abstract: The 1971 Argentina rugby union tour of South Africa was a series of 14 matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team in June and July 1971. It was the second tour of Argentinian team in South Africa, six year after the 1965 tour. The "Pumas" didn't play against Springboks (playing meanwhile in Australia, but against the Gazelles, the selection of emerging young players. Originally was scheduled also a match in Rhodesia, but it was cancelled after a prohibition of Argentine government.

text:
# 1971 Argentina rugby union tour of South Africa

The **1971 Argentina rugby union tour of South Africa**  was a series of 14 matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team in June and July 1971.

It was the second tour of Argentinian team in South Africa, six year after the 1965 tour .

The "Pumas" didn't play against Springboks (playing meanwhile in Australia, but against the Gazelles, the selection of emerging young players.

Originally was scheduled also a match in Rhodesia, but it was cancelled after a prohibition of Argentine government.

## Matches

| South Est Transvaal | 3 - 21 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Try:** M.Pascual, D.Morgan, G.Blacksley, B.Otaño
**Con:** H.Méndez 3
**Pen:** H.Méndez |

**South East Transvall:** M.de Pager; B.Strydom, J.Killitan, S.Breytenbach, K.Ferreira; K.Nel, J.Van Zyl; O.Du Preez, L.Luus, J.de Lange; L.Van der Merwe, K.Venter; S.Du Tand, H.Steenkamp (capt.), J.Taljaard.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, R.Matarazzo, A.Travaglini, M.Walther; H.Méndez, G.Blacksley; R.Foster, R.Handley, L.García Yáñez; B.Otaño, A.Anthony; M.Morgan, H.Silva (capt.), N.Carbone.

---

| East.Orange Free State | 0 - 26 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Try:** M.Pascual 2, T.Harris-Smith, N.Carbone,
**Con:** D.Margan
**Pen:** D.Morgan, H.Méndez
**Drop:** T.Harris Smith 2 |

**Eastern Orange Free State**: G.Kotze: M.Van Rensburg, K.Wessel, P.Pultney, J.Visagie; D.Fourie, Pultney; R.Simes, J.Mintz, T.Human; G.Jordany K.Scheespers; C.Betern, J.Bell, T.Lyell.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, J.Walther, A.Travaglini, M.Walther, H.Méndez, A.Etchegaray; R.Foster, R.Handley, H.Incola: N.Carbone, B.Otaño; A.Anthony, H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman.

---

| Northern Universities | 20 - 14 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Ch.Parker, A.Millar, D.Gradwell
**Con:** D.Gradwell
**Pen:** D.Gradwell 3 |  | **Try:** E.Morgan,
**Con:** D.Morgan
**Pen:** D.Morgan 2, T.Harris-Smith |

**Northern Universities:** O.de Meyer; A.Millar, D.van Wyk, B.Grace, Ch.Parker; D.Gradwell, J.Osthuizen; R.Portgieter, K.Resnick (capt.), N.Bezuidenbout; P.Bezuidenbout, T.Bernard; P.Du Pleussis, J.Stofberg, B.Bernardo.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; E.Morgan, A.Rodríguez Jurado, A.Travaglini, M.Walther; T.Harris-Smith, A.Etchegaray; R.Foster, R.Handley, L.García Yáñez; A.Anthony B.Otaño; N.Carbone, H.Silva (capt.), M.Morgan.

---

| SA Colleges | 13 - 18 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** J.De Vos 2 C.Classen
**Con:** J.Sauerman 2 |  | **Try:** A.Rodríguez Jurado 2, J.Walther
**Pen:** R.Espagnol
**Drop:** R.Espagnol, T.Harris-Smith |

**South African Colleges:** J.Sauerman; G.Germisius, J.Croftd-Jones, J.de Vos, Jan Pretorius; C.Classen, B.Wolmarans; R.van der Merwe, J.Wagenaer, R.Marchant; C.Knoetze, P.Clarke; J.Joubert, J.Kleingeld, M.Kocket.
**Argentina:**R.Espagnol; M.Pascual, A.Rodríguez Jurado, J.Walther, A.Travaglini; T.Harris-Smith, G.Blaksley; H.Incola, J.Constante, R.Foster, A.Anthony, B.Otaño; H.Miguens, H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman.

---

| Natal | 6 - 11 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Greyling
**Drop:** M.Swanby |  | **Try:** A.Travaglini
**Con:** R.Espagnol;
**Pen:** A.Travaglini 2 |

**Natal:** M.Swanby; R.Pitcher, R.Greyling, P.de Lange, M.Warner; T.Mehrtens, C.Hola; T. Dannahauser, J.Krotzingery R.Steyn (capt.); M.Van Rensburg, M.Mckenzie; F.Jackson, S.Labuschagno, D.Van der Berg.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, R.Matarazzo, A.Travaglini, J.Walther; R.Espagnol, G.Blaksley; J.Wittman, H.Silva (capt.), N.Carbone; A.Anthony, B.Otaño; R.Foster, R.Handley, H.Incola.

---

| Northern Orange Free State | 16 - 23 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Armes, F.Aucamp, W.Potgieter;
**Con:** F.Froneman 2
**Pen:** F.Froneman |  | **Try:** R.Matarazzo,
**Con:** R.Espagnol;
**Pen:** R.Espagnol 4
**Drop:** R.Espagnok, A.Etchegaray |

**Northern Orange Free State:** J.Louw; F.Aucamp; B.Harris, D.Boytma, W.Armes; F.Froneman; J.van Eevter; H.Boerseun Roux, W.Potgieter; E.Kapp, J.Vandenberg; H.Fourie.B.Colette, J.Tredoux.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, J.Walther, R.Matarazzo, E.Morgan; R.Espagnol y a.Etchegaray; M.Morgan, H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman; A.Anthony, J.Fernández; A.Orzábal, R. Handley, L.García Yáñez

---

| SA Gazelles | 12 - 6 | Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** B.Swartz, C.Holm
**Pen:** J.Van Deventer
**Drop:** J.Van Deventer |  | **Pen:** R.Espagnol 2 |

**Gazelles:** J.van Deventer; T.Du Toit, A.Swartz, A.van Staden, L.Vogel; J.Barnard, C.Hola; B.Neetling, J.Wagenaar, R.Potgieter; J.Jamneck, J.van Aswegen; M.van Resnburg, P.vanDeventer, C.Grobler.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, R.Matarazzo, A.Rodríguez Jurado, A.Travaglini; R.Espagnol, G.Blaksley; H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman, N.Carbone; B.Otaño, A.Anthony; R.Foster, R.Handley, L.García Yáñez.

---

| South West Districts | 11 - 17 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** L.Du Toit
**Con:** G.de Kok
**Pen:** G.de Kok 2 |  | **Try:** M.Walther, A.Rodríguez Jurado 2, H.Silva
**Con:** H.Silva
**Pen:** T.Harris-Smith |

**South Western Districts:** G.Kok; J.Bester, F.Stander, F.van Zyl, H.Faricius; S.de Oplesis, S.Bradley; P.Carstens, H.Vester, L.Du Toit; T.van der Westhuizen, J.Swec, C.Pretorius, S.Jonker.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Walther, A.Travaglini, A.Rodríguez Jurado, M.Pascual; T.Harris-Smith, A.Etchegaray; R.Foster, J.Constante, H.Incola; M.Morgan, B.Otaño; L.García Yáñez, H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman.

---

| South Africa Country District | 0 - 16 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Try:** H.Silva, M.Morgan, R.Matarazzo;
**Con:** T.Harris-Smith 2
**Drop:** T.Harris-Smith |

**South Africa CD**: A.Joubet; O.Fourie, B.Swartz, K.Walkdeck, P.Ackerman; L.Gerber, F.Duplessis; D.van der Merwe, D.Slabbert, D.Coleshan; B.Stander, K.Engelbrecht; J.Kritzinger, B.Jamneck, D.Vorster.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, A.Travaglini, A.Rodríguez Jurado, M.Walther; T.Harris-Smith, A.Etchegaray; H.Silva (capt.), M.Morgan, J.Wittman; A.Anthony, B.Otaño; R.Foster, R.Handley, L.García Yáñez.

---

| Southern Universities | 12 - 9 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** F. Burger
**Pen:** J. Snyman 3 |  | **Try:** M. Pascual
**Pen:** T. Harris-Smith 2 |

**Southern Universities:** R.Carlson; P.Berning, J.Snyman, J.van der Merwe, J.Engelbrecht (capt.); J.Nel, F.de Villiers; R.Bryant, B.Butler, R.Stader; J.Le Roux, G.Watt; F.Burger, B.Cohetes, P.Le Roux.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, A.Travaglini, J.Walther, M.Walther; T.Harris-Smith, A.Etchegaray, H.Silva (capt.), M.Morgan, J.Wittman; A.Anthony, B.Otaño; R.Foster, R.Handley, L.García Yáñez

---

| North West Cape | 3 - 17 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Pen:** B.Young |  | **Try:** J.Walther, R.Foster
**Con:** R.Espagnol
**Pen:** R.Espagnol
**Drop:** R.Espagnol 2, |

**North west Cape:** Ch.Husamen; P.Maas, K.de Jong, J.Kotze, A.van Tonder; L.Harvey, T.van Zyl; N.De Pager; D.Herman, T.Kamfer; J.Niewoudt, H.Engelbrech (capt.); M.Vincent, V.Hanekom, B.Young.
**Argentina:**H.Silva (capt.); E.Morgan, G.Blacksley, J.Wittman, N.Carbone; A. Anthony, J.Fernández; H.Incola, U.Constante, R.Foster.

---

| Far North | 6 - 6 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Pen:** B.Viljoen
**Drop:** F.Roux |  | **Try:** A.Rodríguez Jurado, M.Walther |

**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Walther, A.Rodríguez Jurado, G.Blacksley, N.Pérez; R.Espagnol, A.Etchegaray; N.Carbone, H.Miguens, M.Morgan; J.Fernández, A.Orzábal; H.Incola, J.Constante, L.García Yáñez

---

| SA Gazelles | 0 - 12 | Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Pen:** T.Harris-Smith 2
**Drop:** T.Harris-Smith 2 |

**Gazelles:** J.van Deventer; D.Svodoba, R.Swartz, T.Symons, A.Leter; D.Svodoba, R.Holm; T.Neetling (capt.), J.Wagenaar, D.Coleshaw; P.van Devente, J.van Aswegen; M.van Rensburg, K.van Dyck, K.Grobler.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Walther, A.Rodríguez Jurado, A.Travaglini, M.Pascual; T.Harris, A.Etchegaray; H.Silva (capt.), J.Wittman, M.Morgan; A.Anthony, J.Fernández; R.Foster, R.Handley, H.Incola.

---

| Giqualand West | 22 - 11 | Argentina XV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** de K.Waldeck, B.Swartz
T.Smith, B.Fourie
**Con:** P.Smith, P.Visagie
**Pen:** P.Smith, P.Visagie, |  | **Try:** M.Walther
**Con:** T.Harris-Smith;
**Pen:** de T.Harris-Smit
**Drop:** A.Etchegaray |

---

**Griqualand West:** T.Smith; O.Fourie, B.Swartz, K.Waldeck, J.Lategan; P.Visagie, J.Viljoen; B.Fourie, D.Slabbert, S.Nel; P.Smith, J.Theron; V.Schnetler, P.van Deventer, D.Vorster.
**Argentina:**D.Morgan; M.Pascual, A.Travaglini, R.Matarazzo, M.Walther; T.Harris-Smith, A.Etchegaray; H.Silva (capt.), H.Miguens, J.Wittman; B.Otaño, L.García Yáñez; R.Foster, R.Handley, H.Incola

## Sources

* Vivian Jenkins, ed. (1979). *Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1979-80*. Queen Anne Press. pp. 47–51. ISBN 0-354-09087-9.
* Union Argentina de Rugby (November 1971). "MEMORIA Temporada año 1971" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (.doc) on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

## InfoBox

| 1971 Argentina rugby union tour of South Africa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Total | 14 09 01 04 |
| Test match | 2 01 00 01 |
|  | |
| Opponent | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Gazelles | 2  1  0  1 |


title: Storyteller (Carrie Underwood album)

abstract: Storyteller is the fifth studio album recorded by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood. It was released on October 23, 2015, by Sony Music Nashville. Following the release and success of her fourth studio album, Blown Away (2012), Underwood began working on Storyteller in early 2014. However, she tentatively suspended most work on the album because of her pregnancy with her first child. In the midterm, Underwood released her first greatest hits record, Greatest Hits: Decade #1, on December 9, 2014, to much success. After the birth of her son, she took some additional time off before going back into the studio in early 2015 to finish working on the album. Met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, Storyteller became a commercial success and set multiple records upon its release. By debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 chart, it made Underwood the only country artist in history to have all of her first five studio albums debut at number one or two, and with a number one debut on the Top Country Albums chart, it made her the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on the chart. Storyteller also performed well internationally upon its release, including a number four debut in Australia, number three in Canada and thirteen in the United Kingdom. As of October 2016, the album has been certified Platinum by the RIAA. It marks Underwood's sixth consecutive album to go either Platinum or multi-Platinum. The album produced two consecutive Billboard Country Airplay chart number-one singles in "Heartbeat" and "Church Bells", along with the number-two singles, "Smoke Break" and "Dirty Laundry." "Smoke Break", "Heartbeat" and "Dirty Laundry" also topped the Billboard Canada Country chart. All four singles received multi-Platinum or Platinum certifications. Storyteller was Underwood's last album under Arista Nashville and Sony Music Group, following her new deal with Universal Music Group's Capitol Nashville.

text:
# Storyteller (Carrie Underwood album)

***Storyteller*** is the fifth studio album recorded by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood. It was released on October 23, 2015, by Sony Music Nashville. Following the release and success of her fourth studio album, *Blown Away* (2012), Underwood began working on *Storyteller* in early 2014. However, she tentatively suspended most work on the album because of her pregnancy with her first child. In the midterm, Underwood released her first greatest hits record, *Greatest Hits: Decade #1*, on December 9, 2014, to much success. After the birth of her son, she took some additional time off before going back into the studio in early 2015 to finish working on the album.

Met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, *Storyteller* became a commercial success and set multiple records upon its release. By debuting at number two on the *Billboard* 200 chart, it made Underwood the only country artist in history to have all of her first five studio albums debut at number one or two, and with a number one debut on the Top Country Albums chart, it made her the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on the chart. *Storyteller* also performed well internationally upon its release, including a number four debut in Australia, number three in Canada and thirteen in the United Kingdom. As of October 2016, the album has been certified Platinum by the RIAA. It marks Underwood's sixth consecutive album to go either Platinum or multi-Platinum.

The album produced two consecutive *Billboard* Country Airplay chart number-one singles in "Heartbeat" and "Church Bells", along with the number-two singles, "Smoke Break" and "Dirty Laundry." "Smoke Break", "Heartbeat" and "Dirty Laundry" also topped the *Billboard* Canada Country chart. All four singles received multi-Platinum or Platinum certifications.

*Storyteller* was Underwood's last album under Arista Nashville and Sony Music Group, following her new deal with Universal Music Group's Capitol Nashville.

## Background

After the release and success of her fourth studio album, *Blown Away*, in 2012 and its international supporting tour, Blown Away Tour (2012–2013), Underwood confirmed, in August 2013, that she had begun planning on a new album and would start working on it in 2014. However, she released her first greatest hits album in late 2014 to much success, while pregnant with her first child. After giving birth, in February 2015, Underwood went back into the studio to finish working on the album. On August 20, 2015, Underwood announced the album's title and release date via live Facebook stream.

Underwood has described Storyteller as being more laid-back and more twangy as opposed to her last studio album, *Blown Away* (2012). For this album, Underwood worked with frequent collaborators such as Hillary Lindsey, Ashley Gorley, Chris DeStefano, David Hodges, Brett James, and Mark Bright, although Underwood also worked with new collaborators such as Liz Rose, Zach Crowell, and Jay Joyce. Joyce produced the album's lead single "Smoke Break", which Underwood wrote with DeStefano and Lindsey.

## Promotion

Underwood revealed the album's track listing on September 9, 2015, via her Instagram account. On September 10, 2015, Underwood appeared on *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon* and also performed "Smoke Break". On September 21, 2015, Underwood performed the song at the Apple Music Festival in London.

On October 9, 2015, "Heartbeat" was released as a promotional single from the album. The song features background vocals by country artist Sam Hunt . It sold 23,000 copies and debuted at number 26 on Hot Country Songs chart for the week ending October 31, 2015. As of October 26, 2015 the song has sold 31,000 copies. The song also entered the Scottish Singles Chart at number 80.

"Renegade Runaway" was released as the second promotional single on October 16, 2015. It sold 13,000 copies and debuted at number 34 on Hot Country Songs chart. A third and final promotional single, "What I Never Knew I Always Wanted" was released October 19, 2015. It sold 9,000 copies and entered the Hot Country Songs chart at number 38 and reached number 32. As of November 21, 2015, it sold 21,000 copies. All three singles were made available for download on iTunes, Amazon, and other digital retailers with a pre-order of the full *Storyteller* album.

In support of the album, Underwood returned to headline the C2C: Country to Country festival for the first time since 2013, making her the first artist to headline the festival twice. She performed concerts in London, Dublin, Glasgow, Oslo and Stockholm.

### Singles

"Smoke Break", the lead single off *Storyteller*, was released on August 21, 2015. The song set an all-time record for the largest first-week radio adds in the history of *Country Aircheck*, with 145 Mediabase adds and 159 total *Billboard* and *Country Aircheck* reporting stations lined up for the song's official airplay impact date. It reached number four on the Hot Country Songs chart and number two on the Country Airplay chart.

"Heartbeat" was released as the second single from *Storyteller* at the 2015 American Music Awards. The song made its official impact on country radio on November 30, 2015. It has reached number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming her 14th leader on the chart, widening her record for the most number-one's among women in the history of the chart.

"Chaser" was released as a single exclusively to UK radio stations on April 1, 2016. It marked Underwood's first limited release to European stations.

"Church Bells" is the third single from "Storyteller" in the US, and was released to country radio on April 11, 2016. It has reached number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming Underwood's 15th number one on that chart. The song was nominated for Best Country Solo Performance at the 59th Grammy Awards.

On August 12, 2016, it was confirmed that "Dirty Laundry" would be serviced as the fourth single in the United States and Canada, and was released to country radio on September 5, 2016. It peaked at number two on Country Airplay chart and number three on Hot Country Songs chart.

### Tour

Underwood began the Storyteller Tour: Stories in the Round on January 30, 2016, in Jacksonville, Florida to support the album. The first leg of the tour was completed by May 31, 2016. On July 21, 2016, *Billboard* published their mid-year touring update for the highest-grossing tours between November 10, 2015, and June 6, 2016, and Storyteller Tour was ranked the tenth highest-grossing tour for that period with a total gross of $29,993,822 and total attendance of 449,396.

The tour was concluded on November 28, 2016. It has grossed $51,204,491 and had played to a million fans.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 74/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Billboard* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A− |
| *Exclaim!* | 6/10 |
| *Newsday* | B+ |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Spin* | 7/10 |
| *USA Today* |  |
| *Vice* (Expert Witness) | A− |

*Storyteller* received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 74, based on nine reviews. It is the highest Metascore for any of Underwoods' albums.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the record "demands attention and it deserves it, too", while *The Boston Globe*'s Sarah Rodman called it Underwood's best album yet. Jewly Hight from *Billboard* wrote, "Unlike newer country acts who can sound like they’re merely co-starring with their own faddish production, Underwood commands the spotlight, balancing the well-established extremes of her on-stage persona -- Midwestern girl-next-door and imperious diva -- within these freshened-up aesthetic frames." Robert Christgau wrote in *Vice* that the record has more "good tales" on it than Underwood's *Greatest Hits* album. "She still oversings sometimes, as idols will", he said, "but finally she's relaxed enough to let the songs narrate for themselves—be they torch-carrying and fuck-you songs, bad girl and justifiable homicide songs, or tonight's-the-night and happily-ever-after songs."

*New York Times* critic Jon Caramanica was less impressed, finding much of the songwriting devoid of "bite or pulp" while accusing Underwood of singing bombastically throughout the album. "She largely picks songs that serve as launch platforms for her ballistic-missile voice," he wrote, "but they don’t cohere into a whole identity." In *Exclaim!*, Stuart Henderson wrote that the record is "more than halfway boring," explaining that "it isn't uninspired or weakly performed. Rather, it is boring in spite of the overwhelming bombast, the booming bass and pounding drums, the huge vocals, the wailing guitars; it is boring because rather than electrifying you, it distances and anaesthetizes."

## Accolades

The album received a nomination for Album of the Year for the 50th annual Country Music Association Awards. It won Favorite Album - Country at the 2016 American Music Awards, Underwood's fifth album to do so.

| Year | Association | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | American Country Countdown Awards | Album of the Year | Nominated |
| | Billboard Music Awards | Top Country Album | Nominated |
| | CMA Awards | Album of the Year | Nominated |
| | BCMA Awards | International Album of the Year | Nominated |
| | American Music Awards | Favorite Album - Country | Won |

## Commercial performance

In the United States, *Storyteller* debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200 with 177,000 album-equivalent units; the album sold 164,000 copies in pure sales, with the remainder of its unit total reflecting the album's streaming and track equivalent album units. This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the *Billboard* 200 chart. In addition, the album debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart, earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart. It held the number two position on the *Billboard 200* in its second week, moving another 81,000 units, including over 73,000 album copies sold. On the chart dated December 19, it rose back to number one on the Top Country Albums for a second week. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 4, 2015, for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US. In October 2016, the album was certified Platinum, one year after its release, becoming the sixth album by Underwood to receive a Platinum certification. As of April 2017, the album has sold 752,100 copies in the US.

Outside of the United States, the album debuted at number three in Canada, number four in Australia, number six in Scotland, number thirteen on the UK Albums Chart—becoming her second top twenty album in the region—and charted in another six regions.

## Track listing

*Storyteller* Standard edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Renegade Runaway" |  | Jay Joyce | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Dirty Laundry" |  | Joyce | 3:25 |
| 3. | "Church Bells" |  | Mark Bright | 3:15 |
| 4. | "Heartbeat" | * Underwood * Crowell * Gorley | Crowell | 3:31 |
| 5. | "Smoke Break" | * Underwood * DeStefano * Lindsey | Joyce | 3:20 |
| 6. | "Choctaw County Affair" | Jason White | Joyce | 3:31 |
| 7. | "Like I'll Never Love You Again" |  | Joyce | 3:37 |
| 8. | "Chaser" |  | Joyce | 4:24 |
| 9. | "Relapse" | * Ben Caver * Sara Haze * James | Crowell | 3:24 |
| 10. | "Clock Don't Stop" | * Blair Daly * DeStefano * Lindsey | Bright | 3:23 |
| 11. | "The Girl You Think I Am" |  | Bright | 3:38 |
| 12. | "Mexico" |  | Bright | 3:28 |
| 13. | "What I Never Knew I Always Wanted" | * Underwood * James * Lindsey | Bright | 3:36 |
| Total length: | | | | 46:12 |

*Storyteller* Target exclusive edition (bonus tracks)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Heartbeat" (stripped) | * Underwood * Crowell * Gorley | Crowell | 3:21 |
| 15. | "Little Girl Don't Grow Up Too Fast" | * Underwood * DeStefano * Lindsey | Bright | 4:26 |
| Total length: | | | | 53:59 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from AllMusic.

**Performers**

**Musicians**

* John Deaderick – keyboards (1, 2, 5–8)
* Jay Joyce – keyboards (1, 2, 8), synth pad (1, 2, 5, 7, 8), programming (1, 2, 5, 7, 8), electric guitar (1, 2, 5–8), bass (5, 7)
* Charlie Judge – synthesizers (3, 10, 12, 13), programming (3, 10, 13), accordion (11)
* Jimmy Nichols – acoustic piano (3, 10–13)
* Zach Crowell – keyboards (4, 9), acoustic piano (4), programming (4, 9), guitar (4)
* Tom Bukovac – electric guitar (1, 2, 8, 12)
* Bryan Sutton – acoustic guitar (1, 2, 8)
* Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar (3, 10–13)
* Ilya Toshinsky – acoustic guitar (3, 10–13), mandolin (11)
* Devin Malone – electric guitar (4, 9), pedal steel guitar (4), cello (4)
* Pat McGrath – acoustic guitar (4, 9), banjo (4), mandolin (9)
* Derek Wells – electric guitar (4, 9)
* Adam Ollendorff – dobro (4)
* Forest Glen Whitehead – acoustic guitar (5, 7)
* Rob McNelley – electric guitar (6)
* Jerry Flowers – bass (1, 2, 8)
* Michael Rhodes – bass (3, 12, 13)
* Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass (4, 9, 10, 11)
* Dave Roe – bass (5, 6, 7)
* Fred Eltringham – drums (1, 2, 5–8), percussion (1, 2, 5–8)
* Chris McHugh – drums (3, 4, 9–13)
* Eric Darken – percussion (3, 10–13)
* Travis Meadows – harmonica (6)

**Production and design**

* Producers – Jay Joyce (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–8); Mark Bright (Tracks 3 & 10–13); Zach Crowell (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Production Assistant (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–8) – Melissa Spillman
* A&R (Tracks 3 & 10–13) – Kristen Wines
* Production Coordination – Mike "Frog" Girffith (Tracks 3 & 10–13); Kenley Flynn (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Engineers – Jason Hall (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–8); Derek Bason (Tracks 3 & 10–13); Nick Autry (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Additional Engineers – Adam Chagnon and Andrew Schubert (Tracks 1, 2 & 4–9); Zach Crowell (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Assistant Engineers – Paul Cossette and Caleb VanBuskirk (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–8); Chris Small (Tracks 3 & 10–13); Kam Luchterland (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Recorded at Starstruck Studios, Sound Stage Studios and The Pizza Kitchen (Nashville, Tennessee).
* Mixing – Chris Lord-Alge (Tracks 1, 2 & 4–9); Derek Bason (Tracks 3 & 10–13)
* Mix Assistants – Keith Armstrong and Nik Karpen (Tracks 1, 2 & 4–9); Chris Small (Tracks 3 & 10–13).
* Tracks 1, 2 & 4–9 mixed at Mix LA (Los Angeles, California).
* Tracks 3 & 10–13 mixed at Starstruck Studios.
* Digital Editing – Derek Bason and Chris Small (Tracks 3 & 10–13); Zach Crowell (Tracks 4 & 9).
* Mastered by Adam Ayan at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine).
* Creative Director and Design – Scott McDaniel
* Package Design – Grace Boto
* Photography – Randee St. Nichols
* Liner Notes – Carrie Underwood
* Manager – Ann Edelblute

## Other charted songs

Following the release of the album, five of its songs charted on the Hot Country Songs: "The Girl You Think I Am" at number 38 (8,000 copies sold), "Like I'll Never Love You Again" at number 39 (8,000 copies), "Dirty Laundry" at number 47 (3,000 copies), "Relapse" at number 48 (4,000 copies) and "Church Bells" at number 49 (2,300 copies).

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

List of release dates, showing region, formats, label, editions and reference
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Edition(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | October 23, 2015 |  | Sony Music Nashville | Standard |  |
| | | Canada | |  |  |
| | | United Kingdom | | Columbia |  |
| | | United States | | * Arista Nashville * 19 |  |

## InfoBox

| Storyteller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Carrie Underwood | |
| Released | October 23, 2015 (2015-10-23) |
| Recorded | 2014–15 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 46:12 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Carrie Underwood chronology | |
| *Greatest Hits: Decade #1*
(2014) ***Storyteller***
(2015) *Cry Pretty*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Storyteller* | |
| 1. "Smoke Break"
Released: August 21, 2015 2. "Heartbeat"
Released: November 30, 2015 3. "Church Bells"
Released: April 11, 2016 4. "Dirty Laundry"
Released: September 5, 2016 | |
|  | |


title: Wilhelm Henzen

abstract: Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Henzen was a German philologist and epigraphist born in Bremen. He studied philology at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin, afterwards traveling to Paris and London, where he furthered his education by becoming fluent in French and English. With Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784-1868), he undertook archaeological investigations in Italy and Greece, and in 1842 settled in Rome, where in 1856 he succeeded August Emil Braun (1809-1856) as first secretary of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. From 1876 onward, he was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei. Henzen was a leading authority on Latin epigraphy. With Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) and Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822-1894), he carried out plans for a universal "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum" based on a scheme presented to the Berlin Academy by Mommsen in 1847. Also, he provided a supplemental volume to Johann Caspar von Orelli's collection of Latin inscriptions, "Inscriptionum latinarum collectio" (1856).

text:
# Wilhelm Henzen

**Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Henzen** (24 January 1816  27 January 1887) was a German philologist and epigraphist born in Bremen.

He studied philology at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin, afterwards traveling to Paris and London, where he furthered his education by becoming fluent in French and English. With Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784-1868), he undertook archaeological investigations in Italy and Greece, and in 1842 settled in Rome, where in 1856 he succeeded August Emil Braun (1809-1856) as first secretary of the *Deutsches Archäologisches Institut* (German Archaeological Institute). From 1876 onward, he was a member of the *Accademia dei Lincei*.

Henzen was a leading authority on Latin epigraphy. With Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) and Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822-1894), he carried out plans for a universal "*Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum*" based on a scheme presented to the Berlin Academy by Mommsen in 1847. Also, he provided a supplemental volume to Johann Caspar von Orelli's collection of Latin inscriptions, "*Inscriptionum latinarum collectio*" (1856).

## Selected works

* "Quaestionum polybianarum specimen, continens vitam...", Berolini: Brandes & Klewert, 1840.
* "Tabula alimentaria Baebianorum : illustravit deque publicis Romanorum alimentis" (dissertation), 1845.
* *Iscrizione onoraria d'Adriano / illustrata da G. Henzen*, Roma : Tipografia tiberina, 1862.
* *Scavi nel bosco sacro de' fratelli Arvali*, 1869.
* *Wilhelm Henzen und das Institut auf dem Kapitol*, (with Eduard Gerhard and Hans-Georg Kolbe).


title: Thorius pennatulus

abstract:
Thorius pennatulus is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae and one of the smallest tetrapods, with adults reaching a length of about 15 to 21 millimetres.
It is endemic to the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico.

text:
# Thorius pennatulus

***Thorius pennatulus*** is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae and one of the smallest tetrapods, with adults reaching a length of about 15 to 21 millimetres (0.59 to 0.83 in). It is endemic to the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico.

## Description

*Thorius pennatulus* is a very small species of salamander reaching a total length of up to 21 millimetres (0.83 in). The head is broad with a pointed snout, small nostrils and protuberant eyes. The tail and limbs are relatively long. The hands and feet are slender with short digits, the longest of which are pointed. The colour is generally pale brown with a regular pattern of darker markings on the back.

## Distribution and habitat

*Thorius pennatulus* has been found at several locations on the Gulf slope of the northern Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, between 1,000 and 1,500 meters elevation. It is a terrestrial species and during the day hides under rocks, in or under rotten logs or among leaf litter in banana plantations. It inhabits cloud forest and lower altitude forest and is also found in damp coffee plantations.

## Biology

The young of *Thorius pennatulus* develop directly in the egg and do not have a larval stage.

## Status

*Thorius pennatulus* is listed as "Endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. At one time it was a very common species in the limited area of forest and plantation where it is found but it underwent a large, unexplained decrease in population so that by the mid-1970s it was uncommon and since then it has continued to decline. There has been an increase in agricultural activities within its range but there is still plenty of good quality habitat remaining so its decline is a mystery. One individual was recorded in 2004 and another in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius pennatulus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. pennatulus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius pennatulus***
Cope, 1869 | |
|


title: Otiorhynchus rhacusensis

abstract: Otiorhynchus rhacusensis is a species in the weevil family (Curculionidae).

text:
# Otiorhynchus rhacusensis

***Otiorhynchus rhacusensis*** is a species in the weevil family (Curculionidae).

## Subspecies

* *Otiorhynchus rhacusensis rhacusensis* (Germar, 1822)
* *Otiorhynchus rhacusensis siculus* Stierlin, 1861

## Description

*Otiorhynchus rhacusensis* can reach a length of about 15 mm. The basic color of the body is whitish, with flat reddish granules on the pronotum and elytrae and reddish femurs.

## Distribution

This species is present in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sicily.

## InfoBox

| *Otiorhynchus rhacusensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Museum specimen of *Otiorhynchus rhacusensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Otiorhynchus* |
| Species: | ***O. rhacusensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Otiorhynchus rhacusensis***<br>(Germar, 1822) | |
|


title: Nikol Bulat

abstract: Nikol Bulat is a Croatian former singer.

text:
# Nikol Bulat

**Nikol Bulat** (born 16 October 1987) is a Croatian former singer.

## Biography

Nikol Bulat was born in Šibenik, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia on 16 October 1987. In 2006 she competed for the position of lead singer of Magazin, popular pop music band from Split, after Jelena Rozga had left it. She performed their song "Opijum" (*Opium*) but she lost to Ivana Kovač.

In 2008 she became a member of Feminnem. With Feminnem, she recorded songs "Chanel 5" (*Chanel No. 5*), "Poljupci u boji" (*Kisses in Colour*) and "Oye, Oye, Oye", the latter featuring Spanish singer Alex Manga. Despite much success, she didn't fit in the group and subsequently left it.

In 2009, she released her debut solo single "Grešnica" (*Sinner*). The year after, she performed a song "Samo mi" (*Just Us*) at Mediafest. At the beginning of 2011, she recorded a duet "Crveni karton" (*Red Card*) with Bosnian singer Ada Grahović and, in June, she announced the songs "Strašno ti stojim" (*I Suit You Terrifically*) and "Hajde opa" (*Come On Hopa*) as her new singles, produced by Costi Ioniţă.

## Personal life

Nikol holds master's degree in law. According to reports, she left the music business and is working as an attorney as of 2018. She is in a relationship with Croatian football player Ivan Šunjić.

## Singles

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Grešnica" | 2009 | Non-album singles |
| "Samo mi" | | 2010 |
| "Crveni karton"
(with Ada Grahović) | 2011 | *Original* |
| | "Strašno ti stojim" | Non-album singles |
| | "Hajde opa" | 2012 |
|

## InfoBox

| Nikol Bulat | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Nicole Bulat |
| Born | (1987-10-16) 16 October 1987
Šibenik, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2006–2012 |
| Formerly of | Feminnem |


abstract: This is a list of music awards and award nominations received by the English funk and acid jazz band Jamiroquai, When front-man Jay Kay signed with Sony Music, the band released Emergency on Planet Earth in 1993. The following year, the album was nominated for Best British Album at the Brit Awards and for the band Best British Breakthrough and Best British Group. The band received an additional 12 Brit Awards nominations during the course of their career. The group has won an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors, as well as one Grammy Award, two MTV Video Music Awards, with "Virtual Insanity", being named Video of the Year at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards, and two Billboard Music Awards.

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by Jamiroquai

This is a list of music awards and award nominations received by the English funk and acid jazz band Jamiroquai, When front-man Jay Kay signed with Sony Music, the band released *Emergency on Planet Earth* in 1993. The following year, the album was nominated for Best British Album at the Brit Awards and for the band Best British Breakthrough and Best British Group. The band received an additional 12 Brit Awards nominations during the course of their career. The group has won an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors, as well as one Grammy Award, two MTV Video Music Awards, with "Virtual Insanity", being named Video of the Year at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards, and two *Billboard* Music Awards.

## Awards and nominations

| Award | Year | Nominee(s) | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Billboard* Music Awards | 1997 | "Virtual Insanity" | Alternative/Modern Rock Clip of the Year | Won |  |
| | | Maximum Vision Award | Won | |
| BMI Awards | 2017 | Jay Kay | BMI Presidents Award | Won |  |
| Best Art Vinyl | 2006 | "Space Cowboy" | Best Vinyl Art | Nominated |  |
| Brit Awards | 1994 | Themselves | Best British Breakthrough | Nominated |  |
| | | Best British Group | Nominated | |
| | | Best British Dance Act | Nominated | |
| | *Emergency on Planet Earth* | Best British Album | Nominated | |
| | Too Young To Die | Best British Video | Nominated | |
| | 1995 | "Space Cowboy" | Best British Video | | Nominated |
| | 1997 | "Virtual Insanity" | Best British Video | | Nominated |
| | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best Pop Album | Nominated | |
| | 1998 | Themselves | Best British Dance Act | | Nominated |
| | "Alright" | Best British Video | Nominated | |
| | 1999 | "Deeper Underground" | Best British Video | | Nominated |
| | Themselves | Best British Dance Act | Nominated | |
| | 2000 | Best British Dance Act | Nominated | |
| | 2002 | Best British Group | Nominated |  |
| | 2003 | Best British Dance Act | Nominated |  |
| Grammy Awards | 1998 | "Virtual Insanity" | Best Performance By A Duo Or Group | Won |  |
| | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best Pop Album | Nominated | |
| | 2005 | "Feels Just Like It Should" | Best Short Form Music Video | | Nominated |
| Hungarian Music Awards | 1998 | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best Foreign Album | Won |  |
| | 2000 | *Synkronized* | Best Foreign Dance Album | Nominated |  |
| | 2002 | *A Funk Odyssey* | Best Foreign Dance Album | Nominated |  |
| | 2011 | *Rock Dust Light Star* | Modern Pop / Rock Album of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | 2018 | *Automaton* | Pop / Rock Album of the Year | Nominated |  |
| IFPI Platinum Europe Awards | 1996 | *Travelling Without Moving* | Award Level 1 | Won |  |
| | | 1997 | Award Level 2 | Won |  |
| | 1999 | *Synkronized* | Award Level 1 | Won |  |
| | 2000 | *Travelling Without Moving* | Award Level 3 | Won |  |
| | 2001 | *A Funk Odyssey* | Award Level 1 | Won |  |
| International Dance Music Award | 2007 | "Runaway" | Best Breaks / Electro Track | Nominated |  |
| Ivor Novello Award | 1999 | Themselves | Outstanding Song Collection | Won |  |
| Japan Gold Disc Awards | 1997 | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best Album of the Year – Rock / Folk | Won |  |
| | 2000 | *Synkronized* | Rock Album of the Year | Won |  |
| Kiss Awards | 2005 | Themselves | Best Male Artist | Nominated |  |
| MOBO Awards | 1997 | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best Album | Won |  |
| | 2005 | "Feels Just Like It Should" | Best Video | Nominated |  |
| MTV Europe Music Awards | 1996 | "Virtual Insanity" | MTV Select | Nominated |  |
| | 1999 | Themselves | Best Group | | Nominated |
| | | Best Dance | Nominated | |
| MTV Video Music Awards | 1997 | Themselves | Best New Artist | Nominated |  |
| | "Virtual Insanity" | Video of the Year | Won | |
| | Breakthrough Video | Won ||
| | Best Choreography | Nominated ||
| | Viewers Choice | Nominated ||
| Silver Clef Award | 1998 | Themselves | Silver Clef Award | Won |  |
| Žebřík Music Awards | 1996 | Themselves | Best International Group | Nominated |  |
| | | Best International Surprise | Nominated | |
| | *Travelling Without Moving* | Best International Album | Nominated | |
| | "Cosmic Girl" | Best International Song | Nominated | |
| | "Virtual Insanity" | Best International Video | Nominated | |
| | 1999 | Themselves | Best International Group | Nominated |  |
| | *Synkronized* | Best International Album | Nominated | |
| | "Canned Heat" | Best International Song | Won | |
| | 2005 | Jay Kay | Best International Male | Nominated |  |
| | 2017 | "Automaton" | Best International Video | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

Jamiroquai awards and nominations
| Front-man Jay Kay (pictured in 2017) won a BMI Presidents Award "in recognition of his profound influence on songwriting within the music industry." | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Totals | |
| Wins | 18 |
| Nominations | 40 |
| Note  1. Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. | |


title: Only Forever (Puressence album)

abstract: Only Forever is the second album by English alternative rock band Puressence, released in 1998. Only Forever displayed a clear shift in Puressence's style, It captured the group in a more positive, lighter, chart-friendly mood. The album charted at #36, this was largely thanks to the amount of play that the first single "This Feeling" received including Radio 1 and MTV. Mani appeared as producer on the song "Standing in Your Shadow". "Standing in Your Shadow" was used over the credits of the 1997 film Face.

text:
# Only Forever (Puressence album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| *NME* | link |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music |  |
| *The Times* |  |
| *Select* |  |

***Only Forever*** is the second album by English alternative rock band Puressence, released in 1998. *Only Forever* displayed a clear shift in Puressence's style, It captured the group in a more positive, lighter, chart-friendly mood. The album charted at #36, this was largely thanks to the amount of play that the first single "This Feeling" received including Radio 1 and MTV.

Mani appeared as producer on the song "Standing in Your Shadow".

"Standing in Your Shadow" was used over the credits of the 1997 film *Face*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Mudriczki, Szuminski, Matthews and McDonald.

1. "Sharpen Up the Knives" – 4:04
2. "This Feeling" – 2:59
3. "It Doesn't Matter Anymore" – 4:30
4. "Street Lights" – 3:22
5. "Standing in Your Shadow" – 5:13
6. "All I Want" – 3:09
7. "Behind the Man" – 1:23
8. "Never Be the Same Again" – 3:50
9. "Hey Hey I'm Down" – 4:04
10. "Past Believing" – 3:37
11. "Turn the Lights Out When I Die" – 4:03
12. "Gazing Down" – 7:20

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Technical

## InfoBox

| Only Forever | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Puressence | |
| Released | 17 August 1998 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, indie rock |
| Length | 47:34 |
| Label | Island |
| Producer | Mike Hedges |
| Puressence chronology | |
| *Puressence*
(1996) ***Only Forever***
(1998) *Planet Helpless*
(2002) | |


abstract: The women's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 24 February in Vienna.

text:
# 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles

The **women's 60 metres hurdles** event at the 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 24 February in Vienna.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Danuta Perka
*Poland* | Grażyna Rabsztyn
*Poland* | Nina Morgulina
*Soviet Union* |

## Results

### Heats

First 3 from each heat (Q) and the next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Grażyna Rabsztyn | Poland | 8.08 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Nina Morgulina | Soviet Union | 8.14 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Danuta Perka | Poland | 8.17 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Sylvia Kempin | East Germany | 8.20 | Q, SB |
| 5 | 3 | Margit Bartkowiak | East Germany | 8.21 | q, PB |
| 6 | 2 | Tatyana Anisimova | Soviet Union | 8.24 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Vera Komisova | Soviet Union | 8.25 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Doris Baum | West Germany | 8.30 | q |
| 9 | 1 | Xénia Siska | Hungary | 8.38 | q |
| 10 | 1 | Roswitha Riechardt | West Germany | 8.42 | q, PB |
| 11 | 2 | Lena Spoof | Finland | 8.46 | q |
| 12 | 1 | Hilde Fredriksen | Norway | 8.53 | q, PB |
| 13 | 3 | Petra Prenner | Austria | 8.91 | SB |

### Semifinals

First 3 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Grażyna Rabsztyn | Poland | 7.96 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Danuta Perka | Poland | 8.02 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Nina Morgulina | Soviet Union | 8.12 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Tatyana Anisimova | Soviet Union | 8.15 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Vera Komisova | Soviet Union | 8.19 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Margit Bartkowiak | East Germany | 8.23 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Doris Baum | West Germany | 8.26 | PB |
| 8 | 1 | Sylvia Kempin | East Germany | 8.28 |  |
| 9 | 2 | Xénia Siska | Hungary | 8.37 | SB |
| 10 | 1 | Lena Spoof | Finland | 8.45 | PB |
| 11 | 1 | Roswitha Riechardt | West Germany | 8.46 |  |
| 12 | 2 | Hilde Fredriksen | Norway | 8.57 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Danuta Perka | Poland | 7.95 | PB |
|  | Grażyna Rabsztyn | Poland | 8.00 |  |
|  | Nina Morgulina | Soviet Union | 8.09 | SB |
| 4 | Vera Komisova | Soviet Union | 8.13 | SB |
| 5 | Tatyana Anisimova | Soviet Union | 8.14 | PB |
| 6 | Margit Bartkowiak | East Germany | 8.22 |  |


title: 1971 Aryamehr Cup

abstract: The 1971 Aryamehr Cup was a men's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Imperial Country Club in Tehran in Iran. The event was part of the 1971 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the first edition of the tournament and was held from 10 May through 16 May 1971. Marty Riessen won the singles title.

text:
# 1971 Aryamehr Cup

The **1971 Aryamehr Cup** was a men's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Imperial Country Club in Tehran in Iran. The event was part of the 1971 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the first edition of the tournament and was held from 10 May through 16 May 1971. Marty Riessen won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Marty Riessen defeated  John Alexander 6–7, 6–1, 6–3, 7–6

### Doubles

John Newcombe /  Tony Roche defeated  Bob Carmichael /  Ray Ruffels 6–4, 6–7, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1971 Aryamehr Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 10–16 May |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | WCT |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | 50,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Tehran, Iran |
| Venue | Imperial Country Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Marty Riessen | |
| Doubles | |
| John Newcombe /  Tony Roche | |
|  | |


title: Willem Key

abstract: Willem Adriaensz Key was a Flemish Renaissance painter.

text:
# Willem Key

**Willem Adriaensz Key** (1516  5 June 1568) was a Flemish Renaissance painter.

## Biography

Key was born in Breda, Netherlands. In 1529 he was known to be a pupil of Pieter Coecke van Aelst in Antwerp. Later, together with Frans Floris, he took lessons from Lambert Lombardus in Liège. He became a member of the Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp in 1540. He was a rich man who lived in a large house in the center of town near the exchange. He was married to Johanna Reyns, who after his death remarried to Maarten Peeters II, son of printer Maarten Peeters. Key's daughter Susanna married painter Huybrecht Beuckeleer. He became specialized in flattering portraits and made a good living from theatrically posed group portraits. In van Mander's biography, he mentions several larger pieces by his hand that were burned during the Beeldenstorm. In particular he mentions a destroyed group portrait of the market-sellers on an altar of the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal in Antwerp. This could suggest that his painting of the Last Supper in Dordrecht is (based on) a period group portrait of basket weavers and barrel makers, since this painting was commissioned for the altar of St John the Evangelist in the Grote Kerk, Dordrecht, and at that time (c. 1560) St John was the patron saint of the coopers.

## Betrayal - theme of his life as well as of his painting?

Karel van Mander goes on to say that while Key was painting Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba's portrait, he pretended he could not understand foreign speech, and so he overheard the *Bloed-raedt* plot against the statesmen Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn. When these men were executed on the main square in Brussels on 5 June 1568, he was so upset that he died on the same day, in Antwerp. This story was widely accepted as the truth, but van Mander found it hard to believe and thinks he died a few days beforehand. In any case, many of his paintings were destroyed, while he is best known today for his portrait of the Duke of Alva, that was copied many times. The surviving *last supper* is still in the original frame with a Latin inscription around it with the words of Luke 22:21-23 which are translated as:

> But, behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me \[is\] with me on the table. And truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed! And they began to enquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing.  Luke 22:21-23 KJV

According to the Rijksmuseum, Adriaen Thomasz Key was a distant relation and his pupil.

Media related to Willem Key at Wikimedia Commons


title: Thorius schmidti

abstract: Thorius schmidti, commonly known as Schmidt's pigmy salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near the village of Zoquitlán in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca of southern Puebla, possibly also from Oaxaca. It is named after Karl Patterson Schmidt, American herpetologist. It is an uncommon leaf-litter species inhabiting dense pine-oak forest at elevations of 2,560–2,760 m (8,400–9,060 ft) asl. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and expanding agriculture and human settlements.

text:
# Thorius schmidti

***Thorius schmidti***, commonly known as **Schmidt's pigmy salamander**, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near the village of Zoquitlán in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca of southern Puebla, possibly also from Oaxaca. It is named after Karl Patterson Schmidt, American herpetologist.

It is an uncommon leaf-litter species inhabiting dense pine-oak forest at elevations of 2,560–2,760 m (8,400–9,060 ft) asl. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and expanding agriculture and human settlements.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius schmidti* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. schmidti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius schmidti***
Gehlbach, 1959 | |
|


title: Only Forward

abstract: Only Forward is a science fiction novel by English writer Michael Marshall Smith; his debut novel, it was first published in 1994 by HarperCollins. It was the winner of the August Derleth Award (1995) and Philip K. Dick Award (2000).

text:
# Only Forward

***Only Forward*** is a science fiction novel by English writer Michael Marshall Smith; his debut novel, it was first published in 1994 by HarperCollins. It was the winner of the August Derleth Award (1995) and Philip K. Dick Award (2000).

## Plot

The protagonist, Stark, lives in an unidentified large city, referred to only as The City, several centuries in the future. The City comprises a variety of Neighbourhoods that enforce their own rules on residents. Stark's Neighbourhood is Colour, which has an entry requirement of an appreciation of colour, and a central computer that changes the colours of its streets. Other Neighbourhoods include the Action Centre, where yuppie office workers strive continually to advance their own status; Stable, a walled-off, roofed-over Neighbourhood where residents are led to believe that they're the only survivors of a nuclear war centuries earlier; and Cat, an area deserted of humans and inhabited solely by cats, despite which the shops are always well-stocked and streets are always clean and tidy, entered through a set of iron gates which open only for true cat lovers.

Stark, a freelance troubleshooter, accepts a job from a high-ranking member of the Action Centre to locate Alkland, a senior Actioneer who has vanished. Stark intuits that Alkland was kidnapped, and follows intelligence that he may be in Red, a dangerous and gang-controlled Neighbourhood. Stark uses an old friend in Red, Ji, to find out, surviving a gang territory war in the process, that Alkland was taken to Stable. After dangerously infiltrating Stable, escaping an armed attack from unknown individuals, and extracting Alkland, Stark learns that Alkland was actually smuggled into Stable at his own behest.

Alkland gives his reason for departing as having learned that the Action Centre relies on a drug produced in a grossly unethical fashion, and Stark realises that the Action Centre want Alkland to prevent him blowing the whistle. While Alkland sleeps, he experiences a strange seizure that Stark recognises as something from his past, which may only be curable in a very unusual place. Surviving a bomb attack on the apartment by Actioneers, Stark takes Alkland to a Neighbourhood on the coast.

Stark asks an old friend to do him a favour and take a short flight. As that happens, Stark and Alkland walk onto the seafront, where they find that the sea has suddenly vanished and been replaced by a strange landscape. Stark explains that centuries earlier, someone accidentally found a way to make the illusion of the sea looking like land from above to be true. Entering, they find an indistinct region that operates with the surreal logic of dreams, which Stark says is named Jeamland. After navigating a series of nightmarish events, during which they realise that someone or something terrible is pursuing them, Stark and Alkland return to the City, taking refuge in Cat. The nightmare presence finds them and kills Alkland, but Stark and Ji are able to defeat it.

As narrator, Stark reveals that he was the person who had originally discovered the way to enter Jeamland, in 1994, with his friend Rafe. Exploring Jeamland together, they emerged in the City and found themselves unable to return to their own world. After some time living in the City, Stark entered an overgrown and abandoned area of ruined, ancient buildings, and saw a collapsed statue of Admiral Nelson, in that moment realising that he had travelled not to another world, but to the future. Meanwhile, Rafe, disturbed by a nightmare experience in Jeamland, had gone insane. After Rafe accumulated a dangerous power from Jeamland, Stark and Ji were forced to hunt down and kill him. Stark explains that the nightmare presence they had been fighting was a memory of Rafe, kept alive by Jeamland.

## InfoBox

Only Forward
| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michael Marshall Smith |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction / Horror |
| Publisher | HarperCollins (UK edition)
Bantam (US edition) |
| Publication date | 1994 |
| Publication place | UK |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-00-651266-6 (UK edition)
0553579703 (US edition) |
| OCLC | 60163426 |


title: Universal rhetoric

abstract: Universal rhetoric is a central concept in Charles Sanders Peirce's philosophy. According to Peirce, the main purpose of universal rhetoric is to consider questions of Inquiry in the context of community, and "the very origin of the conception of reality shows that this conception ultimately involves a COMMUNITY, without definite limits, and capable of a definite increase of knowledge." Peirce alternatively called it speculative rhetoric, general rhetoric, formal rhetoric, objective logic, or methodeutic. It constitutes the third and last branch of his general theory of signs.

text:
# Universal rhetoric

***Universal rhetoric*** is a central concept in Charles Sanders Peirce's philosophy. According to Peirce, the main purpose of universal rhetoric is to consider questions of Inquiry in the context of community, and "the very origin of the conception of reality shows that this conception ultimately involves a COMMUNITY, without definite limits, and capable of a definite increase of knowledge."

Peirce alternatively called it **speculative rhetoric**, **general rhetoric**, **formal rhetoric**, **objective logic**, or **methodeutic**. It constitutes the third and last branch of his general theory of signs.


title: 1972 Montreal Expos season

abstract: The 1972 Montreal Expos season was the fourth season in the history of the franchise. The Expos finished in fifth place in the National League East with a record of 70–86, 26+1⁄2 games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates.

text:
# 1972 Montreal Expos season

The **1972 Montreal Expos season** was the fourth season in the history of the franchise. The Expos finished in fifth place in the National League East with a record of 70–86, 26+12 games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates.

## Offseason

## Spring training

The Expos held spring training at West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium in West Palm Beach, Florida, a facility they shared with the Atlanta Braves. It was their fourth season at the stadium. The following season, the Expos would move their spring training activities to City Island Ball Park in Daytona Beach, Florida, where they would train through 1980 before returning to West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium for the 1981 through 1997 seasons.

## Regular season

* October 2, 1972: Bill Stoneman pitched his second career no-hitter (the final score of this one was also 70) in the first game of a doubleheader against the New York Mets at Jarry Park. The no-hitter was the first ever pitched outside the United States. Future broadcaster Tim McCarver was Stoneman's catcher.

### Opening Day lineup

### Season standings

NL East
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 96 | 59 | .619 |  | 4929 | 4730 |
| Chicago Cubs | 85 | 70 | .548 | 11 | 4631 | 3939 |
| New York Mets | 83 | 73 | .532 | 13½ | 4137 | 4236 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 75 | 81 | .481 | 21½ | 4037 | 3544 |
| Montreal Expos | 70 | 86 | .449 | 26½ | 3543 | 3543 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 59 | 97 | .378 | 37½ | 2851 | 3146 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | ATL | CHC | CIN | HOU | LAD | MON | NYM | PHI | PIT | SD | SF | STL |
| Atlanta |  | 5–7–1 | 9–9 | 7–7 | 7–8 | 4–8 | 7–5 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 6–11 | 7–11 | 6–6 |
| Chicago | 7–5–1 |  | 8–4 | 3–9 | 8–4 | 10–5 | 10–8 | 10–7 | 3–12 | 9–3 | 7–5 | 10–8 |
| Cincinnati | 9–9 | 4–8 |  | 11–6 | 9–5 | 8–4 | 8–4 | 10–2 | 8–4 | 8–10 | 10–5 | 10–2 |
| Houston | 7–7 | 9–3 | 6–11 |  | 7–11 | 8–4 | 6–6 | 9–3 | 3–9 | 12–2 | 13–5 | 4–8 |
| Los Angeles | 8–7 | 4–8 | 5–9 | 11–7 |  | 6–6 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 13–5 | 9–9 | 8–4 |
| Montreal | 8–4 | 5–10 | 4–8 | 4–8 | 6–6 |  | 6–12 | 10–6 | 6–12 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 9–8 |
| New York | 5–7 | 8–10 | 4–8 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 12–6 |  | 13–5 | 8–6 | 7–5 | 8–4 | 7–9 |
| Philadelphia | 6-6 | 7–10 | 2–10 | 3–9 | 5–7 | 6–10 | 5–13 |  | 5–13 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 8–7 |
| Pittsburgh | 6–6 | 12–3 | 4–8 | 9–3 | 5–7 | 12–6 | 6–8 | 13–5 |  | 10–2 | 9–3 | 10–8 |
| San Diego | 11–6 | 3–9 | 10–8 | 2–12 | 5–13 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 6–6 | 2–10 |  | 4–10 | 4–8 |
| San Francisco | 11–7 | 5–7 | 5–10 | 5–13 | 9–9 | 6–6 | 4–8 | 6–6 | 3–9 | 10–4 |  | 5–7 |
| St. Louis | 6–6 | 8–10 | 2–10 | 8–4 | 4–8 | 8–9 | 9–7 | 7–8 | 8–10 | 8–4 | 7–5 |  |

### Notable transactions

#### Draft picks

## Roster

| 1972 Montreal Expos | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |
|

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Terry Humphrey | 69 | 215 | 40 | .186 | 1 | 9 |
| 1B | Mike Jorgensen | 113 | 372 | 86 | .231 | 13 | 47 |
| 2B | Ron Hunt | 129 | 443 | 112 | .253 | 0 | 18 |
| SS | Tim Foli | 149 | 540 | 130 | .241 | 2 | 35 |
| 3B | Bob Bailey | 143 | 489 | 114 | .233 | 16 | 57 |
| LF | Ken Singleton | 142 | 507 | 139 | .274 | 14 | 50 |
| CF | Boots Day | 128 | 386 | 90 | .233 | 0 | 30 |
| RF | Ron Fairly | 140 | 446 | 124 | .278 | 17 | 68 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tim McCarver | 77 | 239 | 60 | .251 | 5 | 20 |
| Ron Woods | 97 | 221 | 57 | .258 | 10 | 31 |
| John Boccabella | 83 | 207 | 47 | .227 | 1 | 10 |
| Héctor Torres | 83 | 181 | 28 | .155 | 2 | 7 |
| Clyde Mashore | 93 | 176 | 40 | .227 | 3 | 23 |
| Jim Fairey | 86 | 141 | 33 | .234 | 1 | 15 |
| Hal Breeden | 42 | 87 | 20 | .230 | 3 | 10 |
| Coco Laboy | 28 | 69 | 18 | .261 | 3 | 14 |
| John Bateman | 18 | 29 | 7 | .241 | 0 | 3 |
| Bobby Wine | 34 | 18 | 4 | .222 | 0 | 0 |
| Pepe Mangual | 8 | 11 | 3 | .273 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bill Stoneman | 36 | 250.2 | 12 | 14 | 2.98 | 171 |
| Mike Torrez | 34 | 243.1 | 16 | 12 | 3.33 | 112 |
| Carl Morton | 27 | 172.0 | 7 | 13 | 3.92 | 51 |
| Ernie McAnally | 29 | 170.0 | 6 | 15 | 3.81 | 102 |
| Balor Moore | 22 | 147.2 | 9 | 9 | 3.47 | 161 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steve Renko | 30 | 97.0 | 1 | 10 | 5.20 | 66 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike Marshall | 65 | 14 | 8 | 18 | 1.78 | 95 |
| John Strohmayer | 48 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.52 | 50 |
| Tom Walker | 46 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.89 | 42 |
| Joe Gilbert | 22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8.45 | 25 |
| Denny Lemaster | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7.78 | 13 |
| Héctor Torres | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.00 | 0 |

## Awards and honors

**1972 Major League Baseball All-Star Game**

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Peninsula Whips | International League | Bill Adair |
| AA | Québec Carnavals | Eastern League | Karl Kuehl |
|  | West Palm Beach Expos | Florida State League | Lance Nichols |
| A-Short Season | Jamestown Falcons | New York–Penn League | Walt Hriniak |
| Rookie | Cocoa Expos | Florida East Coast League | Pat Daugherty |

* Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). *The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball* (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.
* 1972 Montreal Expos at *Baseball Reference*
* 1972 Montreal Expos at *Baseball Almanac*

## InfoBox

| 1972 Montreal Expos | |
| --- | --- |
| League | National League |
| Division | East |
| Ballpark | Jarry Park |
| City | Montreal |
| Record | 70–86 (.449) |
| Divisional place | 5th |
| Owners | Charles Bronfman; John McHale (president) |
| General managers | Jim Fanning |
| Managers | Gene Mauch |
| Television | CBC Television
(Dave Van Horne, Jackie Robinson)
Télévision de Radio-Canada
(Jean-Pierre Roy, Guy Ferron) |
| Radio | CFCF (English)
(Dave Van Horne, Russ Taylor)
CKAC (French)
(Jean-Pierre Roy, Jacques Doucet) |
|  | |


title: Straßensee

abstract: Straßensee is a lake in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 10.9 m, its surface area is 0.131 km⁲.

text:
# Straßensee

**Straßensee** is a lake in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 10.9 m, its surface area is 0.131 km2.

## InfoBox

| Straßensee | |
| --- | --- |
| Straßensee | |
| Location | Vorpommern-Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| Coordinates | 53°54′36″N 13°49′28″E / 53.90999°N 13.82434°E / 53.90999; 13.82434 |
| Basin countries | Germany |
|  | |
| Surface area | 0.131 km2 (0.051 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 10.9 m (36 ft) |


title: William Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst

abstract: William Archer Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst, styled Viscount Holmesdale from 1857 to 1886, was a British peer, politician and notable Freemason. He was born in Mayfair, London, the son of William Amherst, Viscount Holmesdale and was baptised on 3 May 1836 in St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London. He was educated at Eton and went on to serve with the Coldstream Guards, rising to the rank of captain and fighting in the Battle of Balaclava, the Battle of Inkerman and the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. On his return from the Crimea, Holmesdale was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for West Kent at the 1859 general election. On 27 August 1862, he married Julia Mann in Linton, Kent. In 1868 Holmesdale became MP for the new Mid Kent constituency, which he represented until 1880. He served as chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations in 1868. On the death of his father in 1886, he became Earl Amherst. Julia died in 1883, and on 25 April 1889 he married Alice Vaughan (née Proby), widow of Ernest Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne in London. He died in 1910, aged 74, at his home of Montreal Park, near Sevenoaks, Kent as a result of an operation he received three months prior for a throat infection. He was cremated on 16 August 1910 and his ashes buried two days later in nearby Riverhead. Despite having married twice, the earl died childless and his titles passed to his brother, Hugh.

text:
# William Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst

**William Archer Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst** (26 March 1836 – 14 August 1910), styled **Viscount Holmesdale** from 1857 to 1886, was a British peer, politician and notable Freemason.

He was born in Mayfair, London, the son of William Amherst, Viscount Holmesdale (later 2nd Earl Amherst) and was baptised on 3 May 1836 in St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London. He was educated at Eton and went on to serve with the Coldstream Guards, rising to the rank of captain and fighting in the Battle of Balaclava, the Battle of Inkerman (where he was severely wounded) and the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.

On his return from the Crimea, Holmesdale was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for West Kent at the 1859 general election. On 27 August 1862, he married Julia Mann (the only daughter of the James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis) in Linton, Kent.

In 1868 Holmesdale became MP for the new Mid Kent constituency, which he represented until 1880. He served as chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations in 1868. On the death of his father in 1886, he became Earl Amherst. Julia died in 1883, and on 25 April 1889 he married Alice Vaughan (née Proby), widow of Ernest Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne in London.

He died in 1910, aged 74, at his home of Montreal Park, near Sevenoaks, Kent as a result of an operation he received three months prior for a throat infection. He was cremated on 16 August 1910 and his ashes buried two days later in nearby Riverhead. Despite having married twice, the earl died childless and his titles passed to his brother, Hugh.

## InfoBox

| Captain The Right HonourableThe Earl Amherst | |
| --- | --- |
| "The Pro Grand Master", Lord Amherst as caricatured by Leslie Ward in Vanity Fair. | |
| Born | William Archer Amherst
(1836-03-26)26 March 1836
Mayfair, London |
| Died | 14 August 1910(1910-08-14) (aged 74)
Montreal Park, near Sevenoaks, Kent |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Eton College |
| Title | Earl Amherst |
| Predecessor | William Amherst, 2nd Earl Amherst |
| Successor | Hugh Amherst, 4th Earl Amherst |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouses | *   Julia Mann   (m. 1862; died 1883) *   Alice Vaughan  (m. 1889) |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Coldstream Guards |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War (specifically the Battle of Balaclava, the Battle of Inkerman and the Siege of Sevastopol) |
|  | |


title: Thorsten Weidner

abstract: Thorsten Weidner is a German fencer. He won a silver medal in the team foil event at the 1988 Summer Olympics and a gold in the same event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Thorsten Weidner

**Thorsten Weidner** (born 29 December 1967) is a German fencer. He won a silver medal in the team foil event at the 1988 Summer Olympics and a gold in the same event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

Thorsten Weidner attended the Kaufmännische Schule Tauberbischofsheim and fought for the Fencing-Club Tauberbischofsheim.

## InfoBox

Thorsten Weidner
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-12-29) 29 December 1967<br>Lauda-Königshofen, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Men's fencing  Olympic Games  Representing  West Germany  1988 Seoul Foil, team  Representing  Germany  1992 Barcelona Foil, team | |


title: Otto Maja

abstract: Otto Maja is a Finnish street artist living and working in Helsinki. He is known for translating the visual language cultivated on the streets into illustrations, paintings and drawings. His works have been exhibited in several locations around Finland, most recently in Pori Art Museum together with such internationally renowned street artists as Blu and Invader.

text:
# Otto Maja

**Otto Maja** (born 1987) is a Finnish street artist living and working in Helsinki. He is known for translating the visual language cultivated on the streets into illustrations, paintings and drawings. His works have been exhibited in several locations around Finland, most recently in Pori Art Museum together with such internationally renowned street artists as Blu and Invader.

## History

At the age of twelve Maja's interest towards drawing was triggered by his babysitter's boyfriend, a graffiti artist. In the years that followed, Maja learned how to master urban canvases, developing a good sense of space which is reflected in his illustrations and drawings. Between 1998 and 2008, Helsinki had a zero tolerance policy in regards to street art, enforced with private security contractors. In this atmosphere many artists, including Maja, needed to develop both stealth and methods to create pieces quickly - stickers, stencils and paste-ups.

After years of battling with the authorities, Maja decided to leave Helsinki to study graphic design at a folk high school in Anjalankoski, ending up teaching it for another year at the same institute. After living and working in the countryside of Jurva for some years, Maja returned to Helsinki. Throughout the years, he has held several successful exhibitions all around Finland, for example in Seinäjoki, Helsinki, Pori and Kouvola . In the field of graphic design, he is known for designing flyers for clubs and other events.

In order to promote Finnish street art, Maja set up the Nimi Collective in 2010. It continues to regularly exhibit the works of Finnish street artists online. In 2012 Nimi collective grew into an art agency called Omanimi that continues to produce commissioned artworks. In the summer of 2013, Maja painted the biggest mural by a Finnish artist, in Pori, Finland.

## Exhibitions

* 2008 *Ystävästä*, Kouvola's Head library
* 2009 *Vapaalinja*, Mbar, Helsinki
* 2009 *Lasipalatsi Design Markets*, Lasipalatsi, Helsinki
* 2010 *Naamakerroin*, Still Standing, Seinäjoki
* 2010 *Street n Beat*, Stache 1, Seinäjoki
* 2011 *Wildlife*, Lasipalatsi, Helsinki
* 2011 *Rikoskumppani*, Geezers the shop, Helsinki
* 2011 *For the Name of Mosquitoes*, Cafe Talo, Helsinki
* 2012 *Street Art - The next Generation*, Pori Art Museum, Pori
* 2012 *Behind the Curtain, Make your mark, Helsinki*
* 2012 *Two pens*, Gallery Bertta, Kotka
* 2012 *Street Art - The Next Generation*, Kunsthallen Brandts, Odense
* 2013 *Omanimi Opening - Nimikollektiv*, Omanimi, Helsinki
* 2013 *Charta*, Omanimi, Helsinki
* 2013 *Reunion of Blind People*, 931, Tampere
* 2013 *The Art of Slaughter*, group exhibition, Teurastamo, Helsinki
* 2013 *This is FIECEL!*, group exhibition with Emmi Mustonen, Sanomatalo, Helsinki
* 2013 Resident Artist, Flow Festival
* 2015 Better is ruining the good 1/3, Rupla, Helsinki
* 2015 Better is ruining the good 2/3, Mothership Of Work (Artist residency)
* 2016 Better is ruining the good 3/3, Galleria Tiuku (exhibition of the year)
* 2020 Bad Human, Gallery Helsinki Urban Art

## InfoBox

| Otto Maja | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1987 (age 3637)<br>Helsinki, Finland |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Known for | Graphic Design, drawing, street art |


title: Nikola Đurasović

abstract: Nikola Djurasović is a Bosnian professional basketball player for Leotar of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Championship. Djurasović played for Union Rennes Basket 35 from 2017 to 2020. He signed with Leotar in 2020 and averaged 10.2 points, 4.5 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.0 steal per game. Djurasović re-signed with the team on September 5, 2021.

text:
# Nikola Đurasović

**Nikola Djurasović** (born August 8, 1983) is a Bosnian professional basketball player for Leotar of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Championship.

Djurasović played for Union Rennes Basket 35 from 2017 to 2020. He signed with Leotar in 2020 and averaged 10.2 points, 4.5 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.0 steal per game. Djurasović re-signed with the team on September 5, 2021.

## InfoBox

Nikola Djurasović
| No. 10  Leotar | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Small forward |
| League | Bosnia and Herzegovina Championship |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1983-08-08) August 8, 1983<br>Dubrovnik, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Bosnian / Serbian |
| Listed height | 1.99 m (6 ft 6 in) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2005: undrafted |
| Playing career | 1999–present |
| Career history | |
| 1999–2007 | Leotar Trebinje |
| 2007 | Slavija Sarajevo |
| 2007–2009 | Borac Banja Luka |
| 2009–2011 | Leotar Trebninje |
| 2011–2012 | ENAD Ayiou Dometiou |
| 2012–2013 | CSU Craiova |
| 2013–2015 | Spars Sarajevo |
| 2015–2016 | Swisslion Leotar Trebinje |
| 2016–2017 | Kožuv |
| 2017–2020 | Union Rennes Basket 35 |
| 2020–present | Leotar Trebninje |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of amphibians and reptiles found in Guadeloupe, in the Caribbean. The main islands of Guadeloupe are Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre), Îles des Saintes, La Désirade, and Marie-Galante.

text:
# List of amphibians and reptiles of Guadeloupe

This is a **list of amphibians and reptiles** found in Guadeloupe, in the Caribbean. The main islands of Guadeloupe are Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre), Îles des Saintes, La Désirade, and Marie-Galante.

## Amphibians

There are six species of amphibian in Guadeloupe, three of which were introduced. Two species of frog, *Eleutherodactylus barlagnei* and *Eleutherodactylus pinchoni*, are endemic to Guadeloupe.

### Frogs (*Anura*)

| Tree frogs (*Hylidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Scinax x-signatus* | Venezuela snouted treefrog | Least concern. Introduced; first recorded on Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre in 2003. Native to South America. |  |
| Tropical frogs (*Leptodactylidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Eleutherodactylus barlagnei* | Matouba robber frog | Endangered. Endemic to the highlands of Basse-Terre. |  |
| *Eleutherodactylus johnstonei* | Lesser Antillean whistling frog, *coqui antillano*, Johnstone's whistling frog | Least concern. Introduced. |  |
| *Eleutherodactylus martinicensis* | Tink frog, Martinique robber frog | Near threatened. Regional endemic. |  |
| *Eleutherodactylus pinchoni* | Grand Cafe robber frog | Endangered. Endemic to the highlands of Basse-Terre. |  |
| True toads (*Bufonidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Bufo marinus* | Cane toad, giant Neotropical toad, marine toad | Least concern. Introduced on main islands. |  |

## Reptiles

Including marine turtles and introduced species, there are 21 reptile species reported in Guadeloupe. Four species are endemic.

### Turtles (*Testudines*)

| Box turtles and pond turtles (*Emydidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Geochelone carbonaria* | Red-footed tortoise | Present on Îles des Saintes |  |
| *Trachemys scripta* | Pond slider | Near threatened. Introduced. |  |
| *Trachemys stejnegeri* | Central Antillean slider | Near threatened. Introduced. |  |
| African side-necked turtles (*Pelomedusidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Pelusios subniger* | East African black mud turtle | Introduced. |  |
| Scaly sea turtles (*Cheloniidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Caretta caretta* | Loggerhead turtle | Endangered. |  |
| *Chelonia mydas* | Green turtle | Endangered. |  |
| *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Hawksbill turtle | Critically endangered. |  |
| Leathery sea turtles (*Dermochelyidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Dermochelys coriacea* | Leatherback turtle | Critically endangered. |  |

### Lizards and snakes (*Squamata*)

| Geckos (*Gekkonidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Hemidactylus mabouia* | House gecko | Introduced. |  |
| *Sphaerodactylus fantasticus* | Fantastic least gecko |  |  |
| *Thecadactylus rapicauda* | Turnip-tailed gecko |  |  |
| Iguanas and Anolids (*Iguanidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Anolis ferreus* | Morne Constant anole | Endemic. Formerly described as a subspecies of *A. marmoratus.* |  |
| *Anolis marmoratus* | Leopard anole, Guadeloupean anole | Endemic. |  |
| *Anolis terraealtae* | Les Saintes anole | Endemic to Îles des Saintes. Highly abundant. Formerly described as a subspecies of *A. marmoratus.* |  |
| *Iguana delicatissima* | Lesser Antillean iguana, West Indian iguana | Critically Endangered. Regional endemic. Highly abundant on the Petite Terre Islands off the coast of Grand-Terre. |  |
| *Iguana iguana* | Green iguana, common iguana | Introduced. |  |
| Microteiids (*Gymnophthalmidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Gymnophthalmus pleii* | Martinique spectacled tegu | Regional endemic. |  |
| *Gymnophthalmus underwoodi* | Underwood's spectacled tegu |  |  |
| Skinks (*Scincidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Capitellum mariagalantae* | Marie-Galante skink | Critically endangered, possibly extinct. Endemic to Marie-Galante. |  |
| *Mabuya cochonae* |  | Endemic to Îlet à Cochons. Possibly extinct. |  |
| *Mabuya desiradae* | Désirade skink | Endemic to La Désirade. |  |
| *Mabuya grandisterrae* | Grande-Terre skink | Endemic to Grande-Terre. Possibly extinct. |  |
| *Mabuya guadeloupae* | Guadeloupe skink | Endemic to Basse-Terre. Possibly extinct. |  |
| *Mabuya parviterrae* | Petite Terre skink | Endemic to Petite Terre. |  |
| Worm snakes (*Typhlopidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Antillotyphlops guadeloupensis* | Guadeloupe blind snake | Endemic. Alternately described as endemic subspecies of *Typhlops dominicanus*, with sister subspecies present on Dominica. |  |
| *Indotyphlops braminus* | Brahminy blind snake | Introduced on La Désirade. |  |
| Colubrids (*Colubridae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Alsophis antillensis* | Guadeloupe racer, Antilles racer, leeward racer | Critically endangered. Endemic to Grande-Terre and (formerly) Marie-Galante. On the verge of extinction and wild populations may no longer be viable, necessitating the urgent capture of the last wild individuals for a captive-breeding program. |  |
| *Alsophis danforthi* | Terre-de-Bas racer | Endangered. Endemic to Terre-de-Bas. |  |
| *Alsophis sanctonum* | Terre-de-Haut racer | Endangered. Endemic to Terre-de-Haut. |  |
| *Erythrolamprus juliae* | Julia's ground snake, grove snake | Near threatened. Subspecies *L. j. copeae* is endemic to numerous Guadeloupean islands; subspecies *L. j. mariae* is found only on Marie-Galante. |  |

## Disputed or unconfirmed species

| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Leptotyphlops bilineata* | Two-lined blind snake | Record considered questionable. |  |

## Species by island

### Amphibians

| Family | Species | Basse-Terre | Grande-Terre | Îles des Saintes | La Désirade | Marie-Galante |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Hylidae* | *Scinax x-signatus* | X | X |  |  |  |
| *Leptodactylidae* | *Eleutherodactylus barlagnei* | X |  |  |  |  |
| *Leptodactylidae* | *Eleutherodactylus johnstonei* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Leptodactylidae* | *Eleutherodactylus martinicensis* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Leptodactylidae* | *Eleutherodactylus pinchoni* | X |  |  |  |  |
| *Bufonidae* | *Bufo marinus* | X | X |  |  |  |

### Reptiles

| Family | Species | Basse-Terre | Grande-Terre | Îles des Saintes | La Désirade | Marie-Galante |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Emydidae* | *Trachemys scripta* | X | X |  |  | X |
| *Emydidae* | *Trachemys stejnegeri* | X | X | X |  | X |
| *Pelomedusidae* | *Pelusios subniger* | X | X | ? |  |  |
| *Cheloniidae* | *Caretta caretta* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Cheloniidae* | *Chelonia mydas* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Cheloniidae* | *Eretmochelys imbricata* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Dermochelyidae* | *Dermochelys coriacea* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Gekkonidae* | *Hemidactylus mabouia* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Gekkonidae* | *Sphaerodactylus fantasticus* | X | X | X | X | X |
| *Gekkonidae* | *Thecadactylus rapicauda* | X | X | X | X | ? |
| *Iguanidae* | *Anolis ferreus* |  |  |  |  | X |
| *Iguanidae* | *Anolis marmoratus* | X | X |  | X |  |
| *Iguanidae* | *Anolis terraealtae* |  |  | X |  |
| *Iguanidae* | *Iguana delicatissima* | X | X | X | X |  |
| *Iguanidae* | *Iguana iguana* | X | X | X |  | X |
| *Gymnophthalmidae* | *Gymnophthalmus pleii* | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| *Gymnophthalmidae* | *Gymnophthalmus underwoodi* | X | X | ? | X | X |
| *Scincidae* | *Capitellum mariagalantae* |  |  |  |  | X |
| *Scincidae* | *Mabuya cochonae* | X |  |  |  |  |
| *Scincidae* | *Mabuya desiradae* |  |  |  | X |  |
| *Scincidae* | *Mabuya grandisterrae* |  | X |  |  |  |
| *Scincidae* | *Mabuya guadeloupae* | X |  |  |  |  |
| *Scincidae* | *Mabuya parviterrae* |  |  | X |  |  |
| *Typhlopidae* | *Antillotyphlops guadeloupensis* | X | X | ? | ? | ? |
| *Typhlopidae* | *Indotyphlops braminus* | ? | ? | ? | X | ? |
| *Colubridae* | *Alsophis antillensis* | X | X |  |  | X |
| *Colubridae* | *Alsophis danforthi* |  |  | X |  |  |
| *Colubridae* | *Alsophis sanctonum* |  |  | X |  |  |
| *Colubridae* | *Erythrolamprus juliae* | X | X | ? | ? | ? |

Note: All species listed above are supported by Malhotra & Thorpe 1999, unless otherwise cited.

* Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), *Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean*, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 75–88, ISBN 0-333-69141-5.
* Lorvelec, Olivier; Pascal, Michel; Pavis, Claudie; Feldmann, Philippe (2007), "Amphibians and reptiles of the French West Indies: Inventory, threats and conservation", *Applied Herpetology*, **4** (2): 131–161, doi:10.1163/157075407780681356.


title: Operation Dexterity

abstract: Operation Dexterity was a military operation, part of Operation Cartwheel in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) for the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II. The operation was directed by the Supreme Allied Commander in the SWPA, General Douglas MacArthur. Dexterity included amphibious landings at Arawe on 15 December 1943, and Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 in the northwest of New Britain, the capture of the Imperial Japanese held Tuluvu aerodrome on the 30 December 1943 and the amphibious landing at Saidor on 2 January 1944. The final battle was the landing at Talasea in March. The operation ended on 9 March 1944.

text:
# Operation Dexterity

**Operation Dexterity** was a military operation, part of Operation Cartwheel in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) for the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II. The operation was directed by the Supreme Allied Commander in the SWPA, General Douglas MacArthur. Dexterity included amphibious landings at Arawe on 15 December 1943, and Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 in the northwest of New Britain, the capture of the Imperial Japanese held Tuluvu aerodrome on the 30 December 1943 and the amphibious landing at Saidor on 2 January 1944. The final battle was the landing at Talasea in March. The operation ended on 9 March 1944.

## History and planning

The Empire of Japan had largely achieved its objectives in the Pacific region in the spring of 1942, with almost the entire area between Burma and the Bismarck Archipelago under Japanese control. Further Japanese offensives against the Allied lines were planned to force them into a single decisive battle and then request negotiations for their surrender. The initial Japanese offensive failed during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 and subsequently the Japanese attempt to also capture Port Moresby in New Guinea collapsed, ending the Japanese offensive run in the Pacific theater of operations for the rest of the war. The allies in the South Pacific began their first counter-offensive against the Japanese-held island Guadalcanal in August 1942 and the Japanese forces were forced onto the defensive.

To keep the Japanese cowed and begin the Allied advance towards the Japanese home islands, the Allied military leadership envisaged an advance through the Pacific over two main lines of attack. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz would lead Allied forces in the Pacific and General Douglas MacArthur would advance Allied operations against the Japanese in the Southwest Pacific. Landings along the coast of New Guinea were planned which constituted the first step towards a return to the Philippines and the conquest of the Gilbert Islands. The operation in New Guinea was known as Operation Cartwheel which began on 30 June 1943 with the objective to conquer New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Rabaul. Until mid-September 1943, the fighting focused on the eastern part of New Guinea, while a decision was made on 22 September 1943 to land in West New Britain.

Operation Dexterity was to be conducted in three separate phases:

* Operation Lazaretto – Planned landing in southern New Britain at the plantation of Lindenhafen, approximately 5 km from Gasmata on 14 November 1943 and the neutralization of Japanese base at Gasmata for protection of eastern flank for the subsequent operation. This operation was never undertaken and replaced by Operation Director.

Units: 126th Regimental Combat Team (RCT) and elements of the 32nd Infantry Division and the Sixth Army. * Operation Director – Landing in southwestern New Britain at Arawe as a diversion for Operation Backhander, Arawe was planned as patrol boat base.

Units: 112th Regimental Combat Team * Operation Backhander – Landing in northwestern New Britain at Cape Gloucester to capture local Japanese airfields and convert them into a major Allied airbase.

Units: 1st Marine Division. Units: 32nd Infantry Division

After the successful conclusion of these three phases the Allies landed at Talasea to try to cut off the thousands of retreating Japanese troops under the command of Major General Iwao Matsuda who successfully escaped to defensive lines in central New Britain after the small force of Japanese defenders delayed the Marines from quickly advancing to the withdrawal route.

## Geography and Environment

Like most of the islands of the South Pacific, the Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago are of volcanic origin with steep mountain slopes, jungle and treacherous marshes, where malaria was a problem for all deployed troops. The hot, tropical climate was rarely ameliorated by the torrential rain storms and dense clouds which afflicted the region. The inhabited islands had been managed by Australia as a League of Nations Mandate before the war, and there was only a settlement of Westerners originally settled by Imperial Germany before the First World War that was centered on coconut plantations and missionary complexes.

## The Japanese on New Britain

The high command of the 8th Area Army of the Japanese Imperial Army in Rabaul controlled the Japanese actions in the Solomon Islands, New Guinea and the Bismarck Islands. In January 1942, the Japanese had taken the strategically important port of Rabaul in northeastern New Britain and in subsequent months the largest and most important Japanese naval and air base in the Pacific was constructed at that location. The 8th Area Army was commanded by General Hitoshi Imamura who had at his disposal nearly 200,000 men. In early 1943, the Japanese leadership had expected that the Allies would attempt to break the inner Japanese defensive belt in the Pacific and attack the bases on New Guinea, the Mariana Islands, Palau and the Philippines. General Imamura therefore foresaw an attack on New Britain, at the latest after the Allies had occupied New Ireland, which was expected in February or March 1944.

The 8th Area Army relied exclusively on barge and submarine traffic from Rabaul to New Guinea, because of Allied air superiority. In September 1943, Major General Iwao Matsuda took over the 65th Brigade, the various pioneers and debarkation units, and a number of troops of the 51st Division, whose main units were on New Guinea in the fight against Australian troops. Two companies of 115th Division and provisional infantry companies formed from artillery and engineer elements of the 66th Division, and about half of the 51st Reconnaissance Regiment belonged to General Matsuda's command. General Matsuda, a highly experienced officer, established his headquarters near the airfield of Cape Gloucester. On 5 October 1943, all of Matsuda's units came under the command of the 17th Division which was commanded by Lieutenant General Yasushi Sakai, who had arrived in December 1943 from the Japanese theater of operations in China.

General Sakai set up his headquarters at Malalia in the vicinity of Cape Hoskins on the East Williaumez Peninsula. The 17th Division's troops began immediately ordering the expansions of the defensive lines. The Japanese headquarters was established in an existing concrete bunker at the foot of Talawe Mountain, which was surrounded by dense, tropical vegetation. Smaller bunkers and shelters for machine gun positions were sited at possible Allied landing beaches five miles southeast of Cape Gloucester. Two hills known later as *Target-Hill* and *Hill 660* served as focal points for the Japanese defenses. Thus about half of all available Japanese troops in the west of the island were in positions that could effectively contribute to the defense of Cape Gloucester.

On 12 December 1943, General Yasushi Sakai advised all commanders of his units about an imminent Allied invasion. The large volumes of Allied landing ships along the ports of New Guinea did not convince the Japanese of the scheduled operations of Allied forces. False invasion alarms were commonplace up to the end of 1943. With the Allies' air superiority increasing, the bombing of Rabaul and Wewak brought the realization that the invasion of New Britain was imminent.

## Preparatory actions

### Reconnaissance

Two days after the decision to proceed with the operation was taken by the Allied commanders, the US 6th Army's Alamo Scouts began to deploy in the area of Cape Gloucester. They neared the coast by torpedo boat, then transferred to dinghies and landed on the beaches. From there they reconnoitered the Japanese defenses by direct observations or through contact with the local aboriginal population of New Britain.

## Citations

## Film

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Operation Dexterity | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of World War II, Pacific War | |
|
U.S. Marines in the jungle at Cape Gloucester | |
| Date December 15, 1943 – March 9, 1944  Location Arawe and Cape Gloucester, New Britain, and Saidor, Territory of New Guinea  Result Allied victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States
Australia | Japan |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Douglas MacArthur
Walter Krueger | Yasushi Sakai
Iwao Matsuda |
| Strength | |
| ~19,000 | ~10,500 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| ~500 killed | ~4,500 killed |