what are the five regions of the vertebral column?
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The vertebrae are numbered and divided into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx (Fig. 2). Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. The vertebrae in each region have unique features that help them perform their main functions.
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A typical cervical vertebra has a small body, a bifid (Y-shaped) spinous process, and U-shaped transverse processes with a transverse foramen. In addition to these characteristics, the axis (C2 vertebra) also has the dens projecting upward from the vertebral body.
284293
Five (sometimes six) vertebrae are fused in the adult to form the sacrum, which can be felt below the "small of the back." The sacrum articulates above with L5, laterally with the hip bones, and inferiorly with the coccyx.
737000
['Zone of reserve cartilage. ... ', 'Zone of cell proliferation. ... ', 'Zone of cell hypertrophy. ... ', 'Zone of calcification. ... ', 'Zone of bone deposition.']
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Each pair of spinal nerves roughly correspond to a segment of the vertebral column: 8 cervical spinal nerve pairs (C1–C8), 12 thoracic pairs (T1–T12), 5 lumbar pairs (L1–L5), 5 sacral pairs (S1–S5), and 1 coccygeal pair.
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['C7, also called vertebra prominens, is the last cervical vertebra. T1 is the first thoracic vertebra.', 'C7 has a longer spinous process (bony protrusion), which can be felt in the back of the neck. ... ', 'T1 connects to the first rib with costovertebral joints.']
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A typical vertebra consists of (1) a body and (2) a vertebral arch, which has several processes (articular, transverse, and spinous) for articular and muscular attachments.
1431943
['parts of a long bone.', 'metaphysis. Part of the bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis; it contains the connecting cartilage enabling the bone to grow, and disappears at adulthood.', 'diaphysis. ... ', 'distal epiphysis. ... ', 'proximal epiphysis. ... ', 'metaphysis.']
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The forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS), which is one of two great divisions of the nervous system as a whole. The brain is protected by the skull, while the spinal cord, which is about 17 inches (43 cm) long, is protected by the vertebral column.
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['brain stem.', 'cerebellum.', 'diencephalon.', 'cerebrum.']
1089284
['Human Axial Skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the human body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage). ... ', 'The Skull. ... ', 'The Vertebral Column. ... ', 'The Thoracic Cage.']
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Sympathetic nerves originate inside the vertebral column, toward the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral cell column (or lateral horn), beginning at the first thoracic segment of the spinal cord and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar segments.
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['First Position – On top of your head. ... ', 'Second Position – Between the eyebrows and lower back of your head. ... ', 'Third Position – with the palms on the eyes. ... ', 'Fourth Position – On the ears. ... ', 'Fifth Position – The neck area. ... ', 'Sixth Position – The center of your chest. ... ', 'Seventh Position – The Solar plexus area.']
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The major function of the vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord; it also provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic girdles and many muscles. In humans an additional function is to transmit body weight in walking and standing.
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The Axial Skeleton The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back (Figure 1). It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
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['Cervical vertebrae (7)', 'Thoracic vertebrae (12)', 'Lumbar vertebrae (5)', 'Sacrum (1)', 'Coccyx (1)']
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The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae.