title: Polydore Vergil

abstract: Polydore Vergil or Virgil, widely known as Polydore Vergil of Urbino, was an Italian humanist scholar, historian, priest and diplomat, who spent much of his life in England. He is particularly remembered for his works the Proverbiorum libellus (1498), a collection of Latin proverbs; De inventoribus rerum (1499), a history of discoveries and origins; and the Anglica Historia, an influential history of England. He has been dubbed the "Father of English History". Vergil is sometimes referred to in contemporary documents as Polydore Vergil Castellensis or Castellen, leading some to assume that he was a kinsman of his patron, Cardinal Adriano Castellesi. However, it is more likely that the alias simply indicates that he was in Castellesi's service.

text:
# Polydore Vergil

**Polydore Vergil** or **Virgil** (Italian: Polidoro Virgili, commonly Latinised as Polydorus Vergilius; c.1470 – 18 April 1555), widely known as **Polydore Vergil of Urbino**, was an Italian humanist scholar, historian, priest and diplomat, who spent much of his life in England. He is particularly remembered for his works the *Proverbiorum libellus* (1498), a collection of Latin proverbs; *De inventoribus rerum* (1499), a history of discoveries and origins; and the *Anglica Historia* (drafted by 1513; printed in 1534), an influential history of England. He has been dubbed the "Father of English History".

Vergil is sometimes referred to in contemporary documents as **Polydore Vergil Castellensis** or **Castellen**, leading some to assume that he was a kinsman of his patron, Cardinal Adriano Castellesi. However, it is more likely that the alias simply indicates that he was in Castellesi's service.

## Biography

### Early life in Italy

Vergil was born in about 1470 either at Urbino, or more probably at Fermignano, within the Duchy of Urbino. His father, Giorgio di Antonio, owned a dispensary. His grandfather, Antonio Virgili, "a man well skilled in medicine and astrology", had taught philosophy at the University of Paris; as did Polydore's own brother, Giovanni-Matteo Virgili, at Ferrara and Padua. Another brother, Girolamo, was a merchant trading with England. The niece of Polydore Vergil, Faustina, married Lorenzo Borgogelli, count of Fano, from whom descend the family of Borgogelli Virgili.

Polydore was educated at the University of Padua, and possibly at Bologna. He was ordained by 1496. He was probably in the service of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, before 1498, as in the dedication of his *Proverbiorum Libellus* (April 1498) he styles himself Guido's client. His second book, *De Inventoribus Rerum*, was dedicated to Guido's tutor, Lodovico Odassio, in August 1499.

At some point prior to 1502 Polydore entered the service of Pope Alexander VI.

### Move to England

In 1502, Vergil travelled to England as the deputy of Cardinal Adriano Castellesi in the office of Collector of Peter's Pence, and, in practice, the Cardinal's agent in a variety of affairs. In October 1504 he was enthroned Bishop of Bath and Wells as proxy for Adriano; and in 1508 he himself was installed as Archdeacon of Wells. He probably spent little time in Wells, but was active as the Chapter's representative in London. He also donated a set of hangings for the quire of Wells Cathedral. He held other ecclesiastical sinecures, including, from 1503, the living of Church Langton, Leicestershire; from 1508 prebends in Lincoln and Hereford Cathedrals; and from 1513 the prebend of Oxgate in St Paul's Cathedral.

As an established author, and a representative of Italian humanist learning, Vergil was received in England as a minor celebrity, and was welcomed at court by King Henry VII, who was more interested in humanist scholars than his predecessors. He recognized the advantages humanism would offer to legitimise his claim to the throne, which was still vulnerable to challenge after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, and the role that diffusion of humanist education would take in establishing a more educated, bureaucratic government than the feudal aristocracy. It was at the King's behest that Vergil began work on his *Anglica Historia*, a new history of England, probably as early as 1505, retelling the history of the Wars of the Roses to emphasise that the war ended with the new monarch's reign.

On 22 October 1510, he was naturalised English.

Early in 1515 – through the intrigues of Andrea Ammonio, who sought the subcollectorship for himself – an ill-judged letter from Vergil was intercepted by the authorities. It contained what was read as implied criticism of both Thomas Wolsey and Henry VIII, and as a result Vergil was imprisoned in April in the Tower of London. His supporters and advocates included Pope Leo X, who wrote to the King on his behalf. From prison Vergil wrote to Wolsey, begging that the approaching Christmas season – a time which witnessed the restitution of a world – might also see his pardon: his letter's tone has been described as "almost blasphemous". He was released before Christmas 1515, but never regained his subcollectorship.

### Return visits to Italy and death

Although Vergil lived predominantly in England from 1502 onwards, he paid several return visits to Urbino, in 1513–14, 1516–17 and 1533–34. In 1534, Francesco Maria, Duke of Urbino, in recognition of his literary achievements, admitted Vergil and his family to the ranks of the nobility.

In 1546 Vergil resigned the Archdeaconry of Wells to the Crown, perhaps in anticipation of his retirement to Italy. He was licensed to return to Urbino in 1550, and probably left England for the last time in the summer of 1553. He died in Urbino on 18 April 1555.

## Works

### Perotti's *Cornucopiae*

Vergil published his first work in 1496. This was an edition of Niccolò Perotti’s *Cornucopiae latinae linguae*, a commentary on Martial's *Epigrams*.

### *Proverbiorum Libellus* (*Adagia*)

Vergil's *Proverbiorum Libellus* (Venice, 1498), retitled in later editions as *Adagiorum Liber*, and often known as the *Adagia*, was a collection of Latin proverbs. It was the first such collection printed, preceding the similar *Adagia* of Erasmus by two years. The initial controversy between the two authors that arose from their rival claims for priority (Erasmus still believed as late as 1533 that his work had been the earlier) gave place to a sincere friendship. The first edition of Vergil's work contained 306 proverbs taken from classical sources. A second, expanded, edition appeared in 1521: it contained a further series of 431 Biblical proverbs, and was dedicated to Wolsey's follower, Richard Pace. This edition is preceded by an interesting letter sent in June 1519, which gives the names of many of Vergil's English friends, including Thomas More, William Warham, Thomas Linacre and Cuthbert Tunstall.

The *Adagia* ran through about 20 editions down to 1550.

### *De Inventoribus Rerum*

Vergil's *De Inventoribus Rerum* was published in 1499, having been written in only three months. It was a history of origins and inventions, describing in three books the "first begetters" of all human activities. Book I investigated the origin of the gods and the word "God", along with such matters as the creation, marriage, religion and learning. Book II covered, among other topics, the origins of law, time, military science, money, precious metals and art. Book III covered, again among other topics, the origins of agriculture, architecture, towns, theatres, tools and materials, maritime navigation, commerce and prostitution.

For the edition of 1521, Vergil added five more books, devoted to the *initia institorum rei Christianae*, i.e. the origins of Christian rites and institutions. He probably thought that this addition would be a popular one, but it was also a concession towards critics who had labelled the *De Inventoribus* a work of heretics and depravity. The work nonetheless included criticisms of monks, priestly celibacy, indulgences, and of the policies and constitutional status of the papacy. As a consequence it was placed on the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum* (papal list of prohibited books) in 1564: an expurgated text, sanctioned by Gregory XIII, was published in 1576.

*De Inventoribus* was, however, exceedingly popular, and was quickly translated into French (1521), German (1537), English (1546) and Spanish (1551). Thirty Latin editions had been published by the time Vergil died in 1555; and the work eventually ran to around 70 Latin editions, and another 35 translations. The English edition of 1546 was an abridgement made by Thomas Langley, which also proved highly successful and was reprinted several times.

The work is notable for the immense industry that went into its compilation, and the range of ancient and modern writers on which Vergil was able to draw.

### *Gildas …de calamitate, excidio et conquestu Britanniae*

In 1525 Vergil published an edition of Gildas' 6th-century history, *De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae*, probably at Antwerp. He dedicated it to Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London. This was the first critical edition of a British historical text. In publishing it, Vergil reflected a growing interest in post-classical texts among German and Italian scholars. This interest sprang mainly from self-conscious nationalism which makes it curious at least that a foreigner chose a text about Britain. Vergil did, however, have a motive; this project provided a background for his anti-Arthurian position. Tunstall supplied one of the source manuscripts (hence the dedication), and the work of editing was undertaken by Vergil and Robert Ridley. Their editing was for the most part conscientious, although they rearranged certain words in the interests of clarity, and also suppressed a few anti-clerical passages.

### *Dialogus de Prodigiis*

Vergil's *Dialogus de Prodigiis* was written in 1526–27, and printed in 1531. It was dedicated to Francesco Maria, Duke of Urbino. This treatise, in three books, takes the form of a Latin dialogue between Vergil and his Cambridge friend Robert Ridley on the subject of the natural and the supernatural, and whether credence should be given to such alleged phenomena as prodigious events and portents. The setting for the dialogue is the open air, at Vergil's country house near London. Vergil's role is to state the problems and supply the historical illustrations; his friend's to explain, rationalise and depreciate as best he can.

The *De Prodigiis* also achieved great popularity, and was translated into Italian (1543), English (1546) and Spanish (1550).

### *Anglica Historia*

Vergil's history of England, the *Anglica Historia*, was begun at the instigation of King Henry VII, perhaps as early as 1506. This first version was completed in 1512–13. However, the work was not published until 1534; and four distinct versions can therefore be identified:

1. Manuscript written in 1512–13: covering events up to 1513 (MS)
2. First edition, Basel, 1534, folio; covering events up to 1509 (A)
3. Second edition, Basel, 1546, folio: covering events up to 1509 (B)
4. Third edition, Basel, 1555, folio: covering events up to 1537 (C)

The manuscript version is now held in the Vatican Library. Comprising two volumes, it was presented to the ducal library at Urbino in 1613 by Vergil's grand-nephew. Although he stated in prefatory notes that the manuscript was written in Vergil's hand – an assessment fully supported by the palaeographic evidence – it was at one time sometimes attributed to Federico Veterani. This misunderstanding arose from a colophon in the second volume, in a different hand, stating that "I, Federico Veterani, wrote the whole work". A possible explanation is that Vergil left it in the care of Veterani, who inscribed the colophon to associate it with his other treasures so that it would not be lost or damaged during the Papal invasion in Urbino in 1516. Further isolated notes in Veterani's hand, nearly all directions to a binder or printer, are found throughout the manuscript. The most plausible interpretation of the evidence is that Vergil intended to present a fine manuscript (rather than a printed book) to Henry VIII, and commissioned the work from Veterani, the most famous copyist of the day. However, no such copy by Veterani is known to have survived.

The manuscript version of the work was divided into 25 books. Books I–VII described the early history of England up to the Norman conquest; Book VIII dealt with the reigns of William I and William II; and the following books covered one reign per book, ending in book XXV which dealt with the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to 1513.

In 1534 the first printed version of the work appeared, a folio with decorations from John Bebel's press in Basel. While this edition was broadly similar to the manuscript, it incorporated substantial changes, and it seems that Vergil effectively made a fresh start using the manuscript as a guideline. The rewriting appears to have taken place between 1521 and 1524 (based on one reference to his having been archdeacon of Wells for fourteen years; and another allusion to "this day, which is 1524"). Book VII of the manuscript was now split into two parts, the new book VIII running from the death of Cnut to 1066; while the reigns of the first two Norman kings, previously covered in a single book, were also divided between two books. The work had therefore gained two books, but now ended with book XXVI in 1509, no longer extending into the reign of Henry VIII.

The second edition appeared in 1546. This version also ended in 1509, but was much revised. The revisions included rewordings for political reasons, a greater emphasis on the civic history of London, and stylistic improvements of the Latin for European readers.

The third edition was published in 1555, the year of Vergil's death. In this case the revisions were minor and largely stylistic. However, Vergil added a new book (XXVII) giving an account of Henry VIII's reign to 1537, and which included a highly critical portrait of Wolsey. Vergil claimed that most of his work on the last book was done contemporaneously, and that the work was interrupted by a visit to Italy. This must refer to his visit of 1533–34, and the entire period from 1530 to 1537 is in fact treated cursorily. Denys Hay finds it reasonable to suppose that at first Vergil planned this book to describe events up to 1530, but that he postponed the publication of it due to the political uncertainties in England, enabling him to extend the terminal date.

Vergil drew on an impressively wide range of sources for his work, including published books and oral testimony. He claimed to have been diligent in collecting materials, and to have drawn on the work of foreign as well as English historians. For this reason, he remarked, the English, Scots and French would find things reported in his pages far differently from the way they were used to hearing them within their own countries. In his search for information he applied to James IV of Scotland for a list of the Scottish kings and their annals; but not even his friendship with Gavin Douglas could make him accept the historical theories of the latter, who traced the pedigree of the Scots down from the banished son of an Athenian king and Scota, daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh.

Vergil opened the *Anglica Historia* with a passage heavily influenced by Caesar's *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*:

> Britannia omnis...diuiditur in partes quatuor: quarum unam incolunt Angli, aliam Scoti, tertiam Vualli, quartam Cornubienses. Hi omnes uel lingua; uel moribus seu institutis inter se differunt.

In an early English translation, this is rendered as:

> The whole Countrie of Britaine...is divided into iiij partes; wherof the one is inhabited of Englishmen, the other of Scottes, the third of Wallshemen, and the fowerth of Cornishe people. Which all differ emonge them selves, either in tongue, either in manners, or ells in lawes and ordinaunces.

### Other works

Vergil published a *Commentariolum in Dominicam Precem* ("Commentary on the Lord's Prayer") at Basel in 1525, accompanying an edition of the *De Inventoribus Rerum*. His comments owed much to Erasmus' *Precatio Dominica in septem portiones distributa* (1523).

At Erasmus' request, Vergil worked on a translation from the Greek of Dio Chrysostom's *De Perfecto Monacho*, which he published in 1533. It was reprinted in 1541 and 1550.

In 1545, he published his last work, the *Dialogorum libri*, a collection of Latin dialogues, divided into three parts as *De patientia*, *De vita perfecta*, and *De veritate et mendacio*.

## Commemoration

Vergil was buried in Urbino Cathedral, in the chapel of St Andrew which he himself had endowed. In 1613, it was agreed that a memorial stone should be set over his tomb. This was eventually put in place in 1631, with an inscription stating that his fame would "live for ever in the world". However, it is believed to have been lost when the cathedral was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1789.

Vergil's family home and alleged birthplace in Urbino (now a property of the University of Urbino) is marked by a plaque; and there is also a bust of him in the city, unveiled in 2000.

Vergil is among the worthies whose portraits were painted in *c*.1618–19 on the frieze in what is now the Upper Reading Room of the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

## Reputation and legacy

In continental Europe, Vergil is principally remembered for the *De Inventoribus Rerum* and the *Adagia*: these are the works which secured his reputation before he ever came to England, and which he himself regarded as his masterpieces, writing "I, Polydore, was the first of the Romans to treat of these two matters". The *De Inventoribus* receives a mention, for example, in Cervantes' *Don Quixote* (1605–15).

In England, however, Vergil is more often remembered as author of the *Anglica Historia*. The work is an important primary source in its own right for the period 1460–1537, and as a secondary source continued to exert an influence on English historiography into the 19th century. It provided the chronicler Edward Hall with much of his sense of 15th-century English history, and so fed into the history plays of William Shakespeare.

A particularly controversial element of Vergil's work in England was the scepticism he expressed – first in his edition of Gildas, and then in the *Anglica Historia* – towards the traditional account of the early history of Britain derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth, and in particular towards the question of the historicity of King Arthur. This criticism touched a patriotic nerve with the antiquary John Leland, who responded forcefully, first in an unpublished tract, written perhaps in 1536, the *Codrus sive Laus et Defensio Gallofridi Arturii contra Polydorum Vergilium* ("Codrus", a reference to Vergil, was a type-name drawn from Juvenal for an offensive hack-poet); and afterwards in a longer published treatment, the *Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis Britannia* (1544). Although Leland was critical of Vergil's views in the *Assertio*, he treated his opponent with respect, acknowledging his intelligence and his mastery of Latin style.

On another contentious issue, Vergil came down in favour of the claims of the University of Cambridge to be a more ancient foundation than the University of Oxford. When this was mentioned in a debate in the House of Commons in 1628, the Oxonian Edward Littleton sneered, "What have we to do with Polydore Vergil? One Vergil was a poet, the other a liar."

Other English readers also reacted vehemently to what seemed to be criticisms of their national history. John Bale in 1544 accused Vergil of "polutynge our Englyshe chronycles most shamefullye with his Romishe lyes and other Italyshe beggerye". An anonymous contemporary described him as "that most rascall dogge knave in the worlde", claiming that "he had the randsackings of all the Englishe lybraryes, and when he had extracted what he pleased he burnt those famous velome manuscripts, and made himself father to other mens workes". This charge of burning manuscripts was widely reported. John Caius in 1574, for example, asserted that Vergil had "committed as many of our ancient and manuscript historians to the flames as would have filled a waggon, that the faults of his own work might pass undiscovered". William Lambarde in 1576 commented that "as \[Vergil\] was by office Collector of the Peter pence to the Popes gain and lucre, so sheweth he himselfe throughout by profession, a covetous gatherer of lying Fables, fained to advaunce the Popish Religion, Kingdome, and Myter". Henry Peacham in 1622 again accused Vergil of having "burned and embezeled the best and most ancient Records and Monuments of our Abbeies, Priories, and Cathedrall Churches, under colour … of making search for all such monuments, manusc. records, Legier bookes, &c. as might make for his purpose".

However, one of Peacham's contemporaries, the Leicestershire antiquary William Burton, cast Vergil in a more positive light, describing him as "a man of singular invention, good judgement, and good reading, and a true lover of antiquities". In the 19th century, Vergil's importance to English historiography finally began to be acknowledged, as "historians of Tudor England realized the scope of his achievement in the *Anglica Historia*".

## Modern editions/translations of works

### *De inventoribus rerum*

* Vergil, Polydore (1868). Hammond, William A. (ed.). *De Rerum Inventoribus*. Translated by Langley, John. New York: Agathynian Club. An English translation of Books 1–9 (with some abridgements), originally published in London in 1663.
* *Beginnings and Discoveries: Polydore Vergil's De inventoribus rerum*. Translated by Weiss, Beno; Pérez, Louis C. Nieuwkoop: De Graaf. 1997. ISBN 9060044290. An English translation of Books 1–8, based on the 1546 Lyon edition.
* Vergil, Polydore (2002). Copenhaver, Brian P. (ed.). *On Discovery*. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00789-1. Parallel Latin and English texts of Books 1–3, collating early editions to 1553–55.

### *Anglica Historia*

* Vergil, Polydore (1846). Ellis, Sir Henry (ed.). *Polydore Vergil's English History, from an early translation preserved among the MSS of the Old Royal Library in the British Museum: Vol. I, containing the first eight books, comprising the period prior to the Norman Conquest*. Camden 1st series. Vol. 36. London: Camden Society.
* Vergil, Polydore (1844). Ellis, Sir Henry (ed.). *Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History, comprising the reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV, and Richard III; from an early translation, preserved among the MSS of the Old Royal Library in the British Museum*. Camden 1st series. Vol. 29. London: Camden Society.
* Vergil, Polydore (1950). Hay, Denys (ed.). *The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, A.D. 1485–1537*. Camden 3rd series. Vol. 74. London: Royal Historical Society. Latin text and English translation.
* Vergil, Polydore (2005). Sutton, Dana J. (ed.). "Anglica Historia". Philological Museum: University of Birmingham. Latin text and English translation
* O'Connor, Stephen, ed. (2021). *Polydore Vergil's Life of Richard III: an edition of the original manuscript*. Richard III Society. ISBN 9780904893212. Latin text and English translation of a portion of the *Anglica Historia*, from the manuscript in the Vatican

## Bibliography

* Arnold, Jonathan (2014). "'Polydorus Italus': analyzing authority in Polydore Vergil's *Anglica Historia*". *Reformation and Renaissance Review*. **16**: 122–37. doi:10.1179/1462245914z.00000000053. S2CID 145798698.
* Atkinson, Catherine (2007). *Inventing inventors in Renaissance Europe: Polydore Vergil's De inventoribus rerum*. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
* Bacchielli, Rolando, ed. (2003). *Polidoro Virgili e la cultura umanistica europea* (in Italian). Urbino: Accademia Raffaello.
* Carley, James P. (1996). "Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur: the Battle of the Books". In Kennedy, E.D. (ed.). *King Arthur: a casebook*. New York: Garland. pp. 185–204.
* Connell, William J. (2004). "Vergil, Polydore \[Polidoro Virgili\] (*c*.1470–1555)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28224. (subscription required)
* Copenhaver, Brian P. (1978). "The historiography of discovery in the Renaissance: the sources and composition of Polydore Vergil's *De inventoribus rerum* I–III". *Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes*. **41**: 192–214. doi:10.2307/750867. JSTOR 750867. S2CID 195012177.
* Fulton, John F. (1944). "Polydore Vergil, his chapters on the history of Physick and his Anglica Historia". *Bulletin of the History of Medicine*. Supplement 3: 65–88.
* Galdieri, L. V. (1993). "Vergil, Polydore". In Richardson, David A. (ed.). *Sixteenth-century British Nondramatic Writers: second series*. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 132. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 316–21.
* Harris, Oliver (2005). "Polydore Vergil's hangings in the quire of Wells Cathedral" (PDF). *Somerset Archaeology and Local History*. **149**: 71–77. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
* Hay, Denys (1949). "The life of Polydore Vergil of Urbino". *Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes*. **12**: 132–151. doi:10.2307/750260. JSTOR 750260. S2CID 195028483.
* Hay, Denys (1952). *Polydore Vergil: Renaissance historian and man of letters*. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Haywood, Eric (2009). "Humanism's priorities and empire's prerogatives: Polydore Vergil's description of Ireland". *Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy*. **109C**: 195–237. doi:10.3318/priac.2009.109.195. S2CID 191418971.
* Hertel, Ralf (2010). "Nationalising History? Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia, Shakespeare's Richard III, and the Appropriation of the English Past". In Schaff, Barbara (ed.). *Exiles, Emigrés and Intermediaries: Anglo-Italian cultural transactions*. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 47–70. ISBN 9789042030688.
* Ruggeri, Romano (1992). *Un amico di Erasmo: Polidoro Virgili* (in Italian). Urbino: QuattroVenti. ISBN 883920203X.
* Ruggeri, Romano (2000). *Polidoro Virgili: un umanista europeo* (in Italian). Bergamo: Moretti & Vitali. ISBN 8871861558.

## InfoBox

| Polydore Vergil | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c.1470<br>Urbino, Duchy of Urbino |
| Died | 18 April 1555 (aged 84–85)<br>Urbino, Duchy of Urbino |
| Resting place | Duomo di Urbino (cathedral) |
| Nationality | Urbinate; naturalised English 1510 |
| Other names | Polidoro Virgili |
| Occupations | * Historian * scholar * diplomat * priest |


title: WFIR

abstract: WFIR is a commercial radio station licensed to Roanoke, Virginia, and serving the Roanoke Valley. It airs a news/talk radio format and is owned and operated by Mel Wheeler, Inc. WFIR's studios and offices are on Electric Road in Roanoke. Programming is also heard on two FM translators: W297BC 107.3 MHz, off Catawba Valley Drive in Roanoke, and W233CK 94.5 MHz in Troutville. The WFIR transmitter site is off Brandon Avenue SW. The station broadcasts with 10,000 watts non-directional by day. But at night, to avoid interfering with other stations on AM 960, it reduces power to 5,000 watts and uses a directional antenna.

text:
# WFIR

**WFIR** (960 AM, "WFIR 960 AM 94.5 FM 107.3 FM") is a commercial radio station licensed to Roanoke, Virginia, and serving the Roanoke Valley. It airs a news/talk radio format and is owned and operated by Mel Wheeler, Inc. WFIR's studios and offices are on Electric Road in Roanoke. Programming is also heard on two FM translators: W297BC 107.3 MHz, off Catawba Valley Drive in Roanoke, and W233CK 94.5 MHz in Troutville.

The WFIR transmitter site is off Brandon Avenue SW. The station broadcasts with 10,000 watts non-directional by day. But at night, to avoid interfering with other stations on AM 960, it reduces power to 5,000 watts and uses a directional antenna.

## Programming

Local news and talk programs air in weekday morning and afternoon drive times, with syndicated shows heard the rest of day, including *The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, The Ramsey Show with Dave Ramsey, The Mark Levin Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis* and *Coast to Coast AM with George Noory*. Weekends feature shows on money, religion, technology, law, guns, home repair and gardening. Syndicated weekend programs include *The Kim Komando Show, Rich DeMuro on Tech, Somewhere in Time with Art Bell, Tom Gresham's Gun Talk* and *Bill Handel on the Law*. World and national news from ABC News Radio is heard at the beginning of most hours.

## History

### WDBJ

WFIR is the second oldest radio station in Virginia, preceded by only WNIS in Norfolk, which was first licensed September 21, 1923. WFIR was first licensed, as WDBJ, on May 5, 1924, to the Richardson-Wayland Electrical Corporation at 106 Church Avenue, transmitting on 1310 kHz. On June 20, 1924, WDBJ officially went on the air. The studios were in the back of the company's store. The first program was a live banjo player. The original call sign was randomly assigned from roster of available call letters.

This company already had some limited broadcasting experience. Employee Frank E. Maddox had begun experimenting with radio broadcasts in Roanoke with amateur radio station 3BIY. A March 16, 1922 advertisement for Richardson-Wayland referred to the 3BIY broadcasts, stating that "Saturday nights we give a concert to which all are cordially invited". However, in early 1922 the Department of Commerce, regulators of radio at this time, issued regulations that prohibited amateur radio stations from making broadcasts. A couple years later, Richardson-Wayland asked Maddox to establish a commercial radio station. The company sold radio receivers, but because people in the Roanoke area had no local stations to listen to, they could only pick up distant signals after sunset.

In 1926, WDBJ moved to new studios at The American Theater on Jefferson Street and Campbell Avenue in Roanoke. In 1929, WDBJ began broadcasting at 930 kHz at 500 watts power, and also became the Roanoke affiliate of CBS Radio—a link that would last for more than 70 years. The station was sold to *The Roanoke Times* newspaper in 1931. Power increased to 1000 watts in 1934. In 1939, Chief Engineer J.W. Robertson increased the power to 5000 watts. In 1941, under the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement or NARBA, the station moved to its current dial position at AM 960. During the 1940s, 50s and 60s, WDBJ mixed bluegrass music and country music with adult standards and middle of the road popular tunes, while also carrying CBS Network dramas, comedies and sports. In October 1955, WDBJ-TV signed on the air as Roanoke's CBS television affiliate.

### WFIR

Times-World Corporation, owner of the *Times*, merged with Landmark Communications in 1969. As a condition of the merger, Times-World sold ts broadcasting properties. Channel 7 kept the historic WDBJ call letters, with AM 960 becoming WFIR, standing for First in Roanoke, reflecting its status as the first broadcasting operation in the Roanoke Valley. In 1979, WFIR was purchased by Jim Gibbons, the former play-by-play announcer for the Washington Redskins football team. Gibbons added more news and sports programming. In 1979, WFIR began carrying the syndicated Larry King Show overnight, and later, family financial adviser Bruce Williams in the evening. Through the 1980s, WFIR aired a full service adult contemporary format, keeping WFIR among the top ten radio stations in the Roanoke-Lynchburg media market ratings, despite the shift to FM radio listening. In 1987, the station added Rush Limbaugh to its midday schedule, one of his first affiliates.

In 1989 WFIR became a full-time News/Talk radio station. In 2000, it was bought by Mel Wheeler, Inc., which owns eight radio stations in the Roanoke-Lynchburg market. In 2001, WFIR switched from CBS Radio News to ABC News Radio hourly newscasts in order to be able to air Paul Harvey news which was dropped from WROV several years earlier.

## Translators

In addition to the main station, WFIR is relayed by two FM translators to widen its broadcast area.

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W233CK | 94.5 FM | Troutville, Virginia | 144940 | 200 | 60  (197 ft) | D | LMS |
| W297BC | 107.3 FM | Roanoke, Virginia | 5146 | 125 | 219 m (719 ft) | D | LMS |

## InfoBox

WFIR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Roanoke Valley |
| Frequency | 960 kHz |
| Branding | 960 AM 94.5 FM 107.3 FM WFIR |
| Programming | |
| Format | News–talk |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mel Wheeler, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WPLI, WPLY, WSLC-FM, WSLQ, WVBB, WVBE-FM, WXLK, WZZU |
| History | |
| First air date | June 20, 1924 (1924-06-20) |
| Former call signs | WDBJ (1924–1969) |
| Former frequencies | * 1310 kHz (1924–1927) * 1300 kHz (1927–1928) * 930 kHz (1928–1941) |
| Call sign meaning | First In Roanoke |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 31138 |
| Class | B |
| Power | * 10,000 watts (day) * 5,000 watts (night) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°18′9″N 80°2′25″W / 37.30250°N 80.04028°W / 37.30250; -80.04028 (day) 37°15′19″N 79°57′34″W / 37.25528°N 79.95944°W / 37.25528; -79.95944 (night) |
| Translator(s) |  |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wfirnews.com |


title: Lithophane joannis

abstract: Lithophane joannis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the US states of Ohio, Kentucky and Michigan. The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm. The moth flies from October to April.

text:
# Lithophane joannis

***Lithophane joannis*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the US states of Ohio, Kentucky and Michigan.

The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm. The moth flies from October to April.

## InfoBox

| *Lithophane joannis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Lithophane* |
| Species: | ***L. joannis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lithophane joannis***<br>Covell & Metzler 1992 | |
|


title: MVC COVID-19 vaccine

abstract: The MVC COVID-19 vaccine, designated MVC-COV1901 and also known as the Medigen COVID-19 vaccine, is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation in Taiwan, American company Dynavax Technologies, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

text:
# MVC COVID-19 vaccine

The **MVC COVID-19 vaccine** (Chinese: 高端新冠肺炎疫苗; pinyin: *Gāoduān xīnguàn fèiyán yìmiáo*; Wade–Giles: *Kaotuan hsinkuan feiyen imiao*), designated **MVC-COV1901** and also known as the **Medigen COVID-19 vaccine**, is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation in Taiwan, American company Dynavax Technologies, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

## Technology

This vaccine is made by the recombinant S-2P spike protein. It is adjuvanted with CpG 1018 supplied by Dynavax, which was used in a previously FDA-approved adult hepatitis B vaccine.

## Clinical trials

On 16 February 2020, Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation (MVC) signed a collaboration agreement with US National Institutes of Health (NIH) for COVID-19 vaccine development. The partnership will allow MVC to obtain NIH's COVID-19 vaccine and related biological materials to conduct animal studies in Taiwan. On 23 July 2020, Medigen announced collaboration with Dynavax Technologies to develop COVID-19 vaccine.

On 13 October 2020, MVC received Taiwan's government subsidies for the initiation of Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Taiwan starting early October. The Phase 1 Clinical Trial was held at National Taiwan University Hospital with 45 participants ranging the age of 20–50.

On 25 January 2021, MVC initiated a Phase 2 Clinical Trial for its COVID-19 vaccine candidate MVC-COV1901 with the first participant being dosed. The multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial included 3,844 participants aged 20 or older.

On 10 June 2021, MVC released its COVID-19 vaccine Phase 2 interim analysis results, and announced that it will request Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) with the concluding of the Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

Preliminary results from Phase I trials on 77 participants were published in June 2021, indicating what the authors described as "robust" immune system response elicited by the vaccine. The study assessed the humoral immune response by measuring quantities of binding IgG to S protein, and also the cellular immune response by measuring the quantities of IFN-γ and IL-4 secreting T cells.

On 20 July 2021, MVC filed a Phase 3 Clinical Trial IND application with Paraguay's regulatory authority, which was later approved. The Phase 3 Clinical Trial, however, was different from regular Phase 3 Clinical Trial, which uses immune-bridging trial to compare the performance of MVC COVID-19 vaccine with the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The decision was controversial as immuno-bridging trials were not as widely accepted as disease endpoint trials. However, many countries have already started the discussion of whether to accept immuno-bridging as the endpoint and later adopted. The trail was successfully completed and received EUA from Paraguay on February 14, 2022.

On 26 October 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) selected Medigen vaccine as one of its Solidarity Trial Vaccines. The trial is designed to rapidly evaluate the efficacy and safety of promising new candidate vaccines selected by an independent vaccine prioritization advisory group.

### Adolescents trial

In July 2021, Medigen commenced phase II trials for adolescents aged 12–18.

## Authorization

On 19 July 2021, MVC COVID-19 vaccine obtained Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) approval from the Taiwanese government after fulfilling EUA requirements set by Taiwanese authority. The EUA, however, was met with controversy due to the lack of efficacy data and Phase 3 Clinical Trial. The EUA was granted instead based on the immunobridging study in comparison with antibody found on people who received AstraZeneca vaccine. On August 23, 2021, President Tsai Ing-Wen was among the first Taiwanese to receive a dose of the vaccine.

## Controversies

In May 2021, when Taiwan experienced an outbreak of domestic cases, the government announced that the vaccine would be available in July despite the result of the phase 2 trial was yet to be announced. In June 2021, the vaccine had just completed the second phase clinical trial, but the vaccine was sent to Taiwan FDA for the application of EUA. Seroconversion rate was used as the surrogate endpoint, though there was lack of evidence at that time. Compared to EUA of vaccine issued in the US, both Moderna and BNT/Pfizer vaccine finished interim analysis from Phase 3 study, which Medigen vaccine skipped.

The controversy arose because immunobridging was not widely accepted as sufficient for EUA at the time. However, due to difficulty to conduct traditional, placebo-controlled efficacy trials in some countries, as few candidates are available or willing to participate, there were discussions to focus on immunobridging studies as an acceptable approach for authorizing COVID-19 vaccines by the International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA). As the result of the workshop convened in 24 June 2021, immunobridging has now been accepted by the UK, Australia, Canada, Singapore, and Switzerland among other countries. US FDA also authorized Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for children 5 to 11 years old based on immunobridging alone.

## InfoBox

MVC COVID-19 vaccine
| Vaccine description | |
| --- | --- |
| Target | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Vaccine type | Protein subunit |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | MVC-COV1901 |
| Routes of<br>administration | Intramuscular |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Full and emergency authorizations  Full list of MVC vaccine authorizations |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| DrugBank |  |


title: Fantastic Magic Camp

abstract: Fantastic Magic Camp is a summer day camp for children located in Austin, Texas. Founded in 1993 by two Austin-area magicians, the camp teaches magic, juggling, puppetry, and other variety arts.

text:
# Fantastic Magic Camp

**Fantastic Magic Camp** is a summer day camp for children located in Austin, Texas. Founded in 1993 by two Austin-area magicians, the camp teaches magic, juggling, puppetry, and other variety arts.

## History

Magic Camp was founded in 1993 by Kent Cummins and Peter Hinrichs, aka Peter the Adequate, both professional magicians in the Austin area at the time, as Kent's "Magic Hotline" personal business. In January 2007, Kent relinquished direct personal control to a board of directors and "The Kent Cummins Magic Camp" incorporated as a Texas Non-Profit Organization, receiving IRS 501(c)(3) status later that year. Magic Camp continued as a non-profit for four years until the end of 2010, when it gave up its 501(c)(3) status and re-incorporated with a new board of directors as "Magic Camp USA, LLC" and "The Kent Cummins Magic Camp" was renamed as "Fantastic Magic Camp."

## Local involvement

The Fantastic Magic Camp maintains an active presence in the Austin magic scene. Recently, the camp provided a "day care" camp for attendees of the Texas Association of Magicians' 2010 convention, held in Austin, a booth at the first annual Austin Street Magic Festival, in addition to providing volunteers to assist with both events. Volunteers from the magic camp regularly assist with the Society of American Magicians' Ring 206's annual magic auction. In 2011, the magic camp assisted with the inaugural production of Doc Seaton's Magic Sideshow, a part of Austin's Pecan Street Festival. Additionally, the magic camp can be found at a variety of family-friendly events in the Austin area, such as Waterloo park's 5th annual Ice Cream Festival.

## Inclusion

The Fantastic Magic Camp is a fully inclusive camp, accepting any and all children regardless of special needs. Over the years, the Magic Camp has partnered with organizations such as Austin Travis County Integral Care, the Austin Police Department's Camp Apple, Easter Seals and Austin's Pecan Street Festival to bring the Magic Camp experience to the children of underprivileged communities.

## Youth Leader Training Academy (formerly Internship Program)

The Fantastic Magic Camp's counselors are exclusively former campers who elected to participate in the magic camp's internship program and attend its "Youth Leader Training Academy." The camp's staff are exclusively former team members who completed five years in the Youth Leader Training Academy. An invitation to participate in the Youth Leader Training Academy is extended to each camper once they reach 13 years of age.

## Awards

1. "COA - Generate Franchise Tax Certification of Account Status Page". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. January 1, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
2. "Nonprofit Report for KENT CUMMINS MAGIC CAMP". Guidestar USA, Inc. January 1, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
3. "COA - Generate Franchise Tax Certification of Account Status Page". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. December 17, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
4. Andrea Ball (November 11, 2010). "Magic camp ditches nonprofit status". *Charity Chat*. Austin-American Statesman. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
5. "Texas Association of Magicians Convention (TAOM)". *MAGIC Magazine Convention Guide*. Magic Magazine. March 16, 2010. Archived from the original on May 19, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
6. Grace Sydney (September 1, 2010). "Austin Street Magic Festival, Sept. 2". TexasTripper.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
7. "2011 Austin Magic Auction Newsletter #6 - March 23". SAM 206. March 23, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
8. "The 30th Annual Pecan Street Festival in Austin, TX". Eventful.com. September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
9. John Maverick (2011). "From the President" (PDF). *Press-To! Assembly 206 News*. **8** (8). SAM 206: 2. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
10. Kent Cummins (2008). "Member News" (PDF). *Press-To! Assembly 206 News*. **5** (8). SAM 206: 8. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
11. Larry Kolvoord (December 10, 2009). "Kent Cummings Magic Camp Troupe". *Photoblog for the Austin-American Statesman*. Austin-American Statesman. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
12. "Youth Leader Training Academy". Fantastic Magic Camp. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
13. "Small Business of the Year in 2004 from BiGAUSTIN". 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
14. "Best Summer Camp". The Austin Chronicle. 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
15. "Greater Austin Business Awards". Austin Chamber of Commerce. July 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.


title: The House Across the Street

abstract: The House Across the Street is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard L. Bare and written by Russell S. Hughes. The film stars Wayne Morris, Janis Paige, Bruce Bennett, Alan Hale, Sr., James Mitchell and Barbara Bates. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 10, 1949. The story on which the screenplay was based, written by Roy Chanslor, was originally made as the movie Hi Nellie in 1936. The source material had also been reworked in Love Is on the Air (1937) and You Can't Escape Forever (1942).

text:
# The House Across the Street

***The House Across the Street*** is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard L. Bare and written by Russell S. Hughes. The film stars Wayne Morris, Janis Paige, Bruce Bennett, Alan Hale, Sr., James Mitchell and Barbara Bates. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 10, 1949. The story on which the screenplay was based, written by Roy Chanslor, was originally made as the movie *Hi Nellie* in 1936. The source material had also been reworked in *Love Is on the Air* (1937) and *You Can't Escape Forever* (1942).

## Plot

Newspaper managing editor Dave Joslin (Wayne Morris) is demoted to the advice column of his newspaper due to his editorials criticizing the police for failing to safeguard a witness and investigate his murder. With the help of his girlfriend Kit Williams (Janis Paige), the previous advice columnist, Joslin manages to secure the cooperation of Marty Bremer (James Mitchell) and the conviction of crime boss Matthew Keever (Bruce Bennett). At the end, Joslin, reinstated as editor, offers Kit her old job back, but she accepts his marriage proposal instead.

## Cast

## Reception

According to Warner Bros., the film earned $391,000 in the U.S. and $110,000 in other markets.

## InfoBox

| The House Across the Street | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Richard L. Bare |
| Screenplay by | Russell S. Hughes |
| Story by | Roy Chanslor |
| Produced by | Saul Elkins |
| Starring | Wayne Morris
Janis Paige
Bruce Bennett
Alan Hale, Sr.
James Mitchell
Barbara Bates |
| Cinematography | William E. Snyder |
| Edited by | Frank Magee |
| Music by | William Lava |
| Production
company | Warner Bros. |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * September 10, 1949 (1949-09-10) |
| Running time | 69 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $200,000 |
| Box office | $501,000 |


abstract: A complete list of songs released and/or performed by the American pop band Jonas Brothers.

text:
# List of songs recorded by Jonas Brothers

A complete list of songs released and/or performed by the American pop band **Jonas Brothers**.

## Performed by Jonas Brothers

| Song title | Songwriter(s) | Album | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **0-9** | | | |
| "6 Minutes" | Joe Belmaati, Rich Cronin, Ken Gioia, Michael Hansen, Sheppard | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "7:05" | Joe Jonas, Kevin Jonas, Nick Jonas, Michael Mangini | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| **A** | | | |
| "A Little Bit Longer" | Nick Jonas | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "American Dragon" | Jonas Brothers | Non-album release | 2008 |
| "Americana" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Alexander Izquierdo, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Australia" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| **B** | | | |
| "Baby Bottle Pop Theme Song" | Topps Co. | *Jonas Brothers* (Wal-Mart Exclusive) | 2008 |
| "BB Good" | Jonas Brothers, John Taylor | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Beautiful World" | Sons Of Jonas | Non-album release |
| "Before the Storm" (with Miley Cyrus) | Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Black Keys" | Nick Jonas | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Bounce" | Nick Jonas | Non-album release | 2009 |
| "Burnin' Up" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| **C** | | | |
| "Can't Have You" | Nick Jonas, PJ Bianco | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Celebrate!" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Alexander Izquierdo, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Michael Pollack | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Chillin' in the Summertime" | Joe Acosta, Ben Burgess, Sean D. McCarthy | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Comeback" | Jonas Brothers, Sylvester Sivertsen, James Ghaleb | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Cool" | Jonas Brothers, Ryan Tedder, Zach Skelton, Casey Smith | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Critical" | Johan Alkenas, Niclas Molinder, Joacim Persson, Geraldo Sandell | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| **D** | | | |
| "Dance Until Tomorrow" |  | Non-album release | 2011 |
| "Don't Charge Me for the Crime" (with Common) | Jonas Brothers, Ryan Liestman, Lonnie Lynn | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Don't Say" |  | Unreleased | 2013 |
| "Don't Speak" | Jonas Brothers, John Fields | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Don't Tell Anyone" | Jonas Brothers | *It's About Time* | 2005 |
| "Don't Throw It Away" | Nick Jonas, Joe Jonas, Greg Kurstin, Maureen McDonald | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Drive" | Nick Jonas, Matthew Gerrard, Robbie Nevil | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Drive My Car" | Lennon–McCartney, John Lennon, Paul McCartney | Non-album release | 2010 |
| **E** | | | |
| "Eu Não Mudaria Nada em Você" (Jullie ft. Joe Jonas) | Adam Anders, Nikki Hassman, Peer Astrom | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "Eternity" | Jonas Brothers | Non-album release | 2007 |
| "Every Single Time" | Nick Jonas, Joe Jonas, Greg Kurstin, Maureen McDonald | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| **F** | | | |
| "Fall" | Nick Jonas, Adam Anders, Jess Cates | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Feelin' Alive" | Michael Busbee, John T. Harding | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "First" | Joe Jonas, Homer Steinweiss, Justin Tranter, Kennedi Lykken, Mike Sabath | *Happiness Begins* (Target Exclusive) | 2019 |
| "First Time" | Joe Jonas, Kevin Jonas, Nick Jonas, Paul Phamous | Non-album release | 2013 |
| "Five More Minutes" | Jonas Brothers, James Ghaleb, Zach Skelton, Brittany Amaradio, Casey Smith | Non-album release | 2020 |
| "Fly with Me" | Jonas Brothers, Greg Garbowsky | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Found" | Nick Jonas | *Live* | 2013 |
| **G** | | | |
| "Games" | Jonas Brothers, Greg Garbowsky, John Taylor | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Girl of My Dreams" | Jonas Brothers | *Disney Channel Holiday* | 2007 |
| "Give Love a Try" | Jonas Brothers | *JONAS* | 2008 |
| "Goodnight and Goodbye" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Got Me Going Crazy" | Nick Jonas | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Gotta Find You" | Adam Watts, Andy Dodd | *Camp Rock* | 2008 |
| **H** | | | |
| "Happy When I'm Sad" | Nick Jonas, Joel Little, Sarah Aarons | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Heart And Soul | Antonina Armato, Tim James, Steve Rushton, Aaron Dudley | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "Hello Beautiful" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Hello, Goodbye" | John Lennon, Paul McCartney | *A Little Bit Longer* (Target Exclusive) | 2008 |
| "Hesitate" | Joe Jonas, Justin Tranter, Kennedi Lykken, Mike Sabath | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Hey Baby" | Jonas Brothers | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Hey You" | Johan Alkenas, Niclas Molinder, Joacim Persson, Drew Ryan Scott | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Hold On" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Hollywood" | Jonas Brothers, John Fields | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| **I** | | | |
| "I Am What I Am" | Adam Schlesinger | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "I Believe" | Nick Jonas, Greg Kurstin, Maureen McDonald | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "I Wanna Be Like You" | Sherman Brothers | *DisneyMania 5* | 2007 |
| "I'm Gonna Getcha Good" | Robert John "Mutt" Lange, Shania Twain | *Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (soundtrack)* | 2009 |
| "Infatuation" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* (Japanese Edition) | 2008 |
| "Inseparable" | Jonas Brothers, Joshua Miller | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Introducing Me" (Nick Jonas) | Jamie Houston | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "Invisible" | Nick Jonas, Adam Anders, Zac Poor | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| **J** | | | |
| "Joyful Kings" | Isaac Watts, Lowell Mason | *All Wrapped Up* | 2008 |
| "Just Friends" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| **K** | | | |
| "Kids of the Future" | Marty Wilde, Ricky Wilde | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| **L** | | | |
| "L.A. Baby (Where Dreams Are Made Of)" | Nick Jonas, Johan Alkenas, Niclas Molinder, Joacim Persson, Drew Ryan Scott | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Leave Before You Love Me" | Marshmello, Jonas Brothers |  | 2021 |
| "Let's Go" |  | Unreleased | 2013 |
| "Little Bird" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Michael Pollack, Gregory Hein | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Live to Party" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* (Wal-Mart Exclusive) | 2008 |
| "Love Her" | Jonas Brothers, Mike Elizondo | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Love Is on Its Way" | Jonas Brothers, Kevin Jonas Sr. | *Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (soundtrack)* | 2009 |
| "Lovebug" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| **M** | | | |
| "Make a Wave" (Joe Jonas and Demi Lovato) | Scott Krippayne, Jeffrey D Peabody | Non-album release | 2010 |
| "Make It Right" | Nick Jonas, Andy Dodd, Adam Watts | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Mandy" | Jonas Brothers | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "Meet You In Paris" |  | Unreleased | 2013 |
| "Miracle" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Alexander Izquierdo, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Montana Sky" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Gregory Hein, James Gutch | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Much Better" | Jonas Brothers | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| **N** | | | |
| "Nada Vou Mudar" (Mia Rose ft. Joe Jonas) | Adam Anders, Nikki Hassman, Peer Astrom | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "Neon" |  | *Live* |
| **O** | | | |
| "On the Line" (with Demi Lovato) | Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato | *Don't Forget* | 2008 |
| "One Day at a Time" | Jonas Brothers, Steve Greenberg, Michael Mangini | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "One Man Show" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Only Human" | Jonas Brothers, Karl Schuster | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Out of This World" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* (UK Edition), *A Little Bit Longer* (Best Buy Exclusive) | 2007 |
| **P** | | | |
| "Paranoid" | Jonas Brothers, Cathy Dennis, John Fields | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Play My Music" | Mitch Allan, Kara DioGuardi | *Camp Rock (soundtrack)* | 2008 |
| "Please Be Mine" | Jonas Brothers | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "Poison Ivy" | Jonas Brothers, Greg Garbowsky | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Pom Poms" | Jonas Brothers, Paul Phamous | Released as a single | 2013 |
| "Poor Unfortunate Souls" | Howard Ashman, Alan Menken | *The Little Mermaid Special Edition* | 2006 |
| "Pushin' Me Away" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| **Q** | | | |
| **R** | | | |
| "Remember This" | Jonas Brothers | Non-album release | 2021 |
| "Rollercoaster" | Ryan Tedder, Zach Skelton, Jonas Jeberg, Michael Pollack, Casey Smith | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| **S** | | | |
| "Sail Away" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Michael Pollack, Calle Lehmann | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Sandbox" | Nick Jonas, Paul Phamous | Unreleased | 2013 |
| "Send It On" (with Disney's Friends for Change: Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez) | Adam Anders, Nikki Hassman, Peter Astrom | Non-album release | 2009 |
| "Set This Party Off" | Nick Jonas, Mitch Allan, Kara DioGuardi | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Shelf" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Should've Said No" (Taylor Swift ft. Jonas Brothers) | Taylor Swift | *Jonas Brothers: the 3D Concert Experience (soundtrack)* | 2009 |
| "Sorry" | Jonas Brothers, John Fields | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "SOS" | Nick Jonas | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Still in Love with You" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "Strangers" | Nick Jonas, Joe Jonas, Greg Kurstin, Maureen McDonald | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 "Strong Enough" with Bailey Zimmerman on Strong Enough - Single 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHYMkKhOrE0 |
| "Sucker" | Jonas Brothers, Ryan Tedder, Adam Feeney, Louis Bell | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Summer Baby" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Michael Pollack, Gregory Hein | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Summer in the Hamptons" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Gregory Hein, Felicia Ferraro, Elisha Noll | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Summer Rain" | Andy Dodd, Adam Watts | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "Summertime Anthem" | Jonas Brothers | *All Wrapped Up Vol. 2* | 2009 |
| **T** | | | |
| "Take a Breath" | Jonas Brothers | *Jonas Brothers* (UK Edition, The Bonus Jonas Edition) | 2007 |
| "Take On Me" | A-ha | Unreleased | 2005 |
| "That's Just the Way We Roll" | Jonas Brothers, William McCauley III | *Jonas Brothers* | 2007 |
| "The World" |  | *Live* | 2013 |
| "Things Will Never Be the Same" | Nick Jonas, Johan Alkenas, Niclas Molinder, Joacim Persson, Drew Ryan Scott, John Taylor | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "This Is Me" (Demi Lovato ft. Joe Jonas) | Adam Watts, Andy Dodd | *Camp Rock (soundtrack)*, *Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (soundtrack)* | 2008 |
| "This Is Our Song" (Demi Lovato, Joe Jonas, Nick Jonas, Alyson Stoner) | Adam Watts, Andy Dott | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "Time for Me to Fly" | Jonas Brothers, Kevin Jonas Sr., P.J. Bianco | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "Tonight" | Jonas Brothers, Greg Garbowsky | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| "Trust" | Nick Jonas, Joe Jonas, Ryan Tedder, Jason Evigan, Ammar Malik | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| "Turn Right" | Jonas Brothers | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| **U** | | | |
| "Underdog" | Jonas Brothers, J. Gates, Stargate | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "Used to Be" | Nick Jonas, Ryan Tedder, Louis Bell, Zach Skelton | *Happiness Begins* | 2019 |
| **V** | | | |
| "Vacation Eyes" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Video Girl" | Jonas Brothers | *A Little Bit Longer* | 2008 |
| **W** | | | |
| "Waffle House" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Daniel Tashian, Ido Zmishlany, Johnny Simpson, Gregory Hein | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "Walls" (featuring Jon Bellion) | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Johnny Simpson, Clyde Lawrence, Jordan Cohen, Felicia Ferraro, Andrea Rosario, Douglas Davis | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "We Are The World" | Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie | *We Are The World 25 for Haiti* | 2010 |
| "Wedding Bells" | Nick Jonas | *Live* | 2013 |
| "We Got the Party" (with Hannah Montana) | Kara DioGuardi, Greg Wells | *Jonas Brothers* (The Bonus Jonas Edition), *Hannah Montana 2: Rock Star Edition* | 2007 |
| "We Rock" | Kara DioGuardi, Greg Wells | *Camp Rock (soundtrack)* | 2008 |
| "What a Man Gotta Do" | Jonas Brothers, Ryan Tedder | Non-album release | 2020 |
| "What Did I Do to Your Heart" | Jonas Brothers | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "What Do I Mean to You" | Nick Jonas | *Live* | 2013 |
| "What I Go To School For" | Busted | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "What We Came Here For" (Demi Lovato, Joe Jonas, Nick Jonas, Alyson Stoner, Anna Maria Perez de Taglé) | Jamie Houston | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| "When You Look Me in the Eyes" | Jonas Brothers, Kevin Jonas Sr., PJ Bianco, Raymond Boyd | *Jonas Brothers* | 2006 |
| "Who's in Your Head" | Jonas Brothers | Non-album release | 2021 |
| "Wings" | Jonas Brothers, Jon Bellion, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Peter Nappi, Jason Cornet, Clyde Lawrence, Jordan Cohen | *The Album* | 2023 |
| "World War III" | Nick Jonas | *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* | 2009 |
| "Wouldn't Change A Thing" (Demi Lovato ft. Joe Jonas) | Adam Anders, Nikki Hassman, Peer Astrom | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| **X** | | | |
| "" | Nick Jonas, Carolina Giraldo, Ryan Tedder, Shellback, Ali Tamposi | Non-album release | 2020 |
| **Y** | | | |
| "Year 3000" | James Bourne | *It's About Time* and *Jonas Brothers* | 2006 |
| "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" | George Bruns, Xavier Atencio | *DisneyMania 4* | 2006 |
| "You Just Don't Know It" | Jonas Brothers, Desmond Child | *It's About Time* | 2006 |
| "Your Biggest Fan" | Jonas Brothers, PJ Bianco | *Jonas L.A.* | 2010 |
| "You're My Favourite Song" (Demi Lovato ft. Joe Jonas) | Jeannie Lurie, Chen Neeman, Aris Achontis | *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (soundtrack)* | 2010 |
| **Z** | | | |
|

## *Jonas* songs

Songs featured in the Disney Channel original series, *Jonas*.

| Song title | Episode title | Season, Episode | Airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Chillin' in the Summer Time" | "Boat Trip" | Season 2, Episode 11 | August 8, 2010 |
| "Critical" | "The Flirt Locker" | Season 2, Episode 10 | August 29, 2010 |
| "Drive" | "Direct to Video" | Season 2, Episode 9 | August 22, 2010 |
| "Fall" | "Back to the Beach" | Season 2, Episode 2 | June 27, 2010 |
| "Feelin' Alive" | "Band Of Brothers" | Season 2, Episode 13 | October 3, 2010 |
| "Give Love a Try" | "Wrong Song" | Season 1, Episode 1 | May 2, 2009 |
| "Give Love a Try" (Joe Jonas version) | "Karaoke Surprise" | Season 1, Episode 14 | September 27, 2009 |
| "Hey You" | "America's Sweethearts" | Season 2, Episode 5 | July 25, 2010 |
| "Scandinavia" | "Cold Shoulder" | Season 1, Episode 18 | December 6, 2009 |
| "Invisible" | "And... Action" | Season 2, Episode 4 | July 11, 2010 |
| "Keep It Real" | "Keeping it Real" | Season 1, Episode 4 | May 17, 2009 |
| "L.A. Baby" | "House Party" | Season 2, Episode 1 | June 20, 2010 |
| "Love Sick" | "Love Sick" | Season 1, Episode 10 | August 2, 2009 |
| "Make It Right" | "Date Expectations" | Season 2, Episode 3 | July 2, 2010 |
| "Pizza Girl" | "Slice of Life" | Season 1, Episode 3 | May 16, 2009 |
| "Set This Party Off" | "House Party" | Season 2, Episode 1 | June 20, 2010 |
| "Summer Rain" | "On The Radio" | Season 2, Episode 12 | September 26, 2010 |
| "Things Will Never Be the Same" | "Up in the Air" | Season 2, Episode 8 | August 15, 2010 |
| "Time Is on Our Side" | "Forgetting Stella's Birthday" | Season 1, Episode 16 | September 27, 2009 |
| "We Got to Work It Out" | "Band's Best Friend" | Season 1, Episode 5 | June 7, 2009 |
| "Tell Me Why" | "Fashion Victim" | Season 1, Episode 7 | June 21, 2009 |
| "Your Biggest Fan" | "The Secret" | Season 2, Episode 6 | August 1, 2010 |
|


title: Picnic Bay State School

abstract: Picnic Bay State School is a heritage-listed former school and now the Magnetic Island Museum at 11–15 Granite Street, Picnic Bay, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and built in 1921. It is also known as Magnetic Island State School No. 1567 and Magnetic Island Craft Shop. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996.

text:
# Picnic Bay State School

**Picnic Bay State School** is a heritage-listed former school and now the **Magnetic Island Museum** at 11–15 Granite Street, Picnic Bay, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and built in 1921. It is also known as Magnetic Island State School No. 1567 and Magnetic Island Craft Shop. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996.

## History

The Magnetic Island State School was constructed in 1921, probably by local builder Mr Shrock, and replaced an earlier provisional school building erected in 1913.

The island was first settled by the Butler family in 1877. Harry Butler and his family established a small dairy, orchard and a mixed farm in Picnic Bay. The family experimented with the planting of pineapples and after building small huts adjacent to their house the island became a favourite weekend and holiday destination for mainland people. They also established a ferry service which operated well into the 20th century. Other settlers had established farms in accessible bays round the island by the early 1900s. Vegetables, pineapples and fruit were grown for sale on the mainland.

Tourist development of the island began in earnest when Robert Hayles built an hotel at Picnic Bay in 1901. The island's reputation as a holiday resort brought many settlers to the various bays where guest houses and holiday huts were established. Tourism has continued to be the chief source of livelihood for many people residing on Magnetic Island.

With the early 20th century expansion of settlement on Magnetic Island came the need for the provision of local education. Although free, secular, compulsory education had been introduced to Queensland with the Education Act of 1875, school fees and contributions to school building funds still had to be met by parents, and compulsory attendance was rarely enforced prior to 1900. Magnetic Island children who did receive an education during this period generally boarded on the mainland and attended the Townsville schools.

Educational reform was slow in coming to Queensland as a result of the financial constraints placed on the Government by depression and subsequent drought during the latter part of the 19th century. Change began after the Education Act Amendment Act of 1912 abolished the need for local people to contribute to their children's education, raised the minimum leaving age from 12 to 14 years and reinforced compulsory primary school attendance. These regulations imposed considerable hardship on Magnetic Island families because the children were obliged to go to school on the mainland. They were forced to board with friends because schools in the town did not provide boarding facilities. The lack of education facilities on the island had become a serious problem which was exacerbated as the population grew.

In November 1912 a group of Magnetic Island residents, including Dodd S Clarke, editor of the Townsville Daily Bulletin, formed a committee to pursue the establishment of a provisional school on the island. The District Inspector of Schools visited Picnic Bay and recommended that a half-time school be established, with a teacher from the mainland appointed to operate the school from 3.30pm to 5pm on Thursdays and all day Friday and Saturday. In April 1913 the Department of Public Instruction agreed that if the parents could arrange accommodation for the school and the visiting teacher, approval would be given for the establishment of a half-time school at Picnic Bay. Mary McLennan, the first teacher appointed to the island, commenced work on 12 June 1913, in an open-sided shed with a concrete floor. The half-time school became a provisional school in 1915 and on 1 June 1920 was formally taken over by the Department of Public Instruction as a state school.

In 1921 the Magnetic Island community campaigned for a new school building. Pressure was also placed on the Department of Public Instruction by the Townsville City Council, who stressed the need for new accommodation for the 27 students at the school. In response, a new, one-roomed school house was built in 1921. Constructed to a Department of Works design, the new school, with open verandahs front and back, cost 785. The earlier school building became the play shed.

In November 1924 the Department of Public Instruction suggested a name change from Magnetic Island State School to Picnic Bay State School because there was now another school on the Island. The school committee accepted the name change in January 1925. In October 1927 the Picnic Bay Progress Association applied to rent half the school grounds for a sports field. The Department refused but agreed that the school grounds outside the fenced school building could be used for recreation purposes.

The school committee led an active campaign in the 1930s to have a well sunk and a windmill erected on the school reserve. They succeeded and the well and windmill were constructed in 1937. The south end of the front verandah was enclosed in September 1939 to create a hat room and the play shed was demolished in July–August 1940. Electricity was connected at the end of 1955 and the rear verandah was enclosed during September and October 1958 to create more classroom space.

By the 1960s there were three schools on Magnetic Island. In rationalising its assets at this period, the Education Department decided to phase out the schools at Picnic and Horseshoe Bays, and to develop the school at Nelly Bay because of its central location on the island. The Picnic Bay State School functioned until May 1970. The building remained vacant until occupied in 1980 by the newly established Magnetic Island Craft Co-Operative, which conducted a shop from the building. Later it became the Magnetic Island Museum.

## Description

The building consists of one room with a front verandah and an enclosed rear verandah. Timber and iron decorative window hoods protect all the windows. The roof has been replaced with corrugated iron although original gutters are intact.

The exterior of the building is clad with 14-centimetre (5.5 in) chamferboard. It is high set on concrete stumps with centrally placed front steps leading to a partially open front verandah. The exposed framing is a feature of the front verandah with the right end wall and part of the front enclosed with weatherboard. The remainder of the verandah has simple broomstick balustrading. The original front door remains in situ. It is a heavy timber panelled door which retains its original latch.

The size of the central room is 6.8 by 6.7 metres (22 ft × 22 ft). The timber floor boards throughout the building are 8.5 centimetres (3.3 in) wide as are the walls and ceiling boards. The ceiling in the original room is flat and slopes away to the front and rear to meet the walls. Ventilation is provided in the ceiling by a centrally placed latticed vent and by means of moveable floor vents situated at the base of the front wall. Cross ventilation is provided by casement windows on the north and south walls. Each pair of casements has a three paned hopper above, which can be opened. Fittings on the windows on the southern wall are original.

Access to the enclosed rear verandah is through a wide archway cut in the rear wall of the central room. The interior walls of the back verandah have been lined with fibro and hopper windows installed in the north and south walls. The tongue and groove ceilings on both verandahs slope down in line with the fall of the main ceiling. The original back door, constructed of tongue and groove boards retains some of its early fittings. The rear steps appear original and lead to a small landing.

The remains of two tank stands are located outside the building on the southern wall and the original drinking trough and hand basin are in their original position under the building. A more modern toilet block has been constructed under the rear of the building. The grounds contain plantings of introduced trees such as tamarind and frangipanni. The reserve is dotted with gum trees, a Norfolk Island pine and some Burdekin plums. The grounds are enclosed with cyclone wire fencing.

## Heritage listing

The former Picnic Bay State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The former school is significant for its relationship to a period of early tourism and settlement on Magnetic Island and to a growth in public concern for education, in the first few decades of the 20th century.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The building is significant also as a regional example of a one-roomed school structure, typical of the period (1920s), in remote areas of Queensland.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## Further reading

* Magnetic Island History and Craft Centre Inc; Magnetic Museum (Qld.) (author.) (2013), *Picnic Bay School centenary celebrations : 7-12 June 2013*, Magnetic Island, Queensland Magnetic Island History and Craft Centre Inc and Magnetic Museum, ISBN 978-0-9578313-3-9 `{{citation}}`: `|author2=` has generic name (help)

## InfoBox

| Picnic Bay State School | |
| --- | --- |
| Picnic Bay State School building, 2009 | |
| Location | 11–15 Granite Street, Picnic Bay, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 19°10′37″S 146°50′22″E / 19.177°S 146.8395°E / -19.177; 146.8395 |
| Design period | 1919–1930s (interwar period) |
| Built | 1921 |
| Architect | Queensland Department of Public Works |
| Architectural style(s) | Classicism |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Magnetic Island Craft Shop, Magnetic Island State School No. 1567, Picnic Bay State School |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 4 June 1996 |
| Reference no. | 601252 |
| Significant period | 1920s (historical) |
| Significant components | trough – drinking, school/school room, hand basin/s |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Picnic Bay State School in QueenslandPicnic Bay State School (Australia) | |


title: Polydora glycymerica

abstract: Polydora glycymerica is a species of annelid worm in the family Spionidae, native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean, where it lives commensally in association with a bivalve mollusc, usually Glycymeris yessoensis but occasionally with another species of clam. The worm intercepts food particles being drawn into the mollusc by its feeding current.

text:
# Polydora glycymerica

***Polydora glycymerica*** is a species of annelid worm in the family Spionidae, native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean, where it lives commensally in association with a bivalve mollusc, usually *Glycymeris yessoensis* but occasionally with another species of clam. The worm intercepts food particles being drawn into the mollusc by its feeding current.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1993 by the Russian marine biologist Vasily I. Radashevsky, who placed it in the genus *Polydora* and gave it the specific epithet "*glycymerica*" because of its commensal relationship with the bivalve *Glycymeris yessoensis*. The new species resembled *Polydora vulgaris*, a worm from the South China Sea that is also associated with bivalve molluscs, although in this instance, *Pinctada margaritifera* and *Hyotissa hyotis* are the hosts. Researchers used starch gel electrophoresis to compare the number of isozyme loci and the allozymic variation present in both species, and the results suggest that the two are valid, separate species.

## Description

This worm grows to a length of about 60 mm (2.4 in) for a 250 segment worm, and is a greenish-brown colour. The prostomium has an incision that is bent down at the front, but no eyes are present in adult worms. The fifth body segment is larger than its neighbours and the seventh has a pair of white, glandular spots ventrally. There are palps on the first eight segments.

## Distribution and habitat

*Polydora glycymerica* is found in the Sea of Japan where it lives commensally on the seabed, boring into the shells of bivalve molluscs such as *Glycymeris yessoensis*.

## Ecology

*Polydora glycymerica* is an obligate commensal of a bivalve mollusc, boring into its shell. It is nearly always associated with *Glycymeris yessoensis*, but has also been found living in association with the ark clam *Anadara broughtonii*. Sometimes several worms occupy one host, with up to six per valve, and a maximum of eight per mollusc. The burrows made by the worms are U-shaped and are located near the posterior end of the mollusc shell, close to the siphons. The worm extends its anterior end from the burrow, intercepting food particles in the feeding current created by the mollusc. The boring activities of the worm may weaken the mollusc shell, perhaps making it more vulnerable to damage or predation. However the worm may also be of benefit to the mollusc as it may be able to handle particles that are too large for the mollusc to deal with, thus preventing the inflow siphon of the mollusc from getting clogged.

## InfoBox

| *Polydora glycymerica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| *Clade*: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Spionida |
| Family: | Spionidae |
| Genus: | *Polydora* |
| Species: | ***P. glycymerica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polydora glycymerica***<br>Radashevsky, 1993 | |
|


title: Melanie Oßwald

abstract: Melanie Oßwald is a German politician and a former member of the Bundestag with the CSU. From 1996 to 2000 she studied graphic design at the College of Fine Arts in Nuremberg. She entered the Junge Union in 1992 and the CSU in 2000. In 2002 she campaigned for election to the Bundestag, but narrowly lost. However, since Edmund Stoiber did not accept his Bundestag mandate due to his defeat by Gerhard Schröder, she nevertheless managed to advance. She was not re-elected in 2005.

text:
# Melanie Oßwald

**Melanie Oßwald** (born 1 June 1976 in Nuremberg) is a German politician and a former member of the Bundestag with the CSU.

From 1996 to 2000 she studied graphic design at the College of Fine Arts in Nuremberg. She entered the Junge Union in 1992 and the CSU in 2000. In 2002 she campaigned for election to the Bundestag, but narrowly lost. However, since Edmund Stoiber did not accept his Bundestag mandate due to his defeat by Gerhard Schröder, she nevertheless managed to advance. She was not re-elected in 2005.


title: Vasco (album)

abstract: Vasco is a two-part EP by Ricardo Villalobos. It was released by Perlon on LP and CD in the spring and fall of 2008. The original 12" vinyl pressings include "Minimoonstar", "Electronic Water" and "Amazordum", alongside remixes of each song by Shackleton, San Proper and Baby Ford. The CD release discards the remixes, but adds "Skinfummel" and the full 32 minutes of "Minimoonstar", extending the song by over twice its length.

text:
# Vasco (album)

***Vasco*** is a two-part EP by Ricardo Villalobos. It was released by Perlon on LP and CD in the spring and fall of 2008. The original 12" vinyl pressings include "Minimoonstar", "Electronic Water" and "Amazordum", alongside remixes of each song by Shackleton, San Proper and Baby Ford. The CD release discards the remixes, but adds "Skinfummel" and the full 32 minutes of "Minimoonstar", extending the song by over twice its length.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Dusted Magazine | Positive link |
| Pitchfork Media | (7.2/10) link |
| Resident Advisor | link |

## Track listing

**Vinyl pressing - *Part One***

All tracks are written by Ricardo Villalobos, except as noted

Side A
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Minimoonstar" | 13:10 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Minimoonstar (Shackleton remix)" | 9:46 |

Side C
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Electronic Water" | 12:57 |

Side D
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Electronic Water (San Proper's 'It Ate My Quarter' mix)" | 8:23 |

**Vinyl pressing - *Part Two***

Side A
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Amazordum" | 12:03 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Amazordum (Baby Ford remix)" | 10:31 |

**CD pressing**

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Minimoonstar (full session)" | 31:43 |
| 2. | "Electronic Water" | 12:58 |
| 3. | "Amazordum" | 12:06 |
| 4. | "Skinfummel" | 13:17 |

## Credits

* Ricardo Villalobos - writer, producer, main performer
* Rashad Becker - mastering
* Double Standard - sleeve artwork

1. "Ricardo Villalobos - Vasco". Discogs. Retrieved 2012-10-25.

## InfoBox

| Vasco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Ricardo Villalobos | |
| Released | May 26, 2008 (part 1)
September 8, 2008 (part 2)
October 6, 2008 (CD) |
| Genre | Minimal techno, microhouse |
| Length | 70:04 (CD)
66:50 (2xLP) |
| Label | Perlon
PERL 69-1
PERL 69²
PERL 69CD |
| Producer | Ricardo Villalobos |
| Ricardo Villalobos chronology | |
| *Enfants*
(2008) ***Vasco***
(2008) *Re:ECM*
(2011
) | |
|  | |
| EP covers | |
|  | |
| Part one | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Part two | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Maaziz

abstract: Mâaziz is a town in Khémisset Province, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Morocco. According to the 2004 census, its population was 9,190.

text:
# Maaziz

**Mâaziz** is a town in Khémisset Province, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Morocco. According to the 2004 census, its population was 9,190.

## InfoBox

| Mâaziz | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| MâazizLocation in Morocco | |
| Coordinates: 33°40′N 6°19′W / 33.667°N 6.317°W / 33.667; -6.317 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Rabat-Salé-Kénitra |
| Province | Khemisset |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 9,190 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift

abstract: Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift is an adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

text:
# Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift

***Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift*** is an adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.

## Plot summary

*Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift* presents several encounters involving the Frostfell. Locations include Hailstorm Tower, the Caves of Chaos, and the Frostfell Rift.

## Publication history

*Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift* was written by Ari Marmell, and was published in December 2006. Cover art was by Izzy, with interior art by David Griffith.

## Reception

## InfoBox

Fantastic Locations: The Frostfell Rift
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rules required | *Dungeons & Dragons*, 3.5 edition |
| Character levels | 4th-18th |
| Authors | Ari Marmell |
| First published | December 2006 |


title: The Knight Has Arrived!

abstract: The Knight Has Arrived! is a 1950 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Monicelli and Steno and starring Tino Scotti, Silvana Pampanini and Nyta Dover. The film's sets were designed by the art director Flavio Mogherini. It earned around 254 million lira at the Italian box office. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival in 2010.

text:
# The Knight Has Arrived!

***The Knight Has Arrived!*** (Italian: ***È arrivato il cavaliere!***) is a 1950 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Monicelli and Steno and starring Tino Scotti, Silvana Pampanini and Nyta Dover.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Flavio Mogherini. It earned around 254 million lira at the Italian box office. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival in 2010.

## Synopsis

The eccentric leader of a group of small-time Hawkers known as "The Knight" tries to prevent the area they use from being redeveloped as part of a new business and Metro station complex. Employing a number of surreal schemes, he is eventually successful.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Chiti, Roberto & Poppi, Roberto. *Dizionario del cinema italiano: Dal 1945 al 1959*. Gremese Editore, 1991.

## InfoBox

| The Knight Has Arrived! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Mario Monicelli
Steno |
| Written by | Age & Scarpelli
Marcello Marchesi
Vittorio Metz |
| Produced by | Carlo Ponti |
| Starring | Tino Scotti
Silvana Pampanini
Nyta Dover |
| Cinematography | Mario Bava |
| Edited by | Franco Fraticelli |
| Music by | Nino Rota |
| Production
company | Excelsa Film |
| Distributed by | Minerva Film |
| Release date | * 6 December 1950 (1950-12-06) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |