what is first and second quantization?
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The first quantization is the quantization of classical lagrangian particle(s) mechanics。 The second quantization is the quantization of classical field theory like electromagnetic field, dirac field and so on.
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First, second, and third person are ways of describing points of view. First person is the I/we perspective. Second person is the you perspective. Third person is the he/she/it/they perspective.
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QFT is hard because there is no rigorous maths underpinning it (you got $1,000,000 if you can come up with some), which makes it very handwavy sometimes. In particular, canonical quantisation is quite hard to get your head around the first time. It's also usually taught badly.
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Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics which deals with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.
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There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary and composite particles.
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In brief, the main difference between quantum and classical physics is the difference between a ramp and a staircase. In classical mechanics, events (in general) are continuous, which is to say they move in smooth, orderly and predicable patterns. Projectile motion is a good example of classical mechanics.
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To motivate the fundamentals of QFT, an overview of classical field theory is in order. The simplest classical field is a real scalar field — a real number at every point in space that changes in time. It is denoted as ϕ(x, t), where x is the position vector, and t is the time. Suppose the Lagrangian of the field is.
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There is a huge difference between Classical and Quantum Theory. 1. In classical theory, a body always chooses the least action path and there is only one path. In Quantum theory, a particle also always chooses the least action path and it chooses multiple least action paths simultaneously.
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There are two possible outcomes for the measurement of a qubit—usually taken to have the value "0" and "1", like a bit or binary digit. However, whereas the state of a bit can only be either 0 or 1, the general state of a qubit according to quantum mechanics can be a coherent superposition of both.
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What is the difference between grid quantization and groove quantization? - Grid quantization: align notes/events to a specified timing grid. - Groove quantization: align notes/events to a groove template. - (beat detective can be used to extract the groove from both midi AND audio clips.)
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With non-linear quantization you normally have some sort of logarithmic encoding (e.g. µ-Law or A-law), so that the increment for small sample values is much smaller than the increment for large sample values. ... This translates to a fixed S/N ratio (due to quantization noise), regardless of the signal amplitude.
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1 Answer. The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove an electron from a neutral atom. The second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove an electron from a 1+ ion. ... (That means that the atom has already lost two electrons, you are now removing the third.)
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A first-order question is simply a proposition. A second-order question is a question about that proposition. A third-order question is a question about a second-order question which is a question about a first-order question.
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3.8: Eigenstates and Eigenvalues. Consider a general real-space operator, A(x). When this operator acts on a general wavefunction ψ(x) the result is usually a wavefunction with a completely different shape. ... These special wavefunctions are called eigenstates, and the multiples are called eigenvalues.
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The second mediator particle discovered (after the photon) was the pion. In 1935, Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) formulated the idea that protons and neutrons were held together by a nuclear force that was mediated by a particle called the pion.
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When it comes to classical versus quantum statistical mechanics the main difference is that quantum particles are fundamentally indistinguishable. You can't label them and you can't distinguish them by following their trajectory, because the notion of a trajectory becomes meaningless.
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The second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove an electron from a 1+ ion. ... The third ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove an electron from a 2+ ion. (That means that the atom has already lost two electrons, you are now removing the third.)