title: Ultimatum (American band)

abstract: Ultimatum is an American thrash metal band from Albuquerque, New Mexico.

text:
# Ultimatum (American band)

**Ultimatum** is an American thrash metal band from Albuquerque, New Mexico.

## History

Ultimatum was formed in 1992 in Albuquerque, New Mexico by Robert Gutierrez, John Carroll and Greg Dingess. The band's name is taken from concept of the ultimatum given by Joshua in Joshua 24:15 which states, "But if serving the Lord seems undesirable to you, then choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve." Robert's former Angelic Force guitar player Steve Trujillo joined soon after. Vocalist Scott Waters joined the band in January 1993 and their first public performance together was at the Sonshine Festival in Albuquerque, NM in 1993.

From 1992-1995 the band performed regularly locally and recorded three demos, *Fatal Delay* (1993), *Symphonic Extremities by Ultimatum* (1994), and then *Symphonic Extremities* (1995). The later two demos were later combined and released on CD by indie label Juke Box Media and released on CD with a new song that was mixed by Whitecross guitarist Rex Carroll.

Drummer Sean Griego joined the band in 1995, whose more aggressive style helped the band morph from traditional heavy metal to a more aggressive speed and thrash metal style. That same year the band opened up for Mortification on their Blood World tour. Mortification bassist Steve Rowe liked the band's performance and purchased all their demo tapes to sell through his new indie distribution company, Rowe Productions. In 1996, the band was signed to a three-album contract with Rowe, releasing *Puppet of Destruction* in 1998, which was distributed by Diamante Music Group in the US.

*Puppet of Destruction* received mixed reviews. Within a year the band used the same line-up on their second album for Rowe Productions, *Mechanics of Perilous Times*. The album was scheduled to be released in early 2000 on Rowe. During this time, the band also released two songs for Dwell records, including a cover of Testament's "Sins of Omission". Due to the success of the Testament cover, Massacre Records approached Ultimatum about being on their label. Rowe Productions allowed the band to release the album on their new label in March 2001.

Bassist Tom Micheals left Ultimatum in 2001 following the band's performance at the second Stryper Expo in Anaheim, CA. The band put up an ad on their website searching for a bassist and Rob Whitlock answered the advertisement and became their new bassist.

The band began recording demos again in 2004 to shop to record labels. They recorded a four-song demo that caught the attention of Retroactive Records who signed the band. In the meantime, the four song demo was released on CD with a couple of bonus tracks as the '*Til the End* EP on Roxx Productions (2006). It was re-released in 2016 on Stone Groove Records.

In 2006 guitarist Steve Trujillo left the band and was replaced by Augustine Ortiz.

*Into the Pit* was recorded with producer Ysidro Garcia at Sight 16 Studios. During the recording, longtime drummer Sean Griego was replaced by former Moshketeers drummer Alan Tuma. Alan recorded drums on four of the album's eleven tracks. *Into the Pit* was released by Retroactive Records on October 30, 2007 to positive reviews.

In 2007, Retroactive reissued *Symphonic Extremities* and *Mechanics of Perilous Times*, remastered and containing bonus tracks.

In 2008 Ultimatum recorded a covers album featuring songs that were at least partially chosen by fan suggestions on the band's discussion board. *Lex Metalis* was released on Retroactive Records on July 21, 2009.

In 2009, *Puppet of Destruction* was remastered and re-released on Roxx Records with bonus tracks. A limited edition run of 1000 copies were pressed as a two-CD set with the 1993 *Fatal Delay* demo on the bonus disc.

Their sound has been compared to Exodus and Metal Church. The singles "World of Sin" from their 1995 debut album *Symphonic Extremities* and "Never" from their second studio 1998 album *Puppet of Destruction* reached the top ten on the Pure Rock Report's chart. The band has continued to tour up to the present day.

## Discography

'**Demos'**

* *Fatal Delay* (1993)
* *Symphonic Extremities by Ultimatum* (1994)
* *Symphonic Extremities* (1995)
* *Never* (1996)

'**Studio albums'**

* *Symphonic Extremities* (1995) - Juke Box Media
* *Puppet of Destruction* (1998) - Rowe Productions
* *The Mechanics of Perilous Times...* (2001) - Gutter Records, an imprint of Massacre Records
* *Into the Pit* (2007) - Retroactive Records
* *Lex Metalis* (2009) - Retroactive Records

'**Compilations'**

* *Heart of Metal - 20 Years of Ultimatum* (2012) - Roxx

'**EPs**

* *Til' the End* (2006) - Roxx

## Members

**Current line up**

* Scott Waters – vocals (1993–present)
* Robert Gutierrez – guitar (1992–present)
* Rob Whitlock – bass (2002–present)
* Alan Tuma – drums (2007–present)

**Former members**

* Steve Trujillo – guitar (1992–2006)
* Mike Lynch – drums (1993–1997)
* Greg Dingess – bass (1993–1995)
* Joey Anaya – bass (1994–1995)
* Tom Michaels – bass (1995–2002)
* Sean Griego – drums (1997–2006)
* Augustine Ortiz – guitar (2006)
* Justin Frear – guitar (2008; died 2020)
* Fabian Aguilar – guitar (2010–2011)

## InfoBox

| Ultimatum | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Genres | Christian metal, thrash metal, speed metal, heavy metal |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Retroactive, Massacre/Gutter, Rowe, Juke Box Media |
|  | |
| Members | Scott Waters
Robert Gutierrez
Sean Griego
Rob Whitlock
Alan Tuma |
|  | |
| Past members | Steve Trujillo
Tom Michaels
Augustine Ortiz
Greg Dingess
Mike Lynch
Justin Frear |
|  | |
| Website | ultimatum.net |


title: Fraternal party

abstract: A fraternal party is a political party officially affiliated with another, often larger or international, political party or governmental party, or several of them, notably when these share a political ideology. They may express this 'fraternity' by exchanging fraternal delegates to each-other's party congresses. In 1960s, communist parties in charge of states often had fraternal parties in other countries than the one(s) in which they were organized. A major example was the Chinese Communist Party, which exercised enormous influence over the New Left and New Communist Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In The Modern History Sourcebook, there is a 1964 statement by the Romanian Workers' Party in which they caution, "In discussing and confronting different points of view on problems concerning the revolutionary struggle or socialist construction, no party must label as anti-Marxist, anti-Leninist the fraternal party whose opinions it does not share."

text:
# Fraternal party

A **fraternal party** is a political party officially affiliated with another, often larger or international, political party or governmental party, or several of them, notably when these share a political ideology.

They may express this 'fraternity' by exchanging fraternal delegates to each-other's party congresses.

In 1960s, communist parties in charge of states often had fraternal parties in other countries than the one(s) in which they were organized. A major example was the Chinese Communist Party, which exercised enormous influence over the New Left and New Communist Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In *The Modern History Sourcebook*, there is a 1964 statement by the Romanian Workers' Party in which they caution, "In discussing and confronting different points of view on problems concerning the revolutionary struggle or socialist construction, no party must label as anti-Marxist, anti-Leninist the fraternal party whose opinions it does not share."


title: Xenomigia

abstract: Xenomigia is a genus of moths of the family Notodontidae.

text:
# Xenomigia

***Xenomigia*** is a genus of moths of the family Notodontidae.

## Species

The genus consists of the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Xenomigia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Tribe: | Dioptini |
| Genus: | *Xenomigia*<br>Warren, 1906 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ceraeotricha* Hering, 1925 * *Tolimicola* Prout, 1918 | |


title: Victor Mancha

abstract: Victor Mancha, also known as Victorious, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared in the award-winning series Runaways. Like the original Runaways, Victor has a supervillain for a parent; his is the classic Avengers villain Ultron, an evil robot bent on world domination. Victor, however, is a cyborg, with human flesh and natural tissue cloned from his human mother which completely conceals his metal parts and circuitry.

text:
# Victor Mancha

**Victor Mancha**, also known as **Victorious**, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared in the award-winning series *Runaways*. Like the original Runaways, Victor has a supervillain for a parent; his is the classic Avengers villain Ultron, an evil robot bent on world domination. Victor, however, is a cyborg, with human flesh and natural tissue cloned from his human mother which completely conceals his metal parts and circuitry.

## Publication history

Victor Mancha was created by author Brian K. Vaughan and artist Adrian Alphona and debuted in *Runaways* vol. 2 #1 (April 2005).

## Fictional character biography

When Ultron encountered a woman named Marianella Mancha who is unable to have a child due to a drug that was put in her, Ultron took some of her DNA and cloned it while combining some of his advanced nano-technology to create for her a son named Victor Mancha.

The Runaways first heard of Victor Mancha as a boy who would grow up to become the villain "Victorious", a man who would rule the world after dismantling the Avengers. Due to his prophesied betrayal, Victor was kept under close surveillance when he first joined the team, but has since been accepted as a full-fledged member. He is the team's only Latino member and one of two members who can pilot the Leapfrog, the Runaways' mode of transportation.

### True Believers

Victor is first introduced as the son of Mexican single mother Marianella Mancha, supposed widow of a United States Marine Corps member who was killed in action.

When an older version of Gertrude Yorkes arrives in the present, she informs the Runaways of a villain in her time named "Victorious", and how they must stop him right now while he is still a teen. It is at this point she dies, but the Runaways decide to comply with her wish. After the Runaways track Victor down at his school, the sight of Karolina Dean activates Victor's electromagnetic superpowers - it would later be revealed that Victor's powers would manifest only when he came in contact with another superhero, hence Karolina.

Remembering how future-Gert mentioned that Victorious's father was the "greatest evil in all the universe", the Runaways sift through possibilities such as Magneto, Electro, Kingpin, Red Skull, Leader, and Galactus. Although Doctor Doom calls Victor proclaiming he is his father, it turns out that it is merely a Doombot created by Ultron. Victor discovers that his actual "father" is Ultron who created Victor as a sleeper agent for the Avengers. Victor was meant to grow up, travel to New York and meet the Avengers. After years of loyal service, he would have access to their most guarded secrets, and then Ultron would have taken over and destroyed every hero on the planet. The Runaways foiled this plan, but Victor still fears this future may come true. Ultron kills Marianella and overrides Victor's circuits, forcing him to attack the Runaways. With help from Excelsior, the Runaways and Victor defeat Ultron, but they take Victor in after realizing that Victor is in the same boat as they are.

### Runaways

Over the next few months, Victor proves himself to the team, particularly to Chase Stein, in battle to make up for his alternate future self. He falls out of grace for a short while after Nico Minoru discovers that the second Pride has tapped into Victor's circuits and was using him to spy on the team.

After the Runaways' fight with the new Pride, Victor begins a physical relationship with Nico; he confesses to have initiated it because he harbors romantic feelings for her, but Nico claims to have participated as a way to escape her survivor's guilt regarding the death of Gertrude Yorkes. However, Victor still attempts a rescue when he discovers Chase has Nico hostage, but is easily shut down when Chase asks him a rhetorical question designed to overload Victor's circuits. Victor recovers with help from Molly Hayes (vicariously by Alex Wilder) and saves Nico from becoming an innocent sacrifice to the Gibborim. At this point, Victor and Nico begin a romantic relationship, but their moment of bliss is interrupted when the team is forced to run from Iron Man and the pro-registration forces of Marvel's Civil War.

### Civil War

During a S.H.I.E.L.D. operation to capture the Runaways, Victor uses his powers to shield the Leapfrog from a barrage of missiles. The second wave of missiles are coated with Teflon, so they are unaffected by Victor's magnetic powers and hit him. He suffers grievous damage and the team returns with him to the Hostel. Victor then experiences intense seizures when the Vision arrives with the Young Avengers.

Although the Runaways are initially mistrustful of the Young Avengers, Stature is able to pull the Vision away from Victor. The Vision explains that he and Victor were experiencing a form of feedback caused by their shared programming because both of them were created by Ultron.

Nico and Victor also initiate a relationship.

Victor's assortment of humorous nicknames is a sort of running gag  in the series' second volume, with such names as "Static Cling Lad", "Mr. Roboto", "Victron", "Calculator Kid", "Señor Cyborg", "Man of La Mancha", "RoboPinocchio", and Magnet Man."

### Dead-End Kids

After escaping Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D., Nico makes a decision to make a deal with the Kingpin, which disgusts Victor. In a twisted turn of events, the Runaways end up time-displaced in 1907 New York. It is during this period where Victor meets Lillie "the Spieler" McGurty, a girl who can fly to the sound of music. While separated from Nico, Victor bonds with Lillie's carefree spirit. A short time later, he has a dream of kissing Lillie. Nico, understanding her relationship with Victor is deteriorating, backs off and allows Victor to initiate a relationship with Lillie, who agrees to return to the present with the Runaways. Right before the Runaways board the time machine that takes them home, Lillie changes her mind and decides to stay instead, due to fear of jumping into the future. Klara Prast takes her place instead, arriving with the Runaways in the present. Although the Runaways do not know, Lillie is still alive, regretting her decision.

The Runaways come under attack when a group of Majesdaneans arrive on Earth to capture Karolina. In the end, the team is overpowered, but Xavin shapeshifts into Karolina's form and takes her place as a prisoner of the Majesdaneans.

### Avengers A.I.

Following the *Age of Ultron* storyline, Victor Mancha joins up with Henry Pym's Avengers A.I. alongside Monica Chang, Vision (his older "brother"), and a reprogrammed Doombot. During one mission he sacrifices himself to save a server containing an A.I. civilization. The team later discovers he is alive inside a server called The Diamond when he sends Morse code to Pym that says "Fruit Loops", a cereal he hates, which Pym interprets as he is still alive. Victor finds allies against the rogue A.I. He and the Avengers are saved when Monica Chang cuts off the virus by preventing the execution of a rogue LMD.

### Vision

Some time later, Victor moves in with Vision after getting an internship in Washington, D.C. It is later revealed that Victor is actually acting as an undercover agent for the Avengers, with orders to spy on Vision and his family due to their increasingly erratic behavior. It is revealed via flashbacks that during his time with the Runaways, Victor had secretly developed an addiction to Vibranium, which for him acts similar to narcotics used by humans. After using the Vibranium in a special piano given to Vision by Black Panther, Victor misjudges the strength of his powers and accidentally kills Vision's son, Vin. Captain America arrests him, but Vision defeats the Avengers to reach his cell. Vision is unable to kill Victor, but Victor's cybernetic heart is ripped out of his body by Vision's wife Virginia—killing him. With his final thoughts, he is at peace, knowing that he "will never be Victorious."

### Becoming Victorious

When Chase Stein attempts to revive Victor's head, the "Victorious" program begins. It is revealed that Victor is conscious when Chase Stein, Nico Minoru, Gertrude Yorkes, and Old Lace visit Molly Hayes to see if she is interested in reforming the Runaways again. During this visit, Molly is the only one to figure out that he is conscious, and is happy that Victor is still alive in a sense. Victor asks Molly to keep this a secret as he figures out whether or not he wants to rejoin Chase and the others. But unknown to the Runaways, Molly's grandmother plucks a strand of hair from Victor's head with unclear intentions.

## Powers and abilities

Victor Mancha is a cyborg, created from the DNA of Marianella Mancha and the technology of Ultron. Victor was constructed using advanced nanite technology that will evolve and mature with Victor into adulthood so that his robotic innards will transform into artificial human organs, indistinguishable from real ones. Ultron created Victor with several computer-related abilities, including a high level of intelligence, vast amounts of hard drive memory (which Victor refers to as photographic memory), and the ability to communicate with other machines directly. Victor also possesses some level of superhuman strength, incredible speed, a powerful jumping ability, and an automated self-repair function.

In combat, Victor primarily employs his electromagnetic abilities; he is capable of directing high voltage electrical energy from his hands and manipulating magnetic fields to reshape and bend metallic objects. Much like Magneto, Victor can use Earth's natural magnetic lines of force to levitate and fly.

Despite his array of powers, Victor has four known weaknesses, many of which stem from his mechanical roots. At his current age, Victor's nanites have not yet fully transformed into human organs, so his entire body will set off metal detectors, potentially drawing him unwanted attention. Second, Victor's mainframe can be hacked and controlled remotely; "Hunter" (of the second Pride) (Victor removed it with an internal firewall) and Ultron are the only two that have successfully hacked Victor thus far. Victor discovered his third weakness during the Runaways' first encounter with the Young Avengers, when he and the Vision both short-circuited upon getting too close to each other. The Runaways and Young Avengers eventually discovered that when any two of Ultron's creations come within a close vicinity, both create a devastating feedback, harming both machines. This weakness has apparently since been removed, as Victor has been shown interacting with the Vision's new family without any harm to either.

While decoding The Abstract, Chase discovered Victor's last and most potent weakness: three questions designed specifically to overload Victor's circuits and lock him into a never ending loop of meaningless binary, which Nico refers to as "the blue screen of death." Chase used the first phrase against Victor after the cyborg discovered Nico in chains: "Could God make a sandwich so big that even He couldn't finish it?" The only way for Victor to recover from his shutdown mode is by hearing the question's answer from someone else. Once Victor's mainframe becomes functional again, he cannot be affected by that specific phrase ever again. The two other phrases are unrevealed as yet, and are known only to Chase and Nico.

## Other versions

### What If?

In *What If the Runaways became the Young Avengers?*, Victor is first contacted by his future self of Victorious after Victorious traveled back from the future with Iron Lad, who accidentally landed in Victorious's time while attempting to escape Kang the Conqueror. Victor and Victorious steal the Iron Lad armor and Victor pretends to be Iron Lad. He then recruits the Runaways forcing them to be an actual superhero team with costumes, but intends to kill them. When Kang appears to rescue his younger self, the subsequent fight results in Iron Lad being killed and Kang being erased from history while Victor destroys his future self rejecting his evil ways. Having averted his destiny, Victor then departs via Kang's time-belt to find his own way, leaving the Runaways to continue as Young Avengers with Chase now using parts of the Iron Lad armor.

### Age of Ultron

During the *Age of Ultron* storyline, Victor Mancha was bringing some children to one of the Runaways' old bases in Los Angeles. Victor is having a hard time because he believes that if he uses his machine abilities, he will just help Ultron's victory. He does not tell any of his newfound friends about his background because he is afraid they will not accept him. In a flashback, it is shown that his Runaways teammates were all killed by Ultron and that Victor had stored digital versions of them in his memory banks, but these files seem to be corrupted since they seem to telling him that he needs to become more machine and less human. The Ultron Sentinels find the hideout and start killing some of the kids that Victor had saved. Victor decides to fight the Ultron Sentinels while determining that if this is the end, he will go down fighting.

### Avengers A.I.

In one alternate future, Alexis has a vision of 12,000 A.D. in which rogue A.I. Dimitrios wiped out humanity, the Kree, the Skrulls, and the Inhumans and traps all mutants in a pocket dimension. Only the Avengers A.I. survive, led by Alexis. Victor in this future wields Ultimate Thor's hammer and joins the surviving Avengers in attacking Dimitrios, who created a spaceship out of Galactus's carcass. He is killed by Dimitrios and Doombot then sacrifices himself, since Victor was the only person he considered a "Pal".

## In other media

### Television

* Victor Mancha / Victorious is mentioned as an antagonistic force in the years 2022 and 2028 in the third season of *Runaways*. Mancha was responsible for the deep scar that a future Chase Stein from 2028 received on his neck. In that alternate future, Mancha was also involved with Alex Wilder.

## Conceptual origins

On colorist Christina Strain's Live Journal, she revealed that Victor's eyes are green with a golden center, which was modeled after Gael García Bernal.

## InfoBox

| Victor Mancha | |
| --- | --- |
| Victor Mancha, surrounded by bars of metal and electricity on the cover of *Runaways* vol. 2 #22 (2007). Cover art by Jo Chen. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Runaways* vol. 2 #1 (April 2005) |
| Created by | Brian K. Vaughan
Adrian Alphona |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Victor Mancha |
| Team affiliations | Runaways
Avengers A.I. |
| Abilities | Superhuman strength and speed
High intelligence
Photographic memory
Electromagnetic manipulation
Technopathy |


title: Monica (automobile)

abstract: Monica is the name of a French luxury automobile produced in the commune of Balbigny in the department of Loire between 1972 and 1974 of which just 40 cars were reported to have been made. The Monica 560 V8 is considered part of the French luxury GT lineage in the tradition of the earlier Facel Vega HK500 V8 GT.

text:
# Monica (automobile)

**Monica** is the name of a French luxury automobile produced in the commune of Balbigny in the department of Loire between 1972 and 1974 of which just 40 cars were reported to have been made. The Monica 560 V8 is considered part of the French luxury GT lineage in the tradition of the earlier **Facel Vega HK500 V8 GT**.

## The beginning

The Monica car was a project of Jean Tastevin, a graduate engineer of the École centrale de Paris. His father Arnaud bought the Atelier et Chantiers de Balbigny in 1930. That company was a manufacturer of mining and railway equipment. In 1955 Jean succeeded his father, becoming Chairman and Managing Director. He renamed the company Compagnie française de produits métallurgiques, or CFPM, and began to specialize in the manufacture and rental of railroad tank cars. The factory where the rolling stock was manufactured operated under a different name, being Compagnie Française de Matériels Ferroviaires (CFMF). The company prospered, eventually coming to have 400 employees.

Tastevin was an automobile enthusiast who personally owned cars from Aston Martin and Facel Vega. After Facel Vega shut down in 1964 he bought a Jaguar, but regretted not being able to buy a French-made car of that class.

In pursuit of both his interest in cars and a way to diversify his railway business, Tastevin began making plans to launch his own brand of automobile in 1966. He made his long-time assistant, Henri Szykowksi, the project manager. He would also set aside a portion of his factory in Balgigny so that the cars could truly be said to be made in France.

The car was named in honour of Tastevin's wife, Monique Tastevin.

## Development history and prototypes

Automotive engineer and racing driver Chris Lawrence's company LawrenceTune Engines had developed a 2.6-litre version of the Standard engine used in the Triumph TR4. Lawrence's version used a crossflow cylinder head of his own design and Tecalemit-Jackson fuel injection to make a claimed 182 bhp (136 kW) bhp. Automotive journalist Gérard "Jabby" Crombac had seen the engine at the 1966 Racing Show at Olympia West Hall in London. The article he wrote about it had caught Tastevin's eye. Tastevin wrote to Lawrence asking about having LawrenceTune supply 250 engines per year for his new car. Upon learning that the car was not yet developed, Lawrence offered the services of his own company. Crombac, who was familiar with Lawrence's racing exploits, vouched for Lawrence and Tastevin entrusted the development of the Monica to LawrenceTune.

The first chassis and the jig to produce it were built together. Lawrence laid out a chassis with a central tunnel made of four square-section 18 gauge steel tubes with extensive cross-bracing. Two long steel boxes with triangular cross-sections were made of 16 gauge steel and attached to the chassis in the door sill area. These stiffened the chassis and were also to serve as the car's fuel tanks. 16 gauge aluminum formed the front and rear bulkheads and floors and was used on both sides of the central tunnel to stiffen the car further. Voids in the tunnel were filled with expanded polyurethane foam to add even more stiffness and deaden sound.

The front suspension used very tall uprights with the wheel spindles on one side and a short stub axle extending inwards on the other. Springing was by vertically mounted coil-over-damper units mounted inboard and operated through rocker-style upper arms. The lower arms were conventional wide-based wishbones made of a one-piece wishbone and a long radius arm running back towards the bulkhead. Steering was rack-and-pinion mounted high, at the same level as the upper wishbone.

The rear suspension was a De Dion system with coil springs, two parallel leading links on each side and a Panhard rod. The differential was from the Rover P6B (also known as the Rover 3500) with a crown-and-pinion made by Hewland, but with an additional nose-piece that gave the option of two rear-axle ratios; a high-numeric ratio for in town and a low-numeric ratio for high-speed cruising. A lever in the cockpit allowed the ratio to be changed while in motion.

Braking was provided by a dual-circuit power assisted Lockheed and Girling system with 12-inch vented disks in front and 10-inch solid disk brakes in the rear. The rear brakes were mounted inboard and the front brakes were mounted to the stub-axle on the front upright, which brought them out of the wheels and into the air-stream for cooling.

As the prototype chassis was nearing completion Lawrence began to have second thoughts about using the LawrenceTune/Standard-Triumph engine. Lawrence knew that the Triumph engine was to be phased out of production by 1967. He also felt that this relatively heavy, rough, and noisy engine was not appropriate for a new luxury car.

Lawrence put Tastevin in touch with Edward C. "Ted" Martin, who had designed an engine that Lawrence thought would work well in the Monica. After evaluating the engine Tastevin bought the design, rights and existing tooling for Ted Martin's engine. The agreement included four complete 3.0 litre engines.

The Martin engine was an all-alloy V8 with a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) per bank driven by a toothed-belt (originally Gilmer belt \- see also Timing belt). Designed for the new 3-litre limit announced for the 1966 Formula One season, it weighed just 230 lb (100 kg) with ancillaries and produced 270 bhp (200 kW) at 7000 rpm. An unusual feature of the Martin V8 was that four of the connecting rods were forked at the big end, much like those on the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. The connecting rod for the opposing cylinder bore fit into the gap of the forked rod. This meant that the cylinder banks were not offset on the crank-line, reducing overall engine length. The engine was used in the Pearce-Martin F1 car as well as the Lucas-Martin, a modified Lotus 35 Formula 2 frame that was run briefly in Formula One. It also appeared in 2.8-litre form in some specials, including some of Lawrence's own Deep Sanderson sports and racing cars.

This initial prototype first ran at Silverstone in 1968 without bodywork. The drivetrain for the car was a 3-litre Martin V8 driving through a Triumph TR4 gearbox with overdrive. The car weighed 1070 kg. Overall performance was good but the testing uncovered problems with the engine and its lack of road-car ancillaries.

Bodywork for the first prototype was fabricated by Maurice Gomm. This car was very different in appearance from the subsequent prototypes and the production models and has been compared to an oversized Panhard CD. Neither Tastevin nor his wife were happy with the appearance of the first prototype.

A second prototype chassis was built and sent to Williams & Pritchard, who produced a body for it in aluminum. The style of this body was much more angular than the first. Tastevin personally requested some last-minute changes to the shape which would be undone in later prototypes, but in general prototype #2 set the general direction for subsequent bodies. This second car was registered as a Deep Sanderson and given registration number 2 ARX. After its use as a development mule prototype #2 was used as a personal car by team member Colin James, after which it was acquired by Peter Dodds, another member of the Monica team.

In 1969 prototype chassis #3, the first to receive a ZF 5-speed manual transmission, was built. At this time the Tastevins introduced Tudor (Tony) Rascanu, a Romanian exile and former shop manager for Vignale in Italy, to the project. Rascanu was entrusted with the job of completely restyling the bodywork for the third prototype, but was not allowed to make any modifications to Lawrence's chassis, which was to be sent to French coach-builder Henri Chapron in Paris. Chapron was to build a full-sized maquette, or body-form, of the revised car under Rascanu's oversight. Rascanu and Capron's work met with Tastevin's approval. With hidden headlamps in a sloping aerodynamic nose and wide horizontal taillights it was much more appealing than the previous two attempts. The maquette was then sent to Carrozzeria Alfredo Vignale in Turin to be used as a base for Vignale to produce a body in steel.

Before delivering the maquette to Vignale, Tastevin asked Lawrence to first deliver prototype #2 to the workshops of Virgilio Conrero, also in Turin. The famous Alfa mechanic was to do a detailed assessment of the Martin engine and evaluation of the car's performance. Conrero was critical of almost every aspect of the Martin engine and was skeptical of the power curves provided by Lawrence. He told the factory “this engine is a trap that will never work under normal traffic conditions”. Conrero insisted on a flying-kilometre test of the prototype, after which he would run his 2-litre Giulietta on the same course for comparison. Lawrence suspected that Conrero was trying to discredit both the Martin engine and LawrenceTune in an attempt to take Lawrence's place on the Monica project. He examined the times recorded for the Monica's run and discovered an irregularity in the numbers. When Tastevin confronted Conrero with this information the testing was halted and Conrero's involvement in the project ended.

Lawrence delivered chassis #3 to Vignale's carrozzeria, and they completed the body in steel. While prototype #3 was a significant improvement the Tastevins were not yet entirely satisfied with its appearance. Performance of this car was also disappointing due to it being between 200 kg (440 lb) and 250 kg (550 lb) overweight. By way of explanation Lawrence drilled a hole into the scuttle. The drill penetrated 13 mm (0.5 in) of lead. Vignale, in the meantime, sold his company to DeTomaso in December 1969 and died three days later in an automobile accident while driving a Maserati.

During the May 1968 events in France, Tastevin decamped the entire staff of CFPM to Geneva and tasked Lawrence to keep the Monica project going. Tastevin provided Lawrence with funding to find sub-contractors to build cars in England. Lawrence approached Jensen, who he knew were already building cars for Sunbeam, Volvo and Austin-Healey as well as their own C-V8s and Interceptors. Jensen was not set up to produce the body panels though. Panels for their other assembly contracts came from outside of the company. Lawrence took prototype #3 and went looking for someone to provide the panels. He found a company named Airflow Streamline in Luton that specialized in producing aluminum cabs for trucks. Airflow only asked for a complete set of engineering drawings, a chassis and the number of body panels that Lawrence would require. Chassis #4 and #6 were delivered to Airflow Streamline and Rascanu was installed there to supervise the production of the necessary drawings.

Another sub-contractor would be needed to supply the engines. Two possibilities presented themselves. One was Coventry Victor, and the other was Rolls-Royce. Lawrence had heard that Rolls-Royce had recently idled one of their production facilities due to the loss of a contract and might be interested in taking on the Martin V8 project. Lawrence met with representatives from Rolls-Royce, who were fascinated by the small size of the Martin V8 and intrigued by the forked connecting rods so reminiscent of those in Rolls-Royce's own Merlin. Rolls-Royce subsequently won another defense contract which would reactivate the previously idled plant and bowed out of negotiations. Lawrence went back to Coventry Victor.

In the intervening time things had settled down in Paris, and Tastevin wanted to move the project along quickly. Chassis #5 was sent to the factory in Balbigny while Lawrence set about establishing a machine shop at LawrenceTune Engines able to produce the engines as well. Problems with castings coming from a company called Birmingham Alloys prompted Lawrence to have Tastevin search his contacts in the French aluminum industry for an alternative supplier, settling on a company called Montupet.

Airflow Steamline was still without their technical drawings and was not getting any information out of Paris. It turned out that Rascenu, sadly, had died in 1970 before being able to complete the drawings. Lawrence met with Airflow Streamline to discuss the changes they wanted in the maquette and Lawrence convinced Airflow to build two bodies on the two chassis they had using prototype #3, which would be left there, as a structural guide. The car they would produce, prototype #4, would be Lawrence's favourite Monica of all.

David Coward was hired from Autocar magazine where he was working as an illustrator. Prior to that he had worked at coachbuilder James Young. Coward refined Rascanu's design by lowering the side window line and deepening the windscreen to give the car a more contemporary appearance. The body was also lowered three inches between the floor pan and the roof and four inches were added to the width.

After sorting out some issues with prototype #4 attention turned to tooling. Tooling to produce the bodywork in aluminum turned out to be prohibitively expensive, but a company named Abbate was found in Turin that would make tooling out of resin that would be able to produce up to 100 body sets in steel. The price for the set would be £100,000.

When the unrest in Paris had subsided the idea of contracting out production of the car had ended, but Tastevin had kept Coventry Victor under contract to produce the engines. They had been asked to produce 25 copies of the engine in a 2.8 litre displacement. Coventry Victor was only able to produce 18 engines before declaring bankruptcy.

At the same time Lawrence had pressed ahead with producing the engines at LawrenceTune headquarters in England. Tests of the 2.8 litre engine led him to believe that this version was under-powered for the car, and so he enlarged his. With displacement increased to 3423 cc fed by four 2-barrel Weber 40 DCLN down-draught carburetors and the Monica name in script cast into its valve-covers, the revised engine produced 240 bhp (180 kW) at 6000 rpm. While maximum torque wasn't produced until 4000 rpm the torque curve was relatively flat from 2500 to 4000 rpm.

Eventually the technical drawings were completed and approved by Tastevin, which Lawrence delivered to Turin along with prototype #4 so that production of the body panels using the resin/steel hybrid tooling could begin. Comparisons have been drawn between the final shape of the Monica and many of its contemporaries, with the front view having been compared to the Maserati Indy and Lotus Elan +2, the rear to the Ferrari 365 GT 2+2, and the side elevation to the Aston Martin DBS.

Problems continued with the engine however. Blown head-gaskets were common and difficulties with deliveries of both block and cylinder head castings held back development.

In an exclusive article in l'Auto-Journal, writers Jean Mistral and Gilles Guérithaut published a preview of the Monica's debut at the upcoming Salon de l'Auto in October along with an interview with Tastevin. Among the things the founder revealed were his plans to build 400 cars per year.

Tastevin decided that the car would debut at the Salon de l'Auto show in Paris in October 1971. The car on display was powered by a Martin V8 and was called the Monica 350. Tastevin arranged to have a car raised to the tenth floor of a Paris hotel the day before the show, and then have it moved over to the Salon, where the car was received enthusiastically. The morning after the day of the show Lawrence was approached by Zora-Arkus Duntov, who asked if he could take the car for a drive. Lawrence handed him the keys.

Shortly after the Paris auto show, Tastevin phoned Lawrence and told him that he had arranged for the car to be evaluated by a team from Matra. A team of six from Matra drove the cars for over three hours straight and then met with Tastevin. The outcome of the evaluation was that the Matra engineers thought that the car should go into production, but only with a different engine.

Consideration was given to using an Aston Martin V8, but that option was too expensive to pursue. Lawrence was sent to the United States to meet with Ford, Chevrolet and Chrysler to arrange for a supply of engines. Ford and Chevrolet were quickly eliminated from the running but Chrysler was very open to the idea. At the beginning of 1973 the decision was finally made to abandon the Martin V8 and adopt a North American engine, specifically the 5.6-litre (5563 cc) "340" Chrysler LA series V8.

To handle the extra weight power-steering was added, and the rear axle was beefed up. As an added bonus, Chrysler shipped the engines with an air-conditioning compressor, so that feature was added at the same time. Other minor changes included fabricating the requisite motor mounts, having two new vents let into the fenders and, on later models, two additional grilles fitted to the hood.

During road testing the new Chrysler engines began to fail. After investigating it became apparent that the cause of these problems was that these engines were not designed to run for extended duration at the speeds possible on the continent. Lawrence returned to the States looking for the resources to remedy these problems.

The engines destined for use in Monicas would all be specially tuned by Racer Brown in the United States. Modifications to the engines included a Racer Brown stage 3 road camshaft with hydraulic lifters, an Edelbrock Torquer intake manifold, a 4-barrel Holly R6909 750 CFM carburetor, a Chrysler marine specification oil pump, Clevite shell bearings, Forge True pistons, Marine specification valves, and a Felpro race-quality gasket set. The compression ratio was 10.5:1. All of these changes combined to bring output to 285 bhp (213 kW) at 5400 rpm and 333 lb⋅ft (451 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm.

It is reported that some cars may have been built with the larger 5.9 litre (5898 cc) "360" version of the Chrysler LA engine. These cars would have been designated Monica 590s. The dimensions attributed to this version by various sources differ, sometimes significantly, from those of the 560 model. In particular the 590 is listed as being 630mm shorter with a 100mm shorter wheelbase and 140 kg heavier. It was also more powerful, the engine being rated at 315 bhp (235 kW) and 332 lb⋅ft (450 N⋅m).

The revised and renamed Monica 560 made its world premier at the Geneva Auto Show in March 1973. It would appear again at the Paris Auto Show in October. The car was priced at 164,000 francs (roughly US$34,000 at the time), at a time when a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow cost 165,000 francs.

After the Geneva show Tastevin invited several racing drivers and automotive journalists to Paul Ricard's circuit, Le Castellet, to evaluate the new Chrysler-powered car. Among those there was driver/journalist Paul Frère, whom Tastevin invited to "lend a hand" in sorting out the car's handling. He would also be the person who wrote the semi-official obituary for the Monica car.

A rapid succession of prototypes would be built to finalize the car. The cars at Le Castellet were numbers 8 and 9. Numbers 10 and 11 were built for crash-testing and numbers 12, 13 and 14 came after. Prototype 14 was basically pre-production and would eventually be one of the cars Tastevin kept for his personal use. Tastevin had hired a director to get production under way at Balbigny, but nothing was built for a year while the new director stalled and made changes to the car. Eventually Tastevin fired the directory and turned production over to LawrenceTune again while he looked for a new director. The car was also subsequently shown at the Earls Court auto show.

## The car

With the long development period finally at an end, production gets underway in Balbigny.

The car is built on Lawrence's steel-tube and sheet metal chassis. The body is Rascanu's design with Coward's revisions executed entirely in steel. Five exterior colours are available: Atlantic Blue, Azure Blue, Purple Amaranth, Chestnut Brown and Beige Sand. The final version of Lawrence's rocker-arm/De Dion suspension is automatically leveling, and the car sits on four Michelin 215/70VR-14 Collection tires mounted on 14 inch alloy wheels. The original sill-mounted fuel tanks have been replaced with a single tank under the floor of the trunk due to regulatory restrictions.

The power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering is connected to an adjustable steering column that is topped by a custom Motolita steering wheel.

Braking on the production Monica was still a dual circuit system with Lockheed disks inboard at the front operated by a 4-piston caliper and Girling disks at the rear operated by a 3-piston caliper but the disks front and rear were both now 11 inch ventilated pieces.

The seats are upholstered in Connolly leather available in three colours: Marine, Havana, and Champagne. The floor is covered in Shetland wool carpeting. The dashboard is finished in burl elm wood and suede.

The state of the car is monitored by a brace of custom Jaeger instruments all bearing the Monica name. Gauges include a speedometer, tachometer, oil temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, ammeter, water temperature gauge, fuel gauge, and clock.

The windows are electrically operated. A High-fidelity sound system with integrated tape recorder and player is standard equipment, as is an air-conditioning system with separate controls for the rear seat passengers. The doors on the Monica are electrically operated to open and close silently at the touch of a button. In the trunk is a complete set of custom luggage.

With a quoted top speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) the Monica 560 could lay claim to being "The fastest sedan in the world" at the time.

Photos from the period indicate that a future coupe and convertible were already being planned.

## The end

The Monica 560 makes its last public appearance at the Paris Auto Salon Paris Auto Show in October 1974. On February 7 of 1975 Tastevin announces the cessation of production and closes the company.

Many factors contributed to the failure of the car. It endured a seven-year long gestation period. The car was remarkably expensive while lacking the kind of reputation or recognition enjoyed by other more established marques in this market. It faced competition from many similar-sized low-volume manufacturers. Finally, it had the misfortune to be officially released just as the first major oil crisis made fuel prices jump and large expensive motorcars less desirable.

Five Monicas remaining at the LawrenceTune headquarters were sold by Lawrence to Cliff Davis and Bernie Ecclestone, the proceeds being payment for LawrenceTunes work for Tastevin. Lawrence was driving pre-production car #21 at the time. The Tastevins kept three Monicas for their own use.

The production assets of the Monica company and as many as thirty cars in various stages of completion were sold to French race driver and Formula One team owner Guy Ligier. Ligier did not resume production.

In April 1976 Motor Sport magazine reported an announcement by Bob Jankel of Panther Westwinds that his company and C.J. Lawrence and Co. would resume production of the Monica. C.J. Lawrence and Co. would manufacture sub-assemblies and Panther would assemble, paint and trim the car. Power was elsewhere rumored to be coming from a Jaguar V12 motor. Production would move from Balbigny to Surrey. Nothing came of these plans.

Six production Monicas are known to exist. At least three of the prototypes are reported to remain in Britain. Chris Lawrence personally owned a production Monica for several years that was sold from his estate.

## Further reading

* Monica - edited by Emory Christer ISBN 978-6-134977-82-1
* Preston Tucker & Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovations ISBN 978-1-845840-17-4
* Monica, automobile française de prestige by Frédéric Brandely. Hardcover (published June, 2012) ISBN 979-1090084049
* Monica, automobile française de prestige by Frédéric Brandely. Paperback. ISBN 978-2-913307-13-1
* Kevin Brazendale: The Encyclopedia of classic cars. Advanced Marketing Services, London 1999, ISBN 1-57145-182-X (engl.).
* *A to Z Of Sports Cars 1945-1990*. Mike Lawrence by Bay View Books Limited, Published Hardback 1991 and Republished Paperback 1996 Reprinted 1997 and 1998.
* *A Z Of Classic Cars Of The 1970s*. Graham Robson by Bay View Books Limited, Published 1990 Reprinted in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Monica 560 | |
| --- | --- |
| A 1973 Monica 560 V8 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Monica |
| Production | Around 40 examples |
| Model years | 1971 - 1975 |
| Assembly | CFPM SA France: Balbigny, Loire |
| Designer | Tony Rascanu, David Coward |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Grand tourer |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | Longitudinal front-engine, rear-wheel drive |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 5.6 L Chrysler *LA* V8 (gasoline) |
| Transmission | 3-speed automatic (TorqueFlite )<br>5-speed manual (ZF) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,769 mm (109.0 in) |
| Length | 4,928 mm (194.0 in) |
| Width | 1,803 mm (71.0 in) |
| Height | 1,346 mm (53.0 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,821 kg (4,015 lb) |


title: Mark Lachs

abstract: Mark S. Lachs is an American physician, scientist, and popular author specializing in the field of aging.   He is the Irene and Roy Psaty Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City, and Director of Geriatric Medicine for the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System. An internationally recognized authority on the field of elder abuse, he has authored over 100 articles on the subject and other areas of gerontology, and conducted important research on the topic.  He is also a founder of the New York City Elder Abuse Center, and the not for profit charity www.elderabuse.org.

text:
# Mark Lachs

**Mark S. Lachs** is an American physician, scientist, and popular author specializing in the field of aging. He is the Irene and Roy Psaty Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City, and Director of Geriatric Medicine for the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System. An internationally recognized authority on the field of elder abuse, he has authored over 100 articles on the subject and other areas of gerontology, and conducted important research on the topic. He is also a founder of the New York City Elder Abuse Center, and the not for profit charity www.elderabuse.org.

## Early life and education

Born on Otis Air Force Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts, Lachs was raised primarily on Long Island, New York. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a BA in Biology, and matriculated into the New York University School of Medicine after three years of undergraduate study. He returned to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for residency training in Internal Medicine, and subsequently trained in geriatric medicine at Yale; he is board certified in both Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine. While at Yale he was a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, and trained in research methodology under the noted and controversial clinical epidemiologist Dr. Alvan Feinstein, who directed the program. At Yale he also earned a Master’s Degree in Public Health with a concentration in chronic disease epidemiology.

## Subsequent Academic Career and Research

Lachs encountered his first cases of elder abuse while moonlighting in the Yale and other local emergency departments in the late 1980’s while a clinical scholar. Frustrated by the relative paucity of research on the topic, he chose it as a focus of his research fellowship, which emphasized the intersection of medicine with societal health problems.

Invited to join the Yale Geriatrics faculty as a junior member, his early studies involved linking a large existing longitudinal study of older adults in New Haven (The NIA funded EPESE Cohort) with Adult Protective Service records in the same jurisdiction. This created the largest and longest longitudinal studies of elder abuse ever conducted, and yielded important findings about prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes, including increased rates of death and nursing home placement among elder abuse victims.

In 1994 he was recruited to Weill Cornell Medicine to continue his research and build a clinical and scientific geriatric program. He has remained there since, continuing his research in elder abuse and practicing geriatric and internal medicine as an outpatient, inpatient, house call, and nursing home physician. He also teachers and mentors junior trainees in clinical geriatric medicine and aging research.

More recently he has been a Principal or Co-Principal investigator on other major studies including the New York State Elder Abuse Prevalence Study (among the largest ever conducted) and studies of resident to resident elder abuse in assisted living in nursing homes. Lachs also has an interest in the epidemiology and neuroscience of financial exploitation in older adults, and coined the term “Age Associated Financial Vulnerability” with neuropsychologist Dr. Duke Han of Keck School of Medicine of USC.

## Notable Awards and Community Service

His many honors include a National Institutes on Aging Academic Leadership Award, a Paul Beeson Physician Faculty Scholarship in Aging, and the Carter Burden Humanitarian Award. He has testified before the United States Senate Committee on Aging, spoken at the White House about elder abuse, and service as a consultant to the World Health Organization on the topic. He has also served as an expert witness in criminal and civil cases related to elder abuse.

Lachs serves on the board of the American Federation for Aging Research and is its current president. He is also the founding medical director of the New York City Elder Abuse Center, and a founding board member of www.elderabuse.org, the first national charity to combat elder abuse through a combined mission of research, policy, and direct service.

His book *Treat Me, Not My Age* (2010, Viking Penguin) was named one of the best consumer health books of the year. In the 1990s he wrote a popular column for Prevention Magazine *“Caring for Mom and Dad”.*  He was written for the Wall Street Journal, CNN online, and other popular media outlets. Lachs has also been a commentator on NPR’s *Morning Edition*, profiled extensively on APM’s *Marketplace,* and appeared numerous times on Good Morning America and the Today show, as well as other media outlets.


title: Mark R. Ginsberg

abstract: Mark R. Ginsberg is an American psychologist and academic administrator who currently serves as the 15th president of Towson University. He served as provost and executive vice president of George Mason University from 2020 to 2023. He was the executive director of the National Association for the Education of Young Children from 1999 to 2010.

text:
# Mark R. Ginsberg

**Mark R. Ginsberg** is an American psychologist and academic administrator who currently serves as the 15th president of Towson University. He served as provost and executive vice president of George Mason University from 2020 to 2023. He was the executive director of the National Association for the Education of Young Children from 1999 to 2010.

## Career

Ginsberg earned bachelor's degree from State University of New York at Cortland in 1975. He completed a master's degree (1978) and Ph.D. (1981) from Pennsylvania State University.

Ginsberg is a fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.

In August 2023, the University System of Maryland Board of Regents voted to appoint Ginsberg president of Towson University. He began in the new role on Oct. 30, 2023. He said he planned to move into a university-owned apartment building and spend most of his time on campus.

Ginsberg is married to University of Maryland professor emerita, Elaine A. Anderson.


abstract: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States. Specifically, the CCR investigates allegations of discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, disability. In March 2023, Rochelle Mercedes Garza was appointed to serve as Chair of the CCR. She is the youngest person to be appointed to the position. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1975d, all statutory authority for the commission terminated on September 30, 1996, and Congress has not passed new legislation, but has continued to pass appropriations.

text:
# United States Commission on Civil Rights

The **U.S. Commission on Civil Rights** (**CCR**) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States. Specifically, the CCR investigates allegations of discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, disability. In March 2023, Rochelle Mercedes Garza was appointed to serve as Chair of the CCR. She is the youngest person to be appointed to the position.

Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1975d, all statutory authority for the commission terminated on September 30, 1996, and Congress has not passed new legislation, but has continued to pass appropriations.

## Commissioners

The commission is composed of eight commissioners. Four are appointed by the President of the United States, two by the President pro tempore of the Senate (upon the recommendations of the Senate majority leader and minority leader), and two by the Speaker of the House of Representatives (upon the recommendations of the House majority leader and minority leader).

As of December 2022, the members of the commission are:

Presidential appointees (2D, 2R):

* Stephen Gilchrist (R) – chairman and CEO, South Carolina African American Chamber of Commerce (appointed by President Donald Trump, May 2020).
* J. Christian Adams (R) - President and General Counsel of the Public Interest Legal Foundation (appointed by President Trump, August 2020)
* Rochelle Garza (D) - Attorney and President of the Texas Civil Rights Project (appointed by President Joe Biden, March 2023)
* Victoria Nourse (D) - Ralph Whitworth Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law School (appointed by President Joe Biden, March 2023)

Senate appointees (1D, 1I):

House appointees (1D, 1R):

## History

### Creation and early history

The commission was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which was signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to a recommendation by an *ad hoc* President's Committee on Civil Rights. In calling for a permanent commission, that committee stated:

> In a democratic society, the systematic, critical review of social needs and public policy is a fundamental necessity. This is especially true of a field like civil rights, where the problems are enduring, and range widely \[and where\] ... a temporary, sporadic approach can never finally solve these problems.
>
> Nowhere in the federal government in there an agency charged with the continuous appraisal of the status of civil rights, and the efficiency of the machinery with which we hope to improve that status. ... A permanent Commission could perform an invaluable function by collecting data. ... Ultimately, this would make possible a periodic audit of the extent to which our civil rights are secure. ... \[The Commission should also\] serve\[\] as a clearing house and focus of coordination for the many private, state, and local agencies working in the civil rights field, \[and thus\] would be invaluable to them and to the federal government.
>
> A permanent Commission on Civil Rights should point all of its work toward regular reports which would include recommendations for action in ensuing periods. It should lay plans for dealing with broad civil rights problems. ... It should also investigate and make recommendations with respect to special civil rights problems.

As then-Senator and Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson put it, the commission's task is to "gather facts instead of charges. ... \[I\]t can sift out the truth from the fancies; and it can return with recommendations which will be of assistance to reasonable men."

Since the 1957 Act, the commission has been re-authorized and re-configured by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Acts of 1983 and 1991 and the Civil Rights Commission Amendments Act of 1994.

Soon after the passage of the 1957 Act, the then-six-member, bipartisan Commission, consisting of John A. Hannah, President of Michigan State University; Robert Storey, Dean of the Southern Methodist University Law School; Father Theodore Hesburgh, President of the University of Notre Dame; John Stewart Battle, former governor of Virginia; Ernest Wilkins, a Department of Labor attorney; and Doyle E. Carlton, former governor of Florida, set about to assemble a record.

Their first project was to assess the administration of voter registration and elections in Montgomery, Alabama. But they immediately ran into resistance. Circuit Judge George C. Wallace, who was elected as governor in support of white supremacy, ordered voter registration records to be impounded. "They are not going to get the records," he said. "And if any agent of the Civil Rights Commission comes down to get them, they will be locked up. ... I repeat, I will jail any Civil Rights Commission agent who attempts to get the records." The hearing went forward with no shortage of evidence. Witness after witness testified to inappropriate interference with his or her right to vote. The Commissioners spent the night at Maxwell Air Base, because all the city's hotels were segregated.

From there, the Commission went on to hold hearings on the implementation of *Brown v. Board of Education* in Nashville, Tennessee and on housing discrimination in Atlanta, Chicago and New York. The facts gathered in these and other hearings along with the commission's recommendations were presented not just to Congress and the President but the American people generally, and they become part of the foundation upon which the Civil Rights Act of 1960, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 were built.

A revolution in public opinion occurred during the late 1950s and early 1960s on issues of civil rights. The activities and reports of the Commission on Civil Rights contributed to that change. In 1956, the year before the 1957 Act, less than half of white Americans agreed with the statement, "White students and Negro students should go to the same schools." By 1963, the year before the 1964 Act, that figure had jumped to 62%. In 1956, a healthy majority of white Americans—60%—opposed "separate sections for Negroes on streetcars and buses." By 1963, the number had grown to 79% opposed—an overwhelming majority. Even in the South, minds were being changed. In 1956, 27% of Southern whites opposed separate sections on public transportation for blacks and whites. By 1963, the number had become a majority of 52%.

The change in views about the desirability of a federal law was even more dramatic. As late as July 1963, 49 percent of the total population favored a federal law that would give "all persons, Negro as well as white, the right to be served in public places such as hotels, restaurants, and similar establishments," and 42 percent were opposed. By September of the same year, a majority of 54 percent was in favor, and 38 percent opposed. In February 1964, support had climbed to 61 percent and opposition had declined to 31 percent.

### Reagan and Clinton administrations

In 1977 the Commission produced the report *Sex Bias in the U.S. Code*. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan, looking to move the commission in a more conservative direction, appointed Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr., as the first black chairman of the commission. A Howard University graduate, he was a conservative who opposed affirmative action and many of the commission's activities. Pendleton reduced its staff and programs.

In 1983, Reagan attempted to fire three members of the commission. They sued the administration in federal court to stay on. The authorizing legislation stated that a president could only fire a commissioner for "misbehavior in office," and it was clear that the terminations were the result of disagreements over policy. A compromise brokered in the Senate resulted in the current hybrid group of eight, half appointed by the president and half by the Congress, with six-year terms that do not expire with the inauguration of a new president. Since that time the commission has struggled to remain independent, and its agenda has oscillated between liberal and conservative aims as factions among its members have ebbed and waned.

In 1990, Congress relied on a commission report to enact the Americans with Disabilities Act. (ADA)

### 21st century

The Commission became increasingly polarized under the George W. Bush administration, as conservatives –including Republican appointees on the Commission itself – argued that it no longer served any useful purpose and conducted partisan investigations meant to embarrass Republicans. After 2004, when Bush appointed two conservative Commissioners who had recently canceled their Republican Party registrations to the two "independent" seats, obtaining a six-member conservative majority bloc, the Commission dramatically scaled back its activities and canceled several ongoing investigations.

On September 5, 2007, Commissioner Gail Heriot testified about the agency's value on the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Heriot told the Senate Committee on the Judiciary:

> If the value of a federal agency could be calculated on a per dollar basis, it would not surprise me to find the Commission on Civil Rights to be among the best investments Congress ever made. My back-of-the-envelope calculation is that the Commission now accounts for less than 1/2000th of 1 percent of the federal budget; back in the late 1950s its size would have been roughly similar. And yet its impact has been dramatic.

In 2008, President George W. Bush announced that he would oppose the proposed Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act shortly after the commission issued a report recommending rejection of the bill. In 2018 the Commission reversed its position in a report evaluating the federal government's efforts to meet its trust obligations to Native Americans and Native Hawaiians.

During the Barack Obama administration, this conservative bloc reversed its position and began using the commission as a vigorous advocate for conservative interpretations of civil rights issues, such as opposition to the Voting Rights Act and the expansion of federal hate crimes laws. In 2010, Commissioner Abigail Thernstrom, a Republican appointee generally considered part of the commission's conservative bloc, criticized her colleagues' investigation into the New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case, describing it as motivated by a partisan "fantasy ... \[that\] they could bring Eric Holder down and really damage \[President Obama\]" and arguing that only "a moron" could believe the commission's theory that Obama appointees had ordered DoJ attorneys not to protect the voting rights of white people. In October 2010, Michael Yaki, one of the two Democratic commissioners, walked out of a meeting in protest. In doing so, Yaki deprived the panel of a quorum and delayed a vote on a draft report, which Yaki claimed, is unfairly biased against the Obama administration. Yaki described the panel as a "kangaroo court".

President Obama eventually appointed two staunch liberals to the Commission in the last days of his administration, keeping the commission to six Democratic and two Republican appointees. In June 2017 the commission voted unanimously to begin a wide-ranging investigation of the Trump administration's civil rights enforcement practices, and 6–2 along party lines to express their concern about the administration's actions.

### List of Chairpersons, 1958–present

## Commission structure

The eight commissioners serve six-year staggered terms. Four are appointed by the President, two by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and two by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. No more than four Commissioners can be of the same political party. In addition, neither the two Senate appointees nor the two House appointees may be of the same political party. With the concurrence of a majority of the commission's members, the President designates a chair and a Vice Chair. The Staff Director is also appointed by the President with the concurrence of a majority of the Commissioners.

The commission has appointed 51 State Advisory Committees (SACs) to function as the "eyes and ears" of the Commission in their respective locations. The commission's enabling legislation authorizes the creation of these SACs and directs the commission to establish at least one advisory committee in every state and the District of Columbia. Each state committee has a charter that enables it to operate and identifies its members. Each charter is valid for a term of two years, and the committee terminates if the charter is not renewed by the commission. Each committee has a minimum of eleven members. The SACs are supported by regional offices whose primary function is to assist them in their planning, fact-finding, and reporting activities. Like the commission, the SACs produce written reports that are based on fact-finding hearings and other public meetings.

## Commission operations

The commission studies alleged discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. It also studies alleged deprivations of voting rights and discrimination in the administration of justice. Though the commission has no enforcement powers, its commissioners try to enhance the enforcement of federal civil rights laws. Its recommendations often lead to action in Congress.

Commissioners hold monthly daylong meetings, including six briefings on subjects, chosen by the commissioners, that involve possible discrimination. Ahead of these meetings, commission staff prepares reports on those subjects and schedules appearances by witnesses. Each year the Commission drafts recommendations that are sent to Congress by September 30.

## Further reading

**Books**

**Journals**

## InfoBox

United States Commission on Civil Rights
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | September 9, 1957 (1957-09-09) |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
| Agency executive |  |
| Website | www.usccr.gov |


title: Unemployment Act 1934

abstract: The Unemployment Act 1934 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, reaching statute on 28 June 1934. It reduced the age at which a person entered the National Insurance scheme to 14 and made the claiming age 16 years. It also separated benefits earned by paying National Insurance and those purely based on need. To do this, it established two bodies: the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee to deal with unemployment benefits earned by payment of National Insurance when in work; and the Unemployment Assistance Board to provide means-tested payments for those not entitled to such benefits. The Unemployment Act 1934 also restored the previous 10% cut in unemployment benefits, brought in after the 1931 May Committee. This was due to a reduction in the number of those unemployed in the UK, which was reduced partially due to the creation of the Iron and Steel Federation in 1934 and the introduction of the National Grid in 1933.

text:
# Unemployment Act 1934

The **Unemployment Act 1934** (24 & 25 Geo. 5. c. 29) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, reaching statute on 28 June 1934. It reduced the age at which a person entered the National Insurance scheme to 14 and made the claiming age 16 years. It also separated benefits earned by paying National Insurance and those purely based on need. To do this, it established two bodies: the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee to deal with unemployment benefits earned by payment of National Insurance when in work; and the Unemployment Assistance Board to provide means-tested payments for those not entitled to such benefits. The Unemployment Act 1934 also restored the previous 10% cut in unemployment benefits, brought in after the 1931 May Committee. This was due to a reduction in the number of those unemployed in the UK, which was reduced partially due to the creation of the Iron and Steel Federation in 1934 and the introduction of the National Grid in 1933.

## Basis for the act

In order to pass the Unemployment Act, Sir Henry Betterton (Minister of Labour at the time), based his bill on a set of principles. Betterton divided the bill into three separate parts, each of which had a distinct set of principles.

### Part 1: Insurance

1. That the scheme should be financed by contributions from the workers, employers and the State.
2. That benefit should be dependent upon contributions
3. That the scheme should be maintained on a solvent and self-supporting basis.

### Part 2: Eligibility

1. That assistance should be proportionate to need.
2. That a worker who has been long unemployed may require assistance other than, and in addition to, cash payments.
3. That the State should accept general responsibility for all the industrial able-bodied unemployed outside insurance, within, of course, the limits of a practical definition.

### Part 3: Transition

Part III of the act dealt with the transitory provisions—for the transition from the existing arrangements to the amended insurance scheme and the new assistance scheme.

## InfoBox

Unemployment Act 1934
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to amend the Unemployment Insurance Acts, 1920 to 1933, and to make further provision for the training and assistance of persons who are capable of, and available for, work but have no work or only part-time or intermittent work; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid. |
| Citation | 24 & 25 Geo. 5. c. 29 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 28 June 1934 |


title: Frank O'Driscoll Hunter

abstract: Frank O'Driscoll Hunter was a World War I flying ace, being credited by the United States Army Air Service with downing nine enemy aircraft. Hunter became an advocate of fighter aircraft strategy and tactics. In World War II he served as commanding general of the VIII Fighter Command and, later, the First Air Force.

text:
# Frank O'Driscoll Hunter

**Frank O'Driscoll Hunter** (December 8, 1894 – June 25, 1982) was a World War I flying ace, being credited by the United States Army Air Service with downing nine enemy aircraft. Hunter became an advocate of fighter aircraft strategy and tactics. In World War II he served as commanding general of the VIII Fighter Command and, later, the First Air Force.

## Early career

Hunter was born in Savannah, Georgia on December 8, 1894. He was educated at Hotchkiss School, Connecticut, and in Lausanne, Switzerland. He enlisted in the Aviation Section, Signal Reserve, as a flying cadet on May 18, 1917.

## World War I service

He went to France in September 1917 and received further training at the 3rd Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun, France. Assigned to the 103rd Aero Squadron in May 1918, on his first combat patrol Hunter downed two German planes and landed safely despite being wounded. By the end of the war he had nine German planes to his credit, earning him recognition as an ace. Hunter was the last pilot remaining with the squadron before its return to the United States, transferring out on January 24, 1919.

He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with four oak leaf clusters, more than any person other than Eddie Rickenbacker who received six oak leaf clusters to the DSC. His achievements in aerial combat earned him the French Croix de Guerre with palm. He left the Army for a short time after the war, but returned with a commission in the Regular Army Air Service in 1920.

## Between the world wars

When he entered the Regular Army in 1920 he attended Field Artillery School and Air Service Observation School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He graduated in September 1921 and transferred to Ellington Field, Texas, for duty with the 1st Pursuit Group. In July 1922, he went to Selfridge Field, Michigan, as commanding officer of the 94th Squadron, and in October 1922, entered the Air Service Tactical School at Langley Field, Virginia, returning to his command of the 94th Squadron when he graduated in June 1923. In July 1925 he became Operations Officer of Selfridge Field.

He transferred to Camp Anthony Wayne, Pennsylvania., in September 1926 as a pilot with the Composite Air Corps Squadron, and returned to Selfridge Field in December 1926. He next served in Washington, D.C., in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, and in December 1930 went to Rockwell Field, California, as commanding officer of the 95th Pursuit Squadron. He assumed command of the 17th Pursuit Group there in October 1931.

In November 1933 he was assigned as executive officer of the 1st Pursuit Wing at March Field, California, and in February 1934 became chief of operations, Western Zone Air Mail Operations, with headquarters at March Field. In May 1934 he returned to his duties as executive officer of the 1st Pursuit Wing. He was ordered to Albrook Field, Panama Canal Zone, in July 1934, as adjutant and operations officer of the 19th Composite Wing. In December 1934 he became operations and training officer and intelligence officer at Albrook Field.

He transferred to Barksdale Field, Louisiana, in November 1936 as commanding officer of the 79th Pursuit Squadron, and in July 1937 became operations officer for the 3rd Wing there. He then went to Maxwell Field, Alabama, in July 1939 as commanding officer of the 23rd Composite Group.

## World War II service

In May 1940 the citizens of Savannah, Georgia., named the Savannah Municipal Airport the Hunter Municipal Airfield, later Savannah Army Air Base, Hunter Air Force Base, then Hunter Army Air Field in his honor. In July 1940 he was attached to the Office of the Military Attaché in London, England, as a Military Observer. He returned to the United States in December 1940 and was stationed at Orlando Army Air Base, Fla., as commanding officer of the 23rd Composite Group. In February 1942, he was assigned to Headquarters Army Air Forces, Washington, D.C., and in May 1942 joined the Eighth Air Force at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. That same month he accompanied that organization to the European Theater of Operations, with headquarters in London, as commanding general, VIII Fighter Command. In this position he affected the first trans-Atlantic flight of AAF planes without the loss of life or equipment. He also directed the first P-47 fighter-bomber sweeps over the continent.

It was upon Brigadier General Hunter's recommendation that the Eagle Squadrons (which had American pilots in the service of the United Kingdom) were transferred from the Royal Air Force to become the 4th Fighter Group in September 1942.

In May 1943, Hunter was relieved of his command for his failure to obey a directive issued by his superior, General Ira C. Eaker mandating use of wing tanks on P-47 fighters. He returned to the United States in August 1943 and was named commanding general of the First Air Force, where he was charged with training replacement air crews. His tenure in this command was marred by his involvement in maintaining racial segregation in the U. S. Army, thus provoking the Freeman Field Mutiny of the Tuskegee Airmen.

In 1944 the Earl of Halifax, then Britain's ambassador to the U.S., presented to General Hunter, in the name of the King of England, the CBE, "Commander of the military division of the most excellent order of the British Empire." Just a year earlier the general had been awarded the Legion of Merit for "exceptional services" in planning and executing the movement of air echelons of the Twelfth Air Force from Great Britain to North Africa. His other awards include the Distinguished Flying Cross and Purple Heart.

Among the units under Hunter's command was the all Negro 477th Bombardment Group stationed at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana. Hunter was commanding general when 104 African-American were subjected to military court martial for trying to integrate the base's officer club in early 1945. Hunter earned the reputation of being a rabid racist. This information is omitted from Hunter's biography because the U.S. Army Air Forces' strict segregation policy.

In October 1945 he was assigned to a detachment of patients at Air Force Regional Hospital, Miami District, and later was admitted to Walter Reed General Hospital.

He was rated a command pilot, combat observer and technical observer. Throughout his lengthy flying career, he survived three bail outs, one of which was from an altitude of 500 feet over a frozen lake, and two broken backs, both of which kept him in the hospital for a year. He became known as one of the Army's top stunt, test and racing pilots.

## Post World War II

General Hunter retired from the Army Air Forces on March 31, 1946, and returned to his home state of Georgia. He died on 25 June 1982 in Savannah, Georgia.

The Georgia Historical Society houses and makes available for research a collection of General Hunter's papers. The collection, comprising news clippings, photographs, commendations and awards, and personal and military correspondence, documents the life and military career of Frank O'Driscoll Hunter from 1917 to 1982. In 1989 Hunter was inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.

## Effective dates of promotion

* Sergeant, Enlisted Reserve Corps – May 18, 1917
* 1st lieutenant, Officers Reserve Corps – September 19, 1917
* Discharged – February 24, 1919
* 1st lieutenant – July 1, 1920 (accepted on November 28, 1920)
* Captain – January 17, 1921
* Major (temporary) – March 15, 1935; (permanent) November 1, 1936
* Lieutenant colonel (temporary) – March 1, 1940; (permanent) October 9, 1940
* Colonel (temporary) – April 19, 1941
* Brigadier general (temporary) – April 20, 1942
* Major general (temporary) – November 3, 1943
* Major general (retired list) – March 31, 1946

## Awards and decorations

Included among his 10 awards for valor and service, in addition to receiving five awards of the Distinguished Service Cross, Hunter was decorated with the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Silver Star. He was also awarded a Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross and Purple Heart.

|  | US Army Air Forces Command Pilot Badge |
| --- | --- |
|

He was also rated a Combat Observer and Technical Observer.

### World War I citations

Lieutenant Frank Hunter of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service in World War I received five Distinguished Service Cross citations:

* "Frank O'D. Hunter, First Lieutenant, Air Service, pilot, 103d Aero Squadron. For extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Ypres, Belgium, June 2, 1918. Lieut. Hunter, while on patrol, alone attacked two enemy biplanes, destroying one and forcing the other to retire. In the course of the combat he was wounded in the forehead. Despite his injuries he succeeded in returning his damaged plane to his own aerodrome."
* "A bronze oak leaf, to be worn with the Distinguished Service Cross, for extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Champey, France, September 13, 1918. He, accompanied by one other mono-place plane, attacked an enemy patrol of six planes. Despite numerical superiority and in a decisive combat, he destroyed one enemy plane and, with the aid of his companion, forced the others within their own lines."
* "A second bronze oak leaf, for extraordinary heroism in action near Verneville, France, September 17, 1918. Leading a patrol of three planes, he attacked an enemy formation of eight planes. Although out-numbered, they succeeded in bringing down four of the enemy. Lieut. Hunter accounted for two of these."
* "A third bronze oak leaf, for extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Liny-devant-Dun, France. While separated from his patrol he observed an allied patrol of seven planes (Breguets) hard pressed by enemy formation of 10 planes (Fokker type). He attacked two of the enemy that were harassing a single Breguet and in a decisive fight destroyed one of them. Meanwhile five enemy planes approached and concentrated their fire upon him. Undaunted by their superiority, he attacked and brought down a second plane."
* "A fourth bronze oak leaf, for extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Bantheville, France. While on patrol he encountered an enemy formation of six monoplanes. He immediately attacked and destroyed one enemy plane and forced the others to disperse in confusion."

On 23 October 1918, International News Service staff & war correspondent Newton C. Parke wrote an article that described one of the missions that Hunter flew over France:

> Lieut. Frank O. Hunter of Savannah, Ga., scored his eighth unofficial air victory northwest of Verdun this morning. In the combat Percy D. Dine of New York City and Wm. H. Ponder of Lone Wolf, Okla., each shot down an enemy plane, the latter elevating himself to the position of an ace by his exploit. Reed Chambers of Memphis, Tenn., another new ace, was unofficially credited with shooting down two boches yesterday and Eddie Rickenbacker got another. Eleven American planes were engaging at one time yesterday against 30 machines. Lieut. Benson of the American air service single handed wandered thirty miles behind the enemy lines in the darkness and turned his machine gun upon an enemy troop train meanwhile dropping bombs.

## Assignments

* 1939–1940 Commanding officer of the 23d Composite Group, Maxwell Field, Alabama
* 1940 Military observer and assistant air attaché at the American Embassies in Paris, France and London, England
* 1940–1942 Commanding officer of the 23d Composite Group, Orlando, Florida
* 1942–1943 Commanding general of the VIII Interceptor (later, Fighter) Command, High Wycombe, England
* 1943–1945 Commanding general of the First Air Force, Mitchel Field, New York
* 1946 Retired (disability in line of duty)

## Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force

## InfoBox

| Frank O'Driscoll Hunter | |
| --- | --- |
| Major General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter during World War II | |
| Nickname(s) | Monk |
| Born | (1894-12-08)December 8, 1894
Savannah, Georgia |
| Died | June 25, 1982(1982-06-25) (aged 87)
Savannah, Georgia |
| Place of burial | Laurel Grove Cemetery
Savannah, Georgia |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army Air Service
United States Army Air Corps
United States Army Air Force |
| Years of service | 1917–1919, 1920–1946 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Unit | 103rd Aero Squadron
1st Pursuit Group |
| Commands | 94th Aero Squadron
95th Pursuit Squadron
17th Pursuit Group
79th Pursuit Squadron
23rd Composite Group
VIII Fighter Command
First Air Force |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross (5)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Purple Heart |


title: Xenomigia brachyptera

abstract: Xenomigia brachyptera is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in the Andes of western Venezuela.

text:
# Xenomigia brachyptera

***Xenomigia brachyptera*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in the Andes of western Venezuela.

* Miller, James S. (2009). "Generic revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 1: Dioptini". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **321** (2): 1–676. hdl:2246/5978.

## InfoBox

| *Xenomigia brachyptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Xenomigia* |
| Species: | ***X. brachyptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenomigia brachyptera***<br>Sattler and Wojtusiak, 2000 | |
|


title: Třtice

abstract: Třtice is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

text:
# Třtice

**Třtice** is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

## History

The first written mention of Třtice is from 1352. It belonged to the Křivoklát estate.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 943 |  |
| 1880 | 911 | −3.4% |
| 1890 | 805 | −11.6% |
| 1900 | 739 | −8.2% |
| 1910 | 705 | −4.6% |
| 1921 | 715 | +1.4% |
| 1930 | 759 | +6.2% |
| 1950 | 573 | −24.5% |
| 1961 | 527 | −8.0% |
| 1970 | 523 | −0.8% |
| 1980 | 490 | −6.3% |
| 1991 | 417 | −14.9% |
| 2001 | 399 | −4.3% |
| 2011 | 452 | +13.3% |
| 2021 | 499 | +10.4% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Třtice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Třtice with municipal office and Church of Saint Nicholas | |
|  | |
| TřticeLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°11′6″N 13°51′49″E / 50.18500°N 13.86361°E / 50.18500; 13.86361 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Rakovník |
| First mentioned | 1352 |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.90 km2 (3.44 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 444 m (1,457 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 512 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 271 01 |
| Website | www.trtice.cz |


title: Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler

abstract: Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler is an American archivist who has served as the Chief of the Conservation Laboratory at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) since 1985.

text:
# Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler

**Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler** is an American archivist who has served as the Chief of the Conservation Laboratory at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) since 1985.

## Education

Ritzenthaler received her undergraduate degree in English from Wayne State University. She also attended Wayne State for her Master's in Library Science, with a concentration in archives administration.

## Career

Ritzenthaler has served as the Chief of the Conservation Laboratory at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) since 1985. She worked for the Society of American Archivists (SAA) and the University of Illinois-Chicago. She has written extensively, as well as lectured throughout the United States, on archives preservation. Many of her lectures focused on techniques to preserve family photos, recipes, books and other papers. Her most well-known works are *Preserving Archives and Manuscripts* and *Photographs: Archival Care and Management*, both of which were published through the Society of American Archivists. From 1999-2003, Ritzenthaler led the conservation team that treated and re-encased the Charters of Freedom (the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights). She was the last person to touch the Declaration of Independence before it was re-cased. She retired from the National Archives in 2016 after serving over 30 years in archives preservation and conservation.

## Publications

* Preserving Archives and Manuscripts (2010)
* Photographs : Archival Care and Management (2006)
* Archives and Manuscripts : Administration of Photo Collections (1984)
* Archives and Manuscripts : Conservation (1983)


title: Monica (graphic novel)

abstract: Monica is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Daniel Clowes, published in 2023 by Fantagraphics. Described as a genre-bending thriller, is a series of interconnected narratives that collectively tell the life story of its title character. The book also explores cults, conspiracy theories, and the mid-20th century.

text:
# Monica (graphic novel)

***Monica*** is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Daniel Clowes, published in 2023 by Fantagraphics. Described as a genre-bending thriller, is a series of interconnected narratives that collectively tell the life story of its title character.

The book also explores cults, conspiracy theories, and the mid-20th century.

## Reception

*Monica* received critical acclaim. In his review for *The New York Times*, Junot Díaz deemed the graphic novel "a masterpiece", while *Vanity Fair* stated that Clowes had reached a "new artistic peak".

American filmmaker Ari Aster named *Monica* the Best Book of 2023.

## InfoBox

| *Monica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Creator | Daniel Clowes |
| Date | October 3, 2023 |
| Page count | 106 pages |
| Publisher | Fantagraphics |
| ISBN | 978-1683968825 |
| Chronology | |
| Preceded by | *Patience* |


title: Mark Ladbrook

abstract: Mark Daniel Ladbrook is an Australian track and field athlete who specialises in the 400m. Ladbrook represented Australia at the 1996 Olympics in the 400m and the 4 × 400 m. He did not make it past the heats in the 400m, but reached the semi-finals in the relay. He is the National Champion in the 400m at the 1996 National Championships In 2020, Ladbrook won the prestigious Bay Sheffield footrace held at Glenelg, South Australia and later competed in the annual Stawell Gift professional race, making the Gift final and winning the 70m. and also coached Lauren Hewitt in the lead-up to the 2004 Summer Olympics. In more recent times, Ladbrook has become a private athletics coach for both amateur and professional athletes, mainly based in his home of Melbourne. Since January 2016, Ladbrook has taught at Trinity Grammar School in Kew, Victoria as the Head of Athletic Development and Training. As part of this role, Ladbrook is a coach of the school's athletics team, which competes in the AGSV league. Mark Ladbrook headed up athletics at The Southport School on the Gold Coast and more recently Somerset College. He coaches Alex Beck, a former Somerset College Student, and Bond University Graduate who is racing the 400m at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.

text:
# Mark Ladbrook

*Mark Daniel Ladbrook* (born 8 February 1972 in Melbourne, Victoria) is an Australian track and field athlete who specialises in the 400m.

Ladbrook represented Australia at the 1996 Olympics in the 400m and the 4 × 400 m. He did not make it past the heats in the 400m, but reached the semi-finals in the relay. He is the National Champion in the 400m at the 1996 National Championships

In 2020, Ladbrook won the prestigious Bay Sheffield footrace held at Glenelg, South Australia and later competed in the annual Stawell Gift professional race, making the Gift final and winning the 70m. and also coached Lauren Hewitt in the lead-up to the 2004 Summer Olympics.

In more recent times, Ladbrook has become a private athletics coach for both amateur and professional athletes, mainly based in his home of Melbourne.

Since January 2016, Ladbrook has taught at Trinity Grammar School in Kew, Victoria as the Head of Athletic Development and Training. As part of this role, Ladbrook is a coach of the school's athletics team, which competes in the AGSV league.

Mark Ladbrook headed up athletics at The Southport School on the Gold Coast and more recently Somerset College. He coaches Alex Beck, a former Somerset College Student, and Bond University Graduate who is racing the 400m at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.


title: Marlon Trejo

abstract: Marlon Hermenson Trejo García is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

text:
# Marlon Trejo

**Marlon Hermenson Trejo García** (born December 31, 1988, in Usulután, El Salvador) is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Honours

### Player

#### Club

C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo C.D. Águila

## InfoBox

Marlon Trejo
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Marlon Hermenson Trejo García | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-12-31) December 31, 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Usulután, El Salvador | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2007–2009 | CD Luis Ángel Firpo (B) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2014 | CD Luis Ángel Firpo |  |  |
| 2014–2020 | CD Águila | 144 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2014– | El Salvador | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: List of University of Glasgow people

abstract: The following list of University of Glasgow people provides a selection of the well-known people who have studied or taught at the University of Glasgow since its inception in 1451. Historical lists of chancellors, rectors and principals of the university are contained in those offices' respective articles.

text:
# List of University of Glasgow people

The following **list of University of Glasgow people** provides a selection of the well-known people who have studied or taught at the University of Glasgow since its inception in 1451. Historical lists of chancellors, rectors and principals of the university are contained in those offices' respective articles.

## Nobel laureates

## Arts

### Classics

### History

### Musicians

### Philosophy and theology

### Writers and poets

## Business

## Civil service

## Law

## Media

## Military

## Politics

### Conservative Party

### Labour Party

### Liberal Party/Liberal Democrats

### Scottish National Party

### Scottish Unionist Party

### Miscellaneous

## Sciences

### Medical

### Biology

### Chemistry

### Mathematics, physical sciences and engineering

### Computing

## Social sciences

## Sports