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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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---
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Spire is a 7B parameter decoder-only model with strong abilities in machine translation, automatic speech recognition, and speech translation. [SpireBase](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireBase) was created by applying speech-centric continued pretraining to [TowerBase-7B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/Unbabel/TowerBase-7B-v0.1), which was itself created by applying continued pretraining to [Llama 2](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b).
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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---
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# SpireLM
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Spire is a 7B parameter decoder-only model with strong abilities in machine translation, automatic speech recognition, and speech translation. [SpireBase](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireBase) was created by applying speech-centric continued pretraining to [TowerBase-7B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/Unbabel/TowerBase-7B-v0.1), which was itself created by applying continued pretraining to [Llama 2](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b).
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## Model Checkpoints
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We release our checkpoints through Hugging Face. All of our models can be loaded as `LlamaForCausalLM` instances, allowing inference to be performed with [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm). For further details on the models, check [the paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10620).
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| Model | Path |
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| ----- | ---- |
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| SpireBase | [utter-project/SpireBase](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireBase) |
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| SpireFull | [utter-project/SpireFull](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireFull) |
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| SpireNoBlocks | [utter-project/SpireNoBlocks](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireNoBlocks) |
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| SpireNoPseudo | [utter-project/SpireNoBlocks](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireNoPseudo) |
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| TowerFull | [utter-project/TowerFull](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/TowerFull) |
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## Tokenizing Speech
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The core of our approach to speech is *discretization* - continuous speech signals are converted into sequences of tokens, which can then be processed alongside text. Our discretization system consists of a few steps:
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1. HuBERT Large ([fairseq download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/hubert/hubert_large_ll60k.pt)) converts 16kHz .wav files into into a sequence of feature vectors, one for each 20ms frame. We use the representations from layer 22.
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2. Our k-means model ([download](https://huggingface.co/utter-project/SpireKMeans/resolve/main/kmeans_model)) maps each frame to one of 5000 clusters.
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3. The sequences of cluster IDs are deduplicated, such that consecutive frames with the same label are collapsed into a single token. This usually shortens the sequence length by about 30%.
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The `spire` package implements this pipeline. Assuming you have downloaded both of these files, you can use it like so:
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```
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from datasets import load_dataset
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from spire.dsus import Labeler
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from spire.utils import fix_fleurs_path
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fleurs = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "en_us")
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wav = fix_fleurs_path(fleurs["validation"][29], "validation")
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labeler = Labeler("hubert_large_ll60k.pt", "kmeans_model")
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speech_tokens = labeler.label(wav)
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print(speech_tokens)
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```
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The output will not be very readable, as it consists of a sequence of Unicode [private use area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Areas) characters. However, these characters are known to the Spire tokenizer and can be combined with text:
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TODO: add ASR/ST examples with this sequence
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## Reproducing our Inference Results
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TODO: ducttape example
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## Reproducing our Training
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## Citation
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If you use Spire, please cite our work:
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```
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@misc{spire,
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title={From TOWER to SPIRE: Adding the Speech Modality to a Text-Only LLM},
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author={Kshitij Ambilduke and Ben Peters and Sonal Sannigrahi and Anil Keshwani and Tsz Kin Lam and Bruno Martins and Marcely Zanon Boito and André F. T. Martins},
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year={2025},
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eprint={2503.10620},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CL},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10620}
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}
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```
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