This is a couple part question\nQ1) Given the following set of tRNA's,work out the sequence of bases in the strand of DNA that is complementary to the one that was transcribed : UACACCGGGACGCCUUUUCAU\nQ2) Write the sequence of DNA bases that are complementary to those DNA bases identified in question 1. ANSWER TACACCGGGACGCCTTTTCAT\nQ3) THE MAIN QUESTION....\nQ4) Write out the set of amino acids coded by the mRNA identified\nTHANK YOU EVERYBODY!!! it's just I don't understand the question, and i can't seem to find it in the book... i think i know what the answer is but i was to have a reference!! thank you!!!
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I assume you have some knowledge of transcription (DNA->RNA), basically they want to know how well you understand the process of translation (RNA-> protein).  Further I assume they give you a set of tRNAs taht you didn't include here.  You need the codon usage table and it various (slightly) depending on the organism.  \n\nThe first question starts with the result and asks you for the template.  Given an RNA, what was the complementary DNA that was used to encode it?  RNA transcription proceeds 5' to 3' (so does DNA synthesis - the only process that does obey this rule is the reverse translation of retroviruses, it proceeds 3' to 5').  Further, nucleic acids are always listed 5' to 3'.  So basically what you do is first find the complementary DNA base pair for the RNA nucleotide.  U pairs with A, A with T, C with G, and G with C.  I'll give the first six letters as an example.\n5' UACACC 3'\n3' ATGTGG 5'\nNow you have to flip the sequence over, to read it properly in the 5' to 3' orientation.  \nGGTGTA\n\nQ2)  Now that you know the template (GGTGTA), find it's complement.  Use the same process as above.\nGGTGTA\nCCACAT -> TACACC\n\nQ4)  The mRNA sequence is UACACCGGG...  The tRNA finds the first three bases (the first codon), and base pairs with it.  The tRNA has an amino acid coupled to it, and upon basepairing to mRNA this amino acid is released to form a growing polypeptide chain.  All you have to do is look at the codon UAC and figure out what amino acid it codes for.  \n\nUsing a codon usage table from humans, UAC codes for Tyr (tyrosine). ACC codes for Thr.  So the first two amino acids are Tyr-Thr (or YT in single letter abbreviation)
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Right-the classic idea is that somehow nucleotides got together to form a self-replicating molecule (odds are that it was RNA at first, not DNA), and then these self-replicating molecules began to assemble amino acid chains, which, through uncounted bazillions of reacions (keep in mind whole oceans full of molecules, and billions of years) these amino acid/peptides began to have specific  functions.  The newest theory is that proteins formed (which is fairly easy with the right conditions), and some of these were captured in small mycells (little balls of lipids, which form naturally).  In some of them, the proteins interacted with each other to produce energy-generating reactions, and perhaps served as templates for formation of more of the same protein.  We now know this is as least theoretically possible, because of prion diseases, in which small proteins get into cells and cause generation of the same protein chain, independently of the DNA coding mechanism.  So, under this theory, you have mycells full of enzymes, energy-generating ( as in glycolysis or the TCA cycle) and only later did RNA or DNA come to play a role, as a more convenient and stable way to code for the proteins.  This makes a lot of sense biochemically, and is easier to visualize chemcically than the classic theory.  And, it makes sort of an elegant and chemically poetic argument that the origin of life was the thing that really makes life today-the proteins and the protein reaction-and relegates DNA to just a convenient way for the proteins to replicate.
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1) D. A nucleotide is is just a molecule that makes up RNA or DNA. One single nucleotide won't make sense unless you have the rest of the sequence.\n2) I'm not sure about this one, but I think it's D. Google it.\n3) A. It's part of the central dogma of Biology. DNA --transcription--> RNA --Translation--> Protein\n4) C\n5) The closest answer that you have there is D. However, it's not really assembling new materials to form the new cell wall. It's pinching the cell in half so that the cells will bud off from each other. See below for source. \n\nHope this helps.
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The statement is true. If you assume that takeing dna to rna is the same language, then that would be transcribing, while rna to prtien is a different language, that is translating
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It takes three bases of DNA to make one codon.  So it would take three phosphates, three sugars and three of C,T,G,A.  Google DNA Codon table if you want to encode a codon for a specific amino acid.
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I have no idea about the second part of your question, and I'm not entirely sure if it's true, but I'll tell you what RNA is.\n\nRNA is essentially a copy of DNA that can travel out of the nucleus and to other parts of the cell. RNA is used as instructions. DNA can't leave the cell or it'll be destroyed by enzymes looking for viruses.\n\nMessenger RNA (or mRNA) is the one that goes from the nucleus to the ribosomes (where proteins are made) with instructions for which specific protein is to be made. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the appropriate amino acids (pieces of protein) to the Ribosomes so that the desired proteins can be made.\n\nthere are many other types of RNA, such as ribosomal RNA, but I know much less about those.\nhope this helps!
466323
OKay....try to make things as simple as I can for you, with all the words you provided.\n\nDouble stranded DNA is transcribed into single stranded mRNA which codes for amino acids by a process called transcription. The mRNA is then translated into polypeptide of amino acid chains. The polypeptide folds into proteins which ultimately determines the phenotype.\n\nHope it helped!
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From Gene to Protein\nScientists that worked on Protein Synthesis:\n1. Archibald Garrod: First proposed the relationship between genes and proteins.\n2. George Beadle and Edward Tatum: working with Neurospora , formulated the one-gene-one-protein hypothesis. This was later changed to one-gene-one-polypeptide. Since some proteins are produced from more than one gene.\n\nThe Problem: Since there are 20 different amino acids; and these amino acids are used to make proteins, how does the information get from the DNA to the final protein product? In a DNA molecule the only variable part is the 4 different bases. How can 4 bases, or combinations there of , code for the 20 different amino acids?\n\n1. If 1 base coded for 1 amino acid = 41 (4) amino acids coded for.\n\n2. If 2 bases coded for 1 amino acid = 42 (16) amino acids coded for.\n\n3. If 3 bases coded for 1 amino acid = 43 ( 64) amino acids coded for.\n\nNotice the large gap between 2 and 3. It was concluded that each coding part of DNA (codon) consisted of 3 bases. Since 64 is larger than the 20 amino acids, it stands to reason that some amino acids are coded for by different codons. Why is this important?\n\nTranscription: DNA is too large to leave the nucleus. If the program it contains must leave the nucleus, an intermediate must be produced. This intermediate is called m-RNA. m-RNA is formed in the following way, RNA polymerase binds to, a region of the DNA called, the promoter. Here is found the start codon TAC which codes for the amino acid methionine. Once this has been established the m-RNA sequence is produced growing from the 5' - 3' region. This occurs at the rate of 60 nucleotides / sec. The terminator sequence will keep the process from going on indefinitely. The eukaryotic m-RNA must be modified before going to the ribosome, while the prokaryotic does not.\n\nTranslation: t-RNA : a specialized form of RNA used to carry a specific amino acid to the ribosome and place it in the proper position. t-RNA contains 80 nucleotides in the form of a clover leaf. The t-RNA must attach the correct amino acid to itself. The process is as follows:\n\n1. The specific amino acid reacts with a specific enzyme and ATP to release 2 P and combine the AMP and the amino acid.\n\n2. The t-RNA will replace the AMP and bond with the amino acid.\n\nRibosomes: Before translation ribosomes consist of 2 separate sub-units. As translation proceeds the ribosome parts come together to allow protein synthesis to begin.\n\nThere are 3 steps to protein synthesis:\n\n1. Initiation: m-RNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome. There is 1 binding site for the m-RNA, and 2 binding sites for the t-RNA. The P site holds for the t-RNA carrying the growing polypeptide and the A site for the t-RNA carrying the next amino acid. AUG ( start codon ) is in place and the appropriate t-RNA delivers the amino acid Methionine. The large sub unit then joins and creates a functional ribosome.\n\n2. Elongation: The chain moves from the 5' - 3' direction caused by the use of GTP and several protein-enzyme complexes. As the polypeptide chain is produced the t-RNA move from site A to site P, and then are released into the cytoplasm. The polypeptide chain continues to grow, and is held to the ribosome by the t-RNA at the P site.\n\n3. Termination: The termination codons: UAA,UAG, and UGA stop the process by adding water to the end of the chain instead of an amino acid. In order for the protein to become functional, it must be folded into its appropriate shape,and/ or have some amino acids removed, and/or have some of the polypeptides modified by adding sugars or phosphate groups to them.\n\nThe Wobble Phenomenon: There are only 40 different types of t-RNA and 64 codons. This means that some of the t-RNA can pair up with several different codons. This can occur because the third base of a t-RNA molecule can form a hydrogen bond with more than one kind of base. U in the third position can bond with A
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DNA has four bases, the ones you are referring to as chemicals. The names of these bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G). In RNA all these bases are also present except T where it is replaced by Uracil (U). So when information is copied from DNA to RNA (mRNA specifically) C pairs with G, G pairs with C, T pairs with A and A pairs with U (since there is no T but U in RNA).\n\nBesides that the chemical composition of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a Phosphate group, a base(the four bases) and a sugar (Deoxyribose). These three parts together form a nucleotide. A nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nucleoside. The 'chemicals' you are looking for are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
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your teacher needs to work bettering his/her questions. Or you need to re-phrase the questions so their is more detail.\n\nI was given a similar question on a take home exam, but I think it contained some more information, so I actually learned something.\n\nWith the information given, the one thing you can find out about this plasmid is what gene it posseses that allows its antibiotic resistance.  \n\nYou would do this by plating out the plasmid on agar plates that contain different antibiotics i.e. kanamycin, ampicillin.\n\nYou can pick the colonies that grow, and test for the "glo" gene.  This would verify the presence of the antimicrobial gene from which the colony was picked from.\n\nIn other words, the colony which has the "glo" gene also contains the gene resistant to the antimicrobial agent it was on  grown on.\n\n\nI hope this helps.  Pass on the good Karma!
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It's actually very simple.  Just know what the letters before "RNA" code for.  tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers correct amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.  snRNA (small nucleolar RNA) guide chemical modifications of rRnA's.  mRNA (messenger RNA), as the name implies, encodes and "carries" information from DNA during transcription to whatever sites are undergoing protein synthesis. rRNA basically makes the proteins.  Sorry, that's the shortest I could make it.  It's a rather difficult topic.
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If this is a true genomic sequence, you can only start at a start codon, which is ATG.\n\nBut, this appears to be a template sequence, so we'll do transcription now:\n\nThe corresponding mRNA is:\nAUG AAU GGC UCU AAG AAG AAA UAG\n\nAUG is a valid start codon.  And by the way, that's methionine (Met or M).\n\nNow the rest:\nAAU=Asparagine (Asn or N)\nGGC=Glycine (Gly or G)\nUCU=Serine (Ser or S)\nAAG=Lysine (Lys or K)\nAAG=Lysine again (Lys or K)\nAAA=Lysine again (Lys or K)\nUAG=Stop codon\n\nSo the end sequence is Met-Asn-Gly-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys, or in single-letters, MNGSKKK.
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The important thing is to keep the helical structure clearly visible. Don't worry about the side hydrogens or details of the molecules.\n\nKeep in mind that DNA is a double-stranded helix, and the strands don't revolve around each other identically. Which means there are two sizes of 'grooves': the small grooves are a bit over half the width of the large ones.\n\nIf you use styrofoam balls for the nucleotides and join them with drinking straws (a handy way to do this project), take care that the angle subtended by three of the balls be around 35 degrees.\n\nAbout 10 balls should complete a cycle, which means ball number 11 must be above ball number 1 in a straight line.\n\nDo a strand first, so that it looks fairly twisted yet linear. Add the other strand afterwards. A length of about 20 nucleotides per strand (= 40 in total = 40 small styrofoam balls) should be enough.\n\nGo to a crafts store and buy a bag of balls (they come in 50, 100, etc.) and a bag of 100 drinking straws. Color the balls blue for cytosine, red for thymine, green for guanine and orange for adenine. Pair orange with red and blue with green when building the second strand.\n\nHope this helps.
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I've never heard the term "polypeptide phrase" before, maybe they mean "polypeptide chain"? That's just a string of amino acids. It would help if you actually had the example in the question, then I could help better.
121392
What class was this in? What grade level? What text were you using?  I may be able to help you if I know the context in which the question was raised. I have a feeling that I am not getting all the information you had. Please tell me and maybe I can help. I am an old chemist and microbiologist.
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Try this , it really helped me in my first few lectures in cell bio , such as DNA and RNA . Loads of animations and stuff ! \n\nhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
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CH3CH2C(CH3)3.\nI guess you forgot to type the C before the parenthesis. If you didn't forget, then none of the answers is correct (you would be missing a carbon atom).\n\nChem-man I would have contacted you in private about this but you do not give us the option to e-mail you. I have seen several of your answers prompting askers to verify your answer through echemistryhelp. I checked the website and it is not a free one; you post a question and pay for the answer. I'd say that this is a form of indirect advertisement  which is against the community guidelines. Please refrain from doing that or I will have to report you.