i have a few more questions..genes produce instructions only for?...in bacteria size mitochondria both plant and animal cells produce what? expelling what?in the process????
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>>most fruits and vegetables you get from the supermarket are the product of? \n<<domestic farming\n>>genes produce instructions only for?...\n<<replication\n>>in bacteria size mitochondria both plant and animal cells produce what? \n<<energy\n>>expelling what?\n<<waste...animals expel CO2 as waste, plants expel oxygen\n>>in the process????\n>>metabolism\n\nFinal answer...
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18. D. Oxygen and energy (ATP) are products of aerobic respiration, whcih takes place in the mitocondria.\n\n19. B. The cell membrane is called a LIPID BILAYER. which has 2 layers of phospholipds. the hydrphobic tails in the center. and the 2 heads facing out side the cell and inside the cell. the inner layer would have the head facing the inside of the cell.\n\n20. A. the bactera (monerans) were one of the earliest forms of life. The had the earliest form of sexual reproduction by exchanging DNA with another bacterium through their membranes. They were also mobile (getting around from place to place). For example, some bacteria have flagela, which whip around for them to move. an getting energy from the sun... hmm. well. im not sure if bacteria can photosynthesize. but im 100% sure they can get energy from the sun INDIRECTLY through cellular respiration.
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A whole cell is just that...a whole, not-cut-up, not-pieces-of-other-cells, functioning cell.\n\nThey didn't just take out the cytoplasm.  They didn't just take out mitochondira.  They took the whole cells.
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(m)\n\nCloning of Plant Cells and Manipulation of Plant Genes\nPlant cells exhibit a variety of characteristics that distinguish them from animal cells. These characteristics include the presence of a large central vacuole and a cell wall, and the absence of entioles, which play a role in mitosis, meiosis, and cell division. Along with these physical differences, another factor distinguishes plant cells from animal cells, which is of great significance to the scientist interested in biotechnology: Many varieties of full-grown adult plants can regenerate from single, modified plant cells called protoplasts - plant cells whose cell walls have been removed by enzymatic digestion. More specifically, when some species of plant cells are subjected to the removal of the cell wall by enzymatic treatment, they respond by synthesizing a new cell wall and eventually undergoing a series of cell divisions and developmental processes that result in the formation of a new adult plant. That adult plant can be said to have been cloned from a single cell of a parent plant. \nPlants that can be cloned with relative ease include carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, petunias, and cabbage, to name only a few. The capability to grow a whole plant from a single cell means that researchers can engage in the genetic manipulation of the cell, let the cell develop into a completely mature plant, and examine the whole spectrum of physical and growth effects of the genetic manipulation within a relatively short period of time. Such a process is far more straightforward than the parallel process in animal cells, which cannot be cloned into full-grown adults. Therefore, the results of any genetic manipulation are usually easier to examine in plants than in animals.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29\n\ndoes this help any?
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. This is in contrast to most DNA of eukaryotic organisms, which is found in the nucleus. Virtually 100% of the mtDNA contribution to a conceptus is inherited from the mother.\n\nUnlike most of the cell, the function of which is defined by nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own DNA and are assumed to have evolved separately. Human mitochondrial DNA consists of 5-10 rings of DNA and appears to carry 16,568 base pairs with 37 genes (13 proteins, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs) which are concerned with the production of proteins involved in cellular respiration. However many proteins found in the mitochondria are encoded by nuclear DNA: some, if not most, are thought to have been originally part of the mitochondrial DNA but have since been transferred to the nucleus during evolution.\n\nThere is little change in the mtDNA from parent to offspring, unlike nuclear DNA which changes by 50% each generation. Since the mutation rate is easily measured, mtDNA is a powerful tool for tracking matrilineage, and has been used in this role for tracking many species back hundreds of generations.\n\n\nBoth chloroplast and mitochondria need variety of enzymes for different metabolic reactions.So during evolution a separate DNA is needed for it.Chloroplast is so called a cell inside a cell.
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the genes that are present in a chromosome codes for a protein which  are usually known as enzymes.these enzymes r produced from gene by transcription and translation .transcription is the process in which the dna is transcribed into rna by rna polymerase enzyme .this rna then undergoes translation in the cytoplasm of the cell and produces the enzymes .these enzyme acts in a sequence on the substrate and produces the final product\neg: catabolism of glucose(glycolysis)-glucose breakdown occurs by nearly ten steps involes the participation of nearly 10 enzymes to produce the   final product pyruvic acid
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ATP is made in humans in the mitochondria through the process of cellular respiration. Muscle cells require a lot more ATP to do all their contracting than skin cells ever use. Therefore, muscle cells need a lot more mitochondria to make ATP than skin cells do.
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I wouldn't say that I'm anymore intelligent than someone else, but I did want to answer your question, so....\n\nYou are confusing the theory of evolution (diversification of species) with the theory of abiogenesis (life from natural compounds).  That's okay, many people confuse the two.\n\n1.  How did life get from soup to single-celled organisms?  From wikipedia, "J.B.S Haldane suggested that the earth's pre-biotic oceans - very different from their modern counterparts - would have formed a "hot dilute soup" in which organic compounds, the building blocks of life, could have formed.\nIn 1953, taking their cue from Oparin and Haldane, the chemists Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey carried out an experiment on the "primeval soup". Within two weeks organic amino acids, the basic building blocks of life, had formed. While Miller and Urey did not actually create life; they demonstrated that a more complex molecule — the amino-acids — could emerge spontaneously from simpler chemicals, in the presence of an external energy source in an atmosphere largely devoid of oxygen (the experiment involved shooting a spark, representing lightning, into their flask of supposedly primitive earth-gases)."\n\n2.  How did the original cell eat and develop asexual reproduction?   You are putting the cart before the horse.  In order to get to the cell stage, self-replicating molecules had to exist first... i.e. reproduction & "nourishment"  was occurring well before the cell stage.  Also, what are you referring to with "nourishment"?  For a self-replicating molecule, nourishment would consist of other molecules that it could combine with to form more of itself.\n\n3.  In the "soup", how did primordial cells develop resistences?  Resistence to what?  I don't understand this question.  To the environment?  To viruses or bacteria?  You need to elaborate here, I'm sorry.  I think it ties into your next answer, but not sure.  Please read my answer to #4.\n\n4.  How did it evolve everything it needed if it wasn't in it's DNA?  Can you give an example?  Hmm.  I'm trying to understand how you are approaching this question.  Let's say you have 100 little cells, each a little different.  5 cells can withstand a higher water temperature than the others because of a mutation they have.  One day the temperature goes up and kills off the other 95 cells.  That only leaves the 5 with the mutation.  They scamper off and reproduce like crazy... the cell strain has just evolved a little.  Now repeat this a gazillion times with a dynamic interacting environment and there you go.
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Hi Naveen,\nThat question is interesting, and requires some basic knowledge of evolutionary genetics to answer.\nI shall try  to make this simple:\n\nThe basic unit of life according to the latest views, is the gene. This is bcoz Gene or the genetic material, whether it be RNA or DNA or any other non carbon material for that matter,is the one that posess the most funbamental quality of life- that is to "make a replica of itself and thereby immortalise its own kind" . \nEarlier, the ability to respire, the ability to grow in size, the ability to store and handle or transform energy and the ability to interact with the environment were all considered as basic and essential qualities of life. Now the view has changed and what i mentioned earlier holds true.\n        The genetic material as i told you has only one "aim"and that is procreation! All the interactions we see among living organisms around us is a result of the Genetic Material(gene) trying to create a copy of it successfully and make it survive.  "The cell is a way of the gene to make another gene" as Richard Dawkins told once. And when the cell becomes useless on its own to help genes procreate, the gene finds ways to make cells co-operate. Thats how multicellular organisms evolved. \n\nThis evolution was very very gradual, i need not stress upon that part. In this view of the living world, Animals, or for that matter Humans are the pinnacle of the gene's experiment for cooperation! Not only does each cell in an animal body work in close harmony with its neighbours, the organism(animal or human) as a whole works and lives in total harmony with others of the same group.\n         The mechanism of this cooperation is seen in pack-hunting strategies of many social animals like jackal, hyenas, wolves, lions, or the colony of ants , termites ,bees or wasps, or the farmlands of humans or in a modern factory..! This genetic cooperation has evolved innumerable mechanisms to identify common goals, common genetic makeup, and common ideology. This is why in a country, people of the same religion/ political ideology unite for common purposes.This is why,people of the same state unite in the name of language; people of same district unite in the name of region; people of same family unite in the name of blood relation ;brothers or sisters unite in the name of common genes, and finally an individual himself or herself becomes selfish when it comes to his/ her bodily demands...! \n         How does the one gene identify the presence of another of its own kind in another individual? This is called  "green beard effect"..! The concept is simple: A gene has two functions in the body: the first is its true function- to synthesize some protein that the body needs. The second function is that the gene produces some visible character in the body of the individual so that another individual can identify this character and extend its cooperation. A gene can thus make a person's mind more inclined to accept religion as a way of brotherhood/cooperation \n (like we see in some terrorist and racist groups) or it can simply tell the individual to cooperate for food. \n       The lowest level of this sort of cooperation is seen in symbiotic and parasitic relationships in animal or plant or even microscopic world of unicellular organisms. Bacteria live in our gut and help us digest cellulose from veg-food, we provide them a congenial environment to survive and reproduce. This is symbiosis. Parasites usually harm the host and eventually destroy them.Eg: fungi. \nTherefore all life forms on earth have likings for some or the other kind of organism. In social animals, the liking is towards individuals of the same species. In other groups, it may be towards a parasite or a symbiont. Some plants in the amazon provide "food" for ants that colonize among their roots, and in turn the ants provide protection to these plants from external animals. Som
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Ahh, but the ribosomes that are found in chloroplasts and mitochondria are both  very similar to bacterial ribosomes because both chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells, according to the endosymbiotic theory.  So, without doing the research to find out for sure, I'd guess that E would be the best answer.
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UPDATE: I've just read your comment so I'm leaving the difficult stuff below. \nFirst things first:\nProbably you know (but it's worth repeating) that the genetic information in each cell is kept as DNA. This DNA is able to copy parts of itself as RNA. RNA in turn builds proteins. Our bodies are not made only of proteins, but proteins are the ultimate regulators of what our body looks like and how it works. So, if a gene in your DNA synthesizes a specific RNA, and this in turn can make a particular protein, this protein will have to do with the way you look and function. Another person with a somewhat different "variety" of the same gene, will have a different appearance and/or function. Each gene codes for one protein, so it takes a really large amount of genes to code for all of them (and this is VERY simplified, the interactions are much more complex).\n\nNow for the second part: the fact that you have several really long DNA strands in each cell (these DNA strands are what can be visualized as chromosomes under special circumstances) does not mean that every single little gene in your DNA will generate RNA and ultimately produce a protein. Only a part of the DNA is actually active (and it's a small proportion), the rest is just "there" and doesn't code. And the expression of the gene (=when the gene's information becomes visible) depends on the interaction with other genes, with other substances that are cellular regulators, and many environmental factors. \n\nExample: you know Siamese cats? they have a genetic constitution such that the dark color proteins are formed especially at the body parts that are colder. So usually you get a sand-colored cat with black legs, tail, and ears. But for this pattern to show, there has to be interaction with the right temperatures. If the cat is not exposed to these colder temperatures, the dark parts don't develop. Or maybe other proteins or regulators "got in the way" of the process. And you get a cat with no dark parts (or the opposite, a very dark animal from excess cold). \nAnother example: suppose a baby is born from tall parents; they in turn had tall parents, so it's highly probable that the baby has the "tall" potential. But if this baby is not well nourished during his/her development, he/she will not reach the height that he "potentially should" have had. \nCan you see the difference? The genotype is ALL the genetic information that you have, and the phenotype is the result of the combination of this genetic information with other factors: the person/animal/plant as it is realized. \nI hope this helps you, I'll be around :-)\n\nCheck this site, it's great:\nhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIA1Genotypevsphenotype.shtml\n-------------------------------\nThe genotype is the genetic information that the said individual carries in each of his/her body cells. Much of that information is never expressed (=becomes "visible" or translates into actual characteristics), and much genetic information can yield different characteristics depending on the interaction with many environmental factors (which occur both inside and outside the cell or organism in question). Thus, the final fully developed individual is the result of the genotype ("raw" genetic information) PLUS environmental/developmental factors; the characteristics of this final product, the real individual, constitute the Phenotype. \nFor instance, an individual with a perfectly "normal" genotype may develop many types of abnormalities due to problems during pregnancy, including drugs, lack of oxygen, etc. Identical twins have the same genotype (they come from a single cell) but are never completely identical; and of course they have different personalities. This is because of all the epigenetic phenomena that influence development. And it's also the reason why reductionist approaches that s
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plants consist of cells lik anmals have.the difference is plants contain chloroplast to make their own food and animals dont have chloroplast but plants do contain mitochondria lik anmal cells and thus keep utilising the food  by respiration that they  had made during photosynthesis.if they dont  bring about resperation that is utilisation of the food they make thy will die hence plants carry out photosynthesis and respiration tooo
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1.The estimation of the photosynthetic rate and diffusive conductance of a leaf depends on the accurate measurement of a number of physical properties of the leaf, the air around it, and the light falling on it.\n\n2. Electron transport chains in mitochondria\nThe cells of all eukaryotes (all animals, plants, fungi, algae – in other words, all living things except bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported into mitochondria. Mitochondria continue the process of catabolism using metabolic pathways including the Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation and amino acid oxidation.\n\nThe end result of these pathways is the production of two energy-rich electron donors, NADH and FADH2. Electrons from these donors are passed through an electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. This is a multi-step redox process that occurs on the mitochondrial inner membrane. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions have the remarkable ability to simultaneously create a proton gradient across the membrane, producing a thermodynamically unlikely high-energy state with the potential to do work. Although electron transport occurs with great efficiency, a small percentage of electrons are prematurely leaked to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the toxic free radical, superoxide.\n\nThe similarity between intracellular mitochondria and free-living bacteria is striking. The known structural, functional and DNA similarities between mitochondria and bacteria provide strong evidence that mitochondria evolved from intracellular prokaryotic symbionts that took up residence in primitive eukaryotic cells.
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Introns are parts of DNA that do not code for any proteins. In Eukaryotes, these parts have to be removed before the gene sequence can be translated. Prokaryotes do not have introns or exons because their genome is simpler (only 1 or 2 small strands of DNA)
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Doesn't get much simpler than this website, have fun!\n\nhttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html
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Well, both your teachers are right. :)\n\nAtoms make molecules make cells make tissues make human body.\n\nOther information that you need to know:\n\nA cell is a complex molecule, depending on the type of cell (Eukaryote or Prokaryote; human cells fall in the former category) and humans are complex organisms, therefore their, or, should I say, OUR cells consist of more complex materials than Prokaryotic cells (e.g. of Prokaryotic cells-  Bacteria) In any case, cells contain this thing called the nucleus, and the nucleus is like a 'house' for your genetic material. These genetic material- yes, your DNA, is made up stuff called amino acids, proteins and a sugar called ribose. As you know sugar contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Recognize those? Yes- those are atoms :) And your amino acids are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen.\n\nSo to be really technical about it, your body is made up of atoms which then make up cells. It is not wrong to say that in biology, cells make up the basic foundation of the body since Biology looks into the cellular level of the aforementioned subject, and not always at the atomic level.\n\nI hope this answered your question! :)