Scholars do not know how Arabic numerals originated." \nnumerals symbols is science, numbers system is technology\nand knowledge of zero is philosophy.
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Many of these, such as the concept of zero, came through Persia, and may have originated either in the Indus Valley civilization or in China.
2011
Numerology \nThe Hidden Meaning of Numbers\n \nWhat, exactly, is numerology? Some experts describe it as the place where mysticism meets mathematics. Others call it "metaphysical arithmatic." But, in fact, numerology is simply the study of numbers and their symbolic meanings. Numerologists believe that every number (and every letter, too) has special significance. The most significant numbers are associated with the birth date and the letters of a person's name (which are easily converted to numbers). Learning to interpret this language of numbers can reveal basic personality patterns and hidden talents. It can enhance the quality of life and lead to better decision-making skills.\n\nThe analytical system known as numerology is between three thousand and five thousand years old. Ancient civilzations such as the Chaldeans, the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the Mayans, the Chinese, and the Greeks strongly believed in the power of numbers, and each culture developed a system to interpret the significance of numbers and apply it to daily life.\n\nThe numerology system primarily used today was originally established by Pythagoras of Samos, a Greek philosopher born circa 580 B. C. Pythagoras, known in history as the Father of Mathematics, traveled widely in his quest to uncover the secrets of numbers and their relationship to universal truths. Pythagoras is said to have built his very complex philosophy on a simple premise: "Everything is [a] number, and to know numbers is to know thyself."\n\nNumerology also is closely tied with and plays an important part in the Tarot, the Major Arcana especially. The Major Arcana is numbered from 0 to 21 with each number corresponding to the meaning of the card. The Birthday Number section of this page gives descriptions of the meaning of the numbers 1-31. The meanings of the numbers 1-21 are the same as the meanings of the corresponding cards of the Major Arcana.\n\nYou have many personal numbers in Numerology, just as you have many personal signs in Astrology. These numbers are your Life Path number, Character number, Heart's Desire number, Image number, Power number, and Birthday number. There is also a general Daily Vibration number which depends on the day and is therefore the same for everyone. \n\nYou have to give your bday dude... and btw its been 3 months already...
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0 as a number\n\n0 is the integer that precedes the positive 1, and follows −1. Zero first appeared as a number in Brahmagupta's work dated to 628. Prior to that Babylonians used a space marker that played one of the functions of zero. Babylonians did not have a special symbol for zero. In most (if not all) numerical systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' was accepted.\n\nZero is an integer which quantifies a count or an amount of null size; that is, if the number of your brothers is zero, that means the same thing as having no brothers, and if something has a weight of zero, it has no weight. If the difference between the number of pieces in two piles is zero, it means the two piles have an equal number of pieces. Before counting starts, the result can be assumed to be zero; that is the number of items counted before you count the first item and counting the first item brings the result to one. And if there are no items to be counted, zero remains the final result.\n\nWhile mathematicians all accept zero as a number, some others would say that zero is not a number, arguing one cannot have zero of something. Others hold that if you have zero dollars in your bank account, you have a specific quantity of money in your account, namely none. It is that latter view which is accepted by mathematicians and most others.\n\nAlmost all historians omit the year zero from the proleptic Gregorian and Julian calendars, but astronomers include it in these same calendars. However, the phrase Year Zero may be used to describe any event considered so significant that it virtually starts a new time reckoning.\n\n\n\n0 as a numeral\n\nThe modern numeral 0 is normally written as a circle or (rounded) rectangle.\n\nOn the seven-segment displays of calculators, watches, etc., 0 is usually written with six line segments, though on some historical calculator models it was written with four line segments. This variant glyph has not caught on.\n\nEarly Europeans hesitated to consider zero as a numeral or number. Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci says the following in 1202 AD when the Indian number system arrived in Europe.\n\n"After my father's appointment by his homeland as state official in the customs house of Bugia for the Pisan merchants who thronged to it, he took charge; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience, had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days. \nThere, following my introduction, as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art, to the nine digits of the Hindus, the knowledge of the art very much appealed to me before all others, and for it I realized that all its aspects were studied in Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily, and Provence, with their varying methods; and at these places thereafter, while on business.\n\nI pursued my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation. But all this even, and the algorism, as well as the art of Pythagoras, I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the Hindus. (Modus Indorum). Therefore, embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus, and taking stricter pains in its study, while adding certain things from my own understanding and inserting also certain things from the niceties of Euclid's geometric art. I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could, dividing it into fifteen chapters.\n\nAlmost everything which I have introduced I have displayed with exact proof, in order that those further seeking this knowledge, with its pre-eminent method, might be instructed, and further, in order that the Latin people might not be discovered to be without it, as they have been up to now. If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary, I beg indulgence, since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things."\n\nLeonardo of Pisa \nHere Leonardo
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The number system is a rule. No one can write or invent all the numbers, someone invented the rule, and that is why there are never ending.
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None, Zero was invented by Indian Mathematician Aryabhata and later Brahmagupta developed its concept
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Base 1 is referred to as unary, and is the trivial base. It is basically the same as counting objects using scratches and was probably the first numerical base to be used. See the source for more information.\nNote that it is a degenerate base; since every power of 1 is 1, there are no fractions; it can (strictly) only be used to represent natural numbers.
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The modular (and clock) arithmetic answers are correct, but I think they miss the point a bit, since in any modular arithmetic you still have 2+2 = 4 mod n. Let's suppose we are using the natural numbers with the usual addition.\n\nThe recurring decimal answers are just stupid, 1 = 0.9999... recurring (as shown in fact by the first answer here), so all of these answers are either irrelevant or wrong.\n\nThe '2' is just a symbol arguments possibly have some merit, but you should be careful. In Indianna in 1872 (or thereabouts) it was ruled by State legislature, that the value of pi is 4. Obviously this creates problems, if you go to Indianna you won't find many buildings that were designed in 1872. (Their mistake of course was that they didn't alter the representation of all the other numbers they where using accordingly).\n\nI'm not really a logician so I don't know the answer to this off the top of my head, I'm pretty sure that we don't have a satisfying answer here (sorry if we have but I missed it). \n\nPerhaps a good place to start looking for a serious discussion on this kind of topic would be to understand what a Peano system is (wiki it, I'm not explaining that here, 'tis an axiomatic description of the natural numbers). I've also heard that Bertrand Russell gave a proof that 1+1 =2 in Principa Mathematica, although I haven't read that and I don't know precisely where you can find it.
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That's an interesting question. But the answer may seem a bit weird at first. I suggest you read the answer carefully.\n\nThe world has invented the number system. \nIn olden days, the arabians and egyptians used numbers from 1 to 9. But the theory of negative numbers came only after a brilliant Indian Mathematician ARYABHATTA devised the number zero as the king of all numbers. Zero is undoutedly the most important and the backbone of maths and the number system.\nThe number system was extended on both sides of zero around the 1800s to 1900s to form nearly more than 100 numbers on each side. With time, the number system has advanced and now we know that its limitless.\nEverything that is made around us has many helping hands. Always remember that my friend. Keeping asking such provoking questions. They will shape you into a good character.
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7 will be after five\nand eight will be after six.\n\nReason: The upper numbers in 'numerals' contains straight lines, the lower one contains curves.\nWell...
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I think the contributions thus far have hit upon the reason, but I'm not sure it is all tied together.\n\nChoosing any two-digit number and subtracting its separate digits will yield 81 for any two-digit number that starts with 9, 72 for a choice of 8x (8x = 89, 88, 87, 86, to 80), 63 for a choice of 7x, and so on.\n\n9*9 = 81\n8*9 = 72\n7*9 = 63\n6*9 = 54\netc\n\nIf you look at the corresponding numbers for ALL of these choices you will see the same symbol! So no matter where you start you will always get this answer.\n\nAlso, the symbols change every few refreshes of the page. So when you "Try Again?" you will get a fresh symbol. If you look at them closely you will see this happen as you go back and play again and again.\n\nThis is a very slick game, and even tho I know how it works, I still think it's way kewl.\n\nlol
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The first known use of numbers dates back to around 30000 BC when tally marks were used by stone age peoples. The earliest known example is from a cave in Southern Africa.This system had no concept of base, which limited its representation of large numbers. The first known system with a base was the Mesopotamian base 60 system (ca. 3400 BC) and the earliest known base 10 system dates to 3100 BC in Egypt.
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They are simply based around counting on your fingers; fives and tens and are designed to be carved on monuments and so are mostly built of straight lines.\nThe problem with them is when you have something on the left of a number that you need to deduct, as with nine, for example.\nThat can be written as 5+1+1+1+1 (VIIII) or more economically as 10 minus one. Except the one comes BEFORE the ten: IX . That rule applies throughout, so IV is 4, XIV is 14, XIX is 19, XXXIV is 34 etc. \n\nOne tip a teacher gave me was to think of ten (X) as five (V) on top of another upside-down five. Works better if demonstrated with your hands!\nTo count to a hundred you will need the standard 1, 5 and 10 symbols; I, V and X, as well as L which is fifty (50) and C which is 100. So, IL is 49 and IC is 99.\n\nIt's really quite logical and you don't need to memorize much.
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I think It has something to do with the Significance of the the number twelve to romans. \n12 months\n12 titans\n12 apostles\nso the numbers 1- 12 are unique sounding although we use a base 10 arabic system for the numerals\nthirteen and fifteen are simply changed for ease of use, but they do use the 'teen' system. \nI think they are changed because the 'e' sound in three is too similar to the 't' in teen, and the transition from 'v' to t in fiveteen would be foriegn sounding. \nLike why we pronounce the suffix -ed differently for words ending with different sounds. Eg. worked, stopped, 'ed' is pronounced 't'. milled,jelled 'ed' is pronounced 'd' and sometimed 'ed' is pronounce 'ed' shredded, etc. \n\nSo the numbers up to twelve are unique, but only in roman based counting systems.\n\nJessom made a good point though.\nWhy don't the teens follow other number conventions like twenty, thirty, forty,
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I The easiest way to note down a number is to make that many marks - little I's. Thus I means 1, II means 2, III means 3. However, four strokes seemed like too many.... \nV So the Romans moved on to the symbol for 5 - V. Placing I in front of the V — or placing any smaller number in front of any larger number — indicates subtraction. So IV means 4. After V comes a series of additions - VI means 6, VII means 7, VIII means 8.  \nX X means 10. But wait — what about 9? Same deal. IX means to subtract I from X, leaving 9. Numbers in the teens, twenties and thirties follow the same form as the first set, only with X's indicating the number of tens. So XXXI is 31, and XXIV is 24. \nL L means 50. Based on what you've learned, I bet you can figure out what 40 is. If you guessed XL, you're right = 10 subtracted from 50. And thus 60, 70, and 80 are LX, LXX and LXXX. \nC C stands for centum, the Latin word for 100. A centurion led 100 men. We still use this in words like "century" and "cent." The subtraction rule means 90 is written as XC. Like the X's and L's, the C's are tacked on to the beginning of numbers to indicate how many hundreds there are: CCCLXIX is 369. \nD D stands for 500. As you can probably guess by this time, CD means 400. So CDXLVIII is 448. (See why we switched systems?) \nM M is 1,000. You see a lot of Ms because Roman numerals are used a lot to indicate dates. For instance, this page was written in the year of Nova Roma's founding, 1998 CE (Common Era; Christians use AD for Anno Domini, "year of our Lord"). That year is written as MCMXCVIII. But wait! Nova Roma counts years from the founding of Rome, ab urbe condita. By that reckoning Nova Roma was founded in 2751 a.u.c. or MMDCCLI. \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n! --!>  \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nV\n \n Larger numbers were indicated by putting a horizontal line over them, which meant to multiply the number by 1,000. Hence the V at left has a line over the top, which means 5,000. This usage is no longer current, because the largest numbers usually expressed in the Roman system are dates, as discussed above.
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Working backwards from your conclusion, but following your logic, you have not joined 2 ones with 2 ones, but rather joined 2 tens with 2 ones.  However you have used the same symbol to represent both the 2 tens and the 2 ones, which is the flaw in your logic.\n\nIn mathematics means adding, not merely joining together, and the column placement of the inputs and the results cannot be disregarded.
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The Order of Operations rules as we know them could not have existed \nbefore algebraic notation existed; but I strongly suspect that they \nexisted in some form from the beginning - in the grammar of how people \ntalked about arithmetic when they had only words, and not symbols, to \ndescribe operations. It would be interesting to study that grammar in \nGreek and Latin writings and see how clearly it can be detected.\n\nAt the other end, I think that computers have influenced the subject, \nso that it is taught more rigidly now than it used to be, since \nprogramming languages have had to define how every expression is to be \ninterpreted. Before then, it was more acceptable to simply recognize \nsome forms, like x/yz, as ambiguous and ignore them - something I \nthink we should do more often today, considering some of the questions \nwe get on such issues.\n\nI spent some time researching this question, because it is asked \nfrequently, but I have not found a definitive answer yet. We can't say \nany one person invented the rules, and in some respects they have \ngrown gradually over several centuries and are still evolving.\n\nHere are my conclusions, perhaps in more detail than you want:\n\n1. The basic rule (that multiplication has precedence over addition) \nappears to have arisen naturally and without much disagreement as \nalgebraic notation was being developed in the 1600s and the need for \nsuch conventions arose. Even though there were numerous competing \nsystems of symbols, forcing each author to state his conventions at \nthe start of a book, they seem not to have had to say much in this \narea. This is probably because the distributive property implies a \nnatural hierarchy in which multiplication is more powerful than \naddition, and makes it desirable to be able to write polynomials with \nas few parentheses as possible; without our order of operations, we \nwould have to write\n\n     ax^2 + bx + c\nas\n     (a(x^2)) + (bx) + c\n\nIt may also be that the concept existed before the symbolism, perhaps \njust reflecting the natural structure of problems such as the \nquadratic.\n\nYou can see an example of early notation in "Earliest Uses of Grouping \nSymbols" at:\n\n   http://members.aol.com/jeff570/grouping.html   \n\nwhere the use of a vinculum (an early version of parentheses) shows, \nboth in its presence (around an additive expression) and its absence \n(around the multiplicative term "B in D") that the rules were \nimplicitly followed:\n                                                 ________________\n   In Van Schooten's 1646 edition of Vieta, B in D quad. + B in D\n   is used to represent B(D^2 + BD). \n\n2. There were some exceptions early in this development; in \nparticular, math historian Florian Cajori quotes many writers for \nwhom, in the special case of a factorial-like expression such as\n\n     n(n-1)(n-2)\n\nthe multiplication sign seems to have had some of the effect of an \naggregation symbol; they would write\n\n     n * n - 1 * n - 2\n\n(using a dot or cross where I have the asterisks) to express this. Yet \nCajori points out that this was an exception to a rule already \nestablished, by which "nn-1n-2" would be taken as the quadratic \n"n^2 - n - 2." \n\nThere was also an early notation in which a multiplication would be \nreplaced by a comma to indicate aggregation: \n\n     n, n - 1 \n\nwould mean\n     \n     n (n - 1) \n\nwhereas \n     \n     nn-1 \n\nmeant\n\n     n^2 - 1.\n\n3. Some of the specific rules were not yet established in Cajori's own \ntime (the 1920s). He points out that there was disagreement as to \nwhether multiplication should have precedence over division, or \nwhether they should be treated equally. The general rule was that \nparentheses should be used to clarify one's meaning - which is still \na very good rule. I have not yet found any twentieth-century \ndeclarations that resolved these issues, so I d
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The answer of all of your questions are very simple! Actually, the answer is 'ba' the second letter in arabic after 'alif' because it must all begin with the 'ba' \n'bismillahirrahmanirrahim' begins with 'ba' \nhehe.. you wont understand if you never put together your hands like you are holding water in your hand. \nwhat will you see? \nyou will see one of the simplest sign that god gave to you so you will remember your purpose to live in this world. \nwhy do you think we dont have 7 or 9 fingers in one hand? because if it is more than 5, you will not see the word Allah in arabic spelled by your fingers. Put your right hand on the table and see carefully, your thumb is 'Ha' your pinky is 'alif' and others are 'lam' which spell 'alif' 'lam' lam' 'ha' which is Allah~ start from the pinky. and if you put your palm together, there are number of name for Allah! there are 99 of them, dont ask me what is it, i dont remember it all, where is the number? \non your left palm, there are like upside down 'v' letter rite? and then there are line looks like '1' rite? on the other palm, is another upside down V and ! \nin arabic, these are 81 and 18! plus them! we got 99! this is not coincidence at all. Allah created everything with reasons and the reasons are unknown to us because we are not God!