title: Pallian Kalan

abstract: Pallian Kalan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) away from branch post office Kot Ranjha, 11.8 kilometres (7.3 mi) from Nawanshahr, 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 87 kilometres (54 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Pallian Kalan

**Pallian Kalan** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) away from branch post office Kot Ranjha, 11.8 kilometres (7.3 mi) from Nawanshahr, 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 87 kilometres (54 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Pallian Kalan has a total number of 123 houses and population of 594 of which 308 include are males while 286 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Pallian Kalan is 77.95% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 68 which is 11.45% of total population of Pallian Kalan, and child sex ratio is approximately 1000 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 38.55% of total population in Pallian Kalan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 333 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Pallian Kalan which includes 166 males and 167 females. According to census survey report 2011, 96.70% workers describe their work as main work and 3.30% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school established in 1974. The school provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi). The village is 70.6 kilometres (43.9 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 44.8 kilometres (27.8 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 55.4 kilometres (34.4 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

*List of schools nearby:*

## Transport

Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 52 kilometres (32 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 164 kilometres (102 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Pallian Kalan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pallian KalanLocation in Punjab, IndiaPallian KalanPallian Kalan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°04′01″N 76°08′58″E / 31.0668899°N 76.1493516°E / 31.0668899; 76.1493516 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 355 m (1,165 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 594 |
|  | Sex ratio 308/286 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144517 |
| Telephone code | 01823 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Kot Ranjha (B.O) |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


title: Palliative Medicine (journal)

abstract: Palliative Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of medicine. The journal's editor is Catherine Walshe. It has been in publication since 1987 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Association for Palliative Care.

text:
# Palliative Medicine (journal)

***Palliative Medicine*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of medicine. The journal's editor is Catherine Walshe (Lancaster University). It has been in publication since 1987 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Association for Palliative Care.

## Scope

*Palliative Medicine* is a highly ranked, peer reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to improving knowledge and clinical practice in the palliative care of patients with advanced disease. It reflects the multidisciplinary approach that is the hallmark of effective palliative care.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Palliative Medicine* is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2018 impact factor was 4.956. It is ranked 6 out of 98 in Health Care Sciences & Services, 15 out of 185 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health (SCI) and 17 out of 160 in Medicine, General & Internal.

## InfoBox

*Palliative Medicine*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Catherine Walshe |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1987–present |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications |
| Frequency | 10/year |
| Impact factor | 4.956 (2018) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Palliat. Med.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0269-2163 (print)
1477-030X (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 57055576 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Palo Verde Unified School District

abstract: Palo Verde Unified School District is a public school district in Riverside County, California, United States.

text:
# Palo Verde Unified School District

**Palo Verde Unified School District** is a public school district in Riverside County, California, United States.

## Schools

The public school district's 6 schools are

### Elementary (K-8)

* Felix J. Appleby Elementary - opened 2000s, replaced earlier site.
* Margaret White Elementary - opened 1990s/2000s.
* Ruth Brown (formerly Central) Elementary - district's oldest - (special studies).

### Middle

* Blythe Middle School (merged with the District's 3 subsequent elementary schools, opened in 1930s, and closed in 2017)

### High

## InfoBox

| Palo Verde Unified School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 825 North Lovekin Boulevard Blythe, California, 92225<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Grades | K–12 |
| Schools | One Head Start School, Three Elementary Schools, One High School (6-12), and One Continuation School |
| NCES District ID | 0629640 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 2,821 (2020–2021) |
| Teachers | 116.99 (FTE) |
| Staff | 180.46 (FTE) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 180.46 (FTE) |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.pvusd.us |


title: Palma Ceia West

abstract: Palma Ceia West is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida, located just west of Palma Ceia. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 2,531. The ZIP Codes serving the neighborhood are 33609 and 33629. The neighborhood is part of the South Tampa District.

text:
# Palma Ceia West

**Palma Ceia West** is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida, located just west of Palma Ceia. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 2,531. The ZIP Codes serving the neighborhood are 33609 and 33629. The neighborhood is part of the South Tampa District.

## Geography

Palma Ceia West boundaries are San Obispo to the south, Morrison Avenue to the north, Dale Mabry Highway to the east and Lois Avenue to the west.

## Demographics

*Source: Hillsborough County Atlas*

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,531 people and 1,127 households residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 3,929/mi2. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 96% White, 1% African American, 0% Native American, less than 1% Asian or Pacific Islander, less than 1% from other races, and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8% of the population.

There were 1,127 households, out of which 32% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7% were non-families. 32% of all households were made up of individuals.

In the neighborhood the population was spread out, with 24% under the age of 18, 19% from 18 to 34, 29% from 35 to 49, 16% from 50 to 64, and 13% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males.

The per capita income for the neighborhood was $34,830. About 2% of the population were below the poverty line, 10% of those were under the age of 18.

## InfoBox

| Palma Ceia West | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
| Palma Ceia WestLocation within the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 27°55′42″N 82°30′51″W / 27.92833°N 82.51417°W / 27.92833; -82.51417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Hillsborough |
| City | Tampa |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 2,531 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 33609 and 33629 |


title: Palóu Line

abstract: The Palóu Line was the boundary between Alta California and Baja California, demarcated by Franciscan missionary, Francisco Palóu to distinguish Franciscan and Dominican areas of mission control during the Spanish colonial era.

text:
# Palóu Line

The **Palóu Line** was the boundary between Alta California and Baja California, demarcated by Franciscan missionary, Francisco Palóu to distinguish Franciscan and Dominican areas of mission control during the Spanish colonial era.

## History

In 1772, Francisco Palóu was tasked with establishing a boundary between the Franciscan and Dominican orders in the Californias.

The boundary between the Dominican Baja California missions and the Franciscan missions of Alta California was set in 1773. Palou erected a large cross on a rock called "Mesa del Descanso", which would mark the latitude towards the Colorado River, establishing the jurisdictional boundary between the Dominican and Franciscan missionary operations. The boundary marker is located north of the Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera, with the inscription on the boundary marker translated from Spanish stated:

> San Juan Bautista Creek: Juan Crespí, May 1 for the setting of the first international division line between Old or Lower California (Dominicans) and New or Upper California (Franciscans) five leagues to the north (Valley of the Médanos) being established by: Priest Francisco Palóu on 19 August 1773 (*Mojonera of Palou*) in compliance with the instructions put forth on the April 7, 1772 *Concordato*.
>
> *Rosarito Historical Society, Baja California A.C. at The Mission, Baja California, on 20 May 1990. Fieldwork and research: . Monument donation: Mario Reyes Coronado De Villasari & family . Construction: Students of the School of Tourism at U.A.B.C.(Autonomous University of Baja California)*

Due to the growth of the Hispanic population in the Californias in the late 1700s, the Diego de Borica administration started defining the Palóu Line as the division between Baja California and Alta California. It was under the José Joaquín de Arrillaga administration in 1804, when the boundary became the political reality. The province of Las Californias, then a part of the Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces, was divided into two separate territorial administrations following Palóu's division between the Dominican and Franciscan missions, creating the new territories of Baja California and Alta California. Arrillaga was then appointed as the first governor of Alta California.

The codification of the Siete Leyes amendments to the Mexican Constitution of would dissolve the boundary between Baja California and Alta California as they would merge to become the Department of the Californias.

After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a new border would be set between Baja California and Alta California, shifting the border north of the Palóu line to become the US-Mexican border between the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. Granting land formerly administered by Alta California where the modern day cities of Tijuana, Mexicali, and Tecate are located, to Baja California's administration.

1. Hendry, George W. (1926). "Francisco Palou's Boundary Marker". *California Historical Society Quarterly*: 321–27. doi:10.2307/25177843. JSTOR 25177843.
2. Rosarito Historical Society, Baja California A.C. at The Mission, Baja California, on 20 May 1990. Fieldwork and research: . Monument donation: Mario Reyes Coronado De Villasari & family . Construction: Students of the School of Tourism at U.A.B.C.(Autonomous University of Baja California)
3. "Francisco Palóu - FoundSF". *www.foundsf.org*. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
4. "Chimes of Mission Bells - Maria Antonia Field - Chapter IV - California Under Spanish Rule". *www.books-about-california.com*. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
5. Bancroft, H. H. (1970). History of California: Vol. II, 1801–1824, pp.20–21. Santa Barbara Calif.: Wallace Hebberd. (Note: Bancroft translated the names of the two new provinces as "Antigua" and "Nueva", but Richman uses Baja and Alta - as on the 1847 map of Mexico.)
6. Michael P. Costeloe, "Siete Leyes (1836)" in *Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture*, vol. 4, p. 25. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
7. "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo". *Ourdocuments.gov*. 1848. Retrieved December 6, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Palóu Line | |
| --- | --- |
| Characteristics | |
| Entities | Baja California
Alta California |
| History | |
| Established | 1773 (Catholic)
1804 (Political)
To establish a jurisdictional boundary between Dominican and Franciscan missionary operations in the Californias. |
| Disestablished | 1836
Codification of the Siete Leyes in the constitution of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. |
| Notes | Demarcated by Francisco Palóu |


title: Pamela Moore (author)

abstract: Pamela Moore was an American novelist best known for her debut novel Chocolates for Breakfast. She published her first novel, Chocolates for Breakfast, at age eighteen, which garnered her critical attention for its provocative themes involving its teenage protagonist.

text:
# Pamela Moore (author)

**Pamela Moore** (September 22, 1937 – June 7, 1964) was an American novelist best known for her debut novel *Chocolates for Breakfast*. She published her first novel, *Chocolates for Breakfast*, at age eighteen, which garnered her critical attention for its provocative themes involving its teenage protagonist.

## Early life

She was born on September 22, 1937, the daughter of Don and Isabel Moore, both writers. Her parents divorced in the mid-1940s, and her father relocated to Los Angeles, California, where he worked as a story editor for Warner Brothers and RKO Pictures; her mother took a job as an editor for *Photoplay* in New York City. Between schooling, Moore spent her childhood splitting her time between New York and Los Angeles. She was educated at Rosemary Hall and Barnard College.

## Career

Her first book, *Chocolates for Breakfast*, was published when she was 18 and became an international bestseller. At the time, it was often associated with *Bonjour Tristesse*, a novel published two years earlier in France by 18-year-old Françoise Sagan. Since its publication in 1956, *Chocolates for Breakfast* appeared in 11 languages, including French, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Swedish, and German. According to the Bantam paperback edition, the book went through 11 printings in the U.S. and sold over one million copies.

*Chocolates for Breakfast* gained notoriety for its frank depiction of sexuality at a time when 18-year-old girls were not expected to read about such topics, let alone write about them. The protagonist is a young girl named Courtney, coming of age as her parents divorce, splitting her time between two coasts. Her father is a member of the genteel New York publishing world, while her mother pursues a fading acting career in Hollywood. The book portrays a privileged and jaded set of characters who drink heavily and pride themselves on their sexual sophistication. After an unrequited crush on one of her boarding-school teachers leads to heartbreak, Courtney beds a bisexual Hollywood actor and a dissolute European aristocrat living out of a New York hotel. As Robert Clurman noted in *The New York Times Book Review* "...not very long ago, it would have been regarded as shocking to find girls in their teens reading the kind of books they're now writing." The book also includes discussion of homosexuality, alcoholism, gender roles and sexual exploration that was, for the era, uncommon.

Moore went on to write four more novels, including *Pigeons of St. Mark's Place*, *The Exile of Suzy-Q*, and *The Horsy Set*, but none of these enjoyed the success of the first.

Dan Visel speculates that this may be partially explained by the change in the tone of the later books: ". . . what stands out most about The Horsy Set is the unrelenting darkness it presents; in its depiction of depression, it prefigures The Bell Jar, which would be published the next year. Mud is never far from Brenda's mind; she sees herself sinking further into a despoiled adult world where nothing can save her."

Other reviewers have noted, in the depiction of depression and suicide in "Chocolates," and the frantic mood swings of Brenda in "The Horsy Set," intimations of a bipolar disorder, for which diagnosis and treatment were at the time nearly non-existent. In 1963 Moore gave birth to a son, Kevin. Nine months later, in 1964, working on her final, unpublished novel *Kathy on the Rocks,* she committed suicide by gunshot.

## Personal life

In 1958, Moore married Adam Kanarek, a lawyer of Polish-Jewish origin who had "very little in common with the residents of Beverly Hills, the Westchester horse set, and the habitues of '21' and the Stork Club."

## Death

On June 7, 1964, Moore's husband left to go to work, while she stayed home with their small child Kevin, while working on her next book, tentatively entitled *Kathy*. When he returned home from work, he found Moore dead on the floor next to her typewriter of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.

## Legacy

*Chocolates for Breakfast* was republished in paperback and e-book editions in June 2013, with a new foreword by author Emma Straub.

## InfoBox

| Pamela Moore | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1937-09-22)September 22, 1937 |
| Died | June 7, 1964(1964-06-07) (aged 26)<br>New York City, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Barnard College |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Known for | *Chocolates for Breakfast* |


title: Pamela Mitford

abstract: Pamela Freeman-Mitford was one of the Mitford sisters.

text:
# Pamela Mitford

**Pamela Freeman-Mitford** (25 November 1907 – 12 April 1994) was one of the Mitford sisters.

## Biography

Pamela Freeman-Mitford was born on 25 November 1907, the second daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, and Sydney Bowles (1880–1963).

John Betjeman, who for a time was in love with her, referred to her in his unpublished poem, "The Mitford Girls", as the "most rural of them all" since she preferred to live quietly in the country. They met when she was managing Biddesden, in Wiltshire, the house of her brother-in-law, Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne.

In 1936, she married the millionaire physicist Derek Jackson. Jackson was bisexual and married six times. They lived at Tullamaine Castle in Fethard, County Tipperary, with Jackson's bisexuality and womanizing raising some suspicions that it was a marriage of convenience. After her divorce in 1951, she spent much of the next twenty years as the companion of Giuditta Tommasi (died 1993), an Italian horsewoman. Jessica Mitford described her as having become a "you-know-what-bian", although Diana was less certain whether Pamela and Giuditta were lovers. They parted in 1972 when Pamela returned to the Cotswolds to live at Caudle Green.

She died on 12 April 1994, in London.

## InfoBox

| The HonourablePamela Mitford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pamela Freeman-Mitford
(1907-11-25)25 November 1907 |
| Died | 12 April 1994(1994-04-12) (aged 86)
London, England |
| Spouse | Derek Jackson  (m. 1936; div. 1951) |
| Parent(s) | David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale
Sydney Bowles |
|  | |


title: Paola Ghirotti

abstract: 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Paola Ghirotti is an Italian photographer. For more than twenty years thoroughly investigates the environment of Japanese traditions: unGiappone® is the trademark, which maintains Paola Ghirotti's pictorial archive, her writings and, her ongoing photographic exploration of traditional cultures. Her work had been published – in Italy and abroad – in books and magazines, some of them becoming images of reference. From 1990 to the 1994 she has been credited for the Formula One motor race, his last grand prix has been in Japan on April 17, 1994 at the TI Circuit, Aida She edited the special edition of Limes bimonthly Italian geopolitical magazine "Japan: This mystery", which was published, to universal acclaim, in 2007 She was given an unusual degree of access to the disaster area few weeks after the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku. The ambassador of Japan in Italy had given her an official recognition for the expressions of solidarity and kindness towards the victims in Tohoku. She is a member of AISTUGIA – Italian Association for Japanese Studies.

text:
# Paola Ghirotti

**Paola Ghirotti**  (born February 2, 1955) is an Italian photographer. For more than twenty years thoroughly investigates the environment of Japanese traditions: unGiappone® is the trademark, which maintains Paola Ghirotti's pictorial archive, her writings and, her ongoing photographic exploration of traditional cultures.

Her work had been published – in Italy and abroad – in books and magazines, some of them becoming images of reference.

From 1990 to the 1994 she has been credited for the Formula One motor race, his last grand prix has been in Japan on April 17, 1994 at the TI Circuit, Aida

She edited the special edition of ***Limes*** bimonthly Italian geopolitical magazine "Japan: This mystery", which was published, to universal acclaim, in 2007

She was given an unusual degree of access to the disaster area few weeks after the **2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku** (東北地方太平洋沖地震, *Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin*). The ambassador of Japan in Italy had given her an official recognition for the expressions of solidarity and kindness towards the victims in Tohoku.

She is a member of AISTUGIA – Italian Association for Japanese Studies.

## Criticism

There are universes so remote from our daily life that, once seen, strike us so compellingly that we have no choice but to yield to their beauty, perfection, and purity. Paola's photographs, which I'm not ashamed to say I'm madly in love with, possess the discreet power of that which is inevitable as well as the quiet violence of subtlety. They say, "I am in the here and the now, in the purity of the moment." East, Japan of the mind

## Books

* *il Giappone degli uomini mito*, by Marco Panara, Giovanni Carrada, Paola Ghirotti, Armando Curcio, 1990
* Le cronache del Caffè greco, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1987
* *Il Vittoriano. Materiali per una storia*, Fratelli Palombi, 1986–88
* *Franco Zagari, Giardino Italiano a Osaka*, Edizioni Over 1990
* *un Giappone*, Paola Ghirotti and Hori Yasue, Diego Mormorio, Marco Panara, Franco Zagari, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1995
* *La via Crucis di Francesco Messina a San Giovanni Rotondo*, by Monsignore Crispino Valenziano
* *Le Japon des Japonais*, Éditions Liana Lévi
* *le Maroc des Marocains*, Éditions Liana Lévi
* *La Chine des Chinois*, by Hania Arentsen and Paola Ghirotti, Éditions Liana Lévi
* *Japan: This mystery* , the notebook Limes, The Gruppo Editoriale l'Espresso 2007.
* *Jidai Matsuri 1990-2020* archive photos by Paola Ghirotti, Casadei Libri, 2020

## Exhibitions

* 1996 Roma – Una festa per gli occhi – La cultura del gusto, Akimoto Shigeru and Paola Ghirotti,

introduction of the exhibition by Fosco Maraini, Istituto Giapponese di Cultura Rome /The Japan Foundation


title: Paola Guzmán

abstract: Paola Guzmán Carrasco is a Bolivian footballer who plays as a forward or a midfielder for Spanish Segunda Federación club Sporting Plaza de Argel and the Bolivia women's national team.

text:
# Paola Guzmán

**Paola Guzmán Carrasco** (born 12 June 1998) is a Bolivian footballer who plays as a forward or a midfielder for Spanish Segunda Federación club Sporting Plaza de Argel and the Bolivia women's national team.

## Club career

Guzmán has played for UD Universidad in Bolivia and for Joventut Almassora CF and Viajes InterRías FF in Spain.

## International career

Guzmán made her senior debut for Bolivia on 21 February 2021 in a 0–3 friendly away loss to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

Paola Guzmán
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Paola Guzmán Carrasco | | |
| Date of birth | (1998-06-12) 12 June 1998 | | |
| Height | 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward, midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Sporting Plaza de Argel | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Universidad |  |  |
| 2019–2020 | Joventut Almassora B | 12 | (8) |
| 2020–2021 | Viajes InterRías | 5+ | (1+) |
| 2021–2022 | Nuestra Señora de Burgos |  |  |
| 2022– | Sporting Plaza de Argel | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2021– | Bolivia | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 30 January 2021.<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 February 2021. | | | |


title: Panagiotis Verdes

abstract: Panagiotis Verdes is a Greek inventor and is known for being the first person to mass produce 6x6x6 puzzles and 7x7x7 twisty puzzles. He is also known for founding the company V-Cube. He has also worked on new designs of every Twisty Puzzle from 2x2x2 to 11x11x11.

text:
# Panagiotis Verdes

**Panagiotis Verdes** is a Greek inventor and is known for being the first person to mass produce 6x6x6 puzzles and 7x7x7 twisty puzzles. He is also known for founding the company V-Cube. He has also worked on new designs of every Twisty Puzzle from 2x2x2 to 11x11x11.

## Life

Verdes was born in Chiliomodi, Korinthos, a province in southern Greece, where he graduated from high school. He followed his passion for constructions and studied at the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki from 1965 until 1970. During his career, he was primarily involved in building, road and public network constructions until his retirement in 2003.

## V-Cube

V-Cube is a brand name owned by Verdes Innovations, a company owned by Panagiotis. The V-Cube brand is used to sell puzzles that are similar to the original Rubik's Cube. The brand is known for being the first to mass-produce the first ever 6x6x6 and 7x7x7 puzzles, and for being the first to create a design that would allow for puzzles up to the 11x11x11. Prior to Verdes' invention, the 6x6x6 cube was thought to be impossible due to geometry constraints. Verdes's invention uses a completely different mechanism than the smaller Rubik's cubes; his mechanism is based on concentric, right-angle conical surfaces whose axes of rotation coincide with the semi-axes of the cube. The patents for the cubes were awarded in 2004, and mass-production began in 2008.


title: Palo Alto Medical Foundation

abstract: The Palo Alto Medical Foundation for Health Care, Research, and Education (PAMF) is a not-for-profit health care organization with medical offices in more than 15 cities in the Bay Area. It has more than 900 physicians and had over 2 million patient visits in 2008.

text:
# Palo Alto Medical Foundation

The **Palo Alto Medical Foundation** for Health Care, Research, and Education (**PAMF**) is a not-for-profit health care organization with medical offices in more than 15 cities in the Bay Area. It has more than 900 physicians and had over 2 million patient visits in 2008.

## History

The history of the group dates back to 1930, when Dr. Russel Van Arsdale Lee founded the Palo Alto Medical Clinic (PAMC). Within a few years, several physicians joined Dr. Lee, including Edward F. Roth, Blake C. Wilbur, Herbert Niebel, Milton Saier and Esther Clark, one of the first female physicians in the country. In 1946 – before health plans were standard business – PAMC agreed to provide medical care to nearby Stanford University students in exchange for a flat fee. In 1950, it became one of the first facilities in the nation to offer radiation therapy for cancer patients in an outpatient setting.

In 1981, the for-profit physician group PAMC created the not-for-profit PAMF to control its operations and assets, and in 1993, PAMF became an affiliate of Sutter Health, a not-for-profit organization with hospitals and medical groups in Northern California. In 2008, PAMF's three medical groups – Camino Medical Group, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, and Santa Cruz Medical Clinic – merged to form a single medical group, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group (PAFMG). In 2017, the Peninsula Medical Clinic (PMC) of Burlingame joined PAFMG as the Mills Peninsula Division of the medical group.

## Education and research

In addition to its Health Care Division, PAMF consists of an Education Division and Research Institute. The Education Division provides classes, lectures, support groups and consultations, and manages PAMF's Community Health Resource Centers located in several Bay Area cities. In 2009, the National Institutes of Health awarded the institute more than $2 million in federal stimulus grants through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

PAMF provides an e-health service that allows patients to view their records and test results from their personal computers, and request appointments and prescription renewals online. In 2008, it launched a pilot program to promote online communication between diabetic patients and their health care providers.

## Awards

* In 2009, PAMF was named a top performer by the Integrated Healthcare Association, which ranks California medical groups on clinical quality, patient experience, use of information technology and coordinated diabetes care.
* In 2009, its Chief Medical Information Officer, Dr. Paul Tang, was listed on Modern Healthcare's list of 100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare.

## InfoBox

Palo Alto Medical Foundation
|
|  |
| Formation | 1930 |
| Founder | Dr. Russel Van Arsdale Lee |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Tax ID no. | 94-1156581 |
| Location |  |
| Services | Healthcare |
| Parent organization | Sutter Health |
| Website | https://www.sutterhealth.org/pamf |


title: Panchrukhi

abstract: Pachrukhi is a Community development block and a town in Siwan district, in Bihar state of India. It is one of the 13 blocks which comprise Siwan Subdivision. The headquarter of the block is at Pachrukhi town. The total area of the block is 124.33 square kilometres (48.00 sq mi) and the total population as of the 2011 census of India is 201,759. The block is divided into many Gram Panchayats and villages.

text:
# Panchrukhi

**Pachrukhi** is a Community development block and a town in Siwan district, in Bihar state of India. It is one of the 13 blocks which comprise Siwan Subdivision. The headquarter of the block is at Pachrukhi town.

The total area of the block is 124.33 square kilometres (48.00 sq mi) and the total population as of the 2011 census of India is 201,759.

The block is divided into many Gram Panchayats and villages.

## Gram Panchayats

Gram panchayats of Panchrukhi block in Siwan Subdivision, Siwan district.

* Bharatpura
* Bhatwaliya
* Bindusar bujurg
* Gopal pur
* Hardiya
* Jasauli
* Mahuari
* Makhanupur
* Pachrukhi
* Papaur
* Pipra
* Sahlour
* Sarauti
* Shambhopur
* Supauli
* Surbala
* Tarwara
* Ukhai

## InfoBox

| Pachrukhi | |
| --- | --- |
| CD Block | |
| PachrukhiLocation in Bihar, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°9′28.93″N 84°24′56.81″E / 26.1580361°N 84.4157806°E / 26.1580361; 84.4157806 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Siwan |
| Subdivision | Siwan |
| Headquarters | Pachrukhi (town) |
| Government | |
| Type | Community development |
| Body | Pachrukhi Block |
| Area | |
| Total | 124.33 km2 (48.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 201,753 |
| Density | 1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bhojpuri, Hindi, Urdu, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 841241 |


title: Papakating Creek

abstract: Papakating Creek is a 20.1-mile-long (32.3 km) tributary of the Wallkill River located in Frankford and Wantage townships in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States. The creek rises in a small swamp located beneath the eastern face of Kittatinny Mountain in Frankford and its waters join the Wallkill to the east of Sussex borough. Papakating Creek and its three major tributaries drain the northern portion of New Jersey's Kittatinny Valley a fertile valley underlain by shale and limestone of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation and soils deposited by retreating glaciers in the last ice age. The region which the Papakating Creek and its tributaries drain is largely rural farmland and forests with a few low-density residential communities. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection reports that phosphorus and fecal coliform from agricultural or residential runoff as well as arsenic from agricultural pesticide applications or regional mineralogy impair the creek. Within the watershed are lands belonging to two state parks, one federal wildlife refuge, and preserves managed by the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust which set aside tracts for wildlife habitats that protect unique ecosystems and some threatened species.

text:
# Papakating Creek

**Papakating Creek** is a 20.1-mile-long (32.3 km) tributary of the Wallkill River located in Frankford and Wantage townships in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States. The creek rises in a small swamp located beneath the eastern face of Kittatinny Mountain in Frankford and its waters join the Wallkill to the east of Sussex borough.

Papakating Creek and its three major tributaries drain the northern portion of New Jersey's Kittatinny Valley a fertile valley underlain by shale and limestone of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation and soils deposited by retreating glaciers in the last ice age. The region which the Papakating Creek and its tributaries drain is largely rural farmland and forests with a few low-density residential communities. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection reports that phosphorus and fecal coliform from agricultural or residential runoff as well as arsenic from agricultural pesticide applications or regional mineralogy impair the creek. Within the watershed are lands belonging to two state parks, one federal wildlife refuge, and preserves managed by the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust which set aside tracts for wildlife habitats that protect unique ecosystems and some threatened species.

## History and toponymy

On June 29, 1897, the United States Geological Survey's Board of Geographic Names approved the toponym *Papakating* for a creek in northwestern New Jersey. *Papakating* is derived from the language spoken by the Munsee (the northern branch of the Lenape or Delaware Indians) who inhabited northern New Jersey, northeastern Pennsylvania, and southern New York and western Long Island at the time of European settlement of eastern seaboard of the United States.

The name *Papakating*, and several variant spellings, had been recorded for the creek consistently since the American colonial period. Maps and documents at the time of the American Revolution often render the name as *Pepocottin* or *Pepper-Cotton*. The name was used for both the creek and its valley, and subsequently during the nineteenth century for a small hamlet that later gave its name to a post office and train depot. The post office was authorized as "Pepokating" on August 26, 1851 and the name revised to the more common spelling of Papakating in 1862. Service to this post office was discontinued in 1923.

Today, the site of a confluence between an unnamed tributary and the Papakating Creek is known as *Pellettown* and the Board of Geographic Names lists *Pellet Creek* and *Pellettown Creek* as historical names that have been used for the creek in the past. These alternate names for the creek, which were used briefly in the nineteenth century, are associated with William Pellet, Jr. (1771–1806) and Obadiah Pellet (1775–1849), who settled along the Papakating after purchasing 600 acres of farmland in Frankford Township in 1801. Obadiah eventually acquired "twelve valuable farms comprising twenty-five hundred acres of land". Pellet established house, grist mill, blacksmith shop and store by 1812, and "the site of these activities was known as Pepocotting (became Papakating), after the stream on which they had located, but gradually adopted the name Pellettown". His son Stephen J. Pellet (1820–1886), a local farmer, merchant, and Justice of the Peace who was appointed the first postmaster of the Papakating post office operating in his store.

Today, the Papakating Creek and its watershed is rural in character; consisting of farmland, forests, and wetlands. There are a few low-density communities. Several of the tributaries of the Papakating Creek have been dammed to create man-made lakes that were the centre of residential developments. in 1926, a dam was erected on Clove Creek in Sussex Borough to create Clove Acres Lake at the site of a former horse racing track and picnic spot. The 32.5-acre (13.2 ha) lake was developed into a lakeside community in that straddles the border between Sussex and Wantage Township. In the 1950s, Lake Neepaulin in Wantage Township was created by damming an unnamed mountain stream. In 2002, local residents of the Lake Neepaulin community decided to name the unnamed tributary *Neepaulakating Creek* from a combination of elements of the names *Neepaulin* and *Papakating*. Despite its seemingly Native American appearance, *Neepaulin* is not derived from Munsee or any other Native American language. Lake Neepaulin was named after a combination of the original developers children's names. The Board of Geographic Names approved the name on April 8, 2004.

## Course

The headwaters of Papakating Creek are located at 900 feet (270 m) above sea level in Frankford Township, New Jersey. The stream begins in a small swamp at the foot of Kittatinny Mountain, immediately beneath a prominence along that ridge known as Sunrise Mountain, elevation 1,650 feet (500 m). This source is located in the northernmost corner of Frankford Township, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the hamlet of Beemerville in Wantage Township.

From the source, the Papakating flows southeast through Frankford Township north of the borough of Branchville. In this region, the Papakating is separated from the watershed of the southward-flowing Dry Brook, a tributary of the Paulins Kill, by approximately 500 feet. The two watersheds are divided by a small rise in elevation of 20–30 feet between the drainages the two streams. Immediately to the north of Frankford Plains, a high flat-topped deposit of sand and gravel, the Papakating turns southeast. It generally weaves along the path of George Hill Road in Frankford where it reaches the bottom of Kittatinny Valley and turns to the northeast.

Flowing northeast, the Papakating passes through a series of named crossroads or small hamlets, including Armstrong and Pellettown in Frankford. The stream meanders through several miles of farmland along the floor of Kittatinny Valley. At Pellettown, formerly known as Papakating, the creek is joined by an unnamed tributary and passes under the path of County Route 565. Route 565 is a north–south county highway connecting Sussex borough and New Jersey Route 23 with Ross's Corner (its terminus) where it meets New Jersey Route 15 and U.S. Route 206. From Pelletown, the road runs roughly parallel to the west of the creek's course. A railbed constructed in the 1870s and 1880s by the Pennsylvania, Poughkeepsie & Boston Railroad (PP&B) for a line connecting Slatington, Pennsylvania to Pine Island, New York parallels the creek's east bank through Frankford and Wantage. This line was later operated by the Lehigh and New England Railroad until 1961.

At McCoy's Corner in Wantage, an intersection south of Sussex borough, the waters of the Papakating Creek merge with its tributary West Branch Papakating Creek. The creek continues to flow northeast on the east side of Sussex Airport. To the immediate north of Sussex Airport, at the hamlet of Lewisburg in Wantage, the waters of both Neepaulakating Creek and Clove Brook join the creek. The Papakating begins to turn eastward and is crossed by bridge carrying New Jersey Route 23. The creek enters a dense marsh terrain, historically known as the "Drowned Lands of the Wallkill", before flowing into the Wallkill River east of Sussex borough and north of Hamburg borough.

## Watershed

### Geology and topography

Papakting Creek drains a watershed of 60.6 square miles (157 km2) or 38,798 acres (15,701 ha) in area. It includes portions of Frankford, Lafayette, Montague, and Wantage Townships, as well as all of Sussex Borough. According to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), the watershed consists of gently sloping agricultural farm fields, wooded forests, wetlands, low-density residential development and older individually built homes. Its topography ranges from gently rolling in the east to strongly sloping in the west. Its watershed contributes to the Wallkill River which flows north and joins the waters of Rondout Creek at Esopus, New York, a short distance before the Rondout flows into the Hudson River near Kingston, New York.

Of the Papakating's watershed's acreage, 10,760 acres (4,350 ha) or 27.7% of agricultural land, 297.6 acres (120.4 ha) or 0.8% is barren land, 16,448.6 acres (6,656.5 ha) or 42.4% is forested, 4,819 acres (1,950 ha) or 12.4% is urban development, 5,982.2 acres (2,420.9 ha) or 15.4% is wetlands, and 490.8 acres (198.6 ha) or 1.3% is water. According to 2002 figures, the watershed was estimated to be home to approximately 11,602 residents of Sussex County.

The Papakating Creek watershed is flanked on the west by Kittatinny Mountain and on the east by the watershed of the Wallkill. To the east of the Wallkill River are the mountains of New Jersey's Highlands physiographic province. Kittatinny Valley is underlain by dark shale and limestone of the Martinsburg Formation and has soils that are glacial in origin. The Martinsburg Formation is a two-mile-thick (3.2 km) layer of a thick turbidite sequence of weaker sedimentary materials, mostly slate, greywacke sandstone, shale, and limestone derived from Ordovician-period deep ocean floor deposits (540 to 400 million years ago). The creek's watershed is located in the northern Kittatinny Valley in New Jersey which is a segment of the Great Appalachian Valley, a 1,200-miles (1,900 km) trough spanning from Quebec to Alabama. Elevations within the Kittatinny Valley range from 400 feet (120 m) to 1,000 feet (300 m). In New Jersey, the northern portion of Kittatinny Valley is drained by the watershed of the Wallkill River of which Papakating Creek is a tributary. Its southern portion is drained by Paulins Kill and Pequest River. The watersheds of northern and southern Kittatinny Valley are divided by a glacial moraine. The Papakating valley's topography and surficial geology is defined by stratified and unstratified drift as well as till and gravel deposits left behind by the retreating glaciers during the Wisconsin glaciation (the last ice age) and feature several kames and kame terraces.

A unique feature in the watershed is Rutan Hill, also called Volcanic Hill, thought to be the throat of an ancient, extinct volcano which was active at the end of the Taconic Orogeny approximately 420 million years ago. This nondescript hill in the Beemerville section of Wantage Township, is the surface expression of a lamprophyric diatreme that is the northern part of the Late Ordovician Beemerville Alkaline Complex that also includes two large nepheline syenite plutons; and several other nearby and much smaller dikes, sills, and diatremes.

### Hydrology and pollution

In 2004, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection designated a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) segment of Papakating Creek in the vicinity of Sussex Borough and Clove Creek (including Clove Acres Lake) to be impaired by phosphorus loading. NJDEP estimates a phosphorus concentration of 0.0791 mg/L and a discharge of 9,234.1 kilograms (20,358 lb) of phosphorus each year. The source of most of its presence is derived from the runoff of fertilizer applications on residential lawns and agricultural operations. NJDEP identifies that "runoff from land surfaces was found to comprise a substantial portion of the phosphorus load", citing that large communities of geese that reside within the lake communities along Neepaulakating Creek and the nearby Clove Brook also contribute phosphorus to the creek. Clove Acres Lake is identified as being eutrophic in that phosphorus loading has stimulated excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants resulting in an accelerating aging of the lake, sedimentation and excessive loading of silt and organic matter, fluctuating oxygen saturation and depletion, and that these factors can impact the creek through a potential loss of biodiversity.

The creek is further impaired to a lesser extent by other pollutants including fecal coliform and arsenic. The presence of fecal coliform (chiefly *Enterococcus* and *Escherichia coli*) can be attributed both to residential septic and sewage systems and to farm animals and wildlife. While no specific source of arsenic has been identified, NJDEP indicates that possible sources may include the leaching of arsenic into the water from naturally occurring mineralogy within the watershed or to the agricultural use of pesticides.

### Tributaries

| Tributary | Photograph | Length | Source location | Source elevation | Mouth location | Mouth elevation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unnamed tributary |  |  | 1 mile W of Beemerville
41°12′57″N 74°42′35″W / 41.215827°N 74.709822°W / 41.215827; -74.709822 | 960 feet (290 m) | at Pellettown, Frankford Township
41°09′37″N 74°40′48″W / 41.160248°N 74.679862°W / 41.160248; -74.679862 | 430 feet (130 m) |  |
| Unnamed tributary
(draining Lake Windsor) |  |  | S of Lake Winsdor
in Lafayette Township
41°09′27″N 74°38′19″W / 41.157560°N 74.638647°W / 41.157560; -74.638647 | 540 feet (160 m) | 1 mile S of McCoys' Corner
41°10′40″N 74°38′23″W / 41.177731°N 74.639807°W / 41.177731; -74.639807 | 410 feet (120 m) |  |
| West Branch Papakating Creek |  |  | 1 mile N of Beemerville
41°13′30″N 74°41′54″W / 41.2250818°N 74.6982336°W / 41.2250818; -74.6982336 | 960 feet (290 m) | 0.6 miles S of McCoy's Corner, Wantage Township
41°11′17″N 74°37′57″W / 41.1881557°N 74.6324565°W / 41.1881557; -74.6324565 | 397 feet (121 m) |  |
| Neepaulakating Creek |  | 2.4 miles (3.9 km) | 0.4 miles NW of Lake Neepaulin41°13′23″N 74°38′02″W / 41.223151°N 74.6337733°W / 41.223151; -74.6337733 | 640 feet (200 m) | at Lewisburg, Wantage Township
41°11′57″N 74°36′40″W / 41.1990769°N 74.6112294°W / 41.1990769; -74.6112294 | 394 feet (120 m) |  |
| Clove Brook |  | 12.0 miles (19.3 km) | 1.2 miles E of High Point
41°19′19″N 74°38′12″W / 41.3220388°N 74.6365509°W / 41.3220388; -74.6365509 | 980 feet (300 m) | at Lewisburg, Wantage Township
41°11′57″N 74°36′37″W / 41.1991698°N 74.6102330°W / 41.1991698; -74.6102330 | 394 feet (120 m) |  |

## Climate

Because of its location in the higher elevations of northwestern New Jersey the Papakating Creek's watershed has a cooler humid continental climate or microthermal climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) which indicates patterns of significant precipitation in all seasons and at least four months where the average temperature rises above 10 °C (50 °F). This differs from the rest of the state which is generally a humid mesothermal climate, in which temperatures range between −3 °C (27 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F) during the year's coldest month. Sussex County is part of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6. According to the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service soil survey, the area receives sunshine approximately 62% of the time in summer and 48% in winter. Prevailing winds are typically from the southwest for most of year; but in late winter and early spring come from the northwest. The Kittatinny Valley to the north of Newton experiences a snowbelt phenomenon and has been categorized as a microclimate region known as the "Sussex County Snow Belt." This region receives approximately forty to fifty inches of snow per year and generally more snowfall that the rest of Northern New Jersey and the Northern Climate Zone. This phenomenon is attributed to the orographic lift of Kittatinny Mountain which impacts local weather patterns by increasing humidity and precipitation.

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 25.0 °F (−3.9 °C) in January to 71.1 °F (21.7 °C) in July. Temperatures reach 90 °F (32 °C) on 12.6 days and fall to 0 °F (−18 °C) on 6 nights annually. Snowfall averages 42 inches (107 cm) per season, although this usually varies widely from year to year. Extremes in temperature range from −29 °F (−34 °C) on January 21, 1994 up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 10, 1936.

| Climate data for Sussex, New Jersey (1981–2010 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 71
(22) | 73
(23) | 90
(32) | 95
(35) | 97
(36) | 98
(37) | 106
(41) | 102
(39) | 102
(39) | 92
(33) | 84
(29) | 75
(24) | 106
(41) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 34.1
(1.2) | 37.9
(3.3) | 46.8
(8.2) | 58.9
(14.9) | 69.8
(21.0) | 77.8
(25.4) | 82.3
(27.9) | 80.8
(27.1) | 73.1
(22.8) | 62.2
(16.8) | 50.9
(10.5) | 38.7
(3.7) | 59.4
(15.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 15.8
(−9.0) | 17.9
(−7.8) | 25.7
(−3.5) | 36.1
(2.3) | 45.4
(7.4) | 55.1
(12.8) | 60.0
(15.6) | 58.0
(14.4) | 50.1
(10.1) | 38.4
(3.6) | 31.0
(−0.6) | 21.6
(−5.8) | 37.9
(3.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −29
(−34) | −23
(−31) | −10
(−23) | 9
(−13) | 24
(−4) | 33
(1) | 40
(4) | 34
(1) | 27
(−3) | 13
(−11) | 6
(−14) | −13
(−25) | −29
(−34) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.19
(81) | 2.83
(72) | 3.69
(94) | 4.27
(108) | 4.10
(104) | 4.41
(112) | 4.02
(102) | 4.18
(106) | 4.23
(107) | 4.52
(115) | 3.47
(88) | 3.74
(95) | 46.65
(1,184) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.8
(35) | 9.4
(24) | 6.5
(17) | 2.0
(5.1) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1.3
(3.3) | 9.2
(23) | 42.2
(107.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.6 | 8.6 | 11.1 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 127.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.4 | 3.7 | 2.6 | .5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .1 | .6 | 3.2 | 16.1 |
| Source: NOAA (extremes 1893–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Wildlife and conservation

Several large tracts of land within the Papakating watershed are protected areas administered by state and federal governments. Segments of land along the eastern face Kittatinny Mountain are located within the boundaries of High Point State Park and Stokes State Forest. The mouth of Papakating Creek and several areas purchased by preservation or conservation groups along the river's course (known as the Papakating Creek Preserve) are administered by the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust in partnership with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the larger Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge. These areas allow for recreational activities including fishing, hunting, hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and birdwatching. Further, Papakating Creek is stocked with several species of trout (brook, brown, and rainbow) in the Spring and early Summer by the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife for recreational fishing.

The New Jersey Natural Lands Trust states that the Papakating Creek watershed offers a variety of habitats for plants and animals, including several that are designated threatened or endangered by the state and federal governments. These habitats include:

> Meadows and pastures offer grassland habitat for songbirds and hunting opportunity for red-tailed hawks. The forest lands of ash, maple and hemlock provide cool, shaded conditions to the slow moving creek. Here, raccoon, mink and possum make bridges of the numerous fallen trees which cross the creek. ... Wood frog and salamander utilize fringes of some of the smaller wetlands. Painted turtles and bluegills swim within the deeper oxbows and pools along the Papakating Creek.

In 2010, the Trust for Public Land finalized the purchase of the Armstrong Bog which was described as a rare Calcareous fen wetland site in order to aid the "recovery of the federal threatened and state endangered bog turtle" (*Glyptemys muhlenbergii*), and preserve "plant habitat for the rare Fraser's Saint John's wort" (*Triadenum fraseri*). The bog is described as a wet meadow that features the pinkish-purple flowers of New York ironweed and Joe Pye weed in late summer and that "woodchucks have dug their dens on the gently sloping edge between the forest and the old corn field". A smaller parcel features streamside wetlands of arrowwood and elderberry which provides "habitat ideal for wood turtles and yellow-throated warblers".

1. United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, Feature Detail Report for: Papakating Creek (879110). Retrieved July 25, 2015.
2. United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, Decision Card for Papakating (June 29, 1897). Retrieved July 25, 2015.
3. *Biographical and Genealogical History of Morris and Sussex Counties, New Jersey, Illustrated, Volume II* (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1899), 877.
4. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, *State Development & Redevelopment Plan. Plan Endorsement Opportunities & Constraints: Analysis for Township of Frankford, Sussex County* (2009), 14, 16. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
5. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management, Amendment to the Sussex County Water Quality Management Plan: Total Maximum Daily Load to Address Phosphorus in the Clove Acres Lake and Papakating Creek Northwest Water Region Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (also found here) (2004). Retrieved June 26, 2015.
6. Greg Watry, "Rehabilitation of Clove Lake under way", *The New Jersey Herald*, April 6, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
7. Eric Oberhauer, "Wantage resident suing over costs of Lake Neepaulin dam", *The New Jersey Herald*, April 22, 2012.
8. United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, Feature Detail Report for: Neepaulakating Creek (2037826). Retrieved June 26, 2015.
9. Friends of Lake Neepaulin, Nathaniel Sajdak, Jennifer E. Runyon (USGS), United States Board of Geographic Names, Case Brief: Neepaulakating Creek (2002). Retrieved June 26, 2015.
10. E-mail corresponsdence Jim Rementer (Lenape Language Project) to Jennifer E. Runyon, USGS BGN (March 24, 2004). Retrieved June 26, 2015.
11. Letter from Roger L. Payne (USGS) to James L. Doherty (Wantage Township Administrator Clerk) (April 30, 2004). Retrieved June 26, 2015. Quote: "U.S. Board on Geographic Names, at its April 8, 2004, meeting, approved the proposal to name an unnamed stream in Sussex County, Neepaulakating Creek. This decision was made in agreement with the findings and recommendations of your office, the government of Sussex County, and the New Jersey Board on Geographic Names."
12. United States Geological Survey, *Branchville, NJ Quadrangle USGS 1:24K Topographic Map 41074B6*. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
13. Rollin D. Salisbury, *The Glacial Geology of New Jersey: Volume V of the Final Report of the State Geologist* (Trenton, NJ: MacCrellish & Quigley, 1902), 375ff. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
14. Google Maps, Map Location of 41.164692°N 74.725966°W and Map Location for 41.141899°N 74.697399°W. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
15. Randolph L. Kulp, *History of Lehigh and New England Railroad Company*. (Lehigh Valley Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, Inc., 1989).
16. George H. Drury, *The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930* (Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing, 1994), 171–172.
17. United States Geological Survey, *Hamburg, NJ Quadrangle USGS 1:24K Topographic Map 41074B5*. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
18. Wallkill River Watershed Management Group, Papakating Creek & Clove Acres Lake/Clove Brook Watershed Restoration Plan. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
19. Ernest Hofer, Nathaniel Sajdak, Wallkill River Watershed Management Group, Papakating Creek Watershed Restoration Plan: NJDEP Project RP05-088 (2008). Retrieved July 26, 2015.
20. Avery Ala Drake Jr., Richard A. Volkert, Donald H. Monteverde, Gregory C. Herman, Hugh F. Houghton, Ronald A. Parker, and Richard F. Dalton, I2540a: Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey, IMAP. (Washington DC: United States Geological Survey, 1997). Retrieved October 17, 2015.
21. Byron D. Stone, Scott D. Stanford, and Ron W. Witte, *U.S. Geological Survey Open File Map OF 95-543B: Surficial Geologic Map of the Northern Sheet, New Jersey* (United States Geological Survey, New Jersey Geological Survey, 1995), 12. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
22. Ron W. Witte and Don H. Monteverde, New Jersey Geological and Water Survey Information Circular: Geologic History of New Jersey's Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province (2012). Retrieved June 30, 2015.
23. Avery Ala Drake Jr. and Jack B. Epstein, *USGS Bulletin 1244-H: The Martinsburg Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician) in the Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania-New Jersey* (USGS Numbered Series. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 16 pages. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
24. U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service, *Soil Survey of Sussex County, New Jersey* (Washington, DC: 2009). Retrieved October 17, 2015.
25. M. Aurousseau and H.S. Washington, "The Nephelite Syenite and Nephelite Porphyry of Beemerville, New Jersey", *The Journal of Geology* 30(7) (1922), 571–586; S.L. Ghatge, D.L. Jagel, and G.C. Herman, "Gravity investigations to delineate subsurface geology in the Beemerville intrusive complex area, Sussex County, New Jersey", Geologic Map Series no. 92-2. (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Geological Survey, Division of Science and Research, 1992); L.R. Maxey, "Petrology and geochemistry of the Beemerville carbonatite-alkalic rock complex, New Jersey", *Geological Society of America Bulletin* 87(11) (1976), 1551–1559; G. N. Eby, "Petrology, geochronology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Beemerville alkaline complex, northern New Jersey", in J.H. Puffer and R.A. Volkert (editors), *Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic Intrusive Rocks of Northern New Jersey and Southeastern New York: Twenty-First Annual Meeting Geological Association of New Jersey* (Mahwah, NJ: Geological Association of New Jersey, 2004), 52–68; B. A. Kjarsgaard, "Kimberlite Pipe Models: Significance for Exploration", in B. Milkereit (editor), *Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada* (2007), 667–677; N.M. Ratcliffe, "Cortlandt-Beemerville magmatic belt: A probable late Taconian alkalic cross trend in the central Appalachians", *Geology* 9(7) (1981), 329–335. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Watershed Assessment, Tracking & Environmental Results: 2012 Waterbody Report for Papakating Creek (below Pellettown). Retrieved July 31, 2015.
27. United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, Feature Detail Report for: West Branch Papakating Creek (881683). Retrieved July 25, 2015.
28. United States Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
29. United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, Feature Detail Report for: Clove Brook (875519). Retrieved July 25, 2015.
30. United States Geological Survey, *Port Jervis South, NY Quadrangle USGS 1:24K Topographic Map 41074C6*. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
31. United States Geological Survey, *Unionville, NY Quadrangle USGS 1:24K Topographic Map 41074C5*. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
32. The determination of Dfb (warm summer subtype) region is from Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (University of Melbourne). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification from *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences* (2007), 11:1633–1644, doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
33. Charles Warren Thornthwaite, *Atlas of Climatic Types in the United States 1900–1939: U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 421*. (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1941); and Thornthwaite. "The Climates of North America: According to a New Classification" in *Geographical Review* (October 1931), 21(4):633–655.
34. Climate Summary for Newton, New Jersey, weatherbase.com (CantyMedia). Retrieved October 17, 2015.
35. F. K. Hare, "Climatic classification" in Stamp, L.D., and Wooldridge, S.W. (editors). *The London Essays in Geography* (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951), 111–134.
36. "What is my arborday.org Hardiness Zone?", Arbor Day Foundation. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
37. 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (USA), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University. (2012). Retrieved October 17, 2015.
38. Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist, "The Climate of New Jersey", Rutgers: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station; citing David Ludlum, *New Jersey Weather Book* (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983). Retrieved October 17, 2015.
39. Leo H. Carney, "Weather; Microclimates, Big Variations.", *The New York Times*, January 30, 2005. Retrieved October 17, 2015. QUOTE: "In places like Hidden Valley and throughout the snow belt of northwestern Sussex County, a condition known as orographic lifting can increase humidity and precipitation."
40. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
41. New Jersey Natural Lands Trust, Papakating Creek Preserve. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
42. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge, Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge: New Jersey and New York. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
43. New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, 2015 Spring Trout Stocking Schedule: Week 2, April 13–17 (2015). Retrieved July 31, 2015.
44. The Trust for Public Land, Armstrong Bog. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
45. Brian T. Murray, "Sussex County marshland Armstrong Bog preserved under $1.1M deal", *The Star-Ledger*, January 5, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Papakating Creek
Pepper-Cotton, Pellettown Creek, Pellet Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking south from County Route 565 in Wantage Township | |
| Etymology | Munsee (northern Lenape dialect) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| County | Sussex |
| Municipality | Frankford Township, Wantage Township |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Frankford Township, at foot of Kittatinny Mountain |
| coordinates | 41°12′36″N 74°43′02″W / 41.21000°N 74.71722°W / 41.21000; -74.71722 |
| elevation | 900 ft (270 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Wallkill River, E of Sussex borough |
| coordinates | 41°12′05″N 74°34′35″W / 41.20139°N 74.57639°W / 41.20139; -74.57639 |
| elevation | 387 ft (118 m) |
| Length | 20.1 mi (32.3 km) |
| Basin size | 60.6 sq mi (157 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Wallkill River (tributary of Rondout Creek, Hudson River) |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Clove Brook, Neepaulakating Creek, West Branch Papakating Creek |
|  | |


title: Panhard AM 40 P

abstract: The Panhard AM 40 P, also known as Model 201, was a prototype French armoured car.

text:
# Panhard AM 40 P

The **Panhard AM 40 P**, also known as Model 201, was a prototype French armoured car.

## History

In 1938, the French Army was concerned by the lack of heavily armoured vehicles in their arsenal. In the same year, the French High Command initiated a competition for a "powerful armored car" (*Automitrailleuse Puissante*). Panhard took part in this competition and designed the Panhard AM 40 P under the leadership of Louis Delagarde.

## Description

The Panhard AM 40 P was a groundbreaking armoured car for its time. The prototype had a low profile which made it harder to detect and was perfect for reconnaissance missions. It was manned by a crew of two.

It has an uncommon 8x8 wheel configuration. A pair of bulletproof pneumatic steering wheels was located in the front while another pair of bulletproof pneumatic wheels was placed at the rear axle. Two pairs of metal wheels with grousers were attached in the center of the hull to improve cross country performance. They could be raised when driving on roads.

The hull was elongated. The front upper glacis of the hull was very sloped while the front lower glacis showed a minor slope. The front of the hull had 60 mm of armour which offered the Panhard AM 40 P good protection. The driver was seated in the front and the engine was in the rear.

The commander/gunner was seated in a small turret located in the middle of the hull. The unusual turret pioneered the oscillating turret concept. It consisted of two half-cylinders inserted one into the other, while the lower cylinder was slanted obliquely, its elevated sides holding in its trunnions the upper half. Turret traverse was achieved by rotating the two half cylinders at the same time. Elevation of the gun was achieved through the vertical movement of the upper half cylinder pivoting relative to the lower side of the turret.

The main armament of the Panhard AM 40 P was the 25mm SA 35 gun. It was placed in the right side of the turret to make space for the commander in the small turret. Secondary armament was a 7.5mm Reibel machine gun.

The Panhard AM 40 P was installed with a gasoline engine that had an output of 85 hp allowing it to reach speeds of up to 80 km/h. The operational range of the Panhard AM 40 P was 100 km.

## Development

The prototype was completed in 1939. The outstanding characteristics of the vehicle greatly impressed the French Army. On 1 May 1940, an order for 600 Panhard AM 40 P was placed by the French Army. The Panhard AM 40 P was also planned to replace the Panhard 178. However, due to the Fall of France, no vehicle was built except the prototype. The prototype was shipped to Morocco and its fate remains unknown.

After the end of World War II, elements of the Panhard AM 40 P would be used in the design of the Panhard EBR. The oscillating turret concept pioneered by the AM 40 P was also used on the highly successful AMX-13 light tank.

## Further reading

* Steven J. Zaloga (20 July 2014). *French Tanks of World War II (2): Cavalry Tanks and AFVs*. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-1-78200-394-6.
* Merriam Press (1 August 2017). *World War II In Review No. 10: French Fighting Vehicles*. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-1-387-13840-1.

## InfoBox

| Panhard AM 40 P | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Armoured Car |
| Place of origin | France |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Louis Delagarde |
| Designed | 1938-1940 |
| Manufacturer | Panhard |
| Produced | 1939 |
| No. built | 1 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 9.00 t (19,840 lb) |
| Length | 4.34 m (14 ft 3 in) |
| Width | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Crew | 2 (Commander/Gunner, Driver) |
| --- | |
| Armor | 60 mm hull front |
| Main
armament | 1x 25mm SA 35 gun |
| Secondary
armament | 1x 7.5mm Reibel machine gun |
| Engine | Panhard
85 hp |
| Power/weight | 9.4 hp/t |
| Operational
range | 100 km |
| Maximum speed | 80 km/h |


title: Papuan treecreeper

abstract: The Papuan treecreeper is a species of bird in the family Climacteridae. It was previously considered a subspecies of the white-throated treecreeper. It is found in the highlands of New Guinea.

text:
# Papuan treecreeper

The **Papuan treecreeper** (***Cormobates placens***) is a species of bird in the family Climacteridae. It was previously considered a subspecies of the white-throated treecreeper (*C. leucophaea*).

It is found in the highlands of New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| Papuan treecreeper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Climacteridae |
| Genus: | *Cormobates* |
| Species: | ***C. placens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cormobates placens***
(Sclater, PL, 1874) | |
|


title: Papuaneon

abstract: Papuaneon is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Maddison. It is placed in the tribe Neonini, part of the Salticoida clade of the subfamily Salticinae.

text:
# Papuaneon

***Papuaneon*** is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Maddison. It is placed in the tribe Neonini (along with the genus *Neon*), part of the Salticoida clade of the subfamily Salticinae.

## Species

As of June 2022 it contains six species:

## InfoBox

| *Papuaneon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Papuaneon*
Maddison, 2016 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Papuaneon tualapa*
Maddison, 2016 | |


title: Pappophorum vaginatum

abstract: Pappophorum vaginatum is a species of grass known by the common name whiplash pappusgrass. It is native to the Americas, where it occurs in Arizona, Texas, northern Mexico, and part of South America extending from Uruguay to Argentina. This perennial grass grows up to a meter tall. The leaves are up to 20 or 30 centimeters. They curl when dry. The narrowed panicle is whitish or tawny in color, sometimes tinged with purple. This grass grows in valleys, on plains, and on roadsides. It may grow alongside pink pappusgrass. It is also associated with Arizona cottontop, alkali sacaton, and vine mesquite. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts and roadside seeding.

text:
# Pappophorum vaginatum

***Pappophorum vaginatum*** is a species of grass known by the common name **whiplash pappusgrass**. It is native to the Americas, where it occurs in Arizona, Texas, northern Mexico, and part of South America extending from Uruguay to Argentina.

This perennial grass grows up to a meter tall. The leaves are up to 20 or 30 centimeters. They curl when dry. The narrowed panicle is whitish or tawny in color, sometimes tinged with purple.

This grass grows in valleys, on plains, and on roadsides. It may grow alongside pink pappusgrass. It is also associated with Arizona cottontop, alkali sacaton, and vine mesquite. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts and roadside seeding.

## InfoBox

| *Pappophorum vaginatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | *Pappophorum* |
| Species: | ***P. vaginatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pappophorum vaginatum***
Buckley | |
|


title: Paradise Furnace

abstract: The Paradise Furnace, also known as the Mary Anne Furnace, is a national historic district that is located in Trough Creek State Park in Todd Township in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Paradise Furnace

The **Paradise Furnace**, also known as the Mary Anne Furnace, is a national historic district that is located in Trough Creek State Park in Todd Township in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## History and architectural features

This consists of two contributing buildings and one contributing structure that are associated with a former iron furnace. They are the ironmaster's mansion, furnace stack, and a log workers' house. The ironmaster's mansion, which was built during the 1830s, is a two-and-one-half-story stone house that was designed in the Georgian style.

The furnace stack dates to the 1830s, and is a twenty-eight-foot, square, coursed rubble stone structure, which measures between fifteen and twenty feet tall. The ironworks operated from the late-eighteenth century into the mid-nineteenth century, when economic conditions caused it to be fired.

The two-story log house dates to the late-eighteenth century. It was converted for use as the park visitor's center/museum in 1982.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Paradise Furnace | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| West side of the furnace stack in September 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Entriken in Trough Creek State Park, Todd Township, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°18′39″N 78°07′34″W / 40.31083°N 78.12611°W / 40.31083; -78.12611 |
| Area | 3 acres (1.2 ha) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| MPS | Industrial Resources of Huntingdon County, 1780-1939 MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000403 |
| Added to NRHP | March 20, 1990 |


title: Pan Asian Boxing Association

abstract: The Pan Asian Boxing Association, also known as PABA, is an organisation for professional boxing in the Central Asia, Oceania, Pan Pacific, Eurasia and Southeast and Far East nations. It was formed in 1995 and is headquartered in Seoul.

text:
# Pan Asian Boxing Association

The **Pan Asian Boxing Association**, also known as **PABA**, is an organisation for professional boxing in the Central Asia, Oceania, Pan Pacific, Eurasia and Southeast and Far East nations. It was formed in 1995 and is headquartered in Seoul.

## History

Since its inception in 1995 there have been over 800 sanctioned championship matches. Twenty two PABA champions have eventually been crowned as WBA world champions in their respective division, whilst PABA has assisted 37 PABA champions' challenge to the WBA world title. In March 2016, WBA voted at their annual convention to have WBA Oceania title to be the exclusive regional title for the Asia Pacific. Due to this, WBA discontinued their relationship with PABA. PABA created their own sanctioning body called the World Boxing Society. In 2018, PABA and their new sanctioning body WBS disbanded.

## Members and affiliates

PABA have 31 Regular Member Nations and 11 Associate Member Nations.

### Regular members

* Russian Federation Professional Boxing Federation
* Kazakhstan Professional Boxing Federation
* Kyrgyzstan Professional Boxing Federation
* Mongolia Boxing Commission
* Turkmenistan Professional Boxing Union
* China Boxing Association
* Uzbekistan Boxing Federation
* New Zealand Professional Boxing Association
* New Zealand National Boxing Federation
* Tajikistan Professional Boxing Federation
* Thailand Boxing Commission
* Indonesia Board of Supervisory & Control for Professional Sports
* Australian National Boxing Federation
* Nepal Professional Boxing Commission
* Belarusian Professional Boxing Association
* Ukraine Professional Boxing League
* New Caledonia Boxing League
* Philippines Game and Amusements Board
* Tahiti (France) Polinesian Boxing Federation
* Fiji Boxing Association
* Moldova Boxing Federation
* DPR (Democratic People's Republic) of Korea Pro Boxing Association
* Tonga Boxing Association
* Papua New Guinea Boxing Association
* Samoa Boxing Association
* Armenia Professional Boxing Federation
* Indian Professional Boxing Association
* Macau Boxing Association
* Dutch (Netherlands) Professional Boxing Federation
* Korea Boxing Commission
* Romania Professional Boxing Council
* Czech Republic Professional Boxing Federation
* Malaysia National Boxing Federation

### Associate members

## InfoBox

Pan Asian Boxing Association
| Sport | Boxing |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | PABA |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Affiliation | World Boxing Association |
| Headquarters | Seoul, Korea |
| Location | Seoul, South Korea |
| President | Rahul Mehendiratta |
| Operating income | Title match sanction fee |
| Sponsor | None |
| Replaced | WBA Oceania |
| Closure date | 2018 |
| Official website | |
| www.pabaonline.com | |
|  | |


title: Pan Asian Repertory Theatre

abstract:
The Pan Asian Repertory Theatre is a New York City-based theatre group that explores the Asian-American experience and provides professional opportunities for Asian-American artists to collaborate. Pan-Asian was founded by Tisa Chang and Ernest Abuba in 1977, and Chang remains artistic director. Chang established the Pan Asian Repertory Theatre as a resident company at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in 1977, with the intention of popularizing Asian-American theater and leading to other similar theatre companies in cities with an Asian disaporic population. Specializing in intercultural productions of new Asian-American plays, Asian classics in translation, and innovative adaptations of Western classics, some of the works Pan Asian has presented included:
  - Empress of China - featuring Tina Chen in the title role of China's last dowager ruler
  - Yellow Fever - continued to an Off-Broadway run
  - Ghashiram Kotwal - Marathi play with music
  - Teahouse - by Lao She, spanning fifty years of modern Chinese history
  - Cambodia Agonistes - by Ernest Abuba, music by Louis Stewart
  - The Teahouse of the August Moon - by John Patrick
  - Forbidden City Blues - by Alexander Woo
  - The Fan Tan King - by C. Y. Leethe, world premiere
  - Yohen - by Philip Kan Gotanda
  - Tea - by Velina Hasu Houston, 20th anniversary production
  - Ching Chong Chinaman at the Westside Theatre Pan Asian has staged early works of writers including Momoko Iko, Wakako Yamauchi, Philip Kan Gotanda, R. A. Shiomi, and David Henry Hwang. When they established a residency program in 1987, Pan Asian became the United States' first resident Asian American theater company continuing with Chang's goal to showcase Asian American theater as having a role in the city's theater scene.

text:
# Pan Asian Repertory Theatre

The **Pan Asian Repertory Theatre** is a New York City-based theatre group that explores the Asian-American experience and provides professional opportunities for Asian-American artists to collaborate. Pan-Asian was founded by Tisa Chang and Ernest Abuba in 1977, and Chang remains artistic director. Chang established the Pan Asian Repertory Theatre as a resident company at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in 1977, with the intention of popularizing Asian-American theater and leading to other similar theatre companies in cities with an Asian disaporic population.

Specializing in intercultural productions of new Asian-American plays, Asian classics in translation, and innovative adaptations of Western classics, some of the works Pan Asian has presented included:

Pan Asian has staged early works of writers including Momoko Iko, Wakako Yamauchi, Philip Kan Gotanda, R. A. Shiomi, and David Henry Hwang. When they established a residency program in 1987, Pan Asian became the United States' first resident Asian American theater company continuing with Chang's goal to showcase Asian American theater as having a role in the city's theater scene.


title: Paracossus

abstract: Paracossus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

text:
# Paracossus

***Paracossus*** is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

## Species

## Former species

* Schoorl jr., J.W., 1990: A Phylogenetic study on Cossidae (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia) based on external adult morphology. *Zoologische Verhandelingen* **263**: 1-295. Full article: .
* Yakovlev, R.V., 2004: New taxa of *Cossidae* from SE Asia. *Atalanta* **35(3-4)**: 369-382.
* Yakovlev, R.V., 2004: Cossidae of Thailand. Part 2. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). *Atalanta* **35 (3-4)**: 383-389.
* Yakovlev, R.V., 2006, New *Cossidae* (Lepidoptera) from Asia, Africa and Macronesia, *Tinea* **19 (3)**: 188-213.
* Yakovlev, R.V., 2009: New taxa of African and Asian Cossidae (Lepidoptera). *Euroasian Entomological Journal* **8 (3)**: 353-361. Full article: .

## InfoBox

| *Paracossus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | ***Paracossus***<br>Hampson, 1904 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bifiduncus* I. Chou & B.Z. Hua, 1988 | |


title: Paradise Garden (film)

abstract: Paradise Garden is a lost 1917 American silent comedy romance film starring Harold Lockwood and directed by Fred J. Balshofer. The film is based on a novel, Paradise Garden, by George Gibbs and has a feature role for Virginia Rappe, who would soon be more famous for her death under mysterious circumstances that were sensationalized by the media. Metro Pictures distributed the film.

text:
# Paradise Garden (film)

***Paradise Garden*** is a lost 1917 American silent comedy romance film starring Harold Lockwood and directed by Fred J. Balshofer. The film is based on a novel, *Paradise Garden*, by George Gibbs and has a feature role for Virginia Rappe, who would soon be more famous for her death under mysterious circumstances that were sensationalized by the media. Metro Pictures distributed the film.

## Cast

## Reception

Like many American films of the time, *Paradise Garden* was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required cuts of two scenes of a couple standing before a nude painting in background and of the closeup of the girl's back after her gown was torn from her shoulder.

## InfoBox

| Paradise Garden | |
| --- | --- |
| Newspaper advertisement. | |
| Directed by | Fred J. Balshofer |
| Written by | Fred Balshofer (scenario) |
| Based on | *Paradise Garden*
by George Gibbs |
| Produced by | Yorke Productions |
| Starring | Harold Lockwood
Vera Sisson
Virginia Rappe |
| Cinematography | Tony Gaudio |
| Production
company | Yorke Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Metro Pictures |
| Release date | * October 1, 1917 (1917-10-01) |
| Running time | 6 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Paranerita rosacea

abstract: Paranerita rosacea is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Paranerita rosacea

***Paranerita rosacea*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Paranerita rosacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Paranerita* |
| Species: | ***P. rosacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paranerita rosacea***<br>(Rothschild, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritos rosacea* Rothschild, 1909 * *Trichromia rosacea* (Rothschild, 1909) | |


title: Paranerita peninsulata

abstract: Paranerita peninsulata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1914. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Paranerita peninsulata

***Paranerita peninsulata*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1914. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Paranerita peninsulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Paranerita* |
| Species: | ***P. peninsulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paranerita peninsulata***<br>Dognin, 1914 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trichromia peninsulata* (Dognin, 1914) | |


title: Paralaurionite

abstract: Paralaurionite is a colorless mineral consisting of a basic lead chloride PbCl(OH) that is dimorphous with laurionite. It is a member of the matlockite group. The name is derived from para-, the Greek for "near", and laurionite, because of its polymorphic relationship to it. Bright, yellow tips of thorikosite can form on paralaurionite crystals and paralaurionite may also be intergrown with mendipite.

text:
# Paralaurionite

**Paralaurionite** is a colorless mineral consisting of a basic lead chloride PbCl(OH) that is dimorphous with laurionite. It is a member of the matlockite group. The name is derived from para-, the Greek for "near", and laurionite, because of its polymorphic relationship to it. Bright, yellow tips of thorikosite can form on paralaurionite crystals and paralaurionite may also be intergrown with mendipite.

## Occurrence

It was first described in 1899 for an occurrence in slag in Laurium, Attica, Greece. In 1952 an occurrences of it was reported from the Mammoth Mine, Arizona.

It occurs in lead bearing slag which has been exposed to seawater. It also occurs in polymetallic ore deposits. It occurs associated with laurionite, penfieldite, fiedlerite, phosgenite in slag deposits; and with leadhillite, matlockite, cerussite, hydrocerussite, diaboleite and wherryite in the Mammoth mine location.

## InfoBox

| Paralaurionite | |
| --- | --- |
| Platey clear paralaurionite crystals from slag in the Thorikos area, Lavrion, Attica, Greece | |
| General | |
| Category | Halide mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | PbCl(OH) |
| IMA symbol | Plri |
| Strunz classification | 3.DC.05 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | *C2/m* |
| Unit cell | a = 10.865(4) Å,
b = 4.006(2) Å,
c = 7.233(3) Å;
β = 117.24(4)°; Z = 4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Colorless, white, pale greenish, yellowish, yellow-orange, rarely violet |
| Crystal habit | Elongated tabular crystals |
| Twinning | Contact twinning on {100} |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {001} |
| Tenacity | Flexible, non-elastic |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3 |
| Luster | Subadamantine |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 6.05–6.15 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (−) |
| Refractive index | nα = 2.050 nβ = 2.150 nγ = 2.200 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.150 |
| Pleochroism | Visible |
| References |  |


title: Pao cambodgiensis

abstract: Pao cambodgiensis is a species of freshwater pufferfish native to the Mekong basin. It is also recorded from Dong Nai River. This species grows to a length of 15.3 centimetres (6.0 in) SL.

text:
# Pao cambodgiensis

***Pao cambodgiensis*** is a species of freshwater pufferfish native to the Mekong basin. It is also recorded from Dong Nai River. This species grows to a length of 15.3 centimetres (6.0 in) SL.

## InfoBox

| *Pao cambodgiensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Tetraodontidae |
| Genus: | *Pao* |
| Species: | ***P. cambodgiensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pao cambodgiensis***
(Chabanaud, 1923) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tetraodon cambodgiensis* Chabanaud, 1923 * *Monotrete cambodgiensis* (Chabanaud, 1923) | |


title: Parapoliops

abstract: Parapoliops is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Parapoliops

***Parapoliops*** is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Parapoliops* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Blondeliini |
| Genus: | *Parapoliops*
Blanchard, 1957 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Parapoliops grioti*
Blanchard, 1957 | |


title: Papyrus 39

abstract: Papyrus 39, signed by 𝔓⁳⁹, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John, it contains only John 8:14-22. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 3rd century. Written by professional scribe, in 25 lines per page, in large, beautiful letters. It has numbered pages. Don Barker proposes a wider and earlier range of dates for Papyrus 39, along with Uncial 0232, Papyrus 88 and Uncial 0206; and states that all four could be dated as early as the late second century or as late as the end of the fourth century. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. 𝔓⁳⁹ shows agreement with Vaticanus and 𝔓⁷⁵. There are no singular readings. Guglielmo Cavallo published its facsimile in 1967. The manuscript now resides in the Green Collection and is featured at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C.

text:
# Papyrus 39

**Papyrus 39** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by **𝔓39**, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John, it contains only John 8:14-22. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 3rd century. Written by professional scribe, in 25 lines per page, in large, beautiful letters. It has numbered pages.

Don Barker proposes a wider and earlier range of dates for Papyrus 39, along with Uncial 0232, Papyrus 88 and Uncial 0206; and states that all four could be dated as early as the late second century or as late as the end of the fourth century.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. **𝔓39** shows agreement with Vaticanus and **𝔓75**. There are no singular readings.

Guglielmo Cavallo published its facsimile in 1967.

The manuscript now resides in the Green Collection and is featured at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C.

## Further reading

**Grenfell and Hunt**
|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bernard Grenfell |  | Arthur Hunt |

## InfoBox

Papyrus **𝔓39**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Name | P. Oxy. XV 1780 |
| Text | John 8 † |
| Date | 3rd century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Egypt |
| Now at | The Green Collection |
| Cite | Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, *Oxyrhynchus Papyri* XV, 1922, pp. 7-8. |
| Size | 26 by 16 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | I |


title: Park Chan-ju

abstract: Park Chan-ju, was the spouse of Prince Yi U of Korea. She was a granddaughter of Marquis Park Yeong-hyo, who was a son-in-law of King Cheoljong of Joseon as a husband of Princess Yeonghye of Korea. They had two children, Yi Chung and Yi Jong.

text:
# Park Chan-ju

**Park Chan-ju** (Korean: 박찬주; Hanja: 朴贊珠; 11 December 1914 – 13 July 1995), was the spouse of Prince Yi U of Korea.

She was a granddaughter of Marquis Park Yeong-hyo, who was a son-in-law of King Cheoljong of Joseon as a husband of Princess Yeonghye of Korea. They had two children, Yi Chung and Yi Jong.

## Biography

Park Chan-ju was born into the Bannam Park clan on 11 December 1914 in Keijō (Seoul), Keiki-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan to Park Il-seo and his wife, Park Won-hui as the eldest daughter within their youngest five sons and youngest daughter. In March 1932, Chan-ju graduated from Kyungsung Girls' High School (now known today as Gyeonggi Girls' High School), and went to Japan to study in Tokyo Women's Learning Center.

Prince Uihwa did not want Yi U, his second son, to marry a Japanese noblewoman and insisted that he marry a Korean noblewoman unlike his brother, Prince Yi Geon. Since Park Yeong-hyo was close friends with Prince Uihwa, both wanted to find a way to reject Yi U's marriage to a Japanese bride. Park had spoken about setting up his eldest granddaughter with Prince Uihwa's second eldest son. Yi U's adoptive mother, Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan, disliked Chan-ju because the prince had attempted to kill his adoptive father, Yi Jun-yong (the nephew of Emperor Gojong and Empress Myeongseong) who tried to assassinate and rebel towards Kim Hak-woo (김학우; 金鶴羽) of the Legal Affairs Association, with charges in 1895 while her grandfather served as Minister of Interior.

The prince had notified Minister Han Chang-soo (한창수; 韓昌洙) to establish the marriage when he sent an engagement ring to Chan-ju, but Lee Wang-jik (이왕직), a Minister who was in charge of the affairs of the royal family, had protested against the marriage as it was done without the Emperor's acknowledge and tried to pressure the prince to marry within the Japanese royal family instead.

Yi U was adamant in marrying a Korean, and with Park Yeong-hyo's influence against Japanese politics, the Japanese royal court and Lee Wang-jik acknowledged the Yi U's and Park Chan-ju's marriage. Chan-ju's grandfather had pretended that the marriage with a Japanese noblewoman was withdrawn, and had gone to Tokyo to make use of his political, aristocratic, and personal connections to eventually have the acknowledgement of the engagement announced by the Japanese Imperial Palace on 11 July 1934. On 17 April 1935, Emperor Showa made a decree to acknowledge the marriage in which the wedding ceremony of the couple was held in Tokyo on 3 May 1935. When the married couple returned to Keijō, they visited the Jongmyo Shrine and Neungwon, and held a ceremony at the Joseon Hotel and Unhyeongung Palace. Their eldest son was born on 23 April 1936 and their second son was on 9 November 1940 in separate residences in Tokyo.

In 1938, the building they lived in was donated to the female activist and educator Hwang Shin-deok (황신덕) to help establish the Kyungsung Family Ryosuk (now known as Joongang Girls' High School). On 25 August 1945, Park Chan-ju had lost Yi U to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and went to live at Unhyeongung Palace with her two sons. In April 1950, she became the first chairman of Chugye University of Arts, Joongang Girls' High School, and Chugye Elementary School.

In 1992, Unhyeongung Palace was sold to Seoul, and after spending her last years at her home in Bukahyeon-dong, Seodaemun, Seoul, she died from an illness on 13 July 1995. She is buried with her husband Yi U at the gravesite of Heungseon Daewongun in Changhyeon, Hwado-eub, Namyang, Gyeonggi Province.

## Family

* Father
    + Park Il-seo (박일서; 朴日緖; 1897–1931)
* Mother
    + Park Won-hui (박원희; 朴元熙; 1900–1969)
* Siblings
    + Younger brother - Park Chan-byeom (박찬범; 朴贊汎; 17 August 1917 – 23 November 1986); succeeded his father in becoming Marquis
    + Younger brother - Park Chan-ik (박찬익; 朴贊益; 1920 – 2003)
    + Younger brother - Park Chan-woo (박찬우; 朴贊友; 1923–?); died prematurely
    + Younger sister - Park Chan-ok (박찬옥; 朴贊玉)
    + Younger brother - Park Chan-eung (박찬웅; 朴贊雄; 1926–1950)
    + Younger brother - Park Chan-yong (박찬용; 朴贊用; 1927–1945)
* Husband
    + Prince Yi U (이우; 李鍝; 15 August 1912 – 7 July 1945)
        - Father-in-law - Yi Kang, King Uichin (의친왕 이강; 30 March 1877 – 16 August 1955)
        - Mother-in-law - Lady Kim Heung-in of the Suindang Hall (수인당 김흥인)
* Issue
    + Son - Yi Cheong (이청; 李淸; 23 April 1936)
    + Son - Yi Jong (이종; 李淙; 9 November 1940 – 25 December 1966)