Whats the difference between a plasmid and chromosomal DNA in a cell?
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Plasmid DNA is in bacteria...they're in the shape of these circles called plasmids.\n\nChromosomal DNA is in other living creatures, and it's in the shape of chromosomes.
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Two words: Deoxyribonucleic and Acid.
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Plasmid vectors are small circular molecules of double stranded DNA derived from natural plasmids that occur in bacterial cells. A piece of DNA can be inserted into a plasmid if both the circular plasmid and the source of DNA have recognition sites for the same restriction endonuclease.\n\nThe plasmid and the foreign DNA are cut by this restriction endonuclease (EcoRI in this example) producing intermediates with sticky and complementary ends. Those two intermediates recombine by base-pairing and are linked by the action of DNA ligase. A new plasmid containing the foreign DNA as an insert is obtained. A few mismatches occur, producing an undesirable recombinant.\n\nhttp://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/inserting.html
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Each chromosome within our body (except the chromosomes within cells that develop into sperm or eggs) is created by making a copy of a previously existing chromosome. This occurs during the process called mitosis, during which cells divide for growth or repair. Before each division, the cell makes an identical copy of each chromosome and during mitosis, each of the two new cells receives a complete set of 46 chromosomes.\n\nEach new cell has the same set of chromosomes and the same genetic information as the "parent" cell. This explains why almost every cell in your body has the same genetic information.\n\nA slightly different process takes place during the production of egg and sperm cells. When an egg and a sperm unite at fertilization, their nuclei unite to form the nucleus of a human zygote. If the sperm and egg carried 46 chromosomes, like the rest of the body's cells, then the zygote would have 92, which would be incompatible with life. \n\n\nTo prevent this, a special type of cell division, called meiosis, takes place. \n\nThe process of meiosis begins with a single cell containing 46 chromosomes and results in four reproductive cells (sperm or eggs), each of which carries 23 chromosomes. An important feature of these four cells is that the combination of genes they carry on their 23 chromosomes is a unique mix of the genes present in the original single cell. \nYou resemble your parents because half of the instructions — genes — for making you came from your father and half from your mother. Similarly, your brother or sister also received half of their genetic instructions from each parent, but the set they received is somewhat different from the set you received. That's why they may resemble you, but they are not identical to you. Identical twins receive exactly the same combination of genes and chromosomes.
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One of the most obvious differences between the DNA of different species is the number of chromosomes.  If you have intact cells, you can do a DNA smash and stain and see how many chromosomes there are - for example dogs have 78 chromosomes, while humans have only 46.   Molecularly, there is no difference, besides a few genes which differ in sequence.
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The function of DNA is to code for proteins, and as a store of information that can be easily and meticulously reproduced.\n\nDNA is found in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, and in plasmids/free in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes.\n\nDNA has 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine\n\nthey bond through hydrogen bonds
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You're trying to say you have a synthetic chromosome. I would check all the experiments for contamination, and check the cells for endogenous expression before jumping to that conclusion. There are a lot of hurdles to leap, as mentioned in the other posts.
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eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells and have an internal membrane. These cells are found in just about everything except bacteria.\n\nMeiosis is the division of gametes or egg and sperm cells. and has 2 phases. like prophase 1 and prophase 2. but mitosis is the division of somatic cells, or anything but a gamete. Mitosis only has one phase of each phase\n\nIn a summary, the division processes include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. \n\nProtein is used to determine characteristics. it is coded with amino acids. Certain patterns of amino acids code for different proteins. \n\nDNA is composed of nucleotides(these are the monomers or building blocks of DNA) nucleotides are made of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base. DNA is a double sided helix and is twisted. It is twisted because on each side of a DNA strand the Phosphate and sugars give a 5'(five prime, form a phosphate) or a 3'( from the sugar) these patterns are opposite from each other when on opposite sides of the strand.
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A virus needs to be able to enter the cell in some form or fashion. An e.coil phage will inject its genetic material into the bacterial cell. For animal viruses, many times the virus will fuse with the host cell and enter that way. Once a virus; more importantly the viral DNA is inside the cell, replication is achieved when the viral DNA can be replicated using the host cells organelles. Inside the cell it is a race for the Viral DNA to be replicated before the cells defenses realize there is material in the cell that doesn't belong. Once the viral DNA is replicated, that DNA is taken to the ribosomes where viral proteins are made, and those proteins will eventually be put together to make a new virus.
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OK, this can be pretty complicated, but basically, what researchers do is that they take genes that code for insulin production in the human body and insert them into a plasmid. a plasmid is a piece of DNA that will be inserted into bacteria (or sometiimes viruses) but will remain independent from the bacteria's own genetic code. when the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, the bacteria start producing insulin because they now have the gene for it. because bacteria have no use for insulin, they secrete it off as waste product, and this is collected and used for the benefit of humanity.
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DNA \n\nThe molecule that carries genetic information in all living systems (see genetic code). The DNA molecule is formed in the shape of a double helix from a great number of smaller molecules (see nucleotides). The workings of the DNA molecule provide the most fundamental explanation of the laws of genetics.\n\nDNA acts in three important way. First, when a cell divides, the DNA uncoils, and each strand creates a new partner from the surrounding material — a process called replication. The two cells that result from the cell division have the same DNA as the original (see mitosis). Second, in sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one of the two strands in the DNA of the offspring. Third, inside the cell, the DNA governs the production of proteins and other molecules essential to cell function. \n\n\nmedical:\n\nDeoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted together into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine; it carries the cell's genetic information and hereditary characteristics via its nucleotides and their sequence and is capable of self-replication and RNA synthesis.
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I gave a lecture on this recently and have had first hand experience with this technology in a lab, so let me give you a brief and easy summary to take with you about this topic about Recombinant DNA Technology:\n\nIn order to clone you need 2 things: Bacterial DNA (the circular form called a "plasmid"), and the DNA you want to clone (be it human, mouse, plant, other species etc)\n\nThen you will need to cut the Bacterial DNA with enzymes called "endonucleases" that work like scissors. (So imagine a circle and I take a pair of scissors and cut the circle at some point in it, b/c I want to insert the foreign DNA (non native DNA) where I had cut.) I will have to do the same with the foreign DNA and have endonucleases cut OUT the particular piece i want cloned. \n\nThen we can put the two pieces together, the cut circular plasmid DNA from the bacteria, and the CUT out piece of foreign DNA. \n\nWhen we put the two pieces together it is called "ligation", and it is done as a reaction in a tube with enzymes inside that "glue" the "sticky ends" of the bacteria DNA to the foreign DNA. \n\nAfter the reaction normally done in a 16 deg. Celsius water bath, we now will have "circular" plasmids with our Foreign DNA inserted into the bacterial DNA (the circle DNA)\n\nThen we would re-insert this DNA back into the bacterial host (that the circle DNA first came out of) in a process called "transformation", this is where the broth from the water bath we just discussed is grown in a growth medium at 37 deg. celsius so that the bacteria can grow and produce MORE of those circle plasmids with our foreign DNA inserted into it. \n\nThen we would "plate" these onto agar plates, and let them grow in incubators at 37 deg. Celsius over night until we get small colonies of bacteria on the plate. \n\nEach "mound" of bacteria (small like white dots on the plate) contains millions of copies of our gene (inserted in the circular plasmid DNA of the bacteria). \n\nNow we can take these small colonies, and harvest them further, by putting them in large Erlenmeyer flasks to be grown in the same "growth broth" over night on a shaker for 37 deg. celsius. \n\nAfter of which we can harvest, and purify that culture so that only the circular plasmids remain (this is a long and convuluted process so we won't go into it in detail here), and from there you can store those in a 4 deg. Celsius fridge and keep it in stock for further research purposes. \n\nHope that helps!
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The lipid parts have a cation binding site to bind with the negative charges of the DNA.  The final complex is called a liposome.  \n\nIt then carries the DNA into cell and into the nucleus.  You still have to use a bunch of reagents in the process.  This is just from my research background.  The specifics are long.  You can email me for them
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\n\nIn complex cells (eukaryotes), such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes (the eubacteria and archaea), DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is important because it is the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. These traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the DNA in mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA) only comes from the mother, and the male "Y" chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nIt looks like an helix.
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DNA=Deoxy Ribon Nucleic Acid.\n\nits the material in a nuclei i n a nucleus, in acell that stores the cells information.\n\n~LG23~
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Chromosomes are what you see under a microscope when they are in a condensed state and preparing to divide.\n\nChromatid is either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome.\n\nChromatin is complex of nucleic acids and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
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One good one:\n\nDNA replication is much more resistant to errors ... so DNA molecules can be *much* longer than RNA and still survive replication.  This supports the stable propagation of a much larger number of genes (tens of thousands of genes) from generation to generation without degradation.