title: Ultimatum (Australian band)

abstract: Ultimatum were an influential hardcore punk band based in Melbourne, Australia, and formed in 1995. They were the first vegan straight edge band in Australia and appeared around the same time that Earth Crisis released Destroy the Machines. Ultimatum were one of the early Australian bands to introduce the modern 'new school' metal influenced form of hardcore to Australia. They were also recognised, not only for their vegan straight edge stance, but also for their emotional and politically charged lyrics. In 1995 upon release of their demo, Ultimatum raised the interest and ire of people within the small punk and hardcore scene in Australia with their expressly militant lyrics and fanzine interviews. In late 1996, after some line-up changes, Ultimatum rechartered their direction, taking a more personal and broader political focus in their lyrics. They garnered a following around Australia and in Europe with the release of their first self-titled EP in 1997, recorded by engineer Scott Harper and mastered by Martin Pullan. Ultimatum's second split EP released on Melbourne based Trial and Error/Shock Records, with highly regarded and now defunct hardcore band Not for You was well received. This release promptly sold out and is now a rare item. During their time, Ultimatum performed with international bands H2O, Strife, Vision of Disorder, Sommerset and Australian bands 28 Days, Mindsnare, Vicious Circle and many others. Ultimatum disbanded in 2000. Members of the band have gone on to perform in other outfits in various music genres including Meatlocker (UK), Within Blood, Hitlist, AudioWoundStabber and The Stupid Questions.

text:
# Ultimatum (Australian band)

**Ultimatum** were an influential hardcore punk band based in Melbourne, Australia, and formed in 1995. They were the first vegan straight edge band in Australia and appeared around the same time that Earth Crisis released *Destroy the Machines*. Ultimatum were one of the early Australian bands to introduce the modern 'new school' metal influenced form of hardcore to Australia. They were also recognised, not only for their vegan straight edge stance, but also for their emotional and politically charged lyrics.

In 1995 upon release of their demo, Ultimatum raised the interest and ire of people within the small punk and hardcore scene in Australia with their expressly militant lyrics and fanzine interviews.

In late 1996, after some line-up changes, Ultimatum rechartered their direction, taking a more personal and broader political focus in their lyrics. They garnered a following around Australia and in Europe with the release of their first self-titled EP in 1997, recorded by engineer Scott Harper and mastered by Martin Pullan.

Ultimatum's second split EP released on Melbourne based Trial and Error/Shock Records, with highly regarded and now defunct hardcore band Not for You was well received. This release promptly sold out and is now a rare item.

During their time, Ultimatum performed with international bands H2O, Strife, Vision of Disorder, Sommerset and Australian bands 28 Days, Mindsnare, Vicious Circle and many others.

Ultimatum disbanded in 2000. Members of the band have gone on to perform in other outfits in various music genres including Meatlocker (UK), Within Blood, Hitlist, AudioWoundStabber and The Stupid Questions.

## Members

* Lloyd Denovan - Guitar
* Daniel Kukiel - Vocals
* Emillie Reader - Bass
* Tim Dywelska - Guitar
* Adam Nanscawen - Drums

### Former members

* Michael Denovan - Drums
* Billy Forde - Vocals

## Discography

### Demos and EPs

* *Demo* (1995)
* *Ultimatum* EP(1997) - Self Released, UP002
* *Split CD* with Not for You (2000) - Shock Records, Trial and Error

### Compilations

* *New Tools for the Hunter* (1997) - First Blood Records
* *Mother Earth* (1997) - Impression Recordings
* *Bastard Squad* (1997) - Bastard Squad Fanzine
* *Underground Surf* (1998) - Phantom Records, Mushroom Records, Underground Surf Magazine
* *Falsestart Vol. 1* (1998) - Falsestart Magazine
* *The Good Life* (1999) - Good Life Records, Trial and Error
* *Punk You* (2000) - Shock Records
* *True 'til Death Vol. 2* (2005) - Snapshot Records

## InfoBox

| Ultimatum | |
| --- | --- |
| Ultimatum at Wax Studios 1999 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Melbourne, Australia |
| Genres | Hardcore punk |
| Years active | 1995–2000 |
| Labels | Trial and Error |
|  | |
| Members | Lloyd Denovan
Daniel Kukiel
Emillie Reader
Tim Dywelska
Adam Nanscawen |
|  | |
| Past members | Michael Denovan
Billy Forde |


title: Western vlei rat

abstract:
The western vlei rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and swamps.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Western vlei rat

The **western vlei rat** (***Otomys occidentalis***) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| Western vlei rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Otomys* |
| Species: | ***O. occidentalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Otomys occidentalis***
Dieterlen & Van der Straeten, 1992 | |
|


title: Orchestina pilifera

abstract: Orchestina pilifera, is a species of spider of the genus Orchestina. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text:
# Orchestina pilifera

***Orchestina pilifera***, is a species of spider of the genus *Orchestina*. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Orchestina pilifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oonopidae |
| Genus: | *Orchestina* |
| Species: | ***O. pilifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orchestina pilifera***<br>Dalmas, 1916 | |
|


title: List of Nigerien records in swimming

abstract: The Nigerien records in swimming are the best performances of swimmers from Niger, recognised and ratified by the Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques. All records were set in finals unless noted otherwise.

text:
# List of Nigerien records in swimming

The **Nigerien records in swimming** are the best performances of swimmers from Niger, recognised and ratified by the Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques.

All records were set in finals unless noted otherwise.

## Long Course (50 m)

### Men

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | 24.27 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 24 August 2022 | African Championships | Tunis, Tunisia |  |
| 100 m freestyle | 54.73 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 21 June 2022 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary |  |
| 200 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m backstroke | 30.01 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 27 July 2019 | World Championships | Gwangju, South Korea |  |
| 100 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m breaststroke | 35.00 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 25 July 2017 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary |  |
| 100 m breaststroke | 1:22.54 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 23 July 2017 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary |  |
| 200 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m butterfly | 27.91 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 23 July 2023 | World Championships | Fukuoka, Japan |  |
| 100 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques; **WR**World record; **AF**African record;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial

### Women

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | 32.21 | h | Roukaya Mahamane | Niger | 30 July 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| 100 m freestyle | 1:18.94 | h | Roukaya Mahamane | Niger | 22 June 2022 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary |  |
| 200 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m breaststroke | 45.97 | h | Salima Ahmadou Youssoufou | Niger | 29 July 2023 | World Championships | Fukuoka, Japan |  |
| 100 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques; **WR**World record; **AF**African record;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial

## Short Course (25 m)

### Men

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50m freestyle | 23.61 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 18 December 2021 | World Championships | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |  |
| 100m freestyle | 52.87 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 20 December 2021 | World Championships | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |  |
| 200 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50m breaststroke | 33.45 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 10 December 2016 | World Championships | Windsor, Canada |  |
| 100m breaststroke | 1:16.30 | h | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 6 December 2016 | World Championships | Windsor, Canada |  |
| 200 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50m butterfly | 29.38 | h, = | Alassane Seydou | Niger | 9 December 2016 | World Championships | Windsor, Canada |  |
| 50m butterfly | 29.38 | h, = | Albachir Mouctar | Niger | 9 December 2016 | World Championships | Windsor, Canada |  |
| 100m butterfly | 1:15.09 | h | Albachir Mouctar | Niger | 12 December 2018 | World Championships | Hangzhou, China |  |
| 200 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×50 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×50 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques; **WR**World record; **AF**African record;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial

### Women

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50m freestyle | 34.91 | h | Roukaya Mahamane | Niger | 15 December 2018 | World Championships | Hangzhou, China |  |
| 100 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200m backstroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50m breaststroke | 44.55 | h | Roukaya Mahamane | Niger | 11 December 2018 | World Championships | Hangzhou, China |  |
| 100 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m breaststroke |  |  |  |  |  |
| 50 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m butterfly |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×50 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×50 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4×100 m medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by Federation Nigerienne des Sports Nautiques; **WR**World record; **AF**African record;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial


title: Newfane (CDP), New York

abstract: Newfane is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Newfane in Niagara County, New York, United States, along State Route 78. The population was 3,822 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Newfane (CDP), New York

**Newfane** is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Newfane in Niagara County, New York, United States, along State Route 78. The population was 3,822 at the 2010 census. It is part of the BuffaloNiagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Newfane is located at 43°17′7″N 78°42′4″W / 43.28528°N 78.70111°W / 43.28528; -78.70111 (43.285356, -78.701379).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 3,662 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,129 people, 1,130 households, and 820 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 670.3 inhabitants per square mile (258.8/km2). There were 1,191 housing units at an average density of 255.1 per square mile (98.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.73% White, 0.67% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.16% Asian, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.

There were 1,130 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,924, and the median income for a family was $48,869. Males had a median income of $37,599 versus $23,702 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,709. About 8.0% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Newfane, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Niagara County and the state of New York. | |
| Newfane, New York | |
| Coordinates: 43°17′7″N 78°42′5″W / 43.28528°N 78.70139°W / 43.28528; -78.70139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Niagara |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.30 sq mi (13.74 km2) |
| Land | 5.30 sq mi (13.74 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 344 ft (105 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,662 |
| Density | 690.55/sq mi (266.62/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 14108 |
| Area code | 716 |
| FIPS code | 36-50221 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0958509 |


title: 1967 NFL season

abstract: The 1967 NFL season was the 48th regular season of the National Football League. The league expanded to 16 teams with the addition of the New Orleans Saints. The two eight-team divisions became two eight-team conferences split into two divisions each: the newly renamed Eastern Conference divisions were Capitol and Century, and the newly renamed Western Conference divisions were Central and Coastal. Each division winner advanced to the playoffs, expanded to four teams in this year. The Saints and the New York Giants agreed to switch divisions in 1968 and return to the 1967 alignment in 1969. This was done to allow all Eastern Conference teams to visit New York at least once over the three-year period. Initially the Capitol Division was called the Federal Division when the NFL decided upon the divisions on November 30, 1966. The NFL season concluded on December 31, when the Green Bay Packers defeated the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL Championship Game. Two weeks later, on January 14, 1968, the Packers handily defeated the AFL's Oakland Raiders 33–14 in Super Bowl II at Miami's Orange Bowl. This was Vince Lombardi's final game as the Packers' head coach. At the time, it was officially the "AFL-NFL World Championship Game," though the more succinct "Super Bowl" was commonly used. The 1965-67 Packers became the second team in NFL history to three-peat, and no one has done it since. The Baltimore Colts had tied for the NFL's best record in 1967 at 11–1–2, but were excluded from the postseason because of new rules introduced for breaking ties within a division. The L.A. Rams won the division title over Baltimore as a result of the Rams' 34–10 win over Baltimore in the last game of the regular season and a 24–24 tie in Baltimore in mid-October. L.A. had a 24-point edge over Baltimore in head-to-head meetings, giving them the tiebreaker and the Coastal division title. The other three division winners had only nine victories each. A total of nine NFL games ended in ties, the most since 1932 – including the two ties in the AFL makes this the only season since 1932 with ten or more tied games. Prior to 1975, the playoff sites rotated and were known prior to the start of the season. The hosts in 1967 were the Capitol and Central division winners for the conference championships, and the Western Conference for the championship game. The 1968 playoff hosts were Century, Coastal, and Eastern, respectively, and 1969 featured the same hosts as 1967.

text:
# 1967 NFL season

**Cowboys****Eagles****.... Redskins****Saints****Browns****Giants****Cardinals****Steelers ....****Rams****Falcons****49ers****Colts****Packers****Lions****Vikings****Bears**class=notpageimage| **NFL teams:  Coastal,  Central,  Century,  Capitol**

The **1967 NFL season** was the 48th regular season of the National Football League. The league expanded to 16 teams with the addition of the New Orleans Saints.

The two eight-team divisions became two eight-team conferences split into two divisions each: the newly renamed Eastern Conference divisions were Capitol (Dallas, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Washington) and Century (Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis), and the newly renamed Western Conference divisions were Central (Chicago, Detroit, Green Bay, and Minnesota) and Coastal (Atlanta, Baltimore, Los Angeles, and San Francisco). Each division winner advanced to the playoffs, expanded to four teams in this year. The Saints and the New York Giants agreed to switch divisions in 1968 and return to the 1967 alignment in 1969. This was done to allow all Eastern Conference teams to visit New York at least once over the three-year period. Initially the Capitol Division was called the Federal Division when the NFL decided upon the divisions on November 30, 1966.

The NFL season concluded on December 31, when the Green Bay Packers defeated the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL Championship Game (known as the "Ice Bowl"). Two weeks later, on January 14, 1968, the Packers handily defeated the AFL's Oakland Raiders 33–14 in Super Bowl II at Miami's Orange Bowl. This was Vince Lombardi's final game as the Packers' head coach. At the time, it was officially the "AFL-NFL World Championship Game," though the more succinct "Super Bowl" was commonly used. The 1965-67 Packers became the second team in NFL history to three-peat (the first being the same Packers team from 1929-31), and no one has done it since.

The Baltimore Colts had tied for the NFL's best record in 1967 at 11–1–2, but were excluded from the postseason because of new rules introduced for breaking ties within a division. The L.A. Rams won the division title over Baltimore as a result of the Rams' 34–10 win over Baltimore in the last game of the regular season and a 24–24 tie in Baltimore in mid-October. L.A. had a 24-point edge over Baltimore in head-to-head meetings, giving them the tiebreaker and the Coastal division title. The other three division winners had only nine victories each. A total of nine NFL games ended in ties, the most since 1932 – including the two ties in the AFL (considered official NFL records since the merger) makes this the only season since 1932 with ten or more tied games.

Prior to 1975, the playoff sites rotated and were known prior to the start of the season. The hosts in 1967 were the Capitol and Central division winners for the conference championships (first round), and the Western Conference for the championship game. The 1968 playoff hosts were Century, Coastal, and Eastern, respectively, and 1969 featured the same hosts as 1967.

## Draft

The 1967 NFL/AFL draft was held from March 14 to 15 at New York City's Gotham Hotel. With the first pick of the first common draft, the Baltimore Colts selected defensive tackle Bubba Smith from Michigan State.

## Expansion Draft

The 1967 NFL expansion draft was held on February 9, 1967, with the New Orleans Saints selecting 42 players from the other NFL teams. The one-year old Atlanta Falcons were exempted from losing a player in this expansion draft.

## Major rule changes

* The "slingshot" or "tuning fork" goalpost, with one curved support from the ground and offset behind the crossbar, was made standard in the NFL. This replaced the previous year's offset goalpost, which had two non-curved supports from the ground. Before the introduction of the offset goalpost, the supports were directly on the goal line. Posts also had to be painted bright gold.
* A 6-foot-wide (1.8 m) border around the field was also made standard in the league. Its outer edge designates the closest that non-participants can be to the field, and thus enables the game officials to have a running lane to work in.

## Division races

The Eastern Conference was split into the Capitol and Century Divisions, and the Western Conference had the Coastal and Central Divisions. (Each of the new division names began with the letter **C** and contained seven letters.) Under the new system, each team played six division games (a home-and-away series against teams in its division); a game against each of the other four teams in its conference; and a nonconference game against all of the four members of one of the two four-team divisions in the other conference, for a total of 14 games. In the past, from 1933 to 1966, if two teams were tied for the division lead at season's end, a one-game playoff was conducted to break the tie. Starting in 1967, a tiebreaking system was implemented that started with net points in head-to-head competition, followed by the team that had less recently played in a title game. As such, only one team in a division would be the division winner, even if the win–loss record was the same.

| Week | Capitol |  | Century |  | Coastal |  | Central |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dallas | 1–0–0 | Pittsburgh | 1–0–0 | San Francisco | 1–0–0 | Detroit | 0–0–1 |
| 2 | Dallas | 2–0–0 | St. Louis | 1–1–0 | San Francisco | 2–0–0 | Detroit | 1–0–1 |
| 3 | Philadelphia | 2–1–0 | St. Louis | 2–1–0 | Los Angeles | 3–0–0 | Green Bay | 2–0–1 |
| 4 | Dallas | 3–1–0 | St. Louis | 3–1–0 | Baltimore | 4–0–0 | Green Bay | 3–0–1 |
| 5 | Dallas | 4–1–0 | New York | 3–2–0 | Baltimore | 4–0–1 | Green Bay | 3–1–1 |
| 6 | Dallas | 5–1–0 | Cleveland | 3–2–0 | Baltimore | 4–0–2 | Green Bay | 4–1–1 |
| 7 | Dallas | 5–2–0 | New York | 4–3–0 | Baltimore | 5–0–2 | Green Bay | 5–1–1 |
| 8 | Dallas | 6–2–0 | St. Louis | 5–3–0 | Baltimore | 6–0–2 | Green Bay | 5–2–1 |
| 9 | Dallas | 7–2–0 | St. Louis | 5–3–1 | Baltimore | 7–0–2 | Green Bay | 6–2–1 |
| 10 | Dallas | 7–3–0 | Cleveland | 6–4–0 | Baltimore | 8–0–2 | Green Bay | 7–2–1 |
| 11 | Dallas | 8–3–0 | Cleveland | 7–4–0 | Baltimore | 9–0–2 | Green Bay | 8–2–1 |
| 12 | Dallas | 8–4–0 | Cleveland | 8–4–0 | Baltimore | 10–0–2 | Green Bay | 9–2–1 |
| 13 | Dallas | 9–4–0 | Cleveland | 9–4–0 | Baltimore | 11–0–2 | Green Bay | 9–3–1 |
| 14 | **Dallas** | 9–5–0 | **Cleveland** | 9–5–0 | **Los Angeles** | 11–1–2 | **Green Bay** | 9–4–1 |

## Final standings

### Tiebreakers

Los Angeles won the Coastal Division based on better point differential in head-to-head games (net 24 points) vs. Baltimore. The Rams and Colts played to a 24–24 tie in Baltimore in October before the Rams won 34–10 on the season's final Sunday at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The result would be the same under the modern tiebreaker, which relies first on head-to-head record (Los Angeles won the head-to-head series, 1–0–1).

## Postseason

### NFL playoffs

### AFL–NFL World Championship Game

The Green Bay Packers defeated the Oakland Raiders, league champion of the 1967 American Football League season, 33–14, at the Orange Bowl in Miami on January 14, 1968.

## Awards

| **Most Valuable Player** | Johnny Unitas, quarterback, Baltimore Colts |
| --- | --- |
| **Coach of the Year** | George Allen, L.A. Rams; Don Shula, Baltimore Colts *(tie)* |
| **Offensive Rookie of the Year** | Mel Farr, running back, Detroit |
| **Defensive Rookie of the Year** | Lem Barney, cornerback, Detroit |

## Coaching changes

## Stadium changes

## InfoBox

1967 NFL season
| Regular season | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | September 17 –<br>December 17, 1967 |
| Playoffs | |
| East Champions | Dallas Cowboys |
| West Champions | Green Bay Packers |
| Championship Game | |
|  | |
| Champions | Green Bay Packers |
|


title: Olchowiec, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

abstract: Olchowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dukla, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Dukla, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Krosno, and 69 km (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów. Prior to World War II, this village was populated primarily, if not entirely, by Lemkos. During the Battle of the Dukla Pass in September–October, 1944, the village was destroyed by military operations. In the ethnic cleansing of the Lemkos by the Communist government of Poland in Operation Vistula in 1947, Olchowiec was one of a very small number of Lemko villages - perhaps only two, the other being Komańcza - from which the Lemko population was not deported to northern or western Poland. The Kermesz Łemkowski, an annual festival of Lemko culture is held in the village.

text:
# Olchowiec, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

**Olchowiec** \[ɔlˈxɔvʲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dukla, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Dukla, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Krosno, and 69 km (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

Prior to World War II, this village was populated primarily, if not entirely, by Lemkos. During the Battle of the Dukla Pass in September–October, 1944, the village was destroyed by military operations. In the ethnic cleansing of the Lemkos by the Communist government of Poland in Operation Vistula in 1947, Olchowiec was one of a very small number of Lemko villages - perhaps only two, the other being Komańcza \- from which the Lemko population was not deported to northern or western Poland.

The Kermesz Łemkowski, an annual festival of Lemko culture is held in the village.

## InfoBox

| Olchowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Greek Catholic church | |
| Olchowiec | |
| Coordinates: 49°28′21″N 21°36′12″E / 49.47250°N 21.60333°E / 49.47250; 21.60333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Krosno |
| Gmina | Dukla |
| Population | 60 |


title: Stephen Daniele

abstract: Stephen A. Daniele is an artist whose work has appeared in role-playing games.

text:
# Stephen Daniele

**Stephen A. Daniele** is an artist whose work has appeared in role-playing games.

## Works

Stephen Daniele has continued to produce interior illustrations for many *Dungeons & Dragons* books and *Dragon* magazine since 1995, as well as cover art for *Windriders of the Jagged Cliffs* (1995), the *Dark Sun Campaign Setting* (1995), and *Den of Thieves* (1996). He has also produced artwork for other games including *Extreme Vengeance* (Archangel Entertainment), *Sovereign Stone* (Sovereign Press, Inc), and *Hollow Earth Expedition* (Exile Studios), and illustrated cards for the *Magic: The Gathering* collectible card game.

Daniele was nominated for a Chesley Award, for Best Monochrome Work – Unpublished, in 1999, for his work "Griffon Rider".


title: 1958 Cal Aggies football team

abstract: The 1958 Cal Aggies football team represented the College of Agriculture at Davis—now known as the University of California, Davis—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1958 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Herb Schmalenberger, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 5–4 with a mark of 3–2 in conference play, tying for second place in the FWC. The team outscored its opponents 106 to 100 for the season. The Cal Aggies played home games at Aggie Field in Davis, California.

text:
# 1958 Cal Aggies football team

1958 Far Western Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| San Francisco State $ | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Humboldt State | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Cal Aggies | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Chico State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Nevada | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Sacramento State | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1958 Cal Aggies football team** represented the College of Agriculture at Davis—now known as the University of California, Davis—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1958 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Herb Schmalenberger, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 5–4 with a mark of 3–2 in conference play, tying for second place in the FWC. The team outscored its opponents 106 to 100 for the season. The Cal Aggies played home games at Aggie Field in Davis, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 20 |  | Whittier* |  | L 6–9 |  |  |
| September 27 |  | Willamette (OR)* | * Aggie Field * Davis, CA | L 0–20 |  |  |
| October 4 |  | at Occidental* |  | W 12–6 |  |  |
| October 10 |  | Nevada | * Aggie Field * Davis, CA | W 14–2 | 1,900 |  |
| October 18 |  | Humboldt State | * Aggie Field * Davis, CA | W 18–6 | 3,000 |  |
| October 25 |  | at Chico State |  | L 6–8 | 6,500 |  |
| October 31 |  | San Francisco State | * Aggie Field * Davis, CA | L 14–27 | 3,000 |  |
| November 8 |  | vs. UC Santa Barbara* |  | W 14–8 |  |  |
| November 15 | 8:00 p.m. | at Sacramento State |  | W 22–14 |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |

1. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
2. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
3. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
4. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
5. Smolich, Marco (November 15, 1958). "SSC Hopes To Escape League Cellar Tonight". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. D1. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
6. Smolich, Marco (November 17, 1958). "Mustangs Kick SSC Squad Into FWC Cellar In 22 To 14 Victory". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. C2. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
7. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
8. "UC Davis Football 2015: Team Information Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2017.

## InfoBox

| 1958 Cal Aggies football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Far Western Conference |
| Record | 5–4 (3–2 FWC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Mel Voos |
| Home stadium | Aggie Field |
|


title: Ulrich Walter

abstract: Ulrich Hans Walter is a German physicist, engineer and former DFVLR astronaut.

text:
# Ulrich Walter

**Ulrich Hans Walter** (born February 9, 1954) is a German physicist, engineer and former DFVLR astronaut.

## Education

Walter was born in Iserlohn. After finishing secondary school there and two years in the Bundeswehr, he studied physics at the University of Cologne. In 1980, he was awarded a diploma degree, and five years later a doctorate, both in the field of solid-state physics.

After two post-doc positions at the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the University of California at Berkeley, California, he was selected in 1987 to join the German astronaut team. From 1988 to 1990, he completed basic training at the German Aerospace Center, and was then nominated to be in the prime crew for the second German Spacelab mission.

Walter is married, has two children, and lives near Munich, Germany.

## Spaceflight

In 1993, he flew on board the Space Shuttle Columbia on mission STS-55 (Spacelab D-2) as a Payload Specialist. He spent 9 days, 23 hours, and 40 minutes in space.

## Career

After his spaceflight he worked for another four years at DLR, managing a space imaging database project. When the German astronaut team was merged into a European Space Agency, he did not transfer, but resigned to work at IBM Germany.

In 2003, he became full professor at the Technische Universität München (Munich, Germany), holding the chair of the Institute of Astronautics (space technology) at the University's faculty of mechanical engineering. In 2008, he was distinguished as Professor of the Year 2008 in the category "engineering sciences and computer science".

He serves on the advisory board of Deutsches Museum, on the advisory council of Giordano Bruno Foundation, and he is president of the *Hermann Oberth Space Travel Museum* in Feucht. He is the author of several books, including the illustrated book "In 90 Minuten um die Erde" ("Around the World in 90 Minutes"), and he has published more than 80 articles in various international journals.

## Awards and merits

## Selected bibliography

* *In 90 Minuten um die Erde.* Stürtz, Würzburg 1997, ISBN 3-8003-0876-2
* *Zivilisationen im All: Sind wir allein im Universum?* Spektrum Akademie Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0486-X
* *Zu Hause im Universum.* Rowohlt, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-87134-450-8
* *Astronautics.* Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-527-40685-2
* *Im schwarzen Loch ist der Teufel los.* Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2016, ISBN 978-3-8312-0435-9
* *Höllenritt durch Raum und Zeit.* Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2017, ISBN 978-3-8312-0450-2
* *Eine andere Sicht auf die Welt.* Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2018, ISBN 978-3-8312-0475-5

## InfoBox

| Ulrich Walter | |
| --- | --- |
| Official STS-55 mission portrait, 1993 | |
| Born | Ulrich Hans Walter
(1954-02-09) February 9, 1954
Iserlohn, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Physicist |
| **Space career** | |
| DFVLR astronaut | |
| Time in space | 9d 23h 40m |
| Selection | 1987 German Group |
| Missions | STS-55 |
| Mission insignia |  |
|  | |


title: Westnet

abstract: Westnet is a Perth-based Australian telecommunications company providing broadband ADSL, broadband ADSL2+, satellite broadband, dialup Internet, telephony and web-hosting services to homes and businesses across Australia.

text:
# Westnet

**Westnet** is a Perth-based Australian telecommunications company providing broadband ADSL, broadband ADSL2+, satellite broadband, dialup Internet, telephony and web-hosting services to homes and businesses across Australia.

## History

Founded in the Western Australian city of Geraldton in 1994 by Chris and Rhonda Thomas, Westnet began in a spare bedroom. In 1996 it was purchased by local company Mitchell and Brown Communications and experienced rapid growth over the years as a local internet service provider to the Geraldton region. With this expansion came the necessity of larger premises, which saw Westnet relocate to St Martins Tower in Perth in 1999.

Westnet completed the move to new premises in Central Park Tower, Perth. The move was in response to continued growth, and requirements for expanded office space for staff and resources.

In 2004, Westnet began offering a telephone service in addition to its internet products. At this time, the company began referring to itself as a telecommunications service provider, rather than only an internet service provider.

## Acquisition by iiNet

On 8 May 2008 Western Australian based internet service provider iiNet acquired Westnet for $81 million. The two companies continue to trade separately, but share many functions.

In March 2015 iiNet was bought by TPG in a $1.4 billion deal, effectively making TPG the parent company of Westnet.

In December 2023, Westnet announced that it would cease accepting new customers to the Westnet brand, and that all existing residential Westnet customers will be migrated to the iiNet brand.

## Bandwidth management

### P2P deprioritisation

In June 2007, Westnet stated that it had been "trialling" traffic prioritisation for a year, deprioritising peer-to-peer traffic, and would be continuing to do so in future. The announcement was made on the Westnet Blog and on Whirlpool.net.au, to mixed reactions. Some praised Westnet for openly declaring its use of prioritisation, while others (including a Whirlpool News editorial) criticised the company for using it silently for a year, or for doing so at all. Whirlpool News's article also suggested that the admission followed assertions by competing ISP Exetel that it was not the only ISP restricting peer-to-peer traffic.

## Awards

Westnet has won the following awards:

* 2008 Customer Service Institute of Australia – National Medium Business of the Year
* 2008 Customer Service Institute of Australia – Excellence in a Contact Centre (WA)
* 16th and 17th ACNielsen Consult Australian Online Survey
* Best ISP – PC Authority Reliability and Service Awards 2007, 2008

## InfoBox

Westnet Pty Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | Geraldton, Western Australia (1994) |
| Headquarters | Perth, Western Australia |
| Products | Broadband
Satellite Broadband
Dial-up
Telephony
Web Hosting |
| Number of employees | 450 (2013) |
| Parent | TPG |
| Website | www.westnet.com.au |


title: Third siege of Gibraltar

abstract: The third siege of Gibraltar was mounted between February–June 1333 by a Moorish army under the prince Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid of Morocco. The fortified town of Gibraltar had been held by Castile since 1309, when it had been seized from the Moorish Emirate of Granada. The attack on Gibraltar was ordered by the recently crowned Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in response to an appeal by the Nasrid ruler Muhammed IV of Granada. The onset of the siege took the Castilians by surprise. The stocks of food in Gibraltar were heavily depleted at the time due to the thievery of the town's governor, Vasco Perez de Meira, who had looted the money that was meant to have been spent on food for the garrison and to pay for the upkeep of the castle and fortifications. After over four months of siege and bombardment by Moorish catapults, the garrison and townspeople were reduced to near-starvation and surrendered to Abd al-Malik.

text:
# Third siege of Gibraltar

The **third siege of Gibraltar** was mounted between February–June 1333 by a Moorish army under the prince Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid of Morocco. The fortified town of Gibraltar had been held by Castile since 1309, when it had been seized from the Moorish Emirate of Granada. The attack on Gibraltar was ordered by the recently crowned Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in response to an appeal by the Nasrid ruler Muhammed IV of Granada. The onset of the siege took the Castilians by surprise. The stocks of food in Gibraltar were heavily depleted at the time due to the thievery of the town's governor, Vasco Perez de Meira, who had looted the money that was meant to have been spent on food for the garrison and to pay for the upkeep of the castle and fortifications. After over four months of siege and bombardment by Moorish catapults, the garrison and townspeople were reduced to near-starvation and surrendered to Abd al-Malik.

## Start of the siege

In 1309, Castillian troops under Ferdinand IV of Castile captured Gibraltar, then known as the *Medinat al-Fath* (City of Victory), from the Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada. Its fortifications were repaired and improved by the Castillians. In 1315 the Granadans attempted to retake Gibraltar in the brief and unsuccessful Second Siege of Gibraltar.

The alliance between the Nasrids of Granada and the Marinids of Morocco had fallen into abeyance following the loss of Gibraltar, but the accession of the Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman led to a renewal of the pact between the two Muslim states. A force of 7,000 men under the command of Abu al-Hasan's son, Abd al-Malik, was secretly transported across the Strait of Gibraltar to rendezvous with the forces of Muhammad IV of Granada at Algeciras in February 1333. The Castillians were distracted by the coronation of King Alfonso XI and were slow to respond to the invasion force, which was able to lay siege to Gibraltar before much of a response could be organised.

Gibraltar was ill-prepared for this eventuality. Its governor, Don Vasco Perez de Meira, had looted the funds allocated by the crown to pay for food and maintenance of the town's defences, using it to buy land for himself near Jerez. He also misappropriated the food itself, selling it to the Moors, and kept the garrison under strength. The shipwreck of a grain ship off the Gibraltarian coast, only eight days before the siege began, gave the garrison a little extra food supply, but as events were to prove, it was not nearly enough.

The town consisted of a series of individually fortified districts that reached from the dockyard on the sea front to a castle several hundred feet up the slope of the Rock of Gibraltar. By the end of February, Abd al-Malik's forces had captured the dockyard and the area on the Rock above the castle, where he set up siege engines. Castillian attempts to organise a relief force were hampered by Granadan raids on their borders that were intended to divert Castillian attention. In addition, political disputes between Alfonso and his vassals delayed the raising of a land force to lift the siege. Although Alfonso had a naval force at his disposal under Admiral Alfonso Jofre de Tenorio, the Moorish ships supporting the siege were positioned close inshore where it was too dangerous to attempt an attack.

## Fall and capture of Gibraltar

It was not until June that Alfonso was able to put a relief force into the field. His senior advisers had argued against staging a relief expedition on the grounds that it would mean fighting both Granada and Fes, which they saw as too much of a risky venture. After eight days of arguments in Seville, Alfonso got his way and was able to persuade his rebellious vassal Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena to support him against the Moors. He marched his army to Jerez, where they camped by the River Guadalete, four days' march from Gibraltar. It was, however, already too late for the defenders.

The situation in Gibraltar was desperate by mid-June. The food had run out and the townspeople and garrison had been reduced to eating their own shields, belts and shoes in an attempt to gain sustenance from the leather from which they were made. Admiral Jofre attempted to sling bags of flour into the town by firing them over the walls from ship-mounted catapults, but the Moors were able to drive the Castillian ships away. The Moors' own catapults had caused severe damage to Gibraltar's defences and the weakened garrison was in no shape to resist further.

On 17 June 1333, Vasco Perez surrendered Gibraltar after agreeing to terms with Abd al-Malik. It was reported that he had been hoarding a supply of food in his own storerooms, enough for feeding the whole besieged population for five days. He had been keeping a number of well-fed Moorish captives in his own house with the apparent intention of ransoming them. He fled to North Africa to escape punishment for his failures; as chronicler of the king Alfonso XI wrote, "it was his duty either to deliver the fortress into the hands of his lord, the King, or die in its defence." He did neither and was condemned by the Castillians as a traitor. The other defenders were allowed to leave with honour as a mark of respect for their courage in defending the town for so long. The fall of Gibraltar was rapturously received back in Morocco; the Moorish chronicler Ibn Marzuq recorded that while he was studying in Tlemcen, his teacher announced to his class: "Rejoice, community of the faithful, because God has had the goodness to restore Gibraltar to us!" According to Ibn Marzuq, the jubilant students burst out into cries of praise, gave thanks and shed tears of joy.

## Bibliography

* Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (2006). *The Fortifications of Gibraltar*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603016-1.
* Hills, George (1974). *Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar*. London: Robert Hale & Company. ISBN 0-7091-4352-4.
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). *The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait*. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812243024.

36°08′34″N 5°21′10″W / 36.1428°N 5.3527°W / 36.1428; -5.3527

## InfoBox

| Third siege of Gibraltar | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Battle of the Strait during the Reconquista | |
| Date February – June 1333  Location Gibraltar  Result  Moroccan victory  Territorial
changes  Conquest of Gibraltar by Morocco | |
| Belligerents | |
| Sultanate of Morocco | Kingdom of Castile |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco
Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid
Muhammed IV of Granada | Alfonso XI of Castile
Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
Don Vasco Perez de Meira |


title: Optimization mechanism

abstract: In network science, the optimization mechanism is a network growth algorithm, which randomly places new nodes in the system, and connects them to the existing nodes based on a cost-benefit analysis. Depending on the parameters used in the optimization mechanism, the algorithm can build three types of networks: a star network, a random network, and a scale-free network. Optimization mechanism is thought to be the underlying mechanism in several real networks, such as transportation networks, power grid, router networks, the network of highways, etc.

text:
# Optimization mechanism

In network science, the **optimization mechanism** is a network growth algorithm, which randomly places new nodes in the system, and connects them to the existing nodes based on a cost-benefit analysis. Depending on the parameters used in the optimization mechanism, the algorithm can build three types of networks: a star network, a random network, and a scale-free network. Optimization mechanism is thought to be the underlying mechanism in several real networks, such as transportation networks, power grid, router networks, the network of highways, etc.

## General Properties

The optimization mechanism is a model with growth, in which preferential attachment is valid under certain assumptions. As opposed to the copying model, the optimization model uses global information about the network, to connect the newly entering nodes to the existing ones, thus reducing the amount of randomness in the process. The model's mechanism is based on a cost-benefit comparison, that is for each entering node 'i', the algorithm calculates the net benefit (benefits minus costs) of connecting 'i' to each existing node, and connects node 'i' to the node which gives the highest net benefit.

## Description

The costs and benefits in the optimization models can generally be simplified into two attributes: the distance between the new node, and the existing one; and the distance of the existing node from the central node. Thus the goal function can be written in the following form:

$C\_{i}=min\_{j}\[\delta \*d\_{ij}+h\_{j}\]$

* where $C\_{i}$ stands for the minimal cost of attaching node 'i' to an existing node
* $d\_{ij}$ denotes the distance between node 'i' and 'j'
* $h\_{j}$ represents the distance of node 'j' from the central node
* $\delta $ is a parameter, that determines the weight of the individual distance compared to the distance to the central node, and thus it varies across different settings.

In a highway network setting - where cities are nodes and links are highways - $d\_{ij}$ would be the physical distance between cities, and $h\_{j}$ would be the distance from the capital (or from the central city of the region). The value of $\delta $ determines the type of the network built by the optimization mechanism.

### Star Network

The optimization mechanism results in a star network, whenever $\delta \<(1/2)^{1/2}$. A unique feature of the star network is that most of the newly added nodes will connect to the central node regardless of the distance. One can think of a star network as a network in which the costs to establish a new link are negligible compared to the benefit of being directly connected to the central node. Star networks are rarely observed in reality.

### Random Network

A random network is built using the optimization method when $\delta \>N^{1/2}$. In case of a high enough $\delta $, the costs to establish a new link are enormously high, compared to the benefit of being closely connected to the central node. As a result, most of the new nodes will connect to the closest node available. A real life example is the power grid network, where the cost of building a power line is high, and the benefits of being directly connected to the power source is negligible.

### Scale-free Network

$4\<\delta \<N^{1/2}$. If $\delta $ is neither too high, nor too low, the mechanism results in a scale-free network, characterised by preferential attachment. The newly added nodes tend to connect to the larger nodes, but sometimes they may connect to middle-size nodes, or even small ones, depending on their distance. Most of the real-life networks characterized by an underlying optimization mechanism are scale-free networks, such as the router network and the highway network.

1. Z. Kigrave, iBook, Page 136 (24 July 2017). "Optimization mechanism".`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. The Network Science Book Project Archived 2015-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, iBook, Page 8


# List of New York State Historic Markers in Cattaraugus County, New York

This is a complete list of New York State Historic Markers in Cattaraugus County, New York.

## Listings county-wide

|  | **Marker name** | **Image** | **Date designated** | **Location** | **City or Town** | **Marker text** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | First Frame House |  |  | In Ellicottville So. Side Washington St., Between Jefferson And Madison Sts. | Ellicottville, New York | First frame house in Ellicottville, 1817. Early courts of County and meetings of Board of Supervisors held here. |
| 2 | Seneca Oil |  |  | On NYS 408 At Cattaraugus-Allegany County Line | Hinsdale, New York | Spring 1627 first petroleum discovered in America 1 mi. north 1000 yds east. |
| 3 | First Frame House |  |  | On NYS 39 At Yorkshire In Yard Of Elkhorn Inn | Yorkshire, New York | First frame house in Town Of Yorkshire built in 1820 by Isaac Williams opened as tavern 1822. |
| 4 | Saw Mill and Grist Mill |  |  | On NYS 16 At Yorkshire New Olean Road | Yorkshire, New York | Saw Mill and Grist Mill first in Town Of Yorkshire. Built 1814 by Isaac Williams. |


title: Next: A Primer on Urban Painting

abstract: Next: A Primer on Urban Painting is a 2005 documentary film from Canadian filmmaker Pablo Aravena, exploring graffiti around the world. The film was co-produced with French fashion designer Agnès B. Sequences were shot in the United States, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Germany, England, Spain, Japan and Brazil.

text:
# Next: A Primer on Urban Painting

***Next: A Primer on Urban Painting*** is a 2005 documentary film from Canadian filmmaker Pablo Aravena, exploring graffiti around the world. The film was co-produced with French fashion designer Agnès B. Sequences were shot in the United States, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Germany, England, Spain, Japan and Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Next: A Primer on Urban Painting | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Pablo Aravena |
| Written by | Pablo Aravena |
| Produced by | Pablo Aravena |
| Release date | * October 21, 2005 (2005-10-21) |
| Language | Canada |


abstract: The 1966 United States Senate election in Nebraska took place on November 8, 1966. The incumbent Republican Senator, Carl Curtis, was re-elected by a wide margin over Governor of Nebraska Frank B. Morrison.

text:
# 1966 United States Senate election in Nebraska

The **1966 United States Senate election in Nebraska** took place on November 8, 1966. The incumbent Republican Senator, Carl Curtis, was re-elected by a wide margin over Governor of Nebraska Frank B. Morrison.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

Democratic primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Frank B. Morrison** | **91,178** | **77.97** |
|  | Democratic | Raymond W. Arndt | 25,657 | 21.94 |
|  | Democratic | Others | 112 | 0.10 |
| Total votes | | | **116,947** | **100** |

## Republican primary

### Candidates

### Results

Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Carl Curtis (incumbent)** | **161,331** | **99.84** |
|  | Republican | Others | 263 | 0.16 |
| Total votes | | | **161,594** | **100** |

## Results

1966 United States Senate election in Nebraska
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Carl Curtis** | **296,116** | **61.04** | **+2.11** |
|  | Democratic | Frank B. Morrison | 187,950 | 38.75 | −2.33 |
|  | Independent | Tom Rehorn | 830 | 0.17 | N/A |
|  | N/A | Scattering | 205 | 0.04 | N/A |
| Majority | | | 108,166 | 22.30 | +4.44 |
| Turnout | | | 485,101 |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## InfoBox

1966 United States Senate election in Nebraska
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Carl Curtis** Frank B. Morrison   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **296,116** 187,950  Percentage **61.04%** 38.75% | |
| ---  County results
**Curtis**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**Morrison**:      50–60% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Carl Curtis
Republican **Elected U.S. Senator**
Carl Curtis
Republican | |


title: Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht

abstract: The Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht is an archdiocese within the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands which split from the Archdiocese of Utrecht officially in 1723 because of the illicit consecration of Cornelius van Steenoven to the episcopate. The first Old Catholic archbishop of Utrecht was elected in 1723. The Old Catholic archbishop of Utrecht is automatically the president of the International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Union of Utrecht. Since 2020, its archbishop is Bernd Wallet.

text:
# Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht

The **Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht** is an archdiocese within the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands which split from the Archdiocese of Utrecht officially in 1723 because of the illicit consecration of Cornelius van Steenoven to the episcopate.

The first Old Catholic archbishop of Utrecht was elected in 1723. The Old Catholic archbishop of Utrecht is automatically the president of the International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Union of Utrecht.

Since 2020, its archbishop is Bernd Wallet.

## List of bishops

Below is the list of bishops of the modern Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht. For the lineage of former bishops before 1710, see *List of Apostolic Vicars in Utrecht of the Dutch Mission*.

The Old Catholic Diocese of the Southeast website *Who were the Old Catholics?*, by Canon drs. Wietse van der Velde

52°05′20″N 5°07′00″E / 52.0889°N 5.1167°E / 52.0889; 5.1167

## InfoBox

| Archdiocese of Utrecht<br>Aartsbisdom Utrecht (Oud-Katholieke Kerk) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| St. Gertrude's Cathedral, Utrecht | |
| Location | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Headquarters | St. Gertrude's Cathedral, Utrecht |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands |
| Established | 1723 |
| Cathedral | St. Gertrude's Cathedral |
| Current leadership | |
| Archbishop | Bernd Wallet |
| Website | |
| utrecht.okkn.nl | |


title: Stephanie Casey

abstract: Stephanie Casey is an American race walker and Family Medicine Doctor. Casey represented Team USA at World Athletics Championships, Pan American Games, World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships and North American, Central American and Caribbean Championships in athletics.

text:
# Stephanie Casey

**Stephanie Casey** (born August 1, 1983) is an American race walker and Family Medicine Doctor. Casey represented Team USA at World Athletics Championships, Pan American Games, World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships and North American, Central American and Caribbean Championships in athletics (race walk).

## Life and career

Dr Stephanie Casey is a mother of 4 and wife.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing the  United States | | | | | |
| 2023 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 37th | 35 km | DNF |
| | Pan American Games | Santiago, Chile | 14th | 20 km | NT |
| 2022 | World Championships | Eugene, United States | 24th | 35 km | 3:00:54 PB |
| | NACAC Championships | Freeport, Bahamas | 4th | 20 km | 1:44:07 |
| 2019 | 2019 Pan American Games | Lima, Peru | 9th | 50 km | 4:50:31 |
| | Pan American Race Walking Cup | Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, Mexico | 6th | 50 km | 4:41:12 |
| 2010 | IAAF Race Walking Team Championships | Chihuahua City, Mexico | DNF | 20 km | DNF |
| 2008 | IAAF Race Walking Team Championships | Cheboksary, Russia | 75th | 20 km | 1:49:42 |

## InfoBox

Stephanie Casey
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Stephanie Casey |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1983-08-01) August 1, 1983
Reedsport, Oregon, U.S. |
| Home town | Salem, Oregon, U.S. |
| Education | Oregon State Beavers '05
Des Moines University '12 |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) |
| Weight | 135 lb (61 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Country | USA |
| Sport | Track and field
Athletics |
| Event | Racewalking |
| Turned pro | 2005 |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) |
**35 km walk**: 3:00:05
**20 km walk**: 1:37:11
**10 km walk**: 49:29.78

**50 km walk**: 4:41:12 |
| Medal record      Women's Athletics/
track and field  Representing the  United States  NACAC Championships | |


title: 195th Fighter Squadron

abstract: The 195th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona. The 195th is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon.

text:
# 195th Fighter Squadron

The **195th Fighter Squadron (195 FS)** is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona. The 195th is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon.

## History

### World War II

*see: 373d Fighter Group for expanded World War II history*

Formed at Westover Field, Massachusetts in August 1943. During World War II the **410th Fighter Squadron** was assigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), Ninth Air Force in Western Europe. It was equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts.

The 410th flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over Normandy. It then took part in preinvasion activities, e.g., escorting B-26 Marauders to attack airdromes, bridges and railroads in Occupied France. The squadron patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month.

The 410th moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944. The squadron bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise-Argentan area in August 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945, the 410th concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The squadron continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945.

Returned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the Pacific Theater during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the squadron's inactivation in November 1945.

### California Air National Guard

The wartime 410th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the **195th Fighter Squadron**. It was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Van Nuys Airport, California on 16 September 1946. The 195th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 410th. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 146th Fighter Group, also at Van Nuys Airport by the National Guard Bureau.

As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the squadron trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 for duty in the Korean War. Its parent 146th FG was transferred to Moody AFB, Georgia, where it trained pilots for Air Training Command. The 195th FS, however, remained at Van Nuys Airport as part of the Air Defense Command 28th Air Division. It was released from active duty and returned to California state control on 11 December 1952.

After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and remained a part of Air Defense Command, in February 1954, it was equipped with F-86A Sabre jet interceptors. By July 1955 the transition from the F-51H Mustang to the F-86A Sabre was complete. The squadron was re-designated a Fighter Interceptor unit with an air defense mission for the Los Angeles area. During the 1950s, the squadron received newer F-86F Sabres in 1957 and later F-86H Sabre day interceptors in 1959.

In 1960, the 146th FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service, trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 146th was re-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, both the Wing and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Van Nuys, the 195th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force’s needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.

The C-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973 the C-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C-130B. During this period, both the 195th and its sister squadron, the 115th Tactical Airlift Squadron shared the same pool of aircraft.

With the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau decided to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing. With C-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974. Its personnel, equipment and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.

### Arizona Air National Guard

In late 1983, the 195th designation was transferred from California to the Arizona Air National Guard. It was formed in January 1984 as the **195 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** and was extended federal recognition on 1 February. The mission of the unit was to train combat-ready pilots for the Air National Guard (Replacement Training Unit or RTU). The 195th TFTS was the second of eventually four squadrons assigned to the 162d Tactical Fighter Training Group at Tucson ANGB. It was equipped with the A-7D/K Corsair II. The squadron was the last of the RTUs in the A-7D aircraft.

Conversion from the A-7D/K started in 1991 when the 195th FS started to receive many older F-16A Block 5 aircraft from other USAF units. This mission remained after the conversion, but the older airframes were not quite suited to fulfill this mission. However, this transition was quite short-lived since the squadron had to disperse its airframes already a year later. With the A-7Ds being retired in 1992, the squadron became a strictly ground academic squadron with no aircraft assigned at the time.

During the same period the ANG started with training foreign non-NATO pilots. Six aircraft from the 148th FTS were designated to begin a school for those students. This group of aircraft and an initial cadre of instructors formed what would later become IMT (International Military Training). The squadron had no official number or designation. In 1995 the ANG Staff decided to transfer this school into the 195th TFTS. Thus the squadron regained its aircraft and started flying again. This time these airframes were all F-16A block 15 models, giving the squadron a better opportunity in its task.

In 2006 the squadron started converting to F-16C block 25 airframes. As one of the last F-16A block 15 airframe squadrons within the ANG and the USAF all together, it was decided to mothball the latter completely. Therefore, the squadron started receiving newer block 25 airframes that were becoming available from other squadrons. The mission of the squadron stayed exactly the same, just being able to perform in a more modern manner with the added capabilities of the block 25 aircraft.

### Lineage

* Constituted **410th Fighter Squadron** on 25 May 1943

Activated on 15 August 1943 Inactivated on 7 November 1945 * Re-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, and allotted to California ANG on 24 May 1946.

Extended federal recognition and activated on 16 September 1946 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 March 1951 Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 11 December 1952 Re-designated: **195th Fighter-Bomber Squadron**, 1 January 1953 Re-designated: **195th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron**, 1 July 1955 Re-designated: **195th Air Transport Squadron**, 1 October 1961 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 31 August 1962 Re-designated: **195th Military Airlift Squadron**, 8 January 1966 Re-designated: **195th Tactical Airlift Squadron**, 1 April 1970 Inactivated on 30 September 1974 * 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron withdrawn from California ANG, 1983 (Remained inactive)

195th Tactical Airlift Squadron allotted to Arizona ANG, re-designated: **195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** on 1 January 1984 Extended federal recognition and activated on 1 February 1984 Re-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, 16 March 1992

### Assignments

### Stations

### Aircraft

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Van Nuys Airport Army Air Force Base Unit and Air National Guard Site
* Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. ISBN 1-85780-197-0
* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) \[1969\]. *Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II* (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
* 195th Fighter Squadron@f-16.net

## InfoBox

| 195th Fighter Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| 195th Fighter Squadron General Dynamics F-16C Block 42H Fighting Falcon 90-0716 flies over Tucson, Arizona | |
| Active | 1943–Present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Arizona |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Type | Squadron |
| Role | Training squadron |
| Part of | Arizona Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Tucson Air National Guard Base, Tucson, Arizona. |
| Nickname(s) | Warhawks |
| Tail Code | Arizona flag tail stripe "AZ" |
| Insignia | |
| 195th Fighter Squadron emblem |  |


title: Ulrich Wild

abstract: Ulrich Wild, is an American record producer, engineer and mixer specializing in the rock and metal genres. Born and raised in Switzerland, Ulrich is now a naturalized citizen in the United States, living in Los Angeles. In a career that has spanned over 20 years, his numerous credits include producing or engineering albums for bands such as Dethklok, Sex Slaves, Project 86, Pantera, Here Comes the Kraken, Static-X, Otep, Stabbing Westward, Powerman 5000, Deftones, Seether, Bleeding Through, Breaking Benjamin, Taproot, SOiL, World Entertainment War, and many other artists, and for soundtracks including Freddy vs. Jason, Mission: Impossible 2, and House of Wax. He has also remixed songs by the band Mindless Self Indulgence. He was nominated for a Grammy for best engineered non-classical album in 1995 for his work with White Zombie.

text:
# Ulrich Wild

**Ulrich Wild** (born July 25, 1969), is an American record producer, engineer and mixer specializing in the rock and metal genres. Born and raised in Switzerland, Ulrich is now a naturalized citizen in the United States, living in Los Angeles. In a career that has spanned over 20 years, his numerous credits include producing or engineering albums for bands such as Dethklok (a virtual metal band), Sex Slaves, Project 86, Pantera, Here Comes the Kraken, Static-X, Otep, Stabbing Westward, Powerman 5000, Deftones, Seether, Bleeding Through, Breaking Benjamin, Taproot, SOiL, World Entertainment War, and many other artists, and for soundtracks including *Freddy vs. Jason*, *Mission: Impossible 2*, and *House of Wax*. He has also remixed songs by the band Mindless Self Indulgence. He was nominated for a Grammy for best engineered non-classical album in 1995 for his work with White Zombie.

## List of produced albums

### 1990s

### 2000s

### 2010s

### 2020s

## InfoBox

| Ulrich Wild | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-07-25) July 25, 1969<br>Switzerland |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Record producer, engineer |
| Years active | 1993–present |
|  | |
| Website | ulrichwild.com |


title: Wetwang

abstract: Wetwang is a Yorkshire Wolds village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, 6 miles west of Driffield on the A166 road. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 761, an increase on the 2001 census figure of 672.

text:
# Wetwang

**Wetwang** is a Yorkshire Wolds village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, 6 miles (10 kilometres) west of Driffield on the A166 road.

At the 2011 census, it had a population of 761, an increase on the 2001 census figure of 672.

## Name

There are two interpretations of the name. One is from the Old Norse *vaett-vangr*, or 'field for the trial of a legal action'. Another theory is that it was the "Wet Field" compared to the nearby dry field at Driffield.

The name is jokingly defined in *The Meaning of Liff* by Douglas Adams as meaning "a moist penis". In some varieties of English, *wang* or *whang* is a slang term for penis. The name Wetwang has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.

## History

The village is known for its Iron Age chariot burial cemetery at Wetwang Slack, and it has been speculated that the unlocated Romano-British town of Delgovicia may have been at what is now Wetwang.

Before the Norman Conquest (TRE) Ealdraed held Wetwang, and it was worth £4 per year in rent.

The village is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book of 1086 as *Wetuuangha*. The lesser mention simply records its existence: "In Wetwang the archbishop 13+12 carucates". The mention is under "Warter Hundred" on original folio 381V: East Riding. Earlier in the Domesday Book, there is a fuller description (Folio 302V: Yorkshire) within the listing of the land of the Archbishop of York:

> In Wetwang there are 13+12 carucates to the geld, and there could be 7 ploughs. Archbishop Ealdraed held this as 1 manor. Now Archbishop Thomas has it and it is waste. TRE worth £4. This manor is 2 leagues long and 1+12 broad
>
> Folio 302V: Yorkshire) within the listing of the land of the Archbishop of York

A carucate is the area of land a man with 8 oxen can plough in a season, sometimes cited as around 120 acres (49 ha). In Wetwang there were 13+12 of them available for the tax take ("geld"). A "plough" was a carucate which was being ploughed, rather than grazed or fallow. A league is around 3 miles (4.8 km). After the conquest, Wetwang was waste land held by Archbishop Thomas.

St Nicholas's Church is of Norman origin and was restored between 1845 and 1902. In 1966, the church was designated a Grade II\* listed building. It is on the Sykes Churches Trail devised by the East Yorkshire Churches Group. The church has a ring of three bells (tenor 7 long cwt 0 qr 12 lb; 796 lb or 361 kg in A), the oldest of which (the tenor) dates from c.1450.

Wetwang was once known for its black swans, after which the village pub, the Black Swan, is named.

## Public transport

Until 1950, the village was served by Wetwang railway station, on the Malton to Driffield Line, but this line has closed. The village is now served by an infrequent East Yorkshire Motor Services bus.

## Honorary mayor

Richard Whiteley of the Channel 4 quiz show *Countdown* held the honorary title *Mayor of Wetwang* from 1998 until his death in 2005. On 25 June 2006, local weather forecaster Paul Hudson from BBC Look North was invested as Whiteley's successor.

| Year | Mayor |
| --- | --- |
| 1998–2005 | Richard Whiteley |
| 2006– | Paul Hudson |

* *Gazetteer — A–Z of Towns Villages and Hamlets*. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. 2006. p. 11.

## InfoBox

| Wetwang | |
| --- | --- |
| St Nicholas Church | |
| WetwangLocation within the East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| Population | 761 (2011 census) |
| OS grid reference | SE932590 |
| Civil parish | * Wetwang |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | DRIFFIELD |
| Postcode district | YO25 |
| Dialling code | 01377 |
|  | |
| Police | Humberside |
| Fire | Humberside |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Thomas Forrest (colonist)

abstract:
Thomas Forrest, Esq, was a gentleman financier in the Virginia Company. At that time, "gentleman" denoted a man of the lowest rank of the English gentry, standing below an esquire and above a yeoman. By definition, this category included the younger sons of the younger sons of peers, knights, and esquires in perpetual succession; thus the term captures the common denominator of gentility shared by both constituents of the English aristocracy: the peerage and the gentry. On October 1, 1608, what is known as the Second Supply came to the new colony of Virginia aboard the English ship the Mary and Margaret under Captain Christopher Newport to resupply the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. Thomas Forrest was listed as a gentleman on that ship as shown on its manifest. This ship brought with it the first two women to come to Jamestown, one of whom was Thomas Forrest's second wife Margaret Foxe and the other Anne Burras, Margaret's "maid". Thomas Forrest is said in genealogies that he and Margaret had married on August 16, 1605, in St. Giles in the Fields, London, England, four years after Peter was born. Thomas's elder brother, Miles Forrest, inherited the title to their father's estates and the younger Thomas set out for the adventure of securing new land in a new colony. Thomas was a member of the Virginia Company that established the colony. In this pivotal time in English history toward the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the power of the landed gentry for whom wealth was land, was giving way to the rising class of merchants, for whom wealth was trade in shippable goods, such as gold, tea, and tobacco. Thomas was one of the gentry who made the transition from the old to the new. The origins of Thomas Forrest and his wife require further documentation. Thomas Forrest was listed as a shareholder in the Second Virginia Charter, granted by James I to the London Company of Virginia on May 23, 1609. Sir Anthony Forrest of Morborne, Huntingdonshire, was also an investor in the Virginia Company. It is likely that Thomas Forrest, the gentleman colonist, is of the Morborne family. Thomas's birth records are in St Michael's Church, Chesterton, Huntingdonshire, England. His marriage record to Margaret is in the church of St Giles in the Fields, London. In Benson J. Lossno's "The Marriage of Pocahontas", Lossno writes:
"During the lovely Indian summer time, in the autumn of 1608, there was a marriage on the banks of the Powhatan... History, poetry, and song, have kept a dutiful silence, respecting that first English marriage in America, because John Laydon and Anne Burrows were common people. The bridegroom was a carpenter, among the first adventurers who ascended the Powhatan, then named James in honor of a bad king; and the bride was waiting-maid to "Mistress Forrest," wife of Thomas Forrest, gentleman. These were the first white women ever seen at the Jamestown settlement." Further research is required as forensic evidence suggests that Thomas was widowed shortly after arriving in Jamestown in 1608 with his wife. "Documents indicate that the first women at Jamestown were Mistress Forest and her maid Anne Burras, who landed with the Second Supply in 1608. Anne Burras is known to have married John Laydon, and both were listed in the 1625 muster. Mistress Forrest, probably the wife of gentleman Thomas Forrest, is not mentioned again in the historical record, and may have died soon after her arrival at Jamestown." One would not expect a lady to bring her servant with her, no doubt paying for the crossing, and then to release her from service soon after arriving in the new colony. However, if the lady died, the widower, a gentleman would have no use for a lady's servant and in fact, as far as the research shows to date (2015), Thomas Forrest disappears from the colonial records for at least a decade before he and his now married son show up in Maryland. This suggests that Thomas went back to England, very possibly on the same ship he came over on, having concluded colonial life was better observed from afar. Nevertheless, his name shows up on the Second Charter in May of the next year, suggesting he maintained his enthusiasm for the new colonial venture.

text:
# Thomas Forrest (colonist)

**Thomas Forrest, Esq** (b.1572 in Morborne, Huntingdonshire, England  d.1641 in St. Mary's City, Maryland), was a gentleman financier in the Virginia Company. At that time, "gentleman" denoted a man of the lowest rank of the English gentry, standing below an esquire and above a yeoman. By definition, this category included the younger sons of the younger sons of peers, knights, and esquires in perpetual succession; thus the term captures the common denominator of gentility (and often armigerousness) shared by both constituents of the English aristocracy: the peerage and the gentry.

On October 1, 1608, what is known as the Second Supply came to the new colony of Virginia aboard the English ship the *Mary and Margaret* under Captain Christopher Newport to resupply the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. Thomas Forrest was listed as a gentleman on that ship as shown on its manifest. This ship brought with it the first two women to come to Jamestown, one of whom was Thomas Forrest's second wife Margaret Foxe and the other Anne Burras, Margaret's "maid". Thomas Forrest is said in genealogies that he and Margaret had married on August 16, 1605, in St. Giles in the Fields, London, England, four years after Peter was born.

Thomas's elder brother, Miles Forrest, inherited the title to their father's estates and the younger Thomas set out for the adventure of securing new land in a new colony. Thomas was a member of the Virginia Company (also known as the Charter of the Virginia Company of London or the London Company) that established the colony. In this pivotal time in English history toward the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the power of the landed gentry for whom wealth was land, was giving way to the rising class of merchants, for whom wealth was trade in shippable goods, such as gold, tea, and tobacco. Thomas was one of the gentry who made the transition from the old to the new.

The origins of Thomas Forrest and his wife require further documentation. Thomas Forrest was listed as a shareholder in the Second Virginia Charter, granted by James I to the London Company of Virginia on May 23, 1609. (See the last line of the charter for his name on page 54.)

Sir Anthony Forrest of Morborne, Huntingdonshire, was also an investor in the Virginia Company. It is likely that Thomas Forrest, the gentleman colonist, is of the Morborne family. Thomas's birth records are in St Michael's Church, Chesterton, Huntingdonshire, England. His marriage record to Margaret (August 16, 1605) is in the church of St Giles in the Fields, London.

In Benson J. Lossno's "The Marriage of Pocahontas", Lossno writes:

> "During the lovely Indian summer time, in the autumn of 1608, there was a marriage on the banks of the Powhatan... History, poetry, and song, have kept a dutiful silence, respecting that first English marriage in America, because John Laydon and Anne Burrows were common people. The bridegroom was a carpenter, among the first adventurers who ascended the Powhatan, then named James in honor of a bad king; and the bride was waiting-maid to "Mistress Forrest," wife of Thomas Forrest, gentleman. These were the first white women ever seen at the Jamestown settlement."

Further research is required as forensic evidence suggests that Thomas was widowed shortly after arriving in Jamestown in 1608 with his wife.

> "Documents indicate that the first women at Jamestown were Mistress Forest and her maid Anne Burras, who landed with the Second Supply in 1608. Anne Burras is known to have married John Laydon, and both were listed in the 1625 muster. Mistress Forrest, probably the wife of gentleman Thomas Forrest, is not mentioned again in the historical record, and may have died soon after her arrival at Jamestown."

One would not expect a lady to bring her servant with her, no doubt paying for the crossing, and then to release her from service soon after arriving in the new colony. However, if the lady died, the widower, a gentleman would have no use for a lady's servant and in fact, as far as the research shows to date (2015), Thomas Forrest disappears from the colonial records for at least a decade before he and his now married son show up in Maryland. This suggests that Thomas went back to England, very possibly on the same ship he came over on, having concluded colonial life was better observed from afar. Nevertheless, his name shows up on the Second Charter in May of the next year, suggesting he maintained his enthusiasm for the new colonial venture.

## Thomas Forrest and family in a painting, *Baptism of Pocahontas*, in the Rotunda of the US Capital Building

In February 1837, John Gadsby Chapman received a commission from the United States Congress to paint a historical scene for the rotunda of the Capitol building. For this work, Chapman received a total payment of $10,000. On November 30, 1840, *Baptism of Pocahontas* was formally unveiled in the United States Capitol Rotunda.

Prominently featured in the painting, according to a "key" from the Granger Collection, New York City is: "#11. Mr. and Mrs. Forrest, the lady being the first gentlewoman to arrive in the colony", and the painting itself shows a man, woman and young child, presumably their son (although there is no record of Margaret and Thomas having any children, while there is a record of Thomas having a son, Peter born in 1601).

This key is referenced "At Jamestown VA 1613". It is unlikely this historic painting done over two centuries later reflects the actual history: Mistress Forrest may have died soon after her arrival in Jamestown in 1608, thus would not have been alive to witness a 1613 baptism. Further, the child born in 1601 would not be a toddler 12 years later. Nevertheless, the painting firmly places Thomas Forrest, and perhaps his son Peter, in the rotunda of American History as art, if not fact.

## InfoBox

| Thomas ForrestEsquire | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May, 1572
Morborne, Huntingdonshire, Kingdom of England |
| Died | 1641(1641-00-00) (aged 68–69)
St. Mary's City, Maryland |
| Occupation | Adventurer |
| Spouse | Mistress Forrest (presumed) |


title: Optimization problem

abstract:
In mathematics, engineering, computer science and economics, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete:
  - An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.
  - A problem with continuous variables is known as a continuous optimization, in which an optimal value from a continuous function must be found. They can include constrained problems and multimodal problems.

text:
# Optimization problem

In mathematics, engineering, computer science and economics, an **optimization problem** is the problem of finding the *best* solution from all feasible solutions.

Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete:

## Continuous optimization problem

The *standard form* of a continuous optimization problem is $\begin{aligned}&{\underset {x}{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\\&\operatorname {subject\\;to} &&g\_{i}(x)\leq 0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m\\\&&&h\_{j}(x)=0,\quad j=1,\dots ,p\end{aligned}}$ where

* *f* : *n* is the *objective function* to be minimized over the n-variable vector x,
* *gi*(*x*) ≤ 0 are called *inequality constraints*
* *hj*(*x*) = 0 are called *equality constraints*, and
* *m* ≥ 0 and *p* ≥ 0.

If *m* = *p* = 0, the problem is an unconstrained optimization problem. By convention, the standard form defines a **minimization problem**. A **maximization problem** can be treated by negating the objective function.

## Combinatorial optimization problem

Formally, a combinatorial optimization problem A is a quadruple (*I*, *f*, *m*, *g*), where

* I is a set of instances;
* given an instance *x**I*, *f*(*x*) is the set of feasible solutions;
* given an instance x and a feasible solution y of x, *m*(*x*, *y*) denotes the measure of y, which is usually a positive real.
* g is the goal function, and is either min or max.

The goal is then to find for some instance x an *optimal solution*, that is, a feasible solution y with $m(x,y)=g\left\\{m(x,y'):y'\in f(x)\right\\}.$

For each combinatorial optimization problem, there is a corresponding decision problem that asks whether there is a feasible solution for some particular measure *m*0. For example, if there is a graph G which contains vertices u and v, an optimization problem might be "find a path from u to v that uses the fewest edges". This problem might have an answer of, say, 4. A corresponding decision problem would be "is there a path from u to v that uses 10 or fewer edges?" This problem can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'.

In the field of approximation algorithms, algorithms are designed to find near-optimal solutions to hard problems. The usual decision version is then an inadequate definition of the problem since it only specifies acceptable solutions. Even though we could introduce suitable decision problems, the problem is more naturally characterized as an optimization problem.

* Counting problem (complexity) – Type of computational problem
* Design Optimization
* Ekeland's variational principle – theorem that asserts that there exist nearly optimal solutions to some optimization problems
* Function problem – Type of computational problem
* Glove problem
* Operations research – Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
* Satisficing – Cognitive heuristic of searching for an acceptable decision − the optimum need not be found, just a "good enough" solution.
* Search problem – type of computational problem represented by a binary relation
* Semi-infinite programming – optimization problem with a finite number of variables and an infinite number of constraints, or an infinite number of variables and a finite number of constraints


title: New Zealand official war artists

abstract: New Zealand official war artists are those whose artwork becomes a part of the record of New Zealanders' lives during times of war. In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" changed to "army artist" after the two world wars. Some were soldier-artists whose sketches and other artworks captured aspect of war through art. This might be a pictorial record or it might commemorate how "war shapes lives". War artists have explored a visual and sensory dimension of war which is often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare. Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield; but there are many other types of war artist. The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war, and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The rôle of the artist and his work embraces the causes, course and consequences of conflict and it has an essentially educational purpose. New Zealand's National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; and few were displayed. New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as "official war artists." while others created artworks for their own reasons. As documentary material, the collection of art is in the safe care of Archives New Zealand and located in the Wellington National Office, Thorndon, New Zealand. Archives New Zealand loans items from the collection on application from institutions, such as art galleries and museums, providing specific criteria are met. Most of the collection has been digitised, about 1500 works, and this is available to view online.

text:
# New Zealand official war artists

**New Zealand official war artists** are those whose artwork becomes a part of the record of New Zealanders' lives during times of war. In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" changed to "army artist" after the two world wars.

Some were soldier-artists whose sketches and other artworks captured aspect of war through art. This might be a pictorial record or it might commemorate how "war shapes lives".

War artists have explored a visual and sensory dimension of war which is often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare. Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield; but there are many other types of war artist.

The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war, and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The rôle of the artist and his work embraces the causes, course and consequences of conflict and it has an essentially educational purpose. New Zealand's National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; and few were displayed.

New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as "official war artists." while others created artworks for their own reasons. As documentary material, the collection of art is in the safe care of Archives New Zealand and located in the Wellington National Office, Thorndon, New Zealand. Archives New Zealand loans items from the collection on application from institutions, such as art galleries and museums, providing specific criteria are met. Most of the collection has been digitised, about 1500 works, and this is available to view online.

## First World War

Although depictions of New Zealanders at war date back to the nineteenth century (with soldier-artists' such as Gustavus von Tempsky and Charles Heaphy), the New Zealand tradition of official military artists started with the First World War. Official war artists were appointed in the First World War in order to create a record of New Zealand's involvement in the conflict. Lance Corporal Nugent Herman received the first official appointment as a New Zealand Army artist in April 1918.

## Second World War

During the Second World War, the official artist scheme of the First World War was adapted and only slightly changed. War artists were again appointed during the Second World War. These artists served in both Europe and in the Pacific theatre of operations. The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed in the postwar period.

## Selected artists

A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

### First World War

### Second World War

### Recent Conflicts

* McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). *Artists of World War II.* Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313321535; OCLC 475496457

## Further reading