what are alkyl side chains?
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In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen. The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. ... Typically an alkyl is a part of a larger molecule. In structural formula, the symbol R is used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group.
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Alkyl halides are polar and immiscible with water. Explain. Alkyl halides though polar are immissible with H2O because energy is required to overcome the attractions between the haloalkane molecule and to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. Thus, alkyl halides though polar are immisicible with water.
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Aliphatic amino acids. The side chains of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, shown in Figure , contain saturated carbon‐carbon and carbon‐hydrogen bonds only. ... Alanine has a methyl group for its side chain, valine a 3‐carbon side chain, while leucine and isoleucine have 4‐carbon side chains.
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Lipids: water-insoluble molecules that can be classified as fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. Fatty acids are lipid monomers that consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at the end. Fatty acids form complex polymers such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes.
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other amino acids which have ionizable side chains. These include arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine and tyrosine.
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Alkoxy, amide, ester groups less strongly activating. Alkyl Groups – (with no electron withdrawing groups). ... Electron withdrawing (highly electronegative) nature outweighs donation of electron density through a lone pair. Atoms with pi-bonds to electronegative groups – Strongly deactivating.
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However, some groups, such as the alkyl group, are less electron-withdrawing than hydrogen and are therefore considered as electron-releasing. This is electron-releasing character and is indicated by the +I effect. In short, alkyl groups tend to give electrons, leading to the induction effect.
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The building blocks of lipids are: One glycerol molecule and at least one fatty acid, with a maximum of three fatty acids. Glycerol is a sugar alcohol with three OH groups. It acts as a backbone for fatty acids to bond. Fatty acids are made up of a long hydrocarbon with carboxyl group, which is represented as COOH.
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Alkyl halides are among the most versatile compounds in the chemical industry. Small haloalkanes are some of the most commonly used solvents in chemical laboratories; chlorofluorocarbons have seen widespread use as refrigerants and propellants; and compounds containing both Br and F are often used in fire retardants.
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Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds, while alkynes contain one or more triple bonds. The naming conventions for these compounds are similar to those for alkanes.
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Alkyl radicals The methyl group (CH3 ) is formed from methane, CH4. The ethyl group , C2H5 , is formed from ethane, C2H6. Two different alkyl groups can be formed from propane, CH3CH2CH3. Removal of a hydrogen atom from one of the carbon atoms at the end of the chain forms C3H7 .
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Fat molecules consist of primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms and are therefore hydrophobic and are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Examples include cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides.
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Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X) : The halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R). ... Aryl halides: The halogen atom is bonded to the sp2 - hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring.
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The alkanes are named as methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane and octane. The general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2. A homologous series is a set of compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and gradual changing physical properties.
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Methyl groups, which are part of the alkyl functional group, contain a carbon atom surrounded by three hydrogen atoms, expressed as CH3. Among their unique properties are the ability to form non-polar covalent bonds and hydrophobicity. Methyl groups can be found alone or part of organic structures.
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An alkane is a fully saturated hydrocarbon, typically with no other major substituents or heteroatoms. An alkyl group indicates a functional group that is generally only composed of carbon and hydrogen. This group is part of an organic molecule that typically has multiple functionalities.
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An alkyne which contains four carbon atoms in the chain has two structural isomers: 1-butyne and 2-butyne. 1-Butyne is a terminal alkyne, with the first three carbon atoms in the chain adopting a linear shape because of the triple bond.