule separating each amino acid.\n\nHope this helps!
10396
Each cell in the human body contains thousands of different proteins, the most abundant and diverse class of biomolecules. Proteins are, in fact, present in the cells of all living organisms, though each different species contains a slight to major variation in the number and type of the biomolecules so that there are literally millions of different proteins that exist in the biological world. Proteins play a major role both in cellular structure and function, some being involved in such activities as transport, catalysis, storage, contraction, and protection, while others form critical parts of the cytoskeleton. The types of protein differ from cell to cell, but all have the same basic structure with respect to the constituent amino acids that make up the backbone. Most proteins are biological macromolecules that range in molecular weight from about 6,000 to several million Daltons. They are all polymers that are composed of covalently linked amino acids. The number, chemical nature, and sequential order of amino acids in a protein chain determine the distinctive structure and characteristic chemical behavior of each protein.\n\nAs for order of quantities:\n ~25% of the proteins found in the body are classified as collagens. Followed by keratins, the muscle proteins actin and myosin then hemoglobin.
272047
Many, many functions:\n\nThe liver produces and excretes bile required for food digestion. \n\nThe liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: \nGluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol) \nGlycogenolysis (the formation of glucose from glycogen) \nGlycogenesis (the formation of glycogen from glucose) \nThe breakdown of insulin and other hormones \n\nThe liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism. \n\nThe liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism: \nCholesterol synthesis \nThe production of triglycerides (fats). \nThe liver produces coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, and XI, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. \n\nThe liver breaks down hemoglobin, creating metabolites that are added to bile as pigment. \n\nThe liver breaks down toxic substances and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. \n\nThe liver converts ammonia to urea. \n\nThe liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose in the form of glycogen, vitamin B12, iron, and copper.
415850
It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including glycogen storage, plasma protein synthesis, and drug detoxification. \n\nThe various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes.\n\nThe liver produces and excretes bile required for dissolving fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. \nThe liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: \nGluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol) \nGlycogenolysis (the formation of glucose from glycogen) (muscle tissues can also do this) \nGlycogenesis (the formation of glycogen from glucose) \nThe breakdown of insulin and other hormones \nThe liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism. \nThe liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism: \nCholesterol synthesis \nThe production of triglycerides (fats). \nThe liver produces coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, X and XI, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. \nThe liver breaks down hemoglobin, creating metabolites that are added to bile as pigment. \nThe liver breaks down toxic substances and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. \nThe liver converts ammonia to urea. \nThe liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose in the form of glycogen, vitamin B12, iron, and copper. \nIn the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task. \nThe liver is responsible for immunological effects- the reticuloendothelial system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the portal system. \n\nHope this helps you...\nYou can also check this link if you want to know more:\nhttp://janis7hepc.com/Your%20Liver%20Functions.htm
322566
I don't really know anything about it...but these guys do:\n\nBrown, et al. (2004) "Molecular mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid production." _Neuroscience_ 129(4): 957-970.\n\nIt's a review of current (as of two years ago) models of active secretion of CSF.  Taking for granted that production of CSF *is* under active control, there is also probably some degree of passive filtration--even if it is only a very minor contributor.  The choroid plexus epithelium is connected by tight junctions that are supposed to establish an impermeable barrier, but these things are never perfect....\n\nSee, for example, the effects of stress on the blood-brain barrier:\n\nFriedman, et al. (1996) "Pyridostigmine brain penetration under stress enhances neuronal excitability and induces early immediate transcriptional response." _Nature Medicine_ 2(12): 1382-1385.\n\nI don't know if "NeuroProf" or "juicebox" have seen your question.  They might be able to offer more/better insight....\n\nAs to the responder who apparently has a bone to pick with the medical establishment...this is a site for people to ask questions and get whatever answers they can.  That is what Andreji did.  Useless answers--whether they be endless pages mindlessly cut-and-pasted from Wikipedia, or personal insults--are not appreciated.
141848
There are natural herbal supplements out ther that will help with mood stings and emotions. Vitex is the best one that I know of. I use it!