what are the three steps essential in producing recombinant dna?
69252
['Cut open the plasmid and "paste" in the gene. This process relies on restriction enzymes (which cut DNA) and DNA ligase (which joins DNA).', 'Insert the plasmid into bacteria. ... ', 'Grow up lots of plasmid-carrying bacteria and use them as "factories" to make the protein.']
1230697
['Helicase. Uses the hydrolysis of ATP to "unzip" or unwind the DNA helix at the replication fork to allow the resulting single strands to be copied.', "Primase. Polymerises nucleotide triphosphates in a 5' to 3' direction. ... ", 'DNA Polymerase III. ... ', 'DNA Polymerase I. ... ', 'Ligase. ... ', 'Telomerase. ... ', 'Nuclease. ... ', 'Topoisomerase.']
606150
New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (starter) and synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. During DNA replication, one new strand (the leading strand) is made as a continuous piece. The other (the lagging strand) is made in small pieces.
442436
DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.
1066718
['Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose. ... ', 'Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate. ... ', 'Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate. ... ', 'Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate. ... ', 'Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.']
1467102
['DNA is a genetic material. ... ', 'DNA enables the cell to maintain, grow and divide by directing the synthesis of structural proteins.', 'DNA controls metabolism in the cell by directing the synthesis of enzymatic proteins.', 'DNA produces RNAs by transcription for use in protein synthesis.']
20367
The basic next-generation sequencing process involves fragmenting DNA/RNA into multiple pieces, adding adapters, sequencing the libraries, and reassembling them to form a genomic sequence. In principle, the concept is similar to capillary electrophoresis.
679736
[' Prepare a sample from a patient and isolate whole bacterial DNA.', ' Make many copies of the desired piece of DNA.', ' Sequence the DNA.', ' Analyze the sequence and identify the bacteria.']
1077221
Prokaryotic cells have developed a number of methods for recombining their genetic material, which, in turn, contributes to their genetic diversity. The three most common ways that bacteria diversify their DNA are transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
871426
These are (1) The isolation of DNA fragments from a donor organism; (2) The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome and (3) The growth of a recombinant vector in an appropriate host.
776050
Recombinant DNA technology is the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species. The recombined DNA molecule is inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
165142
However, bacteria have found ways to increase their genetic diversity through three recombination techniques: transduction, transformation and conjugation.
864509
['Recombinant or synthetic DNA/RNA (plasmids, cloned materials, oligonucleotides, siRNA)', 'Viral vectors (e.g., lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, AAV)', 'Genetically-modified organisms (animals, microorganisms, plants, insects, cells/cell lines)']
1357173
The creation of recombinant DNA molecules is possible due to the use of naturally occurring restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes), bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection.
1052057
Key steps in the process of bacterial transformation: (1) competent cell preparation, (2) transformation of cells, (3) cell recovery, and (4) cell plating.
683793
['Replication. Replication of plasmid DNA is carried by the same enzymes that replicate the E. ... ', 'Selectable Markers (Antibiotic resistance) ... ', 'Multiple cloning sites (or polylinkers) ... ', 'Single-stranded DNA production. ... ', 'Bacteriophage promoters. ... ', 'Miniature Preparation of Bacterial Plasmid.']
144965
The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, which are made up of three parts: a deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (Figure 9.3). There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA.