Upload BEN2.py

tools/BEN2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Prama LLC
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+import math
+import os
+import random
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+import torch.utils.checkpoint as checkpoint
+from einops import rearrange
+from PIL import Image, ImageOps
+from timm.models.layers import DropPath, to_2tuple, trunc_normal_
+from torchvision import transforms
+
+
+def set_random_seed(seed):
+    random.seed(seed)
+    np.random.seed(seed)
+    torch.manual_seed(seed)
+    torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed)
+    torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
+    torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
+    torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
+
+
+# set_random_seed(9)
+
+torch.set_float32_matmul_precision('highest')
+
+
+class Mlp(nn.Module):
+    """ Multilayer perceptron."""
+
+    def __init__(self, in_features, hidden_features=None, out_features=None, act_layer=nn.GELU, drop=0.):
+        super().__init__()
+        out_features = out_features or in_features
+        hidden_features = hidden_features or in_features
+        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(in_features, hidden_features)
+        self.act = act_layer()
+        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_features, out_features)
+        self.drop = nn.Dropout(drop)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.fc1(x)
+        x = self.act(x)
+        x = self.drop(x)
+        x = self.fc2(x)
+        x = self.drop(x)
+        return x
+
+
+def window_partition(x, window_size):
+    """
+    Args:
+        x: (B, H, W, C)
+        window_size (int): window size
+    Returns:
+        windows: (num_windows*B, window_size, window_size, C)
+    """
+    B, H, W, C = x.shape
+    x = x.view(B, H // window_size, window_size, W // window_size, window_size, C)
+    windows = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5).contiguous().view(-1, window_size, window_size, C)
+    return windows
+
+
+def window_reverse(windows, window_size, H, W):
+    """
+    Args:
+        windows: (num_windows*B, window_size, window_size, C)
+        window_size (int): Window size
+        H (int): Height of image
+        W (int): Width of image
+    Returns:
+        x: (B, H, W, C)
+    """
+    B = int(windows.shape[0] / (H * W / window_size / window_size))
+    x = windows.view(B, H // window_size, W // window_size, window_size, window_size, -1)
+    x = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5).contiguous().view(B, H, W, -1)
+    return x
+
+
+class WindowAttention(nn.Module):
+    """ Window based multi-head self attention (W-MSA) module with relative position bias.
+    It supports both of shifted and non-shifted window.
+    Args:
+        dim (int): Number of input channels.
+        window_size (tuple[int]): The height and width of the window.
+        num_heads (int): Number of attention heads.
+        qkv_bias (bool, optional):  If True, add a learnable bias to query, key, value. Default: True
+        qk_scale (float | None, optional): Override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set
+        attn_drop (float, optional): Dropout ratio of attention weight. Default: 0.0
+        proj_drop (float, optional): Dropout ratio of output. Default: 0.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dim, window_size, num_heads, qkv_bias=True, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):
+
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim = dim
+        self.window_size = window_size  # Wh, Ww
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        head_dim = dim // num_heads
+        self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5
+
+        # define a parameter table of relative position bias
+        self.relative_position_bias_table = nn.Parameter(
+            torch.zeros((2 * window_size[0] - 1) * (2 * window_size[1] - 1), num_heads))  # 2*Wh-1 * 2*Ww-1, nH
+
+        # get pair-wise relative position index for each token inside the window
+        coords_h = torch.arange(self.window_size[0])
+        coords_w = torch.arange(self.window_size[1])
+        coords = torch.stack(torch.meshgrid([coords_h, coords_w]))  # 2, Wh, Ww
+        coords_flatten = torch.flatten(coords, 1)  # 2, Wh*Ww
+        relative_coords = coords_flatten[:, :, None] - coords_flatten[:, None, :]  # 2, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
+        relative_coords = relative_coords.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous()  # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww, 2
+        relative_coords[:, :, 0] += self.window_size[0] - 1  # shift to start from 0
+        relative_coords[:, :, 1] += self.window_size[1] - 1
+        relative_coords[:, :, 0] *= 2 * self.window_size[1] - 1
+        relative_position_index = relative_coords.sum(-1)  # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
+        self.register_buffer("relative_position_index", relative_position_index)
+
+        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
+        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)
+        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
+        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)
+
+        trunc_normal_(self.relative_position_bias_table, std=.02)
+        self.softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)
+
+    def forward(self, x, mask=None):
+        """ Forward function.
+        Args:
+            x: input features with shape of (num_windows*B, N, C)
+            mask: (0/-inf) mask with shape of (num_windows, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww) or None
+        """
+        B_, N, C = x.shape
+        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B_, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
+        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple)
+
+        q = q * self.scale
+        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1))
+
+        relative_position_bias = self.relative_position_bias_table[self.relative_position_index.view(-1)].view(
+            self.window_size[0] * self.window_size[1], self.window_size[0] * self.window_size[1], -1)  # Wh*Ww,Wh*Ww,nH
+        relative_position_bias = relative_position_bias.permute(2, 0, 1).contiguous()  # nH, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
+        attn = attn + relative_position_bias.unsqueeze(0)
+
+        if mask is not None:
+            nW = mask.shape[0]
+            attn = attn.view(B_ // nW, nW, self.num_heads, N, N) + mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(0)
+            attn = attn.view(-1, self.num_heads, N, N)
+            attn = self.softmax(attn)
+        else:
+            attn = self.softmax(attn)
+
+        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)
+
+        x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B_, N, C)
+        x = self.proj(x)
+        x = self.proj_drop(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class SwinTransformerBlock(nn.Module):
+    """ Swin Transformer Block.
+    Args:
+        dim (int): Number of input channels.
+        num_heads (int): Number of attention heads.
+        window_size (int): Window size.
+        shift_size (int): Shift size for SW-MSA.
+        mlp_ratio (float): Ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim.
+        qkv_bias (bool, optional): If True, add a learnable bias to query, key, value. Default: True
+        qk_scale (float | None, optional): Override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set.
+        drop (float, optional): Dropout rate. Default: 0.0
+        attn_drop (float, optional): Attention dropout rate. Default: 0.0
+        drop_path (float, optional): Stochastic depth rate. Default: 0.0
+        act_layer (nn.Module, optional): Activation layer. Default: nn.GELU
+        norm_layer (nn.Module, optional): Normalization layer.  Default: nn.LayerNorm
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads, window_size=7, shift_size=0,
+                 mlp_ratio=4., qkv_bias=True, qk_scale=None, drop=0., attn_drop=0., drop_path=0.,
+                 act_layer=nn.GELU, norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim = dim
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.window_size = window_size
+        self.shift_size = shift_size
+        self.mlp_ratio = mlp_ratio
+        assert 0 <= self.shift_size < self.window_size, "shift_size must in 0-window_size"
+
+        self.norm1 = norm_layer(dim)
+        self.attn = WindowAttention(
+            dim, window_size=to_2tuple(self.window_size), num_heads=num_heads,
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale, attn_drop=attn_drop, proj_drop=drop)
+
+        self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path) if drop_path > 0. else nn.Identity()
+        self.norm2 = norm_layer(dim)
+        mlp_hidden_dim = int(dim * mlp_ratio)
+        self.mlp = Mlp(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_hidden_dim, act_layer=act_layer, drop=drop)
+
+        self.H = None
+        self.W = None
+
+    def forward(self, x, mask_matrix):
+        """ Forward function.
+        Args:
+            x: Input feature, tensor size (B, H*W, C).
+            H, W: Spatial resolution of the input feature.
+            mask_matrix: Attention mask for cyclic shift.
+        """
+        B, L, C = x.shape
+        H, W = self.H, self.W
+        assert L == H * W, "input feature has wrong size"
+
+        shortcut = x
+        x = self.norm1(x)
+        x = x.view(B, H, W, C)
+
+        # pad feature maps to multiples of window size
+        pad_l = pad_t = 0
+        pad_r = (self.window_size - W % self.window_size) % self.window_size
+        pad_b = (self.window_size - H % self.window_size) % self.window_size
+        x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, pad_l, pad_r, pad_t, pad_b))
+        _, Hp, Wp, _ = x.shape
+
+        # cyclic shift
+        if self.shift_size > 0:
+            shifted_x = torch.roll(x, shifts=(-self.shift_size, -self.shift_size), dims=(1, 2))
+            attn_mask = mask_matrix
+        else:
+            shifted_x = x
+            attn_mask = None
+
+        # partition windows
+        x_windows = window_partition(shifted_x, self.window_size)  # nW*B, window_size, window_size, C
+        x_windows = x_windows.view(-1, self.window_size * self.window_size, C)  # nW*B, window_size*window_size, C
+
+        # W-MSA/SW-MSA
+        attn_windows = self.attn(x_windows, mask=attn_mask)  # nW*B, window_size*window_size, C
+
+        # merge windows
+        attn_windows = attn_windows.view(-1, self.window_size, self.window_size, C)
+        shifted_x = window_reverse(attn_windows, self.window_size, Hp, Wp)  # B H' W' C
+
+        # reverse cyclic shift
+        if self.shift_size > 0:
+            x = torch.roll(shifted_x, shifts=(self.shift_size, self.shift_size), dims=(1, 2))
+        else:
+            x = shifted_x
+
+        if pad_r > 0 or pad_b > 0:
+            x = x[:, :H, :W, :].contiguous()
+
+        x = x.view(B, H * W, C)
+
+        # FFN
+        x = shortcut + self.drop_path(x)
+        x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))
+
+        return x
+
+
+class PatchMerging(nn.Module):
+    """ Patch Merging Layer
+    Args:
+        dim (int): Number of input channels.
+        norm_layer (nn.Module, optional): Normalization layer.  Default: nn.LayerNorm
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dim, norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim = dim
+        self.reduction = nn.Linear(4 * dim, 2 * dim, bias=False)
+        self.norm = norm_layer(4 * dim)
+
+    def forward(self, x, H, W):
+        """ Forward function.
+        Args:
+            x: Input feature, tensor size (B, H*W, C).
+            H, W: Spatial resolution of the input feature.
+        """
+        B, L, C = x.shape
+        assert L == H * W, "input feature has wrong size"
+
+        x = x.view(B, H, W, C)
+
+        # padding
+        pad_input = (H % 2 == 1) or (W % 2 == 1)
+        if pad_input:
+            x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, W % 2, 0, H % 2))
+
+        x0 = x[:, 0::2, 0::2, :]  # B H/2 W/2 C
+        x1 = x[:, 1::2, 0::2, :]  # B H/2 W/2 C
+        x2 = x[:, 0::2, 1::2, :]  # B H/2 W/2 C
+        x3 = x[:, 1::2, 1::2, :]  # B H/2 W/2 C
+        x = torch.cat([x0, x1, x2, x3], -1)  # B H/2 W/2 4*C
+        x = x.view(B, -1, 4 * C)  # B H/2*W/2 4*C
+
+        x = self.norm(x)
+        x = self.reduction(x)
+
+        return x
+
+
+class BasicLayer(nn.Module):
+    """ A basic Swin Transformer layer for one stage.
+    Args:
+        dim (int): Number of feature channels
+        depth (int): Depths of this stage.
+        num_heads (int): Number of attention head.
+        window_size (int): Local window size. Default: 7.
+        mlp_ratio (float): Ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim. Default: 4.
+        qkv_bias (bool, optional): If True, add a learnable bias to query, key, value. Default: True
+        qk_scale (float | None, optional): Override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set.
+        drop (float, optional): Dropout rate. Default: 0.0
+        attn_drop (float, optional): Attention dropout rate. Default: 0.0
+        drop_path (float | tuple[float], optional): Stochastic depth rate. Default: 0.0
+        norm_layer (nn.Module, optional): Normalization layer. Default: nn.LayerNorm
+        downsample (nn.Module | None, optional): Downsample layer at the end of the layer. Default: None
+        use_checkpoint (bool): Whether to use checkpointing to save memory. Default: False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 dim,
+                 depth,
+                 num_heads,
+                 window_size=7,
+                 mlp_ratio=4.,
+                 qkv_bias=True,
+                 qk_scale=None,
+                 drop=0.,
+                 attn_drop=0.,
+                 drop_path=0.,
+                 norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm,
+                 downsample=None,
+                 use_checkpoint=False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.window_size = window_size
+        self.shift_size = window_size // 2
+        self.depth = depth
+        self.use_checkpoint = use_checkpoint
+
+        # build blocks
+        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([
+            SwinTransformerBlock(
+                dim=dim,
+                num_heads=num_heads,
+                window_size=window_size,
+                shift_size=0 if (i % 2 == 0) else window_size // 2,
+                mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+                qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+                qk_scale=qk_scale,
+                drop=drop,
+                attn_drop=attn_drop,
+                drop_path=drop_path[i] if isinstance(drop_path, list) else drop_path,
+                norm_layer=norm_layer)
+            for i in range(depth)])
+
+        # patch merging layer
+        if downsample is not None:
+            self.downsample = downsample(dim=dim, norm_layer=norm_layer)
+        else:
+            self.downsample = None
+
+    def forward(self, x, H, W):
+        """ Forward function.
+        Args:
+            x: Input feature, tensor size (B, H*W, C).
+            H, W: Spatial resolution of the input feature.
+        """
+
+        # calculate attention mask for SW-MSA
+        Hp = int(np.ceil(H / self.window_size)) * self.window_size
+        Wp = int(np.ceil(W / self.window_size)) * self.window_size
+        img_mask = torch.zeros((1, Hp, Wp, 1), device=x.device)  # 1 Hp Wp 1
+        h_slices = (slice(0, -self.window_size),
+                    slice(-self.window_size, -self.shift_size),
+                    slice(-self.shift_size, None))
+        w_slices = (slice(0, -self.window_size),
+                    slice(-self.window_size, -self.shift_size),
+                    slice(-self.shift_size, None))
+        cnt = 0
+        for h in h_slices:
+            for w in w_slices:
+                img_mask[:, h, w, :] = cnt
+                cnt += 1
+
+        mask_windows = window_partition(img_mask, self.window_size)  # nW, window_size, window_size, 1
+        mask_windows = mask_windows.view(-1, self.window_size * self.window_size)
+        attn_mask = mask_windows.unsqueeze(1) - mask_windows.unsqueeze(2)
+        attn_mask = attn_mask.masked_fill(attn_mask != 0, float(-100.0)).masked_fill(attn_mask == 0, float(0.0))
+
+        for blk in self.blocks:
+            blk.H, blk.W = H, W
+            if self.use_checkpoint:
+                x = checkpoint.checkpoint(blk, x, attn_mask)
+            else:
+                x = blk(x, attn_mask)
+        if self.downsample is not None:
+            x_down = self.downsample(x, H, W)
+            Wh, Ww = (H + 1) // 2, (W + 1) // 2
+            return x, H, W, x_down, Wh, Ww
+        else:
+            return x, H, W, x, H, W
+
+
+class PatchEmbed(nn.Module):
+    """ Image to Patch Embedding
+    Args:
+        patch_size (int): Patch token size. Default: 4.
+        in_chans (int): Number of input image channels. Default: 3.
+        embed_dim (int): Number of linear projection output channels. Default: 96.
+        norm_layer (nn.Module, optional): Normalization layer. Default: None
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, patch_size=4, in_chans=3, embed_dim=96, norm_layer=None):
+        super().__init__()
+        patch_size = to_2tuple(patch_size)
+        self.patch_size = patch_size
+
+        self.in_chans = in_chans
+        self.embed_dim = embed_dim
+
+        self.proj = nn.Conv2d(in_chans, embed_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size)
+        if norm_layer is not None:
+            self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim)
+        else:
+            self.norm = None
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """Forward function."""
+        # padding
+        _, _, H, W = x.size()
+        if W % self.patch_size[1] != 0:
+            x = F.pad(x, (0, self.patch_size[1] - W % self.patch_size[1]))
+        if H % self.patch_size[0] != 0:
+            x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, self.patch_size[0] - H % self.patch_size[0]))
+
+        x = self.proj(x)  # B C Wh Ww
+        if self.norm is not None:
+            Wh, Ww = x.size(2), x.size(3)
+            x = x.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)
+            x = self.norm(x)
+            x = x.transpose(1, 2).view(-1, self.embed_dim, Wh, Ww)
+
+        return x
+
+
+class SwinTransformer(nn.Module):
+    """ Swin Transformer backbone.
+        A PyTorch impl of : `Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows`  -
+          https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.14030
+    Args:
+        pretrain_img_size (int): Input image size for training the pretrained model,
+            used in absolute postion embedding. Default 224.
+        patch_size (int | tuple(int)): Patch size. Default: 4.
+        in_chans (int): Number of input image channels. Default: 3.
+        embed_dim (int): Number of linear projection output channels. Default: 96.
+        depths (tuple[int]): Depths of each Swin Transformer stage.
+        num_heads (tuple[int]): Number of attention head of each stage.
+        window_size (int): Window size. Default: 7.
+        mlp_ratio (float): Ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim. Default: 4.
+        qkv_bias (bool): If True, add a learnable bias to query, key, value. Default: True
+        qk_scale (float): Override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set.
+        drop_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+        attn_drop_rate (float): Attention dropout rate. Default: 0.
+        drop_path_rate (float): Stochastic depth rate. Default: 0.2.
+        norm_layer (nn.Module): Normalization layer. Default: nn.LayerNorm.
+        ape (bool): If True, add absolute position embedding to the patch embedding. Default: False.
+        patch_norm (bool): If True, add normalization after patch embedding. Default: True.
+        out_indices (Sequence[int]): Output from which stages.
+        frozen_stages (int): Stages to be frozen (stop grad and set eval mode).
+            -1 means not freezing any parameters.
+        use_checkpoint (bool): Whether to use checkpointing to save memory. Default: False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 pretrain_img_size=224,
+                 patch_size=4,
+                 in_chans=3,
+                 embed_dim=96,
+                 depths=[2, 2, 6, 2],
+                 num_heads=[3, 6, 12, 24],
+                 window_size=7,
+                 mlp_ratio=4.,
+                 qkv_bias=True,
+                 qk_scale=None,
+                 drop_rate=0.,
+                 attn_drop_rate=0.,
+                 drop_path_rate=0.2,
+                 norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm,
+                 ape=False,
+                 patch_norm=True,
+                 out_indices=(0, 1, 2, 3),
+                 frozen_stages=-1,
+                 use_checkpoint=False):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.pretrain_img_size = pretrain_img_size
+        self.num_layers = len(depths)
+        self.embed_dim = embed_dim
+        self.ape = ape
+        self.patch_norm = patch_norm
+        self.out_indices = out_indices
+        self.frozen_stages = frozen_stages
+
+        # split image into non-overlapping patches
+        self.patch_embed = PatchEmbed(
+            patch_size=patch_size, in_chans=in_chans, embed_dim=embed_dim,
+            norm_layer=norm_layer if self.patch_norm else None)
+
+        # absolute position embedding
+        if self.ape:
+            pretrain_img_size = to_2tuple(pretrain_img_size)
+            patch_size = to_2tuple(patch_size)
+            patches_resolution = [pretrain_img_size[0] // patch_size[0], pretrain_img_size[1] // patch_size[1]]
+
+            self.absolute_pos_embed = nn.Parameter(
+                torch.zeros(1, embed_dim, patches_resolution[0], patches_resolution[1]))
+            trunc_normal_(self.absolute_pos_embed, std=.02)
+
+        self.pos_drop = nn.Dropout(p=drop_rate)
+
+        # stochastic depth
+        dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, drop_path_rate, sum(depths))]  # stochastic depth decay rule
+
+        # build layers
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList()
+        for i_layer in range(self.num_layers):
+            layer = BasicLayer(
+                dim=int(embed_dim * 2 ** i_layer),
+                depth=depths[i_layer],
+                num_heads=num_heads[i_layer],
+                window_size=window_size,
+                mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+                qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+                qk_scale=qk_scale,
+                drop=drop_rate,
+                attn_drop=attn_drop_rate,
+                drop_path=dpr[sum(depths[:i_layer]):sum(depths[:i_layer + 1])],
+                norm_layer=norm_layer,
+                downsample=PatchMerging if (i_layer < self.num_layers - 1) else None,
+                use_checkpoint=use_checkpoint)
+            self.layers.append(layer)
+
+        num_features = [int(embed_dim * 2 ** i) for i in range(self.num_layers)]
+        self.num_features = num_features
+
+        # add a norm layer for each output
+        for i_layer in out_indices:
+            layer = norm_layer(num_features[i_layer])
+            layer_name = f'norm{i_layer}'
+            self.add_module(layer_name, layer)
+
+        self._freeze_stages()
+
+    def _freeze_stages(self):
+        if self.frozen_stages >= 0:
+            self.patch_embed.eval()
+            for param in self.patch_embed.parameters():
+                param.requires_grad = False
+
+        if self.frozen_stages >= 1 and self.ape:
+            self.absolute_pos_embed.requires_grad = False
+
+        if self.frozen_stages >= 2:
+            self.pos_drop.eval()
+            for i in range(0, self.frozen_stages - 1):
+                m = self.layers[i]
+                m.eval()
+                for param in m.parameters():
+                    param.requires_grad = False
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+
+        x = self.patch_embed(x)
+
+        Wh, Ww = x.size(2), x.size(3)
+        if self.ape:
+            # interpolate the position embedding to the corresponding size
+            absolute_pos_embed = F.interpolate(self.absolute_pos_embed, size=(Wh, Ww), mode='bicubic')
+            x = (x + absolute_pos_embed)  # B Wh*Ww C
+
+        outs = [x.contiguous()]
+        x = x.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)
+        x = self.pos_drop(x)
+
+        for i in range(self.num_layers):
+            layer = self.layers[i]
+            x_out, H, W, x, Wh, Ww = layer(x, Wh, Ww)
+
+            if i in self.out_indices:
+                norm_layer = getattr(self, f'norm{i}')
+                x_out = norm_layer(x_out)
+
+                out = x_out.view(-1, H, W, self.num_features[i]).permute(0, 3, 1, 2).contiguous()
+                outs.append(out)
+
+        return tuple(outs)
+
+
+def get_activation_fn(activation):
+    """Return an activation function given a string"""
+    if activation == "gelu":
+        return F.gelu
+
+    raise RuntimeError(F"activation should be gelu, not {activation}.")
+
+
+def make_cbr(in_dim, out_dim):
+    return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_dim, out_dim, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.InstanceNorm2d(out_dim), nn.GELU())
+
+
+def make_cbg(in_dim, out_dim):
+    return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_dim, out_dim, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.InstanceNorm2d(out_dim), nn.GELU())
+
+
+def rescale_to(x, scale_factor: float = 2, interpolation='nearest'):
+    return F.interpolate(x, scale_factor=scale_factor, mode=interpolation)
+
+
+def resize_as(x, y, interpolation='bilinear'):
+    return F.interpolate(x, size=y.shape[-2:], mode=interpolation)
+
+
+def image2patches(x):
+    """b c (hg h) (wg w) -> (hg wg b) c h w"""
+    x = rearrange(x, 'b c (hg h) (wg w) -> (hg wg b) c h w', hg=2, wg=2)
+    return x
+
+
+def patches2image(x):
+    """(hg wg b) c h w -> b c (hg h) (wg w)"""
+    x = rearrange(x, '(hg wg b) c h w -> b c (hg h) (wg w)', hg=2, wg=2)
+    return x
+
+
+class PositionEmbeddingSine:
+    def __init__(self, num_pos_feats=64, temperature=10000, normalize=False, scale=None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_pos_feats = num_pos_feats
+        self.temperature = temperature
+        self.normalize = normalize
+        if scale is not None and normalize is False:
+            raise ValueError("normalize should be True if scale is passed")
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = 2 * math.pi
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.dim_t = torch.arange(0, self.num_pos_feats, dtype=torch.float32)
+
+    def __call__(self, b, h, w):
+        device = self.dim_t.device
+        mask = torch.zeros([b, h, w], dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
+        assert mask is not None
+        not_mask = ~mask
+        y_embed = not_mask.cumsum(dim=1, dtype=torch.float32)
+        x_embed = not_mask.cumsum(dim=2, dtype=torch.float32)
+        if self.normalize:
+            eps = 1e-6
+            y_embed = (y_embed - 0.5) / (y_embed[:, -1:, :] + eps) * self.scale
+            x_embed = (x_embed - 0.5) / (x_embed[:, :, -1:] + eps) * self.scale
+
+        dim_t = self.temperature ** (2 * (self.dim_t.to(device) // 2) / self.num_pos_feats)
+        pos_x = x_embed[:, :, :, None] / dim_t
+        pos_y = y_embed[:, :, :, None] / dim_t
+
+        pos_x = torch.stack((pos_x[:, :, :, 0::2].sin(), pos_x[:, :, :, 1::2].cos()), dim=4).flatten(3)
+        pos_y = torch.stack((pos_y[:, :, :, 0::2].sin(), pos_y[:, :, :, 1::2].cos()), dim=4).flatten(3)
+
+        return torch.cat((pos_y, pos_x), dim=3).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
+
+
+class PositionEmbeddingSine:
+    def __init__(self, num_pos_feats=64, temperature=10000, normalize=False, scale=None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_pos_feats = num_pos_feats
+        self.temperature = temperature
+        self.normalize = normalize
+        if scale is not None and normalize is False:
+            raise ValueError("normalize should be True if scale is passed")
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = 2 * math.pi
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.dim_t = torch.arange(0, self.num_pos_feats, dtype=torch.float32)
+
+    def __call__(self, b, h, w):
+        device = self.dim_t.device
+        mask = torch.zeros([b, h, w], dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
+        assert mask is not None
+        not_mask = ~mask
+        y_embed = not_mask.cumsum(dim=1, dtype=torch.float32)
+        x_embed = not_mask.cumsum(dim=2, dtype=torch.float32)
+        if self.normalize:
+            eps = 1e-6
+            y_embed = (y_embed - 0.5) / (y_embed[:, -1:, :] + eps) * self.scale
+            x_embed = (x_embed - 0.5) / (x_embed[:, :, -1:] + eps) * self.scale
+
+        dim_t = self.temperature ** (2 * (self.dim_t.to(device) // 2) / self.num_pos_feats)
+        pos_x = x_embed[:, :, :, None] / dim_t
+        pos_y = y_embed[:, :, :, None] / dim_t
+
+        pos_x = torch.stack((pos_x[:, :, :, 0::2].sin(), pos_x[:, :, :, 1::2].cos()), dim=4).flatten(3)
+        pos_y = torch.stack((pos_y[:, :, :, 0::2].sin(), pos_y[:, :, :, 1::2].cos()), dim=4).flatten(3)
+
+        return torch.cat((pos_y, pos_x), dim=3).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
+
+
+class MCLM(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, d_model, num_heads, pool_ratios=[1, 4, 8]):
+        super(MCLM, self).__init__()
+        self.attention = nn.ModuleList([
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1)
+        ])
+
+        self.linear1 = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model * 2)
+        self.linear2 = nn.Linear(d_model * 2, d_model)
+        self.linear3 = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model * 2)
+        self.linear4 = nn.Linear(d_model * 2, d_model)
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.activation = get_activation_fn('gelu')
+        self.pool_ratios = pool_ratios
+        self.p_poses = []
+        self.g_pos = None
+        self.positional_encoding = PositionEmbeddingSine(num_pos_feats=d_model // 2, normalize=True)
+
+    def forward(self, l, g):
+        """
+        l: 4,c,h,w
+        g: 1,c,h,w
+        """
+        self.p_poses = []
+        self.g_pos = None
+        b, c, h, w = l.size()
+        # 4,c,h,w -> 1,c,2h,2w
+        concated_locs = rearrange(l, '(hg wg b) c h w -> b c (hg h) (wg w)', hg=2, wg=2)
+
+        pools = []
+        for pool_ratio in self.pool_ratios:
+            # b,c,h,w
+            tgt_hw = (round(h / pool_ratio), round(w / pool_ratio))
+            pool = F.adaptive_avg_pool2d(concated_locs, tgt_hw)
+            pools.append(rearrange(pool, 'b c h w -> (h w) b c'))
+            if self.g_pos is None:
+                pos_emb = self.positional_encoding(pool.shape[0], pool.shape[2], pool.shape[3])
+                pos_emb = rearrange(pos_emb, 'b c h w -> (h w) b c')
+                self.p_poses.append(pos_emb)
+        pools = torch.cat(pools, 0)
+        if self.g_pos is None:
+            self.p_poses = torch.cat(self.p_poses, dim=0)
+            pos_emb = self.positional_encoding(g.shape[0], g.shape[2], g.shape[3])
+            self.g_pos = rearrange(pos_emb, 'b c h w -> (h w) b c')
+
+        device = pools.device
+        self.p_poses = self.p_poses.to(device)
+        self.g_pos = self.g_pos.to(device)
+
+        # attention between glb (q) & multisensory concated-locs (k,v)
+        g_hw_b_c = rearrange(g, 'b c h w -> (h w) b c')
+
+        g_hw_b_c = g_hw_b_c + self.dropout1(self.attention[0](g_hw_b_c + self.g_pos, pools + self.p_poses, pools)[0])
+        g_hw_b_c = self.norm1(g_hw_b_c)
+        g_hw_b_c = g_hw_b_c + self.dropout2(self.linear2(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear1(g_hw_b_c)).clone())))
+        g_hw_b_c = self.norm2(g_hw_b_c)
+
+        # attention between origin locs (q) & freashed glb (k,v)
+        l_hw_b_c = rearrange(l, "b c h w -> (h w) b c")
+        _g_hw_b_c = rearrange(g_hw_b_c, '(h w) b c -> h w b c', h=h, w=w)
+        _g_hw_b_c = rearrange(_g_hw_b_c, "(ng h) (nw w) b c -> (h w) (ng nw b) c", ng=2, nw=2)
+        outputs_re = []
+        for i, (_l, _g) in enumerate(zip(l_hw_b_c.chunk(4, dim=1), _g_hw_b_c.chunk(4, dim=1))):
+            outputs_re.append(self.attention[i + 1](_l, _g, _g)[0])  # (h w) 1 c
+        outputs_re = torch.cat(outputs_re, 1)  # (h w) 4 c
+
+        l_hw_b_c = l_hw_b_c + self.dropout1(outputs_re)
+        l_hw_b_c = self.norm1(l_hw_b_c)
+        l_hw_b_c = l_hw_b_c + self.dropout2(self.linear4(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear3(l_hw_b_c)).clone())))
+        l_hw_b_c = self.norm2(l_hw_b_c)
+
+        l = torch.cat((l_hw_b_c, g_hw_b_c), 1)  # hw,b(5),c
+        return rearrange(l, "(h w) b c -> b c h w", h=h, w=w)  ## (5,c,h*w)
+
+
+class MCRM(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, d_model, num_heads, pool_ratios=[4, 8, 16], h=None):
+        super(MCRM, self).__init__()
+        self.attention = nn.ModuleList([
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1),
+            nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads, dropout=0.1)
+        ])
+        self.linear3 = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model * 2)
+        self.linear4 = nn.Linear(d_model * 2, d_model)
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(0.1)
+        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
+        self.activation = get_activation_fn('gelu')
+        self.sal_conv = nn.Conv2d(d_model, 1, 1)
+        self.pool_ratios = pool_ratios
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        device = x.device
+        b, c, h, w = x.size()
+        loc, glb = x.split([4, 1], dim=0)  # 4,c,h,w; 1,c,h,w
+
+        patched_glb = rearrange(glb, 'b c (hg h) (wg w) -> (hg wg b) c h w', hg=2, wg=2)
+
+        token_attention_map = self.sigmoid(self.sal_conv(glb))
+        token_attention_map = F.interpolate(token_attention_map, size=patches2image(loc).shape[-2:], mode='nearest')
+        loc = loc * rearrange(token_attention_map, 'b c (hg h) (wg w) -> (hg wg b) c h w', hg=2, wg=2)
+
+        pools = []
+        for pool_ratio in self.pool_ratios:
+            tgt_hw = (round(h / pool_ratio), round(w / pool_ratio))
+            pool = F.adaptive_avg_pool2d(patched_glb, tgt_hw)
+            pools.append(rearrange(pool, 'nl c h w -> nl c (h w)'))  # nl(4),c,hw
+
+        pools = rearrange(torch.cat(pools, 2), "nl c nphw -> nl nphw 1 c")
+        loc_ = rearrange(loc, 'nl c h w -> nl (h w) 1 c')
+
+        outputs = []
+        for i, q in enumerate(loc_.unbind(dim=0)):  # traverse all local patches
+            v = pools[i]
+            k = v
+            outputs.append(self.attention[i](q, k, v)[0])
+
+        outputs = torch.cat(outputs, 1)
+        src = loc.view(4, c, -1).permute(2, 0, 1) + self.dropout1(outputs)
+        src = self.norm1(src)
+        src = src + self.dropout2(self.linear4(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear3(src)).clone())))
+        src = self.norm2(src)
+        src = src.permute(1, 2, 0).reshape(4, c, h, w)  # freshed loc
+        glb = glb + F.interpolate(patches2image(src), size=glb.shape[-2:], mode='nearest')  # freshed glb
+
+        return torch.cat((src, glb), 0), token_attention_map
+
+
+class BEN_Base(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.backbone = SwinTransformer(embed_dim=128, depths=[2, 2, 18, 2], num_heads=[4, 8, 16, 32], window_size=12)
+        emb_dim = 128
+        self.sideout5 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+        self.sideout4 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+        self.sideout3 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+        self.sideout2 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+        self.sideout1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+
+        self.output5 = make_cbr(1024, emb_dim)
+        self.output4 = make_cbr(512, emb_dim)
+        self.output3 = make_cbr(256, emb_dim)
+        self.output2 = make_cbr(128, emb_dim)
+        self.output1 = make_cbr(128, emb_dim)
+
+        self.multifieldcrossatt = MCLM(emb_dim, 1, [1, 4, 8])
+        self.conv1 = make_cbr(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.conv2 = make_cbr(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.conv3 = make_cbr(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.conv4 = make_cbr(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.dec_blk1 = MCRM(emb_dim, 1, [2, 4, 8])
+        self.dec_blk2 = MCRM(emb_dim, 1, [2, 4, 8])
+        self.dec_blk3 = MCRM(emb_dim, 1, [2, 4, 8])
+        self.dec_blk4 = MCRM(emb_dim, 1, [2, 4, 8])
+
+        self.insmask_head = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
+            nn.InstanceNorm2d(384),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.Conv2d(384, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
+            nn.InstanceNorm2d(384),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.Conv2d(384, emb_dim, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
+        )
+
+        self.shallow = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(3, emb_dim, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+        self.upsample1 = make_cbg(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.upsample2 = make_cbg(emb_dim, emb_dim)
+        self.output = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(emb_dim, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
+
+        for m in self.modules():
+            if isinstance(m, nn.GELU) or isinstance(m, nn.Dropout):
+                m.inplace = True
+
+    @torch.inference_mode()
+    @torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
+    def forward(self, x):
+        real_batch = x.size(0)
+
+        shallow_batch = self.shallow(x)
+        glb_batch = rescale_to(x, scale_factor=0.5, interpolation='bilinear')
+
+        final_input = None
+        for i in range(real_batch):
+            start = i * 4
+            end = (i + 1) * 4
+            loc_batch = image2patches(x[i, :, :, :].unsqueeze(dim=0))
+            input_ = torch.cat((loc_batch, glb_batch[i, :, :, :].unsqueeze(dim=0)), dim=0)
+
+            if final_input == None:
+                final_input = input_
+            else:
+                final_input = torch.cat((final_input, input_), dim=0)
+
+        features = self.backbone(final_input)
+        outputs = []
+
+        for i in range(real_batch):
+            start = i * 5
+            end = (i + 1) * 5
+
+            f4 = features[4][start:end, :, :, :]  # shape: [5, C, H, W]
+            f3 = features[3][start:end, :, :, :]
+            f2 = features[2][start:end, :, :, :]
+            f1 = features[1][start:end, :, :, :]
+            f0 = features[0][start:end, :, :, :]
+            e5 = self.output5(f4)
+            e4 = self.output4(f3)
+            e3 = self.output3(f2)
+            e2 = self.output2(f1)
+            e1 = self.output1(f0)
+            loc_e5, glb_e5 = e5.split([4, 1], dim=0)
+            e5 = self.multifieldcrossatt(loc_e5, glb_e5)  # (4,128,16,16)
+
+            e4, tokenattmap4 = self.dec_blk4(e4 + resize_as(e5, e4))
+            e4 = self.conv4(e4)
+            e3, tokenattmap3 = self.dec_blk3(e3 + resize_as(e4, e3))
+            e3 = self.conv3(e3)
+            e2, tokenattmap2 = self.dec_blk2(e2 + resize_as(e3, e2))
+            e2 = self.conv2(e2)
+            e1, tokenattmap1 = self.dec_blk1(e1 + resize_as(e2, e1))
+            e1 = self.conv1(e1)
+
+            loc_e1, glb_e1 = e1.split([4, 1], dim=0)
+
+            output1_cat = patches2image(loc_e1)  # (1,128,256,256)
+
+            # add glb feat in
+            output1_cat = output1_cat + resize_as(glb_e1, output1_cat)
+            # merge
+            final_output = self.insmask_head(output1_cat)  # (1,128,256,256)
+            # shallow feature merge
+            shallow = shallow_batch[i, :, :, :].unsqueeze(dim=0)
+            final_output = final_output + resize_as(shallow, final_output)
+            final_output = self.upsample1(rescale_to(final_output))
+            final_output = rescale_to(final_output + resize_as(shallow, final_output))
+            final_output = self.upsample2(final_output)
+            final_output = self.output(final_output)
+            mask = final_output.sigmoid()
+            outputs.append(mask)
+
+        return torch.cat(outputs, dim=0)
+
+    def loadcheckpoints(self, model_path):
+        model_dict = torch.load(model_path, map_location="cpu", weights_only=True)
+        self.load_state_dict(model_dict['model_state_dict'], strict=True)
+        del model_path
+
+    def inference(self, image, refine_foreground=False):
+
+        # set_random_seed(9)
+        # image = ImageOps.exif_transpose(image)
+        if isinstance(image, Image.Image):
+            image, h, w, original_image = rgb_loader_refiner(image)
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+
+                img_tensor = img_transform(image).unsqueeze(0).to(next(self.parameters()).device)
+            else:
+                img_tensor = img_transform32(image).unsqueeze(0).to(next(self.parameters()).device)
+
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                res = self.forward(img_tensor)
+
+            # Show Results
+            if refine_foreground == True:
+
+                pred_pil = transforms.ToPILImage()(res.squeeze())
+                image_masked = refine_foreground_process(original_image, pred_pil)
+
+                image_masked.putalpha(pred_pil.resize(original_image.size))
+                return image_masked
+
+            else:
+                alpha = postprocess_image(res, im_size=[w, h])
+                pred_pil = transforms.ToPILImage()(alpha)
+                mask = pred_pil.resize(original_image.size)
+                original_image.putalpha(mask)
+                # mask = Image.fromarray(alpha)
+
+                # 将背景置为白色
+                white_background = Image.new('RGB', original_image.size, (255, 255, 255))
+                white_background.paste(original_image, mask=original_image.split()[3])
+                original_image = white_background
+
+                return original_image
+
+
+        else:
+            foregrounds = []
+            for batch in image:
+                image, h, w, original_image = rgb_loader_refiner(batch)
+                if torch.cuda.is_available():
+
+                    img_tensor = img_transform(image).unsqueeze(0).to(next(self.parameters()).device)
+                else:
+                    img_tensor = img_transform32(image).unsqueeze(0).to(next(self.parameters()).device)
+
+                with torch.no_grad():
+                    res = self.forward(img_tensor)
+
+                if refine_foreground == True:
+
+                    pred_pil = transforms.ToPILImage()(res.squeeze())
+                    image_masked = refine_foreground_process(original_image, pred_pil)
+
+                    image_masked.putalpha(pred_pil.resize(original_image.size))
+
+                    foregrounds.append(image_masked)
+                else:
+                    alpha = postprocess_image(res, im_size=[w, h])
+                    pred_pil = transforms.ToPILImage()(alpha)
+                    mask = pred_pil.resize(original_image.size)
+                    original_image.putalpha(mask)
+                    # mask = Image.fromarray(alpha)
+                    foregrounds.append(original_image)
+
+            return foregrounds
+
+    def segment_video(self, video_path, output_path="./", fps=0, refine_foreground=False, batch=1,
+                      print_frames_processed=True, webm=False, rgb_value=(0, 255, 0)):
+
+        """
+        Segments the given video to extract the foreground (with alpha) from each frame
+        and saves the result as either a WebM video (with alpha channel) or MP4 (with a
+        color background).
+
+        Args:
+            video_path (str):
+                Path to the input video file.
+
+            output_path (str, optional):
+                Directory (or full path) where the output video and/or files will be saved.
+                Defaults to "./".
+
+            fps (int, optional):
+                The frames per second (FPS) to use for the output video. If 0 (default), the
+                original FPS of the input video is used. Otherwise, overrides it.
+
+            refine_foreground (bool, optional):
+                Whether to run an additional “refine foreground” process on each frame.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+            batch (int, optional):
+                Number of frames to process at once (inference batch size). Large batch sizes
+                may require more GPU memory. Defaults to 1.
+
+            print_frames_processed (bool, optional):
+                If True (default), prints progress (how many frames have been processed) to
+                the console.
+
+            webm (bool, optional):
+                If True (default), exports a WebM video with alpha channel (VP9 / yuva420p).
+                If False, exports an MP4 video composited over a solid color background.
+
+            rgb_value (tuple, optional):
+                The RGB background color (e.g., green screen) used to composite frames when
+                saving to MP4. Defaults to (0, 255, 0).
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Writes the output video(s) to disk in the specified format.
+        """
+
+        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)
+        if not cap.isOpened():
+            raise IOError(f"Cannot open video: {video_path}")
+
+        original_fps = cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
+        original_fps = 30 if original_fps == 0 else original_fps
+        fps = original_fps if fps == 0 else fps
+
+        ret, first_frame = cap.read()
+        if not ret:
+            raise ValueError("No frames found in the video.")
+        height, width = first_frame.shape[:2]
+        cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES, 0)
+
+        foregrounds = []
+        frame_idx = 0
+        processed_count = 0
+        batch_frames = []
+        total_frames = int(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT))
+
+        while True:
+            ret, frame = cap.read()
+            if not ret:
+                if batch_frames:
+                    batch_results = self.inference(batch_frames, refine_foreground)
+                    if isinstance(batch_results, Image.Image):
+                        foregrounds.append(batch_results)
+                    else:
+                        foregrounds.extend(batch_results)
+                    if print_frames_processed:
+                        print(f"Processed frames {frame_idx - len(batch_frames) + 1} to {frame_idx} of {total_frames}")
+                break
+
+            # Process every frame instead of using intervals
+            frame_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
+            pil_frame = Image.fromarray(frame_rgb)
+            batch_frames.append(pil_frame)
+
+            if len(batch_frames) == batch:
+                batch_results = self.inference(batch_frames, refine_foreground)
+                if isinstance(batch_results, Image.Image):
+                    foregrounds.append(batch_results)
+                else:
+                    foregrounds.extend(batch_results)
+                if print_frames_processed:
+                    print(f"Processed frames {frame_idx - batch + 1} to {frame_idx} of {total_frames}")
+                batch_frames = []
+                processed_count += batch
+
+            frame_idx += 1
+
+        if webm:
+            alpha_webm_path = os.path.join(output_path, "foreground.webm")
+            pil_images_to_webm_alpha(foregrounds, alpha_webm_path, fps=original_fps)
+
+        else:
+            cap.release()
+            fg_output = os.path.join(output_path, 'foreground.mp4')
+
+            pil_images_to_mp4(foregrounds, fg_output, fps=original_fps, rgb_value=rgb_value)
+            cv2.destroyAllWindows()
+
+            try:
+                fg_audio_output = os.path.join(output_path, 'foreground_output_with_audio.mp4')
+                add_audio_to_video(fg_output, video_path, fg_audio_output)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print("No audio found in the original video")
+                print(e)
+
+
+def rgb_loader_refiner(original_image):
+    h, w = original_image.size
+
+    image = original_image
+    # Convert to RGB if necessary
+    if image.mode != 'RGB':
+        image = image.convert('RGB')
+
+    # Resize the image
+    image = image.resize((1024, 1024), resample=Image.LANCZOS)
+
+    return image.convert('RGB'), h, w, original_image
+
+
+# Define the image transformation
+img_transform = transforms.Compose([
+    transforms.ToTensor(),
+    transforms.ConvertImageDtype(torch.float16),
+    transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
+])
+
+img_transform32 = transforms.Compose([
+    transforms.ToTensor(),
+    transforms.ConvertImageDtype(torch.float32),
+    transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
+])
+
+
+def pil_images_to_mp4(images, output_path, fps=24, rgb_value=(0, 255, 0)):
+    """
+    Converts an array of PIL images to an MP4 video.
+
+    Args:
+        images: List of PIL images
+        output_path: Path to save the MP4 file
+        fps: Frames per second (default: 24)
+        rgb_value: Background RGB color tuple (default: green (0, 255, 0))
+    """
+    if not images:
+        raise ValueError("No images provided to convert to MP4.")
+
+    width, height = images[0].size
+    fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v')
+    video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter(output_path, fourcc, fps, (width, height))
+
+    for image in images:
+        # If image has alpha channel, composite onto the specified background color
+        if image.mode == 'RGBA':
+            # Create background image with specified RGB color
+            background = Image.new('RGB', image.size, rgb_value)
+            background = background.convert('RGBA')
+            # Composite the image onto the background
+            image = Image.alpha_composite(background, image)
+            image = image.convert('RGB')
+        else:
+            # Ensure RGB format for non-alpha images
+            image = image.convert('RGB')
+
+        # Convert to OpenCV format and write
+        open_cv_image = cv2.cvtColor(np.array(image), cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
+        video_writer.write(open_cv_image)
+
+    video_writer.release()
+
+
+def pil_images_to_webm_alpha(images, output_path, fps=30):
+    """
+    Converts a list of PIL RGBA images to a VP9 .webm video with alpha channel.
+
+    NOTE: Not all players will display alpha in WebM.
+          Browsers like Chrome/Firefox typically do support VP9 alpha.
+    """
+    if not images:
+        raise ValueError("No images provided for WebM with alpha.")
+
+    # Ensure output directory exists
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output_path), exist_ok=True)
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        # Save frames as PNG (with alpha)
+        for idx, img in enumerate(images):
+            if img.mode != "RGBA":
+                img = img.convert("RGBA")
+            out_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, f"{idx:06d}.png")
+            img.save(out_path, "PNG")
+
+        # Construct ffmpeg command
+        # -c:v libvpx-vp9 => VP9 encoder
+        # -pix_fmt yuva420p => alpha-enabled pixel format
+        # -auto-alt-ref 0 => helps preserve alpha frames (libvpx quirk)
+        ffmpeg_cmd = [
+            "ffmpeg", "-y",
+            "-framerate", str(fps),
+            "-i", os.path.join(tmpdir, "%06d.png"),
+            "-c:v", "libvpx-vp9",
+            "-pix_fmt", "yuva420p",
+            "-auto-alt-ref", "0",
+            output_path
+        ]
+
+        subprocess.run(ffmpeg_cmd, check=True)
+
+    print(f"WebM with alpha saved to {output_path}")
+
+
+def add_audio_to_video(video_without_audio_path, original_video_path, output_path):
+    """
+    Check if the original video has an audio stream. If yes, add it. If not, skip.
+    """
+    # 1) Probe original video for audio streams
+    probe_command = [
+        'ffprobe', '-v', 'error',
+        '-select_streams', 'a:0',
+        '-show_entries', 'stream=index',
+        '-of', 'csv=p=0',
+        original_video_path
+    ]
+    result = subprocess.run(probe_command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
+
+    # result.stdout is empty if no audio stream found
+    if not result.stdout.strip():
+        print("No audio track found in original video, skipping audio addition.")
+        return
+
+    print("Audio track detected; proceeding to mux audio.")
+    # 2) If audio found, run ffmpeg to add it
+    command = [
+        'ffmpeg', '-y',
+        '-i', video_without_audio_path,
+        '-i', original_video_path,
+        '-c', 'copy',
+        '-map', '0:v:0',
+        '-map', '1:a:0',  # we know there's an audio track now
+        output_path
+    ]
+    subprocess.run(command, check=True)
+    print(f"Audio added successfully => {output_path}")
+
+
+### Thanks to the source: https://huggingface.co/ZhengPeng7/BiRefNet/blob/main/handler.py
+def refine_foreground_process(image, mask, r=90):
+    if mask.size != image.size:
+        mask = mask.resize(image.size)
+    image = np.array(image) / 255.0
+    mask = np.array(mask) / 255.0
+    estimated_foreground = FB_blur_fusion_foreground_estimator_2(image, mask, r=r)
+    image_masked = Image.fromarray((estimated_foreground * 255.0).astype(np.uint8))
+    return image_masked
+
+
+def FB_blur_fusion_foreground_estimator_2(image, alpha, r=90):
+    # Thanks to the source: https://github.com/Photoroom/fast-foreground-estimation
+    alpha = alpha[:, :, None]
+    F, blur_B = FB_blur_fusion_foreground_estimator(image, image, image, alpha, r)
+    return FB_blur_fusion_foreground_estimator(image, F, blur_B, alpha, r=6)[0]
+
+
+def FB_blur_fusion_foreground_estimator(image, F, B, alpha, r=90):
+    if isinstance(image, Image.Image):
+        image = np.array(image) / 255.0
+    blurred_alpha = cv2.blur(alpha, (r, r))[:, :, None]
+
+    blurred_FA = cv2.blur(F * alpha, (r, r))
+    blurred_F = blurred_FA / (blurred_alpha + 1e-5)
+
+    blurred_B1A = cv2.blur(B * (1 - alpha), (r, r))
+    blurred_B = blurred_B1A / ((1 - blurred_alpha) + 1e-5)
+    F = blurred_F + alpha * \
+        (image - alpha * blurred_F - (1 - alpha) * blurred_B)
+    F = np.clip(F, 0, 1)
+    return F, blurred_B
+
+
+def postprocess_image(result: torch.Tensor, im_size: list) -> np.ndarray:
+    result = torch.squeeze(F.interpolate(result, size=im_size, mode='bilinear'), 0)
+    ma = torch.max(result)
+    mi = torch.min(result)
+    result = (result - mi) / (ma - mi)
+    im_array = (result * 255).permute(1, 2, 0).cpu().data.numpy().astype(np.uint8)
+    im_array = np.squeeze(im_array)
+    return im_array
+
+
+def rgb_loader_refiner(original_image):
+    h, w = original_image.size
+    # # Apply EXIF orientation
+
+    image = ImageOps.exif_transpose(original_image)
+
+    if original_image.mode != 'RGB':
+        original_image = original_image.convert('RGB')
+
+    image = original_image
+    # Convert to RGB if necessary
+
+    # Resize the image
+    image = image.resize((1024, 1024), resample=Image.LANCZOS)
+
+    return image, h, w, original_image