title: Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer

abstract:
The Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer is 31,000 km⁲, 12,000 square mile aquifer underlying the region of Oregon and parts of Washington (state) between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range. The aquifer shares a name with the local river, the Willamette River, originating from a Clackamas Chinook word. The "mette" of Willamette was used by the Clackamas to mean water or river.
The Willamette valley is home to 70% of Oregon's population, with the aquifer supplying water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes. Reported in 2005, the total water use from the aquifer was 1.6 hm⁳ per day, with 58% going to irrigation, 24% to public supply, and 18% to industrial use. In general, the aquifer withdraw is sufficiently compensated in the long term by recharge through precipitation, however regions of the aquifer have shown long term declines, including that regions underlain by the Columbia River basalt unit. However, during the dry season from June-September, withdrawals from the aquifer result is significant seasonal variations in the ground water table height, changing by more than 60 ft.
In the state of Oregon, all water is publicly owned and maintenance and protection of water is done by the Oregon Water Resources Department and the Oregon Water Resources Commission. However, local governments can provide land use permits for aquifer use, notably, use for new rural residences.

text:
# Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer

The **Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer** is 31,000 km2, 12,000 square mile aquifer underlying the region of Oregon and parts of Washington (state) between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range. The aquifer shares a name with the local river, the Willamette River, originating from a Clackamas Chinook word. The "mette" of Willamette was used by the Clackamas to mean water or river. The Willamette valley is home to 70% of Oregon's population, with the aquifer supplying water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes. Reported in 2005, the total water use from the aquifer was 1.6 hm3 (420 million gallons) per day, with 58% going to irrigation, 24% to public supply, and 18% to industrial use. In general, the aquifer withdraw is sufficiently compensated in the long term by recharge through precipitation, however regions of the aquifer have shown long term declines, including that regions underlain by the Columbia River basalt unit. However, during the dry season from June-September, withdrawals from the aquifer result is significant seasonal variations in the ground water table height, changing by more than 60 ft. In the state of Oregon, all water is publicly owned and maintenance and protection of water is done by the Oregon Water Resources Department and the Oregon Water Resources Commission. However, local governments can provide land use permits for aquifer use, notably, use for new rural residences.

## Hydrogeology

The Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer is composed of many geologic units that are broadly separated into six hydrogeological categories. These categories are listed from lowest to highest.

The lowest unit is the basement confining unit, composed of tertiary marine sedimentary rocks and Eocene volcanic rocks near the Oregon Coast Range, and volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks near the Cascade Range. This unit has low permeability and low porosity, but still can provide water at a low rate.

Generally, above basement unit is the Columbia River basalt unit, consisting of flood-basalt lavas. In this unit, water is stored in the region between two lava flows, where weather has created porosity in the rock unit. Because of this, water is able to flow horizontally through the unit, but generally has very low vertical permeability.

Above the Columbia River Basalt is the lower sedimentary unit, which also sometimes directly overlays the basement unit. This unit constitutes the bulk of the basin-fill of the Willamette Lowland basin-fill aquifer. The basin-fill sediments are due to erosion from rock formations located above that have filled in the basin below. Local sand and gravel beds can have moderate to high productivity for water. This

The middle sedimentary unit overlies the lower sedimentary unit. This unit is generally thinner than the lower sedimentary unit. It consists of mainly sands and gravels from the Pleistocene. This unit along with the lower sedimentary unit have high porosity and high permeability, resulting in high water yields. Agriculture typically uses these units for irrigation.

The uppermost unit is the Willamette silt unit. This unit is composed of fine grained silts. The silt unit covers the lowland, but in some areas it has been washed away by erosion. The high porosity of this unit makes it suitable for storing water, but the low permeability makes it difficult to extract large quantities. Thus, this unit is typically used for domestic water supplies. It was an important source of water for early settlers in the Willamette valley. The Willamette silt act as an impermeable layer to the underlying water storing layers, resulting in the aquifer behaving as a confined aquifer in these regions where it exists.

## Recharge

The high precipitation in this region results in large volumes of recharge for the aquifer. In the low land areas, rainfall can exceed 1400mm (55 in) /yr. In the mountainous regions, rainfall can exceed 2500 mm (100 in) /yr. Where the middle, lower sedimentary, and Columbia River basalt units are exposed to the surface, water can seep into the aquifer from above. The Willamette silt unit limits recharge to underlying layers due to its low vertical hydraulic conductivity. Models show recharge in the mountainous regions to exceed 40 in/yr; most of this likely discharges into streams, making it unavailable for groundwater inflow into lowland areas.

Due to the Columbia River basalt unit's low vertical permeability, recharge of this unit, especially deep areas is limited. Pumping from the deep Columbia River unit has impacted areas six miles or more away from the pumping site. This results in long-term declines in this unit that are not typically observed elsewhere in the aquifer system.


title: Red Lion, Handsworth

abstract: The Red Lion is a disused public house on Soho Road, in the Handsworth district of Birmingham, England. A pub has stood on the site since 1829. The then building was purchased by the Holt Brewery in 1893 and the current building was erected for them in 1901 by the local architects James and Lister Lea. It was taken over by Ansells on their acquisition of Holt in 1934. The three-storey building, in brick with a brick and two-tone terracotta facade, a Welsh slate roof and a polygonal corner tower surmounted by a cupola., was granted grade II listed protection in January 1985. Having closed in 2008, the pub was put up for auction in October 2014, but failed to sell. As of December 2015, it is unused, and is considered "at risk" by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), and by Historic England, who placed it on their Heritage at Risk Register for 2015. It retains what CAMRA have described as: a spectacular interior including floor–to-ceiling tiles in passages, ornate bar fittings, four tiled paintings, and panelled 'coffee room'... and a magnificent bar back of mahogany and gilded, painted and etched mirrors featuring Holt Brewery lettering and squirrel motifs

text:
# Red Lion, Handsworth

The **Red Lion** is a disused public house on Soho Road, in the Handsworth district of Birmingham, England.

A pub has stood on the site since 1829. The then building was purchased by the Holt Brewery in 1893 and the current building was erected for them in 1901 by the local architects James and Lister Lea. It was taken over by Ansells on their acquisition of Holt in 1934.

The three-storey building, in brick with a brick and two-tone terracotta facade, a Welsh slate roof and a polygonal corner tower surmounted by a cupola., was granted grade II listed protection in January 1985.

Having closed in 2008, the pub was put up for auction in October 2014, but failed to sell. As of December 2015, it is unused, and is considered "at risk" by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), and by Historic England, who placed it on their Heritage at Risk Register for 2015. It retains what CAMRA have described as:

> a spectacular interior including floor–to-ceiling tiles in passages, ornate bar fittings, four tiled paintings, and panelled 'coffee room'... and a magnificent bar back of mahogany and gilded, painted and etched mirrors featuring Holt Brewery lettering and squirrel motifs

1. "Birmingham, Handsworth, Red Lion". *Historic Pub Interiors*. Campaign for Real Ale. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
2. Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1276278)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
3. "Pubs in Peril". *Historic Pub Interiors*. Campaign for Real Ale. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

## InfoBox

| Red Lion | |
| --- | --- |
| The building in August 2013 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Disused |
| Type | Public house |
| Address | 270, Soho Road, Handsworth |
| Town or city | Birmingham |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 52°30′15″N 1°56′17″W / 52.504173°N 1.937968°W / 52.504173; -1.937968 |
| Completed | 1901 (1901) |
| Client | Holt Brewery |
| Designations | Grade II listed |


title: Mani (musician)

abstract: Gary "Mani" Mounfield is an English rock bassist, best known for being a member of The Stone Roses and Primal Scream.

text:
# Mani (musician)

**Gary** "**Mani**" **Mounfield** (born 16 November 1962) is an English rock bassist, best known for being a member of The Stone Roses and Primal Scream.

## Career

Mounfield attended Xaverian College in Rusholme, Manchester. He developed an interest in darts, a sport he went on to champion throughout his career. He left school aged sixteen in 1979 and joined the band The Stone Roses (part of the "Madchester" music scene) in 1987. Playing on both of the band's albums, Mounfield was in the Stone Roses until they disbanded in 1996. Mounfield used a Rickenbacker 4005 Jackson Pollock-influenced paint-splattered bass guitar in the period after the Stone Roses debut album. He joined Primal Scream after Stone Roses disbanded. He claimed that Primal Scream were one of three other bands that he would be willing to join; the Jesus and Mary Chain and Oasis being the others. In 2003, with Damon Minchella having left Ocean Colour Scene, he toured with the band supporting the Stereophonics, and he also did a DJ set for Ocean Colour Scene at their December 2008 Manchester gig. He was a full-time Primal Scream member until 2011 when he left to rejoin the Stone Roses.

Mounfield has often been viewed as the most amiable member of the Roses, both while the band were still together and following their break-up. Whilst in the past he had claimed that the band would reform only after "Manchester City won the European Cup", he was also viewed as the most likely member to be up for a Roses reunion. During the band's split, he occasionally joined Ian Brown on stage for renditions of songs by the Stone Roses ("Waterfall", "Made of Stone", "I Am the Resurrection"), as happened in 2008 at Summercase Festival (in Madrid and Barcelona), when both Primal Scream and Brown were playing on the same day. Mounfield and ex-Stone Roses drummer Reni were interviewed for the Manchester Music show on BBC GMR whilst attending a gig by the Coral. Mounfield toured with the Enemy on their UK tour, which involved a rare partaking in backing vocals.

Mounfield has a guest role in the movie *24 Hour Party People* (2002), and was in a supergroup band called Freebass with bass players Andy Rourke (ex-the Smiths) and Peter Hook (Joy Division/New Order). Freebass disbanded before releasing its debut album, *It's a Beautiful Life*, in 2010.

In 2006, Mani fulfilled a long held ambition by playing live the album he described as the "most influential of his life" in full at the 100 Club, with two of the original artists when he played with Rat Scabies & Brian James of The Damned, at the 30th anniversary of their debut album, *Damned Damned Damned*.

Mounfield appeared at the "Manchester Versus Cancer" event on 30 March 2007, performing a DJ set and appearing with Ian Brown for the finale, the Stone Roses' "I Am the Resurrection". He also appeared as a celebrity guest at the 2009 World Darts Championship. He made a guest appearance at Paul Weller's performance at the Manchester MEN arena on 4 December 2010, playing tambourine.

On 18 October 2011, after touring the album *Screamadelica* with Primal Scream for most of that year, Mani revealed he had left Primal Scream to reform the Stone Roses.

## Personal life

Mounfield is a supporter of Manchester United and appeared on Sky One's programme *Football Years*. He also revealed on Play UK programme *Nu Music* that although he supports Manchester United in England, he is Mancunian Irish and was brought up to support Ireland.

During the 13 month long recording of the second Stone Roses album "Second Coming" at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales, Mani met his wife Imelda. The couple have twin sons. His wife Imelda died of cancer in November 2023.

Since 1991, Mounfield has resided in Heaton Moor, Stockport.

In 2019, Mani accepted the Made of Athy Award from his mother's hometown in Athy, Co. Kildare.

## Awards

| Year | Award |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | Muso Awards – Best Bass Guitar |
| 2005 | Muso Awards – Muso's Muso (as part of Primal Scream) |
| 2007 | NME Awards – Godlike Genius Award (as part of Primal Scream) |

## InfoBox

| Gary Mounfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Mani in 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Mani |
| Born | (1962-11-16) 16 November 1962<br>Crumpsall, Manchester, England |
| Genres | Alternative rock, Madchester, indie rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Bass guitar |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Labels | MVB, Silvertone, Geffen, Creation, Sony, B-Unique |


title: Malinowice

abstract: Malinowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Psary, within Będzin County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-east of Psary, 7 km (4 mi) north of Będzin, and 19 km (12 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Malinowice

**Malinowice** \[malʲinɔˈvʲit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Psary, within Będzin County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-east of Psary, 7 km (4 mi) north of Będzin, and 19 km (12 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Malinowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Malinowice | |
| Coordinates: 50°23′24″N 19°8′11″E / 50.39000°N 19.13639°E / 50.39000; 19.13639 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Będzin |
| Gmina | Psary |
| Population | 616 |


abstract: Francis John Clarence Westenra Plantagenet Hastings, 16th Earl of Huntingdon, styled Viscount Hastings until 1939, was a British artist, academic, and later a Labour parliamentarian.

text:
# Francis Hastings, 16th Earl of Huntingdon

**Francis John Clarence Westenra Plantagenet Hastings, 16th Earl of Huntingdon** (30 January 1901 – 24 August 1990), styled ***Viscount Hastings*** until 1939, was a British artist, academic, and later a Labour parliamentarian.

## Background and education

The son and heir of Warner Hastings, 15th Earl of Huntingdon, by his wife Maud Margaret (née Wilson), he was educated at Eton College, Christ Church, Oxford, and the Slade School of Art, London. At Oxford, in 1922, he represented its Polo Varsity Team.

## Artistic and academic career

Huntingdon was a pupil of the Mexican mural painter Diego Rivera and held exhibitions notably in London, Paris, Chicago and San Francisco. He was also appointed a professor at the Camberwell College of Arts and the Central School of Arts & Crafts, London. He later served as chairman of the Society of Mural Painters between 1951 and 1958.

## Public life

During the Second World War he was Deputy Controller of Defence of the Andover Rural District Council from 1941 to 1945. Huntingdon succeeded in the earldom in 1939 and took his seat on the Labour benches in the House of Lords. He served under Clement Attlee as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1945 to 1950.

He was author of *The Golden Octopus* and *Commonsense about India*.

In the House of Lords, he often advocated socially liberal policies, supporting abortion rights, the legalisation of assisted dying, and homosexual law reform.

## Family

Lord Huntingdon's first marriage was to Cristina Casati, daughter of Camillo, Marquis Casati Stampa di Soncino by his wife, the artistic muse Luisa, in 1925; they had one daughter:

Huntingdon and his first wife divorced in 1943 (Cristina then married Wogan Philipps, 2nd Baron Milford and died in 1953). Huntingdon married secondly Margaret Lane, daughter of Harry George Lane, and former wife of Bryan Wallace, son of the writer Edgar Wallace, in 1944. Lady Huntingdon was a writer and critic and published books on Beatrix Potter, Samuel Johnson and the Brontë sisters. They had two daughters:

Lord Huntingdon died in August 1990, aged 89, and was succeeded in the earldom by his first cousin once removed William Edward Robin Hood Hastings-Bass. His wife, Dowager Countess of Huntingdon, died in 1994. In 2014 his daughter Selina, a noted biographer, wrote *The Red Earl: The Extraordinary Life of the 16th Earl of Huntingdon*.

* Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
* Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
* Lundy, Darryl. "Francis John Clarence Westenra Plantagenet Hastings, 16th Earl of Huntingdon". The Peerage.
* *The New York Times* article on the death of Margaret, Countess of Huntingdon


title: Wladimir Pinto

abstract: Wladimir Ramon Pinto is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

text:
# Wladimir Pinto

**Wladimir Ramon Pinto** (born February 12, 1998) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

## Career

### Detroit Tigers

Pinto signed with the Detroit Tigers as an international free agent in 2014. He played for the Venezuelan Summer League Tigers in 2015, going 2–1 with a 3.90 ERA over 27+23 innings. In 2016, he played for the Gulf Coast Tigers and went 1–1 with a 2.66 ERA over 23+23 innings. He split the 2017 season between the Connecticut Tigers and the West Michigan Whitecaps, going a combined 1–0 with a 0.00 ERA over 10 innings. He split the 2018 season between West Michigan and the Lakeland Flying Tigers, going a combined 4–2 with a 4.50 ERA and 77 strikeouts over 50 innings. He split the 2019 season between Lakeland and the Erie SeaWolves, going a combined 3–4 with a 2.34 ERA and 87 strikeouts over 61+23 innings. He played for the Mesa Solar Sox in the Arizona Fall League following the 2019 season.

Pinto did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pinto spent the majority of the 2021 season with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, pitching to a 3–4 record and 4.62 ERA with 60 strikeouts in 50.2 innings of work. He elected minor league free agency following the season on November 7, 2021.

### Minnesota Twins

On December 16, 2021, Pinto signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins organization. He pitched in 25 games for the Triple-A St. Paul Saints, logging a 3–4 record and 2.08 ERA with 43 strikeouts in 34.2 innings pitched. On July 29, 2022, Pinto was released by the Twins organization.

### Long Island Ducks

On August 13, 2022, Pinto signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Pinto made 13 appearances for Long Island down the stretch, recording a 1.17 ERA with 14 strikeouts in 15+13 innings pitched. He became a free agent after the season.

On April 18, 2023, Pinto re-signed with the Ducks for the 2023 season. In 8 games (3 starts) for the Ducks, Pinto registered a 4.11 ERA with 16 strikeouts in 15+13 innings of work. He was released by Long Island on June 20.

On June 2, 2024, Pinto once more re–signed with the Ducks.

## InfoBox

| Wladimir Pinto | |
| --- | --- |
| Long Island Ducks – No. 49 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1998-02-12) February 12, 1998<br>Maracay, Venezuela | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |


# List of New York State Historic Markers in Bronx County, New York

This is a complete list of New York State Historic Markers in Bronx County, New York.

## Listings county-wide

|  | **Marker name** | **Image** | **Date designated** | **Location** | **City or Town** | **Marker text** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bronx River |  |  | Bronx River, At Boston Rd. Bridge, in Bronx Park 40°51′10.5″N 73°52′26.5″W / 40.852917°N 73.874028°W / 40.852917; -73.874028 | Bronx, New York | During the Revolution, the British Fleet was ordered to "Proceed up the Bronx and attack the Yankees in hiding above." |
| 2 | City Island |  |  | City Island Park | Bronx, New York | Pearl Of The Sound, was so called, because it was planned to outstrip New York City. Oyster culture first started here. |
| 3 | Drake Park |  |  | Joseph Rodman Dake Park, Hunt's Point Ave. | Bronx, New York | Contains grave of Joseph Rodman Drake, poet, author of "The Culprit Fay", "Ode To The American Flag", and "Bronx." |
| 4 | Featherbed Lane |  |  | Park Triangle At Featherbed Lane | Bronx, New York | So called from story that farmers' wives, in 1776, aided Americans to escape British by spreading featherbeds on the lane. |
| 5 | Fording Place |  |  | West Side Of Lake In Bronx River, Opposite Zoological Sec., 1/3 Mi. North | Bronx, New York | Early crossing of Bronx River, nearby was Bear Swamp, haunt of bears. Site of Sewanoe Indian Village up to 1689. |
| 6 | Fort Independence |  |  | Claflin Ter. On Walk East Of Reservoir Opposite Fort Independence Ave. | Bronx, New York | One of a chain of forts built in 1776 by Americans to command the valley below. General Richard Montgomery had a farm nearby, in 1772. |
| 7 | Fort Number Four |  |  | Claflin Ter. East Of Sedgwick Ave., West Of Jerome Park Reservoir | Bronx, New York | One of the chain of forts built by the Americans in 1776, to command the valley of the Harlem River; later occupied by the British |
| 8 | Glover's Rock |  |  | On Road To City Island Near Tablet Off Road | Bronx, New York | In Battle of Pell's Point, Col. Glover and 550 men, held British long enough for Washington's army to escape to White Plains. Historical Marker Database ID 98622 |
| 9 | Hunter's Island |  |  | Hunter's Island at entrance from highway | Bronx, New York | Contains the Hunter-Iselin Mansion; Ogden Mansion on Twin Island; Indian Name Laapawachking, - "Place Of Stringing Beads". |
| 10 | Jonas Bronck |  |  | Pulaski Park | Bronx, New York | First settler in the Bronx, 1639, built house east of this park, where was signed treaty between Dutch and Weckquaeskeek Indians, 1642. |
| 11 | Lydig's Mill |  |  | Bronx River, About Opposite Entrance To New York Zoological Gardens | Bronx, New York | Built in 18th century, stood here. North was Johnson's Tavern, where stage coaches, New York To Boston, stopped to change horses. |
| 12 | Macombs Dam |  |  | Macombs Dam Park | Bronx, New York | Bridge is on site of Old Dam which made pond of Harlem River. Dam became nuisance and was torn down by citizens in 1840. |
| 13 | Old Indian Path |  |  | Location: Bet. Pelham Bay Park on Split Rock Road, And Bet. Pelham Manor And Pelham Road. | Bronx, New York | Later known as the Split Rock Road many of erected by the Park Dept, City Of New York, October 18, 1938. |
| 14 | Parade Ground |  |  | On Broadway, West Side Of Parade Ground Van Cortlandt Park | Bronx, New York | Here was the bouwerie or farm of Adrian Van Der Donck, secured by purchase from Indians and grant by Governor Kieft, 1650. |
| 15 | Pell Estate |  |  | Pelham Bay Park | Bronx, New York | Thomas Pell of Fairfield, Conn., under tree known as Treaty Oak, bought Pelham Manor from the sachems Annhoock and Maminepoe |
| 16 | Poe Cottage |  |  | Grand Concourse | Bronx, New York | Edgar Allan Poe lived here 1846-49 and wrote many of his poems, "Annabel Lee", Ulalume, and others. His wife, Virginia, died here. |
| 17 | Screven's Point |  |  | Small Park At End Of Castle Hill Ave. | Bronx, New York | Sewanoe Indians had castle here, seen by Adrian Block on his voyage, 1614. Loyalist clergymen, including Samuel Seabury, hid in farmhouse. |
| 18 | Site Of West Chester Town |  |  | Tarrytown | Bronx, New York | Prescott Bryant repulsed British at causeway over West Chester Creek Westchester Lexington |
| 19 | Split Rock |  |  | At Split Rock, Pelham Bay Park | Bronx, New York | Near here was home of Anne Hutchinson, who settled in 1642. She and her family were killed in the Indian Uprising, 1662 |
| 20 | St. Ann's Shrine |  |  | St Ann's Avenue, South Bronx | Bronx, New York | Here rests Lewis Morris, "Signer" Declaration of Independence; Gouverneur Morris, "Penman" Constitution Of U.S.A.; Judge R.H. Morris, Mayor Of New York |
| 21 | Throgg's Neck |  |  | Throgg's Point Park | Bronx, New York | Named For Throckmorton, who settled here in 1642. One of his companions was Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island. |
| 22 | Van Cortlandt Mansion |  |  | In front of Van Cortlandt House Museum 40°53′28.8″N 73°53′41.5″W / 40.891333°N 73.894861°W / 40.891333; -73.894861 | Bronx, New York | Built in 1748 by Frederick Van Cortlandt. Hessian headquarters in Revolution. Washington and Rochambeau were here. |
| 23 | Van Cortlandt Mill |  |  | On Brook, Near Dam, East Of Van Cortlandt Mansion | Bronx, New York | Site of grist and saw mill of Van Cortlandt family. Used over 200 years, burned in 1901. One of the millstones is west of the mansion. |
| 24 | Van Der Donck |  |  | East Of Van Cortlandt Mansion, Between it and Dam | Bronx, New York | Adrian Van Der Donck, first settler here, 1650 built house, later burned by Indians. Original site of Van Cortlandt House. |
| 25 | Vault Hill |  |  | On East Hill Of Parade Ground, North Of Railroad Underpass, In Van Cortland | Bronx, New York | Burial vault of the Van Cortlandt family, where Augustus Van Cortlandt, City Clerk, hid New York records during Revolution. |


title: Twicelights World Tour

abstract: Twicelights World Tour was the first world tour by South Korean girl group Twice. It saw 25 concerts in 16 cities across various countries in Asia and North America, spanning from May 2019 to February 2020. Four encore shows in Seoul and Tokyo that were originally scheduled for early 2020 were cancelled following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Twicelights World Tour

**Twicelights World Tour** was the first world tour by South Korean girl group Twice. It saw 25 concerts in 16 cities across various countries in Asia and North America, spanning from May 2019 to February 2020. Four encore shows in Seoul and Tokyo that were originally scheduled for early 2020 were cancelled following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Background

On April 8, 2019, JYP Entertainment announced that Twice would hold their first world tour in 9 cities including Seoul, Bangkok, Manila, Los Angeles, and Chicago starting from May 25. On July 17, the 7 cities in Japan including Hokkaido, Chiba, and Osaka were adding to the tour schedule. Member Mina wasn't able to participate in Singapore, North American leg and Kuala Lumpur concerts as she was struggling with "extreme anxiety" at the time. On October 18, it was announced that Twice would hold additional concerts in Tokyo on March 3 and 4, 2020; additional concerts in Seoul for March 7 and 8 were added a month later.

On February 24, 2020, JYP Entertainment announced that due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, the final shows in Seoul were cancelled; it was followed by the announcement of the cancellation of the Tokyo shows two days later.

## Set lists

Set list in Seoul

**Main Set**

1. Stuck in My Head (Rock remix)
2. Cheer Up (Rock remix)
3. Touchdown (Rock remix)
4. BDZ (Korean version)
5. Yes or Yes (remix)
6. Like Ooh-Ahh (Ooh-Ahh하게) (remix)
7. I Want You Back (remix)
8. Knock Knock (remix)
9. Dance The Night Away (Dance intro version)
10. After Moon
11. You in My Heart (널 내게 담아)
12. Be as One (Korean version)
13. Sunset
14. Heart Shaker (Ballad remix)
15. Heart Shaker (remix)
16. Strawberry
17. Woohoo (remix)
18. Dance for You (Beyoncé cover) (Sana, Dahyun & Tzuyu)
19. Goodbye (Taemin cover) (Momo & Jihyo)
20. Born This Way (Lady Gaga cover) (Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Mina & Chaeyoung)
21. Likey
22. What Is Love?
23. Ho!
24. Signal
25. TT
26. Fancy (remix)

**Encore**

1. Heart Shaker
2. Title track medley
3. Stuck
Set list in Japan

**Main Set**

1. Stuck in My Head (Rock remix)
2. Touchdown (Rock remix)
3. BDZ
4. Yes or Yes (remix)
5. I Want You Back (remix)
6. Dance The Night Away (Dance intro version)
7. Breakthrough
8. The Reason Why
9. Wishing
10. What You Waiting For
11. Heart Shaker (Ballad remix)
12. Heart Shaker (remix)
13. Strawberry
14. Woohoo (remix)
15. Dance for You (Beyoncé cover) (Sana, Dahyun & Tzuyu)
16. Goodbye (Taemin cover) (Momo & Jihyo)
17. Born This Way (Lady Gaga cover) (Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Mina & Chaeyoung)
18. Likey
19. What Is Love?
20. Feel Special
21. TT
22. Fancy (remix)
23. Fake & True

**Encore**

1. Happy Happy

(Japanese Title Track Medley)

1. One More Time
2. Candy Pop
3. Wake Me Up
4. Stay by My Side
Set list in Singapore, USA & Kuala Lumpur

**Main Set**

1. Stuck in My Head (Rock remix)
2. Cheer Up (Rock remix)
3. Touchdown (Rock remix)
4. BDZ
5. Yes or Yes (remix)
6. I Want You Back (remix)
7. Dance The Night Away (Dance intro version)
8. After Moon
9. You in My Heart
10. Sunset
11. Heart Shaker (Ballad remix)
12. Heart Shaker (remix)
13. Strawberry
14. Woohoo (remix)
15. Dance for You (Beyoncé cover) (Sana, Dahyun & Tzuyu)
16. Goodbye (Taemin cover) (Momo & Jihyo)
17. Born This Way (Lady Gaga cover) (Nayeon, Jeongyeon & Chaeyoung)
18. Likey
19. What Is Love?
20. Like Ooh-Ahh
21. TT
22. Fancy (remix)

**Encore**

1. Signal
2. Knock Knock
3. Stuck
Notes * During the show in Bangkok and Manila, "Like OOH-AHH" (Ooh-Ahh하게) was removed after "Yes or Yes". Twice also removed "Be as One" (Korean version) after Ment 2. They also removed "Ho!" and "Signal" and performed "Like OOH-AHH" (Ooh-Ahh하게) instead after Ment 3. For the Encore in Bangkok and Manila they removed "Heart Shaker" and performed "Knock Knock" instead.
* During the show in Bangkok, Twice removed from the encore "Medley" and they performed "Signal" (remix) instead after the ending ment.
* Mina didn't participate in Singapore, USA, Mexico & Malaysia dates due to health issues.
* Chaeyoung didn't participate at the dates in Sapporo & Nagoya due to health issues.

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Asia** | | | | |
| May 25, 2019 | Seoul | South Korea | KSPO Dome | 20,000 |
| May 26, 2019 | | | | |
| June 15, 2019 | Bangkok | Thailand | Impact Arena | 8,000 |
| June 29, 2019 | Manila | Philippines | Mall of Asia Arena | 10,000 |
| July 13, 2019 | Singapore | | Singapore Indoor Stadium | 10,000 |
| **North America** | | | | |
| July 17, 2019 | Inglewood | United States | The Forum | 11,827 |
| July 19, 2019 | Mexico City | Mexico | Palacio de los Deportes | 8,000 |
| July 21, 2019 | Newark | United States | Prudential Center | 10,000 |
| July 23, 2019 | Chicago | | Wintrust Arena | 5,911 |
| **Asia** | | | | |
| August 17, 2019 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | Axiata Arena | 8,000 |
| October 23, 2019 | Sapporo | Japan | Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena |  |
| October 27, 2019 | Chiba | | Makuhari Messe | |
| October 29, 2019 | | ||
| October 30, 2019 | | ||
| November 6, 2019 | Osaka | | Osaka-jō Hall | |
| November 7, 2019 | | ||
| November 16, 2019 | Miyagi | | Sekisui Heim Super Arena | |
| November 17, 2019 | | ||
| November 29, 2019 | Nagoya | | Nagoya International Exhibition Hall | |
| November 30, 2019 | | ||
| December 1, 2019 | | ||
| February 11, 2020 | Fukuoka | | Marine Messe Fukuoka | |
| February 12, 2020 | | ||
| February 22, 2020 | Shizuoka | | Ecopa Arena | |
| February 23, 2020 | | ||
| Total | | | | N/A |

### Cancelled dates

List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason for cancellation
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 7, 2020 | Seoul | South Korea | KSPO Dome | COVID-19 pandemic |
| March 8, 2020 | | | | |
| April 15, 2020
(March 3, 2020) | Tokyo | Japan | Tokyo Dome | |
| April 16, 2020
(March 4, 2020) | | | | |

### Boxscore

List of shows with boxscore data
| Date | City | Tickets Sold / Available | Gross Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 17, 2019 | Inglewood, California | 11,827 / 11,827 (100%) | $1,388,228 |
| July 23, 2019 | Chicago, Illinois | 5,911 / 6,045 (97.7%) | $781,922 |

## InfoBox

Twicelights World Tour
| World tour by Twice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Associated album |  |
| Start date | May 25, 2019 (2019-05-25) |
| End date | February 23, 2020 (2020-02-23) |
| Legs | 3 |
| No. of shows | 21 in Asia
4 in North America
25 in total |
| Twice concert chronology | |


title: Martinique at the CONCACAF Gold Cup

abstract: The CONCACAF Gold Cup is North America's major tournament in senior men's football and determines the continental champion. Until 1989, the tournament was known as CONCACAF Championship. It is currently held every two years. From 1996 to 2005, nations from other confederations have regularly joined the tournament as invitees. In earlier editions, the continental championship was held in different countries, but since the inception of the Gold Cup in 1991, the United States are constant hosts or co-hosts. From 1973 to 1989, the tournament doubled as the confederation's World Cup qualification. CONCACAF's representative team at the FIFA Confederations Cup was decided by a play-off between the winners of the last two tournament editions in 2015 via the CONCACAF Cup, but was then discontinued along with the Confederations Cup. As Non-FIFA members, Martinique were not able to qualify for the Confederations Cup, even if they had won the tournament. Since the inaugural tournament in 1963, the continental championship was held 27 times and has been won by seven different nations, most often by Mexico. The Martinican football federation has been an associate member of CONCACAF only since 1991, which enabled them to enter the qualification stage for the inaugural CONCACAF Gold Cup when the CONCACAF Championship was rebranded under that name. Since then, they have qualified for eight tournaments, which puts them among the more successful Caribbean teams in tournament history. They qualified for the knockout stage once, in 2002, after a 1–0 victory against Trinidad and Tobago. In their first tournament match in 1993, Martinique was on the receiving end of a 9–0 defeat to Mexico, still the highest victory in tournament history. Seven of those goals were scored by striker Luís Roberto Alves, another unique record.

text:
# Martinique at the CONCACAF Gold Cup

The CONCACAF Gold Cup is North America's major tournament in senior men's football and determines the continental champion. Until 1989, the tournament was known as CONCACAF Championship. It is currently held every two years. From 1996 to 2005, nations from other confederations have regularly joined the tournament as invitees. In earlier editions, the continental championship was held in different countries, but since the inception of the Gold Cup in 1991, the United States are constant hosts or co-hosts.

From 1973 to 1989, the tournament doubled as the confederation's World Cup qualification. CONCACAF's representative team at the FIFA Confederations Cup was decided by a play-off between the winners of the last two tournament editions in 2015 via the CONCACAF Cup, but was then discontinued along with the Confederations Cup. As Non-FIFA members, Martinique were not able to qualify for the Confederations Cup, even if they had won the tournament.

Since the inaugural tournament in 1963, the continental championship was held 27 times and has been won by seven different nations, most often by Mexico (12 titles).

The Martinican football federation has been an associate member of CONCACAF only since 1991, which enabled them to enter the qualification stage for the inaugural CONCACAF Gold Cup when the CONCACAF Championship was rebranded under that name. Since then, they have qualified for eight tournaments, which puts them among the more successful Caribbean teams in tournament history. They qualified for the knockout stage once, in 2002, after a 1–0 victory against Trinidad and Tobago.

In their first tournament match in 1993, Martinique was on the receiving end of a 9–0 defeat to Mexico, still the highest victory in tournament history. Seven of those goals were scored by striker Luís Roberto Alves, another unique record.

## Overall record

| CONCACAF Championship & CONCACAF Gold Cup record | | | | | | | | | |  | Qualification record | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | Squad | | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 1963 | *Not a CONCACAF member* | | | | | | | | | | *Not a CONCACAF member* | | | | | |
| 1965 | ||
| 1967 | ||
| 1969 | ||
| 1971 | ||
| 1973 | ||
| 1977 | ||
| 1981 | ||
| 1985 | ||
| 1989 | ||
| 1991 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 5 |
| 1993 | Group stage | 8th | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 | Squad | | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 6 |
| 1996 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
| 1998 | | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 5 ||
| 2000 | | 9 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 18 | 20 ||
| 2002 | Quarter-finals | 6th | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Squad | | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 20 | 5 |
| 2003 | Group stage | 12th | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | Squad | | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 10 |
| 2005 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 3 |
| 2007 | | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 12 ||
| 2009 | | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 6 ||
| 2011 | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 ||
| 2013 | Group stage | 10th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | Squad | | 11 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 34 | 10 |
| 2015 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 11 |
| 2017 | Group stage | 9th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | Squad | | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 2 |
| 2019 | Group stage | 12th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | Squad | | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 |
| 2021 | Group stage | 15th | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12 | Squad | | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 2023 | Group stage | 11th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 9 | Squad | | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
| Total | Quarter-finals | 8/27 | 23 | 5 | 2 | 16 | 26 | 58 |  | | 105 | 56 | 24 | 25 | 220 | 119 |

### Match overview

| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | Group stage | Mexico | 0–9 | Mexico City |
| | | Canada | 2–2 | |
| | | Costa Rica | 1–3 | |
| 2002 | Group stage | Costa Rica | 0–2 | Miami |
| | | Trinidad and Tobago | 1–0 | |
| | Quarter-finals | Canada | 1–1<br>(5–6 ) | |
| 2003 | Group stage | United States | 0–2 | Foxboro |
| | | El Salvador | 0–1 | |
| 2013 | Group stage | Canada | 1–0 | Pasadena |
| | | Panama | 0–1 | Seattle |
| | | Mexico | 1–3 | Denver |
| 2017 | Group stage | Nicaragua | 2–0 | Nashville |
| | | United States | 2–3 | Tampa |
| | | Panama | 0–3 | Cleveland |
| 2019 | Group stage | Canada | 0–4 | Pasadena |
| | | Cuba | 3–0 | Denver |
| | | Mexico | 2–3 | Charlotte |
| 2021 | Group stage | Canada | 1–4 | Kansas City |
| | | United States | 1–6 | |
| | | Haiti | 1–2 | Frisco |
| 2023 | Group stage | El Salvador | 2–1 | Fort Lauderdale |
| | | Panama | 1–2 | Harrison |
| | | | Costa Rica | 4–6 |

## Record players

| Rank | Player | Matches | Gold Cups |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Daniel Hérelle | 14 | 2013, 2017, 2019, 2021 and 2023 |
| 2 | Stéphane Abaul | 10 | 2013, 2017, 2019 and 2021 |
| 3 | Jean-Sylvain Babin | 9 | 2013, 2019 and 2021 |
| | Sébastien Crétinoir | 9 | 2013, 2017, 2019 and 2021 |
| | Kévin Parsemain | 9 | 2013, 2017 and 2019 |
| | Kévin Fortuné | 9 | 2019, 2021 and 2023 |
| 7 | Jordy Delem | 7 | 2013, 2017 and 2019 |
| | Christophe Jougon | 7 | 2017, 2019 and 2021 |
| | Johnny Marajo | 7 | 2017, 2019 and 2021 |
| | Karl Vitulin | 7 | 2017, 2019 and 2021 |

## Top goalscorers

Kévin Parsemain, who captained the Martinique national team in 2013 and 2017, is the top scoring Martiniquais player at CONCACAF Gold Cups, with five goals. In 2017, his three goals were enough to make him shared top-scorer of the tournament, although the Golden Boot award went to Canadian Alphonso Davies.

| Rank | Player | Goals | Gold Cups |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kévin Parsemain | 5 | 2013 (1), 2017 (3) and 2019 (1) |
| 2 | Kévin Fortuné | 3 | 2019, 2021 and 2023 |
| | Patrick Burner | 3 | 2023 |
| 4 | Emmanuel Rivière | 2 | 2021 |
| 5 | *Twelve players* | 1 | Various |


title: Mixed Reality Toolkit

abstract: Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK) is an open-source software development kit (SDK) developed by Microsoft in 2016 for the development of mixed reality (MR) and augmented reality (AR) software applications. It consists of a collection of components and features designed to enhance the mixed reality user and developer experiences. The toolkit was originally developed by Microsoft for the release of the HoloLens 1 augmented reality headset, although it supports a variety of platforms.

text:
# Mixed Reality Toolkit

**Mixed Reality Toolkit** (**MRTK**) is an open-source software development kit (SDK) developed by Microsoft in 2016 for the development of mixed reality (MR) and augmented reality (AR) software applications. It consists of a collection of components and features designed to enhance the mixed reality user and developer experiences. The toolkit was originally developed by Microsoft for the release of the HoloLens 1 augmented reality headset, although it supports a variety of platforms.

## History

### Initial release

Known as the "HoloToolkit" (HTK) prior to its initial public release, the software development kit was created to aid in the development of the new Microsoft HoloLens augmented reality device. Mixed Reality Toolkit was released to the public as an open-source SDK in December 2017, one year after the release of Microsoft's HoloLens. The software has had multiple successful generations, including MRTK, MRTK2, and the soon-to-be-released MRTK3.

### Layoffs

On January 18, 2023, Microsoft announced that it would be laying off approximately 10,000 employees. Days later, these layoffs were found to include the entire team behind the development of MRTK, along with significant portions of the HoloLens hardware team. Currently, the future of MRTK is uncertain, although it is expected that the extended reality (XR) community will continue to maintain the software due to it being released as open-source under the MIT License.

## Supported platforms

Mixed Reality Toolkit is considered to be a platform-agnostic tool as it features a wide variety of supported platforms. This high level of compatibility allows developers to quickly and easily build mixed reality applications tailored to the specific platform they are working on. The following is a list of supported platforms:

| Supported Platform | Minimum Version | Devices |
| --- | --- | --- |
| OpenXR | Unity 2020.3.8+ | HoloLens 2, Windows Mixed Reality headsets, Meta Quest, SteamVR devices |
| Windows XR Plugin | N/A | HoloLens, HoloLens 2, Windows Mixed Reality headsets |
| Oculus XR Plugin | Unity 2019.3+ | Meta Quest, Meta Quest 2 |
| ARCore XR Plugin | N/A | Android devices (via AR Foundation) |
| ARKit XR Plugin | N/A | iOS devices (via AR Foundation) |
| OpenVR | N/A | Windows Mixed Reality headsets, HTC Vive, Oculus Rift |
| Ultraleap Hand Tracking | N/A | Ultraleap Leap Motion controller |
| Unreal Engine | N/A | HoloLens2, Windows mixed Reality, SteamVR |

## Components and features

Mixed Reality Toolkit is equipped with a range of components and features that allow developers to create immersive mixed reality applications. These provide developers with a broad range of tools and technologies, including low-level APIs, and high-level development frameworks. These components and features are designed to be used in combination with additional software libraries to create engaging and interactive mixed reality experiences.

MRTK primary feature areas
| Name | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Input System | Provides developers with the ability to read and handle device-level input events from a wide range of sources |
| Hand Tracking (HoloLens 2) | Enables users to control their HoloLens 2 device with their hands |
| Eye Tracking (HoloLens 2) | Interprets user eye movements to provide accurate interactions |
| Profiles | Configurable profiles used to set up and manage the toolkit in each scene |
| Hand Tracking (Ultraleap) | Enables users to control their device by interfacing with the Leap Motion Data Provider |
| UI Controls | Pre-made UI components used to quickly create user interfaces |
| Solvers | Components to solve complex problems in mixed reality, such as object placement and 3D manipulation |
| Multi-Scene Manager | System for managing multiple scenes in mixed reality, including scene loading, unloading, and transition effects |
| Spatial Awareness | Detects physical environment elements to enhance user experience and interactions |
| Diagnostic Tool | Interface which provides critical runtime verification data to simplify system debugging and analysis |
| MRTK Standard Shader | Shader system designed to implement high quality, yet performant, visuals on mixed reality devices |
| Speech & Dictation | Utilizes speech recognition and natural language processing to interpret user keywords and commands |
| Boundary System | Defines the boundaries of a user's area for increased safety and awareness |
| In-Editor Simulation | Interface designed to test a range of MRTK interactions within the editor without creating a new build |
| Experimental Features | Features currently in development or unfinished, which may not have been thoroughly tested |

MRTK contains UX building block components, which include buttons, object manipulators, system keyboards, object collections, and more. These tools are provided to developers with the intention of simplifying the development process and encouraging innovation in mixed reality.

## InfoBox

Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK)
|
|  |
| Other names | HoloToolkit (HTK) |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
| Initial release | 2017 (2017) |
|  | |
| Stable release | v2.8.3 / November 7, 2022 (2022-11-07) |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/microsoft/MixedRealityToolkit-Unity |
| Written in | C# |
| License | MIT License |
| Website | aka.ms/mrtkdocs |
| As of | March 2023 |


title: Reg Bolton (rugby union)

abstract: Reginald Bolton was an English physician and England International rugby player. He played five times for England making his debut against Wales in 1933. His final appearance was in 1938. He played for Wakefield and Harlequins, as well as thirty times for Yorkshire. He was son of Professor J Shaw Bolton, the medical Superintendent at the west Riding Mental Hospital in Wakefield and a pupil at QEGS Wakefield.

text:
# Reg Bolton (rugby union)

**Reginald Bolton** (20 November 1909 – 21 September 2006) was an English physician and England International rugby player.

He played five times for England making his debut against Wales in 1933. His final appearance was in 1938.

He played for Wakefield and Harlequins, as well as thirty times for Yorkshire.

He was son of Professor J Shaw Bolton, the medical Superintendent at the west Riding Mental Hospital in Wakefield and a pupil at QEGS Wakefield.

## InfoBox

Reg Bolton
| Birth name | Reg Bolton |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 20 November 1909 |
| Place of birth | Prescott, Gloucestershire, England |
| Date of death | 21 September 2006(2006-09-21) (aged 96) |
| Rugby union career | |
| Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Wakefield<br>Harlequins   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1933 -1938 England  5  (6) | |


title: Reema Nanavaty

abstract: Reema Nanavaty is an Indian developmental worker based in Ahmedabad, India. She has been active for three decades in organising women into co-operative organisations, enterprises and trade unions in India. She is the director of SEWA and is credited for building women's livelihoods and enterprises within eighteen states in India as well as in neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. She was honoured by the Government of India, in 2013, with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the field of social service.

text:
# Reema Nanavaty

**Reema Nanavaty** is an Indian developmental worker based in Ahmedabad, India. She has been active for three decades in organising women into co-operative organisations, enterprises and trade unions in India. She is the director of *SEWA* (Self-Employed Women's Association of India) and is credited for building women's livelihoods and enterprises within eighteen states in India as well as in neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan.

She was honoured by the Government of India, in 2013, with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the field of social service.

## Biography

> *If the villagers of Gokhantar, in the arid deserts of western Gujarat state have a supply of sweet water today, they have their womenfolk to thank for it* says Reema Nanavaty.

Reema Nanavaty was born in Ahmedabad, to Bharati Nanavaty and Rameshchandra Nanavaty, in the Indian state of Gujarat on 22 May 1964. Her paternal grandfather Mahendrarai Nanavaty was a well known labour lawyer who worked for the Textile Labour Association or TLA (also known as *Majoor Mahajan Sangh*) founded by Mahatma Gandhi, from which *SEWA* originates. Her maternal grandfather, Shyamprasad Vasavada was the General Secretary of the Textile Labour Association, a labour leader and Gandhian. He worked closely with Anasuya Sarabhai – on whom Reema’s family curated an exhibition – “Motaben” in 2012. Nanavaty is the daughter-in-law Ela Bhatt, a renowned women's empowerment activist, Padma Bhushan winner and the founder of *SEWA*.

Nanavaty was raised and schooled in Ahmedabad. She pursued a master's in microbiology with Medical Laboratory Technician training and graduated in Science from the Gujarat University. Opting for a career of civil service, she passed the civil services examination (IAS). However, her stay there lasted only one year as she quit the service to take up full-time social service.

In 1985 she joined the rural wing of SEWA Self-Employed Women's Association of India, an NGO founded by Ela Bhatt, a Gandhian and social worker. She developed a regional rural water supply scheme into an integrated water project. She stayed on with SEWA and expanded the project into an on-going Women, Water and Work campaign of 40000 women, making women central to water decisions in the process. In 1999, she was elected as the General Secretary of SEWA. Since then, she has expanded SEWA membership to 530,000 making SEWA the single largest union of informal sector workers in India. It was under her leadership, SEWA started self-help groups and a retail distribution network, *Rudi*, to take the goods produced by SEWA sisters to 40000 households.

In 2001, Reema Nanavaty launched *Jeevika project*, in association with the Government of Gujarat and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), an initiative to bring relief to the 2001 Gujarat earthquake victims and their families. A year later, she started *Shanta*, a relief programme to aid the 2002 Gujarat riots victims. She has taken SEWA out of Gujarat and the activities of the organization, now, spans across the country from Jammu and Kashmir to Assam. They are also involved in war torn Afghanistan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.

Reema is currently member of the Advisory Council on Gender of the World Bank Group. She was also invited as a member of International Labor Organization’s High Level Global Commission on Future of Work. She was the only commissioner representing the informal sector workers, self-employed workers and the rural workers union in the entire commission. She has also been invited as a member of the UN High-level Dialogue\`s Technical Working Group on Energy Action to Advance Other SDGs.

## Personal life

She is married to Mihir Bhatt, an Architect and Urban Planner and Founder of All India Disaster Mitigation Institute. They have two sons Somnath and Rameshwar Bhatt.

## Awards

* Agriculture Leadership Award in 2021, Agriculture Today
* FICCI Water Awards in 2016
* ITUC Dorje Khatri Award in 2016
* Innovating – For a Better Tomorrow Award in 2014, CNN - IBN
* Social Innovator Award in 2014, Indians for Collective Action
* First Jacques Diouf Award on Global Food Security in 2013, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
* Padma Shri Award in 2013, Government of India
* Designomics Awards in 2011, Bloomberg UTV, World Brand Congress and VGC
* Sankalp NABARD Award in 2009
* Kamladevi Chattopadhyay Award given by the Government of India.

## Further reading

* Reema Nanavaty. "Doosri azadi". *India Seminar*.
* Nanavaty, Reema (2020). ""Pandemic and future of work: Rehabilitating informal workers livelihoods post pandemic."". *The Indian Journal of Labour Economics*. **63** (1): 151–155. doi:10.1007/s41027-020-00271-0. PMC 7548055. PMID 33071491.
* James, A. J., Joep Verhagen, Christine Van Wijk, Reema Nanavaty, Mita Parikh, and Mihir Bhatt. "Transforming time into money using water: a participatory study of economics and gender in rural India." In Natural Resources Forum, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 205–217. Oxford, UK and Boston, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002.
* Sijbesma, Christine, Joep Verhagen, Reema Nanavaty, and A. J. James. "Impacts of domestic water supply on gender and income: results from a participatory study in a drought-prone region in Gujarat, India." Water Policy 11, no. 1 (2009): 95–105.

## InfoBox

| Reema Nanavaty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1964-05-22) 22 May 1964<br>Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |
| Resting place | Ahmedabad |
| Occupation | Social worker |
| Spouse | Mihir Bhatt |
| Children | Two |
| Awards | Padma Shri |


title: Man of the House (1995 film)

abstract: Man of the House is a 1995 American comedy film starring Chevy Chase, Farrah Fawcett, Jonathan Taylor Thomas and George Wendt. The film is about a boy (Thomas) who must come to terms with his potential stepfather (Chase), a well-meaning lawyer who is unknowingly the subject of a manhunt by relatives of a man he helped land in prison. It was shot in Los Angeles, California and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

text:
# Man of the House (1995 film)

***Man of the House*** is a 1995 American comedy film starring Chevy Chase, Farrah Fawcett, Jonathan Taylor Thomas (in his debut film appearance) and George Wendt. The film is about a boy (Thomas) who must come to terms with his potential stepfather (Chase), a well-meaning lawyer who is unknowingly the subject of a manhunt by relatives of a man he helped land in prison. It was shot in Los Angeles, California and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

## Plot

Five-year-old Ben Archer watches silently as his father starts up his car and drives away with his secretary, and they both offer only a wave out the window in parting. His mother, Sandy, can only watch heartbroken from the window of their house as her ex-husband leaves them. Ben's father promised to visit him, yet never comes back. They are both upset, but they decide to have a fresh start, so they move into a loft apartment in downtown Seattle to begin a new life with just the two of them. Sandy makes creative efforts to turn it into a home for them. They gradually overcome his father leaving and foster a very close bond with important rituals and routines, including making a collage with beach debris. Sandy develops an interest in dating, but her suitors never fit well and do not last long, which allows Ben's ideal relationship with his mother to resume. Five years later, however, Sandy decides she is ready for marriage again, and begins seriously dating U.S. Federal Prosecutor, Attorney Jack Sturges.

In Federal Court, Jack successfully prosecutes mobster Frank Renda for drug trafficking. Before being sentenced to fifty years in federal prison at Sheridan, the elderly Frank makes a veiled threat of revenge towards Jack. After court is adjourned, Frank's son Joey rephrases the threat in a more intimidating manner, but Jack does not back down and then dismisses him entirely. Sandy and Jack discuss his moving in, of which eleven-year-old Ben does not approve despite his mother's reassurance that it is only a trial period. Jack is confident he can win him over, telling Sandy he has read every book on stepparenting he could find.

The transition does not go smoothly for Ben, as he resentfully feels he is the one suffering all of the adjustments and that his mother is making the same mistake she made with his father, so he resorts to ensuring Jack is as uncomfortable and unwelcome as possible. Jack tries taking the subterfuge in stride, not realizing it is deliberate, but his efforts to connect with the boy are met with irritation as he only succeeds in disrupting Ben's customary lifestyle. After meeting a boy named Norman Bronski at school, Ben feigns interest in joining the Indian Guides – a YMCA father son program – with Jack to secretly drive a wedge between them and get rid of him. Despite reluctance, Jack goes along with it at Sandy's insistence, and he and Ben join Norman's "tribe", the Minotauks. Neither of them like the club, but Ben manages to effectively humiliate Jack at meetings.

Once it starts interfering with his job, Jack tells Sandy he can no longer be part of it. Ben fakes distress by this and compares it to his father leaving to turn Sandy against her boyfriend. Jack goes to apologize, and instead overhears Ben bragging about everything over the phone to his best friend Monroe. Although he is disheartened by this revelation, Jack does not tell Sandy about it and instead seeks advice from high school woodshop teacher and fellow stepfather Chet Bronski, who is The Indian Guides chief. Chet tells Jack the reason why Ben is doing this is because he is afraid Jack will take his mother away from him. Chet was like Jack himself — Norman and Chet never got along, but the Indian Guides help them have a great relationship. Jack decides that this is what he will do. He then redoubles his efforts to bond with Ben by improving the Indian Guides. Meanwhile, Ben starts to connect with Norman and they become close friends after a sleepover. Just as Jack starts to strengthen his relationship with Ben, Joey's threat catches up with him: the brakes on his Ford Explorer are cut, but Jack manages to avoid a more serious crash and ends up in Puget Sound. This causes him to miss an important canoe trip he promised to attend. Ben, having finally opened up, is genuinely hurt by this perceived betrayal to the point of tears, as it brings up bad memories of his father's broken promises.

Ben returns home at the same time Jack does, he tells Ben that he had car trouble and was unable to get to the canoe trip on time and that he's sorry, but then Jack tells Ben that Chet had planned a camping trip for the Indian Guides on the 4th of July and that Jack promises Ben that they will go on the trip no matter what happens. Jack conceals the truth and refuses his boss Bob's order to transfer to Portland, Oregon so he can redeem himself to go camping. His initial attempts are unsuccessful, and he feels the situation is hopeless. Joey and his two goons, Murray and Tony, are then discovered in the woods with rifles by Ben planning to kill Jack, and Jack confesses the truth behind his "car trouble" which garners Ben's forgiveness and understanding as he now knows Jack did not intentionally betray his trust like his father. Jack sends the rest of the Indian Guides to the ranger station while he and Ben (who returned to help him) improvise to distract the criminals.

The pair is eventually cornered in front of an abandoned mine shaft entrance rigged with dynamite, until they are rescued by the Minotauks and the crooks are disabled. Ben is impressed and finally gives his approval of Jack and consents to Jack proposing to Sandy. The two complete the beach collage, which symbolizes that the three of them are finally whole as a family. Jack and Sandy marry, with the Minotauks in attendance at the wedding, and despite nothing being perfect, all are happy.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

A soundtrack by Walt Disney Records was scheduled to coincide with the film's release, but never came to fruition due to the fact Disney could not procure the rights to several of the songs for a soundtrack release, most notably C+C Music Factory's "Gonna Make You Sweat" and Enigma's "Return to Innocence". Despite this, "Hit the Road Jack", a song by R&B artist Percy Mayfield, was cleared for release on the soundtrack that, ultimately, never made it to market.

The soundtrack was advertised on promotional materials from mid 1994 to the beginning of 1995. "Return to Innocence (Short Version)" was used in Jack and Sandy's wedding during the film, "Return to Innocence (Single Version)" was to be used on the unreleased *Man of the House* soundtrack, and "Return to Innocence (380 Midnight Mix)" was used in the two *Man of the House* promo television spots.

## Reception

The film was panned by critics, and has a rating of 13% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 15 reviews.

*Entertainment Weekly* critic Owen Gleiberman awarded the film a D+, describing it as a "a lethargic family comedy" and castigating Chase's acting abilities, remarking that "as a performer, Chase hasn't lost his air of foggy detachment; he still delivers his lines as if he were reading them off a teleprompter mounted somewhere in the next room. This time, though, he attempts to pass off his deadpan quizzicality as concern. It's an eerie sight. I mean, does anyone really want to watch Chevy Chase try to be heartwarming? He had more conviction reporting the death of Franco."

Also not a fan of the acting in the film was *The Baltimore Sun'*s Stephen Hunter, who remarked that "the performances, if anything, lower the quality of the film. Chase seems caught in despair between Old Self (clumsy goofball who destroys things) and New Self (sensitive actor), and so he comes across as No Self. He's so muted he's hardly there. Jonathan Taylor Thomas is tiresomely obnoxious. Fawcett has very little to do except appear wise and concerned. George Wendt, as one of the Indian wannabes, is occasionally funny, as is the movie. Very occasionally."

Stephen Holden of *The New York Times* had a more favorable opinion of Taylor's performance, but opined that "*Man of the House,* the newest slick confection from the Disney cookie-cutter school of family comedies, follows the formula of many of its predecessors in trying to be two different movies at once. The better of the two is a warm-hearted comedy about an embittered child of divorce who makes his future step father jumps through hoops before accepting him into the family. Attached to this story is a perfunctory *Home Alone* offshoot in which slapstick thugs are trounced and humiliated by clever children."

Walter Addiego of the *San Francisco Examiner* awarded the film a one-and-a-half star rating out of four, and called it a "feeble Disney comedy \[that\] mixes a ludicrous tale of bonding between a youngster and his mother's new boyfriend with heavy doses of witless joshing."

Despite the poor critical reception, audiences polled by CinemaScore had a slightly more favorable view of the film, which they gave an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

### Box office

The film did moderately well at the box office, grossing about $40 million domestically. The film was released in the United Kingdom on June 9, 1995.

### Home media

The film was first released on VHS on August 8, 1995, then on DVD on March 4, 2003. The film was released on Blu-Ray on July 13, 2021. It is also included on Disney's streaming service, Disney+.

## InfoBox

| Man of the House | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | James Orr |
| Screenplay by | James Orr
Jim Cruickshank |
| Story by | David E. Peckinpah
Richard Jefferies |
| Produced by | Bonnie Bruckheimer
Marty Katz |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jamie Anderson |
| Edited by | Harry Keramidas |
| Music by | Mark Mancina |
| Production
companies | Walt Disney Pictures
All Girl Productions
Orr & Cruickshank Productions |
| Distributed by | Buena Vista Pictures Distribution |
| Release date | * March 3, 1995 (1995-03-03) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $22 million |
| Box office | $40,070,995 |


title: Malcolm Barber

abstract: Malcolm Charles Barber is a British medievalist. He has been described as the world's leading living expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, The Trial of the Templars (1978) and The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (1994). He has been an editor for The Journal of Medieval History and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.

text:
# Malcolm Barber

**Malcolm Charles Barber** (born 4 March 1943) is a British medievalist. He has been described as the world's leading living expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, *The Trial of the Templars* (1978) and *The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple* (1994). He has been an editor for *The Journal of Medieval History* and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.

## Biography

Born in 1943, Barber attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing from 1954–1961, followed by the University of Nottingham from 1961–1966, where he received his first-class degree in 1964. His post-grad studies were under Bernard Hamilton in the area of grandmasters of the Templars. Barber attended the British School at Rome from 1965–1966, then was appointed assistant lecturer at the University of Reading in 1966. He received his PhD in 1968 from the University of Nottingham.

Barber was a Professor of Medieval European History in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Reading in the UK, until his retirement in September 2004.

## Positions

* Director of the Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies at Reading, 1986–1989
* British Academy Research Readership, 1989–1991
* Leverhulme Research Fellowship, 1997–1998
* Senior Fellowship, National Humanities Center, North Carolina, 1998–1999

### Journal editor

* (with P. Noble and J. Norton-Smith), *Reading Medieval Studies*, 1977–1985
* *Annual Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Crusade and the Latin East*, 1986–1990
* *The Journal of Medieval History*, 1996–2002

## Works

* *The Trial of the Templars*, Cambridge University Press. 1st edition, 1978. 2nd edition, 2006
* *The Two Cities. Medieval Europe 1050-1320*. Routledge. 1st edition, 1992. 2nd edition, 2004
* *The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple*. Cambridge University Press, 1994
* *Crusaders and Heretics, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries. Collected Studies*. Aldershot, 1995
* *The Cathars. Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages*. Longman, 2000
* *The Crusader States*. Yale University Press, 2012

### Edited

* *The Military Orders. Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick*. Variorum, 1994
* (with K. Bate), *The Templars*, Manchester University Press, 2002
* (with M. Ailes), *The History of the Holy War. Ambroise's Estoire de la Guerre Sainte*, 2 volumes. The Boydell Press, 2003.

* Curry, Anne (2007). "Malcolm Barber: An Appreciation". In Housley, Norman (ed.). *Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber*. Ashgate Publishing.
* Reading University biography
* Staff listing at Reading University
* Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies


title: Percy Knight

abstract: Percy Knight is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played for Balmain and the Canberra Raiders in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition.

text:
# Percy Knight

**Percy Knight** is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played for Balmain and the Canberra Raiders in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition.

## Background

Knight was born and raised in Condobolin, New South Wales. In 1977, Knight represented NSW Country against a touring Great Britain side. Knight then gained the attention of a few Sydney clubs, including Balmain, who signed him.

## Playing career

Knight made his first grade debut for Balmain against Manly in Round 6 1978 at Brookvale Oval. Knight was a part of the Balmain side which won the reserve grade premiership in 1978. In 1980, Knight captained Balmain on occasion and the side managed to reach the Tooth Cup final against Parramatta. In 1981, Balmain endured a horror year on the field and finished last, claiming the wooden spoon after winning only 6 games all season.

At the end of 1982, Knight decided to join Canberra after being approached by coach Don Furner. Knight spent 2 seasons at Canberra but struggled with injuries in his time there. Knight retired as a player following the end of the 1984 season.

## Post playing

Knight went on to become a coach for the Under 17 Canberra side and also an Indigenous worker becoming chairman of the WCC (Wiradjuri Condobolin Culture).

## InfoBox

Percy Knight
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Percy Knight |
| Born | (1955-09-29) 29 September 1955<br>Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Five-eighth, Halfback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1978–82 Balmain 64 11 0 0 33  1983–84 Canberra Raiders 22 4 0 0 16  Total 86 15 0 0 49  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1977 NSW Country 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: As of 17 May 2019 | |


title: Wodzierady

abstract: Wodzierady is a village in Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Wodzierady. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Łask and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Wodzierady

**Wodzierady** \[vɔd͡ʑɛˈradɨ\] is a village in Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wodzierady. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Łask and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Wodzierady | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wodzierady | |
| Coordinates: 51°43′N 19°9′E / 51.717°N 19.150°E / 51.717; 19.150 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łask |
| Gmina | Wodzierady |


# List of New York State Assembly members (2005–06)

| District | Representative | Party | First elected | Residence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Marc Alessi | Democrat | 2005 | Mastic |
|  | Fred Thiele | Republican | 1995 | Sag Harbor |
|  | Patricia Eddington | Democrat | 2000 | Medford |
|  | Steven Englebright | Democrat | 1992 | Setauket |
|  | Ginny Fields | Democrat | 2004 | Oakdale |
|  | Philip Ramos | Democrat | 2002 | Central Islip |
|  | Michael J. Fitzpatrick | Republican | 2002 | Smithtown |
|  | Philip Boyle | Republican | 2006 | Bay Shore |
|  | Andrew Raia | Republican | 2002 | East Northport |
| 10 | James Conte | Republican | 1988 | Huntington Station |
| 11 | Robert K. Sweeney | Democrat | 1988 | Lindenhurst |
| 12 | Joseph Saladino | Republican | 2004 | Massapequa |
| 13 | Charles Lavine | Democrat | 2004 | Glen Cove |
| 14 | Robert Barra | Republican | 2000 | Lynbrook |
| 15 | Rob Walker | Republican | 2005 | Hicksville |
| 16 | Thomas DiNapoli | Democrat | 1986 | Great Neck |
| 17 | Thomas McKevitt | Republican | 2006 | East Meadow |
| 18 | Earlene Hill Hooper | Democrat | 1988 | Hempstead |
| 19 | David McDonough | Republican | 2002 | Merrick |
| 20 | Harvey Weisenberg | Democrat | 1989 | Long Beach |
| 21 | Thomas Alfano | Republican | 1996 | North Valley Stream |
| 22 | Jimmy Meng | Democrat | 2004 | Queens |
| 23 | Audrey Pheffer | Democrat | 1987 | Far Rockaway |
| 24 | Mark Weprin | Democrat | 1994 | Fresh Meadows |
| 25 | Brian McLaughlin | Democrat | 1992 | Flushing |
| 26 | Ann-Margaret Carrozza | Democrat | 1996 | Bayside |
| 27 | Nettie Mayersohn | Democrat | 1982 | Flushing |
| 28 | Andrew Hevesi | Democrat | 2005 | Forest Hills |
| 29 | William Scarborough | Democrat | 1994 | Jamaica |
| 30 | Margaret Markey | Democrat | 1998 | Maspeth |
| 31 | Michele Titus | Democrat | 2002 | Far Rockaway |
| 32 | Vivian E. Cook | Democrat | 1990 | Jamaica |
| 33 | Barbara M. Clark | Democrat | 1986 | Queens Village |
| 34 | Ivan Lafayette | Democrat | 1976 | Jackson Heights |
| 35 | Jeffrion Aubry | Democrat | 1992 | Corona |
| 36 | Michael Gianaris | Democrat | 2000 | Astoria |
| 37 | Catherine Nolan | Democrat | 1984 | Ridgewood |
| 38 | Anthony Seminerio | Democrat | 1978 | Richmond Hill |
| 39 | Jose Peralta | Democrat | 2002 | Jackson Heights |
| 40 | Diane Gordon | Democrat | 2000 | Brooklyn |
| 41 | Helene Weinstein | Democrat | 1980 | Brooklyn |
| 42 | Rhoda Jacobs | Democrat | 1978 | Brooklyn |
| 43 | Karim Camara | Democrat | 2005 | Brooklyn |
| 44 | James F. Brennan | Democrat | 1984 | Brooklyn |
| 45 | Steven Cymbrowitz | Democrat | 2000 | Brooklyn |
| 46 | Adele Cohen | Democrat | 1998 | Brooklyn |
| 47 | William Colton | Democrat | 1996 | Brooklyn |
| 48 | Dov Hikind | Democrat | 1982 | Brooklyn |
| 49 | Peter Abbate | Democrat | 1986 | Brooklyn |
| 50 | Joseph Lentol | Democrat | 1972 | Brooklyn |
| 51 | Félix Ortiz | Democrat | 1994 | Brooklyn |
| 52 | Joan Millman | Democrat | 1997 | Brooklyn Heights |
| 53 | Vito Lopez | Democrat | 1984 | Brooklyn |
| 54 | Darryl Towns | Democrat | 1992 | Brooklyn |
| 55 | William Boyland, Jr. | Democrat | 2003 | Brooklyn |
| 56 | Annette Robinson | Democrat | 2002 | Brooklyn |
| 57 | Roger L. Green | Democrat | 2004 | Brooklyn |
| 58 | N. Nick Perry | Democrat | 1992 | Brooklyn |
| 59 | Alan Maisel | Democrat | 2006 | Brooklyn |
| 60 | Janele Hyer-Spencer<br> | Democrat | 2002 | Staten Island/Brooklyn |
| 61 | Vacant (previously held by John Lavelle \[deceased\]) | N/A | --- | Staten Island |
| 62 | Vacant (previously held by Vincent Ignizio \[elected to New York City Council on February 20, 2007\] | N/A | --- | Staten Island |
| 63 | Michael Cusick | Democrat | 2002 | Staten Island |
| 64 | Sheldon Silver | Democrat | 1976 | New York |
| 65 | Pete Grannis | Democrat | 1974 | New York |
| 66 | Deborah Glick | Democrat | 1990 | New York |
| 67 | Linda Rosenthal | Democrat | 2006 | New York |
| 68 | Adam Clayton Powell IV | Democrat | 2000 | New York |
| 69 | Daniel O'Donnell | Democrat | 2002 | New York |
| 70 | Keith L. T. Wright | Democrat | 1992 | New York |
| 71 | Herman D. Farrell | Democrat | 1974 | New York |
| 72 | Adriano Espaillat | Democrat | 1996 | New York |
| 73 | Jonathan Bing | Democrat | 2002 | New York |
| 74 | Sylvia Friedman | Democrat | 2006 | New York |
| 75 | Richard Gottfried | Democrat | 1970 | New York |
| 76 | Peter Rivera | Democrat | 1992 | Bronx |
| 77 | Aurelia Greene | Democrat | 1982 | Bronx |
| 78 | Jose Rivera | Democrat | 2000 | Bronx |
| 79 | Michael Benjamin | Democrat | 2003 | Bronx |
| 80 | Naomi Rivera | Democrat | 2004 | Bronx |
| 81 | Jeffrey Dinowitz | Democrat | 1994 | Bronx |
| 82 | Michael Benedetto | Democrat | 2004 | Bronx |
| 83 | Carl Heastie | Democrat | 2000 | Bronx |
| 84 | Carmen E. Arroyo | Democrat | 1994 | Bronx |
| 85 | Ruben Diaz, Jr. | Democrat | 1996 | Bronx |
| 86 | Luis Diaz | Democrat | 2002 | Bronx |
| 87 | J. Gary Pretlow | Democrat | 1992 | Mount Vernon |
| 88 | Amy Paulin | Democrat | 2000 | Scarsdale |
| 89 | Adam Bradley | Democrat | 2002 | White Plains |
| 90 | Sandra Galef | Democrat | 1992 | Ossining |
| 91 | George Latimer | Democrat | 2004 | Rye |
| 92 | Richard Brodsky | Democrat | 1982 | Greenburgh |
| 93 | Louis Mosiello | Republican | 2004 | Yonkers |
| 94 | Kenneth Zebrowski | Democrat | 2004 | New City |
| 95 | VACANT |  |  |  |
| 96 | Nancy Calhoun | Republican | 1990 | Blooming Grove |
| 97 | Ann Rabbitt | Republican | 2004 | Greenwood Lake |
| 98 | Aileen Gunther | Democrat | 2003 | Forestburgh |
| 99 | Willis Stephens | Republican | 1994 | Brewster |
| 100 | Thomas Kirwan | Republican | 1994 | Newburgh |
| 101 | Kevin Cahill | Democrat | 1998 | Kingston |
| 102 | Joel Miller | Republican | 1994 | Poughkeepsie |
| 103 | Patrick R. Manning | Republican | 1994 | East Fishkill |
| 104 | John McEneny | Democrat | 1992 | Albany |
| 105 | Paul Tonko | Democrat | 1983 | Amsterdam |
| 106 | Ronald Canestrari | Democrat | 1988 | Cohoes |
| 107 | Clifford Crouch | Republican | 1995 | Guilford |
| 108 | Pat Casale | Republican | 1992 | Schaghticoke |
| 109 | Robert Reilly | Democrat | 2004 | Colonie |
| 110 | James Tedisco | Republican | 1982 | Schenectady |
| 111 | William Magee | Democrat | 1990 | Nelson |
| 112 | Roy McDonald | Republican | 2002 | Saratoga |
| 113 | Teresa Sayward | Republican | 2002 | Willsboro |
| 114 | VACANT |  |  |  |
| 115 | David Townsend | Republican | 1990 | Kirkland |
| 116 | RoAnn Destito | Democrat | 1992 | Rome |
| 117 | Marc Butler | Republican | 1995 | Newport |
| 118 | Darrel Aubertine | Democrat | 2002 | Cape Vincent |
| 119 | Joan Christensen | Democrat | 1990 | Syracuse |
| 120 | William Magnarelli | Democrat | 1998 | Syracuse |
| 121 | Jeffrey Brown | Republican | 2002 | Manlius |
| 122 | Dierdre Scozzafava | Republican | 1998 | Gouverneur |
| 123 | Gary Finch | Republican | 1999 | Springport |
| 124 | William A. Barclay | Republican | 2002 | Pulaski |
| 125 | Barbara Lifton | Democrat | 2002 | Ithaca |
| 126 | Donna Lupardo | Democrat | 2004 | Endwell |
| 127 | Daniel Hooker | Republican | 2002 | Saugerties |
| 128 | Robert Oaks | Republican | 1992 | Macedon |
| 129 | Brian Kolb | Republican | 2000 | Canandaigua |
| 130 | Joseph Errigo | Republican | 2000 | Conesus |
| 131 | Susan John | Democrat | 1990 | Rochester |
| 132 | Joseph Morelle | Democrat | 1990 | Irondequoit |
| 133 | David Gantt | Democrat | 1982 | Rochester |
| 134 | Bill Reilich | Republican | 2002 | Greece |
| 135 | David Koon | Democrat | 1996 | Perinton |
| 136 | James Bacalles | Republican | 1995 | Corning |
| 137 | Tom O'Mara | Republican | 2004 | Horseheads |
| 138 | Francine DelMonte | Democrat | 2000 | Lewiston |
| 139 | Stephen Hawley | Republican | 2006 | Batavia |
| 140 | Robin Schimminger | Democrat | 1976 | Kenmore |
| 141 | Crystal Peoples | Democrat | 2002 | Buffalo |
| 142 | Mike Cole | Republican | 2006 | Alden |
| 143 | Paul Tokasz | Democrat | 1988 | Cheektowaga |
| 144 | Sam Hoyt | Democrat | 1992 | Buffalo |
| 145 | Mark Schroeder | Democrat | 2004 | Buffalo |
| 146 | Jack Quinn III | Republican | 2004 | Hamburg |
| 147 | Daniel Burling | Republican | 1998 | Warsaw |
| 148 | James P. Hayes | Republican | 1998 | Amherst |
| 149 | Joseph Giglio | Republican | 2005 | Gowanda |
| 150 | William Parment | Democrat | 1982 | North Harmony |


title: Turalići, Kladanj

abstract: Turalići is a village in the municipalities of Vlasenica and Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Turalići, Kladanj

**Turalići** is a village in the municipalities of Vlasenica (Republika Srpska) and Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 334.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 316 | 94.6% |
| Serbs | 18 | 5.4% |
| **Total** | **334** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Turalići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Turalići | |
| Coordinates: 44°12′43″N 18°49′04″E / 44.2120142°N 18.8179021°E / 44.2120142; 18.8179021 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Region
Canton | Bijeljina
Tuzla |
| Municipality | Vlasenica
Kladanj |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.01 sq mi (12.97 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 334 |
| Density | 67/sq mi (26/km2) |


title: Martin Knudsen

abstract: Martin Hans Christian Knudsen was a Danish physicist who taught and conducted research at the Technical University of Denmark. He is primarily known for his study of molecular gas flow and the development of the Knudsen cell, which is a primary component of molecular beam epitaxy systems. Knudsen received the University's gold medal in 1895 and earned his master's degree in physics the following year. He became lecturer in physics at the University in 1901 and professor in 1912, when Christian Christiansen (1843–1917) retired. He held this post until his own retirement in 1941. Knudsen was renowned for his work on kinetic-molecular theory and low-pressure phenomena in gases. His name is associated with the Knudsen flow, Knudsen diffusion, Knudsen number, Knudsen layer and Knudsen gases. Also there is the Knudsen equation; two instruments, the Knudsen absolute manometer and Knudsen gauge; and one gas pump that operates without moving parts, the Knudsen pump. His book, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, contains the main results of his research. Knudsen was also very active in physical oceanography, developing methods of defining properties of seawater. He participated as hydrographer on the Ingolf expedition in the North Atlantic in 1895-96. By means of his for the purpose constructed precision thermometer, capable of measuring water temperature in the deep sea with a precision of 1/100°C, it was demonstrated that the water masses at the sea floor north of the Wyville Thompson Ridge were consistently a few degrees colder than south of the ridge and likely explained the differences in the deep sea fauna on either sides of the ridge. He was editor of Hydrological Tables. In 1927, he was one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium. He was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1936. He was made a Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog.

text:
# Martin Knudsen

**Martin Hans Christian Knudsen** (15 February 1871 in Hasmark on Funen – 27 May 1949 in Copenhagen) was a Danish physicist who taught and conducted research at the Technical University of Denmark.

He is primarily known for his study of molecular gas flow and the development of the Knudsen cell, which is a primary component of molecular beam epitaxy systems.

Knudsen received the University's gold medal in 1895 and earned his master's degree in physics the following year. He became lecturer in physics at the University in 1901 and professor in 1912, when Christian Christiansen (1843–1917) retired. He held this post until his own retirement in 1941.

Knudsen was renowned for his work on kinetic-molecular theory and low-pressure phenomena in gases. His name is associated with the Knudsen flow, Knudsen diffusion, Knudsen number, Knudsen layer and Knudsen gases. Also there is the Knudsen equation; two instruments, the Knudsen absolute manometer and Knudsen gauge; and one gas pump that operates without moving parts, the Knudsen pump. His book, *The Kinetic Theory of Gases* (London, 1934), contains the main results of his research.

Knudsen was also very active in physical oceanography, developing methods of defining properties of seawater. He participated as hydrographer on the Ingolf expedition in the North Atlantic in 1895-96. By means of his for the purpose constructed precision thermometer, capable of measuring water temperature in the deep sea with a precision of 1/100°C, it was demonstrated that the water masses at the sea floor north of the Wyville Thompson Ridge were consistently a few degrees colder than south of the ridge and likely explained the differences in the deep sea fauna on either sides of the ridge. He was editor of *Hydrological Tables* (Copenhagen–London, 1901). In 1927, he was one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium.

He was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1936. He was made a Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog.

### Literature

1. Matematiken i Danmark (Mathematics in Denmark) by Niels Nielsen, Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, København. Vol. I: 1801-1908, published 1910; Vol. II: 1528-1800, published 1912. (In Danish). Note: This important work is a compilation of Danish mathematical writings. In addition to mathematicians, the short biographical notes include many physicists, astronomers, and early natural philosophers, including medical practitioners.
2. Kemien i Danmark (Chemistry in Denmark) by Stig E. Veibel. Vol. I: Kemiens historie i Danmark (The History of Chemistry in Denmark), 1939. Vol. II: Dansk Kemisk Bibliografi, 1800-1935 (Danish Chemistry Bibliography), 1943. Vol III: Danske Kemikere (Danish Chemists), edited by Bodil Jerslev, 1968 (Three of six chapters by Stig Veibel). All published by Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen. (In Danish). Note: Vol. II is a compilation of Danish publications in chemistry and includes works by physicists, geologists, biologists, and physicians, along with biographical information.
3. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor, Scribner's & Sons, New York, 1980 (16 Volumes). Supplement of 1990 (Volumes 17 and 18).

## InfoBox

| Martin Knudsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1871-02-15)15 February 1871
Hasmark, Otterup |
| Died | 27 May 1949(1949-05-27) (aged 78)
Copenhagen |
| Known for | Knudsen cell
Knudsen flow
Knudsen diffusion
Knudsen equation
Knudsen force
Knudsen number
Knudsen gas
Knudsen layer
Knudsen absolute manometer
Knudsen paradox
Knudsen pump
Hertz–Knudsen equation |
| Awards | Alexander Agassiz Medal (1936)
Ørsted Medal (1916) |


title: Wilhurst, Kentucky

abstract: Wilhurst is an unincorporated community and coal town in Breathitt County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Wilhurst, Kentucky

**Wilhurst** is an unincorporated community and coal town in Breathitt County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Wilhurst | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WilhurstLocation within the state of KentuckyWilhurstWilhurst (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°37′58″N 83°24′53″W / 37.63278°N 83.41472°W / 37.63278; -83.41472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Breathitt |
| Elevation | 735 ft (224 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CST) |
| GNIS feature ID | 509371 |


title: Redbird Reef

abstract: Redbird Reef is an artificial reef located in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Slaughter Beach, Delaware, 16 miles (25.7 km) east of the Indian River Inlet. Established by the Maryland Reef Initiative in 2001, this reef covers 1.3 square nautical miles of ocean floor and is located 80 feet (24.4 m) below the surface. The reef comprises 714 Redbird New York City Subway cars dumped by Weeks Marine, 86 retired tanks and armored personnel carriers, eight tugboats and barges, and 3,000 tons of ballasted truck tires. From 2001 to 2008, within the vicinity of the reef, the amount of marine food per square foot has increased 400 times. The site is the most visited reef site off Delaware's coast, receiving more than 10,000 fishing parties annually, and is home to numerous marine species, including black sea bass, flounder, blue mussels, sponges, barnacles, and coral. Also, tuna and mackerel hunt at the reef. The site has become so popular that fishermen steal from each other, and other states apply for the next subway cars to be dumped in their waters.

text:
# Redbird Reef

**Redbird Reef** is an artificial reef located in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Slaughter Beach, Delaware, 16 miles (25.7 km) east of the Indian River Inlet.

Established by the Maryland Reef Initiative in 2001, this reef covers 1.3 square nautical miles of ocean floor and is located 80 feet (24.4 m) below the surface.

The reef comprises 714 Redbird (R26R36 series) New York City Subway cars dumped by Weeks Marine, 86 retired tanks and armored personnel carriers, eight tugboats and barges, and 3,000 tons of ballasted truck tires.

From 2001 to 2008, within the vicinity of the reef, the amount of marine food per square foot has increased 400 times.

The site is the most visited reef site off Delaware's coast, receiving more than 10,000 fishing parties annually, and is home to numerous marine species, including black sea bass, flounder, blue mussels, sponges, barnacles, and coral. Also, tuna and mackerel hunt at the reef. The site has become so popular that fishermen steal from each other, and other states apply for the next subway cars to be dumped in their waters.

## Further reading

* Raineault, Nicole A.; Trembanis, Arthur C.; Miller, Douglas C.; Capone, Vince (2013). "Interannual changes in seafloor surficial geology at an artificial reef site on the inner continental shelf". *Continental Shelf Research*. **58**: 67–78. Bibcode:2013CSR....58...67R. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2013.03.008.

38°35′20″N 74°06′43″W / 38.589°N 74.112°W / 38.589; -74.112


title: Reform mathematics

abstract: Reform mathematics is an approach to mathematics education, particularly in North America. It is based on principles explained in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). The NCTM document Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (CESSM) set forth a vision for K–12 mathematics education in the United States and Canada. The CESSM recommendations were adopted by many local- and federal-level education agencies during the 1990s. In 2000, the NCTM revised its CESSM with the publication of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (PSSM). Like those in the first publication, the updated recommendations became the basis for many states' mathematics standards, and the method in textbooks developed by many federally-funded projects. The CESSM de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The PSSM presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases. Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled standards-based mathematics or reform mathematics.

text:
# Reform mathematics

**Reform mathematics** is an approach to mathematics education, particularly in North America. It is based on principles explained in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). The NCTM document *Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics* (*CESSM*) set forth a vision for K–12 (ages 5–18) mathematics education in the United States and Canada. The *CESSM* recommendations were adopted by many local- and federal-level education agencies during the 1990s. In 2000, the NCTM revised its *CESSM* with the publication of *Principles and Standards for School Mathematics* (*PSSM*). Like those in the first publication, the updated recommendations became the basis for many states' mathematics standards, and the method in textbooks developed by many federally-funded projects. The *CESSM* de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The *PSSM* presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases.

Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled *standards-based mathematics* or *reform mathematics*.

## Principles and standards

Mathematics education reform built up momentum in the early 1980s, as educators reacted to the "new math" of the 1960s and 1970s. The work of Piaget and other developmental psychologists had shifted the focus of mathematics educators from mathematics content to how children best learn mathematics. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics summarized the state of current research with the publication of *Curriculum and Evaluation Standards* in 1989 and *Principles and Standards for School Mathematics* in 2000, bringing definition to the reform movement in North America.

Reform mathematics curricula challenge students to make sense of new mathematical ideas through explorations and projects, often in real-world contexts. Reform texts emphasize written and verbal communication, working in cooperative groups, and making connections between concepts and between representations. One of principles of reform mathematics is social equity. In contrast, "traditional" textbooks emphasize procedural mathematics and provide step-by-step examples with skill-building exercises.

Traditional mathematics focuses on teaching algorithms that will lead to the correct answer of a particular problem. Because of this focus on application of algorithms, the student of traditional math must apply the specific method that is being taught. Reform mathematics de-emphasizes this algorithmic dependence. Instead of leading students to find the exact answers to specific problems, reform educators focus students on the overall process which leads to an answer. Students' occasional errors are deemed less important than their understanding of an overall thought process. Research has shown that children make fewer mistakes with calculations and remember algorithms longer when they understand the concepts underlying the methods they use. In general, children in reform classes perform at least as well as children in traditional classes on tests of calculation skill, and perform considerably better on tests of problem solving.

## Controversy

*Principles and Standards for School Mathematics* was championed by educators, administrators and some mathematicians as raising standards for all students; others criticized it for its prioritizing the understanding of processes over the learning of standard calculation procedures. Parents, educators and some mathematicians opposing reform mathematics complained about students becoming confused and frustrated, claiming that the style of instruction was inefficient and characterized by frequent false starts. Proponents of reform mathematics countered that research showed that correctly-applied reform math curricula taught students basic math skills at least as well as curricula used in traditional programs, and additionally that reform math curricula was a more effective tool for teaching students the underlying concepts. Communities that adopted reform curricula generally saw their students' math scores increase. However, one study found that first-grade students with a below-average aptitude in math responded better to teacher-directed instruction.

During the 1990s, the large-scale adoption of curricula such as Mathland was criticized for partially or entirely abandoning teaching of standard arithmetic methods such as practicing regrouping or finding common denominators. Protests from groups such as Mathematically Correct led to many districts and states abandoning such textbooks. Some states—such as California—revised their mathematics standards to partially or largely repudiate the basic tenets of reform mathematics, and to re-emphasize mastery of standard mathematics facts and methods.

The American Institutes for Research (AIR) reported in 2005 that the NCTM proposals "risk exposing students to unrealistically advanced mathematics content in the early grades." This is in reference to NCTM's recommendation that algebraic concepts, such as understanding patterns and properties like commutativity (2+3=3+2), should be taught as early as first grade.

The 2008 National Mathematics Advisory Panel called for a balance between reform and traditional mathematics teaching styles, rather than a for a "war" to be waged between the proponents of the two styles. In 2006 NCTM published its *Curriculum Focal Points*, which made clear that standard algorithms, as well as activities aiming at conceptual understanding, were to be included in all elementary school curricula.

A common misconception was that reform educators did not want children to learn the standard methods of arithmetic. As the NCTM *Focal Points* made clear, such methods were still the ultimate goal, but reformers believed that conceptual understanding should come first. Reform educators believed that such understanding is best pursued by first allowing children to attempt to solve problems using their own understanding and methods. Eventually, under guidance from the teacher, students arrive at an understanding of standard methods. Even the controversial NCTM *Standards* of 1989 did not call for abandoning standard algorithms, but instead recommended a decreased emphasis on complex paper-and-pencil computation drills, and an increased emphasis on mental computation, estimation skills, thinking strategies for mastering basic facts, and conceptual understanding of arithmetic operations.

During the peak of the controversy in the 1990s, unfavorable terminology for reform mathematics appeared in press and web articles, including *Where's the math?*, *anti-math*, *math for dummies*, *rainforest algebra*, *math for women and minorities*, and *new new math*. Most of these critical terms refer to the 1989 *Standards* rather than the *PSSM*.

Beginning in 2011, most states adopted the Common Core Standards, which attempted to incorporate reform ideas, rigor (introducing ideas at a younger age), and a leaner math curriculum.