title: Sidekick (film)

abstract:
Sidekick is a 2005 Canadian independent film in the comic-book/fantasy genre, directed by Blake Van de Graaf.
The film centres on tech support nerd and comic-book fan Norman Neale, who discovers that his co-worker Victor Ventura has telekinetic powers. Neale trains Ventura with the intention of creating a super-hero, but Ventura has other uses for his powers in mind.

text:
# Sidekick (film)

***Sidekick*** is a 2005 Canadian independent film in the comic-book/fantasy genre, directed by Blake Van de Graaf. The film centres on tech support nerd and comic-book fan Norman Neale, who discovers that his co-worker Victor Ventura has telekinetic powers. Neale trains Ventura with the intention of creating a super-hero, but Ventura has other uses for his powers in mind.

## Character histories

**Norman Neale:** Norman lives a dull life in a small apartment. He works as a computer technician in a large corporation to pay the bills and on the side he works at his favorite comic book store in exchange for free comic books. He also refuses to let Chuck pay him in cash. When he discovers that Victor has superpowers, his first reaction is that Victor could become a superhero. However, Norman discovers too late that Victor becomes the opposite and that it's up to him to stop Victor. Norman seems attracted to Andrea, but is too shy to talk to her.

**Victor Ventura:** Victor works for Richmond Financial, the same corporation as Norman, handling the company's accounts along with Carson. He is a favorite of the boss and has his eyes on an executive position. Victor has had telekinetic powers since he was twelve, though very limited in range. It appears Victor starts his training with sincere purposes. However, it is revealed that he is just a money-hungry businessman who, in the end, turns evil, using his powers to steal money.

**Andrea Hicks:** A receptionist for Richmond Financial. She is attracted to Victor, though he does not notice her. She blames her dead-end position on her gender, a claim that is seemingly true, based on the character of her boss. She is willing to manipulate those around her to get what she wants. Though, in the end she returns to help Norman defeat Victor.

**Chuck:** Chuck runs Excalibur Comics. He has a wife and a son. His business has nearly tripled since he let Norman post his store on the internet, but he cannot convince Norman to take his share in the profits. He offers sage advice without realizing it and believes himself to be an expert on what you should and should not do when writing a comic book.

**Carson Fleming:** A manipulative trader who uses a fake project to try to bed women. His death is what initially drives Victor to work on his powers.

**Mr. Richmond:** CEO of Richmond Financial who plays favorites with Victor, largely it seems for his softball skills.

## Plot summary

Norman Neale and his best friend Chuck have an ongoing debate on the subject of "what single superpower would you choose?" Then, one day, Norman notices Victor Ventura, a successful trader at Richmond financial, the company he works for. While the two are both getting coffee, Norman accidentally drops a mug. Victor amazingly catches the mug in midair. Though impressed, Norman dismisses it as good reflexes. Later, Mr. Richmond, company CEO, asks Norman to videotape Victor at the company softball game. He notices that as Victor is about to hit the ball, the video momentarily displays static interference, and begins to suspect Victor has Telekinesis.

Norman confirms his theory with a small trap, but Victor catches Norman watching and threatens to have him fired if he doesn't back off. Victor knows he has powers, but also fears that if they become public he would be institutionalized and studied. Norman consults Chuck on what to do, and after an initial misunderstanding, Norman lets Chuck continue to believe that Victor is a comic book character of Norman's creation. Chuck suggests training Victor and Norman agrees, but again Victor refuses to go along with it.

Meanwhile, Victor's competition, Carson Fleming, introduces the secretary, Andrea Hicks, into a secret project of his. He claims that once he is finished the project and presents it to Mr. Richmond they will both be rewarded. One night Carson and Victor go out drinking. On their way home, Carson slips on a curb and falls into the path of a car. Victor tries to use his powers to save Carson, but isn't strong enough. Carson is run over and killed. Victor returns to Norman and agrees to let him train him.

Norman sets about training Victor, increasing his range and strength. The two also discover his weakness; Alcohol causes his concentration to diminish severely, drastically reducing his powers. Norman ends the training by making Victor save him from the same situation he lost Carson in. He then offers to make Victor "Victory Man", a real life superhero. Victor, mad at Norman for what he pulled, calls him delusional and tells him to go. Later that day, however, Victor decides to treat Norman to one night of crime fighting as payment for the training. The pair run into a gang of street thugs, who threaten them. Victor quickly defeats them with his powers, but then begins to force two of the toughs to do humiliating things to each other. Norman begs Victor to stop and they both leave.

Norman tells Chuck that he has given up on Victor, because he has no compassion left. Chuck tells him that he shouldn't give up on his comic-book, because now he has a "killer villain". Realizing this may be true, he quickly leaves to find Victor. At the same time Andrea shows up at Victor's house, telling Victor that she still wants in on Carson's project. Victor reveals that there was never any project and that it was all a scheme, created by Victor for Carson, to get girls. An argument ensues, but is cut short by the arrival of Norman. As he enters, Andrea is not there, and Norman informs Victor he wants out of the partnership. He also accidentally reveals Chuck as his confidant. Norman leaves and then Andrea is shown to be paralyzed and hidden in the closet. He gets information on chuck from her and heads out to find him. Just after closing time, Victor breaks into Chuck's comic book store and kills Chuck.

Victor breaks into Norman's house and demands that Norman help him steal money from Richmond Financial. The two break into the corporate building after dark. Victor reveals that Andrea is being help captive and threatens to hurt her if Norman doesn't continue to help. Before he begins hacking the company computer, he suggests they have an alcoholic drink. Norman only drinks a little, but while waiting a long time for Norman to do his work (Norman was actually stalling), Victor drinks nearly the rest of the bottle. Norman waits until Victor has passed out before going into the men's bathroom, where he takes off his suit to reveal that he is wearing the Victory Man costume.

Norman releases Andrea and tells her to run. Then he tapes Victor to a rolling chair and rolls him to the elevator. While waiting for the elevator, Victor comes to, but isn't focused enough to use his powers. Norman reveals that he put sleeping pills into the scotch and that he's turning Victor in. As they talk, Victor regains his focus and attempts to push Norman down the elevator shaft. Before Victor can finish Norman off, however, Andrea returns and knocks him out with a fire extinguisher

Norman is interrogated by the police. Norman tries to warn them of Victor's powers, but they refuse to believe it. As a result, Victor breaks free of his hand-cuffs, kills the guard and escapes.

## Main cast

## Reception

Sidekick received a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes.

## InfoBox

| Sidekick | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional film poster | |
| Directed by | Blake Van de Graaf |
| Written by | Michael Sparaga |
| Produced by | Michael Sparaga
Tom Mudd |
| Starring | David Ingram
Perry Mucci
Mackenzie Lush |
| Cinematography | Jordan Cushing |
| Distributed by | Maple Pictures
Lightyear Entertainment |
| Release date | * September 26, 2005 (2005-09-26) (Canada) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Sidney Sager

abstract: Sidney Sager was an English composer, conductor and trombonist, best known for his music for television and radio.

text:
# Sidney Sager

**Sidney Sager** (17 May 1917  3 December 2002) was an English composer, conductor and trombonist, best known for his music for television and radio.

## Biography

### Early life

Born into a Jewish family in London's East End, he joined the British Army at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the Royal College of Music. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk.

Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he fought with the British Expeditionary Force in France and was evacuated from Dunkirk. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities.

He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the Royal Opera at Covent Garden.

### Conductor

During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in Geneva, and shortly after his return to the UK moved to Bristol, where he conducted the BBC West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia.

### Composer

Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at HTV West from 1976 to 1992.

### Television work

One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was *The Best of Friends*, starring John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, and Patrick McGoohan as Sydney Cockerell, Laurentia McLachlan, and George Bernard Shaw respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after Schubert.

He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow, a story written and narrated by his friend Johnny Morris, the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca.

#### Children of the Stones

For *Children of the Stones*, Sager's combination of A cappella vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless counterpoint, made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the Ambrosian Singers, featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion.

The main theme of *Children of the Stones* is written on the acoustic scale, ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of  and D major. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is diegetic music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent psychometric abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed.

The musical texture was the suggestion of producer Peter Graham Scott, who, while driving to Avebury to begin filming, had heard music by Krzysztof Penderecki on the radio.

### Marriage and children

Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel.

Sidney Sager at IMDb


title: Siege of Saïo

abstract: The siege of Saïo or battle of Saïo took place during the East African Campaign of World War II. Belgo-Congolese troops, British Commonwealth forces and local resistance fighters besieged the fort at the market town of Saïo in south-western Ethiopia in 1941. The siege lasted for several months, culminating in an Allied attack on the Italian garrison thereby forcing it to surrender. In the first months of 1941, British and Belgian colonial forces attacked Italian East Africa from the colony of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By the end of March, they had seized the town of Gambela and begun containing retreating Italian forces, which were massing on a plateau in the mountain town of Saïo under the command of General Carlo De Simone and later General Pietro Gazzera. The British forces withdrew the following month and the Belgians advanced down the road to Saïo. The Italians repelled them and they were forced to hold their positions along a nearby brook. Almost no fighting took place in May as heavy rain bogged down the Belgians and turned their supply line from Sudan into mud, creating a food shortage. In early June, reinforcements arrived via river and the Belgians besieged the Italian supply depot at Mogi. Aggressive patrols, combined with the actions of the Ethiopian resistance and raids from the South African Air Force put increased pressure upon the Italian garrison. At the end of the month General Auguste Gilliaert took charge of the Belgian force. He was instructed by the British to attack when an opportunity presented itself. On 3 July, he assaulted the base of Saïo Mountain and in the afternoon Gazzera sued for peace. On 6 July, the Belgians formally accepted the surrender of Gazzera, eight of his generals and over 6,000 Italian soldiers.

text:
# Siege of Saïo

The **siege of Saïo** or **battle of Saïo** took place during the East African Campaign of World War II. Belgo-Congolese troops, British Commonwealth forces and local resistance fighters besieged the fort at the market town of Saïo in south-western Ethiopia in 1941. The siege lasted for several months, culminating in an Allied attack on the Italian garrison thereby forcing it to surrender.

In the first months of 1941, British and Belgian colonial forces attacked Italian East Africa from the colony of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By the end of March, they had seized the town of Gambela and begun containing retreating Italian forces, which were massing on a plateau in the mountain town of Saïo (presently Dembidolo) under the command of General Carlo De Simone and later General Pietro Gazzera. The British forces withdrew the following month (to start an offensive in Western Ethiopia) and the Belgians advanced down the road to Saïo. The Italians repelled them and they were forced to hold their positions along a nearby brook. Almost no fighting took place in May as heavy rain bogged down the Belgians and turned their supply line from Sudan into mud, creating a food shortage. In early June, reinforcements arrived via river and the Belgians besieged the Italian supply depot at Mogi. Aggressive patrols, combined with the actions of the Ethiopian resistance and raids from the South African Air Force put increased pressure upon the Italian garrison.

At the end of the month General Auguste Gilliaert took charge of the Belgian force. He was instructed by the British to attack when an opportunity presented itself. On 3 July, he assaulted the base of Saïo Mountain and in the afternoon Gazzera sued for peace. On 6 July, the Belgians formally accepted the surrender of Gazzera, eight of his generals and over 6,000 Italian soldiers.

## Background

### *Africa Orientale Italiana*

On 9 May 1936, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaimed the colony of *Africa Orientale Italiana* (AOI, Italian East Africa), formed from Ethiopia (after the Italian victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, fought 3 October 1935 – May 1936) and the existing Italian possessions of Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France, which made Italian military forces in Libya a threat to Egypt and those in Italian East Africa a danger to the British and French colonies in East Africa. Italian belligerence also closed the Mediterranean to Allied merchant ships and endangered British supply routes along the coast of East Africa, the Gulf of Aden, Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Egypt, the Suez Canal, French Somaliland and British Somaliland were also vulnerable to an attack from Italian East Africa but the rearmament plans of the *Comando Supremo* (Italian General Staff) were not due to mature until 1942; in 1940 the Italian armed forces were not ready for military operations against a comparable power.

## Prelude

### *Regio Esercito*

Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of Italian East Africa in November 1937, with a headquarters in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital. On 1 June 1940, as the commander in chief of the *Comando Forze Armate dell'Africa Orientale Italiana* (Italian East African Armed Forces Command) and *Generale d'Armata Aerea* (General of the Air Force), Aosta had about 290,476 locally recruited and Italian-born army, naval and air force personnel, available. By 1 August, mobilisation in Italian East Africa had increased that number to 371,053 troops. On 10 June, the *Regio Esercito* (Italian Royal Army) was organised in four commands, with the military forces in Ethiopia led by General Pietro Gazzera.

Aosta had the 40th Infantry Division *Cacciatori d'Africa* and the 65th Infantry Division *Granatieri di Savoia* from Italy, a battalion of *Alpini* (elite mountain troops), a *Bersaglieri* battalion of motorised infantry, several *Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale* (MSVN *Camicie Nere* \[Blackshirt\]) battalions and an assortment of smaller units; about 70 per cent of the Italian troops were locally recruited Askari. The regular Eritrean battalions and the *Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali* (RCTC Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops) were among the best Italian units in Italian East Africa and included Eritrean cavalry *Penne di Falco* (Falcon Feathers).

### British plans

In August 1939, Field Marshall Archibald Wavell, C-in-C Middle East ordered a plan covertly to encourage a rebellion in the western Ethiopian province of Gojjam, which the Italians had never been able entirely to repress after the end of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in May 1936. In September, Colonel Daniel Sandford arrived to run the project but until the Italian declaration of war, the conspiracy was held back by the British policy of appeasement, intended to avoid a simultaneous war with Germany and Italy. Mission 101 was formed to co-ordinate the activities of the *Arbegnoch* (Amharic for Patriots). In June 1940, Haile Selassie arrived in Egypt and in July, went to Sudan to meet General William Platt and discuss plans to re-capture Ethiopia, despite Platt's reservations. In July, the British recognised Selassie as emperor of Ethiopia and in August, Mission 101 entered Gojjam province to reconnoitre. Sandford requested that supply routes to the area north of Lake Tana be established before the rains ended and that Selassie should return in October as a catalyst for the uprising. Gaining control of Gojjam required the Italian garrisons to be isolated along the main road from Bahrdar Giorgis south of Lake Tana, to Dangila, Debra Markos and Addis Ababa, to prevent them concentrating against the *Arbegnoch*. Italian reinforcements arrived in October and patrolled more frequently, just as dissension between local potentates were being reconciled by Sandford's diplomacy.

The Frontier Battalion of the Sudan Defence Force (SDF), set up in May 1940, was joined at Khartoum by the 2nd Ethiopian and 4th Eritrean battalions, raised from émigré volunteers in Kenya. Operational Centres consisting of an officer, five NCOs and several picked Ethiopians were formed and trained in guerrilla warfare, to provide leadership cadres and £1 million was set aside to finance their operations. Major Orde Wingate was sent to Khartoum with an assistant to join the headquarters of the SDF. On 20 November, Wingate was flown to Sakhala to meet Sandford; the British Royal Air Force (RAF) managed to bomb Dangila, drop propaganda leaflets and supply Mission 101, which raised Ethiopian morale, having suffered much from Italian air power since the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Mission 101 managed to persuade the *Arbegnoch* north of Lake Tana to spring several ambushes on the Metemma–Gondar road and the Italian garrison at Wolkait was withdrawn in February 1941.

### Belgian plans

At the conclusion of the Battle of Belgium in May 1940, the only proper force under Belgian command was the *Force Publique* ("Public Force" i.e. the colonial army) of the Belgian Congo in Central Africa. It thus made up the bulk of the Free Belgian Forces. Consisting of 15,000 native ranks and Belgian officers, it was well equipped, well disciplined and dispersed throughout the colony. Through the year, the *Force Publique'*s defence obligations were considered too important for it to be spared for any offensive operations. The Allies were uncertain of German intentions toward Portuguese Angola, the Congo's neighbour to the south, and the extent of Vichy French influence in French Equatorial Africa to the north. Belgian members of the *Force Publique* grew impatient with the colonial administration's perceived inaction and the garrison of Stanleyville mutinied in protest. Governor-General Pierre Ryckmans was forced to send a senior member of his staff to calm them down and explain the importance of the Congo's economic contribution to the war.

Meanwhile, Ryckmans and Lieutenant General Paul Ermens discussed the possibility of sending an expedition to Italian East Africa with the South African and British military missions in Léopoldville. There were two problems with such an undertaking: Italian territory was thousands of kilometres away and Belgium was not at war with Italy. The Belgian government in exile was wary of declaring war on a country whose royal family had dynastic links with its own, though this attitude changed after it became known that Italian aircraft based in occupied Belgium were attacking Britain and when an Italian submarine sank a Belgian cargo ship. A declaration of war was eventually delivered on 23 November 1940. Two days later, Ryckmans proclaimed that a state of war existed between Italy and the Congo.

Free French Forces consolidated their control over Equatorial Africa at the Battle of Gabon and more German involvement in the Balkan Campaign (begun by Italy in 1939) made the possibility of intervention in Portugal remote. The staff of the *Force Publique* and the Belgian government then resolved to assemble an expedition to fight in Italian East Africa. Plans were coordinated with the British and in February 1941, after an extended period of preparation, the first group of 8,000 troops and porters set out from the Congo for Ethiopia. Starting in Stanley Pool, they rode a dozen 10 long tons (10 t) barges and a tugboat up the Congo River to Aketi. The expeditionary force took the Vicicongo line (a narrow-gauge railway) from Aketi to Mungbere and drove by lorry to Juba in Sudan where they took to the White Nile. After five days' travel, the first Belgo-Congolese battalion reached Malakal and marched to the border town of Kurmuk before entering Ethiopia.

### East African Campaign

Following the declaration of war against France and Britain by Italy on 10 June 1940, the East African Campaign began as military forces of the British Empire engaged the Italian East African Armed Forces Command (*Comando Forze Armate dell'Africa Orientale*) in Italian East Africa. After a series of actions in 1940, British colonial forces from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan invaded the territory and eventually a salient formed around the Baro River. In March 1941, the Italian forces began to withdraw from the salient under increasing pressure. On 8 March the first battalion of the Belgo-Congolese expeditionary force marched from Kurmuk towards the Italian-held town of Asosa.

The expeditionary force attacked three days later in conjunction with troops of the King's African Rifles (KAR), forcing the garrison to retreat to Gidami. Next, the Belgians and Congolese began attacking the town of Gambela directly from the west while two companies of the 2/6 KAR under Captain J. W. E. Mackenzie were sent to outflank it and cut off its link with the Italian headquarters at Saïo under the command of General Carlo De Simone. The Belgians were concerned that the Italians might attempt an offensive over the weakly defended Sudanese border; by taking Gambela they could force Gazzera's forces in western Ethiopia into a defensive position. On 22 March, the KAR companies attacked but withdrew to the south when a planned Belgian assault failed to materialise. The Italians were nevertheless surprised by the flanking manoeuvre and retreated to Saïo.

## Siege

On 25 March, the Belgo-Congolese battalion and the two companies of the 2/6 KAR occupied Gambela. Exhausted by their journey from the Congo and suffering from dysentery and a lack of artillery, the 1,000 Belgians and Congolese could undertake no further offensive action. Instead they made moves to contain the Italian forces around Saïo from the west, while British troops under General Alan Cunningham conducted operations in Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. The *Arbegnoch* also threatened the Italian positions. In April, Italian forces burned the elephant grass along the Saïo Plateau to ensure an unobstructed field of fire. That same month the troops of the 2/6th KAR were withdrawn to the Dabus River to link up with the rest of their unit to contain the Italian garrison in Mendi.

### Actions at Bortai Brook

The Italians mined the 40 mi (64 km)-long Saïo–Gambela road that led to the Saïo Plateau 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above the surrounding area. The Belgians began slowly advancing but encountered Italians at the Bortai Brook, which ran perpendicular to the road. The Belgians were strengthened by the arrival of a Stokes mortar company and another battalion. Numbering at 1,600 soldiers and 600 non-combatant porters, they lacked the strength to seize the plateau. With the Italians receiving reinforcements of troops retreating from the east, the Belgians decided to keep the initiative to disguise their small numbers.

Three days of cold weather and rain preceded the offensive. On 15 April, Lieutenant Colonel Edmond van der Meersch led an attack on the brook. A Belgian lieutenant scouting in no man's land was ambushed and killed. A Belgian sergeant caught three Italian officers at gunpoint but lowered his revolver when they claimed to be English, thinking the KAR might have dispatched a liaison party to the area. He was then shot by snipers concealed in the bush. A battle ensued in which four Congolese soldiers were killed. Three Italians and an estimated 40 Eritrean Ascari were killed, with approximately 70 Ascari wounded.

During the ensuing stalemate, the Belgians studied the Italians' tactics; they would post pairs of snipers and artillery spotters in trees guarded at the bases by infantry squads. Their artillery barrages were usually avoided by Belgian patrols, though they would continue up to an hour after they withdrew. On 21 April, the Italians launched a large counterattack. After a two-hour bombardment, Eritrean troops armed with automatic weapons and hand grenades and covered by Galla snipers penetrated the Belgians' left and right flanks. With Van der Meerch's battalion suffering the brunt of the assault, the Belgians retreated behind a pair of hills that obscured them from Italian observers, which the latter then seized.

### Belgian supply difficulties

By May, Belgian numbers had risen to 2,500 men, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leopold Dronkers-Martens. The rainy season had begun, turning the main road from Sudan into mud, cutting off their communications and supplies. The Baro and Sobat rivers were still too low to permit the passage of supply barges from the White Nile and the nearby Gambela airfield was too small for transport aircraft to land. The only means of supply was by airdrop, forcing the Belgians and Congolese to halve their rations. Several porters attempted to bring food in by foot 40 mi (64 km) from Sudan, but died of fatigue and undernourishment. Some of the officers resorted to stripping the camouflage netting from their trucks and seining the Baro River for fish amid frequent outbreaks of Beriberi. The Italians, encamped on fertile soil and well supplied, faced no such problems. The Belgians were also subject to regular air attack.

### Renewed Belgian offensives

The Belgo-Congolese situation remained difficult until early June, when the Baro and Sobat rivers rose enough for reinforcements from the Congo to reach them. They then decided to try to sever the Italian supply line between Saïo and Mogi, another town upon the plateau. To hold the line near Bortai Brook, the Belgians could only spare around 250 men for an attack. It was hoped that cutting the Italians off would allow the British, stalled in their advance at Gidami, to move south and encircle Saïo. On 9 June the Belgian force attacked Mogi, their flank covered by the arrival of a new battalion from the Congo. The Italian garrison, numbering around 300 men, held off the assault. Believing that the town could only be taken at a heavy cost, the Belgians instead fortified their positions around Mogi and sent patrols to ambush the road by which Saïo was being supplied.

At the regular front, Lieutenant Colonel Dronkers-Martens ordered his troops to increase their patrol activities upon the Saïo Plateau, to make the Italians believe that they were facing superior forces. They used shoot-and-scoot tactics, avoiding counter-battery fire and leaving the Italians with the impression that they were facing multiple consistent points of fire. Gazzera tripled the size of the Mogi garrison and the Italians began to reduce their activity as the Belgians became bolder. Eventually the South African Air Force (SAAF) committed three Hawker Hart biplanes to regularly bomb the Saïo fortress and strafe the surrounding roads. In the east, British forces pressed on, forcing Gazzera to abandon his own headquarters in Jimma in mid June and withdraw to Saïo. The 2/6th KAR secured Gidami and headed southeast to cut the Saïo–Yubdo road. By the end of the month, the British had driven the Italians from the western bank of the Didessa River. The Italian 23rd and 26th Colonial divisions were ordered to retreat through Yubdo, to make their final stand at Saïo. Heavy rain, actions of the *Arbegnoch* and the raids from the SAAF added to their problems.

### Final assault and Italian surrender

Major General Auguste Gilliaert arrived from the Congo before the end of the month. On 27 June Lieutenant General William Platt, advancing with British forces from Sudan, ordered the Belgians to attack the Italian positions if an opportunity presented itself and Gilliaert immediately undertook preparations for an offensive. The plans for taking Mogi were abandoned and the Belgians were to concentrate their efforts against Saïo, so all but 50 of the soldiers besieging Mogi were redeployed.

> I based our chances of success upon continuously keeping aggressive activity along Bortai Brook against Mogi and applying Kitchener's maxim that you can try anything against an enemy who refuses to budge himself.
>
> Gilliaert

Believing the British pursuit to be closer than it actually was, Gazzera ordered the bridge over the Indina River 40 mi (64 km) east of Saïo to be blown, thereby trapping his forces. Though still outnumbered, the Belgians decided to carry on with their offensive. On 2 July, they forced their way over Bortai Brook. At dawn the next day, the Belgian advance posts opened fire on Saïo and half an hour later, the Belgian artillery went into action. The Italians responded with heavy counter-battery fire. A Belgian battalion advanced upon Italian machine gun nests on the two hills that had been occupied since April. The reserve battalion covered their left flank and Gilliaert dispatched the third battalion under Van der Meersch to the right flank down a goat path that had been mapped by patrols over a fortnight. Two artillery batteries gave them covering fire. The Belgians captured the hills and the Italians, being flanked on their left side by Van der Meersch's troops, were unable to make it back to their fortifications atop Saïo mountain. With the Saïo-Gambela road under artillery fire, they retired to the plains to their right. Meanwhile, the 2/6th KAR launched an attack on the Saïo-Yubdo road, continuing throughout the next day with success.

The Italians were under the impression that they were facing three Belgian divisions with South African reinforcements. They also only had about two months' provisions left. Gazzera radioed to the Allies in Addis Abeba his intentions to negotiate a surrender with the Belgians. The Belgians were preparing for another assault when at 13:40 two staff cars bearing white flags drove down the mountain. In them were eight Italian generals, a Catholic priest and Gazzera's chief of staff. Gilliaert met with them a short distance away from Bortai Brook near Gambela. They requested that all hostilities south of the Blue Nile cease and that their army be granted the honours of war. Gilliaert accepted and on 6 July he drove into Saïo to receive the formal surrender of the Italian forces.

## Aftermath

### Analysis

With Gazzera's surrender, Gondar became the last area in Ethiopia under Italian control. The market in Saïo was reopened three days after hostilities had ceased and Belgian engineers repaired the Saïo–Gambela road. At Gazzera's request, Gilliaert guaranteed the Eritrean Askari safe passage to British prisoner of war camps in the east and sent Congolese guards to protect them from Ethiopian retaliation. The Belgian force quickly returned to the Congo with their spoils of war. The siege was the first substantial victory for the Free Belgian Forces and greatly improved their morale.

George Weller of the *Chicago Daily News* travelled to the front and interviewed participants in the Belgo-Congolese expedition. He then wrote several articles about the campaign and wired them back to the United States from Léopoldville. The Belgian government reproduced his reporting in a pamphlet that was subsequently distributed, but it received little attention.

### Casualties

The Belgo-Congolese force lost 462 men during the conflict, 80 per cent of them to disease and it was estimated that the Italians lost three times as many. A total of 6,454 Italian troops were taken prisoner, including Gazzera, eight other generals and 3,500 Askari, along with 20 artillery pieces, 200 machine guns, 250 trucks and 500 mules. Though only numbering about 3,000 soldiers and 2,000 porters, the Belgo-Congolese force had to manage 15,000 prisoners in the former Galla-Sidamo Governorate after the campaign.

### Commemoration

In 1943, a three-sided pyramid was erected in Faradje, Belgian Congo to commemorate the actions of the Congolese in Ethiopia. Each face of the pyramid was inscribed with the name of each place where an engagement took place, including Saïo. Many locations throughout the country—presently the Democratic Republic of the Congo—are named after the battle.

## Footnotes

1. Playfair 1957, p. 2.
2. Playfair 1957, pp. 6–7, 69.
3. Playfair 1957, pp. 38–40.
4. Playfair 1957, p. 93.
5. Playfair 1957, p. 166.
6. Barker 1971, p. 155.
7. Playfair 1957, p. 403.
8. Playfair 1957, pp. 404–405.
9. Veranneman 2014, p. 83
10. Weller 1942, p. 4
11. Veranneman 2014, p. 84
12. Weller 1942, p. 5
13. Weller 1942, p. 8
14. Weller 1942, p. 6
15. Moyse-Bartlett 2012, p. 533
16. Orpen 1968, p. 274
17. Weller 1942, p. 10
18. Weller 1942, p. 12
19. Weller 1942, p. 24
20. Weller 1942, p. 14
21. Playfair 1956, p. 311
22. Weller 1942, p. 19
23. Platt 1946, p. 3552
24. Weller 1942, p. 15
25. Weller 1942, p. 16
26. Weller 1942, p. 21
27. Weller 1942, p. 17
28. Weller 1942, p. 18
29. Weller 1942, p. 20
30. Playfair 1956, p. 310
31. Orpen 1968, p. 320
32. Weller 1942, p. 22
33. Veranneman 2014, p. 85
34. Orpen 1968, p. 321
35. MOI 1941, p. 136.
36. Weller 1942, p. 23
37. Connell 2010, pp. 146–147.
38. Boneza 2014.

## Bibliography

**Books**

* Barker, A. J. (1971). *Rape of Ethiopia, 1936*. London: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-02462-6.
* Moyse-Bartlett, H. (2012). *The King's African Rifles*. Vol. II. Luton: Andrews UK. ISBN 978-1-78150-663-9. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
* Orpen, N. (1968). *East African and Abyssinian Campaigns*. South African Forces, World War II. Vol. I (online ed.). Cape Town, SA: Purnell. OCLC 499914466. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
* Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (1957) \[1954\]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)*. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (3rd impr. ed.). HMSO. OCLC 494123451. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
* Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (1956). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)*. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-066-5. Archived from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
* *The Abyssinian Campaign*. Miscellaneous Publications. Vol. I. United Kingdom Ministry of Information. 1941. OCLC 150562324. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
* Veranneman, Jean-Michel (2014). *Belgium in the Second World War* (illus. ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78337-607-0. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
* Weller, George (1942). *The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia: A Trek of 2,500 Miles Through Jungle Swamps and Desert Wastes* (online ed.). New York: Belgian Information Center. OCLC 1452395. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2016  via Hyperwar.

**Journals**

**Newspapers**

**Websites**

## InfoBox

| Siege of Saïo | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the East African Campaign of World War II | |
| <br>Belgian officers with captured Italian artillery, following the battle | |
| Date 25 March – 6 July 1941  Location Saïo Plateau, Italian East Africa8°32′N 34°48′E / 08.53°N 34.80°E / 08.53; 34.80  Result  Allied victory  Territorial<br>changes Galla-Sidamo Governorate liberated by Allied forces | |
| Belligerents | |
| Belgium<br>British Empire<br>Ethiopian Empire<br><br>South Africa | Italy |
| Commanders and leaders | |
|  |  |
| Strength | |
| **Belgium**:<br>c.3,000 troops<br>2,000 porters<br>**British Empire**:<br>1 battalion<br>**Ethiopian Empire**:<br>Unknown number of resistance fighters<br>**South Africa**:<br>3 aircraft | 7,000–8,000 troops<br>Unknown number of aircraft |
| Casualties and losses | |
| **Belgium**:<br>462 dead | c.1,200 dead<br>6,454 captured |
| Saïoclass=notpageimage|Location within Ethiopia | |


title: Siege of Sardis (547 BC)

abstract: The siege of Sardis was the last decisive conflict after the Battle of Thymbra, which was fought between the forces of Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great, when Cyrus followed Croesus to his city, laid siege to it for 14 days and captured it.

text:
# Siege of Sardis (547 BC)

The **siege of Sardis (547/546 BC)** was the last decisive conflict after the Battle of Thymbra, which was fought between the forces of Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great, when Cyrus followed Croesus to his city, laid siege to it for 14 days and captured it.

## Background

The previous year Croesus, the king of Lydia, impelled by various considerations, invaded the kingdom of Cyrus the Great. Croesus hoped to quell the growing power of Achaemenid Persia, expand his own dominions and revenge the deposition of his brother-in-law Astyages. Also, Croesus thought himself certain of success since he was deluded by the ambiguous assurances of the apparently-reliable oracle of Apollo at Delphi.

Croesus crossed the Halys and met Cyrus at Pteria in Cappadocia, but after a drawn-out battle against superior forces in which neither side obtained the victory, Croesus resolved to fall back for the winter, summon new allies and renew the war with reinforcements the next spring. In the interim, he disbanded his army and returned to Sardis. He expected Cyrus to hang back after the sanguinary battle in Cappadocia, but the energetic Cyrus, as soon as he heard that Croesus's forces were dispersed, crossed the Halys and advanced with such speed that he had arrived at the Lydian capital, Sardis, before Croesus had any word of his approach.

Undaunted, Croesus mustered his available troops and met Cyrus at the Battle of Thymbra outside the walls. Cyrus was victorious and had contrived to deprive the Lydians of their last resource, their cavalry (in which they allegedly surpassed all other nations at the time) by frightening off their horses with the sight of his camels. The remnants of the Lydian army were driven within the city and promptly besieged.

## Siege

Croesus was still confident in his chances because Sardis was a well-fortified city consecrated by ancient prophecies to never be captured. Additionally, he had sent for immediate aid from Sparta, the strongest state in Greece and his firm ally, and hoped to enlist the Egyptians, the Babylonians and others in his coalition against Persia as well. In fact, however, the Spartans were then occupied in a war with neighboring Argos, and neither they nor any other of Croesus's allies would assemble in time.

Cyrus had meanwhile stimulated his troops by the offer of large rewards to the first soldiers who should ascend the battlements, but repeated Persian attacks were repulsed with loss. According to Herodotus, the city ultimately fell by the agency of a Persian soldier, who climbed up a section of the walls that was neither adequately garrisoned nor protected by the ancient rites, which had dedicated the rest of the cities' defenses to impregnability. The steepness of the adjoining ground outside the walls was responsible for that piece of Lydian hubris. Hyroeades, the Persian soldier, saw a Lydian soldier climbing down the walls to retrieve a dropped helmet and tried to follow the example. The success of his ascent set the example to the rest of Cyrus's soldiers, and they swarmed over the exposed wall and promptly took the city.

## Aftermath

Cyrus had issued orders for Croesus to be spared, and the latter was hauled a captive before his exulting foe. Cyrus' first intentions to burn Croesus alive on a pyre were soon diverted by the impulse of mercy for a fallen foe and, according to ancient versions, by divine intervention of Apollo, who caused a well-timed rainfall. Tradition represents the two kings as reconciled thereafter; Croesus succeeded in preventing the worst rigors of a sack by representing to his captor that it was Cyrus's, not Croesus's, property being plundered by the Persian soldiery.

The kingdom of Lydia came to an end with the fall of Sardis, and its subjection was confirmed in an unsuccessful revolt in the following year that was promptly crushed by Cyrus's lieutenants. The Aeolian and Ionian cities on the coast of Asia-Minor, formerly tributaries of Lydia, were likewise conquered not long afterward. That established the circumstances for Greco-Persian animosity, which would last until the outbreak of the Persian Wars in the succeeding century.

There was a second siege of Sardis, in 498 BC, during the Ionian Revolt.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Sardis (547 BC) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Campaigns of Cyrus the Great | |
|
Remains of the acropolis of Sardis, where Croesus was finally captured | |
| Date December, 547 BC  Location Sardis, Lydia
(modern-day Sart, Manisa, Turkey)38°29′00″N 28°02′00″E / 38.48333°N 28.03333°E / 38.48333; 28.03333  Result Persian victory  Territorial
changes  Lydia annexed by Persia | |
| Belligerents | |
| Lydia | Achaemenid Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Croesus,
unknown others | Cyrus the Great,
Harpagus,
unknown others |
| Strength | |
| 100,000 (Herodotus) | 200,000 (Herodotus) |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Light |
| class=notpageimage|Approximate location of the siege of Sardis | |


title: Sigma 200-500mm f/2.8 EX DG lens

abstract: The Sigma 200-500mm f/2.8 EX DG lens is a professional-level telephoto zoom lens made by Sigma Corporation. It is notable for being the first lens with an aperture of f/2.8 and a focal length of 500mm. This combination allows very distant objects to be photographed at high shutter speeds in dimmer light, compared to other telephoto lenses. It also allows for very narrow depth-of-field and diffuse bokeh. The main markets for such long, fast lenses are wildlife and sports photographers. The lens is available in Canon, Nikon, and Sigma mounts. Due to the size and weight of the lens, there are some unusual usage considerations. Both focus and zoom are by-wire, driven using an internal battery-powered motor. The lens has an LCD panel indicating the current zoom and focus distance. Tripod usage is mandatory, although unlike the similarly-sized Canon EF 1200mm lens, the Sigma 200-500 f/2.8 does not include a tripod. The lens also ships with a dedicated 2x teleconverter, which transforms it into a 400-1000mm f/5.6, maintaining autofocus operation.

text:
# Sigma 200-500mm f/2.8 EX DG lens

The **Sigma 200-500mm f/2.8 EX DG** lens is a professional-level telephoto zoom lens made by Sigma Corporation. It is notable for being the first lens with an aperture of f/2.8 and a focal length of 500mm. This combination allows very distant objects to be photographed at high shutter speeds in dimmer light, compared to other telephoto lenses. It also allows for very narrow depth-of-field and diffuse bokeh. The main markets for such long, fast lenses are wildlife and sports photographers.

The lens is available in Canon, Nikon, and Sigma mounts. Due to the size and weight of the lens, there are some unusual usage considerations. Both focus and zoom are by-wire, driven using an internal battery-powered motor. The lens has an LCD panel indicating the current zoom and focus distance. Tripod usage is mandatory, although unlike the similarly-sized Canon EF 1200mm lens, the Sigma 200-500 f/2.8 does not include a tripod. The lens also ships with a dedicated 2x teleconverter, which transforms it into a 400-1000mm f/5.6, maintaining autofocus operation.

1. Sigma Corporation (2008). "200-500mm f/2.8 EX DG". Retrieved 2009-08-20.
2. DPReview (2008). "An ultra telephoto zoom lens offering a fast aperture of F2.8 at the 500mm focal length". Retrieved 2009-08-20.
3. Juza Nature Photography (2009). "Sigma 200-500mm F2.8 EX DG Review". Retrieved 2009-08-20.

## InfoBox

200–500mm f/2.8 EX DG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Zoom |
| Focal length | 200-500mm (400-1000mm with included teleconverter) |
| Crop factor | 1.0 |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/2.8-f/22 |
| Close focus distance | 200-500cm |
| Max. magnification | 1:7.7 |
| Diaphragm blades | 9 |
| Construction | 17 elements in 13 groups |
| Features | |
| Short back focus | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Macro capable | No |
| Application | Wildlife, Sports |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 726 mm (28.6 in) |
| Diameter | 236.5 mm (9.31 in) |
| Weight | 15.7 kg (35 lb) |
| Filter diameter | 72mm (rear drop-in) |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | Custom |
| Angle of view | |
| Diagonal | 12.3 to 5 degrees |
| History | |
| Introduction | January 2008 |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | 25,999USD |


title: Sigismundo Taraval

abstract: Sigismundo Taraval, SJ (1700–1763) was a pioneering Italian Jesuit missionary in Baja California who wrote important historical accounts of the peninsula. Born in Lodi, Lombardy, he served initially as missionary at La Purísima (1730–1732) and San Ignacio (1732-1733), among the Cochimí. A notable episode while he was at San Ignacio was the bringing of the inhabitants of Cedros Island to the mission. In a relatively detailed account of the islanders' aboriginal lifeways, Taraval presented what were perhaps the earliest speculations concerning the region's prehistoric past. In 1733 he was sent south to found the Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas at the modern site of Todos Santos. The following year, the local Pericú and Guaycura Indians staged a serious revolt against Jesuit rule, and Taraval was forced to flee, first to La Paz and then to Isla Espíritu Santo. He wrote a detailed if partisan account of the revolt and its subsequent suppression. Subsequently, Taraval later served at the southern missions of San José del Cabo (1736–1746) and Santiago (1747–1750). He left the peninsula in 1750 to serve at the Jesuit college in Guadalajara. Taraval Street in San Francisco is named after him.

text:
# Sigismundo Taraval

**Sigismundo Taraval**, SJ (1700–1763) was a pioneering Italian Jesuit missionary in Baja California who wrote important historical accounts of the peninsula.

Born in Lodi, Lombardy, he served initially as missionary at La Purísima (1730–1732) and San Ignacio (1732-1733), among the Cochimí. A notable episode while he was at San Ignacio was the bringing of the inhabitants of Cedros Island to the mission. In a relatively detailed account of the islanders' aboriginal lifeways, Taraval presented what were perhaps the earliest speculations concerning the region's prehistoric past.

In 1733 he was sent south to found the Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas at the modern site of Todos Santos. The following year, the local Pericú and Guaycura Indians staged a serious revolt against Jesuit rule, and Taraval was forced to flee, first to La Paz and then to Isla Espíritu Santo. He wrote a detailed if partisan account of the revolt and its subsequent suppression.

Subsequently, Taraval later served at the southern missions of San José del Cabo (1736–1746) and Santiago (1747–1750). He left the peninsula in 1750 to serve at the Jesuit college in Guadalajara.

Taraval Street in San Francisco is named after him.


title: Sigisvultus

abstract: Flavius Sigisvultus was a general of the late Western Roman Empire. He was sent in 427 to command the war in Africa against a rebellious general, Bonifacius. Previous generals had been defeated by the latter. Sigisvultus may have been appointed comes Africae, succeeding Bonifacius. He seized Hippo and Carthage, and as an Arian himself, sent an Arian bishop, Maximinus, to dispute with Augustine of Hippo in 427 or 428. He presumably returned to Italy after relations between the Emperor and Bonifacius were restored in 429 or 430. He served as consul in 437 with Flavius Aetius. From either the same year or from 440 until 448, he was magister utriusque militiae, and organized defences against the Vandals. By 448 he had become a patrician. The name Sigisvultus is of German origin, and is also written Sigisvult, Segisvultus, or Sigisvuldus. He is also sometimes called Sigisvult the Goth.

text:
# Sigisvultus

**Flavius Sigisvultus** (fl. 427–448) was a general of the late Western Roman Empire.

He was sent in 427 to command the war in Africa against a rebellious general, Bonifacius. Previous generals had been defeated by the latter. Sigisvultus may have been appointed *comes Africae*, succeeding Bonifacius. He seized Hippo and Carthage, and as an Arian himself, sent an Arian bishop, Maximinus, to dispute with Augustine of Hippo in 427 or 428. He presumably returned to Italy after relations between the Emperor and Bonifacius were restored in 429 or 430.

He served as consul in 437 with Flavius Aetius. From either the same year or from 440 until 448, he was *magister utriusque militiae* (though despite the title he remained under the command of Aetius), and organized defences against the Vandals. By 448 he had become a patrician.

The name *Sigisvultus* is of German origin, and is also written *Sigisvult*, *Segisvultus*, or *Sigisvuldus*. He is also sometimes called *Sigisvult the Goth*.


title: Signal Circuit of Halleston

abstract: Signal Circuit of Halleston was a Wire Fox Terrier and winner of the 1926 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. This was the 50th Westminster show, and the fourth Fox Terrier to win best in show. Signal Circuit was one of 200 Fox Terriers present at the show. He was handled by Percy Roberts, who had imported the dog from England and had "just stepped off the boat before the show". The show was judged by Wintrhop Rutherford, the owner of Conejo Wycollar Boy, a Fox Terrier that took best in show from 1907 to 1909. Signal Circuit was described as having "phenomenal length of head and sound movement".

text:
# Signal Circuit of Halleston

**Signal Circuit of Halleston** was a Wire Fox Terrier and winner of the 1926 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. This was the 50th Westminster show, and the fourth Fox Terrier to win best in show.

Signal Circuit was one of 200 Fox Terriers present at the show. He was handled by Percy Roberts, who had imported the dog from England and had "just stepped off the boat before the show". The show was judged by Wintrhop Rutherford, the owner of Conejo Wycollar Boy, a Fox Terrier that took best in show from 1907 to 1909.

Signal Circuit was described as having "phenomenal length of head and sound movement".

## InfoBox

Signal Circuit of Halleston
| Species | Dog |
| --- | --- |
| Breed | Wire Fox Terrier |
| Sex | Male |
| Born | August 11, 1923 |
| Nation from | English |
| Occupation | Show dog |
| Title | Best in Show winner, Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show |
| Term | 1926 |
| Predecessor | Governor Moscow (1925) |
| Successor | Pinegrade Perfection (1927) |
| Owner | Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Halle |
| Parent(s) | Fountain Crusader (sire)<br>Peri (dam) |


title: Signal Butte

abstract: Signal Butte is a major prehistoric archaeological site in rural western Nebraska, United States. Designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 25SF1, it was one of the first pre-contact Native American sites to be formally investigated in the central plains. The archaeological sites are located atop the eponymous butte west of Robidoux Pass and Gering, Nebraska. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The site is not open to the public.

text:
# Signal Butte

**Signal Butte** is a major prehistoric archaeological site in rural western Nebraska, United States. Designated by the Smithsonian trinomial **25SF1**, it was one of the first pre-contact Native American sites to be formally investigated in the central plains. The archaeological sites are located atop the eponymous butte west of Robidoux Pass and Gering, Nebraska. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The site is not open to the public.

## Description

The eponymous Signal Butte rises about 120 feet (37 m) above the plains in the watershed of the North Platte River in westernmost Nebraska. The butte is covered by a layer of gravel and windblown soil, in which there are three distinct layers of cultural material. The oldest layers have been dated to 5,000 years ago, in the Middle Archaic Period. Finds at the site include stone projectile points and drills, and bone tools such as awls.

The butte first came to the notice of professional archaeologists in 1931, when a local amateur notified William Duncan Strong of materials found there. Strong led investigations of the butte in 1931 and 1932, during which numerous artifacts were found, as well as features such as storage pits, fireplace hearths, and other signs of repeated habitation. The site is one of the first from which a radiocarbon date was obtained, although the exact dates of habitation have been the subject of some controversy and ongoing debate. The site was investigated further in the 1940s and 1950s, at which time it was established that the sites probably represented seasonal hunting camps.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Signal Butte | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Signal Butte | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Gering, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 41°47′50″N 103°54′24″W / 41.79722°N 103.90667°W / 41.79722; -103.90667 |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000452 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | January 20, 1961 |


title: Sigur Rós discography

abstract: The discography of Sigur Rós, an Icelandic post-rock group, consists of eight studio albums, three remix album, five extended plays, one soundtrack album, sixteen singles, twenty-three music videos and two video albums. Sigur Rós was formed in 1994 in Reykjavík, Iceland, by singer and guitarist Jón Þór Birgisson, bassist Georg Hólm and drummer Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson. Sigur Rós released their debut album, Von, in 1997 with Smekkleysa Records. It failed to chart, selling 313 copies in its first year of release, but was certified platinum in 2005 by Iceland's record industry association. Von brigði was released in 1998 and features remixes of tracks from Von. Only one track, "Leit af lífi", was new to the album. Keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson joined the band in 1998 and a year later Ágætis byrjun was released. It reached number 1 on the Icelandic album chart, number 17 in Norway, and number 52 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart. Two tracks were released from the album as singles: "Svefn-g-englar" and "Ný batterí". Gunnarsson left the band after Ágætis byrjun and was replaced by Orri Páll Dýrason. The group's third studio album,, was released in June 2002, comprising eight untitled tracks divided by a 36-second silence. The album's title consists of two opposing parentheses; it has no other official title, though members of Sigur Rós have referred to it as "Svigaplatan". The entire album is performed in Vonlenska, a constructed language. One single was released from, "untitled #1". Takk..., released in 2005, produced three singles, "Glósóli", "Hoppípolla" and "Sæglópur". The album reached number 1 in Iceland, number 4 in Italy and Norway, number 16 in the UK, and number 27 in the United States. It was certified gold in Iceland and the UK. Sigur Rós's fifth studio album, Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust, was released in 2008 with "Gobbledigook", "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur" and "Við spilum endalaust" all released as singles. Með suð... was also certified gold in the UK. In March 2012, Sigur Rós released "Ekki múkk", from their sixth studio album Valtari, also released in 2012. In 2013, they released their seventh album, Kveikur.

text:
# Sigur Rós discography

The discography of Sigur Rós, an Icelandic post-rock group, consists of eight studio albums, three remix album, five extended plays, one soundtrack album, sixteen singles, twenty-three music videos and two video albums. Sigur Rós was formed in 1994 in Reykjavík, Iceland, by singer and guitarist Jón Þór Birgisson, bassist Georg Hólm and drummer Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson.

Sigur Rós released their debut album, *Von*, in 1997 with Smekkleysa Records. It failed to chart, selling 313 copies in its first year of release, but was certified platinum in 2005 by Iceland's record industry association. *Von brigði* was released in 1998 and features remixes of tracks from *Von*. Only one track, "Leit af lífi", was new to the album. Keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson joined the band in 1998 and a year later *Ágætis byrjun* was released. It reached number 1 on the Icelandic album chart, number 17 in Norway, and number 52 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart. Two tracks were released from the album as singles: "Svefn-g-englar" and "Ný batterí". Gunnarsson left the band after *Ágætis byrjun* and was replaced by Orri Páll Dýrason.

The group's third studio album, *( )*, was released in June 2002, comprising eight untitled tracks divided by a 36-second silence. The album's title consists of two opposing parentheses; it has no other official title, though members of Sigur Rós have referred to it as "*Svigaplatan*" ("*The Bracket Album*"). The entire album is performed in Vonlenska, a constructed language. One single was released from *( )*, "untitled #1" (a.k.a. "Vaka"). *Takk...*, released in 2005, produced three singles, "Glósóli", "Hoppípolla" and "Sæglópur". The album reached number 1 in Iceland, number 4 in Italy and Norway, number 16 in the UK, and number 27 in the United States. It was certified gold in Iceland and the UK. Sigur Rós's fifth studio album, *Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust*, was released in 2008 with "Gobbledigook", "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur" and "Við spilum endalaust" all released as singles. *Með suð...* was also certified gold in the UK.

In March 2012, Sigur Rós released "Ekki múkk", from their sixth studio album *Valtari*, also released in 2012. In 2013, they released their seventh album, *Kveikur*.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | | | Certifications | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ICL
 | AUS
 | DEN
 | FIN
 | FRA
 | GER
 | IRL
 | ITA
 | NOR
 | SWE
 | UK

 | US
 | | |
| 1997 | *Von* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *Ágætis byrjun** Released: June 1999 * Label: Smekkleysa * Formats: CD, LP | 1 |  |  |  | 65 | 59 | 38 |  | 17 |  | 52 |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *( )** Released: 28 October 2002 * Label: Smekkleysa * Formats: CD, LP | 1 | 49 | 24 | 24 | 19 | 33 | 17 |  | 6 | 50 | 49 | 51 |  |  |
| 2005 | *Takk...* | 1 | 19 | 16 | 8 | 30 | 27 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 27 |  |  |
| 2008 | *Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust** Released: 20 June 2008 * Label: Smekkleysa * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 1 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 30 | 26 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 29 | 5 | 15 |  |  |
| 2012 | *Valtari** Released: 28 May 2012 * Label: Parlophone * Formats: CD, LP, Digital download | 1 | 14 | 21 | 21 | 29 | 23 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 31 | 8 | 7 |  |  |
| 2013 | *Kveikur** Released: 17 June 2013 * Label: XL * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 1 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 6 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 9 | 14 |  |  |
| 2023 | *Átta** Released: 16 June 2023 * Label: Von Dur, BMG * Formats: CD, LP, digital download |  |  |  |  | 51
 | 5 |  | 18
 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Certifications | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ICL
 | AUS
 | FRA
 | GER
 | IRL
 | ITA
 | NOR
 | SWE
 | SWI
 | UK
 | | |
| 2007 | *Hvarf/Heim** Released: 5 November 2007 * Label: EMI * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 2 | 49 | 50 | 35 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 45 | 44 | 23 |  | * *Hvarf* (CD 1) contains studio versions of previously unreleased songs. * *Heim* (CD 2) contains live acoustic versions of songs as performed in the film *Heima*. |
| 2008 | *In a Frozen Sea: A Year with Sigur Ros** Released: 8 February 2008 * Label: Artist in Residence * Format: Vinyl |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | * Box set containing *Agaetis Byrjun*, *()*, and *Takk*. * Includes the song "Untitled #9" (a.k.a. "Smáskifa"), first released in *Sigur 1 / Sigur 9*. |
| 2009 | *We Play Endlessly* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | * Collection of songs released under EMI's label Parlophone. |
| "—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Live albums

| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT
 | BEL
 | FRA
 | GER
 | IRL
 | NOR
 | SWE
 | UK
 | US
 |
| 2011 | *Inni** Released: 7 November 2011 * Formats: CD, DVD, LP | 32 | 24 | 76 | 33 | 49 | 32 | 49 | 45 | 73 |

### Remix albums

| Year | Album details | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Von brigði** Released: July 1998 * Label: Smekkleysa * Formats: CD, LP |  |
| 2017 | *Route One** Released: December 2017 * Label: Krúnk * Formats: LP | * Limited release * Re-released in 2018 on Record Store Day |
| 2017 | *Liminal** Released: December 2017 * Label: Krúnk * Formats: LP | * Limited release * Re-released in 2018 on Record Store Day * Remixed by Jónsi, Alex Somers and Paul Corley |
| 2018 | *Liminal 2** Released: October 2018 * Label: * Formats: |  |

### Soundtrack albums

| Year | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Hlemmur** Released: March 2003 * Label: Smekkleysa * Format: CD |
| 2020 | *Odin's Raven Magic** Released: December 2020 * Label: Krúnk * Format: CD, download |

### Video albums

| Year | Album details | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *Heima** Director: Dean DeBlois * Released: 27 September 2007 * Studio: Klikk Productions |  |
| 2013 | *Valtari Film Experiment** Director: Various * Released: 25 February 2013 * Studio: EMI |  |

## Extended plays

| Year | EP details | Peak chart positions | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FRA
 | IRL
 | ITA
 |
| 2001 | *Rímur** Released: April 2001 * Label: Krúnk * Format: CD |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *Sigur 1 / Sigur 9** Released: 13 May 2003 * Label: MCA * Format: CD |  |  |  |
| 2004 | *Ba Ba Ti Ki Di Do** Released: 24 March 2004 * Label: Geffen * Formats: Mini CD, CD, LP | 77 | 25 | 7 |
| 2006 | *Sæglópur Japan Tour EP** Released: 10 July 2006 * Label: EMI * Formats: 12", CD |  |  |  |
| 2013 | *Brennisteinn US Tour EP** Released: 23 March 2013 * Label: * Formats: |  |  |  |

## Singles

| Year | Song | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ICL
 | BEL (FL)
Tip
 | CAN
 | DEN
 | GER
 | IRL
 | UK

 | |
| 1999 | "Svefn-g-englar" |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146 | *Ágætis byrjun* |
| 2000 | "Ný batterí" |  |  |  |  |  |  | 133 | |
| 2003 | "Vaka" |  |  | 4 | 20 | 98 | 31 | 72 | *( )* |
| 2005 | "Glósóli" | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Takk...* |
| | "Hoppípolla" |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 | |
| 2006 | "Sæglópur" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2007 | "Hljómalind" |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91 | *Hvarf/Heim* |
| 2008 | "Gobbledigook" | 9 | 19 |  |  |  |  |  | *Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust* |
| | "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur" | 8 | 16 |  |  |  |  | 152 | |
| 2009 | "Við spilum endalaust" |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2012 | "Ekki múkk" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Valtari* |
| | "Varúð" |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2013 | "Brennisteinn" | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Kveikur* |
| | "Ísjaki" | 12 | 36 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2016 | "Óveður" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| 2017 | "Á" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2023 | "Blóðberg" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Átta* |
| "—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

## Other appearances

These songs have not appeared on official Sigur Rós releases.

### Guest appearances

| Year | Song | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | "Dót"
(with Didda) | *Strokið og slegið* |

### Compilation appearances

| Year | Song | Album | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | "Fljúgðu" | *Smekkleysa í hálfa öld* | * Compilation album featuring artists signed to Smekkleysa Records * Credited to Victory Rose (English translation of "Sigur Rós") |
| 1998 | "Leit Að Lífi" | *Popp í Reykjavík* | * track from "Von Brigði" |
| 2003 | "Ég Mun Læknast" | *Branches and Routes* | * Compilation album featuring artists signed to Fat Cat Records |

### Soundtrack appearances

| Year | Song | Soundtrack | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | "Bíum bíum bambaló" | *Angels of the Universe* |  |
| | "Dánarfregnir og jarðafarir" | | |
| 2004 | Film score | *The Loch Ness Kelpie* |  |
| 2005 | "Á ferð til Breiðafjarðar" | *Gargandi snilld* |  |
| | "Hrafnagaldr Óðins" | | |
| 2009 | "Fljotavik" & "Ara Batur" | *The Boys Are Back* | The film features a score composed by Hal Lindes and a soundtrack by Sigur Rós. |
| 2010 | "Festival" | *127 Hours* |  |
| 2011 | "Hoppípolla" | *We Bought a Zoo* | * Original soundtrack composed by Jónsi |
| 2014 | "The Rains of Castamere" | *Game of Thrones: Season 4* |  |
| 2016 | "Varðeldur" | *Captain Fantastic* | Original soundtrack scored by Alex Somers, a frequent collaborator of Sigur Rós and Jónsi |
| 2017 | "Match" & "End" | "Hang the DJ" | Original soundtrack scored by Alex Somers, a frequent collaborator of Sigur Rós and Jónsi |

## Music videos

| Year | Song | Director(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | "Svefn-g-englar" | August Jakobsson, Sigur Rós |
| 2000 | "Viðrar vel til loftárása" | Stefan Arni, Siggi Kinski, Sigur Rós |
| 2003 | "untitled #1" | Floria Sigismondi |
| 2005 | "Glósóli" | Stefan Arni, Siggi Kinski |
| | "Hoppípolla" | |
| 2006 | "Sæglópur" | Sigur Rós, The Mill |
| 2007 | "Heima" |  |
| 2008 | "Gobbledigook" | Stefan Arni, Siggi Kinski |
| | "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur" | Sigur Rós |
| | | "Við spilum endalaust" |
| 2012 | "Varúð" | Unknown |
| | "Ég anda" | |
| | "Fjögur píanó" | |
| | "Rembihnútur" | |
| | "Ekki múkk" | |
| | "Dauðalogn" | |
| | "Valtari" | |
| 2013 | "Brennisteinn" | Andrew Thomas Huang |
| | "Ísjaki" (Lyric video) | Unknown |
| | | "Kveikur" (promo video) |
| | | "Stormur" (collaborative video) |
| | | "Rafstraumur" |
| 2016 | "Óveður" | Jonas Åkerlund |
| 2023 |
| | "Blóðberg" | Johan Renck |
| | "Andrá" | Katya Gimro, Alexey Krupnik |
| | "8" | Rúrí |
| | "Gold" | Rene van Pannevis |
| | "Ylur" | Sophie Hunter |
| | "Mór" | Glenn Leyburn, Lisa Barros D'Sa |
| | "Glóð" | Claudia Hausfeld, Rúnar Rúnarsson |
| | "Skel" | George Jasper Stone |
| | "Fall" | Katya Gimro |
| | "Klettur" | Frosti Jón Runólfsson |

1. "Sigur Rós \> Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
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3. "Interview with Kjartan Sveinsson". Milan Records. 21 December 2005. Archived from the original (QuickTime) on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
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19. "Certified Awards Search". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
20. Hasty, Katie (21 June 2008). "Sigur Ros unveils "Buzz" in record time". *Reuters*. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
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22. "2018-119". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
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24. Hasty, Katie (28 June 2008). "The Fast and the Furious" (PDF). *Billboard*. p. 61. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
25. Jones, Alan (3 June 2012). "Official Charts Analysis: Gary Barlow LP sells 40k". *Music Week*. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
26. "ARIA Top 20 Vinyl Albums Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
27. "Top Albums (Week 36, 2023)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
28. "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 36 (dal 01.09.2023 al 07.09.2023)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
29. "Discography Sigur Rós". SwissCharts.com. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
30. "Sigur Rós *Hvarf/Heim*, Silver". British Phonographic Industry. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
31. "Discographie Sigur Rós". Austrian-Charts.at. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
32. "Discografie Sigur Rós" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
33. A collaboration with Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, Steindór Andersen, Páll Guðmundsson and Maria Huld Markan Sigfúsdóttir.
34. "Gold & Platinum February 2007". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
35. "*Heima* British Certificate". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
36. "Sigur Rós \> Charts & Awards \> Billboard Singles". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
37. "Musicline.de Chartverfolgung - Sigur Ros" (in German). musicline.de. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
38. Peaks below 100 in the UK:
    * "Svefn-g-englar" and "Ný batterí": "Chartlog 'S'". *Zobbel.de*. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
    * "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur": "UK Chartlog 2008". *Zobbel.de*. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
39. "Strokið og slegið" (in Icelandic). Tónlist. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
40. *Strokið og slegið* (CD liner) (in Icelandic). Didda. 1998.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
41. "Smekkleysa í hálfa öld \> Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
42. "Popp Í Reykjavík \> Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
43. "Branches and Routes: A FatCat Records Compilation \> Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
44. "Angels of the Universe \> Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
45. "Loch Ness film a monster success". *Evening Telegraph*. Dundee: D. C. Thomson & Co. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
46. "Screaming Masterpiece \> Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
47. Service, Tom (23 April 2002). "Sigur Ros, Barbican, London". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
48. Carr, Simon (2000). *The Boys are Back in Town*. Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091793814.
49. "Sigur Rós and Jónsi Collaborator Alex Somers Announces Captain Fantastic Soundtrack | Pitchfork". *Pitchfork*. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
50. Brayson, Johnny. "The 'Captain Fantastic' Soundtrack Is... Fantastic". *Bustle*. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
51. "Hear Sigur Ros' Two New Songs From 'Black Mirror'". *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
52. "Svefn-G-Englar Video and Stills". Fat Cat Records. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
53. "Vidrar Vel Til Loftarasa Video and Stills". Fat Cat Records. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
54. "Sigur Rós: Viðrar vel til loftárása". Arni & Kinski. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
55. "Vidrar Vel Til Loftarasa Video and Stills". Fat Cat Records. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
56. "Sigur Rós: Untitled 1". Floria Sigismondi. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
57. "Sigur Rós: Glósóli". Arni & Kinski. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
58. "Sigur Rós - Glósóli". Universal Music Group. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
59. "Sigur Rós: Hoppípolla". Arni & Kinski. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
60. "Mill Creates Underwater World for Sigur Rós". The Mill. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
61. "Sigur Rós, Gobbledigook; Cornelius, Omstart; Justice, Stress". *Boards Magazine*. Brunico Communications. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
62. "Inní mér video link". Sigur Rós. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
63. "við spilum endalaust video". *sigur-ros.co.uk*. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.

## InfoBox

| Sigur Rós discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Sigur Rós performing at the Roskilde Festival 2006, Denmark | |
| Studio albums | 8 |
| Live albums | 1 |
| Compilation albums | 3 |
| Video albums | 2 |
| Music videos | 23 |
| EPs | 5 |
| Singles | 17 |
| Soundtrack albums | 1 |
| Remix albums | 3 |
| Other appearances | 13 |


title: Sikorzyce, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Sikorzyce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wietrzychowice, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Tarnów and 62 km (39 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Sikorzyce, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

**Sikorzyce** \[ɕikɔˈʐɨt͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wietrzychowice, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Tarnów and 62 km (39 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Sikorzyce | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sikorzyce | |
| Coordinates: 50°11′N 20°47′E / 50.183°N 20.783°E / 50.183; 20.783 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Tarnów |
| Gmina | Wietrzychowice |


title: Silent Screen

abstract: Silent Screen (1967–1993) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse.

text:
# Silent Screen

**Silent Screen** (19671993) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse.

## Background

Silent Screen was trained by J. Bowes Bond for owners Sonny and Leah Ray Werbin who raced under the *nom de course*, Elberon Farm.

## Racing career

Silent Screen was the 1969 American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt. At age three in 1970, he won the Bahamas Stakes at Hialeah Park Race Track and the Saranac Handicap at Saratoga Race Course. He ran second to winner Personality in the Wood Memorial Stakes and third to him in the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the Preakness Stakes.

## Stud record

At stud, Silent Screen was the sire of a number of stakes winners. He died at Gainesway Farm, in Lexington, Kentucky on March 11, 1993, at age 26.

## InfoBox

| Silent Screen | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Prince John |
| Grandsire | Princequillo |
| Dam | Prayer Bell |
| Damsire | Better Self |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1967 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | D.R. Vespo & A. Noviello |
| Owner | Elberon Farm |
| Trainer | J. Bowes Bond |
| Record | 18: 7-2-4 |
| Earnings | US$514,388 |
| Major wins | |
| Arlington-Washington Futurity Stakes (1969)
Champagne Stakes (1969)
Cowdin Stakes (1969)
Bahamas Stakes (1970)
Saranac Handicap (1970) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt (1969) | |


abstract: Silver Lake or Kitts Pond is a lake at Wakefield in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It is considered part of the Saugatucket River watershed, although it does not discharge into the Saugatucket River itself.

text:
# Silver Lake (Washington County, Rhode Island)

**Silver Lake** or **Kitts Pond** is a lake at Wakefield in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It is considered part of the Saugatucket River watershed, although it does not discharge into the Saugatucket River itself.

## InfoBox

| Silver Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Kitts Pond | |
| Silver LakeSilver Lake | |
| Location | South Kingstown, Washington County, Rhode Island, US |
| Coordinates | 41°26′04″N 71°29′25″W / 41.434546°N 71.490335°W / 41.434546; -71.490335 |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 19 m (62 ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Wakefield |
| References |  |


title: Silverleigh, Queensland

abstract: Silverleigh is a rural locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Silverleigh had a population of 80 people.

text:
# Silverleigh, Queensland

**Silverleigh** is a rural locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Silverleigh had a population of 80 people.

## Geography

The Oakey–Cooyar Road runs through the north-western corner.

## History

A Lutheran congregation formed in 1899 and in November 1890 opened St Paul's Lutheran Church. In 1991, due to differences of opinion on religious issues, the church separated from the Lutheran Church of Australia and, in 1992, joined with a number of other like-minded Lutheran congregations to form the Australian Evangelical Lutheran Church.

Local residents requested a school in 1901. Tenders were called to construct the school in May 1902. Boah Peak Provisional School opened on 8 September 1902 under head teacher Albert Amos Braysher. The school was renamed Silverleigh Provisional School in 1904. On 1 January 1909, it became Silverleigh State School. It closed on 4 June 1967. It was at 836 Acland Silverleigh Road (27°19′02″S 151°45′44″E / 27.3172°S 151.7622°E / -27.3172; 151.7622 (Silverleigh State School (former))).

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Silverleigh had a population of 71 people.

In the 2021 census, Silverleigh had a population of 80 people.

## Amenities

Despite the name, St Paul's Lutheran Church, Greenwood, is at 617 Acland Silverleigh Road in Silverleigh (27°18′53″S 151°44′57″E / 27.31461°S 151.74926°E / -27.31461; 151.74926 (St Paul's Lutheran Church, Greenwood)).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Silverleigh
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Silverleigh State School jubilee, 1952 | |
| Silverleigh | |
| Coordinates | 27°20′00″S 151°46′51″E / 27.3333°S 151.7808°E / -27.3333; 151.7808 (Silverleigh (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 80 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1.72/km2 (4.45/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4401 |
| Area | 46.6 km2 (18.0 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Toowoomba Region |
| State electorate(s) | Condamine |
| Federal division(s) | Groom |
| **Suburbs around Silverleigh:**  Acland Highland Plains Highland Plains  Greenwood Silverleigh Goombungee  Greenwood Kelvinhaugh Boodua | |


title: Silver oriole

abstract: The silver oriole is a species of bird in the family Oriolidae. It breeds in southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest where it is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Silver oriole

The **silver oriole** (***Oriolus mellianus***) is a species of bird in the family Oriolidae. It breeds in southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest where it is threatened by habitat loss.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The silver oriole was originally described as a subspecies of the maroon oriole. Along with the black, black-and-crimson and maroon orioles, it belongs to a clade of red and black orioles. Alternate names for the silver oriole include **Mell's maroon oriole**, **Mell's oriole**, **Stresemann's maroon oriole** and **Stresemann's oriole**.

## InfoBox

| Silver oriole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Oriolidae |
| Genus: | *Oriolus* |
| Species: | ***O. mellianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oriolus mellianus***
Stresemann, 1922 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oriolus traillii mellianus* | |


title: Simon Chang (designer)

abstract: Simon Chang is a women's fashion designer, currently residing in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 2008, the designer was honored by Governor General Michaëlle Jean with the Order of Canada "for his contributions to the fashion industry as well as for his philanthropic and social engagement".

text:
# Simon Chang (designer)

**Simon Chang** CM is a women's fashion designer, currently residing in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 2008, the designer was honored by Governor General Michaëlle Jean with the Order of Canada "for his contributions to the fashion industry as well as for his philanthropic and social engagement".

## Biography

Of Chinese descent, Simon was raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. He attended Emily Carr University of Art and Design on a full scholarship awarded by The Hudson’s Bay Company.

After deciding to pursue a career in women's fashion, Simon Chang completed over 300 women's wear collections, from eyewear, to bathing suits, to uniforms.

## InfoBox

| Simon Chang | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | August 3, 1947 (1947-08-03) (age 77)<br>Guangzhou, China |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Education | Emily Carr University of Art and Design |
| Awards | Order of Canada, 2008; Queen Jubilee Award, 2013 |


title: Sigillo

abstract: Sigillo is a comune (municipality) in the province of Perugia in the Italian region Umbria, located about 35 km northeast of Perugia. Sigillo borders the following municipalities: Costacciaro, Fabriano, Fossato di Vico, Gubbio.

text:
# Sigillo

**Sigillo** is a *comune* (municipality) in the province of Perugia in the Italian region Umbria, located about 35 km northeast of Perugia.

Sigillo borders the following municipalities: Costacciaro, Fabriano, Fossato di Vico, Gubbio.

## History

Before the Roman conquest, the territory of Sigillo was inhabited by the *Suillates*, an Umbri tribe; later it was a Roman municipality as ***Suillum*** and was a stage on the Via Flaminia. In 410 it was destroyed by the Goths of Alaric I during his march to Rome.

Later it was part of the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto and of the gastaldate of Nocera, which, after the Frank conquest in the late 8th century, became the county of Nocera. In 1230 Emperor Frederick II destroyed it to punish its Guelph stance. The commune of Perugia rebuilt Sigillo in 1274 with a large castle. Subsequently the center was disputed between the Baglioni, Boldrino, Azzo and Montefeltro families, as well as by the condottiero Braccio da Montone. In 1500 it was sacked by Cesare Borgia and, in the mid-16th century, became part of the Papal States.

## Main sights

* Romanesque-Gothic church of *Santa Maria di Scirca*, with 15th-century frescoes by Matteo di Gualdo
* Church of St. Anne, on the ancient Via Flaminia.
* Remains of the medieval *Rocca* ("Castle"), now an Augustinian convent.
* Roman bridges

## InfoBox

| Sigillo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Sigillo | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Sigillo | |
| SigilloLocation of Sigillo in ItalySigilloSigillo (Umbria) | |
| Coordinates: 43°19′52″N 12°44′32″E / 43.33111°N 12.74222°E / 43.33111; 12.74222 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Umbria |
| Province | Perugia (PG) |
| *Frazioni* | Fontemaggio, Val di Ranco, Villa Scirca |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Giampiero Fugnanesi |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.48 km2 (10.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 490 m (1,610 ft) |
| Population (30 June 2016) | |
| Total | 2,401 |
| Density | 91/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Sigillani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 06028 |
| Dialing code | 075 |
| Patron saint | St. Anne |
| Saint day | July 26 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Simon Kunz

abstract: Simon Charles Kunz is an actor on stage and screen.

text:
# Simon Kunz

**Simon Charles Kunz** (born 15 October 1962) is an actor on stage and screen.

## Early life

He attended Latymer Upper School, then completed a degree in Theatre Studies at the University of Warwick.

## Career

He appeared in *The Parent Trap* as Martin in one of his first roles in film. He appeared as a lead character in the first two seasons of the BBC/BBC America/Netflix historical television drama, *The Last Kingdom*.

Of his stage performances, his role as Max in *Address Unknown* (2013) at the Soho Theatre, London, was described as a "superb performance" of a "study in dawning agony".

## Filmography

### Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *Four Weddings and a Funeral* | John with the Unfaithful Wife – Wedding One |  |
| 1995 | *The Young Poisoner's Handbook* | John |  |
| | *GoldenEye* | Severnaya Duty Officer |  |
| 1998 | *The Parent Trap* | Martin |  |
| | *Jeremiah* | Gemariah | TV film |
| 1999 | *Tube Tales* | White Pinstripe Suit Man | (segment "Steal Away") |
| 2001 | *The Bunker* | Lt. Wilhelm Krupp |  |
| | *The Affair of the Necklace* | Minister of Titles |  |
| 2005 | *The Cave* | Mike – Caver #1 |  |
| | *Red Mercury* | Briggs |  |
| 2006 | *Désaccord parfait* | Randall |  |
| | *January 2nd* | Frank |  |
| 2007 | *I Could Never Be Your Woman* | Intruder |  |
| 2008 | *City of Ember* | Captain Fleery |  |
| 2011 | *Just Henry* | Inspector Titmus | TV film |
| | *Captain America: The First Avenger* | US Army doctor |  |
| 2012 | *A Fantastic Fear of Everything* | Police Sergeant Smythe |  |
| 2013 | *Trance* | Surgeon |  |
| | *Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa* | Conner Scott |  |
| | *Walking with the Enemy* | Jozsef Greenberg |  |
| 2014 | *Son of God* | Nicodemus |  |
| | *Get Santa* | Ugly Sister |  |
| 2015 | *Winter* | Dr. Allen |  |
| 2017 | *The Foreigner* | Matthew Rice |  |
| TBA | *Jericho Ridge* |  | Post-production |
|

### TV

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *Highlander: The Series* | Damon Case |  |
| 1993–2006 | *The Bill* | James Allinson / D.C.I. Calder / Simon Nicholls / Mr. Flint |  |
| 1993 | *Minder* | Anderson | Episode: "I'll Never Forget Whats'ername" |
| 1997 | *Brass Eye* | Graham / Captain Mervyn Bruge / Senator Dale Lee Agsby | Episodes: "Sex", "Decline"' |
| 2000–2002 | *Casualty* | Tony Eastwood / John |  |
| 2002–2004 | *My Family* | Geoffrey, Auctioneer |  |
| 2004 | *Auf Wiedersehen Pet* | Evan Trasker |  |
| 2004 | *Rosemary and Thyme* | Chris Stevens | Episode: "The Memory of Water" |
| 2005–2015 | *Midsomer Murders* | Miles Rattigan, Bruce Hartley |  |
| 2006 | *Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire* | Attalus |  |
| 2007 | *M.I. High* | Roger Powell | The Big Freeze |
| 2010 | *The IT Crowd* | Judge | Episode: "Reynholm vs Reynholm" |
| 2011 | *Silent Witness* | Assistant Chief Constable Matthew Maynard | Episode: "Lost" (series 14) |
| 2013 | *The Bible* | Nicodemus |  |
| 2014–2017 | *Sherlock* | Sir Edwin |  |
| 2015–2017 | *The Last Kingdom* | Odda the Elder |  |
| 2017 | *Gunpowder* | Lord Howard |  |
| 2018 | *Requiem* | Lloyd Satlow |  |
| 2019 | *Jerusalem* | Herbert Quick | main role,post-production |
| 2021 | *This Time with Alan Partridge* | Father Paul | S2; E1 |
| 2021 | *Deceit* | Sir Harry Ognall | Episode 4 |
|

## Theatre

## InfoBox

| Simon Charles Kunz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-10-15) 15 October 1962 |
| Education | University of Warwick |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Relatives | Charlie Kunz (grandfather) |