title: Peckoltia compta

abstract: Peckoltia compta is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tapajós basin in Brazil. The species reaches 6.2 cm (2.4 in) SL. It was described in 2010 by Renildo Ribeiro de Oliveira and Jansen Zuanon, Lúcia Rapp Py-Daniel, and Marcelo Salles Rocha primarily on the basis of coloration and patterning. Its specific epithet, compta, is stated to be derived from the Latin word for "adorned" or "ornamented", referring to the species' distinctive color pattern. P. compta appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the leopard frog pleco or by its associated L-number, which is L-134.

text:
# Peckoltia compta

***Peckoltia compta*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tapajós basin in Brazil. The species reaches 6.2 cm (2.4 in) SL. It was described in 2010 by Renildo Ribeiro de Oliveira and Jansen Zuanon (of the National Institute of Amazonian Research), Lúcia Rapp Py-Daniel, and Marcelo Salles Rocha (of Amazonas State University) primarily on the basis of coloration and patterning. Its specific epithet, *compta*, is stated to be derived from the Latin word for "adorned" or "ornamented", referring to the species' distinctive color pattern.

*P. compta* appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the **leopard frog pleco** or by its associated L-number, which is L-134.

## InfoBox

| *Peckoltia compta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Peckoltia* |
| Species: | ***P. compta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peckoltia compta***
de Oliveira, Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & Rocha, 2010 | |
|


abstract: Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemos was a Spanish nobleman who was Viceroy of Peru from 1667 until his death.

text:
# Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemos

**Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemos** (20 October 1632  6 December 1672) was a Spanish nobleman who was Viceroy of Peru from 1667 until his death.

## Biography

He was born in Monforte de Lemos, in what is now the province of Lugo. He was the son of Francisco Fernández de Castro, 9th Count of Lemos, and Antonia Téllez-Giron y Enriquez de Ribera.

He married in Madrid, on 20 July 1664 Ana Francisca de Borja, daughter of the 8th Duke of Gandia, a wealthy widow since 1663 who had been the third wife of Enrique Pimentel.

Fernández de Castro was educated for the army. He was a court favorite when King Charles II of Spain appointed him Viceroy of Peru in 1666. The Count and Countess of Lemos (a title related to the Spanish city of Monforte de Lemos) arrived in Peru at the port of Callao on November 9, 1667. They were received by the Spanish of the colony with much pomp. The viceroy took possession of his office on November 21, 1667, in Lima.

In 1665 the rich mineowners José and Gaspar Salcedo, brothers from the province of Paucarcolla (now part of Puno region), revolted against the colonial government. The brothers had discovered the very rich Laykakota silver mines in 1657, and by this time were probably the richest men in Latin America. The Salcedo brothers, who were Andalusians having Native Peruvians as in-laws, were equal-opportunity employers; however they were seen as more favorable to their fellow Andalusians, to Castilians, Creoles and Native Peruvians than to Catalans, Galicians and Basques, and the latter groups of workers formed a rival faction which battled the mainstream faction led by the Salcedo family. Although the Royal Audiencia had attempted to subdue José Salcedo, blaming him for the riots, his forces defeated the royalist troops, and a truce was reached by which Salcedo effectively became the undisputed authority in the town.

When Fernández de Castro, who was from Galicia, arrived in the colony, this rebellion had reached such proportions that, out of personal greed and desire to enforce colonial laws, he felt he needed to resolve it personally. He left his wife assisted by an Administrative Advisory Council as a Governess leaving for Paucarcolla on June 7, 1668, and soon suppressed the rebellion with an iron hand. He establish a court to try the rebels, and it sentenced José Salcedo and 41 others to death. These sentences were carried out. Gaspar Salcedo was banished for six years and fined 12,000 francs and costs. The viceroy also ordered the population—perhaps as many as 10,000 people—of San Luis de Alva, the settlement that had grown up around the mines, removed a short distance to the town of Puno, which he made the capital of the province. He then burned San Luis de Alva.

The sentences were appealed to Spain, where they were reversed. Gaspar Salcedo was freed and the fines were refunded. A natural son of José, also named *José Salcedo*, was made marqués de Villarica by King Philip V in 1703.

After this campaign the viceroy visited the provinces of Chucuito and Cusco Region. He returned to Lima and once again took up his office on November 12, 1668.

During this long absence from the capital, he left his wife, Ana Francisca de Borja y Doria, in charge of the government of Peru, as *gobernadora*, (female governor). This was an official appointment. The royal decree by which the count held the position of viceroy provided that in his absence, the government would be entrusted to his wife. She was not a figurehead; she exercised real authority and ran the business of the colony during her husband's absence, making decisions and issuing decrees. Her authority was recognized by the Audiencia of Lima. This was the first time in America that a woman exercised full viceregal authority.

In the early part of 1670 the news arrived at Lima that the famous English privateer Henry Morgan had taken Chagres and captured and sacked the city of Panama. Viceroy Fernández de Castro sent an expedition of 18 ships and nearly 3,000 troops, but it arrived in Panama too late—Morgan had already evacuated the city. Later in 1670 rumors of a foreign invasion prompted the viceroy to order all Pacific ports to be put in a thorough state of preparedness.

During his reign, the controversy surrounding the Lord of Miracles reached a point where the authorities, both Spanish and Catholic, decided to remove the image, as it was seen in a negative light by the local government at the time. Despite several attempts having been made to accomplish this, they were all unsuccessful, with the authorities changing their opinion and the first authorized mass being allowed to take place under the Viceroy's orders, on September 14, 1671.

## Death

Viceroy Fernández de Castro died in Lima after a short illness on December 6, 1672, still in office. His body was buried in the *Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados* Church until it was demolished in 1938, after which his body was sent to hometown and his heart was sent to Saint Peter Church, where it remains today.

## Ancestry

## Sources

* Gran Enciclopedia de España, (1992), 22 vols. ISBN 84-87544-01-0, 11,052 pages, vol 8, pages 3976–3977.

## InfoBox

| The Most ExcellentPedro Antonio Fernández de Castro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 19th Viceroy of Peru | |
| **In office**
November 21, 1667  December 6, 1672 | |
| Monarch | Charles II |
| Preceded by | Bernardo de Iturriaza |
| Succeeded by | Bernardo de Iturriaza |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1632
Monforte de Lemos, Galicia |
| Died | December 6, 1672(1672-12-06) (aged 39–40)
Lima, Peru |
| Spouse | Ana Francisca de Borja y Doria |
|  | |


title: Pedro Antonio Acuña y Cuadros

abstract: Pedro Antonio Acuña y Cuadros was a Spanish politician. He served as president of the Congress of Deputies in two occasions, in April 1837 and from December 27, 1841 to July 16, 1842, and as minister of Home Affairs under prime minister José María Calatrava y Peinado from June 9, 1837 to August 18, 1837, when the government resigned. An hacendado and member of the National Militia, he was elected member of the Congress of Deputies for Jaén in October 1834, replacing Juan Manuel Subrie. He got 18 votes out of 18 possible votes of its constituency. He was re-elected in the July 1836 general election and, after the revolt of the sergeants of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in October 1836, he joined the committee responsible for writing the new Constitution, being one of the signing MPs. In the 1837 and 1839 general elections he was senator for Jaén until March 1841 when he resigned to occupy a seat in the lower house. In December 1841, he was elected president of the Congress replacing Agustín Argüelles until July 1842. In 1843, he was re-elected one last time as senator for Jaén, being elected Second Vice President of the Senate. Luis de Solís y Manso, 6th Marquess of Rianzuela, dedicated him a brief and commendable obituary in which he indicated that Acuña y Cuadros was a descendant of Bishop Antonio Osorio de Acuña and he said that he was owner of a considerable fortune in connections and lordships in Las Encartaciones, although, Acuña was a supporter of the ideas of progress even if they were contrary to his interests, defended the separation and confiscation to favor the division and increase of property.

text:
# Pedro Antonio Acuña y Cuadros

**Pedro Antonio Acuña y Cuadros** (Baeza, 13 March 1786-Andújar, 9 January 1850) was a Spanish politician. He served as president of the Congress of Deputies in two occasions, in April 1837 and from December 27, 1841 to July 16, 1842, and as minister of Home Affairs under prime minister José María Calatrava y Peinado from June 9, 1837 to August 18, 1837, when the government resigned.

An hacendado and member of the National Militia, he was elected member of the Congress of Deputies for Jaén in October 1834, replacing Juan Manuel Subrie. He got 18 votes out of 18 possible votes of its constituency. He was re-elected in the July 1836 general election and, after the revolt of the sergeants of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in October 1836, he joined the committee responsible for writing the new Constitution, being one of the signing MPs. In the 1837 and 1839 general elections he was senator for Jaén until March 1841 when he resigned to occupy a seat in the lower house. In December 1841, he was elected president of the Congress replacing Agustín Argüelles until July 1842. In 1843, he was re-elected one last time as senator for Jaén, being elected Second Vice President of the Senate.

Luis de Solís y Manso, 6th Marquess of Rianzuela, dedicated him a brief and commendable obituary in which he indicated that Acuña y Cuadros was a descendant of Bishop Antonio Osorio de Acuña and he said that he was owner of a considerable fortune in connections and lordships in Las Encartaciones, although, Acuña was a supporter of the ideas of progress even if they were contrary to his interests, defended the separation and confiscation to favor the division and increase of property.


title: Pearl Jephcott

abstract: Agnes Pearl Jephcott, known by her middle name Pearl, was an English social researcher and girls' club organiser.

text:
# Pearl Jephcott

**Agnes Pearl Jephcott** (1 May 1900 – 9 November 1980), known by her middle name **Pearl**, was an English social researcher and girls' club organiser.

## Early life, education and girls' club organising

Jephcott was born on 1 May 1900 in Alcester, Warwickshire, the youngest child of Agnes Amelia (*née* Boobbyean) and Edward Arthur Jephcott, an auctioneer. After attending Alcester Grammar School, she studied at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, graduating in 1922 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. She worked in teaching, as a secretary, and for Dr Barnardo's homes, before becoming involved in the girls' club movement. She joined the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs and became its organising secretary in 1927 and eight years later became the temporary County Organiser for the National Association of Girls' Clubs. During the Second World War, she became a National Organiser and moved to London.

## Social research and later years

In 1942, Jephcott was given leave by the National Association of Girls' Clubs to carry out research into girls' experiences of growing up in England and Wales. She collected information on the work and home life, leisure and relationships of 153 girls aged 14 to 18, the results of which were reported in Jephcott's first book: *Girls Growing Up* (1942). She followed this up the next year with *Clubs for Girls*, which provided a guide on organising clubs. She was awarded a Barnett Fellowship to carry out a follow-up study of the girls she spoke to in 1942, and produced *Rising Twenties* in 1948 as a result. She then worked for Political and Economic Planning, before joining the University of Nottingham in 1950 to oversee research projects, one of which examined youth groups and was published as *Some Young People* (1954). That year she became a senior research assistant at the London School of Economics, working under Richard Titmuss alongside Nancy Seear and John Smith. They investigated married women in employment in Bermondsey and she focused on home life. The result was *Married Women Working*, published in 1962. In the view of Helen McCarthy, this study meant that Jephcott was one of a number of researchers in the 1950s and early 1960s (such as Seear, Viola Klein, Ferdynand Zweig, Judith Hubback and Hannah Gavron) who "helped to entrench new understandings of married women’s employment as a fundamental feature of advanced industrial societies, and one that solved the dilemmas of 'modern' woman across social classes."

Jephcott was also a member of the Central Advisory Council for Education in England for the year 1957–58 and sat on the Albemarle Committee in 1958. She left the London School of Economics and studied families in Notting Hill, London, leading to a report, *A Troubled Area* in 1964, which highlighted the scarcity of resources for disadvantaged people in an area which also witnessed substantial immigration from Commonwealth countries.

She studied young people's leisure interests while working at the University of Glasgow and produced *Time of One's Own* in 1967 and then *Homes in High Flats* four years later, which analysed the experiences of residents in Glasgow's high-rise social housing. She left the University in 1970 and travelled abroad to carry out UNICEF research; from 1973 to 1975 she carried out research into high-rise flats in Birmingham.

On 9 November 1980, Jephcott died at the War Memorial Hospital, Chipping Norton.

## Resurgence

In 2023, Routledge re-issued five of Jephcott's books. Professor John Goodwin, University of Leicester, a champion of Jephcott's innovative and creative work, contributed introductory essays to each volume.

## InfoBox

| Pearl Jephcott | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1900-05-01)1 May 1900
Alcester, England |
| Died | 9 November 1980(1980-11-09) (aged 80)
Chipping Norton, England |
| Occupation(s) | Administrator, organiser |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | University of Wales |
| Academic work | |
| Main interests | Underrepresented communities (women, migrants, the poor, etc.) |
|  | |


title: Pelecyphora sneedii

abstract: Pelecyphora sneedii is a rare species of cactus known by the common names Sneed's pincushion cactus and carpet foxtail cactus. It is endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is a small, variable cactus with a lengthy taxonomic history, and is often subdivided into a number of subspecies or varieties. It is usually found on steep, rocky habitats, primarily of limestone geology, in desert scrub or coniferous forest. A species of conservation concern, P. sneedii faces threats from poaching, urban encroachment, and wildfires. The former cacti species Coryphantha orcuttii has been lumped into sneedii as a subspecies. P. sneedii also intergrades with Pelecyphora vivipara, further complicating classification. Because of the variation and intergradation of P. sneedii, it forms a species complex.

text:
# Pelecyphora sneedii

***Pelecyphora sneedii*** (syn. *Coryphantha sneedii*) is a rare species of cactus known by the common names **Sneed's pincushion cactus** and **carpet foxtail cactus**. It is endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is a small, variable cactus with a lengthy taxonomic history, and is often subdivided into a number of subspecies or varieties. It is usually found on steep, rocky habitats, primarily of limestone geology, in desert scrub or coniferous forest. A species of conservation concern, *P. sneedii* faces threats from poaching, urban encroachment, and wildfires.

The former cacti species *Coryphantha orcuttii* has been lumped into *sneedii* as a subspecies. *P. sneedii* also intergrades with *Pelecyphora vivipara*, further complicating classification. Because of the variation and intergradation of *P. sneedii*, it forms a species complex.

## Description

### Morphology

*Pelecyphora sneedii* is a small cactus growing up to about 27 centimetres (11 in) tall, but sometimes revealing just a few centimeters above ground level, the rest of the stem buried. The species may branch profusely, even when small and immature, forming up to 250 branches in some populations. It is coated densely in areoles of bright white spines; each areole may have nearly 100 spines. There are 25 to 52 radial spines per areole that are more or less appressed or tightly appressed, measuring 3–14 mm (0.12–0.55 in) long. There are 8 to 17 outer central spines per areole, which may be appressed to strongly projecting. There are up to 5 inner central spines per areole, which are typically straight and radiate like spokes, measuring 3–25 mm (0.12–0.98 in) long. Depending on the substrate, the spines may be tinted with yellow, pink, purple, or brown. They may have dark tips and as the cactus ages the spines darken to gray and even black.

*P. sneedii* typically blooms in spring from March to June, bearing flowers 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long and 7–25 mm (0.28–0.98 in) wide near the apical part of the stem. The outer tepals are sparsely to densely fringed at the margins. There are 11 to 26 inner tepals, and vary in color from white, cream, pale tan, greenish white, or pale rose-pink. There are usually well-defined midstripes of various colors (usually darker) on the tepals, or they can sometimes be absent. The inner tepals measure 5–14 mm (0.20–0.55 in) long by 0.8–4 mm (0.031–0.157 in) wide. The stamens have low-contrast filaments (often the same color as the tepals) with sulphur yellow or canary yellow anthers atop. The stigma is divided into 2 to 7 pale lobes, 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long.

The fruits, which emerge from May to September, are dimorphic, with "red" (blood-red to magenta) and "green" (greenish-yellow to brown or purple) color phases. The fruits have a cylindric to fusiform or obovoid to narrowly clavate shape, and are up to 21 millimetres (0.83 in) long. The dried remains of the flower remain persistent on the fruit, and the fruit quickly dries out of its originally juicy and succulent form. The seeds are a brownish color, and are 1.6 millimetres (0.063 in) long, with a distinctive pitting on their surface.

## Taxonomy

### Taxonomic history

*Escobaria sneedii* was first described by botanists Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose in 1923, in the fourth volume of their monograph The Cactaceae. The species is named after J.R. Sneed, who collected the type specimen in the Franklin Mountains of Texas. The specimen was then sent to Britton and Rose by S.L. Pattison in 1921.

### Modern classification

Taxonomic circumscription of the *Mammillaria* and its clade of related genera (the 'Mammilloid' clade) has been complicated, and until recently was based largely on morphological characters. *Escobaria* has been recognized as a subgroup of *Coryphantha* since Benson (1969, 1982) and *Coryphantha* was originally circumscribed in 1856 by Engelmann as a subgenus of *Mammillaria*. Molecular phylogenetic studies starting in the 21st century suggested a number of these genera were not in fact monophyletic, and demanded re-circumscription.

*Coryphantha* was suggested to be placed within the Mammilloid clade from a number of studies, but was also shown not to be monophyletic. In 2021, Breslin et. al. revised the Mammilloid clade based on the phylogenetic evidence up to that point, resulting in three genera, *Mammillaria* sensu stricto, *Cochemeia* sensu lato, and *Coryphantha* (including *Escobaria*). However, the study by Breslin used a low number of samples for the *Coryphantha*, necessitating a 2022 study by Sánchez et. al. focused on the *Coryphantha* in particular. Monophyly of *Coryphantha* was achieved by excluding *Escobaria*, *Pelecyphora*, and *Coryphantha macromeris*, which formed their own monophyletic group.

Due to the priority of publication principle (Principle III) dictated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, *Escobaria* and *C. macromeris* are merged into *Pelecyphora*, as it was published first in 1843 by Ehrenberg, preceding Britton and Rose's *Escobaria* by 80 years. The restructuring of the *Coryphantha, Pelecyphora* and *Escobaria* results in the current combination for this species, ***Pelecyphora sneedii***.

#### As a species complex

As Gorelick (2015, 2021) notes in his articles on the plants, *Coryphantha sneedii* integrades with *Coryphantha vivipara* and both have a wide variety of taxa (both at species name or as infraspecies of both) in their continuum. The two also overlap in range. It is often very difficult to distinguish plants of *C. sneedii* with *C. vivipara*, and even moreso with the varieties of each, although both *C. sneedii* and *C. vivipara* are readily distinguishable from other plants placed in the *Coryphantha* by their druses, fruits, and pericarpels. Gorelick in 2021 suggested combining the entire species complex of *C. sneedii* as a single variety of *C. vivipara.*

Taxa of the *Pelecyphora sneedii* complex
| Specific epithet | Taxonomic treatment | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | POWO & Sánchez et. al. | Flora of North America | Gorelick, 2021 |
| *orcuttii* | *Pelecyphora* *sneedii* subsp. *orcuttii* | *Coryphantha sneedii* | *Coryphantha vivipara* var. *sneedii* |
| *organensis* | | | |
| *sandbergii* | | | |
| *villardii* | | | |
| *sneedii* | *Pelecyphora* *sneedii* subsp. *sneedii* | | |
| *albicolumnaria* | | | |
| *leei* | | | |
| *guadalupensis* | | | |
| *vivipara* | *Pelecyphora vivipara* | *Coryphantha vivipara* | *Coryphantha vivipara* |

### Subspecies

Recognition of infraspecific taxa within *Pelecyphora sneedii* varies across sources. The variability of this species makes infraspecific circumscription difficult. Some sources, like the *Flora of North America*, do not recognize any infraspecific taxa at all. The rank at which they are recognized also varies, with some placing the infraspecific taxa as varieties and others as subspecies. The variability of *Pelecyphora sneedii* poses a difficulty to the conservation of the species, as some of the infraspecific taxa designated as threatened (e.g. subsp. *leei*) are not universally recognized. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service continues to recognize var. *leei* and var. *sneedii* and both are listed as threatened taxa as of 2023.

A cactus described in the 1980s, *Escobaria sneedii var. guadalupensis*, is sometimes included within this species. But is a synonym of var. *sneedii*.

Sánchez et. al. and Plants of the World Online recognize the two subspecies *Pelecyphora sneedii* subsp. *orcuttii* and *Pelecyphora sneedii* subsp. *sneedii*.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to the Chihuahuan Desert, where it occurs in scattered locations in New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua. Some plants occurring in Arizona may be included within this species. It is usually found in broken, rocky terrain and steep slopes of Silurian-Ordovician-Cambrian limestone, usually in Chihuahuan desert scrub and sometimes in coniferous woodlands in the Trans-Pecos region.

## Conservation

This cactus, particularly var. *sneedii* was heavily collected for the cactus trade starting in the 1920s when it was discovered. The var. *leei* also faced this threat. There was no need for this poaching, because the plant is easily propagated in the garden. They have been overharvested from their natural habitat, the main reason why the two varieties, var. *sneedii* and var. *leei*, have been federally listed as endangered and threatened, respectively. Most authors believe that var. *leei* is a New Mexico endemic that only grows in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, and any *P. sneedii* outside the park are var. *sneedii*. Threats to the species outside the national park include habitat loss. One example is the loss of a population of var. *sneedii* that occurred when a road was built connecting Las Cruces, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas.

## Cultivation

Sneed's pincushion cactus is popular with cactus enthusiasts and dealers because of its often petite size and tolerance for moderately cold climates.

In cultivation, it prefers a well-draining inorganic substrate, as the roots are easily susceptible to rot. Sneed's cactus must be kept completely dry during its dormant season in the winter months, and atmospheric humidity must be kept at a low. Regular watering may be done throughout the spring and summer once the growing season has resumed, provided the soil is well-drained. Fertilization requirements are simple, consisting of a high-potassium fertilizer during the summer growing season for Sneed's feed, and seed propagation is equally straightforward, with seeds sown after the last frost in spring typically germinating within one to two weeks provided they are well-ventilated and kept out of direct sun. Sneed's pincushion can also be propagated asexually via offsets from the base of the plant.

1. "Appendices | CITES". *cites.org*. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
2. "Pelecyphora sneedii". *Plants of the World Online*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
3. Zimmerman, Allan D.; Parfitt, Bruce D. "*Coryphantha sneedii*". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). *Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)*. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press  via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
4. Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Rose, Joseph Nelson (December 1923). *The Cactaceae*. Vol. v.4. Illustrators: Eaton, Mary E. and Wood, Helen Adelaide. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 56. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.46288. LCCN 19011812.
5. Sánchez, Daniel; Vázquez-Benítez, Balbina; Vázquez-Sánchez, Monserrat; Aquino, David; Arias, Salvador (21 January 2022). "Phylogenetic relationships in Coryphantha and implications on Pelecyphora and Escobaria (Cacteae, Cactoideae, Cactaceae)". *PhytoKeys* (188): 115–165. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.188.75739. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 8799629. PMID 35106054.
6. Gorelick, Root (2021). "The Coryphantha sneedii Complex is Indeed Complex and Continuously Intergrades with Coryphantha vivipara". *Haseltonia*. **27** (1): 40–59. doi:10.2985/026.027.0106. ISSN 1070-0048.
7. Ferguson, David J. "Escobaria sneedii var. leei (Lee's pincushion cactus)". *New Mexico Rare Plants*. New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Council. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
8. Fish and Wildlife Service (January 11, 2023). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of 31 Species in the Southwest" (PDF). *Federal Register*. **88** (7). Office of the Federal Register: 1604. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
9. Baker, M. A. (2007). Further elucidation of the taxonomic relationships and geographic distribution of *Escobaria sneedii* var. *sneedii*, *E. sneedii* var. *leei*, and *E. guadalupensis* (Cactaceae). In: Barlow-Irick, P., et al, tech eds. Southwestern rare and endangered plants: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference; March 22–26, 2004; Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proceedings. USFS.
10. *Escobaria sneedii*. The Nature Conservancy.
11. "Escobaria sneedii subs. leei (Rose ex Boed.) D.R.Hunt". *LLIFE - Encyclopedia of Cacti*. LLIFLE - Encyclopedia of living forms. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
12. "Escobaria sneedii Britton & Rose". *LLIFE - Encyclopedia of Cacti*. LLIFLE - Encyclopedia of living forms. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
13. USFWS. Determination that *Coryphantha sneedii* var. *sneedii* is an endangered species. *Federal Register* November 7, 1979.
14. USFWS. Determination that *Coryphantha sneedii* var. *leei* is a threatened species. *Federal Register* October 25, 1979.
15. US NPS. Cacti/Desert Succulents. Carlsbad Caverns National Park.

## InfoBox

| *Pelecyphora sneedii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Pelecyphora* |
| Species: | ***P. sneedii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pelecyphora sneedii***
(Britton & Rose) D.Aquino & Dan.Sánchez | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Escobaria sneedii* Britton & Rose * *Coryphantha sneedii* (B. & R.) A.Berger * *Mammillaria sneedii* (B. & R.) Cory * *Coryphantha vivipara* var. *sneedii* (B. & R.) Gorelick | |


title: Pedro Grajales

abstract: Pedro Grajales Escobar is a Colombian sprinter. He competed in the 200 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Pedro Grajales

**Pedro Grajales Escobar** (born 14 June 1940) is a Colombian sprinter. He competed in the 200 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Pedro Grajales
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Colombian |
| Born | (1940-06-14) 14 June 1940 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 200 metres |


title: Pedro Gross

abstract: Pedro Gros or Pedro Gross was a Spanish painter and sculptor of contemporary impressionist symbolism. He was also a jeweler, an actor, and a businessman. He created the first doll brand in Spain and worked as a professor of fine arts, toys and crafts in the Americas.

text:
# Pedro Gross

**Pedro Gros** or **Pedro Gross** (January 26, 1904 - January 31, 1998) was a Spanish painter and sculptor of contemporary impressionist symbolism. He was also a jeweler, an actor, and a businessman. He created the first doll brand in Spain (known as *El Mago Gros* in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s) and worked as a professor of fine arts, toys and crafts in the Americas.

## First years

The work of Pedro Gross was greatly influenced by a difficult personal life that started in childhood. He did not know his father and lost his mother, Adela Gros (dressmaker and jeweler) to breast cancer when he was 10 years old. He found himself in the midst of deep poverty, with two younger siblings to care for.

In 1921, in the stead of his brother Antonio, he enlisted in the army to go to the front lines of the Rif War. In the Battle of the Rif in Tetouan, he witnessed the atrocities committed during the conflict. It was there that he first showed his artistic talent by making pencil portraits of the soldiers and commanders. He became the sketch artist of the Rif campaign.

On his return to Spain, he worked for the ABC newspaper and became close friends with Antonio Mingote, from the Luca de Tena family. In so doing he entered the circle of artists of the *Café Varela*.

He married Josefina Agramunt and they had their first child who died tragically in a domestic accident. This event marked him forever.

In 1930, he held his first exhibition of portraits in the *Heraldo Salon* in Madrid, with the sculptor Fernando Boada. The ease, strength and expressiveness of his portraits stood out. This was one of the early steps in his path to creating the first doll brand in Spain: *Gros*. The first dolls were characters from *Salvador Bartolozzi* and *Mingote* stories.

His second daughter *Delia* (Dalilah) was born with Josefina Agramunt, who was a famous child prodigy of Spanish dance, who converted to Arabic dance and was the most important artist of the genre in the 1960s and 1970s.

When the civil war broke out in Spain, the artist's studio and factory were burned down due to the refusal of the republican and nationalist sides to manufacture thousands of satirical and propaganda dolls for children.

## Awards in Spain

In 1940s and 1950s in Spain, Pedro was one of the personalities of the artistic and bohemian life of Madrid. Winner of medals of honor from the *Autumn salons* in consecutive years from 1947 to 1950 with the works: *La Maja del Capote, Doña Blanca de los Ríos, Los Monaguillos* and *Sendas Obstinada.*

## Trilogy

Formed by three large-format canvases, the first, *The Tree of Poets*, 1957, (Currently located in the History Museum of Madrid) is a cinemascope-format oil canvas. It is an allegory for love and reunion, despite the horrors, wounds and hatred sown in the Spanish civil war. The allegory shows love as a creative, regenerating universal force, represents the hope of peace and equality and was the farewell to Spain, capturing 79 intellectuals, women and men of the time, among which are the poets of the gathering *"Verses with skirts"* of the *Café Varela* on *Preciados street*, to which he pays tribute.

With this first work, he conceives the idea of traveling through the *Americas*, making a pilgrimage with the second work and the centerpiece of the trilogy:

## Inferno of the World

1958 Beirut -1991 Medellín. Perhaps one of the largest space-time formats in the history of pictorial art, a colossal nomadic mural that for 33 years he was painting and exhibiting continuously, traveling through the United States, South America and Central America. It is a singular piece of contemporary symbolism that represents hatred as a human scourge, narrating its horrors and miseries in the history of humanity, cryptically creating a retrospective and prospective of its characters and world events, through a colossal octopus. which symbolizes the 8 deadly sins *(According to Gross, the eighth sin is stupidity)*. In the painting he defends the need for change, in the face of the evils that will increasingly haunt the planet: devastation and climate change, helpless and exploited children, intolerance, political corruption, nationalisms, populisms, automation...

The trilogy closes with the play: *A New Man*, 1990. It is an allegory of the encounter in greed, performed at the Yalta Conference after defeating the aberrant Nazi regime. On the canvas they represent the elements that gave birth to the so-called new order and the cold war between the new powers after the conflict.

## Ambassador of art and universal values in the Americas

A stage of itinerant activity in Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador and the United States, with exhibitions of his work and *The Inferno of the World* in the main museums and salons of Latin America, an activity that alternated with teaching work in fine arts and crafts for homeless or disabled children and youth.

He married Ana Suárez in Colombia in 1968 and had two children Jaime Gross in Bogotá, Colombia and Ana Helena Gross in San José, Costa Rica.

During the journey through the Americas from 1957 to 1998, his work elicited intense reactions against and in favor, such as friendship with the great Costa Rican statesman Pepe Figueres and the first Lady Karen Olsen, also with the presidents of Colombia Alberto Lleras Camargo and Carlos Lleras Restrepo. In Panama in 1972, President Omar Torrijos bid for the purchase of *The Inferno of the World* mural and the artist's refusal forced him to leave the country.

The attempts on his life in San Salvador 1977 were also highlighted, for making the posthumous monument to the priest Rutilio Grande, assassinated by the death squads. Affectionately called *"Father Tilo"*, he was a promoter of the fight against hatred and violence, he was the founder of reflection gatherings with the so-called *"delegates of the word"* with priests and peasants in the middle of the Salvadoran civil war.

Back in Colombia in the eighties he also suffered threats for including in *The Inferno of the World* the Crimes of Tacueyó by the FARC, for the interview on the television program *Correo Cultural*, in which he was interviewed by Gloria Valencia de Castaño and the program *Atando Cabos* *(Tying up the dots)* of the captain and presenter Adolfo Vale Berrío in which, live and direct, he incorporated the last character and the last brushstrokes of *The Inferno of the World.*

In the last years of artistic activity in the United States, at the age of 92, large exhibitions were scheduled at the World Trade Center in Miami, but strong episodes of reactive depression caused the event to be canceled.

Back in Colombia for treatment and confinement, he died a natural death at the age of 94 in Medellín in 1998.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Gross | |
| --- | --- |
| Gross in 1957 | |
| Born | Pedro Angulo Gross
(1904-01-26)26 January 1904
Madrid, Spain |
| Died | 31 January 1998(1998-01-31) (aged 94)
Medellin, Colombia |
| Resting place | Medellin |
| Education | Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando mainly self-taught autodidact |
| Known for | painting, sculpture, actor, toymaker |
| Notable work |  |
| Movement | impressionism symbolism contemporary |
| Spouses | *   Josefina Agramunt  (m. 19281957) *   Ana Suárez (m. 1968) |
| Children | * Jaime Angulo Agramunt 1929-1930 * Delia Turina Dalilah (bellydancer) 1936-2001 * Jaime Gross Suárez (b.1969) * Ana Helena Gross Suárez (b.1975) |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Peel Sound

abstract: Peel Sound is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada. It separates Somerset Island on the east from Prince of Wales Island on the west. To the north it opens onto Parry Channel while its southern end merges with Franklin Strait. There are several named islands within the sound, including: Lock, Vivian, Prescott, Pandora, Otrick, Barth, De la Roquette, and Gibson. Sir John Franklin passed through the strait in 1846 during an unseasonably warm summer, since typically Peel Sound is frozen. Its east side was traced by James Clark Ross in 1849. In 1858 Francis Leopold McClintock tried to penetrate it and was blocked by ice.

text:
# Peel Sound

**Peel Sound** is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada. It separates Somerset Island on the east from Prince of Wales Island on the west. To the north it opens onto Parry Channel while its southern end merges with Franklin Strait.

There are several named islands within the sound, including: Lock, Vivian, Prescott, Pandora, Otrick, Barth, De la Roquette, and Gibson.

Sir John Franklin passed through the strait in 1846 during an unseasonably warm summer, since typically Peel Sound is frozen. Its east side was traced by James Clark Ross in 1849. In 1858 Francis Leopold McClintock tried to penetrate it and was blocked by ice.

## InfoBox

| Peel Sound | |
| --- | --- |
| Peel Sound | |
| Coordinates | 73°00′N 096°30′W / 73.000°N 96.500°W / 73.000; -96.500 (Peel Sound) |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Settlements | Uninhabited |


title: Pellionia

abstract: Pellionia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. The flowers of Pellionia are white globules held on stalks above the plant, which respond to changes in temperature by releasing their pollen as little puffs of smoke.

text:
# Pellionia

***Pellionia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. The flowers of Pellionia are white globules held on stalks above the plant, which respond to changes in temperature by releasing their pollen as little puffs of smoke.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Pellionia*:

## InfoBox

| *Pellionia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pellionia repens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Urticaceae |
| Tribe: | Elatostemateae |
| Genus: | *Pellionia*<br>Gaudich. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Pedro Miguel Fault

abstract: The Pedro Miguel Fault is a seismic fault that runs beneath the Panama Canal and near Panama City, home to approximately 1.2 million of Panama's approximately 3.3 million inhabitants.

text:
# Pedro Miguel Fault

The **Pedro Miguel Fault** is a seismic fault that runs beneath the Panama Canal and near Panama City, home to approximately 1.2 million of Panama's approximately 3.3 million inhabitants.

## Seismic activity

Both faults are active, cause earthquakes every 600 to 900 years, and could cause ground slippage of up to 9.8 feet (3.0 m). An earthquake in 1882 caused a regional tsunami. A team of seismologists led by Tom Rockwell of San Diego State University found evidence suggesting both faults slipped simultaneously around 700 CE.

### Potential consequences of an earthquake

The Pedro Miguel and the Limón Fault system are a concern for geologists, as a strong earthquake centered on either could damage the canal, drain the lake that supplies water for the operation of its locks, Lago Gatun, and cause severe damage in the capital.

## Further reading

* Thomas Rockwell, *et al*. "Neotectonics and Paleoseismology of the Limón and Pedro Miguel Faults in Panamá: Earthquake Hazard to the Panamá Canal." *Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America* 100.6, December 2010. Online abstract.


title: Pedro Miguel González Pinzón

abstract: Pedro Miguel González Pinzón is a leading political figure in Panama who was tried and acquitted by a Panamian court of the June 10, 1992, killing of a US Army serviceman, Sgt. Zak Hernández, and the serious wounding of another, Sgt. Ronald T. Marshall. In addition to serving as a deputy in the National Assembly, where he represented the province of Veraguas for the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), he served as President of the unicameral National Assembly from September 1, 2007, elected by a vote of 50-26, until August 31, 2008.

text:
# Pedro Miguel González Pinzón

**Pedro Miguel González Pinzón** (born January 1, 1965) is a leading political figure in Panama who was tried and acquitted by a Panamian court of the June 10, 1992, killing of a US Army serviceman, Sgt. Zak Hernández, and the serious wounding of another, Sgt. Ronald T. Marshall.

In addition to serving as a deputy in the National Assembly, where he represented the province of Veraguas for the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), he served as President of the unicameral National Assembly from September 1, 2007, elected by a vote of 50-26 (defeating his rival Wigberto Quintero of the Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement), until August 31, 2008.

## Early life

Pedro Miguel González Pinzón was born on January 1, 1965, to Gerardo González Vernaza (1929–2006), a Panamanian politician who served as President of the National Assembly from 1997 to 1999, as well as acting as the head of the PRD party.

## Alleged involvement in Hernandez murder

On June 10, 1992, United States Army Sgt. Zak Hernández-LaPorte and Sgt. Ronald T. Marshall were ambushed while driving in their Humvee at an entrance to Albrook Air Base on the outskirts of Panama City. A group of gunmen fired at the pair with an AK-47 from a civilian car before making their escape. Marshall was seriously injured, while Hernández died from his wounds. The murder occurred two-and-a-half years after the US invasion of Panama to depose military ruler Manuel Noriega, and just prior to a visit by US President George H. W. Bush.

González Pinzón was immediately the prime suspect, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. According to a lawyer for the US Embassy, three witnesses stated he was present at the scene, while others saw him and two accomplices in the stolen car used in the shooting. The car was later found on a farm owned by his father. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation matched an AK-47 from the attacks was found on the farm as well, while Scotland Yard and the Panamanian police did not find the AK-47 to match the bullets from the shootings.

Though an arrest warrant was issued for González Pinzón shortly after the murder, he evaded arrest for more than two years, reportedly spending part of this time in Cuba. In 1995, he surrendered directly to new President Ernesto Perez Balladares on live national television, accompanied by his father. González's father stated that the unusual circumstances were needed "to avoid an attempt on the kid's life". He accused the previous Guillermo Endara administration of "judicial terrorism" and stated that under the Perez Balladares administration, his son could receive a fair trial.

González Pinzón was held for the following two years in an air-conditioned jail cell with a computer and cell phone, during which his trial was repeatedly delayed. Jaime Abad Espinosa, the Panamanian police official who had led the investigation into the murder, was forced to resign, and was accused by González's father of suppressing ballistics evidence proving González Pinzón's innocence. Abad was later arrested and tried on the charge. Panamanian human rights groups protested on Abad's behalf, with the Panamanian Center for the Investigation of Human Rights and Judicial Assistance stating that the "unaccustomed dispatch" with which Abad's case was handled indicated that its "clear purpose is that its result influence the result of the other case". Abad was found guilty of removing evidence and fined, but was pardoned on June 28, 1998 by Perez Balladares.

In late 1997, González Pinzón was brought to trial and acquitted. The US State Department objected to the verdict, calling it "inconsistent with persuasive testimony by credible and disinterested witnesses as well as firearm and other physical evidence". *The Washington Post* described the verdict as an "outrage" that showed that US soldiers must leave the country following the handover of the Panama Canal.

González Pinzón was also indicted by a US grand jury for his alleged role in the killing shortly after it took place. He remained wanted by the US as of 2007.

## Presidency of National Assembly

After being elected twice to the National Assembly of Panama as a PRD candidate, González was selected by his party on September 1, 2007 to serve as the body's President. His assumption of the presidency was protested by the US, which described him as a fugitive. The move came during the negotiation of the Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement, and several members of the US Congress stated that they would oppose ratification of the pact until González was removed from office. Gonzalez called his election in the face of US opposition a demonstration of Panamanian independence, stating, "The era in which the U.S. had the last word in determining who governed our nation and how they did so is over."

González's appointment caused controversy within Panama, particularly due to its threatening of the free trade pact. In one poll, most Panamanians stated that González should step down. However, González's backers stated that the US opposition to his leadership was another chapter in a long history of US interference in Panamanian affairs, and rejected it as inappropriate. Former Panamanian President Guillermo Endara stated that he believed González to be guilty of the murder, though he opposed the trade agreement. President Martín Torrijos, a fellow PRD member who had negotiated the trade pact, made a private request for González to resign, but avoided publicly criticizing him.

In December 2007, the National Assembly declared December 20 to be an official day of mourning for those Panamanians killed during the 1989 invasion by the United States. González supported the action, stating that "All political sectors have wanted to cast a blanket of forgetfulness ... Maybe out of shame or for other reasons, but it isn't fair to all of those Panamanians that still lie in common graves."

In January 2008, after ceremonies in Panama marking Martyr's Day (remembering students killed in a 1964 clash with U.S. soldiers over the Panama Canal), the web site of the Panamanian legislature was hacked to display an image of the US flag; the website was then down for three weeks. *The Guardian* described the hackers as apparently angry about González's election.

On March 7, 2008, it was announced that González would not seek reelection as head of the National Assembly when his term ended on August 31. After a long delay, US President Barack Obama resubmitted the trade pact to the US Congress, which approved it on October 13, 2011.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Miguel González Pinzón | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 1, 1965 (1965-01) (age 59) |
| Nationality | Panamanian |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | political career, Zak Hernández murder allegations |
| Political party | Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) |
| Parent | Gerardo González Vernaza |


title: Peggy Fowler

abstract: Peggy Y. Fowler is an American businessperson in the state of Oregon. She was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Portland General Electric (PGE), and as of 2007 was the 11th highest-paid CEO in Oregon. A native of Idaho, she worked for PGE, a private electric utility, from 1974 to 2009.

text:
# Peggy Fowler

**Peggy Y. Fowler** (born July 14, 1951) is an American businessperson in the state of Oregon. She was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Portland General Electric (PGE), and as of 2007 was the 11th highest-paid CEO in Oregon. A native of Idaho, she worked for PGE, a private electric utility, from 1974 to 2009.

## Early life

Peggy Fowler was born in Nampa, Idaho, on July 14, 1951. The daughter of a Quaker minister, J. Russell Stands and Frances Martin Stands, she grew up in Oregon, first in Portland. Fowler was the youngest of five children in the family, with the next oldest nine years older than she was. Growing up in a religious household, she did not watch TV at home until around age 10, and did not attend a movie until reaching college. From the age of two until five she wore an eye patch over her right eye and is legally blind in one eye. While in fifth grade the family moved from Portland to Hillsboro, Oregon, a suburb to the west. In school she excelled in math and played the flute, while hoping to become a scientist.

After high school Fowler attended George Fox College, a Quaker school in Newberg, Oregon. At college she majored in chemistry and mathematics. She graduated in 1973 with a degree in those subjects, and completed graduate work from the University of Michigan and the University of Idaho. She was married a first time at age 21, with a divorce resulting within a few years.

## Career

After college she began working for the Oregon Graduate Institute School of Science and Engineering, hoping to earn a Ph.D. at the school. In 1974, Fowler began working for Portland General Electric as a chemist, and began working her way up the management ladder, first as general manager of the company’s environmental and analytic services department. She was hired during the 1980s as the manager of PGE’s customer service department, located in Gresham, Oregon. She was the first female manager of that division that includes the line repair crews, meter reading, and billing.

Enron purchased PGE in 1997 and operated the company as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1998, Fowler became a director with the company and worked as the chief operating officer, keeping that title until 2000. She was president of Enron’s Portland General Holdings corporation from 1999 to 2003 when it filed for bankruptcy. She was then named chairperson of the board for PGE in 2001, remaining in that position until early 2004. Fowler served as president of the company from 1998 to April 2000. In April 2000, Fowler was promoted to the position of chief executive officer at the company.

Fowler was named by the Portland Business Journal in 2005 as Oregon’s most admired CEO. In April 2006, PGE became its own company again when its stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Fowler and seven other employees of the utility rang the opening bell at the stock exchange on April 10, 2006. In 2007, Fowler was paid by PGE a total of almost $2.3 million in compensation, making her the 11th highest paid CEO in Oregon, and the highest paid female CEO in the state. Fowler retired from the company in March 2009 and joined the board of directors where she stayed until May 2012. She joined the board of directors at Umpqua Holdings Corp. in 2009 and became chair of the board in 2012.

## Other

Peggy Fowler is married and has two stepchildren. She lives with her husband Robert in Tigard, Oregon. She is a board member of the Oregon Business Council, Oregon Independent College Foundation, and several regional healthcare organizations. She won the Utility Women’s Leadership Conference’s Leadership Award in 2000. In June 2007, she was appointed to the board of the Portland branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and awarded the Portland First Citizen Award.

## InfoBox

| Peggy Y. Fowler | |
| --- | --- |
| Fowler in 2008 | |
| Born | July 14, 1951
Nampa, Idaho |
| Education | George Fox University
University of Michigan
University of Idaho |
| Occupation | Business executive |
| Spouse | Robert |


title: Pellston, Michigan

abstract: Pellston is a village in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 822 at the 2010 census. The village is the home of Pellston Regional Airport. The village lies on the boundary between Maple River and McKinley townships on US Highway 31. Interstate 75 is about 10 miles (16 km) east of Pellston. Mackinaw City and the Mackinac Bridge are approximately 18 miles (29 km) north and Petoskey is about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of the village. The University of Michigan Biological Station is on nearby Douglas Lake.

text:
# Pellston, Michigan

**Pellston** is a village in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 822 at the 2010 census. The village is the home of Pellston Regional Airport.

The village lies on the boundary between Maple River and McKinley townships on US Highway 31. Interstate 75 is about 10 miles (16 km) east of Pellston. Mackinaw City and the Mackinac Bridge are approximately 18 miles (29 km) north and Petoskey is about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of the village. The University of Michigan Biological Station is on nearby Douglas Lake.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 1,089 |  |  |
| 1920 | 915 |  | −16.0% |
| 1930 | 810 |  | −11.5% |
| 1940 | 562 |  | −30.6% |
| 1950 | 442 |  | −21.4% |
| 1960 | 429 |  | −2.9% |
| 1970 | 469 |  | 9.3% |
| 1980 | 565 |  | 20.5% |
| 1990 | 583 |  | 3.2% |
| 2000 | 771 |  | 32.2% |
| 2010 | 822 |  | 6.6% |
| 2020 | 774 |  | −5.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

The University of Michigan has its biological station in Pellston.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 822 people, 308 households, and 216 families residing in the village. The population density was 430.4 inhabitants per square mile (166.2/km2). There were 364 housing units at an average density of 190.6 per square mile (73.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 86.5% White, 0.2% African American, 8.0% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 4.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 308 households, of which 41.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.13.

The median age in the village was 34.1 years. 30.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 9.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 771 people, 260 households, and 199 families residing in the village. The population density was 402.8 inhabitants per square mile (155.5/km2). There were 308 housing units at an average density of 160.9 per square mile (62.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 89.75% White, 0.65% African American, 6.49% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, and 2.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 260 households, out of which 43.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,292, and the median income for a family was $39,911. Males had a median income of $25,956 versus $20,013 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,047. About 10.8% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.91 square miles (4.95 km2), all land.

### Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pellston has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

| Climate data for Pellston Regional Airport, Michigan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 53
(12) | 61
(16) | 85
(29) | 91
(33) | 94
(34) | 99
(37) | 98
(37) | 98
(37) | 96
(36) | 87
(31) | 78
(26) | 64
(18) | 99
(37) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 26.7
(−2.9) | 28.7
(−1.8) | 38.5
(3.6) | 51.7
(10.9) | 66.1
(18.9) | 75.8
(24.3) | 79.3
(26.3) | 77.9
(25.5) | 70.2
(21.2) | 56.6
(13.7) | 43.5
(6.4) | 32.6
(0.3) | 54.0
(12.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 17.8
(−7.9) | 18.0
(−7.8) | 27.0
(−2.8) | 39.5
(4.2) | 52.2
(11.2) | 61.9
(16.6) | 66.0
(18.9) | 64.7
(18.2) | 57.3
(14.1) | 45.9
(7.7) | 35.2
(1.8) | 25.2
(−3.8) | 42.6
(5.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 8.9
(−12.8) | 7.3
(−13.7) | 15.5
(−9.2) | 27.2
(−2.7) | 38.3
(3.5) | 48.1
(8.9) | 52.8
(11.6) | 51.6
(10.9) | 44.5
(6.9) | 35.2
(1.8) | 27.0
(−2.8) | 17.7
(−7.9) | 31.2
(−0.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −37
(−38) | −37
(−38) | −34
(−37) | −14
(−26) | 11
(−12) | 25
(−4) | 28
(−2) | 29
(−2) | 19
(−7) | 4
(−16) | −23
(−31) | −31
(−35) | −37
(−38) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.61
(41) | 1.14
(29) | 1.74
(44) | 2.44
(62) | 2.79
(71) | 2.57
(65) | 2.67
(68) | 2.85
(72) | 3.38
(86) | 4.22
(107) | 2.71
(69) | 1.89
(48) | 30.01
(762) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 15.1 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 12.0 | 15.7 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 147.1 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Education

Pellston Public Schools is the area school district.

## Transportation

Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service between St. Ignace and East Lansing, Michigan.

Pellston Regional Airport serves the city. Delta Air Lines provides airline service to Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport.

## Images

## InfoBox

| Pellston, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Village of Pellston | |
| Downtown Pellston along U.S. Route 31 | |
| Nickname: Ice Box of the Nation | |
| Location within Emmet County | |
| PellstonLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 45°33′14″N 84°47′04″W / 45.55389°N 84.78444°W / 45.55389; -84.78444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Emmet |
| Townships | Maple River and McKinley |
| Government | |
| Type | Village council |
| President | James Gillett |
| Clerk | Lisa Fought |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.95 sq mi (5.05 km2) |
| Land | 1.95 sq mi (5.05 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 699 ft (213 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 774 |
| Density | 396.92/sq mi (153.25/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49769 |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-63300 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0634571 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Pegz

abstract: Tirren Staaf, otherwise known as Pegz, is an Australian hip hop artist and producer hailing from Melbourne, Victoria. He was the CEO of Obese Records—the record label responsible for artists such as Hilltop Hoods, Downsyde, and Bias B.

text:
# Pegz

**Tirren Staaf**, otherwise known as **Pegz** (or **MC Pegasus**), is an Australian hip hop artist and producer hailing from Melbourne, Victoria. He was the CEO of Obese Records—the record label responsible for artists such as Hilltop Hoods, Downsyde, and Bias B.

## Biography

Tirren Staaf has said that he was named after Tiran Porter, former member of the Doobie Brothers.

Pegz has been a part of the Australian hip hop scene since 1992, and has released four full-length studio albums. As a teenager he was first a graffiti artist before becoming a rapper.

In 2000, he got a job at Obese Records, a specialist hip-hop music store in Prahran.

He released his first recording, an EP, *Pegasus*, on the Obese label in 2001, followed by a studio album, *Capricorn Cat* in 2003 and *Axis* in 2005.

In 2005, Pegz toured nationally with Australian Hip Hop Milk Bar Stars (Pegz, Muph, DJ Bonez and Plutonic Lab).

Upon releasing his third solo album, *Burn City*, in 2007, Pegz nominally retired as a solo artist to concentrate on managing Obese Records.

> 'This will be my last solo effort I think; I'm not in the mental space to be juggling everything right now, but we'll see what happens. I'm always writing. Always.'

In 2009 Pegz, as part of Gully Platoon, together with Dialectrix (a.k.a. Ryan Leaf) and Joe New (Down Under Beats crew), released an album *The Great Divide*. The album reached #5 on the AIR Top 20 Album charts and #18 on the ARIA Top 40 Urban Album charts. The group released their first video clip for the single "Nothing To Lose" on 15 September 2009.

On 26 January 2011, Obese Records revealed that Pegz would be releasing another solo album entitled *Drama*. It was released in April 2011.

## Discography

### Albums

List of albums, with selected details and chart positions
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Capricorn Cat* | * Released: 2003 * Label: Obese (OBR022) * Format: CD |  |
| *Axis* | * Released: 2005 * Label: Obese (OBR034) * Format: CD |  |
| *Burn City* | * Released: 2007 * Label: Obese (OBR054) * Format: CD, digital | 70 |
| *Drama* | * Released: 2011 * Label: Obese (OBR077) * Format: CD, digital | 52 |

### EPs

* *Pegasus* (2001) – Obese (OBR020)

### Singles

* "Celebrate Daily"/"Rogue"/"Everyshow" (2001)
* "12 Apostles" (2002) – Obese (OBR021)
* "Back Then" (2005) – Obese (OBR036)
* "Chechen Gorilla" (2005) – Obese (OBR037)
* "No Attachments" (2008)
* "Burn City" (2008)
* "Pegz & Silent - Equilibrium feat. Jace XL" (2018)

## InfoBox

| Pegz | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Tirren Staaf |
| Also known as | Pegz
MC Pegasus |
| Born | (1975-12-23) 23 December 1975 |
| Origin | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupation(s) | Rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer |
| Years active | 1992present |
| Labels | Obese |


title: Peggy Dolan

abstract: Peggy Dolan was an American dancer and actress in theater and vaudeville in the 1920s.

text:
# Peggy Dolan

**Peggy Dolan** was an American dancer and actress in theater and vaudeville in the 1920s.

## Social prominence

Dolan was from Newark, New Jersey. Her parents were Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hoffman Dolan. Her grandmother was Mrs. Thomas J. Dolan (née Isabel W. Hoffman) of Villanova, Pennsylvania. Peggy was a guest of former New York governor Alfred E. Smith at a birthday party for his son, Alfred E. Smith, Jr., in January 1930. The birthday dinner took place at the Patio Lamaze in Palm Beach, Florida.

## Beauty pageant

She competed in a national beauty contest in Universal City in June 1915. Dolan was a third runner-up to Ruth M. Purcell of Washington, D.C., who was crowned *the most beautiful girl in America* from among sixty contestants.

## Dancing career

In June 1920 Dolan appeared with George White's Scandals, in a revue which began performing as *Scandals of 1920*. The production was staged at the Globe Theater in New York City. The music was written by George Gershwin with lyrics by Arthur Jackson. The show was produced by White and Andrew Rice. The troupe was headed by White and Ann Pennington.

Dolan acted with Edward Leiter and Joe Kearns in *Truth*, staged at the Sum-Toy-Sho Theater in Los Angeles, California, in March 1926. Dolan played the feminine lead. In 1928 she was in the cast of the operatic comedy *The Red Robe*. It was presented at the Shubert Theater in New Haven, Connecticut, prior to its Broadway debut. Manilla Powers and Gloria Foy were among the show's players.

Dolan teamed with Nina Underwood to provide singing and dancing for an annual fashion show conducted by the National Secretaries Association in November 1958. *Autumn Leaves* was the theme of the event which was held in Downey, California.

## Damage lawsuit

Dolan was the subject of testimony given during the trial of Franklyn Ardell, a singer and comedian with the George White revue. He was dismissed by White after it was discovered that he was providing chorus girls with drinks (alcoholic beverages) on stage, in his dressing room, and at Dinty Moore's restaurant, near the Globe Theater. Marian Courtney, one of the dancers at a party given by Ardell, testified at his trial, which came before the New York Supreme Court in March 1925. Ardell sued White for $27,000, the amount he lost when his $600 per week contract was terminated by the theatrical manager. Ardell contended that he was fired because the production was not doing well financially. Furthermore, White did not extend him the five or six weeks notice he should have been granted. Katherine Chapman  gave testimony that she accompanied Dolan when she was asked by Ardell to go with him to a Long Island club. Dolan did not want to go alone. Ardell lost his suit.

* "The Red Robe". Bridgeport Telegram. March 17, 1928. p. 28.
* "Fined $27,000 For Tempting the Stage Beauties". Galveston Daily News. March 22, 1925. p. 14.
* "Name Fairest Girl Of All". *Los Angeles Times*. June 13, 1915. p. I10.
* "O'Neill Production Staged By Students". *Los Angeles Times*. March 9, 1926. p. A11.
* "Show Will Emphasize Fall Wear". *Los Angeles Times*. November 2, 1958. p. SC6.
* "The Week's Plays". *New York Times*. June 6, 1920. p. 64.
* "Palm Beach Dinner For J.H. Perkins". *New York Times*. January 28, 1930. p. 20.
* "Notes of Social Activities in New York and Elsewhere". *New York Times*. March 5, 1936. p. 26.


title: Peggy Dobbins

abstract: Peggy Dobbins was an American sociologist, and a civil and women's rights activist. Born and raised in Texas, she earned degrees from Wellesley College and the University of Madrid in the early 1960s. She participated in Freedom Summer in 1964 and was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee. She began her PhD studies at Tulane University and taught one of the first women's studies courses in the country, in New Orleans in 1966. She suspended her studies when she married the following year and moved to New York City, where she was active in opposing the Vietnam War and the founding of the women's liberation movement. Dobbins was a co-founder of New York Radical Women, wrote the Liturgy for the Burial of Traditional Womanhood, for the group's Arlington National Cemetery protest in Washington, D.C., and was arrested during the Miss America protest in New York City in 1968. When New York Radical Women splintered, she co-founded W.I.T.C.H. and continued to participate in street theater demonstrations in the New York metropolitan area. Returning to her studies in 1972, Dobbins earned a PhD in sociology and began teaching at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa in 1974. Seven years later, she was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, when she attempted to perform a political skit wearing a mask. Although the charges on mask-wearing were found to be invalid, she was convicted of disorderly conduct. She was arrested later in 1981 and charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to leave the offices of The Birmingham News. Having lost her university position, Dobbins Worked for various NGOs, like the Protect America's Children and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to support their work. She also volunteered with the Communist Party USA on various issues and continued to protest American involvement in wars. In the 1990s, she worked in a job training program for the city of Birmingham and from 1992 to 1996 served on the Housing Authority's board.

text:
# Peggy Dobbins

**Peggy Dobbins** (born September 30, 1938) was an American sociologist, and a civil and women's rights activist. Born and raised in Texas, she earned degrees from Wellesley College and the University of Madrid in the early 1960s. She participated in Freedom Summer in 1964 and was active in the Southern Student Organizing Committee. She began her PhD studies at Tulane University and taught one of the first women's studies courses in the country, in New Orleans in 1966. She suspended her studies when she married the following year and moved to New York City, where she was active in opposing the Vietnam War and the founding of the women's liberation movement.

Dobbins was a co-founder of New York Radical Women, wrote the *Liturgy for the Burial of Traditional Womanhood*, for the group's Arlington National Cemetery protest in Washington, D.C., and was arrested during the Miss America protest in New York City in 1968. When New York Radical Women splintered, she co-founded W.I.T.C.H. and continued to participate in street theater demonstrations in the New York metropolitan area. Returning to her studies in 1972, Dobbins earned a PhD in sociology and began teaching at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa in 1974. Seven years later, she was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, when she attempted to perform a political skit wearing a mask. Although the charges on mask-wearing were found to be invalid, she was convicted of disorderly conduct. She was arrested later in 1981 and charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to leave the offices of *The Birmingham News*.

Having lost her university position, Dobbins Worked for various NGOs, like the Protect America's Children and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to support their work. She also volunteered with the Communist Party USA on various issues and continued to protest American involvement in wars. In the 1990s, she worked in a job training program for the city of Birmingham and from 1992 to 1996 served on the Housing Authority's board.

## Early life, education, and family

Margaret Nell Powell, later known as Peggy, was born on September 30, 1938, in Bell County, Texas to Paulina Otelia (née Jordan) and Sam Madison Powell Jr. Her father was a physician, who after serving in the US Army in World War II, was on the faculty of Harvard Medical School, before opening a private practice in Corpus Christi, Texas. He was chief of staff at Memorial Hospital in Corpus Christi from 1947 to 1961 and then relocated to Birmingham, Alabama to head the Birmingham Health Foundation. Peggy and her brother, Sam III, were raised in Corpus Christi. She was presented in the 1957–1958 debutante season after graduating from W. B. Ray High School. Continuing her education, Peggy enrolled as a political science major at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. She graduated in 1960 from Wellesley and then completed a degree at the University of Madrid in 1961. During her university studies, Powell became pregnant and had to give her son up for adoption. The event made her realize that other women had secret pregnancies and abortions and propelled her to speak publicly about abortion as a political issue.

## Activism (1960–1970)

Powell moved to New Orleans enrolled in graduate studies at Tulane University. She became involved in the civil rights movement and joined the Southern Student Organizing Committee. She participated in the Freedom Summer voter registration and Freedom School drives in 1964. At the time, there was not a women's movement and many women joined civil rights organizations. When they found they were pushed to the margins, women began organizing their own women's liberation movement. For example, Powell, Cathy Barrett, and Cathy Cade, each a sociology graduate student, launched a women's studies course at the New Orleans Free School in 1966. Although a handful of women's courses were offered at the time, such as Naomi Weisstein's "For and About Women" at the University of Chicago, Annette Kar Baxter's women's history course at Barnard College, and Gerda Lerner's class on women's history at The New School in New York City, none was accredited until 1969, when Cornell University formally approved the first women's studies curriculum. Chastised by male activists, who argued that sexism was not an important issue, and lacking support from any other movement, Powell, Barrett, and Cade's class was suspended and the organizers moved on to other groups. Using tactics that they had learned from the civil rights movements, women began sharing their stories in "Tell It Like It Is" sessions. These consciousness raising discussions made them realize that their personal experiences were often shared and thus social acts, which if politicized could be transformed into issues that could be solved. This eventually led to the mantra, "The personal is political", which became a rallying idea for joining the Women's Liberation Movement.

In April 1967, Powell married Michael Anthony Dobbins in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a graduate of the Yale School of Architecture and was originally from Denver, Colorado. They would later have two sons. After their marriage, the couple made their home in New York City. Dobbins became one of the founders of the New York Radical Women and wrote *Liturgy for the Burial of Traditional Womanhood*, for the group's first protest in Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C. She held weekly meetings in her home, where activists explored anthropological and historical studies on matriarchy and biological differences between men and women. Feminist and historian, Rosalyn Baxandall, dubbed Dobbins the "original matriarchist", because of these explorative discussions. New York Radical Women's first national demonstration was to protest the Miss America pageant in 1968 held in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The pageant was targeted because the group saw it as a means of objectifying women, and supported capitalism by selling sponsors' products, militarism because its winners were sent to entertain troops, and racism because all the winners to that point had been White. Demonstrators carried signs and Dobbins, dressed in one of her husband's suits, acted as a Wall Street financier and conducted a mock auction to sell off an effigy of the 1969-model Miss America. The protesters tossed what they called "instruments of torture to women" into a trash can, intent on burning their bras, curlers, girdles, high heels, typing manuals, and popular magazines that promoted sexist ideas, but they were prevented from lighting the trash can on fire by a city ordinance. Dobbins was eventually arrested when she sprayed Toni permanent wave solution around the mayor's box. She used Toni, because it was a sponsor of the pageant, but news media reported that security believed Miriam Bokser, Bev Grant, and Dobbins has released stink bombs. Dobbins was the only one caught and was taken to jail, but the charges were later dropped.

The Atlantic City protest divided activists and eventually led to the demise of New York Radical Women. The split occurred because part of the group thought individuals participating in the Women's Liberation Movement should be able to choose whether they aligned with the right or the left. Others felt that the movement should permanently adhere with the left, but opponents countered that any permanent alignment would result in women's issues being subordinated to other causes. One group that split off included Dobbins, Judy Duffett, Cynthia Funk, Naomi Jaffe, Robin Morgan, Florika Remetier, and others, who formed the Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H.). Initially, the women of W.I.T.C.H. did not see men as oppressors of women, but instead saw systems, which consumerized and fetishized women and forced them to accept stereotypical roles in society, as their oppressors. W.I.T.C.H., which could also mean Women Inspired to Tell their Collective History or other creative variations, often used art and street theater to protest against corporate capitalism, the Vietnam War, and the feminine beauty ideal. She joined the Upper West Side Women's Center, where she led conscience-raising groups and organized a food cooperative which distributed goods on a sliding scale, and a childcare cooperative for mothers.

### Activism (1970–1990)

Dobbins returned to her studies at Tulane in 1972 and completed her PhD in sociology in 1974 with a thesis, *Unionism, Professionalism, and Feminism among Registered Nurses*. That year, she was hired as an assistant professor at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. She introduced a course "Sex, Race, and Class" and in 1980 presented research "Right Wing Attack on the Women's Movement", co-authored with Walda Katz-Fishman, at the 1980 American Sociological Association's women's caucus. The findings led her to protest and in November 1980, she donned a white robe, Adolf Hitler makeup and a mask of Ronald Reagan. She was arrested by police on her way to a Magnolia Park in Birmingham to perform a protest skit, which her husband was going to photograph. The arresting officer charged her with violating "an ordinance designed to prevent masked Ku Klux Klan rallies". She was also charged with assaulting the officer and disorderly conduct. Her husband and another witness testified that the police forcefully put her in the patrol car and refused to answer her question if she was being arrested and for what. Two other witnesses stated that the police used reasonable force in the arrest. The judge hearing the case, dismissed the anti-mask law violation the following month, noting that the ordinance had exceptions for party-goers, public parades, and presentations of educational or religious nature. In January 1981, he found her guilty of assault and disorderly conduct, fining her $250, but Dobbins maintained she did not assault anyone and would appeal. The university fired her because of the protest, according to biographer Barbara Love, but Dobbins stated that the school terminated her after the Fall 1980 semester "in part" because she taught controversial subjects. The first appeal hearing resulted in a mistrial in May 1982, because the jury was deadlocked. The assault and disorderly conduct convictions were upheld in the final appeal hearing in September.

While her first case was pending, Dobbins was arrested again in October 1981 and charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to leave the offices of *The Birmingham News*. She went to the newspaper office to request that they investigate a story about wiretapping. Although she voluntarily agreed to leave, police officers carried her out of the building to a police car. Dobbins was found guilty of disorderly conduct and fined $200 at the hearing in December. After her termination from the university, Dobbins worked for the NGO Protect America's Children and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She also joined the Communist Party USA and volunteered on civil rights, women's rights, and labor issues. In 1991, Dobbins participated in protests against the Gulf War, stating that people were often too afraid to protest because they might lose their jobs. By the early 1990s, she was teaching at the Job Opportunity and Basic Skills project, which aimed to assist welfare recipients in obtaining employment. She was unanimously hired by the Birmingham City Council in 1992 to serve on the Housing Authority board for a five-year term. Dobbins and her family moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1996.

## Selected works

Dobbins recorded her thoughts and interactions on cassette tapes between 1978 and 1984. The tapes, along with other papers, were donated by Dobbins to the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University in 2016.

* Dobbins, Peggy Powell (July 1977). "Towards a Theory of the Women's Liberation Movement and Women's Wage-Labor". *Insurgent Sociologist*. **7** (3). Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association: 53–62. doi:10.1177/089692057700700304. ISSN 0047-0384. OCLC 4632806693.
* Dobbins, Peggy Powell (1981). *From Kin to Class: Speculations on the Origins and Development of the Family, Class Society, and Female Subordination* (4th ed.). Berkeley, California: Signmaker Press. ISBN 978-0-9605774-0-8.
* Dobbins, Peggy; Dobbins, Mike (September 1997). "Sprawl Things Considered: Controlling Growth". *American City & County* (112). Shawnee Mission, Kansas: Primedia Business Magazines & Media: 18–. ISSN 0149-337X. OCLC 199661002.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Peggy Dobbins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Margaret Nell Powell
(1938-09-30) September 30, 1938
Bell County, Texas |
| Other names | Peggy Powell Dobbins |
| Education | Wellesley College
University of Madrid
University of Alabama |
| Occupation(s) | Sociologist, human rights activist |
| Years active | 1966–present |


title: Pelagodes spiniseparati

abstract: Pelagodes spiniseparati is a species of moth in the family Geometridae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1996. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The wingspan of the male is 14–15 mm and the wings are pale bluish green. Fasciae clearly defined.

text:
# Pelagodes spiniseparati

***Pelagodes spiniseparati*** is a species of moth in the family Geometridae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1996. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

The wingspan of the male is 14–15 mm and the wings are pale bluish green. Fasciae clearly defined.

## InfoBox

| *Pelagodes spiniseparati* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pelagodes* |
| Species: | ***P. spiniseparati*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pelagodes spiniseparati***<br>Holloway, 1996 | |
|


title: Pelias

abstract: Pelias was king of Iolcus in Greek mythology. He was the one who sent Jason on the quest for the Golden Fleece.

text:
# Pelias

**Pelias** (/ˈpliæs/ *PEE-lee-ass*; Ancient Greek: Πελίας) was king of Iolcus in Greek mythology. He was the one who sent Jason on the quest for the Golden Fleece.

## Family

Pelias was the son of Tyro and Poseidon. His wife is recorded as either Anaxibia, daughter of Bias, or Phylomache, daughter of Amphion. He was the father of Acastus, Pisidice, Alcestis, Pelopia, Hippothoe, Amphinome, Evadne, Asteropeia, Antinoe and Medusa. These daughters are sometimes called collectively as *Peliades* after their father.

## Mythology

### Early years

Tyro was married to King Cretheus of Iolcus, with whom she had three sons, Aeson, Pherês, and Amythaon, but she loved Enipeus, a river god. She pursued Enipeus, who refused her advances. One day, Poseidon, filled with lust for Tyro, disguised himself as Enipeus and lay with her; from their union were born twin sons, Pelias and Neleus.

Tyro exposed her sons on a mountain to die, but they were found by a herdsman who raised them as his own, as one story goes, or they were raised by a maid. When they reached adulthood, Pelias and Neleus found Tyro and killed her stepmother Sidero for having mistreated her (Sidero hid in a temple dedicated to Hera but Pelias killed her anyway, causing Hera's undying hatred of Pelias).

Pelias was power-hungry and he wished to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. To this end, he banished Neleus and Pherês, and locked Aeson in the dungeons in Iolcus (by the modern city of Volos). While in the dungeons, Aeson married and had several children, most famously, Jason. Aeson sent Jason away from Iolcus in fear that Pelias would have him killed as a potential heir to the throne.

Jason grew in the care of Chiron the centaur, on the slopes of Mount Pelion, to be educated while Pelias, fearing that he would be overthrown, was warned by an oracle to beware a man wearing one sandal.

### Quest for the Golden Fleece

Many years later, Pelias offered a sacrifice by the sea in honor of Poseidon. Jason, who was summoned with many others to take part in the sacrifice, lost one of his sandals in the flooded river Anaurus while rushing to Iolcus. In Virgil's Aeneid and Hyginus' Fabulae (13), Hera/Juno disguised herself as an old woman, whom Jason helped across the river when he lost his sandal.

When Jason entered Iolcus, he was announced as a man wearing one sandal. Fearful, Pelias asked Jason what he would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took Jason's advice and sent him to retrieve the Golden Fleece. It would be found at Colchis, in a grove sacred to Ares, the god of war. Though the Golden Fleece simply hung on an oak tree, this was a seemingly impossible task, as an ever-watchful dragon guarded it.

Jason made preparations by commanding the shipwright Argus to build a ship large enough for fifty men, which he would eventually call the *Argo*. These heroes who would join his quest were known as the Argonauts. Upon their arrival, Jason requested the Golden Fleece from the king of Colchis, Aeëtes. Aeëtes demanded that Jason must first yoke a pair of fire-breathing bulls to a plough and sow dragon's teeth into the earth. Medea, daughter of Aeëtes, fell in love with Jason, and being endowed with magical powers, aided him in his completion of the difficult task. She cast a spell to put the dragon to sleep, enabling Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece from the oak tree. Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts fled Colchis and began their journey home to Thessaly along with Medea's brother Absyrtus.

### Death of Pelias

During Jason's absence, Pelias thought the *Argo* had sunk, and this was what he told Aeson and Promachus, who committed suicide by drinking poison. However, it is unknown but possible that the two were both killed directly by Pelias.

When Jason and Medea returned, Pelias still refused to give up his throne. Medea conspired to have Pelias' own daughters (the Peliades) kill him. She told them she could turn an old ram into a young ram by cutting up the old ram and boiling it. During the demonstration, a live, young ram jumped out of the pot. Excited, the girls cut their father into pieces and threw them into a pot, in the expectation that he would emerge rejuvenated. Pelias, of course, did not survive.

As he was now an accessory to a terrible crime, Jason was still not made king. Pelias' son Acastus later banished Jason and Medea, to Corinth, and so reclaimed the kingdom.

An alternate telling of the story has Medea slitting the throat of Jason's father Aeson, who she then really *does* revive as a much younger man; Pelias' daughters then slit their father's throat after she promises to do the same for him, and she merely breaks her word and leaves him dead.

* Media related to Pelias at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pelias | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Iolcus | |
| Member of the Deucalionids | |
| Pelias sends forth Jason, in an 1879 illustration from *Stories from the Greek Tragedians* by Alfred Church. | |
| Predecessor | Aeson |
| Successor | Acastus |
| Abode | Iolcus |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Poseidon and Tyro |
| Siblings | Neleus, half-brothers: Aeson, Pheres, and Amythaon |
| Consort | Anaxibia or Phylomache |
| Offspring | Acastus, Pisidice, Alcestis, Pelopia, Hippothoe, Amphinome, Evadne, Asteropeia, Antinoe and Medusa |