outline the effect of the following signal variables on loudness: (i) sound  pressure level; (ii) frequency; (iii) bandwidth; and (iv) duration.
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Loudness is a word that describes a perception of sound. It varies from human to human and is therefore quite subjective. Please see the link below for a detailed discussion of the factors that affect perceived loudness.\n\nWK
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Sound, as in sound waves?\n\nAmplitude, wavelength, pitch, frequency, longitudinal, vibration, echo, decibel, resonance.
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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=southeast+asia+music+affect+on+culture&spell=1
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What you really need a SOUND Lecture.\n\n- Introduction to sound waves, review of basic physics. \n- Review of basic physics; vibrational systems.  \n- Vibrational systems. \n- Waves. \n- Waves, speed of sound. \n- Resonance, harmonic series on strings.  \n- Harmonic series in pipes, sympathetic vibrations.  \n- Hearing.  \n- Logarithms in music, pitch. \n\nand lots more... at\n\nhttp://www.physics.cornell.edu/courses/p204/lectures2006.html
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The decibel scale is used to describe the intensity or power of a sound relative to some other intensity/power level.  As you've probably learned, the difference in intensity, expressed in decibels, between a sound with intensity "I1", and a sound with intensity "I2" is:\n\ndB = 10*log(I1/I2), \n\nwhere the "log" is the base-10 logarithm.\n\nThe same relationship holds if you replace intensity with power.\n\nIf I1 is two times I2, then:\n\ndB = 10*log(2/1)\n\nThe log of 2 is 0.301029996..., so db = 10* 0.301029996 =  3.0103 ~= 3.\n\nIf I1 is ten times I2, then:\n\ndb = 10*log(10/1) = 10 * 1 = 10.
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The loudness of a sound increases roughly in proportion to the logarithm of energy of the stimulus.\n\nA decibel  is one tenth of a ‘bel’ which was named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell.\n\nAn increase of one ‘bel’ (10 decibels) means making the stimulus energy 10 times as great.\n\nA stimulus of 12 bels is one trillion times as great as a threshold stimulus.\n\nA threshold stimulus delivers 0.0002 dyne per square centimeter.\n\nGentle breeze in trees ---10 decibels.\n\nWhisper-------------------  20 decibels.\n\nOrdinary room------------30 decibels.\n\nOffice room--------------- 40 decibels.\n\nVacuum cleaner----------- 50 decibels.\n\nNormal conversation ---- 60 decibels.\n\nMotor truck ---------------70 decibels.\n\nair plane--------------------110 decibels.\n\nThunder nearby-----------120 decibels. Trillion times as great as a threshold stimulus.\n\nPainful sound---------------130 decibels.\n\n\nThe interval between two  stimuli S1 and S2 is 10 log (S1/ S2) dB.
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Sound intensity is variously defined as amplitude or displacement (Ref. 1) or power per unit area (ref. 2).\nIf you mean a displacement ratio of 10000, then decibels difference = 20 * log10(10000) = 80 dB for a new total of 160 dB.\nIf you mean a power ratio of 10000, then decibels difference = 10 * log10(10000) = 40 dB for a new total of 120 dB.
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It depends on the application.\nDr. Boye's requirement for the VCO was that it produced 5 distinct types of audio signal waveforms: square, sawtooth, triangle, sine and a pulsed sine wave that had a duty cycle of 3 seconds on and 3 seconds off. \nhttp://www.phy.davidson.edu/instrumentation/VCO.htm
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When sound (or other waveform of similar shape, like an AC signal) travels through a medium, its intensity diminishes with distance. In idealized materials, signal amplitude is only reduced by the spreading of the wave. Natural materials, however, all produce an effect which further weakens the sound. This further weakening results from scattering and absorption. Scattering is the reflection of the sound in directions other than its original direction of propagation.  Absorption is the conversion of the sound energy to other forms of energy.  The combined effect of scattering and absorption is called attenuation.  Ultrasonic attenuation is the decay rate of the wave as it propagates through material.\n\nAttenuation of sound within a material itself is often not of intrinsic interest. However, natural properties and loading conditions can be related to attenuation. Attenuation often serves as a measurement tool that leads to the formation of theories to explain physical or chemical phenomenon that decreases the ultrasonic intensity. \n\nThe amplitude change of a decaying plane wave can be expressed as:\n\n A = A0*e^(-kz)\n\nIn this expression "A0" is the amplitude of the propagating wave at some location. The amplitude "A" is the reduced amplitude after the wave has traveled a distance "z" from that initial location. The quantity "k" is the attenuation coefficient of the wave traveling in the z-direction. The dimensions of are nepers/length, where a neper is a dimensionless quantity. The term "e" is Napier's constant which is equal to approximately 2.71828. \n\nAttenuation is generally proportional to the square of frequency. Quoted values of attenuation are often given for a single frequency, or an attenuation value averaged over many frequencies may be given. Also, the actual value of the attenuation coefficient for a given material is highly dependent on the way in which the material was manufactured. Thus, quoted values of attenuation only give a rough indication of the attenuation and should not be automatically trusted. Generally, a reliable value of attenuation can only be obtained by determining the attenuation experimentally for the particular material being used.\n\nThis is why higher-frequency signals tend to produce what is called "skin effect" ... basically, the energy isn't there for the wave to penetrate to any significant depth.
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You need to have recorded the power over a range of frequencies and ploted the Output over the Input. If the chirp signal can be extrapolated into its freqency components possibly you can compare the output to this, otherwise a new set of data points are required.
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Using spectrogram analysis, the units of measure are typically hertz (on the frequency axis) and decibels (dB, on the amplitude axis). Either may be expressed linearly or logarithmically.
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size of the demand - extremely important\nprice sensitivity - moderate\nintensity of the demand - moderate\nease of satisfaction - strongly important\nincome - extremely important\nsocial status - moderate
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Yes, speed of sound is "fixed", like the speed of light and does not depend on the frequency\n\nFrequency affects the volume, if it's peak and trough changes. Higher the peak and trough, the louder the sound and vice versa.\n\nFrequency affects the pitch,if it gets higher or lower. Higher the frequency, higher the pitch, lower the frequency lower the pitch.\n\nHowever sound does change speed depending on the medium it's traveling in.  It travels faster in water,I believe.\nAnd it cannot travel in vacum, so it has zero speed in space.
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depends how much the volume is off by
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tonic, major, duet, measure, flat,duration
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The volume change is only a matter of distance from the horn to you.\n\n As a sound emitter approaches you, the frequency change, doppler effect, is caused by the shortening of the wave length as the back end of the wave is "compressed" against the front of the wave . Shortened wave length equates to higher frequency for approaching sounders. \n\nAs an emitter moves away from you, the back end of the wave is stretched out away from the front end of the wave, the wave length increases, and the frequency decreases.
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The threshold of hearing is assigned a sound level of 0 decibels\n\nHere you can find a table with different levels.\n\nhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/CLASS/sound/u11l2b.html