You Have a DNA sample that contains 3 or more different donors how are they able to separate and get a profile on each? Example the swab has the dna of colligen, pig blood, human semen, and human vaginal secretions. what do they do?
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First collagen is a protein, so DNA can not be from collagen.  It could be from hair samples.  There is a technique called small pool PCR which allows you to make a 'pool' containing only one genome equivalent, and use that pool for PCR amplification.  That is how you separate out the individual samples.  You would then do 'DNA fingerprinting' using SNPs or microsatellite markers.  PCR would help separate human from non-human DNA, but it wouldn't help if teh DNA sample contains multiple people; and amplification of that sample would be complex and contaminated.  You'd have to separate out the DNA somehow, either by small pool or by cloning.
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The stages of DNA isolation include\n    1) homogenization of thymus in a buffered isotonic sucrose-detergent solution\n    2) increasing the osmolarity with saline\n    3) centrifugation to remove cellular debris\n    4) decantation of the supernatant into a clean beaker\n    5) precipitation of the DNA by layering cold ethanol on the top of the supernatant\n    6) spooling of the precipitated DNA\n\nCheck out the website... im sure thats pretty much all you'll need :)\n\nhttp://www.biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Genetics/DNA_Isolation/Thymus_DNA.htm
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DNA = deriboneucleic acid\nRNA = riboneuclic acid\nRNA is present in each human cell in the lipoprotein (outside the cell) part. \nDNA is present in the neucleus of the cell. to be more specific, in the chromosomes inside the neucleus of the cell. so, it is only the DNA that carries the genetic property to the offsprings.\n\nas for your project, you can surely include it as a chapter.however make it sure that it is not too lengthy to dominate the main subject.\nyou can also include a chapter related to "clones and cloning". that could help you in showing it more clearly that its only the DNA that helps to transfer the genetic property to the young ones.\nif you need any further help in your project, you can contact me at \n\nmangeshome1982@yahoo.co.in\n\ngood luck.
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you need to speak to a genetics counselor usually located at a medical university hospital\nthen you would need a family history, then finally a sanple of tissue for the dna to be read of each but thats not needed once a genetics counsel takes place
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everyone has the same amount of genetic information.  a child's dna is a combination of both parents. a mother's dna is irrelevant in a paternity test because the test's goal is to see whether the child has any genetic information from the father.\n\ncrudely put, it works something like this. imagine chromosomes are marbles. the mother has 46 red marbles and the father has 46 blue marbles. each parent will donate 23 marbles to the child so the child will have 46 as well. a paternity test compares the blue marbles of the child against the proposed father. if they match, then the father has been determined. but there's no need to examine the child's red marbles because the mother donated those.\n\nthe analogy can be drawn out to include various genetic issues that arise in gametogenesis (the process of making sperm and egg cells). but hopefully this answered your question.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.\n\nMolecular structure:\nAlthough sometimes called "the molecule of heredity", DNA macromolecules as people typically think of them are not single molecules. Rather, they are pairs of molecules, which entwine like vines to form a double helix (see the illustration at the right).\nEach vine-like molecule is a strand of DNA: a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, each of which consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate and one of five kinds of nucleobases ("bases"). Because DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are polymers.\nThe diversity of the bases means that there are five kinds of nucleotides, which are commonly referred to by the identity of their bases. These are adenine (A), thymine (T), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). U is rarely found in DNA except as a result of chemical degradation of C, but in some viruses, notably PBS1 phage DNA, U completely replaces the usual T in its DNA. Similarly, RNA usually contains U in place of T, but in certain RNAs such as transfer RNA, T is always found in some positions. Thus, the only true difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, 2-deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.\nIn a DNA double helix, two polynucleotide strands can associate through the hydrophobic effect and pi stacking. Specificity of which strands stay associated is determined by complementary pairing. Each base forms hydrogen bonds readily to only one other, A to T forming two hydrogen bonds and C to G forming three hydrogen bonds. The GC content and length of each DNA molcule dictates the strength of the association; the more complementary bases exist, the stronger and longer-lasting the association characterised by the temperate required to break the hydrogen bonding, its Tm value.\nThe cell's machinery is capable of melting or disassociating a DNA double helix, and using each DNA strand as a template for synthesizing a new strand which is nearly identical to the previous strand. Errors that occur in the synthesis are known as mutations. The process known as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) mimics this process in vitro in a nonliving system.\nBecause pairing causes the nucleotide bases to face the helical axis, the sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides run along the outside; the two chains they form are sometimes called the "backbones" of the helix. In fact, it
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Whenever I pellet DNA in the lab it often comes down in a white pellet because of the salts we use to precipitate it. This may or may not be contamination depending on your point of view and what you are trying to do (for us it is not contamination).
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Blood type is not going to prove much of anything, since most populations have a mix of blood types. Some blood types are more common or rare in certain populations. In Asian populations, rH negative blood is about six times more rare than it is in the US, for instance. \n\nThe DNA tests used by the National Geographic Genographic Project will look at mitochondrial DNA for females, and will test either the Y-chromosone or mitochondrial DNA for males. In other words, you can test for the maternal ancestry of your mother's mother.  Guys can also test for the paternal ancestry of their father's father, but not for the ancestry of your father's mother. If your father tests his own mitochondrial DNA, or if his sister or sister's daughter did, you could find out about the ancestry of your father's mother. Perhaps if you offered to pay, they will provide the cells!\n\nYou pay about USD100 to order a testing kit. They send you a couple of cheek swabs--which are like a cross between a Q-tip and a toothbrush. You scrape some cells off the inside of your cheek, put the top of the swabs in vials, mark them with your code and send them in. \n\nA website tells you where your DNA sample is in the testing process when you enter your code. About two months after you send the swabs in, the website will tell you what haplotype was found in your DNA, and what they know about where your ancestors were 30 or 40 thousand years ago. \n\nThere are a few Native American haplotypes, and I wondered if my 18th century Georgia colony ancestors would turn out to have one of those. My results combined with my known genealogy suggest that my maternal ancestry came out of Africa through Central Europe and Scandinavia, invaded the British Isles as Vikings, and crossed the Atlantic as colonists.\n\nI happened to find this out the day before I took a ferry from Britain to the smaller island where my Viking/Scottish ancestors on my father's side lived 500 years ago. In between my maternal and paternal lines are a lot of French and Germans, even a woman who may have been Powhatan. But with my surname on one side and my DNA showing a similar heritage on the other, I have a pretty strong sense of ancestral identity now.
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i'd think that maybe they are really buissy.  if it was positive i dont think they would mis place it and they would have you come in and take more blood probalby for another sample would be my guess.  good luck.
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DNA comparison by electrophoresis. I've seen kits available in school divisions for science classes. On a similar note: paper chromatography to check if the composition of ink between samples are same or different.
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Yes, there are two types of DNA: 1) Nuclear DNA (found in the nucleus) and 2) Mitochondrial DNA (obviously, found in the mitochondria).  Nuclear DNA consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes - 23 from mom and 23 from dad.  Mitochondrial DNA is received from your mom (whether you are a boy or a girl!).  Mitochondrial DNA is circular (nuclear DNA is linear), like bacterial DNA, which is one reason why it is thought that mitochondria may have originally been derived from bacteria.\nThere are only 13 genes in Mitochondrial DNA.  Nuclear DNA contains a lot more genes, with the latest estimates at about 23,000.
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Each person has their very own specific fingerprints- noones is the same at all.  This helps to identify ALOT of criminals and when they find one at a murder scene say- they can lift the print and run it through their data base and find the moron who killed an innocent person!  Noones is the same at all- people have tried to burn their prints off or cut the tips of their finger tips to make them different but now alot of DNA testing is better when u find a palm print as well as the finger print.  We all kind of write with our hand resting on the paper so it can also be used to find a criminal!
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it's almost the same theory but the stuff (eg, buffers and gel types) used are different. Also proteins separate according to their molecular weight and DNA separate according to their base pairs.
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Sequencing is so cheap these days, you'd rarely have to do this kind of thing in real life...\n\nThe key to notice is that your paternal version has a cut site 7 bases in, that your maternal doesn't.\n\nIt looks like your probe sits on the end bit, just after a second cut site, shared by both.  So your probe will stick equally well to the DNA from both alleles.  \n\nSo I don't see how that probe helps.
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LMAO. Man, I don't know. I think it would contain your DNA from the passing through your anus......it has traces of your skin on it....and some blood and saliva too.
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DNA fingerprinting is commonly used to probe our heredity. Since people inherit the arrangement of their base pairs from their parents, comparing the banding patterns of a child and the alleged parent generates a probability of relatedness; if the two patterns are similar enough (taking into account that only half the DNA is inherited from each parent), then they are probably family. However, DNA fingerprinting cannot discriminate between identical twins since their banding patterns are the same. In paternity suits involving identical twins - and yes, there have been such cases - if neither brother has an alibi to prove that he could not have impregnated the mother, the courts have been known to force them to split child care costs. Thankfully there are other, less “Jerry Springer-esque”, applications that teach us about our origins. When used alongside more traditional sociological methodologies, DNA fingerprinting can be used to analyse patterns of migration and claims of ethnicity.\n\nDNA Fingerprinting can also tell us about present-day situations. Perhaps best known is the use of DNA fingerprinting in forensic medicine. DNA samples gathered at a crime scene can be compared with the DNA of a suspect to show whether or not he or she was present. Databases of DNA fingerprints are only available from known offenders, so it isn't yet possible to fingerprint the DNA from a crime scene and then pull out names of probable matches from the general public. But, in the future, this may happen if DNA fingerprints replace more traditional and forgeable forms of identification. In a real case, trading standards agents found that 25% of caviar is bulked up with roe from different categories, the high class equivalent of cheating the consumer by not filling the metaphorical pint glass all the way up to the top. DNA fingerprinting confirmed that the ‘suspect’ (inferior) caviar was present at the crime scene.\n\nfor more information please click the link below:\nhttp://www.thenakedscientists.com/html/columnists/dalyacolumn8.htm
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Well, I'm assuming this is a homework assignment, isn't it?  I think an encyclopedia definition would be best for you, since it would make you think about and figure out the answer on your own.  So, go to an encyclopedia, and look up DNA.