what does it mean by "membrane association" in molecular biology context and specially in plant stress signal transduction.
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it refers to a molecule that is associated with (generally embedded in) the membrane - to isolate it in the lab you need to isolate membrane fragments
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1.The estimation of the photosynthetic rate and diffusive conductance of a leaf depends on the accurate measurement of a number of physical properties of the leaf, the air around it, and the light falling on it.\n\n2. Electron transport chains in mitochondria\nThe cells of all eukaryotes (all animals, plants, fungi, algae – in other words, all living things except bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported into mitochondria. Mitochondria continue the process of catabolism using metabolic pathways including the Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation and amino acid oxidation.\n\nThe end result of these pathways is the production of two energy-rich electron donors, NADH and FADH2. Electrons from these donors are passed through an electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. This is a multi-step redox process that occurs on the mitochondrial inner membrane. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions have the remarkable ability to simultaneously create a proton gradient across the membrane, producing a thermodynamically unlikely high-energy state with the potential to do work. Although electron transport occurs with great efficiency, a small percentage of electrons are prematurely leaked to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the toxic free radical, superoxide.\n\nThe similarity between intracellular mitochondria and free-living bacteria is striking. The known structural, functional and DNA similarities between mitochondria and bacteria provide strong evidence that mitochondria evolved from intracellular prokaryotic symbionts that took up residence in primitive eukaryotic cells.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation\n \nthis site should be useful for that
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None-- But the endoplasmic reticulum does come in contact at various times during the life cycle
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osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane. \nWikipedia on the subject: \n\n"Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration, or in other words, from a high water concentration to a low water concentration. The higher the solute concentration the lower the water concentration will be. The selectively-permeable membrane is permeable to the solvent, but not to the solute, resulting in a chemical potential difference across the membrane which drives the diffusion. That is, the solvent flows from the side of the membrane where the solution is weakest to the side where it is strongest, until the solution on both sides of the membrane is the same strength (that is, until the chemical potential is equal on both sides)."\n\nin short, if you put the potato in fresh water, the potato cells will burst, because water will enter the cells in an attempt to equalize the concentration of salt, etc. inside the cell to what is outside the cell.. if you put a potato in salt water, the cells will shrink, because water will exit them in an attempt to equalize the concentration of salt in the cell and outside of it. I realy don't know what the temperature of water will affect though.
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A novel and conserved salt-induced protein is an important determinant of salt tolerance in yeast.\nR Gaxiola, I F de Larrinoa, J M Villalba, and R Serrano\nEMBO J. 1992 September; 11(9): 3157–3164. \n\nMHFKDLGLHDYTLKNLMYENNCCKFYDAVD\nENNISYVLKFVPSDVTSEGDTFPFVDRFQV\nKEGVFLVYSSNDFGKEGTDYFTYTGSGGNE\nVHISGTSSEAGIKPQFIETCHPKHLKRGTK\nEQEDINSSTSKKSAVINNFSGEKTPNPRPQ\nSSNISERETYVGILNVKCKNKNSSKIRSEK\nLVSSVIETKHTPGLASILSKEGTTYPNNAD\nGKHISIVNPSSKIYHSSHKQIVKTPIPKSG\nLSPIERCPFNGQNIKCYSPRPLDHESPQRD\nFNNNFQLRILKSSVLQRRQSTQNS
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prokaryotic cells are not bounded by membranes while eukaryotic cells are bounded by membranes.
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B.  C4 plants have a unique molecule into which CO2 is incorporated.  Then the unique molecule will release the CO2 when it is trasported to it neighbor cell.
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Abscisic acid causes the stomates to close during times of water stress thus reducing the plant's water loss. It also increases the hydraulic conductivity of the roots.
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Cell division\nMitosis\nMeiosis\nMetabolism\nProtein synthesis\nNucleic acid synthesis\nEnergy transfer to do work\nRespiration\nPhotosynthesis (in plant cells)\nTransport across cell membrane
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Osmosis is the movement of water thru a semi-permeable membrane.  Water would move from an environment of low solute concentration to an environment of high solute concentration.  Only the water molecules move, not the solutes, because the membrane is only permeable to water.  The reason that water molecules move is becaues things like to be in equilibrium.  Because the side of higher solute concentration has more matters relative to the whole system, that's why it attracts water there too.  Another way you can think about is that the side where there are more solutes provide more surface areas for the water molecules to have more contact with (more weak interactions between the water and the solutes), therefore water want to go there.  So water likes to go to where there isn't a lot of water.  (you might ask then why wouldn't the solutes move to the side that has less solute.  They won't, because your membrane is only permeable to water.)  So if you are solving problems like these, must pay close attention to the membrane permeability.\n\nDiffusion is a similar concepts.  Things like to go where there are less of them.  In the above example, because the environment has a lot of solute, BUT little water, that's why water goes to that size.  Things tend to go toward disorder (entropy), so more matters means more disorder.\n\nActive transport-this means that the movement of matters from one side to the other can only be possible if there are help, such as protein pumps.  I guess the best example is the sodium-potassium pumps.  Energy is used (main energy source is ATP) so that sodium ions and potassium ions are pumped into and out of the cell, respectively.  But again, this is also based on the concept that things tend to go to the side that there are less of them.\n\nHope that helps.  If you find some terms confusing, just go to wiki or answers.com and search for them.\nGoodluck!
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Plasmodesmata are only strands of cytoplasm that pass through the openings of cell walls and connects the protoplasts to other adjacent cells. If plasmolysis occurs, the tonicity of the enviroment has overwhelmed the cell and has caused it to lyse. Therefore, during plasmolysis, the plasmodesmata would have little if any role in this process.
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intermembrane space??\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_membrane
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Hi - here are some ideas without seeing your actual data.  First - the system was too hot during transfer to  the membrane - be sure you aren't running it at too high  a voltage.   Second, not an issue with the  blot,  but with  the gel  - was it expired?  not fully polymerized? were the  wells free of debris when loading  samples?   sometimes with highly concentrated samples, especially cell lysates,  this  can  happen  because  of  viscosity  in t he  sample  (from  DNA for example). good  luck.
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A cell membrane keeps separates the inside and outside of the cell.   It can also regulate what can enter the cell and what can't.
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All biological membranes, including the plasma membrane and the internal membranes of eucaryotic cells, have a common overall structure, they are assemblies of lipid and protein molecules held together by noncovalen interactions. The Lipid molecules are arranged as a continuous double layer 4 to 5 nm thick. This lipid bilayer provides the basic structure of the membrane and serves as a relatively impermeable barrier to the flow of most water- soluble molecules.The proteins molecules are dissolved in the lipid by layer.
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yea it is called turgor pressure. that means the amount of water the plant recieves it can be high or low