When was RNA discoverd and who discovered it?
122378
Nucleic acids were discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895), who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus. It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids
646979
1.Alexander Fleming : micro-organisms/microbes\n\nhis discovery of penicillin\n\n2.Carl Linné: taxonomy\n \nGood classification of plants and their species/discovered new species\n\n\n3.Charles Darwin : human origins\n\ntheory of evolution\n\n4. Santiago Ramón y Cajal : neurobiology\n\nanalyzed almost the whole human nervous system\n\n5. Gregor Mendel : genetics\n\ntheories of heredity
566848
Perhaps the most famous of these experiments is called the Miller-Urey experiment. Using water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen to simulate primordial earth, and a little electrical coaxing, Miller managed to form 13 of the 21 amino acids organisms use to build proteins, and nucleic acids, mostly in the form of adenine.\n\nThere are some caveats, whether this is actually the composition of the primordial soup has been called into question, and the presence of some molecules, oxygen for example, ceased all biological molecules from forming. We really don't know what the environment was, but the important thing to take away from the experiment is that it's absolutely possible for organic molecules to spring from a random collection of chemicals.\n\nOpponents of evolution like to use the idea of a typewriter factory exploding and forming a dictionary as an allegory for spontaneous creation of a cell. For a fully formed cell to be produced spontaneously certainly is impossible, one of the leading hypothosises is that, as with everything else in evolution, it started in steps, the explosion at the typewriter factory didn't for a dictionary, it formed a word. The first form of life was probably little else than some RNA molecule that managed to replicate, more advanced structures took more time to develop. Interestingly enough, it's now thought that mitochondria were an ancient bacteria that formed a symbiotic relationship with larger cells, a relationship that was so successful, all future life was based on it, this is why they still retain their own genetic information.
255555
The DNA Double Helix is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time. First described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is the famous molecule of genetics that establishes each organism's physical characteristics. It wasn't until mid-2001, that the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics jointly presented the true nature and complexity of the digital code inherent in DNA. We now understand that there are approximately 35,000 genes in each human DNA molecule, comprised of chemical bases arranged in approximately 3 billion precise sequences. Even the DNA molecule for the single-celled bacterium, E. coli, contains enough information to fill all the books in any of the world's largest libraries.
281341
Have you ever heard the term "critical mass" as it applies to inanimate and animate entities? It's the point when enough systems come together to form a working entity that something is considered alive.\n\nAs for not being able to create life forms, I have heard of experiments where scientists were able to create a primitive cell using simple chemicals. In the same way that soap has a hydrophilic (attaracted to water) end and a hydrophobic end (repelled from water), a cell wall has an interior layer in which the hydrophobic ends face each other and the hydrophilic ends form the inner and outer walls of a cell. There is also a mathematical point where the cell wall is the most stable with respect to voulme- any larger and the cell tends to split, and any smaller and the cell will burst with internal osmotic pressure.\n\nAs for the argumant that DNA is too complex to come about by simple random selection, RNA is easily created using just nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. An RNA molecule is the precursor to DNA and has some interesting properties- it can exist as a single chain and although more difficult to copy, the development of the double helix did away with the difficulties of copying and issues of heritability and mutation (both beneficial and harmful). Interestingly enough, viruses use RNA almost exclusively, and they are almost considered alive, yet they lack some of the major requirements of biological life. RNA is also self-replicating and forms quite easily under the right conditions- one of the major factors of DNA.\n\nIn one of my College Biology classes, we learned of an experiment where the scientists put carbon dioxide gas, water, and ammonia in a flask which was slightly heated, stirred, and subjected to a high voltage spark. After a while, the flask was opened and the contents were chemically tested for what was formed. Several simple proteins and short chains of these proteins were detected- some of the proteins detected was the proteins used to construct RNA and DNA. The conclusion of the experiment was that if these proteins are so easy to form under these conditions, life created spontaneously was not an impossibility but inevitable under the right circumstances.\n\nIf the earth was 100 degrees hotter, a lot drier, covered in oceans, a primarily ammonia or methane atmosphere, we would have adapted as we developed and changed (evolved).\n\nWho knows? If we developed on a planet where the average surface temperature was 200 degrees below the freezing point of water and we breathed ammonia, the earth we now know would probably be considered a oxygen-poisoned too hot hell hole- surely no life could have evolved there- but here we are.\n\nAs for creating biological life from a copy, the DNA code for a human would reach to the moon (360 million miles). A lot of the DNA code we have no clue what it is used for, how much of it is actually used (like the brain, we might only need about 10% of our DNA to operate on a daily basis), and the fact that most of the DNA we have is only used while we are in the womb to develop from a single cell to a multicellular organism.\n\nOne of my favorite sayings is "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny", which means that as the fetus develops, the organism goes through what appears to be different stages of our evoultion to get to where we are today. Interestingly enough, a chicken, pig, and a lizard ova and a hman ova at identical stages of development look surprisingly identical to one another. This is where geneticists and evolutionists agree that humans must have hada common ancestor with proto-hominids, or pre-apes.\n\nI hope this helps.
651544
B) RNA is found only inside the nucleus, whereas DNA is found only outside the nucleus.\n\nIn order for the statement to be true, the subjects (RNA & DNA) should be switched.
528364
http://www.dalailama.com/page.4.htm   <<< hope this can give you an idea...read under 'Discovery as Dalai Lama'
123900
Oxygen - \nDate of Discovery: 1774\nDiscoverer: Joseph Priestly\nName Origin: From the Greek words oxus (acid) and gennan (generate)\nUses: supports life\nObtained From: from liquid air \n\nSodium -\nDate of Discovery: 1807\nDiscoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy\nName Origin: soda (Na2CO3)\nSymbol Origin: From the Latin word natrium (sodium)\nUses: medicine, agriculture\nObtained From: table salts and other foods
350299
Double-stranded RNA triggers the RNAi pathway.
278700
http://www.livescience.com\n\n\nHope I Helped!
6349
I would say Watson and Crick.  They discovered DNA, leading the biological world into a whole new era that makes so much possible from treating deadly diseases to cloning.
592006
You seem to have answered your own question there. Nobody knows exactly how the first living cell formed, of course, but it is generaly thorized to have begun with self-replicating molecules (RNA&DNA, like you said, though, belive RNA is belived to be the more ancient). These molecules reacting in a dense enough solution with the nesesary ingridients and enough energy thrown itno the mix, and hey persto -Life!
625499
I believe that only ribosomes is correct. I had Bio last semester and I think that's what I remember. Messenger RNA from the chromosomes leaves the nucleus and finds the ribosomes within the cell. When the mRNA finds the ribosomes protein synthesis is started.
105651
In the late nineteenth century, a German biochemist found the nucleic acids, long-chain polymers of nucleotides, were made up of sugar, phosphoric acid, and several nitrogen-containing bases. Later it was found that the sugar in nucleic acid can be ribose or deoxyribose, giving two forms: RNA and DNA. In 1943, American Oswald Avery proved that DNA carries genetic information. He even suggested DNA might actually be the gene. Most people at the time thought the gene would be protein, not nucleic acid, but by the late 1940s, DNA was largely accepted as the genetic molecule. Scientists still needed to figure out this molecule's structure to be sure, and to understand how it worked.\n\nIn 1948, Linus Pauling discovered that many proteins take the shape of an alpha helix, spiraled like a spring coil. In 1950, biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that the arrangement of nitrogen bases in DNA varied widely, but the amount of certain bases always occurred in a one-to-one ratio. These discoveries were an important foundation for the later description of DNA.\n\nIn the early 1950s, the race to discover DNA was on. At Cambridge University, graduate student Francis Crick and research fellow James Watson (b. 1928) had become interested, impressed especially by Pauling's work. Meanwhile at King's College in London, Maurice Wilkins (b. 1916) and Rosalind Franklin were also studying DNA. The Cambridge team's approach was to make physical models to narrow down the possibilities and eventually create an accurate picture of the molecule. The King's team took an experimental approach, looking particularly at x-ray diffraction images of DNA.
175927
Newts, short for newtons, were first found by Christopher Columbus in 1495.  A four legged amphibian, these "lizards" were discovered during Columbus' exploration of the Florida wetlands.  One of Columbus' first mates famously stated that, "Los newtonos esta muy pocino", translated "The newtons are very little."
267434
About 2 billion years ago.\n\nVery little. We are reasonably sure that chloroplasts and mitochondria were bacteria before they joined the collective.
48267
DNA ( Deoxyribonuclic Acid )\n\nJ.D Watson and F.H.C crick unravelled the mystery about the structure of DNA\n\nAnd for more information Frederick Meisher was the first to isolate DNA