title: Tyra (Třinec)

abstract: Tyra is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. It was a separate municipality but became administratively a part of Třinec in 1980. Tyrka flows through the village. It has a population of 445 and lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. The name of the village is of topographic origins derived from an older name of the local river Tyrka.

text:
# Tyra (Třinec)

**Tyra** (Polish: ) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. It was a separate municipality but became administratively a part of Třinec in 1980. Tyrka flows through the village. It has a population of 445 (1 January 2008) and lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

The name of the village is of topographic origins derived from an older name of the local river Tyrka (also known as Tyra).

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1577 in urbarium which states that it had only one citizen, so the village was in the very early process of formation. Originally it was part of the village Oldřichovice (in 1657 described as *der Oldrzychowitzer dielniczen andern seyten biß zu dem Waßer Tyra gelegen*) but grew to become an independent village. It belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia and a part of the Habsburg monarchy.

After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Teschen and the legal district of Jablunkau. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 506 in 1880 to 510 in 1910 with a majority being native Polish-speakers (dropping from 97.8% in 1880 to 94.2% in 1910) accompanied by German-speaking (at most 27 or 5.4% in 1910) and Czech-speaking people (at most 2 in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 the majority were Protestants (91.3%), followed by Roman Catholics (39 or 7.7%) and Jews (6 or 1%). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.

After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia.

## Footnotes

49°37′19″N 18°38′53″E / 49.62194°N 18.64806°E / 49.62194; 18.64806


title: Mary Ball (naturalist)

abstract: Mary Ball (1812–1898) was an Irish naturalist and entomologist most noted for her studies of Odonata and for her discovery of the stridulation in aquatic bugs in the family Corixidae.

text:
# Mary Ball (naturalist)

**Mary Ball** (1812–1898) was an Irish naturalist and entomologist most noted for her studies of Odonata and for her discovery of the stridulation in aquatic bugs in the family Corixidae.

## Early life

Mary Ball was born in 1812, the second daughter of Bob Stawell Ball and his wife Mary *née* Green. She was born near Cobh, County Cork, but shortly moved with the family to nearby Youghal, County Cork. Mary had three siblings who lived into adulthood: Robert, Bent (1806–1860), and Anne, a well-known algologist. The family was Protestant and "involved in trade".

There is not much known about Mary's training, but as a middle-class family she certainly would have access to a microscope and the latest volumes of natural history and scientific classification of the times. It has been recorded that Robert started collecting specimens with his father at the age of five. It can be assumed that Mary would have participated as well. Robert encouraged Mary in her early insect studies, purchasing for her a copy of James Stephens' *Systematic Catalogue of British insects*, published in 1829. In this she detailed the insects in her growing collection.

## Zoological work

In 1833 Mary began a correspondence with the Belfast naturalist William Thompson. Her insect collection became large for the time and was very well known. Thompson named about twenty species of molluscs and crustaceans in her honour, including a small spiral snail *Rissoa balliae* in 1856.

Mary concentrated on collecting shells and insects, accumulating what was considered one of the best collections of molluscs in the country at the time, though it was disposed after her death. One of her most interesting finds was a specimen of the migratory locust figured in John Curtis's *British Entomology* \- Folio 608 *Locusta christii* dated 1 August 1836. "In the cabinets of Miss Ball and the author" - "Another specimen, captured last September at Ardmore in the county of Waterford by Miss M. Ball has been kindly transmitted to me for my inspection by Mr Robert Ball of Dublin. It is of the same sex as the one figured but the elytra are much more spotted".

Mary Ball's Odonata were studied by the Belgian entomologist Michel Edmond de Selys-Longchamps on his visit to Dublin. Her entomology collections are now housed in the Natural History Museum in Dublin, and the Zoology Museum in Trinity College, Dublin.

## Later life

After the successive deaths of her father in 1841, her mentor William Thompson in 1852 and her brother Robert in 1857, Mary seems to have given up entomology and taken to fern gardening. A success too: "If Aunt Mary had planted a parasol it would have grown into an umbrella", one of her nephews remarked. She spent her last years living with her sister Anne in Dublin. She died there in 1898 at the age of eighty-six.

## Publications

Mary, as was the convention, did not publish her work under her own name. The three known works were all communicated by her brother Robert. They are:

* "On the sounds produced by the Notonectidae under water" *Annals and Magazine of Natural History* 16: 129. (1846)
* "On the noises produced by one of the Notonectidae Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science". Notices and abstracts of communications Cambridge Meeting, June 1845: 64–65. Ball, R. (1846).
* "*Corixa striata*, Curtis". *Annals and Magazine of Natural History* 17: 135–136. (18--)

Her observations of butterflies and moths were cited by the "father of Irish entomology" Alexander Henry Haliday in his work on the Irish Lepidoptera.

## Further reading

* Nash, R. (1983). "A brief summary of the development of entomology in Ireland during the years 1790–1870". *Irish Naturalists' Journal* 21: 145–150

## InfoBox

| Mary Ball | |
| --- | --- |
| Ball in later life | |
| Born | 1812
Cobh, County Cork, Ireland |
| Died | 1898 (aged 8586)
Dublin, Ireland |
| Nationality | Irish |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Entomology |
|  | |


title: List of RISC OS bundled applications

abstract: A number of RISC OS bundled applications are delivered with purchased versions of the operating system. Some are provided in ROM or pre-installed on hard disk or equivalent, with others being supplied on removable media such as SD card. Such applications vary between versions.

text:
# List of RISC OS bundled applications

A number of **RISC OS bundled applications** are delivered with purchased versions of the operating system. Some are provided in ROM or pre-installed on hard disk or equivalent, with others being supplied on removable media such as SD card.

Such applications vary between versions.

## RISC OS bundled applications

### Typically bundled with the OS

| Title | Purpose | First inclusion (OS version) | Vendor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Access+* | peer to peer network management application | V3.60 | Acorn |
| *Alarm* | clock, with alarm functionality | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *Blocks* | *Tetris* clone |  | Acorn |
| *Calc* | basic calculator | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *Chars* | character insertion | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *ChangeFSI* | bitmap graphic conversion and enhancement |  | Acorn |
| *Clock* | analogue clock | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *CloseUp* | screen magnifier |  | Acorn |
| *Configure* | customise computer settings | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *Draw* | vector graphics editor | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *Edit* | text editor, support for editing tokenised BASIC programs | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *Flasher* | locate the caret |  | Acorn |
| *FontPrint* | font conversion (Acorn to Postscript) |  | Acorn |
| *Help* | context-sensitive help | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *HForm* | hard disc formatter | V1 (Arthur) | Acorn |
| *Hopper* | game similar to Frogger |  | Simon Foster |
| *Madness* | desktop toy |  | Acorn |
| *Maestro* | simple scorewriter, with playback | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *Magnifier* | screen magnifier |  | Acorn |
| *MemNow* | live memory use display |  | Acorn |
| *Meteors* | Asteroids clone |  | Neil Raine |
| *MineHunt* | mine sweeper clone |  | Paul LeBeau |
| *Paint* | basic pixel-based drawing | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *Patch* | application compatibility patcher |  | Acorn |
| *Patience* | card game | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *PrintEdit* | printer definition editor |  | Acorn |
| *Printers* | printer manager |  | Acorn |
| *Puzzle* | sliding puzzle | \<=V2 | Acorn |
| *ResetBoot* | restore machine to factory ship state |  | Acorn |
| *SciCalc* | scientific calculator |  | Acorn |
| *ShowScrap* | locate temporary files |  | Acorn |
| *SparkFS* | file compression |  | David Pilling |
| *Squash* | file compression | \<=V3 | Acorn |
| *T1ToFont* | font conversion (Postscript Type 1 to Acorn) |  | Acorn |
| *Usage* | system monitor | \<=A3010 (on floppy) | Ran Mokady |
| BBC Basic V & VI | programming languages, with inbuilt assembler | All versions? | Acorn |

### Bundled with specific hardware, including optional software packs

| Title | Purpose | First inclusion (Machine model) | Vendor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *BookMaker* | address book |  |  |
| *CDVDBurnLite* | optical disc burning |  | hubersn Software |
| *Fireworkz* | office suite |  | Colton |
| *FTPc* | FTP client |  |  |
| *Lander* | demo version of the game *Zarch* |  | Acorn |
| *LanManFS* | network file system |  |  |
| *Mailman* | basic email client |  | Acorn |
| *Oregano* | web browser |  | Oregan Networks |
| *OmniClient* | desktop front end to network file system |  |  |
| *Update Watcher* | upgrade manager |  | Castle Technology |
| *PDF* | Xpdf port (PDF viewer) |  |  |
| *Writer* | cut-down version of *EasiWriter* |  | Icon Technology |
| *65Host* | BBC Micro emulator |  | Acorn |
| *65Tube* | 65C02 second processor emulator |  | Acorn |
| *1st Word Plus* | word processor | A3010 Learning Curve |  |
| *Amazing Maths* | education | A3010 Learning Curve | Cambridgeshire Software House |
| *Acorn DTP* | desktop publishing | A3010 Learning Curve | Acorn (with others) |
| *Doris The Dotty Dog* | education | A3010 Learning Curve | Sherston Software |
| *Explore With Flossy The Frog* | education | A3010 Learning Curve | 4Mation |
| *Genesis Plus* | presentation program | A3010 Learning Curve |  |
| *A Mouse in Holland* | education | A3010 Learning Curve | 4Mation |
| *PC Emulator* | PC emulator, with DR-DOS | A3010 Learning Curve |  |
| *TalkWrite* | word processor | A3010 Learning Curve | Icon Technology |
| Selected games<br> | gaming | A3010 Learning Curve |  |


title: Willem van Herp

abstract: Willem van Herp (I) or Willem van Herp the Elder was a Flemish Baroque painter specializing in religious paintings and small cabinet paintings of "low-life" genre scenes. He operated a large workshop and through his good connections with Antwerp art dealers helped spread the Flemish Baroque style internationally.

text:
# Willem van Herp

**Willem van Herp (I)** or **Willem van Herp the Elder** (variations on first name: 'Guilliam', 'Gilliam' and 'Guillaume') (c. 1614 in Antwerp – 1677) was a Flemish Baroque painter specializing in religious paintings and small cabinet paintings of "low-life" genre scenes. He operated a large workshop and through his good connections with Antwerp art dealers helped spread the Flemish Baroque style internationally.

## Life

For a long time Willem van Herp was believed to have been a pupil of Peter Paul Rubens. Even though he was not his pupil he did borrow many of Rubens' motifs and touched up copies after Rubens for the art dealer Matthijs Musson. He is said to have trained with the minor artists Damiaan Wortelmans II and Hans Biermans.

Van Herp may have spent some time abroad after his training. He was listed as an independent master in the Guild of St. Luke beginning in 1637. He spent his entire career in Antwerp.

He married Maria Wolffort, daughter of the painter Artus Wolffort. He was the father of Norbertus en Willem (II) van Herp, who both became painters, and daughters Maria Anna and Anna Maria.

He was the master of his son Norbertus and Melchior Hamers.

## Work

### General

Van Herp painted mainly genre scenes and religious compositions. It is not possible to discern a development in his style since he only dated a few of his pictures. His style is characterised by its somewhat mannered way of drawing and the expressiveness of the figures. His large output point to a large workshop with an almost industrial operation.

Many of his paintings can be regarded as copies or pastiches of original compositions by Antwerp painters such as Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, Gerard Seghers, Jan Boeckhorst, Hendrick van Balen, Erasmus Quellinus the Younger, Gaspar de Crayer and Artus Wolffort as well as of Italian masters such as Raffael and Guido Reni.

### Typical works

Typical examples of his work are the painting *A Poor Company at Table in a Rustic Kitchen* held by the National Trust at Tyntesfield and oil on copper religious paintings, such as *Daniel in the Lion's Den* (*c*. 1650, Los Angeles County Museum of Art). In the former, a genre scene, the figures demonstrate a small-scale use of Rubensean figures in an interior reminiscent of contemporary works by David Teniers the Younger.

The latter is more representative of the small religious scenes on copper that make up most of his oeuvre, with a highly polished finish and borrowings from Rubens' treatment of the same subject. He also painted large altarpieces of churches in Flanders such as in Antwerp, Herentals, Ostend and Londerzeel.

Many of his paintings can be regarded as copies or pastiches of original compositions by Antwerp painters such as Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, Gerard Seghers, Jan Boeckhorst, Hendrick van Balen, Erasmus Quellinus the Younger, Gaspar de Crayer and Artus Wolffort as well as of Italian masters such as Raffael and Guido Reni. He often worked from prints made after the works of these masters to create his own compositions. An example is the *Baptism of Christ* (Prado Museum), which is based on a print after Rafael.

### Collaborations

As was the custom at the time, he regularly collaborated with other painters. He worked with Jan van Kessel the Elder, Lambert de Hondt the Elder and Guillam Forchondt in the production of landscapes (painted by the other artist) with figures (painted by van Herp). Examples are *The departure of the Israelites*, *St. Anthony Preaching to the Animals* and *Noli me tangere*. These paintings are similar in composition and are a variation of the type of the so-called 'paradise landscape'. Paradise landscapes depict the Garden of Eden as described in the *Book of Genesis*, filled with all the animals, fish and birds that were believed to be God's creation. The type was invented and popularized by Jan Brueghel the Younger.

### Works on copper

Although only moderately successful in Antwerp, as suggested by the infrequent occurrence of his paintings in local inventories, many of his small works were probably intended as export items destined for Spain. Most of these were on copper, a material for painting that was highly prized both for durability and its glossy finish in Spain. Van Herp's works were also influential in spreading copper painting in Mexico by way of trade from Spain to Latin America, and reflect a taste for small paintings reminiscent of Rubens' style abroad. He also became well known in England through engravings after his works, in particular of his genre scenes.

### Tapestry designs

Van Herp also produced designs for tapestries. In 1663 he was together with Jan van Kessel the Elder, David Teniers the Younger and Luigi Primo one of the painters who painted on copper a six-part series representing the history of the Moncada family. These were used as designs for tapestries manufactured in Brussels.


title: Marián Kuřeja

abstract: Marián Kuřeja is a Slovak Paralympic athlete competing in F51-classification club throw and discus throw events. He is a two-time bronze medalist in the men's club throw F51 event at the Summer Paralympics. He represented Slovakia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and he won the bronze medal in the men's club throw F51 event. He qualified to represent Slovakia at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, after finishing in 4th place in the men's club throw F51 event at the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. He won the bronze medal in the men's club throw F51 event. At the 2017 World Para Athletics Dubai Grand Prix, he won the silver medal in the men's discus throw F51/52 event. At the 2018 World Para Athletics European Championships held in Berlin, Germany, he won the silver medal in the men's club throw F51 event. In 2023, he competed in the men's club throw F51 event at the World Para Athletics Championships held in Paris, France. He finished in 4th place.

text:
# Marián Kuřeja

**Marián Kuřeja** (born 30 July 1980) is a Slovak Paralympic athlete competing in F51-classification club throw and discus throw events. He is a two-time bronze medalist in the men's club throw F51 event at the Summer Paralympics.

He represented Slovakia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and he won the bronze medal in the men's club throw F51 event. He qualified to represent Slovakia at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, after finishing in 4th place in the men's club throw F51 event at the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. He won the bronze medal in the men's club throw F51 event.

At the 2017 World Para Athletics Dubai Grand Prix, he won the silver medal in the men's discus throw F51/52 event.

At the 2018 World Para Athletics European Championships held in Berlin, Germany, he won the silver medal in the men's club throw F51 event.

In 2023, he competed in the men's club throw F51 event at the World Para Athletics Championships held in Paris, France. He finished in 4th place.

## InfoBox

Marián Kuřeja
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-07-30) 30 July 1980<br>Banská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Slovakia |
| Sport | Para-athletics |
| Disability class | F51 |
| Events |  |
| Medal record      Paralympic Games  2016 Rio de Janeiro  Club throw F51  2020 Tokyo  Club throw F51 | |


title: Marillac College

abstract: Marillac College was a Catholic sisters' college in St. Louis, Missouri. Like other sisters' colleges, it was dedicated to the education of future nuns and other religious workers, though it was also open to members of the laity. It closed in 1974.

text:
# Marillac College

38°42′07″N 90°18′26″W / 38.701860°N 90.307218°W / 38.701860; -90.307218

**Marillac College** was a Catholic sisters' college in St. Louis, Missouri. Like other sisters' colleges, it was dedicated to the education of future nuns and other religious workers, though it was also open to members of the laity. It closed in 1974.

## Description

Operated by the Daughters of Charity, the college was named after the order's co-founder, Saint Louise de Marillac. It opened in 1955 and was first accredited in 1960. Unlike some sisters' colleges, it had a full four-year Bachelor's-granting program. Aside from theological and philosophical fields, instruction was given in secular subjects, including nursing, mathematics, optometry, English, and American studies. The major buildings were designed by Chicago architect Edo Belli, whose firm conducted a longstanding collaboration with the Daughters of Charity in several states.

The Marillac campus was acquired by the University of Missouri–St. Louis by 1976.


title: Manorama Mohanty

abstract: Manorama Mohanty is an Indian politician from Odisha. She is an MLA from Narla Assembly Constituency in Kalahandi District. She represents Biju Janata Dal Party. She won the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election.

text:
# Manorama Mohanty

**Manorama Mohanty** (born 1980) is an Indian politician from Odisha. She is an MLA from Narla Assembly Constituency in Kalahandi District. She represents Biju Janata Dal Party. She won the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election.

## Early life and education

Mohanty hails from Narla. She married Durga Prasad Mohanty. She completed her Secondary Examination in 2021 from Bihar Board of Open Schooling and Examination, Patna.

## Career

Mohanty made her political debut winning the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election from Narla Assembly Constituency representing Biju Janata Dal Party. She defeated Bhakta Charan Das of Indian National Congress by a margin of 5,205 votes.


title: Malpi

abstract: Malpi is a village development committee in Kabhrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,033 in 571 individual households.

text:
# Malpi

**Malpi** is a village development committee in Kabhrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,033 in 571 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-09-03.

27°35′N 85°30′E / 27.583°N 85.500°E / 27.583; 85.500

## InfoBox

| Malpi माल्पी | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Bagmati Zone |
| District | Kabhrepalanchok District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 3,033 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Frank Konigsberg

abstract: Frank Konigsberg was an American lawyer, television producer and agent. He became the second largest shareholder of ICM Partners, and he subsequently served as the president of Telepictures. He was nominated for an Emmy nine times.

text:
# Frank Konigsberg

**Frank Konigsberg** (March 10, 1933 – November 12, 2016) was an American lawyer, television producer and agent. He became the second largest shareholder of ICM Partners, and he subsequently served as the president of Telepictures. He was nominated for an Emmy nine times.

## Early life

Frank Konigsberg was born on March 10, 1933. He graduated from Yale University and Yale Law School.

## Career

Konigsberg started his career as a lawyer for CBS. He later worked for the International Famous Agency. He was Bing Crosby's agent. In 1975, he joined ICM Partners and became its second largest shareholder after Marvin Josephson. Meanwhile, he also founded Konigsberg Co., merged it with Telepictures Productions in 1983 and subsequently served as the president of Telepictures until its merger with Lorimar in 1986. With producer Larry Sanitsky, he co-founded Konigsberg Sanitsky, a television production company.

Konisberg worked as a producer on *Breaking Away*, *Rituals*, *The Tommyknockers*, *Gene Kelly: An American in Pasadena*, *Bing Crosby: His Life and Legend*, *Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After*, *Jesus*, *William & Kate*, *Ellis Island*, *Ben Hur* and *Titanic*. He received nine Emmy Award nominations for his work on *The Guyana Tragedy*, *The Last Don*, *The Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All* and *Children of the Dust*.

## Personal life and death

Konigsberg had a wife, Susanne. He died on November 12, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Frank Konigsberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1933-03-10)March 10, 1933 |
| Died | November 12, 2016(2016-11-12) (aged 83) |
| Alma mater | Yale University<br>Yale Law School |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, television producer, agent |
| Spouse | Susanne Konigsberg |


title: Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling

abstract: Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling: The Function of Avowal in Justice is a printed text version of the series of lectures delivered at the Catholic University of Louvain by Michel Foucault from early April to late May 1981. This book was edited by Fabienne Brion and Bernard E. Harcourt, translated by Stephen W, Sawyer and was published in 2014 by the University of Chicago Press. This seminar series consists of seven published lectures which occurred over a period of six weeks. The lecture series is Michel Foucault's examination of the evolution of truth-telling, or more accurately, avowal, within various pertinent settings.

text:
# Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling

**Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling: The Function of Avowal in Justice** is a printed text version of the series of lectures delivered at the Catholic University of Louvain by Michel Foucault from early April to late May 1981. This book was edited by Fabienne Brion and Bernard E. Harcourt, translated by Stephen W, Sawyer and was published in 2014 by the University of Chicago Press. This seminar series consists of seven published lectures which occurred over a period of six weeks. The lecture series is Michel Foucault's examination of the evolution of truth-telling, or more accurately, *avowal*, within various pertinent settings.

## Synopsis

In this set of lectures, Foucault presents how feeling obligated to tell the truth about yourself has changed throughout history. For scholars of law, society, and crime, these lectures provide a distinct historical perspective regarding the different methods used in legal settings to find important truths. These truths involve crimes, who committed them, and the moral implications. A major theme throughout these lectures is the constantly changing relationship between admitting guilt ("avowal") and achieving justice for both individuals and society.

Foucault starts with Pre-Socratic ancient Greece and follows how it's evolved over time. Then he examines "avowal" as applied to professional fields like medicine, law, and politics. But also truth-telling is applied to personal relationships. According to a reviewer of this work, Jonathan Ree:

"When I say 'I love you', for example, I am not offering you information about how I happen to feel, but making an avowal--a formulaic declaration which puts me in a position of dependence and binds me to a practice of truth-telling--and Foucault hoped he would be able to explain why."

Also, according to Foucault, for centuries, playwrights dealt with the relationship between justice and admitting the truth. In ancient Greece philosophers believed understanding yourself led to controlling yourself. Christianity's approach to avowal was a radical departure. It didn't rely on religious or philosophical instruction, but instead focused on understanding a person's sinful nature. For Christians, understanding themselves wasn't about becoming a self-sufficient hero. It was about humbly accepting their flaws and accepting a spiritual journey, which Foucault called "the hermeneutics of the self."

Public confessions for wrongdoings eventually changed to confidential confessions with a priest, but later returned to stricter practices within the medieval Church. Foucault then examines how legal truth functioned within the early modern state. This resulted in a 19th century popular attraction to criminal psychology. Hence, judges saw themselves as experts on the criminal mind rather than simply as interpreters of the law. Punishment wasn't just about the criminal act or the resultant penalty, but about forcing criminals to come to terms with their motives.

Foucault realized that the limited number of lectures were not enough to cover the material he wanted to cover. However, he was willing to propose the possibilities of these connections and insights for successors to research or look into.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling: The Function of Avowal in Justice
| 2014 Book cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michel Foucault |
| Translator | Stephen W. Sawyer |
| Subject | Confession in Law, Philosophy |
| Set in | Catholic University of Louvain |
| Published | 2014 |
| Publisher | University of Chicago Press |
| Publication place | United States, Great Britain |
| Media type | Print, E-book |
| Pages | 360 |
| ISBN | 9780226708904 9780226922089 |
| OCLC | 783150357 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Tze char

abstract: Tze char, also romanised Zi char, is a Singaporean Singlish colloquialism deriving from the local Hokkien dialect to describe an economical food stall which provides a wide selection of common and affordable dishes which approximate home-cooked meals. Most tze char stalls are commonly found throughout the country's hawker centres and kopitiams located in the heartlands of Singapore, selling dishes of Singaporean cuisine. Hence, most of them are usually found in a casual, non air-conditioned setting. Nonetheless, a handful of tze char stalls do have their own air-conditioned dining area as well, and in those without them, ceiling fans are often present as a government policy.

text:
# Tze char

***Tze char***, also romanised ***Zi char***, is a Singaporean Singlish colloquialism deriving from the local Hokkien dialect to describe an economical food stall which provides a wide selection of common and affordable dishes which approximate home-cooked meals.

Most tze char stalls are commonly found throughout the country's hawker centres and kopitiams located in the heartlands of Singapore, selling dishes of Singaporean cuisine. Hence, most of them are usually found in a casual, non air-conditioned setting. Nonetheless, a handful of tze char stalls do have their own air-conditioned dining area as well, and in those without them, ceiling fans are often present as a government policy.

## Meaning and use

Stalls that have been characterised as tze char stalls tend to be those with "wallet-friendly prices", coupled with a big serving portion that makes it a favourite choice for gatherings or meet-ups between family and friends among the Singaporean population. As one of the many aspects of Singaporean culture, not only is the price point a source of popularity, the offerings of home-cooked style food makes it a popular choice among Singaporeans too. Tze char stalls also serve at a great convenience for many workers to get a relatively cheap and well-balanced meal especially during lunch breaks or for dinner.

Tze char stalls tend to have a wide selection of food available, but are mainly focused on the local cuisine of Singapore. It is common to find variations of rice, noodle, vegetables, meat and seafood being offered. Through the years, there has also been an increase in the number of tze char chefs coming up with their own creative spin on specialty dishes.

* Yam ring, a Singaporean dish that originated from a tze char restaurant

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. Lim, Hui Ting (21 June 2021). "Best zi char in Singapore: 12 restaurants and stalls serving up hearty homemade grub". *AsiaOne*. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
2. Vasagar, Jeevan (18 October 2021). "'The taste of nostalgia': five top spots for classic Singaporean food". *Financial Times*. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

### Works cited

## InfoBox

| Tze char | |
| --- | --- |
| Hàn-jī | 煮炒 |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī | *Chír-chhá* |
| Literal meaning | Cook and fry |
| Tâi-lô | *Tsír-tshá* |


title: Capitulation of Saldanha Bay

abstract: The capitulation of Saldanha Bay was the surrender to the British of a Batavian expeditionary force sent to recapture the Dutch Cape Colony in 1796. In 1795, early in the War of the First Coalition, French troops overran the Dutch Republic which then became a French client state, the Batavian Republic. Great Britain was concerned by the threat that the Cape Colony posed to its trade routes to British India. It therefore sent an expeditionary force that landed at Simon's Town in June 1795 and forced the surrender of the colony in a short campaign. British Vice-Admiral Sir George Elphinstone, then reinforced the garrison and stationed a naval squadron at the Cape Colony to protect it. The Batavian government, not yet aware of the capture of the Cape Colony, but worried by rumors of British attacks against colonies of the Dutch East India Company, decided to send a Batavian Navy squadron to the Dutch East Indies via the Cape Colony in November 1795 and if necessary recapture the latter. This force comprised three ships of the line and six smaller vessels under the command of Rear-Admiral Engelbertus Lucas Sr. Security regarding the plans was weak and the British knew of the operation before Lucas had sailed. The British warned Elphinstone, who further reinforced the Cape Colony. Lucas' journey took nearly six months, with his squadron suffering shortages of drinking water leading to a near-mutinous state among his crews. On its arrival at the colony, the Batavian squadron anchored in Saldanha Bay to take on fresh water before deciding to abandon the operation and sail to the French base at Île de France in the Western Indian Ocean. On 15 August 1796 Elphinstone's larger fleet discovered Lucas' squadron and trapped it in the bay. Aware that resistance would be futile and with his crews in open revolt, Lucas surrendered unconditionally. The ships of the captured Batavian force were taken into the Royal Navy, joining the squadron at the Cape Colony; Elphinstone was later made Baron Keith in recognition of his achievements. The Batavian operation did however force the cancellation of a planned British invasion of Île de France. Lucas faced a court martial on his return to Holland, but died before it began. The main responsibility for the debacle was laid at his feet but his death forestalled a conviction for dereliction of duty. All other officers were acquitted. The Cape Colony was not attacked again before the end of the war in 1802, when the Treaty of Amiens returned it to the Batavian Republic.

text:
# Capitulation of Saldanha Bay

The **capitulation of Saldanha Bay** was the surrender to the British of a Batavian expeditionary force sent to recapture the Dutch Cape Colony in 1796. In 1795, early in the War of the First Coalition, French troops overran the Dutch Republic which then became a French client state, the Batavian Republic. Great Britain was concerned by the threat that the Cape Colony posed to its trade routes to British India. It therefore sent an expeditionary force that landed at Simon's Town in June 1795 and forced the surrender of the colony in a short campaign. British Vice-Admiral Sir George Elphinstone, then reinforced the garrison and stationed a naval squadron at the Cape Colony to protect it.

The Batavian government, not yet aware of the capture of the Cape Colony, but worried by rumors of British attacks against colonies of the Dutch East India Company (which was about to be nationalised because it was virtually bankrupt), decided to send a Batavian Navy squadron to the Dutch East Indies via the Cape Colony in November 1795 and if necessary recapture the latter. This force comprised three ships of the line and six smaller vessels under the command of Rear-Admiral Engelbertus Lucas Sr. Security regarding the plans was weak and the British knew of the operation before Lucas had sailed.

The British warned Elphinstone, who further reinforced the Cape Colony. Lucas' journey took nearly six months, with his squadron suffering shortages of drinking water leading to a near-mutinous state among his crews. On its arrival at the colony, the Batavian squadron anchored in Saldanha Bay to take on fresh water before deciding to abandon the operation and sail to the French base at Île de France in the Western Indian Ocean.

On 15 August 1796 Elphinstone's larger fleet discovered Lucas' squadron and trapped it in the bay. Aware that resistance would be futile and with his crews in open revolt, Lucas surrendered unconditionally. The ships of the captured Batavian force were taken into the Royal Navy, joining the squadron at the Cape Colony; Elphinstone was later made Baron Keith in recognition of his achievements. The Batavian operation did however force the cancellation of a planned British invasion of Île de France. Lucas faced a court martial on his return to Holland, but died before it began. The main responsibility for the debacle was laid at his feet but his death forestalled a conviction for dereliction of duty. All other officers were acquitted. The Cape Colony was not attacked again before the end of the war in 1802, when the Treaty of Amiens returned it to the Batavian Republic.

## Background

In 1795, the armies of the French Republic overran the Dutch Republic. Dutch opponents of *stadtholder* William V, Prince of Orange, referred to as Patriots (as opposed to the supported of the *stadtholder*, who were known as Orangists), many of whom had returned with the French army from exile in France, proclaimed the Batavian Republic after the Batavian Revolution in January 1795. This event alarmed the government of Great Britain, erstwhile allies of the Dutch Republic in the War of the First Coalition, as the Dutch colonial empire included a number of strategically important colonies in the East Indies. The key to controlling European access to the region was the Dutch Cape Colony on the tip of Southern Africa; a naval force based there could dominate trade routes between Europe and the East Indies, in particular the economically vital links between Britain and British India.

To ensure that the Cape Colony did not become a French naval base, Secretary of State for War Henry Dundas ordered a large expeditionary force to sail for the colony in March 1795. The force comprised two squadrons and 500 troops, all under the overall control of Vice-Admiral Sir George Elphinstone; more substantial reinforcements followed. Arriving on 10 June in False Bay, Elphinstone then conducted two months of fruitless negotiations with Governor Abraham Josias Sluysken. On 7 August, with negotiations stalled, Elphinstone ordered an attack on Dutch positions at Muizenberg. The Dutch defenders withdrew, but Elphinstone's forces were low on food and ammunition and not numerous enough to launch a major attack on Cape Town. On 14 September the arrival of British reinforcements under General Alured Clarke convinced Sluysken to surrender the colony.

Elphinstone turned his attention to planning operations against the Dutch East Indies and the French island base of Île de France. He sailed for Madras in his flagship HMS *Monarch* to take command of the East Indies Station, but maintained a strong garrison and naval presence at the Cape Colony under Sir James Henry Craig and Commodore John Blankett. Much of his squadron subsequently dispersed on operations across the Indian Ocean. While Elphinstone was consolidating his position, the Batavian government determined in November 1795 to send an expedition to inspect its new colonies in the Dutch East Indies, as the previous owner, the Dutch East India Company, was about to be nationalised. The expedition was to call at the Cape Colony on its way; if that colony had been captured, an attempt at recapture could be made, but only if this was feasible. The expedition did not carry a large number of troops or boats to land them. If the colony was in enemy hands the expedition was to bypass the Cape Colony and sail directly for Île de France.

A squadron was prepared under the command of Rear-Admiral Engelbertus Lucas Sr., who had sailed to the East Indies once in 1786, but otherwise had no experience of long expeditionary campaigns. His force comprised three 66-gun ships of the line, *Dordrecht*, *Tromp*, and *Revolutie*, and six smaller warships. After calling at the Cape Colony, Lucas was to continue his expedition in order to reinforce the Dutch East Indies.

## Lucas' voyage

Lucas' expeditionary force sailed from the Texel on 23 February 1796, together with another squadron destined for the Dutch West Indies, under Vice-Admiral Adriaan Braak, intending to pass through the North Sea and around Scotland before entering the Atlantic Ocean and turning south. Unspecified French support for the operation had been promised by the National Convention, but did not materialise. The British North Sea Fleet was actively blockading the Texel and the 16-gun brig HMS *Espiegle* sighted the Batavian force putting to sea. *Espiegle* shadowed Lucas throughout the day, sending a message to Admiral Adam Duncan at Great Yarmouth. On 26 February a small British squadron led by Captain Henry Trollope in HMS *Glatton* detached from the cruising division of Rear-Admiral Thomas Pringle and encountered the Batavians, the weaker British making off as Lucas formed a line of battle.

Having successfully evaded pursuit, Lucas followed his planned route, arriving at Las Palmas on Gran Canaria on 13 April. The journey had not been unobserved: a small British warship, the 20-gun HMS *Mozelle* under Captain Charles Brisbane, had sighted the Batavian force near Madeira while *Mozelle* was escorting two merchant ships to Barbados. Leaving the merchant ships to make their way unescorted, *Mozelle* followed Lucas for several days and then sailed south with all haste to bring a warning to the Cape Colony. Despite noticing *Mozelle*, Lucas decided not to attack her.

After spending no less than 34 days taking on water and supplies at Las Palmas, Lucas on 26 May sailed to Praia on Cape Verde, before continuing south on 29 May in the direction of the Brazilian coast, hoping to profit from favourable trade winds and currents. In fact, due to persistent calms in the doldrums, the squadron only reached a position off the Brazilian shore on 27 June. The delay led Lucas to decide not to take in more water but to sail directly to the Cape Colony. The Batavian expeditionary force did not encounter another vessel during this time and thus had no information regarding British dispositions when it eventually reached the South-African coast on 26 July. After a council of war aboard *Dordrecht*, Lucas decided *not* to reconnoitre Table Bay and on 6 August the squadron anchored in Saldanha Bay.

British agents had observed Lucas' preparations in Holland and reported them in January, more than a month before the expedition sailed. The British Admiralty sent the frigate HMS *Carysfort* to the Cape Colony with a warning. *Carysfort* arrived at the colony in April, but vague accounts of Lucas' mission had reached Elphinstone even earlier, appearing at Madras in March, less than a month after Lucas' departure from the Texel. Sailing from Madras on 23 March, Elphinstone reached the Cape Colony on 23 May where he received detailed reports of the size and status of the Batavian force heading for the colony. The Admiralty had already responded to the threat by diverting substantial resources to the Cape Colony: in addition to Elphinstone and Blankett's forces a convoy of transports led by Captain William Essington arrived on 28 May and a small squadron under Pringle followed on 28 July, joined that day by *Mozelle* with the most detailed reports to date of Lucas' movements. Subsequent reinforcements arrived from the squadron based in India, so that by August there were seven ships of the line and seven smaller vessels under Elphinstone's command and the garrison of the colony stood at 9,400 troops.

## Saldanha Bay

Elphinstone was concerned that the Batavian force might not be sailing for the Cape Colony at all. In May, a French frigate squadron under Counter-Admiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey had sailed past the colony without stopping, observed by HMS *Sphynx*, which it chased back to Simon's Town. If the Batavian force was sailing for the East Indies, it might bypass the Cape Colony altogether. Elphinstone therefore decided to take his fleet out to sea to search for the Batavians. On 6 August Elphinstone sailed southwest from False Bay in search of Lucas, but a fierce storm caught the British, inflicting damage on the ships, including the loss of the mainmast on *Monarch* and flooding on HMS *Ruby*. The fleet returned to Simon's Bay in a battered state on 12 August, to learn on arrival that Lucas' force lay at anchor to the north. The following day a storm swept the bay. Most of Elphinstone's ships were damaged: both HMS *Crescent* and HMS *Trident* grounded, and HMS *Tremendous* dragged anchors and was almost wrecked.

Lucas had arrived off the colony on 26 July with no knowledge of Elphinstone's dispositions. He had more pressing concerns: it had been several months since his ships had sighted land and his supplies of drinking water were running dangerously low. A significant proportion of his crews were suffering from scurvy and he had decided to send these men to an encampment ashore to facilitate their recovery. Lucas even ordered that the sails on his ships be removed for repairs, rendering his ships temporarily immobile. On 9 August, Lucas was warned by a servant of a Dutch colonist that a superior British force was present and that the settler population would not assist an attack on the British; he was strongly advised to sail away. Lucas, on hearing this, instead sailed deeper into the bay. Craig sent cavalry to Saldanha Bay to harry Batavian shore parties and organised the withdrawal of the local population and livestock to prevent their capture. He followed with a larger force under his own command.

Lucas held a council of war with his senior officers, debating whether an attack on Cape Town was practical or whether they should abandon the operation. By 16 August the decision had been made to sail for Île de France, but Lucas delayed, unwilling to leave his sick men ashore.

As the Batavian force prepared to sail, on 16 August Elphinstone's fleet appeared off the bay, led by the scouting frigate *Crescent*. He sent a letter to Lucas demanding that Lucas surrender, which demand Lucas refused. Ascertaining the strength of the Batavian force, in the evening of 16 August Elphinstone led his fleet into the bay in line of battle and brought the line to anchor at close gunshot range to Lucas' ships. Trapped between the coast and the British, Lucas immediately raised a flag of truce. He then sent an officer to negotiate terms with Elphinstone. Elphinstone granted a delay to enable Lucas to consult his captains, but demanded assurances that the Batavian ships would not be damaged. Lucas gave his word of honor that this would not be done. The council of war then decided that a capitulation on terms should be sought. One of the terms proposed was that the Batavian officers would be allowed to go home on two of the Batavian frigates, designated as cartel ships. Elphinstone rejected these proposals, but offered to release the officers eventually, if they gave their parole. By 23:00, hopelessly outnumbered and with his crews in open rebellion, Lucas agreed to terms that dictated an almost unconditional surrender of the Batavian force. This was the next morning (17 August) agreed between Elphinstone and a Batavian parlimentaire, Captain Claris; Lucas signed the capitulation that afternoon.

## Orders of battle

### Lucas' order of battle

| Lucas' squadron | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ship | Rate | Guns | Navy | Commander | Notes |
| *Dordrecht* | Third rate | 66 | Batavian Navy | Rear-Admiral Engelbertus Lucas | Carrying 370 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Dortrecht* |
| *Revolutie* | Third rate | 66 | Batavian Navy | Captain Jan Rhynbende | Carrying 400 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Prince Frederick* |
| *Admiraal Tromp* | Fourth rate | 54 | Batavian Navy | Lieutenant Jan Valkenburg | Carrying 280 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Tromp* |
| *Castor* | Frigate | 44 | Batavian Navy | Captain Jacob Claris | Carrying 240 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Saldanha* |
| *Braave* | Frigate | 40 | Batavian Navy | Lieutenant Jacob Zoetemans | Carrying 234 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Braave* |
| *Sirène* | Sixth rate | 28 | Batavian Navy | Lieutenant Gustaaf Adolph de Valk | Carrying 130 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Laurel* |
| *Bellona* | Sixth rate | 26 | Batavian Navy | Lieutenant Christiaan De Cerf | Carrying 130 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Vindictive* |
| *Havik* | Sloop | 18 | Batavian Navy | Lieutenant Pieter Bessemer | Carrying 76 crew and passengers. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Havick* |
| *Vrouw Maria* | East Indiaman |  | VOC | Lieutenant Hermanus Barbier | Carrying 112 crew and passengers. |
| Source: James, p. 373, Clowes, p. 295 & 559, "No. 13947". *The London Gazette*. 4 November 1796. pp. 1051–1057. | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

### Elphinstone's order of battle

| Elphinstone's squadron | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ship | Rate | Guns | Navy | Commander | Notes |
| HMS *Monarch* | Third rate | 74 | Royal Navy | Vice-Admiral Sir George Keith Elphinstone
Captain John Elphinstone | Lost mainmast in storm before 12 August. |
| HMS *Tremendous* | Third rate | 74 | Royal Navy | Rear-Admiral Thomas Pringle
Captain John Aylmer | Damaged in storm on 13 August |
| HMS *America* | Third rate | 64 | Royal Navy | Captain John Blankett |  |
| HMS *Ruby* | Third rate | 64 | Royal Navy | Captain Henry Edwin Stanhope | Damaged in storm before 12 August. |
| HMS *Stately* | Third rate | 64 | Royal Navy | Captain Billy Douglas |  |
| HMS *Sceptre* | Third rate | 64 | Royal Navy | Captain William Essington |  |
| HMS *Trident* | Third rate | 64 | Royal Navy | Captain Edward Oliver Osborn | Damaged in storm on 13 August. |
| HMS *Jupiter* | Fourth rate | 50 | Royal Navy | Captain George Losack |  |
| HMS *Crescent* | Fifth Rate | 36 | Royal Navy | Captain Edward Buller | Damaged in storm on 13 August. |
| HMS *Sphynx* | Ship-Sloop | 20 | Royal Navy | Captain Andrew Todd |  |
| HMS *Mozelle* | Ship-Sloop | 20 | Royal Navy | Captain Charles Brisbane |  |
| HMS *Echo* | Ship-Sloop | 16 | Royal Navy | Captain Edward Ramage |  |
| HMS *Rattlesnake* | Ship-Sloop | 16 | Royal Navy | Captain John Turner |  |
| HMS *Hope* | Sloop | 14 | Royal Navy | Lieutenant Thomas Alexander |  |
| Source: James, p. 373, Clowes, p. 295 & 559, "No. 13947". *The London Gazette*. 4 November 1796. pp. 1051–1057. | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

### Merchant vessels captured by the British

In addition to the naval vessels that capitulated, the British also detained five merchant vessels at Simon's Bay on 18 August.

| Vessel | Master | Burthen | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Willemstadt en Boetzlaar* | St. Kooter (or Simon Koter) | 978 | Arrived 10 May 1795 from the Texel; had landed her cargo. The only one of the five merchant vessels that the Royal Navy took into service |
| *De Yonge Bonifacius* | Jan Nicholas Croese | 488 | *Jonge Bonifacius*, Jan Nikolaas Kroese, master, arrived June 24, from Batavia, laden |
| *Gertruyda* | Marten De Vries | 660 | *Geertruida* arrived 9 May from Amsterdam; had landed her cargo |
| *Het Vertrouven* | Hilbrand van Wyen | 890 | *Vertrouwen* arrived 14 August from Batavia, laden |
| *Louisa and Anthony* | Kersjin Hilbrand | 640 | *Louisa Anthony*, Hillebrand van Uijen, master, arrived 14 August from Batavia, laden |
|

## Aftermath

The Royal Navy took all the Batavian warships into its service. Elphinstone further attached the warships to the squadron at the Cape Colony, an action the Admiralty criticised. Elphinstone returned to Britain in October 1796. His flagship *Monarch* passed right through the French fleet of the *Expédition d'Irlande* during a snow storm, anchoring in a disabled state at Crookhaven on 25 December. Following his return he was made Baron Keith for his capture and retention of the Cape Colony.

Most of the sailors and soldiers in the Batavian force were Germans and nearly all entered British service, either with the Royal Navy or the East India Company. Lucas and other Batavian officers later returned to Europe in the cartel *Gertruida*. One of the captured ships, HMS *Dordrecht* became notorious the following year when the crew mutinied at Saint Helena in imitation of the Spithead and Nore mutinies in Britain. Only the intervention of Captain Charles Brisbane, who threw a noose around the ringleader's neck and threatened death if the disobedience was repeated, succeeded in intimidating the mutinous sailors.

In the Batavian Republic, Lucas' surrender caused popular outrage. On his return he faced a court-martial ordered by the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic on 19 May 1797. Lucas died on 21 June, a few days before the trial was to start, and the court therefore decided on 26 June to charge the prosecutor Jacobus Spoors with holding an inquiry, in which all witnesses were deposed. On the basis of this report the court decided on 14 December to lay the main responsibility for the surrender with Lucas, and to acquit the other officers.

Historians have held Lucas blameless for refusing to engage Elphinstone's force, which was far superior in both ships and men. Elphinstone's ships carried more than twice as many men as the Batavian expedition, even before the British troops ashore are taken into account. Lucas could only muster 1,972 men compared with the 4,291 under Elphinstone's command. The expedition has however been criticised for its lack of preparedness; while it is true that promised French support failed to appear, the Batavian troops were insufficient in number to threaten seriously the British garrison. As Parkinson noted: "what could be the point of landing a few hundred men on a shore bristling with English bayonets?" An unintended effect of the campaign however was to forestall a British invasion of Île de France, which Elphinstone had postponed to prepare for Lucas' arrival and which was ultimately cancelled entirely.

There were no further attacks on the Cape Colony during the war. The Treaty of Amiens in 1802 returned the colony and all other captured Dutch colonies, except Ceylon, to the Batavian Republic. The peace was short-lived, and early in the Napoleonic Wars the British prepared another expeditionary force. In January 1806, the British again occupied the Cape Colony following their victory at the Battle of Blaauwberg. The colony remained part of the British Empire until its independence as part of a unified South Africa in 1910.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Capitulation of Saldanha Bay | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War of the First Coalition | |
|
A political cartoon by Isaac Cruikshank mocking the Batavian capitulation | |
| Date 17 August 1796  Location Saldanha Bay, Dutch Cape Colony  Result  British victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Great Britain | Batavian Republic |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| George Elphinstone | Engelbertus Lucas |
| Strength | |
| 8 ships of the line
1 frigate
5 sloops | 3 ships of the line
2 frigates
3 sloops
6 merchant ships |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | 3 ships of the line captured
2 frigates captured
3 sloops captured
6 merchant ships captured |


title: List of Rosales of South Africa

abstract: Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It is sister taxon to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. The basal clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including Rhamnaceae; and the third clade consists of the four urticalean families. The order Rosales is strongly supported as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences. The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales. 23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests. The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta, Anthophyta, Bryophyta, Cycadophyta, Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes), Marchantiophyta, Pinophyta, and Pteridophyta. Six families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

text:
# List of Rosales of South Africa

Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It is sister taxon to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. The basal clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including Rhamnaceae; and the third clade consists of the four urticalean families. The order Rosales is strongly supported as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences.

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms \- the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses \- as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).

Six families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

## Cannabaceae

### Cannabis

Genus *Cannabis*:

* *Cannabis sativa* L. not indigenous, naturalised
    + *Cannabis sativa* L. var. *indica* (Lam.) Wehmer, not indigenous, naturalised
    + *Cannabis sativa* L. var. *sativa*, not indigenous, naturalised
    + *Cannabis sativa* L. var. *spontanea* Vavilov, not indigenous, naturalised

### Celtis

Genus *Celtis*:

### Chaetachme

Genus *Chaetachme*:

### Trema

Genus *Trema*:

## Moraceae

### Ficus

Genus *Ficus*:

### Maclura

Genus *Maclura*:

### Morus

Genus *Morus*:

* *Morus alba* L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    + *Morus alba* L. var. *alba*, not indigenous, naturalised
* *Morus japonica* Audib. not indigenous, naturalised
* *Morus mesozygia* Stapf ex A.Chev. indigenous

### Sycomorus

Genus *Sycomorus*:

### Trilepisium

Genus *Trilepisium*:

## Rhamnaceae

### Berchemia

Genus *Berchemia*:

### Colubrina

Genus *Colubrina*:

### Helinus

Genus *Helinus*:

### Lasiodiscus

Genus *Lasiodiscus*:

### Noltea

Genus *Noltea*:

### Phylica

Genus *Phylica*:

### Rhamnus

Genus *Rhamnus*:

### Scutia

Genus *Scutia*:

### Trichocephalus

Genus *Trichocephalus*:

### Ziziphus

Genus *Ziziphus*:

## Rosaceae

### Acaena

Genus *Acaena*:

### Agrimonia

Genus *Agrimonia*:

### Alchemilla

Genus *Alchemilla*:

### Cliffortia

Genus *Cliffortia*:

### Cotoneaster

Genus *Cotoneaster*:

### Crataegus

Genus *Crataegus*:

### Cydonia

Genus *Cydonia*:

### Duchesnea

Genus *Duchesnea*:

### Eriobotrya

Genus *Eriobotrya*:

### Fragaria

Genus *Fragaria*:

### Geum

Genus *Geum*:

### Leucosidea

Genus *Leucosidea*:

### Potentilla

Genus *Potentilla*:

### Prunus

Genus *Prunus*:

* *Prunus africana* (Hook.f.) Kalkman, indigenous
* *Prunus persica* (L.) Batsch, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    + *Prunus persica* (L.) Batsch var. *persica*, accepted as *Prunus persica* (L.) Batsch, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
* *Prunus salicifolia* Kunth, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
* *Prunus serotina* Ehrh. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    + *Prunus serotina* Ehrh. var. *serotina*, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive

### Pyracantha

Genus *Pyracantha*:

### Pyrus

Genus *Pyrus*:

### Rhaphiolepis

Genus *Rhaphiolepis*:

### Rosa

Genus *Rosa*:

* *Rosa eglanteria* L. accepted as *Rosa rubiginosa* L. present
* *Rosa multiflora* Thunb. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
    + *Rosa multiflora* Thunb. ex J.Murray var. *cathayensis* Rehder & E.H.Wilson, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
    + *Rosa multiflora* Thunb. ex J.Murray var. *welchii*, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
* *Rosa rubiginosa* L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
* *Rosa x odorata* (Andrews) Sweet, not indigenous, naturalised

### Rubus

Genus *Rubus*:

### Sanguisorba

Genus *Sanguisorba*:

* *Sanguisorba minor* Scop. not indigenous, naturalised
    + *Sanguisorba minor* Scop. subsp. *muricata* Briq. not indigenous, naturalised

## Ulmaceae

### Ulmus

Genus *Ulmus*:

## Urticaceae

### Didymodoxa

Genus *Didymodoxa*:

* *Didymodoxa caffra* (Thunb.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear, indigenous
* *Didymodoxa capensis* (L.f.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear, indigenous
    + *Didymodoxa capensis* (L.f.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear var. *capensis*, indigenous
    + *Didymodoxa capensis* (L.f.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear var. *integrifolia* (Wedd.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear, endemic

### Droguetia

Genus *Droguetia*:

* *Droguetia ambigua* Wedd. endemic
* *Droguetia iners* (Forssk.) Schweinf. indigenous
    + *Droguetia iners* (Forssk.) Schweinf. subsp. *burchellii* (N.E.Br.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear, endemic
    + *Droguetia iners* (Forssk.) Schweinf. subsp. *iners*, indigenous

### Forsskaolea

Genus *Forsskaolea*:

### Girardinia

Genus *Girardinia*:

### Laportea

Genus *Laportea*:

### Obetia

Genus *Obetia*:

### Parietaria

Genus *Parietaria*:

### Pilea

Genus *Pilea*:

### Pouzolzia

Genus *Pouzolzia*:

### Urera

Genus *Urera*:

### Urtica

Genus *Urtica*:


title: Molecular Biology (journal)

abstract: Molecular Biology is a scientific journal which covers a wide scope of problems related to molecular, cell, and computational biology including genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, molecular virology and immunology, molecular development biology, and molecular evolution. Molecular Biology publishes reviews, mini-reviews, experimental, and theoretical works, short communications and hypotheses. In addition, the journal publishes book reviews and meeting reports. The journal also publishes special issues devoted to most rapidly developing branches of physical-chemical biology and to the most outstanding scientists on the occasion of their anniversary birthdays. The journal is published in English and Russian versions by Nauka.

text:
# Molecular Biology (journal)

***Molecular Biology*** is a scientific journal which covers a wide scope of problems related to molecular, cell, and computational biology including genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, molecular virology and immunology, molecular development biology, and molecular evolution. *Molecular Biology* publishes reviews, mini-reviews, experimental, and theoretical works, short communications and hypotheses. In addition, the journal publishes book reviews and meeting reports. The journal also publishes special issues devoted to most rapidly developing branches of physical-chemical biology and to the most outstanding scientists on the occasion of their anniversary birthdays. The journal is published in English and Russian versions by Nauka.

## InfoBox

*Molecular Biology*
| Discipline | Molecular biology, cellular biology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English, Russian |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | Nauka, Springer Science+Business Media |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mol. Biol. (N.Y.)* |
| NLM | *Mol Biol* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | MOLBBJ |
| ISSN | 0026-8933 (print)
1608-3245 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 00819101 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Marián Kolmokov

abstract: Marián Kolmokov is a Slovak football defender who currently plays for Družstevník Čermany.

text:
# Marián Kolmokov

**Marián Kolmokov** (born 23 March 1991) is a Slovak football defender who currently plays for Družstevník Čermany.

1. Player Profile‚ ligy.sk

## InfoBox

Marián Kolmokov
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Marián Kolmokov | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-03-23) 23 March 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Nitra, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.92 m (6 ft 3+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Družstevník Čermany | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Nitra | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2017 | Nitra | 132 | (5) |
| 2014 | Šaľa (loan) | 13 | (0) |
| 2017– | Družstevník Čermany | 15 | (10) |
| International career | | | |
| 2009–2010 | Slovakia U-19 | 8 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Slovakia U-21 | 8 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 November 2017 | | | |


title: Mark Cohen (photographer)

abstract: Mark Cohen is an American photographer best known for his innovative close-up street photography. Cohen's major books of photography are Grim Street (2005), True Color (2007), and Mexico (2016). His work was first exhibited in a group exhibition at George Eastman House in 1969 and he had his first solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1973. He was awarded Guggenheim Fellowships in 1971 and 1976. and received a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1975.

text:
# Mark Cohen (photographer)

**Mark Cohen** (born August 24, 1943) is an American photographer best known for his innovative close-up street photography.

Cohen's major books of photography are *Grim Street* (2005), *True Color* (2007), and *Mexico* (2016). His work was first exhibited in a group exhibition at George Eastman House in 1969 and he had his first solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1973. He was awarded Guggenheim Fellowships in 1971 and 1976. and received a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1975.

## Life and work

Cohen was born and lived in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania until 2013. He attended Penn State University and Wilkes College between 1961 and 1965, and opened a commercial photo studio in 1966.

The majority of the photography for which Cohen is known is shot in the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area (also known as the Wyoming Valley), a historic industrialized region of northeastern Pennsylvania. Characteristically Cohen photographs people close-up, using a wide-angle lens and a flash, mostly in black and white, frequently cropping their heads from the frame, concentrating on small details. He has used 21 mm, 28 mm and 35 mm focal length, wide-angle, lenses and later on 50 mm. Cohen has described his method as 'intrusive'; "They're not easy pictures. But I guess that's why they're mine."

Discussing his influences with Thomas Southall in 2004 he cites ". . . so many photographers who followed Cartier-Bresson, like Frank, Koudelka, Winogrand, Friedlander." He also recognizes the influence of Diane Arbus. Whilst acknowledging these influences he says: "I knew about art photography...Then I did these outside the context of any other photographer."

In 2013 Cohen moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Publications

### Books by Cohen

* *Mark Cohen, Photographer: A Monograph.* 1980. 38 pp. OCLC 14157788.
* *Mark Cohen: October 10 – December 13, 1981.* Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1981. 24 pp. OCLC 8793002.
* *Images: A Photographic Essay of Northeastern Pennsylvania.* Avoca, PA: Economic Development Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1982. 58 pp. OCLC 40750751.
* *Five Minutes in Mexico: Photographs.* Wilkes-Barre, PA: Sordoni Art Gallery, 1989. 71 pp. ISBN 0-942945-00-X.
* *Grim Street.* New York: powerHouse, 2005. ISBN 1-57687-230-0.
* *True Color.* New York: powerHouse, 2007. ISBN 1-57687-372-2. Text by Vince Aletti. Work in colour originating as a commission from George Eastman House.
* *Italian Riviera*. Rome: Punctum, 2008. ISBN 978-8-895410-16-6. Edition of 40 copies. Made along the Levante Riviera, during his stay in Rapallo, Liguria.
* *Mark Cohen: Strange Evidence.* Self-published / CreateSpace, 2012. ISBN 978-1456563738. Catalogue of the exhibition *Mark Cohen: Strange Evidence* at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, January 2010 to March 2011, curated by Peter Barbiere.
* *Dark Knees*. Paris: Xavier Barral, 2013. ISBN 978-2-365110-42-6. "Wilkes-Barre and around Pennsylvania 1969–2012". "Published on the occasion of the exhibition Mark Cohen Dark Knees at \[Le Bal\] in Paris between September 27 and December 8, 2013 and at the Nederlands Fotomuseum in Rotterdam between November 8, 2014 and January 11, 2015."
* *Frame: a Retrospective.* Austin: University of Texas, 2015. ISBN 978-1-4773-0372-6. With an introduction by Jane Livingston.
* *Mexico*. Austin: University of Texas, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4773-1171-4.
* *Bread in Snow.* Tokyo: Super Labo, 2019. ISBN 978-4-908512-68-1.
* *Cotton*. Tokyo: Super Labo, 2021. ISBN 978-4-908512-46-9.

### Contributions to publications

* *Contatti. Provini d'Autore* = *Choosing the best photo by using the contact sheet*. Vol. I. Edited by Giammaria De Gasperis. Rome: Postcart, 2012. ISBN 978-88-86795-87-6.

### Books about Cohen

* *Wonders Seen in Forsaken Places: An essay on the photographs and the process of photography of Mark Cohen* by Alphonso Lingis. Self-published / CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN 978-1442180536.

## Awards

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

### Group exhibitions

## Collections

Cohen's work is held in the following permanent collections:

## InfoBox

| Mark Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1943 (age 8081)<br>Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Photographer |


title: Manshu

abstract:
Manshū Manshu may refer to:
  - Manshu, a 9th-century Chinese text by Fan Chuo
  - Su Manshu (1884–1918), Chinese writer, poet, painter, revolutionist, and translator
  - Manshū (満州), Japanese for Manchuria
  - Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company, active in the 1930s and 1940s
    - Manshū Hayabusa, an airliner made by Manchukuo Aircraft Company in the late 1930s
  - Manchuria Aviation Company, the Manchukuo national airline 1931/32–45
  - Manshu-in, a Tendai temple located near the Shugakuin Imperial Villa at Sakyō-ku, Ichijo-ji, Takenouchi-cho, in northeast Kyoto, Japan.
  - "Manshu Musume", a Japanese hit song in 1938

text:
# Manshu

**Manshu** may refer to:

* *Manshu*, a 9th-century Chinese text by Fan Chuo
* Su Manshu (18841918), Chinese writer, poet, painter, revolutionist, and translator
* Manshū (満州), Japanese for Manchuria
* Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company (満州国飛行機製造株式会社, *Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha*) (AKA Manshū or Mansyû), active in the 1930s and 1940s
    + Manshū Hayabusa, an airliner made by Manchukuo Aircraft Company in the late 1930s
* Manchuria Aviation Company (満州航空株式会社, *Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki Kaisha*), the Manchukuo national airline 1931/3245
* Manshu-in (AKA Manshuin Monzeki), a Tendai temple located near the Shugakuin Imperial Villa at Sakyō-ku, Ichijo-ji, Takenouchi-cho, in northeast Kyoto, Japan.
* "Manshu Musume" (Japanese for "Manchurian Girl"), a Japanese hit song in 1938


title: Peter L. Antonelli

abstract: Peter Louis Antonelli was an American mathematician known for his work on mathematical biology, Finsler geometry, and their connections.

text:
# Peter L. Antonelli

**Peter Louis Antonelli** (March 5, 1941 – February 15, 2020) was an American mathematician known for his work on mathematical biology, Finsler geometry, and their connections.

## Overview

Antonelli was born on March 5, 1941, in Syracuse, New York, and became a student at Syracuse University, graduating in 1963. He completed a PhD at Syracuse University, with the 1966 dissertation *Structure Theory for Montgomery-Samelson Fiberings Between Manifolds* supervised by Erik Hemmingsen.

After a short period as assistant professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville from 1967 to 1968, and an NSF post-doctoral fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, from 1968 to 1970, he took a faculty position at the University of Alberta, Canada, where he stayed for the remainder of his career. In 2006, he moved to Brazil with his wife and colleague S.F. Rutz, where he was a visiting professor at Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife.

He died in 2020.

## Contributions to mathematics

In his early years, Peter L. Antonelli's interests were focused on physics, especially general relativity. As a Ph.D. student, he studied mathematical objects such as special groups of diffeomorphisms and exotic spheres. After 1970, his interests shifted towards applied mathematics, especially applications of differential geometry to developmental biology, ecology, and genetics. As a visiting professor in the biology department at the University of Sussex in the early 1970s, he pursued interests that had developed from his work in the early 1960s as a United States Public Health Service Fellow in mathematical biology at the University of Chicago.

During the course of his career, Peter L. Antonelli published over 120 research papers in a variety of domains including non-linear mechanics, Hamiltonian systems, diffusion theory, stochastic calculus and stochastic geometry, geometric probability, differential game theory, bifurcation theory, geometry of paths, and Riemannian, Finslerian and Lagrangian geometries. The geometry of certain non-Riemannian metrics now bear his name. Along with his extensive work on the mathematical ecology of the Great Barrier Reef, he also showed that all living plants and animals are likely derived from two primitive species of bacteria, through the process of endosymbiosis.

## Books

Antonelli was the coauthor of books including:

* Antonelli, Peter L.; Burghelea, Dan; Kahn, Peter J. (1971). *The Concordance-Homotopy Groups of Geometric Automorphism Groups*. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 215. Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0061176. ISBN 978-3-540-05560-0.
* Antonelli, P. L.; Ingarden, R. S.; Matsumoto, M. (1993). *The theory of sprays and Finsler spaces with applications in physics and biology*. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 58. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8194-3. ISBN 0-7923-2577-X.
* Antonelli, P. L.; Bradbury, R. H. (1996). *Volterra–Hamilton models in the ecology and evolution of colonial organisms*. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 981-02-2450-8.
* Antonelli, P. L.; Zastawniak, T. J. (1999). *Fundamentals of Finslerian diffusion with applications*. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 101. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4824-5. ISBN 0-7923-5511-3.

His edited volumes include:

* Antonelli, P. L., ed. (1985). *Mathematical essays on growth and the emergence of form*. University of Alberta Press.
* Antonelli, P. L., ed. (2000). *Finslerian geometries: a meeting of minds*. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 109. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-6115-6.
* Antonelli, P. L., ed. (2003). *Handbook of Finsler geometry, Vols. I & II*. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0942-3. ISBN 1-4020-1557-7. MR 2067663.

## Recognition

In 1987, Antonelli was awarded a McCalla Professorship at the University of Alberta for research excellence. In 2001, he was awarded the degree of Honorary Professor from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Romania. Papers from a conference held there in honor of his 60th birthday were later published as a festschrift.

## Further reading

* Anastasiei, Mihai (2003). "On P. L. Antonelli works in mathematical biology". *Scientific Annals of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine*. **46** (2): 3–8. MR 2149028.


title: Wrong (Everything but the Girl song)

abstract: "Wrong" is a song written and recorded by English musical duo Everything but the Girl. It was released on 17 June 1996 as the second single from their ninth album, Walking Wounded (1996). The song topped the US Billboard Dance Club Play chart, reached number two in Italy, and entered the top 10 in Canada, Hungary and the United Kingdom.

text:
# Wrong (Everything but the Girl song)

"**Wrong**" is a song written and recorded by English musical duo Everything but the Girl. It was released on 17 June 1996 as the second single from their ninth album, *Walking Wounded* (1996). The song topped the US *Billboard* Dance Club Play chart, reached number two in Italy, and entered the top 10 in Canada, Hungary and the United Kingdom.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote, "Singer Tracey Thorn thrills with a vocal that is a study in 1930s-era torch melodrama but couched with just enough pop restraint to remain accessible to pop radio's young listeners. Although Todd Terry is once again at the remix helm, "Wrong" is not a mere exercise in duplication. This time, the keyboards are richer and the beats more insistent and African-influenced. The real duplication should be radio's quick acceptance of this pop/dance jewel." Daina Darzin from *Cash Box* described it as "ethereal" and "undulating". Daisy & Havoc from *Music Week'*s Dance Update rated it five out of five, picking it as Tune of the Week. They added, "Everything But The Girl's latest is creepily reminiscent of Fleetwood Mac but that's no criticism, and maybe some new mixes of tracks from '*Rumours*' aren't such a bad idea. Or maybe they are ... anyway here you get Todd Terry, Deep Dish and EBTG mixes of a very lovely, very 'Missing'-type song ... and that's no criticism either."

## Track listings

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 7 May 1996 | Contemporary hit radio | Atlantic |  |
| United Kingdom | 17 June 1996 | * CD * cassette | Virgin |  |
| | 24 June 1996 | | 12-inch vinyl |  |
| Japan | 7 August 1996 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Wrong" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Everything but the Girl | |
| from the album  *Walking Wounded* | |
| Released | 17 June 1996 (1996-06-17) |
| Genre | House |
| Length | 3:55 |
| Label | Virgin |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Everything but the Girl singles chronology | |
| "Walking Wounded"
(1996) "**Wrong**"
(1996) "Single"
(1996) | |


title: Tyrone Hughes

abstract: Tyrone Christopher Hughes is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers.

text:
# Tyrone Hughes

**Tyrone Christopher Hughes** (born January 14, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers.

## Early life

Hughes attended and graduated from St. Augustine High School in New Orleans, where he played football, baseball, basketball and ran track.

He played as a cornerback until his senior season, when he was switched to offense and was named the Louisiana Offensive Player of the Year and the Athlete of the Year. He had 62 carries for 845 yards, 20 receptions for 601 yards and 22 touchdowns from his wingback position. He averaged 40.4 yards on kickoff returns and 14 yards on punt returns.

## College career

Hughes accepted a football scholarship from the University of Nebraska. As a freshman, he appeared in 11 games and played as a backup Wingback in a run-oriented offense. He registered 5 receptions for 72 yards and 2 touchdowns, 12 carries for 13 yards. He ranked fourth in the Big Eight Conference in punt returns (15), second in return yards (227) and first in punt return average (15.1).

As a sophomore, he posted 10 carries for 113 yards and one touchdown, 17 carries for 59 yards, while leading the conference in kickoff return yards (523). He ranked second in the conference and 16th in the NCAA in punt returns at 12.4. He was seventh in the conference in all-purpose yards with 92 yards a game. He led the conference, ranked third in the NCAA and set a school single-season record with a 29.1-yard average on 18 kickoff returns. Against Kansas State University, he set a school single-game record with 3 returns for 1,515 yards, including a 99-yarder for a touchdown and tied the NCAA single-game record with 247 total kick returns yards.

As a junior, he opened the season as a starter at Wingback , but suffered a broken wrist in the eighth game against the University of Colorado Boulder. The injury forced him to switch to cornerback for the final 4 games. He tallied 12 receptions for 208 yards and 2 touchdowns, while ranking third in the conference in kickoff returns (16) and second in return yards (338).

As a senior, he started 4 games at Wingback,while seeing time at cornerback and free safety. He had 4 receptions for 58 yards. He was the team's top returner averaging 21.9 yards on kickoffs and 10.4 yards on punts. He ranked second in the conference in kickoff returns (19) and first in return yards (424). He became the first Nebraska player in 26 years to play offense (Wingback) and defense (cornerback) in the same game (against the University of Missouri), when he was designated the spy safety for quarterback Charlie Ward in the 1993 Orange Bowl.

Hughes was a special teams standout, leading the Big Eight Conference in kickoff returns in each of his last three years and his team in each of his four seasons. He finished as the school's record-holder in kickoff returns and second all-time in career punt returns. He finished his college career with 31 receptions for 451 yards, 33 carries for 81 yards, 5 receiving touchdowns, a 12.3-yard average on 68 punt returns, a 23.4-yard average and a touchdown on 65 kickoff returns. In 2000, he was named to the Nebraska Cornhuskers All-Century team.

He ran track for one season as a senior, running the leg of the 4 × 100 metres relay en route to a second-place finish in the Big Eight Conference.

## Professional career

### New Orleans Saints

Hughes was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 1993 NFL draft, with the intention of playing him at cornerback. As a rookie, he played mostly on special teams and only saw time on defense until the season finale, when he was forced into action because of injuries. He had four special teams tackles in the season. In the fifth game against the Los Angeles Rams, he returned a punt 74 yards for a touchdown and his 128 total punt return yards were third-most in Saints history. Against the Minnesota Vikings, he returned a kickoff 99 yards for a touchdown to tie the game, that the Saints won 17–14. Against the Philadelphia Eagles, he set a club record with an 83-yard punt return. He led the league in punt return yards (503) and punt return average (13.6), while being ranked second in kickoff returns with a 25.1-yard average. His 503 punt return yards broke the team record of 436 yards set by Jeff Groth in 1986. He was the first player in franchise history to return 2 punts for touchdowns in a season and a career. He became the fourth rookie in franchise history to earn Pro Bowl recognition. He also received NFL All-rookie honors as a returner.

In 1994, the Saints continued the process of trying to convert him into a cornerback under the tutelage of the secondary assistant coach Jim L. Mora, with mixed results. It proved to be his best season, as he started in 4 games at right cornerback and one as part of a 6 defensive back set. He recorded 36 tackles (31 solo), 2 interceptions, 7 passes defensed, 2 fumble recoveries and 2 fumbles returned for touchdowns. Against the Atlanta Falcons, he set a team record with 8 kickoff returns (196 yards). On October 23, in a win against the Los Angeles Rams, he set the NFL record for most kickoff return yards in a single-game (304) and the most combined kickoff/punt return yards in a game (347). He had 2 kickoff returns for touchdowns that same game which tied another league record and set a club record. He also made his first start at right cornerback in place of an injured Carl Lee and made the first interception of his career. He tied two NFL records for most kickoff returns (63 yards) and kickoff return yards (1,556). He was sixth in the NFC with a 24.7-yard kickoff return average.

In 1995, he played in all 16 games, primarily in the dime defense, posting 18 tackles, 2 interceptions and 5 passes defensed. He finished third in the NFC in kickoff returns (24.5-yard average), eighth in the conference in punt returns (9.4-yard average). His 66 total kickoff returns and 1,617 kickoff return yards, broke the NFL and Saints records of 63 and 1,556 he established the previous season. His 1,879 total kickoff and punt return yards, fell 51 yards short of the NFL's single-season mark of 1,930 held by Brian Mitchell (1994). He tallied 94 combined kickoff and punt returns, which tied him for third-most in league history.

In 1996, he was able to set the NFL record for kickoff return yards in a season (1,791) and combined kickoff and punt return yards in a season (1,943). He led the league in number of kickoff returns and return yards from 1994 to 1996.

Hughes left as the franchise career record holder for kickoff return yards (5,717), punt return yards (1,060) and touchdown returns (5). He also finished with 67 tackles, 4 interceptions and 4 fumble recoveries. In 2015, he was inducted into the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame.

### Chicago Bears

On April 11, 1997, he signed a lucrative free agent contract with the Chicago Bears. He struggled on special teams and couldn't find a way to contribute on defense or offense, with the Bears trying him also at wide receiver. He was declared inactive for the last two games of the season. He was released on April 24, 1998.

### Baltimore Ravens

On July 30, 1998, he was signed as a free agent by the Baltimore Ravens. He was released on August 25.

### Dallas Cowboys

On December 4, 1998, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, who had their top returners injured and needed help for their remaining games and playoff push. He posted 11 kickoff returns for 274 yards (24.9 avg.) and 10 punt returns for 93 yards (9.3 avg.). He was not re-signed after the season.

## InfoBox

Tyrone Hughes
| No. 33, 32 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1970-01-14) January 14, 1970<br>New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Weight: | 175 lb (79 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | St. Augustine (New Orleans) |
| College: | Nebraska (1989–1992) |
| NFL draft: | 1993 / round: 5 / pick: 137 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 81  Tackles: 67  Interceptions: 4  Return yards: 8,410  Return touchdowns: 5 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |