title: Nitelva

abstract: Nitelva is a river that rises at Grua and flows to Harestuvatnet in the southern part of Lunner municipality in Akershus. The river then flows southwards and ends at Øyeren. The river has at this point run for around 37 kilometres (23 mi) and has dropped around 30 metres (98 ft). The river is part of the Oslomarkavassdragene. The northern part of Nitelva runs between Hakadal and is called Hakadalselva. The journey to Øyeren begins with rapids, before slowing to a broad meandering river through Nittedal. The last kilometres of the river run through Lillestrøm and Rælingen municipalities, first as a scenic part of Lillestrøm city and Øvre Rælingen with roads on both banks, passing through an industrialised area before ending at the delta in the north of Øyeren in Rælingen. Nitelva and its banks make up a varied and fertile belt through forests, agricultural landscapes and buildings. The river was originally named Nitja. The meaning of the name is unknown, but it may come from the word net, in the sense of fishing net. It may also come from the verb hnita, which means "to clash". The river is an important part of the local environment, and the watercourse has been used for timber mills, power, and factories. Many places along the Nitelva have remains of these activities, and their influence is still seen in place names. The river is well known for sports fishing. Up until Rotnesfossen can be found many of Norway's freshwater fish, and 21 species are recorded. Among these are northern pike, zander, perch and carp. To the north of the watercourse can also be found brown trout. Along the river, one can also find a rich and varied animal, bird and plant life, and it has an important ecological function as a habitat and dispersal corridor for several species. Here you can experience both the dense spruce forests, lush deciduous forests, marshes, flower beds, juncus and water plants. The animal and bird species along the river include beaver, grey heron and deer. Because of its biological diversity, Nitelva is a protected waterway, and in the lower part of the river, there are two nature reserves; Sørumsneset and Nordre Øyeren nature reserve.

text:
# Nitelva

**Nitelva** is a river that rises at Grua and flows to Harestuvatnet in the southern part of Lunner municipality in Akershus. The river then flows southwards and ends at Øyeren. The river has at this point run for around 37 kilometres (23 mi) and has dropped around 30 metres (98 ft). The river is part of the Oslomarkavassdragene.

The northern part of Nitelva runs between Hakadal and is called Hakadalselva. The journey to Øyeren begins with rapids, before slowing to a broad meandering river through Nittedal. The last kilometres of the river run through Lillestrøm and Rælingen municipalities, first as a scenic part of Lillestrøm city and Øvre Rælingen with roads on both banks, passing through an industrialised area before ending at the delta in the north of Øyeren in Rælingen. Nitelva and its banks make up a varied and fertile belt through forests, agricultural landscapes and buildings.

The river was originally named *Nitja*. The meaning of the name is unknown, but it may come from the word *net*, in the sense of fishing net. It may also come from the verb *hnita*, which means "to clash" (meaning waves that clash together). The river is an important part of the local environment, and the watercourse has been used for timber mills, power, and factories. Many places along the Nitelva have remains of these activities, and their influence is still seen in place names.

The river is well known for sports fishing. Up until Rotnesfossen can be found many of Norway's freshwater fish, and 21 species are recorded. Among these are northern pike, zander, perch and carp. To the north of the watercourse can also be found brown trout. Along the river, one can also find a rich and varied animal, bird and plant life, and it has an important ecological function as a habitat and dispersal corridor for several species. Here you can experience both the dense spruce forests, lush deciduous forests, marshes, flower beds, juncus and water plants. The animal and bird species along the river include beaver, grey heron and deer. Because of its biological diversity, Nitelva is a protected waterway, and in the lower part of the river, there are two nature reserves; Sørumsneset and Nordre Øyeren nature reserve.

59°56′N 11°04′E / 59.933°N 11.067°E / 59.933; 11.067


title: Operational Command West

abstract: Operational Command West is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in western Ukraine. Its headquarters is located in Rivne.

text:
# Operational Command West

**Operational Command West** (**OC West**) (Ukrainian: Оперативне командування «Захід»; ОК «Захід») is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in western Ukraine. Its headquarters is located in Rivne.

## History

When Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union, there were three Military Districts on its territory. These were the Kyiv, Odessa and Carpathian Military Districts. In 1998, the Western Operational Command was created from the Carpathian Military District.

By 1 July 2006, the Western Operational Command consisted of units directly subordinated to the command and to the 13th Army Corps. These units were:

In October 2013, Operational Command North was created in Rivne. The Western Operational Command's headquarters was moved to Lviv and disbanded in August 2015. In November 2013, the 80th Airmobile Regiment was upgraded to brigade strength. From the beginning of 2015, Operational Command North was moved to Chernihiv. Operational Command West headquarters remained in Rivne. Major General Ihor Dovhan led the command from 2015.

In October 2015, the 10th Separate Mountain Assault Brigade was formed in the command. During late January and early February 2016, units of Operational Command West participated in joint training exercises with British instructors in Rivne. On 5 February, the command was assigned responsibility for Ground Forces troops in Volyn, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, and Chernivtsi Oblasts. As of December of that year, it included the 10th Separate Mountain Assault Brigade, the 14th Separate Mechanized Brigade, 24th Separate Mechanized Brigade, 128th Separate Mountain Brigade, and 44th Separate Artillery Brigade. In March 2017, Major General Oleksandr Pavlyuk became commander of OC West after Dovhan was promoted to Deputy Commander of the Ground Forces for Combat Training.

## Organization

Operational Command West has operational command of ground force units in Volyn, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, and Chernivtsi oblasts.

### Additional forces

The following formations of other branches of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, respectively the general staff of the Ukrainian ground forces, are based in the area of Operational Command West and can be assigned to the command as needed:

## Commanders

### Chiefs of staff

* Major General Valerii Zaluzhnyi (2017)
* Major General Volodymyr Myronyuk (2019)
* Colonel Oleksandr Seletsky (2019 — 2020, acting)

### Deputy Commanders

1. Kuzmuk, O.I. (2011). "Еволюція структури Збройних Сил України (1991-2011 рр.)" \[Evolution of the Structure of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (1991–2011)\] (PDF). *Viysʹkovo-naukovyy visnyk \[Military-Scientific Bulletin\]* (16): 55.
2. "80-й окремий аеромобільний полк – desant-ukrain" \[80th Separate Airmobile Regiment\]. *desantukrain* (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2016-01-29.
3. "Ukrainian Military Pages: Сухопутні війська". *www.ukrmilitary.com*. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
4. "Commander of Operational Command "West" checked prepare one of the teams in Lviv and awarded soldiers". *Ukrainian Ministry of Defense*. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
5. "В Україні сформували нову гірсько-штурмову бригаду ЗСУ – Новини – Український тиждень, Тиждень.ua". *tyzhden.ua*. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
6. "У Коломиї створили нову 10 гірсько-штурмову бригаду | 10 гірсько-штурмова бригада". *10brygada.com.ua*. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
7. "На Рівненщині закінчився курс підготовки українських підрозділів за участю інструкторів Збройних Сил Великої Британії" \[In Rivne ended training course with the participation of Ukrainian units of the Armed Forces instructors UK\]. *mil.gov.ua* (in Ukrainian). 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
8. "Військово-адміністративний поділ території України" \[Military Administrative Divisions of Ukraine\]. *Verkhovna Rada*. Decree No. 39/2016 (in Ukrainian). 5 February 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
9. Holcomb, Franklin (December 2016). "The Order of Battle of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: A Key Component in European Security" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War: 12. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
10. "У Рівному представили нового керівника ОК «Захід»" \[New commander of OC West introduced in Rivne\]. *Radio Trek* (in Ukrainian). 22 March 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
11. "Військових західних областей об'єднають під оперативним командуванням «Захід»". 2016-03-05. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
12. Командувачем військ ОК «Захід» призначено Героя України генерал-майора Сергія Шапталу
13. "Пошук контрактників: У Хмельницькому військові комісари ОК "Захід" мінялися досвідом – Depo.ua". *www.depo.ua* (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-12-08.
14. "Освіта Рівненщини". *rivneosvita.org.ua*. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
15. "Вітаємо генерал-майора Олега Мікаца з призначенням на вищу посаду!". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
16. "Олег Мікац: «Людина – це найголовніше, що є на війні»". *armyinform.com.ua* (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2021-03-22.

## InfoBox

| Operational Command West | |
| --- | --- |
| Оперативне командування «Захід» | |
| Operational Command West Shoulder sleeve insignia (2020-) | |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Type | Military district |
| Part of | Armed Forces of Ukraine |
| Headquarters | Rivne |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | Brigadier General Volodymyr Shvediuk |


title: 1983 Bruce by-election

text:
# 1983 Bruce by-election

A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Bruce on 28 May 1983. This was triggered by the resignation of Liberal Party MP and former Opposition Leader Sir Billy Snedden.

## Results

Bruce by-election, 1983
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Ken Aldred | 35,849 | 48.5 | +0.6 |
|  | Labor | Heather O'Connor | 31,354 | 42.4 | -1.9 |
|  | Democrats | Michael Johnson | 4,769 | 6.5 | -1.3 |
|  | Democratic Labor | John Mulholland | 1,621 | 2.2 | +2.2 |
|  | Independent | Wilhelm Kapphan | 111 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
|  | Progress | Peter Fogarty | 105 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
|  | Constitutionalist | Bill Thiele | 94 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 73,903 | 98.3 | +0.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,266 | 1.7 | −0.0 |
| Turnout | | | 75,169 | 92.0 | −5.3 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Ken Aldred | 40,259 | 54.5 | +3.8 |
|  | Labor | Heather O'Connor | 33,644 | 45.5 | -3.8 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.8 |  |

## InfoBox

1983 Bruce by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| First party Second party   Candidate Ken Aldred Heather O'Connor  Party Liberal Labor  Popular vote **35,849** 31,354  Percentage **48.5%** 42.4%  Swing  0.6pp  1.9pp  TPP **54.5%** 45.5%  TPP swing  3.8pp  3.8pp | |
| ---  **MP before election**
Billy Snedden
Liberal **Elected MP**
Ken Aldred
Liberal | |


# United States presidential elections in Connecticut

Connecticut is a state in the New England region of the United States. One of the original Thirteen Colonies, Connecticut has participated in all fifty-nine U.S. presidential elections since the American Revolution. In the early days of the United States, Connecticut was known for supporting the conservative Federalist Party. In the Second Party System, Connecticut leaned towards the anti-Jackson candidates. Following the Civil War, Connecticut was a swing state for a long time until 1896. Thereafter until 1932, Connecticut was a Republican stronghold. During this period, Connecticut Republican Party chairman J. Henry Roraback built up a political machine which was "efficient, conservative, penurious, and in absolute control".

During the Great Depression, Connecticut began to pivot in support of Democratic candidates. After that, although the Republican Party won Connecticut several times in the presidential election, its advantage was no longer as significant as it had previously been. Since 1992, the state has voted consistently for the Democratic candidates.

In 2020, Joe Biden became the first candidate in Connecticut history to win over one million votes in the state, scoring nearly 1.1 million votes.

Connecticut is a signatory of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact in which signatories award all of their electoral votes to the winner of the national-level popular vote in a presidential election, even if another candidate won an individual signatory's popular vote. As of 2023, it has not yet gone into force.

## Presidential elections

| Key for parties |
| --- |
| American Independent Party – (AI)   Anti-Masonic Party – (Anti-M)   Communist Party USA – (CPUSA)   Constitutional Union Party – (CU)   Democratic Party – (D)   Democratic-Republican Party – (DR)   Free Soil Party – (FS)   Federalist Party – (F)   Green Party – (G)   Greenback Party – (GB)   Independent candidate – (I)   Know Nothing Party – (KN)   Liberal Republican Party – (LR)   Libertarian Party – (LI)   National Democratic Party – (ND)   National Republican Party – (NP)   National Union Party – (NU)   Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)   Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)   Progressive Party (1948) – (PR-1948)   Prohibition Party – (PRO)   Reform Party – (RE)   Republican Party – (R)   Socialist Party of America – (S)   Southern Democratic Party – (SD)   Whig Party – (W)   Union Party – (U) **Note** – A double dagger () indicates the national winner. |

### 1788–89 to 1820

As a part of New England, Connecticut was the stronghold of the Federalist Party. It voted for Federalist candidates in presidential elections from 1796 to 1816. Before 1820, its electors were appointed by state legislature.

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1788–89 to 1820
| Year | Winner | | | | Runner-up | | | | EV | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | | Votes | % | Candidate | | Votes | % | | |
| 1788–89 |  | **George Washington** (I) |  |  |  | |  |  | 7 |  |
| 1792 |  | **George Washington** (I) |  |  |  | |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1796 |  | **John Adams** (F) |  |  |  | Thomas Jefferson (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1800 |  | **John Adams** (F) |  |  |  | Thomas Jefferson (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1804 |  | **Charles C. Pinckney** (F) |  |  |  | Thomas Jefferson (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1808 |  | **Charles C. Pinckney** (F) |  |  |  | James Madison (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1812 |  | **DeWitt Clinton** (F) |  |  |  | James Madison (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1816 |  | **Rufus King** (F) |  |  |  | James Monroe (DR) |  |  | 9 |  |
| 1820 |  | **James Monroe** (DR) | 3,871 | 84.17% |  | *Unpledged electors* (F) | 728 | 15.83% | 9 |  |

### 1824

The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become president, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.

1860 Presidential election in Connecticut
| Year | Winner | | | Runner-up | | | Runner-up | | | Runner-up | | | EV | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | | |
| 1824 |  | **John Quincy Adams** (DR) | 7,494
(70.39%) |  | William H. Crawford (DR) | 1,965
(18.46%) |  | Andrew Jackson (DR) |  |  | Henry Clay (DR) |  | 8 |  |

### 1828 to 1856

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1828 to 1856
| Year | Winner | | | | Runner-up | | | | Other candidate | | | | EV | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | | Votes | % | Candidate | | Votes | % | Candidate | | Votes | % | | |
| 1828 |  | **John Quincy Adams** (NR) | 13,829 | 71.36% |  | Andrew Jackson (D) | 4,448 | 22.95% |  | |  |  | 8 |  |
| 1832 |  | **Henry Clay** (NR) | 18,155 | 55.29% |  | Andrew Jackson (D) | 11,269 | 34.32% |  | William Wirt (Anti-M) | 3,409 | 10.38% | 8 |  |
| 1836 |  | **Martin Van Buren** (D) | 19,294 | 50.65% |  | William Henry Harrison (W) | 18,799 | 49.35% |  | |  |  | 8 |  |
| 1840 |  | **William Henry Harrison** (W) | 31,598 | 55.55% |  | Martin Van Buren (D) | 25,281 | 44.45% |  | |  |  | 8 |  |
| 1844 |  | **Henry Clay** (W) | 32,832 | 50.81% |  | James K. Polk (D) | 29,831 | 46.17% |  | |  |  | 6 |  |
| 1848 |  | **Zachary Taylor** (W) | 30,318 | 48.59% |  | Lewis Cass (D) | 27,051 | 43.35% |  | Martin Van Buren (FS) | 5,005 | 8.02% | 6 |  |
| 1852 |  | **Franklin Pierce** (D) | 33,249 | 49.79% |  | Winfield Scott (W) | 30,359 | 45.46% |  | John P. Hale (FS) | 3,161 | 4.73% | 6 |  |
| 1856 |  | **John C. Frémont** (R) | 42,717 | 53.18% |  | James Buchanan (D) | 34,997 | 43.57% |  | Millard Fillmore (KN) | 2,615 | 3.26% | 6 |  |

### 1860

The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.

1860 Presidential election in Connecticut
| Year | Winner | | | Runner-up | | | Runner-up | | | Runner-up | | | EV | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | Candidate | | Votes
(%) | | |
| 1860 |  | **Abraham Lincoln** (R) | 43,486
(53.86%) |  | Stephen A. Douglas (D) | 17,364
(21.5%) |  | John C. Breckinridge (SD) | 16,558
(20.51%) |  | John Bell (CU) | 3,337
(4.13%) | 6 |  |

### 1864 to present

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1864 to present
| Year | Winner | | | | Runner-up | | | | Other candidate | | | | EV | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | | Votes | % | Candidate | | Votes | % | Candidate | | Votes | % | | |
| 1864 |  | **Abraham Lincoln** (NU) | 44,693 | 51.38% |  | George B. McClellan (D) | 42,288 | 48.62% |  | |  |  | 6 |  |
| 1868 |  | **Ulysses S. Grant** (R) | 50,788 | 51.49% |  | Horatio Seymour (D) | 47,844 | 48.51% |  | |  |  | 6 |  |
| 1872 |  | **Ulysses S. Grant** (R) | 50,314 | 52.41% |  | Horace Greeley (LR) | 45,695 | 47.59% |  | |  |  | 6 |  |
| 1876 |  | **Samuel J. Tilden** (D) | 61,927 | 50.7% |  | Rutherford B. Hayes (R) | 59,033 | 48.33% |  | Peter Cooper (GB) | 774 | 0.63% | 6 |  |
| 1880 |  | **James A. Garfield** (R) | 67,071 | 50.51% |  | Winfield S. Hancock (D) | 64,411 | 48.5% |  | James B. Weaver (GB) | 868 | 0.65% | 6 |  |
| 1884 |  | **Grover Cleveland** (D) | 67,182 | 48.95% |  | James G. Blaine (R) | 65,898 | 48.01% |  | John St. John (PRO) | 2,493 | 1.82% | 6 |  |
| 1888 |  | **Grover Cleveland** (D) | 74,920 | 48.66% |  | Benjamin Harrison (R) | 74,584 | 48.44% |  | Clinton Fisk (PRO) | 4,234 | 2.75% | 6 |  |
| 1892 |  | **Grover Cleveland** (D) | 82,395 | 50.06% |  | Benjamin Harrison (R) | 77,032 | 46.8% |  | John Bidwell (PRO) | 4,026 | 2.45% | 6 |  |
| 1896 |  | **William McKinley** (R) | 110,285 | 63.24% |  | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 56,740 | 32.54% |  | John McAuley Palmer (ND) | 4,336 | 2.49% | 6 |  |
| 1900 |  | **William McKinley** (R) | 102,572 | 56.92% |  | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 74,014 | 41.07% |  | John G. Woolley (PRO) | 1,617 | 0.9% | 6 |  |
| 1904 |  | **Theodore Roosevelt** (R) | 111,089 | 58.12% |  | Alton B. Parker (D) | 72,909 | 38.15% |  | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 4,543 | 2.38% | 7 |  |
| 1908 |  | **William Howard Taft** (R) | 112,915 | 59.43% |  | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 68,255 | 35.92% |  | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 5,113 | 2.69% | 7 |  |
| 1912 |  | **Woodrow Wilson** (D) | 74,561 | 39.16% |  | William Howard Taft (R) | 68,324 | 35.88% |  | Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) | 34,129 | 17.92% | 7 |  |
| 1916 |  | **Charles Evans Hughes** (R) | 106,514 | 49.8% |  | Woodrow Wilson (D) | 99,786 | 46.66% |  | Allan L. Benson (S) | 5,179 | 2.42% | 7 |  |
| 1920 |  | **Warren G. Harding** (R) | 229,238 | 62.72% |  | James M. Cox (D) | 120,721 | 33.03% |  | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 10,350 | 2.83% | 7 |  |
| 1924 |  | **Calvin Coolidge** (R) | 246,322 | 61.54% |  | John W. Davis (D) | 110,184 | 27.53% |  | Robert M. La Follette (PR-1924) | 42,416 | 10.6% | 7 |  |
| 1928 |  | **Herbert Hoover** (R) | 296,641 | 53.63% |  | Al Smith (D) | 252,085 | 45.57% |  | Norman Thomas (S) | 3,029 | 0.55% | 7 |  |
| 1932 |  | **Herbert Hoover** (R) | 288,420 | 48.54% |  | Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) | 281,632 | 47.4% |  | Norman Thomas (S) | 20,480 | 3.45% | 8 |  |
| 1936 |  | **Franklin D. Roosevelt** (D) | 382,129 | 55.32% |  | Alf Landon (R) | 278,685 | 40.35% |  | William Lemke (U) | 21,805 | 3.16% | 8 |  |
| 1940 |  | **Franklin D. Roosevelt** (D) | 417,621 | 53.44% |  | Wendell Willkie (R) | 361,819 | 46.3% |  | Earl Browder (CPUSA) | 1,091 | 0.14% | 8 |  |
| 1944 |  | **Franklin D. Roosevelt** (D) | 435,146 | 52.3% |  | Thomas E. Dewey (R) | 390,527 | 46.94% |  | Norman Thomas (S) | 5,097 | 0.61% | 8 |  |
| 1948 |  | **Thomas E. Dewey** (R) | 437,754 | 49.55% |  | Harry S. Truman (D) | 423,297 | 47.91% |  | Henry A. Wallace (PR-1948) | 13,713 | 1.55% | 8 |  |
| 1952 |  | **Dwight D. Eisenhower** (R) | 611,012 | 55.7% |  | Adlai Stevenson II (D) | 481,649 | 43.91% |  | Darlington Hoopes (S) | 2,244 | 0.2% | 8 |  |
| 1956 |  | **Dwight D. Eisenhower** (R) | 711,837 | 63.72% |  | Adlai Stevenson II (D) | 405,079 | 36.26% | *Others* | | 205 | 0.02% | 8 |  |
| 1960 |  | **John F. Kennedy** (D) | 657,055 | 53.73% |  | Richard Nixon (R) | 565,813 | 46.27% | *Write-ins* | | 15 | 0% | 8 |  |
| 1964 |  | **Lyndon B. Johnson** (D) | 826,269 | 67.81% |  | Barry Goldwater (R) | 390,996 | 32.09% | *Write-ins* | | 1,313 | 0.11% | 8 |  |
| 1968 |  | **Hubert Humphrey** (D) | 621,561 | 49.48% |  | Richard Nixon (R) | 556,721 | 44.32% |  | George Wallace (AI) | 76,650 | 6.1% | 8 |  |
| 1972 |  | **Richard Nixon** (R) | 810,763 | 58.57% |  | George McGovern (D) | 555,498 | 40.13% |  | John G. Schmitz (AI) | 17,239 | 1.25% | 8 |  |
| 1976 |  | **Gerald Ford** (R) | 719,261 | 52.09% |  | Jimmy Carter (D) | 647,895 | 46.92% |  | Lester Maddox (AI) | 7,101 | 0.51% | 8 |  |
| 1980 |  | **Ronald Reagan** (R) | 677,210 | 48.16% |  | Jimmy Carter (D) | 541,732 | 38.52% |  | John B. Anderson (I) | 171,807 | 12.22% | 8 |  |
| 1984 |  | **Ronald Reagan** (R) | 890,877 | 60.73% |  | Walter Mondale (D) | 569,597 | 38.83% |  | Gus Hall (CPUSA) | 4,826 | 0.33% | 8 |  |
| 1988 |  | **George H. W. Bush** (R) | 750,241 | 51.98% |  | Michael Dukakis (D) | 676,584 | 46.87% |  | Ron Paul (LI) | 14,071 | 0.97% | 8 |  |
| 1992 |  | **Bill Clinton** (D) | 682,318 | 42.21% |  | George H. W. Bush (R) | 578,313 | 35.78% |  | Ross Perot (I) | 348,771 | 21.58% | 8 |  |
| 1996 |  | **Bill Clinton** (D) | 735,740 | 52.83% |  | Bob Dole (R) | 483,109 | 34.69% |  | Ross Perot (RE) | 139,523 | 10.02% | 8 |  |
| 2000 |  | **Al Gore** (D) | 816,015 | 55.91% |  | George W. Bush (R) | 561,094 | 38.44% |  | Ralph Nader (G) | 64,452 | 4.42% | 8 |  |
| 2004 |  | **John Kerry** (D) | 857,488 | 54.31% |  | George W. Bush (R) | 693,826 | 43.95% |  | Ralph Nader (I) | 12,969 | 0.82% | 7 |  |
| 2008 |  | **Barack Obama** (D) | 997,773 | 60.59% |  | John McCain (R) | 629,428 | 38.22% |  | Ralph Nader (I) | 19162 | 1.16% | 7 |  |
| 2012 |  | **Barack Obama** (D) | 905,083 | 58.06% |  | Mitt Romney (R) | 634,892 | 40.73% |  | Gary Johnson (LI) | 12,580 | 0.81% | 7 |  |
| 2016 |  | **Hillary Clinton** (D) | 897,572 | 54.57% |  | Donald Trump (R) | 673,215 | 40.93% |  | Gary Johnson (LI) | 48,676 | 2.96% | 7 |  |
| 2020 |  | **Joe Biden** (D) | 1,080,831 | 59.25% |  | Donald Trump (R) | 715,291 | 39.21% |  | Jo Jorgensen (LI) | 20,227 | 1.11% | 7 |  |

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## Works cited

## InfoBox

Presidential elections in Connecticut
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Number of elections | 59 |
| Voted Democratic | 21 |
| Voted Republican | 23 |
| Voted Whig | 3 |
| Voted Democratic-Republican | 4 |
| Voted Federalist | 6 |
| Voted other | 2 |
| Voted for winning candidate | 40 |
| Voted for losing candidate | 19 |


title: William Gravatt

abstract: William Gravatt FRS, was a noted English civil engineer and scientific instrument maker. Apprenticed as a mechanical engineer in London from aged 15, after interview he worked with Sir Marc Isambard Brunel on the Thames Tunnel, and then designed bridges for the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Whilst surveying the route for the South Eastern Railway to Dover, he devised the more transportable dumpy level, which is now universally employed. He then supervised the northern engineering team under Isambard Kingdom Brunel on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, where the deployment of his "curve of sines" theorem speeded construction. Dismissed from the project in 1841, after losing money during the railway mania period, Gravatt helped to construct both the Craig telescope and a copy of the Difference machine, distinguishing himself in a number of papers submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers. He died after being accidentally poisoned by an overdose of morphine by his nurse.

text:
# William Gravatt

**William Gravatt** FRS (14 July 1806 – 30 May 1866), was a noted English civil engineer and scientific instrument maker.

Apprenticed as a mechanical engineer in London from aged 15, after interview he worked with Sir Marc Isambard Brunel on the Thames Tunnel, and then designed bridges for the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Whilst surveying the route for the South Eastern Railway to Dover, he devised the more transportable dumpy level, which is now universally employed. He then supervised the northern engineering team under Isambard Kingdom Brunel on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, where the deployment of his "curve of sines" theorem speeded construction. Dismissed from the project in 1841, after losing money during the railway mania period, Gravatt helped to construct both the Craig telescope and a copy of the Difference machine, distinguishing himself in a number of papers submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers. He died after being accidentally poisoned by an overdose of morphine by his nurse.

## Early life

Born in Gravesend, Kent on 14 July 1806, he was the son of Colonel William Gravatt, the Assistant Inspector of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. At age 15, his father negotiated an apprenticeship to mechanical engineer Bryan Donkin. During this period he met and became friends with John Smeaton, Edward Troughton and Dr. George Wollaston.

## Career

Gravatt joined the Institution of Civil Engineers as an Associate in 1826, and in 1828 was elected a member, following his proposal based on the "curve of sines" for use on defining track transition curves on railways. In 1832 he became a FelIow of the Royal Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

### Thames Tunnel

Before he finished his apprenticeship, Gravatt successfully interviewed with Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, and was given a job as a supervisor on the Thames Tunnel.

On 27 June 1827, after the tunnel flooded, Isambard Kingdom Brunel forbade anyone from entering the workings. However, company directors Robert Marten and Richard Harris insisted Gravatt take them in to inspect the damage, accompanied by two miners as crew for a dinghy. Whilst in the workings, Marten attempted to move forward in the dinghy, and after striking his head on the tunnel, tipped the boat over in 12 feet (3.7 m) of water. Only Gravatt and miner Dowling could swim, and after rescuing Marten and Harris, Gravatt was joined by Brunel in the search underwater for the second miner Richardson. Joined by officials from the Humane Society, they eventually recovered the body with a drag-line. On 5 March 1828, silver medals were voted by the Royal Humane Society to Brunel and Gravatt *"for having hazarded their own lives to preserve those of their fellow-creatures."*

### Calder and Hebble Navigation

In 1832 during a break in work on the Thames Tunnel due to water ingress, Donkin recommended Gravatt as Engineer to the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Gravatt resultantly designed the arches for several bridges, using a solid iron-plate inverted arched chain above the platform, creating the forerunner of the suspension bridge. However, early in the start of construction Gravatt was dismissed on grounds of experience. He was replaced by William Bull.

### Works with Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Commissioned by Mr. H.R. Palmer in examining the original scheme for the South Eastern Railway's route from London to Dover, during the works Gravatt devised the more transportable dumpy level, which is now universally employed.

In 1834, he was employed by Brunel on a number of works. His major project was to survey the Taff Vale Railway, from Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil and onwards to Dowlais. He was also asked to design several bridges for both the mainline and extensions to the Great Western Railway.

In 1835, Brunel appointed Gravatt superintendent of the 75 miles (121 km) of surveys for the Act of Parliament for the Bristol and Exeter Railway. With Brunel subsequently appointed Chief construction engineer, he appointed Gravatt supervisor for the section between Bristol and White Ball, Somerset, with William Froude supervising the section from White Ball to Exeter, Devon. Brunel himself was in charge of the design of White Ball Tunnel. Through having from the outset deployed his own "curve of sines" mathematical theorem in his original surveys, the final laid operational lines did not deviate from the original drawings by more than 10 yards (9.1 m).

In 1835, Brunel was appointed to improve navigation on the River Parrett from Westport to Langport, Somerset. After gaining passage of their Act of Parliament in 1836, on Brunel's recommendation, the newly incorporated Parrett Navigation Company engaged Gravatt as their engineer on the Westport Canal in June 1836. His Great Bow Bridge of 1840 at Langport still survives.

### Fallout with Brunel, Railway Mania losses

Although by 1839 Gravatt's northern engineering team had been delayed in reaching Bridgwater after legal difficulties in the company purchasing land, their remaining section between Bridgwater and Taunton had resulted in Brunel and Gravatt arguing over the most suitable route over the soft clay plains of the Somerset Levels and the River Tone. With mixed instructions given to the private contractors, bridges were sinking into the soft soil, and costs were escalating above budget. In mid 1841, Brunel revealed to the shareholders that he was about to dismiss his entire northern engineering team, although Froude was the son of major B&ER shareholder R.H. Froude, the Archdeacon of Totnes. Brunel wrote to Gravatt on 18 June 1841 stating that he had lost confidence in him, forcing his resignation; he was replaced by John Joseph Macdonnell. The Bristol to Bridgwater section of the B&ER was opened to traffic on 14 June 1841, and on 30 June through running on the GWR between London and Bristol began.

Gravatt subsequently resurrected his reputation by designing and being appointed superintended for the St. Philip's drawbridge, Bristol, which itself was replaced again in 1868. But post this period, although appointed Chief engineer on a number of proposed railway projects during the early Railway Mania period of 1845–6, as an investor he lost a great deal of money when many were never constructed.

### Craig telescope

Returning to London, in 1850 Gravatt was selected by the Reverend John Craig to design and construct the Craig telescope. Living in an apartment at 34 Parliament Street, his neighbours included the portrait photographer Richard Beard, who in 1852 came to take pictures of the instrument for the Illustrated London News. Designed as a great refractor, it was a refracting telescope with an achromatic doublet, giving an aperture of 24 inches (610 mm). The doublet was made with flint glass by Chance Brothers, and plate glass by Thames Plate Glass Company. Gravatt designed the mounting himself, built on Wandsworth Common, featuring a 19.5 metres (64 ft) tall brick tower with a 24.5 metres (80 ft) long telescope tube, built by Messrs Rennie.

The eventual Craig telescope was the largest refracting telescope (a telescope with a lens) in the world from 1852. However, it had a problem with its lens figuring starting from its first light in the summer of 1852. It quickly fell into disuse, and was dismantled in 1857.

### Difference engine

When Per Georg Scheutz brought his Difference engine to London in 1854, Gravatt engaged its inventor in conversation. His knowledge allowed Gravatt to commission a copy from Donkin, which was sent to Somerset House. From 1855 he gave lectures on the machine to professional audiences, including the Royal Society attended by Prince Albert, and followed this with lectures at the International Exposition in Paris. Gravatt then worked with the Registrar-General to establish public faith in the machine, by quickly calculating specimens of logarithmic and other tables. For his services rendered to science, he was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

### Institution of Civil Engineers

Gravatt became involved in a number of key and controversial discussions at the Institution of Civil Engineers. These included the theory of the jet-propeller, and the laying of submerged telegraphic cables based on his "curve of sines" theorem. Gravatt published on the subject on numerous occasions, including a paper written after a discussion on Messrs. Longridge and Brooks' Paper at the Institution in February 1858.

During his career, Gravatt collected a number of gifts, including: a pair of calipers made by Troughton; Donkin's chronometer by Hardy; a specimen of Babbage's original difference engine. He left them all in his will to the Institution.

## Death

After a ten month illness, Gravatt was accidentally poisoned by an overdose of morphine, given inadvertently by his longtime nurse, Ruth Henny. He died at his home, 15 Park Street, Westminster on 30 May 1866, aged 59. A later coroner's inquest cleared her of any cause in Gravatt's death, recording a cause of accidental death. He was buried at St John of Jerusalem Churchyard, South Hackney.

## InfoBox

| William GravattFRS | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1806-07-14)14 July 1806
Gravesend, Kent, England |
| Died | 30 May 1866(1866-05-30) (aged 59)
Westminster, London |
| Occupation(s) | Mechanical and Civil engineer |
| Years active | 1821–1866 |
| Known for | Thames Tunnel, Calder and Hebble Navigation, South Eastern Railway to Dover, Dumpy level, Bristol and Exeter Railway, Craig telescope, Difference engine |


title: Thysochromis

abstract: Thysochromis is a genus of cichlids native to West and Middle Africa.

text:
# Thysochromis

***Thysochromis*** is a genus of cichlids native to West and Middle Africa.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Thysochromis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Subfamily: | Pseudocrenilabrinae |
| Tribe: | Chromidotilapiini |
| Genus: | *Thysochromis*
Daget, 1988 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pelmatochromis ansorgii*
Boulenger, 1901 | |


title: Out Demons Out

abstract: "Out Demons Out" is a song and single written by Arthur Grant, Edgar Broughton and Steve Broughton, performed by the Edgar Broughton Band and released in 1970. Of the Edgar Broughton Band's two hit singles in the UK this was their first. It made 39 on the UK Singles Charts in 1970 staying in the charts for 5 weeks.

text:
# Out Demons Out

"**Out Demons Out**" is a song and single written by Arthur Grant, Edgar Broughton and Steve Broughton, performed by the Edgar Broughton Band and released in 1970.

Of the Edgar Broughton Band's two hit singles in the UK this was their first. It made 39 on the UK Singles Charts in 1970 staying in the charts for 5 weeks.

## Background

1970 was the year the Edgar Broughton Band was tipped for success. Bad management of the group prevented this and they had only two hit singles, neither of which broke into the top 30. The first, "Out Demons Out", has been described as an "audience sing-along, a chant exorcising the evils of the day". When performed live, the song and its chants often had a rousing effects on audiences.

## InfoBox

| "Out Demons Out" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Edgar Broughton Band | |
| from the album  *Sing Brother Sing* | |
| B-side | "Momma's Reward (Keep Them Freaks A-Rollin')" |
| Released | 1970 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Harvest |
| Songwriter(s) | Arthur Grant, Edgar Broughton, Steve Broughton |
| Producer(s) | Peter Jenner |
| Edgar Broughton Band singles chronology | |
| "**Out Demons Out**"
(1970) "**Apache Dropout**"
(1970) | |


title: Niphona laterialba

abstract: Niphona laterialba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

text:
# Niphona laterialba

***Niphona laterialba*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

## InfoBox

| *Niphona laterialba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Niphona* |
| Species: | ***N. laterialba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Niphona laterialba***<br>Breuning, 1938 | |
|


abstract: Operating Systems: Design and Implementation is a computer science textbook written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, with help from Albert S. Woodhull. The book describes the principles of operating systems and demonstrates their application in the source code of Tanenbaum's MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system designed for teaching purposes. The publisher is Prentice Hall (1987). The source code for MINIX was included as part of the original 719 pages of text. Later versions of the three editions also included loadable disks with MINIX.

text:
# Operating Systems: Design and Implementation

***Operating Systems: Design and Implementation*** is a computer science textbook written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, with help from Albert S. Woodhull. The book describes the principles of operating systems and demonstrates their application in the source code of Tanenbaum's MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system designed for teaching purposes. The publisher is Prentice Hall (1987). The source code for MINIX was included as part of the original 719 pages of text. Later versions of the three editions also included loadable disks with MINIX.

## InfoBox

Operating Systems: Design and Implementation
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Albert S. Woodhull |
| Language | English |
| Published | 2006, 1997, 1987 (Pearson Education) |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 1054 |
| ISBN | 0-13-142938-8 |


title: 1983 Soviet Army Cup final

abstract: The 1983 Cup of the Soviet Army final was the 1st final of the Cup of the Soviet Army, and was contested between Lokomotiv Plovdiv and Chirpan on 1 June 1983 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Lokomotiv won the final 3–1.

text:
# 1983 Soviet Army Cup final

The **1983 Cup of the Soviet Army final** was the 1st final of the Cup of the Soviet Army (as a secondary cup tournament in Bulgaria), and was contested between Lokomotiv Plovdiv and Chirpan on 1 June 1983 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Lokomotiv won the final 3–1.

## Match

### Details

| Lokomotiv Plovdiv | 3−1 | Chirpan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sotirov  2'
Bonev  29'
Eranosyan  88' |  | B. Staykov  57' |

Vasil Levski National Stadium, SofiaAttendance: 25,000

| GK **1**  Stefan Staykov  DF **2**  Iliya Anchev  DF **3**  Nikolay Kurbanov  DF **4**  Plamen Nikolov  DF **5**  Petko Stankov  MF **6**  Ivan Bedelev   88'  FW **7**  Hristo Sotirov  MF **8**  Hristo Bonev ()  FW **9**  Eduard Eranosyan  FW **10**  Ayan Sadakov  MF **11**  Lyubomir Burnarski   78'  **Substitutes:**  MF **--**  Ivan Naydenov   78'  MF **--**  Georgi Fidanov   88'  **Manager:**  Atanas Dramov |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1983 Cup of the Soviet Army final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 1 June 1983 |
| Venue | Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia |
| Attendance | 25,000 |
|


title: Manuel Blanco Encalada

abstract: Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826).

text:
# Manuel Blanco Encalada

**Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada** (Latin American Spanish: \[maˈnwel ˈβlaŋko eŋkaˈlaða\]; April 21, 1790 – September 5, 1876) was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826).

## Biography

Born in Buenos Aires which was the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Blanco Encalada was the son of the Spanish Manuel Lorenzo Blanco Cicerón and of the Chilean Mercedes Calvo de Encalada y Recabarren. He was trained for the navy in Spain. Later, during the Chilean War of Independence, he joined the Chilean forces, where he served with distinction under Lord Cochrane and rose to rank of Vice-Admiral and commander of the Chilean forces in (1825), where he participated in the capture of Chiloé. The following year, Congress elected him to the newly established position of President of the Republic. He soon had several fights with Congress, which was trying to install a federalist system, and resigned within two months.

Later, he joined the wars against the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation and Spanish-South American War (1865–1866). After the war, he became Governor of Valparaíso and minister to France. He was also an active Freemason. Blanco Encalada died in Santiago de Chile at the age of 86.

## Cabinet

| The Blanco Encalada Cabinet | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Office | Name | Term |
|  | | |
| President | Manuel Blanco Encalada | 9 July 18269 September 1826 |
|  | | |
| Minister of Government & Foreign Affairs | Ventura Blanco Encalada | 8 March 182620 October 1826 |
|  | | |
| Minister of War & Navy | José María Novoa | 8 March 182621 June 1826 |
| | Tomás Obejero | 21 June 182626 September 1826 |
|  | | |
| Minister of Finance | Manuel José Gandarillas | 8 March 182612 September 1826 |

## InfoBox

| Manuel Blanco Encalada | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Provisional President of Chile | |
| **In office**
9 July 1826 (1826-07-09)  9 September 1826 (1826-09-09) | |
| Vice President | Agustín Eyzaguirre |
| Preceded by | Ramón Freire (as Supreme Director of Chile) |
| Succeeded by | Agustín Eyzaguirre |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1790-04-21)21 April 1790
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata |
| Died | 5 September 1876(1876-09-05) (aged 86)
Santiago, Chile |
| Nationality | Chilean |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse | Carmen Gana López (m. 1818) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: List of echinoderms of Ireland

abstract: There are 75 species of echinoderm recorded in Ireland.

text:
# List of echinoderms of Ireland

There are 75 species of **echinoderm** (phylum Echinodermata) recorded in Ireland.

## Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

### Order Forcipulatida

#### Family Asteriidae

### Order Paxillosida

#### Family Astropectinidae

#### Family Luidiidae

### Order Spinulosida

#### Family Echinasteridae

### Order Valvatida

#### Family Asterinidae

#### Family Poraniidae

### Order Velatida

#### Family Solasteridae

## Class Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars)

### Order Comatulida (feather stars)

#### Family Antedonidae

## Class Echinoidea (sea urchins)

### Order Camarodonta

#### Family Parechinidae

### Order Clypeasteroida (sand dollars)

#### Family Echinocyamidae

### Order Echinoida

#### Family Echinidae

### Order Spatangoida (heart urchins)

#### Family Loveniidae

## Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

### Order Apodida

#### Family Synaptidae

### Order Holothuriida

#### Family Holothuriidae

### Order Dendrochirotida

#### Family Cucumariidae

#### Family Phyllophoridae

## Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

### Order Ophiurida

#### Family Amphiuridae (long-armed burrowing brittle stars)

#### Family Ophiactidae

#### Family Ophiocomidae

#### Family Ophiothricidae

#### Family Ophiuridae

1. "Species Browser".
2. Nichols, A. R. (1902). "A List of Irish Echinoderms". *Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B*. **24**: 231–267. JSTOR 20516926.
3. O'Connor, Brendan (1981). "Some Echinoderms from the West Coast New to the Irish Fauna". *The Irish Naturalists' Journal*. **20** (6): 247–249. JSTOR 25538494.
4. "Details".
* Koehler R.,1921 Echinodermes. *Faune de France* n°1 240 p., 153 fig.PDF(11 Mo) Identification


title: Stronger Everyday

abstract: Stronger Everyday is the fourth studio album by American singer Jon B. It was released October 5, 2004 on Sanctuary Records. The album spawned the singles "Everytime" and "Lately".

text:
# Stronger Everyday

***Stronger Everyday*** is the fourth studio album by American singer Jon B. It was released October 5, 2004 on Sanctuary Records. The album spawned the singles "Everytime" and "Lately".

## Background

After recording three albums for Epic Records, Jon B. felt he was being underpromoted. *Stronger Everyday* was originally recorded under DreamWorks Records under the working title *Everyday Struggles*, but the label folded in early 2004 before Jon got to release any material. In 2004, he was signed to Sanctuary by Destiny's Child manager Mathew Knowles who was just hired as the president of urban music at the primarily rock oriented label.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

AllMusic found that *Stronger Everyday* "finds a sweet soul groove and hangs in there for five alluringly sensual tracks before switching into a hip-hop-inspired style, and these tracks include guest shots from Scarface and Tupac \[...\] Whether he's gliding along a mellow tune or working an up-tempo beat, Jon B. presents some of his finest songs on *Stronger Everyday*."

## Track listing

*Stronger Everyday* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Everytime" (featuring Dirt McGirt) |  | Just Blaze | 5:04 |
| 2. | "Lately" |  | * Brainz * Nwobosi | 3:25 |
| 3. | "One More Dance" | * Buck * Holliwood | Jon B. | 4:50 |
| 4. | "I'm Right Here" | * Knight * Luke Larkin * Shannon Jones * Michael Angelo Saulsberry | Michael Angelo | 3:24 |
| 5. | "Hands on U" | Michael Flowers | Mike City | 4:07 |
| 6. | "Patience" | * Buck * Holliwood * Nathan Cruise, Jr. | Jon B. | 4:39 |
| 7. | "Part 2" (featuring Tupac Shakur) |  | Johnny "J" | 4:02 |
| 8. | "Stronger Everyday" (featuring Tank) |  | Jon B. | 4:00 |
| 9. | "Thru the Fire" (featuring Scarface) |  | Jon B. | 5:51 |
| 10. | "What in the World" | Buck | Jon B. | 4:10 |
| 11. | "Az U" | * Buck * Holliwood * Eric Allen | Jon B. | 4:15 |
| 12. | "Multiple" |  | The Champ | 4:10 |
| 13. | "Lay It Down" | * Buck * Jamie Stemmons | Jon B. | 4:10 |
| 14. | "Before It's Gone" | * Buck * Holliwood | Jon B. | 5:04 |
| 15. | "What I Like About You" (featuring Babyface) | * Buck * K. Edmonds | Babyface | 4:24 |
| 16. | "Everytime" (remix featuring Beenie Man & Farena) |  | Just Blaze | 4:24 |
| Total length: | | | | 71:19 |

**Notes**

## Personnel

**Musicians**

* Ale-Oop – drum programming
* Jon B. – bass, keyboards, drum programming
* Babyface – background vocals, guitar, keyboards, drum programming
* Just Blaze – keyboards, drum programming
* Mike City – keyboards, drum programming
* Brainz Dimillo – keyboards, drum programming
* Jason Edmond – background vocals
* Envyi – background vocals
* Tim Kobza – guitar
* Conesha Monet – background vocals
* Gregg P. – drum programming
* Anthony President – keyboards, drum programming
* Michael Angelo Saulsberry – keyboards, drum programming
* Daryl Spencer – guitar
* Tank – background vocals, piano

**Technical**

* Andiri Inc. – package design
* Jon B. – executive producer, recording engineer
* Ian Boxhill – mixing engineer
* Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing engineer
* Brainz Dimlllo – recording engineer
* Tracey E. Edmonds – executive producer
* Serban Ghenea – mixing engineer
* Franny "Franchise" Graham – recording engineer
* Jerome Goodall – recording engineer
* Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing engineer
* Mathew Knowles – executive producer
* Michael McQuarn – executive producer
* Bob Power – mixing engineer
* Ozz Saturne – co-executive producer
* Dexter Simmons – mixing engineer
* Corey Wells – recording engineer
* Ryan West – recording engineer
* Wayne Williams – recording engineer

## Charts

Chart performance for *Stronger Everyday*
| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 140 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 17 |

## InfoBox

| Stronger Everyday | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jon B | |
| Released | October 5, 2004 |
| Recorded |  |
| Length | 71:19 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Jon B chronology | |
| *Pleasures U Like*
(2001) ***Stronger Everyday***
(2004) *Holiday Wishes: From Me to You*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| UK Edition Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: William Graves (MP)

abstract: William Graves was a British politician. He was the eldest son of Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves and his second wife Elizabeth Budgell, and the brother of Thomas Graves. William was educated at Balliol College, Oxford and studied law at the Middle Temple (1739), where he was called to the bar in 1747. He became a Master in Chancery in 1761. He sat in Parliament as the MP for West Looe in Cornwall from 1768 to 1774 and for East Looe from 1775 to 1783, 1784 to 1786 and 1796 to 1798. He died unmarried in 1801.

text:
# William Graves (MP)

**William Graves** (c.1724 – 30 April 1801) was a British politician.

He was the eldest son of Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves and his second wife Elizabeth Budgell, and the brother of Thomas Graves. William was educated at Balliol College, Oxford and studied law at the Middle Temple (1739), where he was called to the bar in 1747. He became a Master in Chancery in 1761.

He sat in Parliament as the MP for West Looe in Cornwall from 1768 to 1774 and for East Looe from 1775 to 1783, 1784 to 1786 and 1796 to 1798. He died unmarried in 1801.


title: 1973 in baseball

text:
# 1973 in baseball

The following are the baseball events of the year 1973 throughout the world.

## Champions

### Major League Baseball

|  | League Championship Series
(ALCS, NLCS) | | |  |  | World Series | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | East | Baltimore | 2 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | West | **Oakland** | **3** |  | |
|  | | | | |  | AL | **Oakland** | **4** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | NL | NY Mets | 3 |  |
|  | East | | | | | | **NY Mets** | **3** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | West | Cincinnati | 2 |  |

### Other champions

**Winter Leagues**

## Awards and honors

## MLB statistical leaders

|  | American League | | National League | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Type | Name | Stat | Name | Stat |
|
| AVG | Rod Carew MIN | .350 | Pete Rose CIN | .338 |
| HR | Reggie Jackson OAK | 32 | Willie Stargell PIT | 44 |
| RBI | Reggie Jackson OAK | 117 | Willie Stargell PIT | 119 |
| Wins | Wilbur Wood CHW | 24 | Ron Bryant SFG | 24 |
| ERA | Jim Palmer BAL | 2.40 | Tom Seaver NYM | 2.08 |
| Ks | Nolan Ryan1 CAL | 383 | Tom Seaver NYM | 251 |

1 Modern single season strikeout record.

## Major league baseball final standings

## Events

### January

* January 3 – A group of investors headed by 42-year-old Cleveland shipping and ship-building magnate George M. Steinbrenner III purchases the New York Yankees from CBS. The entire deal is valued at $10 million and includes parking lots near Yankee Stadium, but when CBS buys those properties back from the Yankees, the purchase price for the team falls to $8.8 million. By the time of Steinbrenner's death 37 years later, the Yankees are valued at over $1.6 billion.
* January 11:
    + American League owners vote 8–4 to adopt the designated hitter position for a three-year trial period, after which (in 1975) it will be accorded permanent status. The DH, which future Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig will call "the biggest rule change in the history of baseball to that point," is rejected by National League magnates and will not be adopted by the Senior Circuit until 2023.
    + The New York Yankees reveal that veteran MLB executive Gabe Paul has resigned as president and general manager of the Cleveland Indians and joined the 15-member ownership syndicate headed by George Steinbrenner that purchased the Bombers eight days earlier. Paul will occupy a senior executive post on the Yankee organization chart, but insists he will not displace incumbent president Michael Burke (also a minority owner) or general manager Lee MacPhail.
    + The Indians promote Paul's assistant, Phil Seghi, 63, to succeed his former boss as general manager.
* January 18 – Free agent and longtime first baseman Orlando Cepeda, 35, signs with the Boston Red Sox, making the future Hall of Famer the first player signed to serve expressly as a designated hitter.
* January 24 – Left-handed pitcher Warren Spahn, with 363 triumphs the winningest southpaw of all time, is elected to the Hall of Fame in his first try on the Baseball Writers' Association of America ballot, receiving 316 of 380 votes.
* January 28 – The Hall of Fame Special Veterans Committee selects 19th-century pitcher Mickey Welch and Giants first baseman George Kelly, plus umpire Billy Evans, for enshrinement.

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September

### October

### November

### December

## Movies

## Births

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September

### October

### November

### December

## Deaths

### January

* January 3 – Donald Reeves, 61, All-Star outfielder and 1938 Negro American League batting champion (.384) whose pro baseball career extended from 1937 to 1941; became a teacher after retiring from the game.
* January 9 – Al Cypert, 83, third baseman who played one game for the Cleveland Naps on June 27, 1914; later a lawyer and politician in his native Arkansas.
* January 9 – Lyn Lary, 66, shortstop for seven MLB teams from 1929 to 1940 who led the American League in steals in 1936; member of 1932 World Series champion New York Yankees.
* January 11 – Rivington Bisland, 82, shortstop who appeared in 31 games over three seasons (1912–1914) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns and Cleveland Naps.
* January 22 – Al Halt, 82, third baseman/shortstop who played in 257 games for the 1914–1915 Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League (then labeled an "outlaw" circuit) and 1917 Cleveland Indians.
* January 23 – Ray Callahan, 81, left-hander who pitched in three games for the Cincinnati Reds in September 1915.
* January 28 – Thad Christopher, 60, who played seven seasons spanning 1936 to 1945 in the Negro leagues, primarily as an outfielder.
* January 29 – Bob Madison, 61, outfielder who played for the Kansas City Monarchs during their "barnstorming" era (1935–1936), then the 1937–1938 Memphis Red Sox and 1942 Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League.
* January 30 – Scotty Alcock, 87, third baseman in 54 games for the 1914 Chicago White Sox.

### February

* February 8 – Roy Spencer, 72, catcher in 636 games, the bulk of them as a member of the Washington Senators (1929–1932), over a dozen seasons between 1925 and 1938.
* February 14 – Paul Johnson, 76, outfielder/pinch hitter who played in 66 games for the 1920–1921 Philadelphia Athletics.
* February 21 – Gilly Campbell, 65, lefty-swinging catcher who appeared in 295 games over five seasons for the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Dodgers between 1933 and 1938.
* February 28 – Syl Simon, 75, infielder and pinch hitter for the 1923–1924 St. Louis Browns who played in the minor leagues after losing much of his left hand in an accident.

### March

* March 1 – Ray Battle, 54, third baseman for the 1944–1945 Homestead Grays of the Negro National League.
* March 11 – Ralph Shropshire, 62, catcher who played ten games for the 1937 St. Louis Stars of the Negro American League.
* March 12 – Jesse Altenburg, 80, outfielder who appeared in 19 games for the 1916–1917 Pittsburgh Pirates.
* March 12 – Frankie Frisch, 74, Hall of Fame second baseman for the New York Giants (1919–1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927–1937) who scored 100 runs seven times, led the NL in steals three times, and was the 1931 MVP; a lifetime .316 hitter, he twice batted .400 in the World Series; managed the "Gas House Gang" Cardinals to the 1934 World Series title and overall a four-time world champion as player and playing manager; helmed the Cardinals (July 25, 1933 to September 11, 1938), Pirates (1940–1946) and Chicago Cubs (June 14, 1949 to July 21, 1951); in broadcasting, he was a radio play-by-play man in Boston for the Bees and Red Sox (1939) and New York for the Giants (1947–1948), a member of the Giants' TV team in the mid-1950s, and a color man on the CBS-TV Game of the Week from 1959 to 1961.
* March 19 – Walt Leverenz, 84, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from 1913 to 1915.
* March 22 – Bill McCorry, 85, pitcher who worked in only two games for 1909 Browns, but went on to a long baseball career, spending almost 30 years in the minors as a player and player-manager, then serving as longtime traveling secretary of the New York Yankees.
* March 26 – George Sisler, 80, Hall of Fame first baseman for the St. Louis Browns (1915–1922, 1924–1927) who was widely recognized as the best defensive player ever at that position, twice batted over .400, and hit .340 lifetime; the American League's 1922 MVP, he had a record 257 hits in 1920 and also led the league in steals four times; managed Browns from 1924 to 1926, and later served as trusted assistant to general manager Branch Rickey in Brooklyn and Pittsburgh; sons Dick and Dave had noteworthy major-league careers.
* March 28 – Cap Tyson, 70, catcher who played for the Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League between 1938 and 1941.

### April

* April 5 – Tex Jeanes, 72, outfielder who played in 53 games during five brief MLB trials with the 1921–1922 Cleveland Indians, 1925–1926 Washington Senators and 1927 New York Giants; nephew of Tris Speaker.
* April 6 – Ernie Smith, 73, New Jersey native known as the "Kansas City Kid" for his minor-league exploits; shortstop in 24 games for 1930 Chicago White Sox.
* April 11 – George Minor, 53, outfielder who played for the Chicago American Giants and Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League between 1944 and 1948.
* April 13 – Clarence Blethen, 79, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and Brooklyn Dodgers between 1923 and 1929.
* April 13 – Al Hirshberg, 63, Boston-based baseball writer since 1930 and co-author, with Jimmy Piersall, of Piersall's 1955 memoir, *Fear Strikes Out*.
* April 17 – Vic Aldridge, 79, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs (1917–1918, 1922–1924), Pittsburgh Pirates (1925–1927) and New York Giants (1928); helped Pittsburgh win two pennants in three years; his two complete-game wins over Washington were crucial to Pirates' 1925 World Series title; two years later, absorbed a 6–2 defeat at the hands of the "Murderer's Row" New York Yankees in Game 2 of Yanks' 1927 four-game sweep.
* April 30 – Bill McColgan, 47, play-by-play announcer who, while best known for describing NFL action, was a member of the Cleveland Indians' broadcast team from 1958 to 1960.

### May

* May 1 – Bobby Reis, 64, pitcher, outfielder and pinch hitter who got into 175 career games (69 as a pitcher) for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Bees between 1935 and 1938; led National League in games finished in 1936.
* May 5 – Bert Griffith, 77, outfielder in 191 career games for 1921–1923 Brooklyn Robins and 1924 Washington Senators.
* May 7 – Ralph Miller, 100, pitcher who posted a 5–17 (5.15 ERA) record in 29 games for Brooklyn and Baltimore of the National League in 1898 and 1899; first centenarian among MLB players.
* May 18 – Herb Kelly, 80, southpaw who pitched in ten games for the 1914–1915 Pittsburgh Pirates.
* May 19 – Jim Moore, 69, pitcher who played from 1928 to 1932 for the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox.
* May 21 – Herm Wehmeier, 46, pitcher who won 92 games in 13 seasons from 1945 to 1958, primarily spent with the Cincinnati Reds.
* May 23 – Neil Mahoney, 66, former Northeastern University catcher and Bowdoin College head baseball coach who became chief East Coast scout and then director of player procurement and development of the Boston Red Sox from 1946 until his death.
* May 26 – Nelson "Chicken" Hawks, 77, first baseman/outfielder who played in 146 career games for 1921 New York Yankees and 1925 Philadelphia Phillies.
* May 30 – Jim Breton, 81, third baseman who appeared in 109 games for the 1913–1915 Chicago White Sox.

### June

* June 1 – Fred Heimach, 72, southpaw hurler who appeared in 296 career games for 1920–1926 Philadelphia Athletics, 1926 Boston Red Sox, 1928–1929 New York Yankees, and 1930–1933 Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers; member of 1928 world-champion Yankees.
* June 2 – King Bader, 85, pitcher for the 1912 New York Giants and 1917–1918 Boston Red Sox.
* June 3 – Jack Mills, 83, Harvard-educated third baseman and pinch runner who played in 13 games for the 1911 Cleveland Naps.
* June 11 – Bill Burwell, 78, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns in 1920–1921 and Pittsburgh Pirates in 1928; longtime minor-league manager and scout; served two terms as a Pittsburgh coach, including as pitching tutor for 1960 World Series champions.
* June 11 – Tom Padden, 64, catcher in 399 games for three MLB clubs, almost exclusively the 1932–1937 Pirates, over all or part of seven seasons.
* June 11 – Kemp Wicker, 66, left-handed pitcher for 1936–1938 New York Yankees and 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers; minor-league manager and longtime scout; member of 1937 World Series champions.
* June 12 – Irv Bartling, 58, infielder who played 14 games for the 1938 Philadelphia Athletics.
* June 12 – Clint Blume, 74, pitcher who appeared in 13 games during trials with the 1922 and 1923 New York Giants.
* June 14 – Fred Johnson, 79, pitcher whose 21-year professional baseball career (1921–1941) included 27 MLB games pitched for the 1922–1923 New York Giants, then, at the ages of 44 and 45, the 1938–1939 St. Louis Browns.
* June 17 – Fritz Scheeren, 81, outfielder who appeared in 15 games during two trials with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1914–1915).
* June 18 – Gerves Fagan, 57, infielder for five Negro leagues teams during 1942 and 1943.
* June 23 – Cliff Aberson, 51, two-sport athlete who was a left fielder for the Chicago Cubs from 1947 to 1949, and a halfback with Green Bay Packers in 1945.
* June 30 – Doc Cook, 87, New York Yankees' outfielder who appeared in 288 games from 1913 to 1916.
* June 30 – Bunny Downs, 79, infielder (1914–1929) for ten Black baseball and Negro leagues clubs; later, manager of the 1943 Cincinnati Clowns of the Negro American League.

### July

* July 2 – Chick Hafey, 70, Hall of Fame left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and Cincinnati Reds, a career .316 hitter who made the first hit in All-Star history and was the first batting champion to wear eyeglasses.
* July 2 – George McBride, 92, shortstop who played primarily for the Washington Senators (1908–1920) and known for his defense; managed Senators in 1921.
* July 4 – Walter Schmidt, 86, catcher who played in 766 games over ten seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1916–1924) and St. Louis Cardinals (1925).
* July 6 – Joe E. Brown, 81, comedian, actor (*Some Like It Hot,* the baseball-themed films *Alibi Ike* and *Fireman, Save My Child,* and dozens of others) and passionate fan who spent the 1953 season on the Yankees' play-by-play broadcast team; his son Joe L. was the general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates (1955–1976, 1985).
* July 6 – Wickey McAvoy, 78, catcher who played in 235 games for the Philadelphia Athletics (1913–1915, 1917–1919).
* July 7 – Paul Musser, 84, pitcher for the Washington Senators (1912) and Boston Red Sox (1919).
* July 11 – George Edmondson, 77, pitcher who worked in a total of eight games for 1922–1924 Cleveland Indians.
* July 12 – Billy Urbanski, 70, shortstop for the Boston Braves from 1931 to 1936.
* July 17 – Evar Swanson, 70, outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds (1929–1930) and Chicago White Sox (1932–1934); swiped 33 bases in 1929—but caught stealing 20 times, which led the National League.

### August

* August 7 – Wilbur Cooper, 81, first left-handed pitcher in National League history to win over 200 games (with 216 career triumphs); won 202 games for the Pittsburgh Pirates between 1912 and 1924.
* August 13 – Alva Jo Fischer, 46, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitcher and shortstop who earned inductions into several baseball halls of fame.
* August 13 – Ernest Smith, 73, outfielder/catcher who played in the Negro leagues between 1937 and 1942.
* August 14 – Claude Willoughby, 74, pitcher who spent all but nine games of his 219-game MLB career as a member of terrible Philadelphia Phillies teams (1925–1930).
* August 21 – Ira Hutchinson, 62, pitcher who appeared in 209 games for four MLB clubs, principally the Boston Bees/Braves, between 1933 and 1945; longtime minor-league manager.
* August 22 – George Cutshaw, 86, shortstop for the Brooklyn Dodgers/Superbas/Robins (1912–1917), Pittsburgh Pirates (1918–1921) and Detroit Tigers (1922–1923) who excelled on defense.
* August 27 – Herman Layne, 72, outfielder and pinch runner who appeared in 11 games for the 1927 Pirates

### September

* September 5 – Chick Davies, 81, pitcher in 46 MLB career games for 1914–1915 Philadelphia Athletics and 1925–1926 New York Giants.
* September 5 – Jack Fournier, 83, first baseman who played 1,530 games for five teams—principally the Chicago White Sox, Brooklyn Robins and St. Louis Cardinals—in 15 seasons spanning 1912 to 1927; hit .313 lifetime and led NL in homers (with 27) in 1924; later a scout.
* September 10 – Roy Johnson, 70, outfielder of one-quarter Cherokee descent who played 1,155 Major League Baseball games for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees and Boston Bees in a span of ten seasons from 1929 to 1938; led the American League in at-bats (640) and doubles (45) in a rookie season when he amassed 201 hits; later led AL with 19 triples in 1931; compiled at least a .314 batting average in four seasons and 100 or more runs three times, and earned a World Series ring with the Yankees in 1936; elder brother of Bob Johnson;
* September 11 – Del Baker, 81, catcher (1914–1916), coach (1933–1938) and manager (1938–1942) of the Detroit Tigers, who led them to the 1940 AL pennant and an overall 416–354 (.540) record as skipper; later coached for Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox, and served as interim manager of 1960 Red Sox.
* September 12 – Bernie Boland, 81, pitcher for the 1915–1920 Tigers and the 1921 St. Louis Browns; reached double figures in games won from 1915 to 1919.
* September 13 – Vince Barton, 65, Canadian outfielder who appeared in 102 games for the Chicago Cubs during the 1931 and 1932 seasons.
* September 13 – John MacLean, 52, play-by-play announcer and member of the Washington Senators' broadcast team from 1961 to 1968, then briefly #2 announcer on Boston Red Sox' radio network in 1972.
* September 13 – Johnny McCarthy, 63, first baseman who played 542 career games for Brooklyn Dodgers (1934–1935), New York Giants (1936–1941 and 1948) and Boston Braves (1943 and 1946).
* September 14 – René Monteagudo, 57, Cuban pitcher–outfielder for the Washington Senators (1938, 1940, 1944) and Philadelphia Phillies (1945).
* September 14 – Sloppy Thurston, 74, pitcher who won 89 games over nine seasons between 1923 and 1933 for St. Louis, Chicago and Washington of the American League, and Brooklyn of the National League.
* September 15 – Felton Wilson, 65, catcher who played for the Negro leagues' Cleveland Stars, Akron Grays and Detroit Stars during the 1930s.
* September 16 – Tom Long, 75, southpaw hurler who appeared in one MLB game, on April 26, 1924, for the Brooklyn Robins.
* September 18 – Dave Harris, 73, outfielder (primarily a reserve) who appeared in 542 career games over seven seasons with the Boston Braves, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators between 1925 and 1934.
* September 18 – Doug Smith, 81, pitcher for the 1912 Boston Red Sox.
* September 20 – Jim Bishop, 75, pitcher who went 0–4 (6.39) in 22 games for 1923–1924 Philadelphia Phillies.
* September 23 – Jesse Fowler, 73, left-handed hurler who appeared in 13 games for the 1924 St. Louis Cardinals; elder brother, by over 23 years, of Art Fowler.
* September 24 – Tommy Nelson, 56, third baseman who played 40 games for 1945 Boston Braves.
* September 24 – Bruce Sloan, 58, backup outfielder who appeared in 59 games for 1944 New York Giants.
* September 30 – Reb Russell, 84, southpaw pitcher for the 1913–1919 Chicago White Sox who won 22 games as a rookie and 18 more in 1916; member of 1917 World Series champions but released due to a sore arm in June 1919; became an outfielder and returned to the majors for the 1922–1923 Pittsburgh Pirates, batting .323 with 165 hits in 154 games spanning those two seasons.

### October

* October 8 – Raymond Haley, 82, caught from 1915 through 1917 for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics.
* October 12 – Jim Mattox, 76, left-handed-hitting catcher and pinch hitter who appeared in 51 games for the 1922–1923 Pittsburgh Pirates.
* October 13 – Icehouse Wilson, 61, college football star (Saint Mary's of California) whose one season of pro baseball (1934) included one game and one at bat as a pinch hitter for the Detroit Tigers on May 31.
* October 22 – Ben Van Dyke, 85, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies (1909) and Boston Red Sox (1912).
* October 24 – Al Brazle, 60, pitcher who won 97 games for the St. Louis Cardinals (1943 and 1946–1954), also leading the NL in saves twice; 1946 World Series champion.
* October 27 – Bennie Tate, 71, lefty-swinging platoon catcher for the Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox and Chicago Cubs who played in 566 games between 1924 and 1934; member of Washington's 1924 World Series champions.
* October 27 – Eddie Yount, 57, outfielder and pinch hitter who got into nine total games in brief MLB trials with the 1937 Philadelphia Athletics and 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates.

### November

* November 2 – Greasy Neale, 81, outfielder who played 768 games for the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies between 1916 and 1924; batted .357 in 1919 World Series to help Reds win world title; gained fame as a football coach, leading the Philadelphia Eagles to two NFL championships during the 1940s to crown a career he began to fill time between baseball seasons.
* November 3 – Harry Kenyon, 79, outfielder, pitcher and manager in the Negro leagues between 1921 and 1929.
* November 8 – Bob Chipman, 55, pitcher who spent all or part of 12 years in the National League (1941–1952) with Brooklyn, Chicago and Boston, appearing in 293 games.
* November 10 – Denver Grigsby, 72, outfielder who played 199 games for 1923–1925 Chicago Cubs.
* November 14 – Gene Bailey, 79, outfielder in 213 games for four big-league clubs, principally the Brooklyn Robins, over five seasons between 1917 and 1924.
* November 15 – Phil Todt, 72, fine defensive first baseman who played from 1924 to 1931 for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics.
* November 22 – T. J. Brown, 58, All-Star shortstop in the Negro leagues who played from 1939 to 1950, principally for the Memphis Red Sox.
* November 23 – Willie Mitchell, 83, southpaw hurler who pitched in 276 games for the Cleveland Naps/Indians and Detroit Tigers from 1901 to 1919.
* November 27 – Ed Holly, 94, shortstop who appeared in 276 games for the 1906–1907 St. Louis Cardinals and 1914–1915 Pittsburgh Rebels (Federal League).
* November 27 – Nate Moreland, 59, pitcher/outfielder for the Baltimore Elite Giants of the Negro National League during the 1940s.
* November 29 – Tom Hamilton, 48, outfielder who played in 67 games for the 1952–1953 Philadelphia Athletics; later a minor league manager and college baseball coach.
* November 30 – Alex Metzler, 70, outfielder who hit .285 with a .374 OBP in 560 games for the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns from 1925 to 1930.

### December

* December 1 – Kyle "Skinny" Graham, 74, pitcher who appeared in 67 career games for the 1924–1926 Boston Braves and 1929 Detroit Tigers.
* December 3 – Bill Holland, 72, pitcher/outfielder who appeared in 15 seasons in the Negro leagues between 1920 and 1941.
* December 3 – James Mulvey, 74, motion picture industry executive and co-owner (with his wife, Dearie, until her 1968 death) of the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers from 1938 until his death.
* December 4 – Frank Duncan, 72, topflight defensive catcher whose playing career in the Negro leagues encompassed 22 seasons spanning 1920 to 1945.
* December 5 – Spencer Pumpelly, 80, Yale graduate who appeared in one inning as a Washington Senators' relief pitcher in his only MLB appearance on July 11, 1925.
* December 10 – Joe Riggert, 86, outfielder for four seasons in the major leagues; holds the record for career minor league triples.