Shouldn't Tumour Necrosis Factors cause Necrosis, rather than apoptosis...
122883
TNF was named prior to the major work done on apoptosis- The terms refers to the fact that TNF caused necrosis of the tumor, in the days when necrosis just meant death.  That being said, TNFa has a very large number of functions, including activation of the immune system.  In addition, TNFa is actually a survival factor for many neuronal cells. In death pathways, TNF can stimulate classic caspase-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated non-caspace programmed cell death, and necrosis, depending on the cell, the presence of other mediating signal molecules, and the energy state of the cell. The old rule"one protein, one function" is a hopelessly obsolete concept.
444168
This is not possible for countless reasons.  First of all, when you say elements, the body is comprised primarily of cells, and all cells are subject to immune system monitoring, just like any invasive substance.  Now, all of the cells body express products that tell the body "this is your body, do not kill me".  Any part that does not express these products will be destroyed.  This is what makes transplants difficult.  So your idea is something that can never come to fruition.
342196
it is NOT in mitosis!!!!\nmitosis happens AFTER G2\ncytokinesis is on of the final stages of mitosis!\n\neverything else is right :)
311366
Many antidotes are actually antibody solutions- If you have a toxin in your body, and you are given on antibody (made in a culture dish, or by a different animal) then the antibody will bind to the toxin (or bacterial protein, etc) and decrease it's toxicity.  I won't go into the biochemistry of it.
229691
Did you mean Multiple Sclerosis?\nNo cure yet...\n\nFYI : Syrosis is related to the liver. (Too much drinking. Alcohol/beer etc...).
205545
controlled cell death (apoptosis) contributes to development in several ways. The two most common examples are as follows:\n\n1.  Look at your fingers and toes.  During the first stages of embryonic development of the hands, the entire hand is covered in a sheath of skin, like a webbed frog foot.  Apoptosis occurs to the "webbing", allowing you to have singled-out digits.  Sometimes, there is a genetic mutation that causes webbed toes, by mutating the gene that controls that particular type of apoptosis.\n\n2.  When your body is creating its network of blood vessels, the blood vessels start out as a solid cord of epithelium.  To make them hollow, the body uses apoptosis to get rid of the inner cells.\n\nOther examples include: deletion of the fallopian tubes in males, deletion of structures like a tadpoles tail as it becomes a mature adult, or simply controlling cell numbers, so that you do not end up with large cysts of skin or what have you.\n\nAlso, sorry about the lack of apostraphes, my computer is getting wonky suddenly.
498479
My understanding is that it is treatable but not curable.  So if believe that there are "last stages" of cancer then I guess there could be "last stages" for Rhumatoid arthritis.  I have it and it normally dosn't bother me as much as it used to because I treated it when it was bad.  Now I just have to watch it and take care of it if it flares up.  I haven't had any replacements or illness from it so obviously mine was a lot more mild but to answer your question I don't believe there are any "last stages."
131220
Its glandular fever and as far as i know, Ive never heard of deaths from mono. The only way i could imagine someone dying frm it is if they have a compromised immune system eg under intense chemo
617447
I'll stay strictly biochemical, and not consider teliology or evolution, since the previous answerer addressed some of this.\nThough there is a hypothesis that aging and death occur because of damage, oxidative stress, etc, there is actually very little data to support this-in fact, the information we have explicitly argue against this.  Rats, mice, etc, live only 2-3 years, and show cellular degeneration, etc, very similar to that seen in aged humans, and yet are not exposed to greater levels of oxidative stress, or indeed extra stress of any kind, than humans.  If it truly were a matter of stress exclusively, the range of survival times would tend to be much broader than what we see- IN other words, some humans would die of old age at 5 or 6 years old, and some would live to 200-300 years old.  Stress, oxidation, poor diet can indeed influence the age at which we die, but they are not the primary determinants... it is apparent that this is a genetically controlled phenomenon, and that it occured soon after the rise of multi-cellular organisms, and that it varies greatly between species.  There have been some senescence genes found, that are specifically turned on that seem to guide cellular damage-however, it seems as if the greatest portion of the aging process, developmentally, is caused not be production of completely new proteins which end up killing us, but by variations of levels of proteins already expressed- For instance, there are significant decreases throughout life in a number of hormones, including androgens (in men) growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, various neurotrophic factors, etc- and a concomittant rise in others, especially pro-inflammatory hormones, such as TNFa and certain interleukins.  All of this is genetically and developmentally regulated to a fairly specific time, and is slightly variable depending upon diet, exercise, etc- It is similar to the timing of puberty, which is primarily set as 11-16 years old, but is variable depending on environmental factors.  Outside of specific diseases, puberty will occur between approximately 8 and 18-19 in over 95% of the population, and in 100%  of the population (again, assuming no genetic defect or disease) will have occured by 21 or so.  human death, under the best of circumstances, probably will occur at around 85-90 years.  outside of specific non age related diseases, the range will be around 65-115, which is pretty tight.  The fact that we have *never* observed a mammal that lives forever, the genes that control senescence are likely very tightly connected to genetic programs necessary for survival-so that if an animal is missing the genetic program that controls death, it won't survive embryogenesis to begin with (otherwise, some percentage of mammals would live extremely long-which likely is extraordinarily damaging to the population of that species, and is thus dramatically regulated so it will never occur).\nIt is fairly likely that, within the next 100 years, this genetic control program will be dissected and understood, and then it will be a short time until it will regulatable clinically.  \nDeath is controlled by our genes, which are, in the end, simply biochemical control systems, and which are comprehensible with enough study- Then it becomes a societal decision as to how we should manipulate this.\n*edit* There is interesting observation with telomeres, and about 10 years ago, we thought this might be the hidden secret, but unfortunately, it doesn't appear to be so.  In many immortal, or long-living cells, telomeres play no role, and even in cells in which telomeres are artificially extended, there is still senescence (though it appears to occur somewhat later).  Telomeres are a clock that determines how many times a cell may divide before it enters a "cellular suicide" program, and thus it was thought this was critical to lengthening lifespan-however, most sensescence in mammals does not seem to occur because o
401443
A living cell (like a cell from the liver, lungs, brain, etc...) will die soon after it was removed from its original "place" (liver, lungs, brain, etc.) as it has no more nutrients-supply (by blood venes, for example!) except it is kept in an artificial environment, a culture medium, which is suited to it's very specific needs.\n\nA living cell that is an organism needs a special suited environment, too (a diatom won't survive in the desert...). But it is not depending on an EXTERNAL supply of nutrients, as it "searches" its nutrients on its own. Bacteria, for example, don't need blood venes to grow in order to make cell division, they just need an environment which supplies all the needed nutrients. That's why bacteria can grow nearly everywhere, while lung cells  would die short after you dispersed them on an old dank sponge.\n\nHope I helped you. Excuse my English, please, it's not my first language. Good luck for tomorrow! ;-)
94705
Lupus, Crohn's Disease, and some other diseases mimic eachother.  MS isn't the worst thing that could happen to you.  I speak from experience, because I have MS.
76919
A couple of problems with your premise: A) all the research done to date, and experience with humans, indicates that living in high oxygen environments, and higher than normal pressure, reduces lifespan-probably due to increased formation of damaging oxidative compounds. B) If you dont already have proof of something, its intellectually dangerous to set about "proving" it- It means you already are sure what the answer is even though you have no evidence that it's true.  In addition, you cant take data on wound treatment and extraqpolate it to lifespan...faster wound healing indicated more rapid cell division, and rapid cell division tends to decrease tissue and organ lifespan.  One last thing-belief in the Bible requires faith, not scientific proof.
222638
Septicemia is very serious. It means that bacteria are not only IN your bloodstream, but are growing there. It doesn't mean certain death, but can cause it. Fungal infections are harder to treat however. Why have they let this infection go so long as to cause this severity, and why are they just letting him go? Sounds like something is up. I know they can amputate (as with diabetic patients who let foot infections get so bad the foot/leg turns "black") as a last resort. Sounds odd to me.
566722
yep, tokyorose is correct. thats also why people on chemo get bad nausea too, because the lining of the GI tract is killed by the drugs. cancer cells grow faster than normal cells, many of the common chemo drugs (like mercaptopurine) by being false nucleic acids which screws up the DNA of cells that are replicating, so the treatment kills the cancer which are constantly reproducing and fewer normal cells because they dont produce as much, so you do it in waves and gradually kill of the tumor without harming the person (with the exception of hair follicles and other cells that reproduce quickly)\n\nits kind of a crappy strategy, but cancer cells have little biochemical difference from normal cells so its one of the few differences between the two that can be exploited by a drug
543389
Ageing is requiring before natural death because after the creation of an organism in side its mother wombs i.e even from the zygote stage each and every activities is going on with the interference of a cell which depends upon its activeness, if a cell is highly active than all the anabolic and catabolic activities are going inside a body very smoothly which directly help the organisms for its maintenance if the cell become inactive than the maintenance never be possible out organisms leads to ageing which causes death.
250442
I agree with you to a large degree. Personally I believe the tradition treatments, chemo and/or radiation..cause more problems are are ineffective. In alot of cases the patient dies as a result of complications of the treatment, not from the actual disease. Yes, diet...I think an organic diet makes a huge difference, putting more chemicals into a body that is struggling doesnt make a lot of sense. Alot of the meds, even pain meds like morphine, tend to produce angiogenesis in cancer cells and spread the tumors. Im a big believer in the budwig diet and I'm a big believer in meditation and visualisation. I do believe there are alot of other things you can also do to help. For example, biophosponate to stop the spread to bones...blocking the FE+ receptors..cancer cells need iron to divide and multiply, blocking the FE+ receptors deprives them of iron and they cant continue to divide and muliply..there is a chemical in anti-malarial meds that does this. I also strongly believe in Qigong - powerful chinese med to bolster the immune system. Oxidisation treatment, hyperbaric chamber...Dendric cell therapy .. IPT (Insulin Potentiation Therapy), Ultra Violet treatment...there is so much.  Good on you for looking further than the traditional!
195824
Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and decomposes violently when in direct contact with proteins i guess that's why it becomes harmful in our bodies however it must be noted that\nhydrogen peroxide is only harmful in humans when it is consumed in large amounts