Evaluate the following statement.The term transcription is appropriate for describing the production of RNA, and the term translation is appropriate for describing the synthesis of proteins
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Yes.  DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins.  \n\nI always kept that straight by thinking of transcription as like taking notes when someone is talking (same language) and translation as translating those notes into another language.  Going from DNA to RNA you're going to use the same building blocks (bases - purines and pyrimidines)or the same "language", but going from RNA to proteins requires going from one building block to another (bases to amino acids), or a different language.
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1)there are 5 to 9 nucleotides on 5' mRNA named Shine Delgarno which are the match for 16SrRNA on 3' in the small subunit of ribosome.so 16SRNA conduct ribosome to AUG by binding to shine....and helps to initiate the protein synthesis.\n\n2)there are special sites on 16SrRNA which have a direct reaction with antisense on tRNA\n\n3)it binds to IF3(initiation factor3)
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From Gene to Protein\nScientists that worked on Protein Synthesis:\n1. Archibald Garrod: First proposed the relationship between genes and proteins.\n2. George Beadle and Edward Tatum: working with Neurospora , formulated the one-gene-one-protein hypothesis. This was later changed to one-gene-one-polypeptide. Since some proteins are produced from more than one gene.\n\nThe Problem: Since there are 20 different amino acids; and these amino acids are used to make proteins, how does the information get from the DNA to the final protein product? In a DNA molecule the only variable part is the 4 different bases. How can 4 bases, or combinations there of , code for the 20 different amino acids?\n\n1. If 1 base coded for 1 amino acid = 41 (4) amino acids coded for.\n\n2. If 2 bases coded for 1 amino acid = 42 (16) amino acids coded for.\n\n3. If 3 bases coded for 1 amino acid = 43 ( 64) amino acids coded for.\n\nNotice the large gap between 2 and 3. It was concluded that each coding part of DNA (codon) consisted of 3 bases. Since 64 is larger than the 20 amino acids, it stands to reason that some amino acids are coded for by different codons. Why is this important?\n\nTranscription: DNA is too large to leave the nucleus. If the program it contains must leave the nucleus, an intermediate must be produced. This intermediate is called m-RNA. m-RNA is formed in the following way, RNA polymerase binds to, a region of the DNA called, the promoter. Here is found the start codon TAC which codes for the amino acid methionine. Once this has been established the m-RNA sequence is produced growing from the 5' - 3' region. This occurs at the rate of 60 nucleotides / sec. The terminator sequence will keep the process from going on indefinitely. The eukaryotic m-RNA must be modified before going to the ribosome, while the prokaryotic does not.\n\nTranslation: t-RNA : a specialized form of RNA used to carry a specific amino acid to the ribosome and place it in the proper position. t-RNA contains 80 nucleotides in the form of a clover leaf. The t-RNA must attach the correct amino acid to itself. The process is as follows:\n\n1. The specific amino acid reacts with a specific enzyme and ATP to release 2 P and combine the AMP and the amino acid.\n\n2. The t-RNA will replace the AMP and bond with the amino acid.\n\nRibosomes: Before translation ribosomes consist of 2 separate sub-units. As translation proceeds the ribosome parts come together to allow protein synthesis to begin.\n\nThere are 3 steps to protein synthesis:\n\n1. Initiation: m-RNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome. There is 1 binding site for the m-RNA, and 2 binding sites for the t-RNA. The P site holds for the t-RNA carrying the growing polypeptide and the A site for the t-RNA carrying the next amino acid. AUG ( start codon ) is in place and the appropriate t-RNA delivers the amino acid Methionine. The large sub unit then joins and creates a functional ribosome.\n\n2. Elongation: The chain moves from the 5' - 3' direction caused by the use of GTP and several protein-enzyme complexes. As the polypeptide chain is produced the t-RNA move from site A to site P, and then are released into the cytoplasm. The polypeptide chain continues to grow, and is held to the ribosome by the t-RNA at the P site.\n\n3. Termination: The termination codons: UAA,UAG, and UGA stop the process by adding water to the end of the chain instead of an amino acid. In order for the protein to become functional, it must be folded into its appropriate shape,and/ or have some amino acids removed, and/or have some of the polypeptides modified by adding sugars or phosphate groups to them.\n\nThe Wobble Phenomenon: There are only 40 different types of t-RNA and 64 codons. This means that some of the t-RNA can pair up with several different codons. This can occur because the third base of a t-RNA molecule can form a hydrogen bond with more than one kind of base. U in the third position can bond with A
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codons  are molecules  that are part of messenger  rna  that represent a part of a protein to be synthesized.\nthe anticodon is part of the ribosome  that fits with the codon like 2 pieces of a jigsaw puzzle would fit and it will result in the attachement of a particular amino acid\nthus fro attaching different amino acid sequences different proeins are made for different dna sequences.
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My answer may not be right. I am still a student. If I've gone wrong anywhere, feel free to correct me.\n\nDNA   :  ATA   CGG   TAT   ATG   TTT  TGA   CGC\nDNA   :  TAT   GCC   ATA   TAC   AAA   ACT  GCG\nmRNA:  AUA   CGG  UAU   AUG  UUU   UGA  CGC (assuming the second row of DNA is the template for mRNA synthesis.)\ntRNA   : UAU   GCC  AUA   UAC   AAA   ACU  GCG\n  \nIndividually, this is what each tRNA will bring to the ribosome: Iso Leusine, Arginine, Tyrosine, Methionine or start codon, Phenyl alanine, stop codon, Arginine. \n\nBut you alwayz need a start codon to begin transcribing. Therefore the first three amino acids may not b produced (ie. if transcription hasn't started b4 this sequence). It will start with methionine and stop after phenyl alanine. So the last arginine will probably not be produced either. \n\nAnd the last question.. I dont see any glutamate or valine being coded for here. So I'm assuming I went wrong somwhere.. or I did not understand the question. Sorry, thats the best I can do.
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1.it will be more\n\n2.it will be same\n\n3.it helps in respiration and transpiration and the reactions
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Try this , it really helped me in my first few lectures in cell bio , such as DNA and RNA . Loads of animations and stuff ! \n\nhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
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as someone already mentioned, there is one process called alternative splicing. a single gene, a single DNA sequence, can be transformed into several proteins. RNAm is formed in the process of transcription, but it cannot leave the cell nucleus without being processed by several enzymes, which remove certain bits of RNA (introns) and leave others (exons). These exons that remain are to exit the nucleus and be translated into proteins.\nThe thing is, these enzymes that "process" DNA can do it in several different ways. For the same sequence, there can be an enzyme that recognises certain bits of DNA as introns and another enzyme that recognises different bits of the SAME sequence as introns. Thus being, the two molecules of processed DNA to exit the nucleus will be different and, consequently, yield different proteins.\nthis multiplicity of codification is an evolutionary advantadge of eukarya, since it allows a lot more information to be contained in the same sequence of DNA, thus occupying less space within the cell; this might have been one of the key events that allowed the development of more complex cells, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.\n\njust to complement the given information: these several proteins that can be coded in the same gene, usually belong to the same protein family or else have a similar function, e.g. in the same process)
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This is dependent on the type of organism, the stage in the lifecycle of the organism, and a wide variety of environmental factors such as temperature, availability of nutrients, presence of toxic compounds, and organism-specific biological signalling compounds which play a role in regulating gene expression.\n\nTo take a simple organism such as a bacterium, it is a reasonable assertion that levels of gene expression are highest under conditions that are optimal for reproduction (optimal temperature and moisture conditions, high availability of nutrients, low concentrations of toxic compounds).  This is because during asexual reproduction, proteins are required both as building materials for replication (e.g. cell wall constituents, structural proteins, enzymes required for metabolism etc.) and for the actual process of replication (proteins involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis etc.).\n\nOf course, without knowing the specific organism you are referring to it is not possible to answer your question except in broad terms.  You might try looking at a text book such "Biological Science" by R.Soper (Cambridge University Press).
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Yeah, sure.\nDNA is copied by RNA polymerase and transformed into mRNA in a processes called Transcription. The copied strand is then modified in many ways including the addition of a 5' cap and a 3' Poly-Adonesinated Tail and the removal of Introns from the strand and the connection of the remaining Exons. Okay, these modifications allow the mRNA strand to exit the nucleus via the nuclear pores. The strand attaches to a floating ribosomes in the cytoplasm and begins to undergo a process called Translation. Translation is the process of reading the strand bit by bit (3 bases at a time, refereed to as a codon) and translates the three bases into their corresponding amino acid. The process begins when the AUG codon for the amino acid Methionine is translated and ends when the stop codons (UUG, UGA, UAG) are translated. The resulting poly-amino acid chain aligns and contorts itself based on its inherent electrical charges into the form of the protein that that exact sequence specifies. Wow, I hope that is what you were looking for. Best of Luck.
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1. In eukaryotes the expressed part of genes are called exons and the pieces that are removed before transcription are called introns.\n2. If there is a mutation in one stop codon the other will most likely still be functional so you will usually get a functional product in the end.
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Your discussion and your conclusion will be based on your results. First, you need to compile your results - a table or graph usually works really well. Then you need to be able to write in sentence form what you have gotten in the results - in other words, what trends do you see? Your discussion will then try to explain the results/trends you found in light of what you know about how enzymes work, what happens to proteins when they are denatured, and how exactly lactase works. Your conclusion is usually pretty short, just giving a final wrap-up about what you found and why. Just keep in mind - these are general things about writing lab reports. Every teacher has some little different definition for "discussion" and "conclusion." Make sure to check with your assignment to determine exactly what he/she wants for each section.
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RNA starts at promoter\n\nDNA needs primer to start
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The statement number 1 is grammatically correct.\n(Other answerers - To be grammatically correct, a sentence should not be meaningful -- Consider this: I saw some cars flying near the bottom of the Pacific Ocean when I was eating iron sheets)
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DNA gel electrophoresis will tell you nothing about gene expression.\n\nGene expression means RNA polymerase is transcribing the DNA into RNA and ribosomes are translating the RNA to proteins.\n\nFirst we'll look at the RNA aspect.  \n\nYou can measure gene expression by constructs known as reporter fusions.  In a reporter fusion, the promoter sequences for the genes of interest are ligated into plasmids containing reporter genes (genes encoding easily measurable products, such as green fluorescent protein or beta glucuronidase).  You can then measure the differences in production of the markers in differen conditions.\n\nAlso using RNA you can perform microarray analysis, if the genome has been sequenced and arrays are available.  This technique has either whole genome PCR products, or long oligos specific to every ORF in the genome spotted on a glass slide.  You purify RNA from your cells in normal culture, and in the conditions you're curious about testing.  This RNA is then treated with reverse transcriptase to generate cDNA, which is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to the array.  A computer reads the relative intensities of the fluorescent tags and tells you the ratio of gene expression (I've left a lot out :P).\n\nYou can also do quantitative, real time, reverse-transcriptase PCR.  I'm not practiced in this method, but in general terms it uses reverse transcriptase for the first step of a PCR with your RNA as a template.  Then for successive rounds of PCR it monitors the amount of dsDNA, and then a computer estimates starting levels of RNA.\n\nThe other aspect is proteins.  You can run proteins on an acrylamide gel.  The simple way is just to run 2 samples, cells in normal culture, and cells in the experimental setup.  You'll see some sort of different banding pattern.  You can get fancy and purify differentially expressed bands, and send them off for edmond degredation for identification. \n\nYou can also be a little more hardcore about it and run a 2D gel, which gives considerably more resolving power for separating your bands.
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The word 'noun' is a noun.
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hahaha! So you'd rather play with words such as \nsquamous cells,\northopharyngeal\nnasogastric\nrheology\npolyethyleneglycol\nglycogenolysis\nglyconeogenesis...\n\ngood for you!!