Describe an ionotropic neurotransmitter effect.
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. According to the dogma of the 1960s.\n\nA neurotransmitter's effect is determined by its receptor. For example, GABA can act on both rapid or slow inhibitory receptors (the GABA-A and GABA-B receptor respectively). Many other neurotransmitters, however, may have excitatory or inhibitory actions depending on which receptor they bind to.\n\nNeurotransmitters may cause either excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. That is, they may help the initiation of a nerve impulse in the receiving neuron, or they may discourage such an impulse by modifying the local membrane voltage potential. In the central nervous system, combined input from several synapses is usually required to trigger an action potential. Glutamate is the most prominent of excitatory transmitters; GABA and glycine are well-known inhibitory neurotransmitters.\n\nMany neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by a process called reuptake (or often simply uptake). Without reuptake, the molecules might continue to stimulate or inhibit the firing of the postsynaptic neuron. Another mechanism for removal of a neurotransmitter is digestion by an enzyme. For example, at cholinergic synapses (where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter), the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine. Neuroactive peptides are usually removed from the cleft by diffusion, and eventual broken down by proteases
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In an inhibitory transmission,the neurotransmitter increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium, lowering the chance of transferring a nerve impulse and preventing an action potential from happening.\nExamples of such neurotransmitters are: GABA, endorphine, serotonin, eand pinephrine
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Ok, now this one I can do:\n\nMg3N2  ---> 3Mg (s) + N2 (g)
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The nerve endings that sense cold temperature and relay that information to your brain also happen to be chemically sensitive to some of the chemical compounds related to the mint flavor. So the nerve is tricked into signaling by the chemical stimulation, but our brains interpret the signal as cold - after all it's coming from a temperature receptor!
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The flow of an impulse down a neuron is only one way ... so a nerve bundle would have to be oriented to receive a signal and send it down the pathway completely ... the neuron is designed in such where an impulse causes a Na/K Pump to initiate the movement of the signal across the axon.  As Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) ions move across the myelin-sheathed axon, there is an internal mechanism which prevents the signal from retrograde movement.  This forces the impulse to move down the axon to the terminal points on the neuron.\n\nNerve conduction is dependent upon the individual neuron.  However, you should read the same conduction velocity on a given nerve at various points, keeping in mind that the myelination is equal along the path (myelin assists in the speed of transmission, less myelin means slower movement).  I do not believe that you can successfully send a signal up from the axon back into the nerve body, but I could be mistaken.
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a. Correct. This is a homeostatic mechanism\nb. positive feedback not negative\nc. impossible unless you are stimulated for life\nd. has nothing to do with receptor sites
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electrical signals. "An important characteristic of neurons is that they have excitable membranes which allow them to generate and propagate electrical signals." "Membrane potential (or transmembrane potential or transmembrane potential difference or transmembrane potential gradient), is the electrical potential difference (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane. In membrane biophysics it is sometimes used interchangeably with cell potential, but is applicable to any lipid bilayer or membrane. Hence every organelle and every membranous compartment (such as a synthetic vesicle) has a transmembrane potential (although the size of this potential may be zero)."
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I think action potentials is what you mean. but neurons in your body do not use different coding mechanisms to the ones in your brain
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used to change colligative properties of solutions
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Cells have openings on their outer membrane - ion pumps. The pumps regulate the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the cell. The difference in ions in and out of the cell creates an electric potential across the membrane allowing a nerve impulse to propagate along its length. Jens C. Skou won the 1997 Nobel Prize for work in this area. Several ion pumps have now ben described.
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Here you go! Hope this helps.\n\nhttp://web.uvic.ca/~rburke/burkelab/neuraldevelopment.htm
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(D) norepinephrine.\n\nNote that  (B) and (C) refer to the same substance; "epinephrine" is the term used by American doctors, while most of the rest of the world prefers the name "adrenalin(-e)."   Also, Acetylcholine (A) is the counterpart neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic branch.
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http://jn.physiology.org/\nhttp://www.the-aps.org/publications/jn/
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neurons are made of molecules  ( which are made of atoms ) but the activity is not on that level ( you might as well ask about the molecules in an extension cord )
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Yep - those are called phosphenes. Pressure can generate them as well as low-frequency electrical stimuli.
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An action potential is an all-or-nothing response to a stimulus of threshold in the membrane of a neuron.  A neurotransmitter from a previous neuron or a stimulus from the environment causes a graded potential in the soma of the neuron.  The potential reaches the axon hillock leading to the axon.  If the potential or sum of all the potentials is strong enough to reach the treshold of the axon hillock, an action potential is initiated down the axon.  \n\nVoltage-gated Na+ channels open allowing Na ions to rush into the cell causing the inside of the axon to become positive.  Shortly after, the time-delayed K+ voltage-gated channels open allowing K ions to move out of the cell and bring the potential back toward neutral.  The Na-K ATPase pumps then begin to work to pump Na+ back out of the cell and K+ back into the cell.\n\nThe large positive potential from the influx of Na+ stimulates the opening of voltage-gated channels further down the axon and the process repeats until the axon terminal is reached.  There, channels allow Ca2+ to enter the cell and cause the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
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1. Nerve impulse signal integrity and discrimination for neural synaptic interface.\n\n2. Artificial muscle (polymer hydogel)\n\n3. Artificial bone using nanotechnology to grow as the subject grows this would also apply also to the artificial muscles.