title: Preferential bidding system

abstract: Preferential bidding system (PBS) is a computer program for crew scheduling, a method of solving airlines workforce schedules consisting of specific flights and certain qualified crew members while allowing those crew members to request periodic work schedules using weighted preferences. The solution must be as efficient as possible while respecting crew member preferences, honoring seniority, conforming regulations, and operation coverage requirements.

text:
# Preferential bidding system

**Preferential bidding system** (**PBS**) is a computer program for crew scheduling, a method of solving airlines workforce schedules consisting of specific flights and certain qualified crew members while allowing those crew members to request periodic work schedules using weighted preferences. The solution must be as efficient as possible while respecting crew member preferences, honoring seniority, conforming regulations, and operation coverage requirements.

## Pairings

Work schedules in the airlines industry must cover not just a shift or a day, as workers in other industries might. Airlines work schedules consist of assignments called "crew pairings" or simply "pairings", which is a sequence of flights or legs that starts and then ends at the same domicile. Pairings are usually created by another computer program called pairing optimizer.

## Bidding and line

The process of requesting a certain schedule is called "bidding". Generally this is done on a monthly basis. The monthly schedule called "line" which a crew member gets will consist of a series of "pairings". Each month the airlines crew planning sets the new pairings due to new locations being added or removed, new times, or changes in aircraft. These new pairings are then made available for assignment or bidding. In the United States, crew members are often working under a union's collective bargaining agreement, and sometimes including non-union workplaces, seniority is used to give senior crew member the right to override junior crew member requests. A line itself must also satisfy legal and contractual constraints. Ideally it should also satisfy the crew members choices and preferences.

## Constraints

Each month, airlines crew planning must generate legal crewing solutions. These crewing solutions strive to achieve a minimum-cost of operation by matching specific aircraft, the routes they fly and crew pairings in a manner that each leg is covered by one crew that is capable of flying that aircraft at that time and in that place. The factors that must be respected when assigning a crew member line are called "constraints" which include:

* Government Regulations - FAR 117, FAR 121, FAR 135, CAP 371, CASA, DGAC etc. dependent upon the type of operation and the civil authority overseeing that particular airline.
* Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA) - ALPA, AFA, IBT
* Airline Policies - FRMP, Fairness

These include:

* Flight Time Limitations (FTL) - Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly and Yearly
* Flight Duty Period Limitations (FDP) - Daily, Weekly, Monthly
* Duty Period Limitations - Daily, Weekly, Monthly
* Rest and Day(s) off Requirements - Daily, Weekly, Monthly
* Acclimatization - mitigation for travel across several time zones
* Diurnal components - Time of day and impingement upon the Window of Circadian Low (WOCL)
* Augmentation (operations with additional active crew members)
* Credit/Pay Limitations
* Pre-assigned absences and duties.
* Scheduling Continuity - time between flights, Overlapping activities, Separation of assignments, base allocation of crew members, Reserve limitations, Crew Training Requirements.

## Crew scheduling methods

There are three general approaches to solving this complex crewing challenge: Assigned Lines, Bid lines and PBS.

### Assigned Lines

In the Assigned Lines approach, the properties of the line, and days off are simply managed via the use of constraints to build "legal" lines. The optimizer finds the most efficient use of the pairings and reserve assignments. A crew member will have no bidding or preferences.

### Bid lines

In the bid lines approach, pairings are placed within pre-built lines by line optimizer, a computer program that puts the pairings into "legal" lines, and does not take into account the individual crew members' preferences, nor the constraints imposed by crew members. The generic set of lines are then published for bidding. A crew member is free to choose any line and it will be awarded as long as no other senior crew member who also wants this same line. Unless the most senior in the bid package, crew member needs to submit multiple preferred lines in order to guarantee a preferred line; otherwise, a leftover line will be awarded. By the bidding process, the preferred line may not be awarded completely, because the line was created without reference to specific crew member constraints, it may conflict with crew members' predetermined activities. The conflicting pairings must then be reassigned to other crew members resulting in a wide range of inefficiencies. Clearly this post-award reallocation is costly to the airlines. These inefficiencies also force airlines to hire more crew members. However, bid line does offer a transparent and easy process to bid and to award, and in many cases the conflict itself actually benefits the crew members that being paid without the work according to the contracts. Though management is eager to streamline operations, crew members may still prefer the bid lines.

### PBS

In the PBS approach, the lines have not been created at the bidding, and the crew members have the ability to designate what kind of pairings, the properties of the line, and days off they prefer, thereby building a line themselves. PBS also allows crew members to bid reserve duties mixed with the pairings biddings. PBS provides a one-step process from the pairings to the lines that each crew member prefers and can legally cover.

The real challenge for PBS is that it tries to solve two innately conflicted goals, honoring preferences without violating seniority and awarding all pairings.

#### Conventional PBS

In a conventional PBS, crew members make their bids and chooses their preferences based upon their own best interests. Once all the bids are made and the bid period ends, the program attempts to create the solution by an "optimization" process. Each crew member will be awarded the best line of his own definitions from available pairings at his seniority. For each crew member, when there are many best lines, the one with the least interest conflict to the junior crew members will be awarded, which is an advantage that interactive PBS cannot achieve. By the optimization, system finds a way to satisfy both senior and junior crew members while still honoring seniority and operation coverage requirement. The optimization process itself is complicated which may take many hours and multiple runs to achieve the optimal solution. A rejected preference happens when the pairing is awarded to senior, or overall coverage issue, or legality violation, and the reason for rejection will be provided.

#### Interactive PBS

Computerized Bidding was first First introduced in 1986 by SBS. The application was developed by SBS founder Christian Boegner who later founded Crewing Solutions, and was in use on powerful internal computers at TWA among other airlines. By 1992 using such services as CompuServe and the newly introduced home PCs, SBS allowed Pilots to Bid using the internet to connect to the SBS bidding and scheduling programs running within the airlines networks.

With the advent of increasingly more powerful airline and home computers as well as high speed internet connectivity having become ubiquitous and mainstream, those original computerized programs have evolved into today's web-based, with crew members using laptop computers or even mobile devices to bid. The conventional PBS process can now be fully interactive, affording the possibility that more crew members get a schedule that fulfills their wishes. In this scheme, bidding can be a continuous process lasting several days or weeks, and can offer interactivity, where crew members can see the status of other crew member bids reflected as they bid. A crew member can change preferences in the midst of the process after seeing how others are bidding.

It is this live awareness which some PBS applications can provide which allows crew members to bid realistically because they see and can bid only for trips and days off that are available to them at their seniority at any given time throughout the remaining bidding window.

Without a live, interactive PBS's interactive recalculation during the bid period, if crew members bid for certain pairings and/or days off heavily over others, at the end of the bid period either a secondary, time-consuming algorithm needs to be implemented to solve the resultant conflicts, or manual manipulation is used to fill the "open time" (unassigned pairings).

## Implement PBS

PBS is not a new concept and the products have been available in the market and used in many airlines for many years. The algorithms used may be very different and usually lead to very different results and satisfactions. In addition, the user interfaces that provided for crew members to enter the preferences are also very different from vendor to vendor. The evaluation of the PBS products and the negotiation between the management and crew members are the most important and critical steps of a successful implementation of the PBS.


title: Trillemarka

abstract: Trillemarka (Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell) is a 147 km⁲ (57 sq mi) nature reserve located in Buskerud, Norway. It was created on December 13, 2002, and is located in the hilly and mountainous areas between Nore in Numedal and Solevann in Sigdal, partially in the municipalities of Sigdal, Nore og Uvdal, and Rollag. The nature reserve consists of one of the largest natural forest areas in central Østlandet and includes virgin forest and 93 red list species. The Norwegian government decided on January 8, 2008, that 147 km⁲ (57 sq mi) were to be protected. The landowners received NOK 100 million in compensation.

text:
# Trillemarka

**Trillemarka (Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell)** is a 147 km2 (57 sq mi) nature reserve located in Buskerud, Norway. It was created on December 13, 2002, and is located in the hilly and mountainous areas between Nore in Numedal and Solevann in Sigdal, partially in the municipalities of Sigdal, Nore og Uvdal, and Rollag. The nature reserve consists of one of the largest natural forest areas in central Østlandet and includes virgin forest and 93 red list species.

The Norwegian government decided on January 8, 2008, that 147 km2 (57 sq mi) were to be protected. The landowners received NOK 100 million in compensation.

## Controversy

There has been a large controversy between environmentalists and the owners of the forest. As a consequence of the debate there has been suggested four different sizes for an expansion of the nature reserve:

1. 205–210 km2 (suggested by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, supported by environmentalists)
2. 169 km2 (suggested by the governor)
3. 147 km2 (suggested by the governor)
4. 99 km2 (suggested by the forest owners)

Among the environmentalist organizations that have taken an interest in Trillemarka, are Natur og Ungdom, WWF, and Friends of the Earth, Norway.

## InfoBox

| Trillemarka Nature Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) | |
| Trilledalen seen from Langseterfjell | |
| Location within Norway | |
| Location | Sigdal, Buskerud, Norway |
| Nearest city | Drammen |
| Coordinates | 60°05′46″N 9°13′48″E / 60.096°N 9.23°E / 60.096; 9.23 |
| Area | 147 km2 (57 sq mi) |
| Established | 2008 |
| Governing body | Directorate for Nature Management |


title: Triller (company)

abstract: Triller, Inc is an American company specializing in online video, social media, and combat sports. It is named after and is the owner of the social networking service Triller, which was launched in 2015 by co-founders David Leiberman and Sammy Rubin.

text:
# Triller (company)

**Triller, Inc** is an American company specializing in online video, social media, and combat sports. It is named after and is the owner of the social networking service Triller, which was launched in 2015 by co-founders David Leiberman and Sammy Rubin.

## History

The Triller app was launched in 2015. In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Triller organized a three-day streaming music festival known as "Trillerfest" in support of No Kid Hungry and the MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund. The event was headlined by Don Diablo, Marshmello, Migos, Pitbull, Snoop Dogg, and Wyclef Jean.

On March 9, 2021, Triller acquired Verzuz.

In June 2021, Triller partnered with Big3 to serve as a digital media partner for the league. This will include 30 hours of live games streaming within the Triller app (including exclusive coverage of the Big3 All-Star Game), coverage of the Big3 draft, social media presences, and courtside advertising.

On April 14, 2021, Triller acquired video streaming service FITE TV, and customer engagement service Amplify.at.

On November 22, 2021, Triller acquired influencer event firm Thuzio.

On December 22, 2021, Triller announced its intention to merge with SeaChange International and go public. Under the terms of the deal, Triller shareholders would own at least 97.7% of the combined company. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2022. It was later announced that the combined entity would be renamed **TrillerVerz Company** upon the merger's closure. On June 14, 2022, it was reported that Triller would back out of the merger with SeaChange in order to pursue an IPO without a merger

On February 24, 2022, Triller acquired a majority stake in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship.

## Triller Fight Club

### Background

In July 2020, Triller announced that it had partnered with Mike Tyson's Legends Only League to become the media partner for its boxing events, with its inaugural event being an exhibition fight between Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. on November 28, 2020, distributed via pay-per-view. Triller would handle distribution of the fight to pay-per-view platforms and services such as Fite TV, and also carry a documentary miniseries leading into the fight. The PPV would not be carried within the Triller app itself due to its focus on short-form video, and a goal for wider distribution via traditional PPV outlets. Following the event, it was reported that the PPV had at least 1.6 million buys, surpassing UFC 251 as the most-bought combat sports PPV of 2020.

Ryan Kavanaugh, CEO of parent company Proxima Media, described the fight as being the launch of Triller's "high-end live events business", and explained that they aimed to reach audiences beyond core boxing fans by leveraging the present "cultural zeitgeist"; the PPV included a co-main event between internet celebrity and boxer Jake Paul and former NBA player Nate Robinson, music performances by acts such as Wiz Khalifa, and featured Snoop Dogg as a commentator. Kavanaugh later referred to this practice as a "four-quadrant" entertainment event, supplementing boxing with internet, music, and sports personalities.

### Launch

In December 2020, Triller announced a partnership with Snoop Dogg to form **Triller Fight Club**—a "boxing league" that would be produced and hosted by Snoop Dogg, and consist of a series of annual PPV cards with "four-quadrant" elements carried over from the Tyson/Jones event. The first event under the banner was held on April 17, 2021, with a main event between Jake Paul and Ben Askren, and performances by The Black Keys, Diplo, Doja Cat, Justin Bieber, Major Lazer, Saweetie, and Mt. Westmore —a supergroup featuring Snoop, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40. The event was held behind closed doors at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, with Triller intentionally limiting attendance to 100 spectators chosen via promotional contests on the Triller app; Kavanaugh described this as a "golden ticket" model supporting its goal to give home viewers a "front row" experience.

In February 2021, it was reported that Triller Fight Club had won a purse bid to promote the fight between Teófimo López and George Kambosos to defend López's unified lightweight titles, beating out Matchroom and Top Rank with a bid reported to be $6 million. Kavanaugh stated that the match would likely be a co-main event on a future card. In March 2021, Oscar De La Hoya announced a comeback fight during a planned card on July 3. In May 2021, Triller signed long-time HBO boxing personality Jim Lampley as its lead commentator; his role was expected to begin with Teófimo López vs. George Kambosos Jr. on June 19. However, after the López vs. Kambosos fight was postponed on multiple occasions, the International Boxing Federation ruled that Triller was in breach of their contractual obligation to stage the fight, subsequently awarding the rights to Matchroom as the second highest bidders.

## Controversies

In November 2021, Triller owner Ryan Kavanaugh publicized Triller Fight Club's new Triller Triad Combat with an open invitation to UFC president Dana White. The invitation, wreathed in a floral border, personally invited White to the event and offered an arranged tour and personalized autograph. Kavanaugh's targeted appeal to Dana White may have been connected with White's comments on Triller in May 2021 when he dismissed questions about Triller saying, "You think I care what Triller thinks? I don't even take their calls. This idiot calls me every day. He calls me every day: 'Please answer my call. Please talk to me. Why won't you talk to me?' Because I don't give a f\*ck about you."

### Lawsuits

Triller has filed lawsuits against several websites and a 19-year-old alleging illegal distribution of Jake Paul vs. Ben Askren, seeking $100 million and $150,000 respectively in damages. Following the dismissal of the $100 million suit as a misjoinder, Triller's subsidiary Triller Fight Club filed an amended complaint against the *H3 Podcast*, a video podcast native to YouTube, seeking $50 million in damages. The podcast's host Ethan Klein claims his inclusion of a 45-second clip of the event in one of his broadcasts constitutes fair use and alleges that Ryan Kavanaugh, a major stakeholder, has instigated the lawsuit "out of spite".

In November 2021, Triller was sued for infringing a design patent and registered copyright and trademark in the marketing of Triller Fight Club's Triad Combat.

On 16 August 2022, Swizz Beatz and Timbaland sued Triller, alleging that they are owed over $28 million related to the purchase of the webcast series Verzuz. Triller had bought Verzuz in January 2021 for an undisclosed sum. In September, Swizz and Timbaland reached an amicable agreement with Triller and the case was settled. By June 2024, Swizz and Timbaland would reacquire Verzuz and begin a partnership with Twitter.

## Assets

### Streaming and Social

### Combat sports

### Other assets

A further list of brands and properties owned by Triller, Inc.

**Current**

* Thuzio
* Amplify.AI
* Fangage
* Crosshype
* Julius
* Flipps Media
* Metaverz

**Former**

## InfoBox

Triller, Inc.
|
|  |
| Formerly | TrillerNet
Triller Hold Co |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry |  |
| Founded | July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23) in Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Founders | * David Leiberman * Sammy Rubin |
| Headquarters | 2121 Avenue of the Stars, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people |  |
| Products | Triller
Triller TV |
| Subsidiaries | Flipps Media
Thuzio
BKFC |
| Website | trillerinc.com |


title: Tristram Conyers

abstract: Tristram Conyers was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660. Conyers was the son of William Conyers of Walthamstow, Essex and his wife Mary Hervey, daughter of Sir Francis Hervey. He was educated at Merchant Taylor's School and later entered Middle Temple. In 1660, Conyers was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in the Convention Parliament. He became a serjeant at law on 29 January 1674. Conyers died at the age of 64. Conyers married Winefred Gerard, daughter of Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill. His son Sir Gerard Conyers was Lord Mayor of London.

text:
# Tristram Conyers

**Tristram Conyers** (5 September 1619 – 6 August 1684) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.

Conyers was the son of William Conyers of Walthamstow, Essex and his wife Mary Hervey, daughter of Sir Francis Hervey. He was educated at Merchant Taylor's School and later entered Middle Temple.

In 1660, Conyers was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in the Convention Parliament. He became a serjeant at law on 29 January 1674.

Conyers died at the age of 64.

Conyers married Winefred Gerard, daughter of Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill. His son Sir Gerard Conyers was Lord Mayor of London.


title: Trontinemab

abstract: Trontinemab (RG6102) is a monoclonal antibody developed by Roche/Genentech for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is based on gantenerumab, an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, and using a Brainshuttle domain for transfer through the blood-brain barrier. Compared to gantenerumab, it has 50 times as much penetrance into the brain.

text:
# Trontinemab

**Trontinemab** (RG6102) is a monoclonal antibody developed by Roche/Genentech for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is based on gantenerumab, an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, and using a Brainshuttle domain for transfer through the blood-brain barrier. Compared to gantenerumab, it has 50 times as much penetrance into the brain.

## InfoBox

Trontinemab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | ? |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | RG6102 |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Investigational |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| UNII |  |


title: Tronville-en-Barrois

abstract: Tronville-en-Barrois is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Tronville-en-Barrois

**Tronville-en-Barrois** (French pronunciation: \[tʁɔ̃vil ɑ̃ baʁwa\]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Tronville-en-Barrois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Tronville-en-Barrois | |
|  | |
| Location of Tronville-en-Barrois | |
| Tronville-en-BarroisTronville-en-Barrois | |
| Coordinates: 48°43′16″N 5°16′45″E / 48.7211°N 5.2792°E / 48.7211; 5.2792 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meuse |
| Arrondissement | Bar-le-Duc |
| Canton | Ancerville |
| Intercommunality | CA Bar-le-Duc - Sud Meuse |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Daniel Briat |
| Area**1** | 12.64 km2 (4.88 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,331 |
| Density | 110/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 55519 /55310 |
| Elevation | 204–353 m (669–1,158 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Trochus chloromphalus

abstract: Trochus chloromphalus is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Trochus chloromphalus

***Trochus chloromphalus*** is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 19 mm, its diameter 22 mm. The thick, false-umbilicate shell has a conoid shape with an acute apex. It contains eight whorls, the first yellowish, the following planulate, greenish, ornamented with flexuous brown lines. They are separated by a slightly impressed suture and spirally cingulate. The penultimate whorl has about 7 granose unequal ridges, the upper two large, third and fifth smaller. The body whorl is carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric lirae, slightly or not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices. The aperture is rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate. The oblique columella is folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless. The umbilical area is funnel-shaped, like an umbilicus. It is bordered with intense green.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan and in the Indo-Pacific.

* "*Infundibulum chloromphalus*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Trochus chloromphalus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with two views of a shell of *Trochus chloromphalus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Trochus* |
| Species: | ***T. chloromphalus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochus chloromphalus***<br>(A. Adams, 1851) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Infundibulum chloromphalus*  A. Adams, 1851 | |


title: Trochus firmus

abstract: Trochus firmus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Trochus firmus

***Trochus firmus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the adult shell varies between 20 and 26 mm (0.79 and 1.02 in). The notably thick, solid shell has a rather conical shape. It is transversely sulcate. It has a pale green ground, painted with close purple-red streaks above. The base has red-spotted girdles. The whorls are a little subangular above the suture and a little plicate below the sutures, appearing somewhat terraced. The body whorl is rounded-angulate and passes into the base with a blunt angle. The sculpture consists of about seven weak smooth transverse grooves on the upper surface, and about four scarcely elevated concentric girdles on the base. The base of the shell is nearly plane, obsoletely cingulate and false-umbilicate. The funnel-shaped pit occupying the place of the umbilicus has a slightly elevated liration. The aperture is rhomboidal. The entirely simple columella is very oblique.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.

* Bosch D.T., Dance S.P., Moolenbeek R.G. & Oliver P.G. (1995) *Seashells of eastern Arabia*. Dubai: Motivate Publishing. 296 pp.

* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Trochus firmus*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Trochus firmus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Trochus* |
| Species: | ***T. firmus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochus firmus***<br>Philippi, 1849 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trochus solidus* Jonas * *Trochus (Infundibulops) firmus* Philippi, 1849 | |


title: Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase

abstract:
In enzymology, a tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - L-tryptophan + O2 ⇌ alpha,beta-didehydrotryptophan + H2O2 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-tryptophan and O2, whereas its two products are alpha,beta-didehydrotryptophan and H2O2. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tryptophan:oxygen alpha,beta-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-tryptophan 2',3'-oxidase, and L-tryptophan alpha,beta-dehydrogenase. It employs one cofactor, heme.

text:
# Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase

In enzymology, a **tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase** (EC 1.3.3.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-tryptophan + O2 $\rightleftharpoons $ alpha,beta-didehydrotryptophan + H2O2

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-tryptophan and O2, whereas its two products are alpha,beta-didehydrotryptophan and H2O2.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **L-tryptophan:oxygen alpha,beta-oxidoreductase**. Other names in common use include **L-tryptophan 2',3'-oxidase**, and **L-tryptophan alpha,beta-dehydrogenase**. It employs one cofactor, heme.

* Genet R, Denoyelle C, Menez A (1994). "Purification and partial characterization of an amino acid alpha,beta- dehydrogenase, L-tryptophan 2',3'-oxidase from Chromobacterium violaceum". *J. Biol. Chem*. **269** (27): 18177–84. PMID 8027079.
* Genet R, Benetti PH, Hammadi A, Menez A (1995). "L-tryptophan 2',3'-oxidase from Chromobacterium violaceum. Substrate specificity and mechanistic implications". *J. Biol. Chem*. **270** (40): 23540–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23540. PMID 7559518.

## InfoBox

| tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.3.3.10 |
| CAS no. | 156859-19-7 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Minister of Aeronautics

abstract: The Minister of Aeronautics of Italy, was the minister responsible for the Ministry of Aeronautics, which oversaw both military aviation — the Regia Aeronautica until 1946, then the Aeronautica Militare until 1947 — and civil aviation. The position was created in 1925 during the Mussolini Cabinet and was abolished in 1947 with the creation of the position of Minister of Defence.

text:
# Minister of Aeronautics

The **Minister of Aeronautics** of Italy, was the minister responsible for the Ministry of Aeronautics, which oversaw both military aviation — the *Regia Aeronautica* ("Royal Air Force") until 1946, then the *Aeronautica Militare* (Italian Air Force) until 1947 — and civil aviation. The position was created in 1925 during the Mussolini Cabinet and was abolished in 1947 with the creation of the position of Minister of Defence.

## List of ministers

### Kingdom of Italy

**Parties:**

* National Fascist Party
* Military
* Labour Democratic Party

**Coalitions:**

**Other:**

* Acting

| N. | Portrait | Name
(Born–Died) | Term of office | | | Party | | Government | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | || |
| 1 |  | **Benito Mussolini**
(1883–1945)
*As Prime Minister* | 30 August 1925 | 3 January 1926 | 126 days |  | National Fascist Party | Mussolini |  |
| | | 3 January 1926 | 12 September 1929 | 3 years, 252 days | | | |
| 2 |  | **Italo Balbo**
(1896–1940) | 12 September 1929 | 6 November 1933 | 4 years, 55 days | |  | National Fascist Party |  |
| (1) |  | **Benito Mussolini**
(1883–1945)
*As Prime Minister* | 6 November 1933 | 25 July 1943 | 9 years, 261 days | |  | National Fascist Party |  |
| 3 |  | **Renato Sandalli**
(1897–1968) | 28 July 1943 | 18 June 1944 | 326 days |  | Military | Badoglio I·II |  |
| 4 |  | **Pietro Piacentini**
(1898–1963) | 18 June 1944 | 10 December 1944 | 175 days |  | Military | Bonomi II |  |
| 5 |  | **Carlo Scialoja**
(1886–1947) | 10 December 1944 | 14 January 1945 | 33 days |  | Labour Democratic Party | Bonomi III |  |
| 6 |  | **Luigi Gasparotto**
(1873–1954) | 14 January 1945 | 19 June 1945 | 156 days | |  | Labour Democratic Party |  |
| 7 |  | **Mario Cevolotto**
(1887–1953) | 19 June 1945 | 13 July 1946 | 1 year, 24 days |  | Labour Democratic Party | Parri
De Gasperi I |  |

### Republic of Italy

**Parties:**

**Coalitions:**

| N. | Portrait | Name
(Born–Died) | Term of office | | | Party | | Government | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | || |
| 1 |  | **Mario Cingolani**
(1883–1971) | 13 July 1946 | 4 February 1947 | 206 days |  | Christian Democracy | De Gasperi II |  |
| **Minister of Defence** *(see list)* | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Minister of Aeronautics | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ministri dell'Aeronautica* | |
| Flag of the Minister of Aeronautics | |
| **Longest serving
Benito Mussolini**
3 January 1926–12 September 1929
6 November 1933–25 July 1943 | |
| Ministry of Aeronautics | |
| Member of | Council of Ministers |
| Seat | Rome |
| Term length | No fixed term |
| Formation | 30 August 1925 (1925-08-30) |
| First holder | Benito Mussolini (act.) |
| Final holder | Mario Cingolani |
| Abolished | 4 February 1947 (1947-02-04) |
| Succession | Minister of Defence |


title: When the Morning Comes (song)

abstract: "When the Morning Comes" is a song by American country music artist Hoyt Axton. Released in February 1974, it was the first single from his album Life Machine. The song, which featured a brief solo by Linda Ronstadt, peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached No. 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

text:
# When the Morning Comes (song)

"**When the Morning Comes**" is a song by American country music artist Hoyt Axton. Released in February 1974, it was the first single from his album *Life Machine*.

The song, which featured a brief solo by Linda Ronstadt (who also provided harmony vocals), peaked at No. 10 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached No. 1 on the *RPM* Country Tracks chart in Canada.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1974) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles | 10 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 54 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Adult Contemporary | 31 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Top Singles | 72 |
| Canadian *RPM* Adult Contemporary | 20 |

## InfoBox

| "When the Morning Comes" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Hoyt Axton | |
| from the album  *Life Machine* | |
| B-side | "Billie's Theme" |
| Released | February 1974 |
| Recorded | Fall 1973 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:31 |
| Label | A&M 1497 |
| Songwriter(s) | Hoyt Axton |
| Producer(s) | Allan McDougall, Hoyt Axton |
| Hoyt Axton singles chronology | |
| "Sweet Misery"
(1973) "**When the Morning Comes**"
(1974) "Boney Fingers"
(1974) | |


title: Scudderia

abstract: Scudderia is a genus of katydids in the subfamily Phaneropterinae. They are sometimes called bush katydids and are 30–38 mm in length. Their range is most of North America, northernmost being in Southern Canada. They are herbivores, with nymphs feeding primarily on flowers and adults preferring woody deciduous plants.

text:
# Scudderia

***Scudderia*** is a genus of katydids in the subfamily Phaneropterinae. They are sometimes called **bush katydids** and are 30–38 mm in length. Their range is most of North America, northernmost being in Southern Canada. They are herbivores, with nymphs feeding primarily on flowers and adults preferring woody deciduous plants.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Scudderia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ***Scudderia*** sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Subfamily: | Phaneropterinae |
| Tribe: | Scudderiini |
| Genus: | *Scudderia*<br>Stål, 1873 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spilacris* Rehn & Cockerell, 1903 | |


title: Uligan (Haa Alif Atoll)

abstract: Uligan or Uligamu is one of the inhabited islands of Haa Alif Atoll and geographically part of the Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the Maldives. It is an island-level administrative constituency governed by the Uligan Island Council.

text:
# Uligan (Haa Alif Atoll)

**Uligan** or **Uligamu** (Dhivehi: އުލިގަން) is one of the inhabited islands of Haa Alif Atoll and geographically part of the *Ihavandhippolhu* Atoll in the Maldives. It is an island-level administrative constituency governed by the Uligan Island Council.

## Demography

Population, Ha.Uligan: Female 266, Male 270, Total 536

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 267 |  |
| 2014 | 368 | +37.8% |
| 2006-2014: Census populations<br>Source: | | |

## Geography

The island is 327.97 km (204 mi; 177 nmi) north of the country's capital, Malé. Uligan is an outpost in the northwest Indian Ocean. It is the final stop most people make on the way from Thailand before they enter the Gulf of Aden or sail directly up the Red Sea.

## Economy

One of the major sources of income for the islanders is by selling souvenirs and ship provisions for passing yachtsmen.

An airport is planned to be built on this island, to serve Haa Alif Atoll.

### Energy Production

Maldives made history with the implementation of the world's first hybrid AC Coupled Renewable Energy Micro Grid in Uligan that will help reduce the dependence on fossil fuel and toxic emissions, which in turn will contribute to reduce the effects of climate change.

## InfoBox

| Uligan އުލިގަން | |
| --- | --- |
| *island* | |
| UliganLocation in Maldives | |
| Coordinates: 7°05′00″N 72°55′40″E / 7.08333°N 72.92778°E / 7.08333; 72.92778 | |
| Country | Maldives |
| Geographic atoll | Ihavandhippolhu Atoll |
| Administrative atoll | Haa Alif Atoll |
| Distance to Malé | 327.97 km (203.79 mi) |
| Government | |
| Council | Uligan Island Council |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 2.5 km (1.6 mi) |
| Width | 0.8 km (0.5 mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 535 |
| Time zone | UTC+05:00 (MST) |
| Area code(s) | 1283 |


title: Myim Rose

abstract: Myim Rose was a singer-songwriter and actress from Washington Heights, Manhattan. She is best known for vocals on the 1994 Moby song "Feeling so Real" and playing Layla in the 1992 film Unlawful Entry. She was a singer-songwriter who fronted her own rock band in New York City. In November 2006, Myim died after a 4-year battle with cancer. Myim married actor Brian Gant in 2001. He was with her at the time of her death.

text:
# Myim Rose

**Myim Rose** was a singer-songwriter and actress from Washington Heights, Manhattan. She is best known for vocals on the 1994 Moby song "Feeling so Real" and playing Layla in the 1992 film *Unlawful Entry*. She was a singer-songwriter who fronted her own rock band in New York City. In November 2006, Myim died after a 4-year battle with cancer. Myim married actor Brian Gant in 2001. He was with her at the time of her death.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *Run Like Hell* | Victim |  |
| 1992 | *Unlawful Entry* | Layla | (final film role) |

The Myim Rose Foundation:


title: Zhang Yuanshu

abstract: Zhang Yuanshu is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Shandong Taishan.

text:
# Zhang Yuanshu

**Zhang Yuanshu** (Chinese: 张源书; born 25 May 1997) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Shandong Taishan.

## Club career

Zhang was loaned to Brazilian teams Desportivo Brasil and São Paulo during his youth development.

In May 2022, he was loaned to China League One side Zibo Cuju.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 25 July 2022.*

| Club | Season | League | | | State League | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Shandong Taishan | 2018 | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2019 | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2020 | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2021 | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2022 | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Desportivo Brasil (loan) | 2018 |  | | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Zibo Cuju (loan) | 2022 | China League One | 8 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 |

Notes   1. ""95后"中国足球小子留学巴西：用青春博未来" \["Post-95" Chinese football boys studying in Brazil: using youth to build the future\]. *edu.people.com.cn* (in Chinese). 13 April 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
2. "鲁能小将张源书 被租借至圣保罗" \[Luneng teenager Zhang Yuanshu is on loan to Sao Paulo\]. *m.sohu.com* (in Chinese). 17 March 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
3. "淄博蹴鞠官宣引援最新进展 范晓东等18人正式加盟" \[18 people including Fan Xiaodong officially joined in Zibo Cuju official announcement\]. *sports.sina.com.cn* (in Chinese). 15 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
4. Zhang Yuanshu at Soccerway

## InfoBox

Zhang Yuanshu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1997-05-25) 25 May 1997 | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Zibo Cuju<br>(on loan from Shandong Taishan) | | |
| Number | 21 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2014–2018 | Shandong Taishan | | |
| 2015–2017 | Desportivo Brasil (youth loan) | | |
| 2017 | São Paulo (youth loan) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018– | Shandong Taishan | 0 | (0) |
| 2018 | Desportivo Brasil (loan) | 1 | (1) |
| 2022– | Zibo Cuju (loan) | 8 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:01, 25 July 2022 (UTC) | | | |


title: Visconti Rocca (Romano di Lombardia)

abstract: The Visconti Rocca of Romano is a rocca in Romano di Lombardia, Bergamo, Lombardy in Northern Italy. It was built in the 13th century and expanded in the 14th and 15th centuries by the Visconti and Colleoni families.

text:
# Visconti Rocca (Romano di Lombardia)

The **Visconti Rocca of Romano** is a rocca in Romano di Lombardia, Bergamo, Lombardy in Northern Italy. It was built in the 13th century and expanded in the 14th and 15th centuries by the Visconti and Colleoni families.

## History

The first castle was built in the 13th century at the north-western corner of the fortified village of Romano. The historical documents already mentioned it as La Rocca. It had a quadrangular plan with an internal courtyard and was surrounded by a large moat connected to the town's walls. Its original layout has remained substantially unchanged until today.

In the first half of the 14th century, Azzone Visconti, lord of Milan, strengthened the castle. He added two other towers to the single tower of the south-eastern corner at the north-eastern and south-western corners. In 1428, when Romano passed under the Venetian rule, the towers were equipped with protruding apparatus. Bartolomeo Colleoni, who became lord of Romano in 1448 as supreme commander of the Venice troops, transformed the southern wing of the castle and created a large reception room (the *Sala Grande*) on the first floor of the western wing. He also raised the external loggia on the side of the south-western tower. During the 17th century, a new tower was added at the north-western corner.

The walls of the primitive castle are partly built with river pebbles arranged in a herringbone pattern or mixed with brick courses. The towers of the Visconti era are made entirely in brick. The main entrance is on the eastern side, from the city. A drawbridge over the moat was replaced in 1803 by a bridge in masonry, but its traces are still visible. A secondary entrance, towards the countryside, was inserted in the south-eastern tower.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the building served as the district court and prison. In 1969, the Municipality of Romano began its restoration.

## Today

Today, the Rocca is the seat of the municipal library and the Parco del Serio. The *Sala Grande* hosts exhibitions and events.

## Sources

* Conti, Flavio; Hybsch, Vincenzo; Vincenti, Antonello (1993). *I castelli della Lombardia. Provincie di Bergamo e Brescia* (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Geografico de Agostini. ISBN 88-415-0161-8.

## InfoBox

| Visconti Rocca (Romano di Lombardia) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Rocca Viscontea di Romano di Lombardia* | |
| Romano di Lombardia, Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy | |
| The Rocca from the north | |
| Visconti Rocca (Romano di Lombardia) | |
| Coordinates | 45°31′16″N 9°45′12″E / 45.52111°N 9.75333°E / 45.52111; 9.75333 |
| Type | Rocca |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Romano di Lombardia municipality |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Built | 13th–15th centuries |
| Built by | Unknown, reinforced by Azzone Visconti and Colleoni family |
| Materials | Stone, cobblestone and bricks |


title: Uliești

abstract: Uliești is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 4,455 people. It is composed of eight villages: Croitori, Hanu lui Pală, Jugureni, Mănăstioara, Olteni, Ragu, Stavropolia and Uliești. The commune lies among an important but non highway route (61) leading to and from Găești. To its northeast runs the river Argeș. Through the heart of the commune runs the river Neajlov.

text:
# Uliești

**Uliești** is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 4,455 people. It is composed of eight villages: Croitori, Hanu lui Pală, Jugureni, Mănăstioara, Olteni, Ragu, Stavropolia and Uliești.

The commune lies among an important but non highway route (61) leading to and from Găești. To its northeast runs the river Argeș. Through the heart of the commune runs the river Neajlov.

## Natives

## InfoBox

| Uliești | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Dâmbovița County | |
| UlieștiLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°35′N 25°25′E / 44.583°N 25.417°E / 44.583; 25.417 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Dâmbovița |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 3,923 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | DB |


title: Umchwasho

abstract: Umchwasho is a traditional chastity rite in Eswatini. While the rite is active, unmarried women are not allowed to have sexual relations and must wear a traditional set of tassels. The tassels are usually made of wool and are worn around the neck like a scarf. Girls aged 18 and under must wear blue-and-yellow tassels and are not allowed any physical contact with males. Those aged 19 or over must wear red-and-black tassels and are allowed some physical contact with males but not sexual intercourse. Those that are caught going against umchwasho are fined one animal. The most recent period of umchwasho ran between 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005. King Mswati III imposed the ban on sex among the unmarried, in an effort to help stop the spread of HIV and AIDS, which is particularly prevalent in the country. It was originally intended to last five years but was withdrawn one year early without any stated reason, though the ban had faced strong opposition and many women refused to wear the required woollen scarf. The King also drew criticism when he married a teen during the period, fining himself one cow for breaking the rules. When the rite ended, the tassels were burnt in a large ceremony.

text:
# Umchwasho

**Umchwasho** (Swazi: \[umǀʰwaʃo\]) is a traditional chastity rite in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland). While the rite is active, unmarried women are not allowed to have sexual relations and must wear a traditional set of tassels. The tassels are usually made of wool and are worn around the neck like a scarf. Girls aged 18 and under must wear blue-and-yellow tassels and are not allowed any physical contact with males. Those aged 19 or over must wear red-and-black tassels and are allowed some physical contact with males but not sexual intercourse. Those that are caught going against umchwasho are fined one animal (typically a cow).

The most recent period of umchwasho ran between 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005. King Mswati III imposed the ban on sex among the unmarried, in an effort to help stop the spread of HIV and AIDS, which is particularly prevalent in the country. It was originally intended to last five years but was withdrawn one year early without any stated reason, though the ban had faced strong opposition and many women refused to wear the required woollen scarf. The King also drew criticism when he married a teen during the period, fining himself one cow for breaking the rules. When the rite ended, the tassels were burnt in a large ceremony.

## Sources


title: Uma Shankari

abstract: Uma Shankari is an Indian actress who appeared in regional Indian language films.

text:
# Uma Shankari

**Uma Shankari** is an Indian actress who appeared in regional Indian language films.

## Career

In 2006, she appeared in Sakthi Chidambaram's *Kovai Brothers* opposite Sibiraj, featuring as Sathyaraj's niece and also featured in *Thodamaley* alongside newcomers. She also acts in a few serials like Chikamma (the remake of the famous Tamil serial "Chithi" in Kannada) and Valli (a new Tamil Serial).

## Personal life

Uma was born to D. Rajendra Babu, a commercial director in Kannada film industry, and actress Sumithra, who appeared in regional Indian films. Her younger sister, Nakshatra, made her debut with the film *Doo* in 2011. Alongside films, she studied B.A, English literature in Indira Gandhi Open University.

She eventually married software engineer H. Dushyanth in Bangalore on 15 June 2006 and opted against signing any more films thereafter.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Veeranadai* | Poomayil | Tamil |  |
| | *Vaanavil* | Uma | Tamil |  |
| 2001 | *Ammo Bomma* | Lakshmi | Telugu |  |
| | *Kalakalappu* | Mini | Tamil |  |
| | *Navvuthu Bathakalira* | Sarala | Telugu |  |
| | *Kadal Pookkal* | Kayal | Tamil |  |
| 2002 | *Kuberan* | Gauri | Malayalam |  |
| | *Thilakam* | Maya | Malayalam |  |
| 2003 | *Chokka Thangam* | Maragatham | Tamil |  |
| | *Vasanthamalika* | Nandhini | Malayalam |  |
| | *Vikadan* | Kaveri | Tamil |  |
| | *Kalyana Ramudu* | Kalyani's sister | Telugu |  |
| | *Saphalam* | Gracey | Malayalam |  |
| | *Soori* | Rishaba / Priya | Tamil |  |
| 2004 | *Thendral* | Thamaraiselvi | Tamil |  |
| | *Rightaa Thappaa* | Viji | Tamil |  |
| | *Ee Snehatheerathu* | Gayathri | Malayalam |  |
| | *Swamy* | Seetha,
Geetha | Telugu |  |
| 2005 | *Amudhae* | Vinaya | Tamil |  |
| | *Selvam* | Thendral | Tamil |  |
| 2006 | *Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.* | Dr. Uma/ Chinnu | Kannada |  |
| | *Lakshmi* | Swathi | Telugu |  |
| | *Kovai Brothers* | Ganesh's sister | Tamil |  |
| | *Thodamaley* | Manju | Tamil |  |
| | *Ilakkanam* | Kayalvizhi | Tamil |  |
| | *Kallarali Hoovagi* | Noor Jahan / Ratna | Kannada |  |
| | *Adaikalam* | Thamizh | Tamil |  |
| 2007 | *Manikanda* | Lakshmi Manikandan | Tamil |  |
| | *Rasigar Mandram* | Bharathi | Tamil |  |
| 2014 | *Bhagyalakshmi* | Priya | Tamil |  |
| 2017 | *Munsif* |  | Kannada |  |
| 2022 | *Valimai* | Young Lakshmi | Tamil |  |

### Television

| Year | Film | Role | Language | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012-2013 | *Chikamma* |  | Kannada | Udaya TV |
| 2014 | *Valli* | Valli | Tamil | Sun TV |
|

## InfoBox

| Uma Shankari | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Uma Shankari |
| Other names | Uma |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Dancer |
| Years active | 2000–2007 (films)
2012–2013 (television) |
| Spouse | H. Dushyanth (m. 2006) |
| Parent(s) | D. Rajendra Babu
Sumithra |
| Family | Nakshatra (sister) |


title: Uncial 054

abstract: Uncial 054, ε 59 (Soden), also known as Codex Barberini, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century.

text:
# Uncial 054

**Uncial 054** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 59 (Soden), also known as *Codex Barberini*, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century.

## Description

The codex contains part of the Gospel of John (16:3-19:41), with a commentary on 6 parchment leaves (29 cm by 18.5 cm). It is written in one column per page, 36 lines per page, in about 27 letters in line. The letters are small, the parchment is thick, the ink is brown. It contains lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical service).

The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given in the margin of the text, but without references to the Eusebian Canons.

It belongs to the same manuscript to which minuscule codex 392 belongs (folios 7-391).

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type, with some non-Byzantine readings. Aland, with some hesitation, placed it in Category V.

## History

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 8th century.

It was found in the 17th century by Cardinal Francesco Barberini (hence name of the codex). It was examined by Scholz. The text of the codex was published by Tischendorf in 1846 (*Monumenta sacra*).

The codex is now located in the Vatican Library (Barberini Gr. 521, fol. 1-6).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Uncial **054**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Name | Codex Barberini |
| Text | Gospel of John |
| Date | 8th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Barberini 17th |
| Now at | Vatican Library |
| Size | 29 x 18.5 cm |
| Type | Byzantine text-type |
| Category | V |


title: Ukrainian-American Concordia University

abstract: Wisconsin International University (USA) in Ukraine (WIUU) is a liberal arts institute located in the center of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The WIUU was established in 1997 as a private Higher Education Institution (HEI) Ukrainian-American Liberal Arts Institute “Wisconsin International University (USA) Ukraine” and offers an academic program that combines the practices of business education in Ukraine and in the USA. WIUU was and remains a unique Ukrainian HEI with training programs that lead to both Ukrainian state degrees and American University degrees.

text:
# Ukrainian-American Concordia University

**Wisconsin International University (USA) in Ukraine** (WIUU) is a liberal arts institute located in the center of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The WIUU was established in 1997 as a private Higher Education Institution (HEI) ***Ukrainian-American Liberal Arts Institute “Wisconsin International University (USA) Ukraine”*** and offers an academic program that combines the practices of business education in Ukraine and in the USA. WIUU was and remains a unique Ukrainian HEI with training programs that lead to both Ukrainian state degrees (Bachelor of Management and Master of International Business Management) and American University degrees (Bachelor of Business Administration and Master of Business Administration).

## History

WIUU was established in 1997 by cooperation of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov University in Kyiv, Wisconsin International University (Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA) and Professor Oleksandr Romanovskiy. Over the years, WIUU has established cooperation programs with several other business schools and universities. In October 2017, in connection with the change of the American founder the WIUU was renamed the Private Higher Educational Establishment-Institute "UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY". Its founders include the well known in the USA Concordia University Wisconsin with campuses in Mequon, Wisconsin and Ann Arbor, Michigan.

## Accreditation

WIUU is accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine and the State Accrediting Board of Ukraine to offer Bachelor and Master Programs. In 2012, WIUU's MBA program has been accredited by the German-Austrian-Swiss  ***Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA)***. FIBAA Headquartered in Bonn and has branch offices in Vienna and Zurich. Period of WIUU Master of Business Administration (MBA) Study Program FIBAA Accreditation: September 27, 2012 until the end of 2017 summer semester. In 2014 the university successfully passed the accreditation of its bachelor's programs. Current period of WIUU Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Study Program FIBAA Accreditation: July 11, 2014 until August 31, 2019. For several years the university has been a member of the ***American Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP)***.

## Degree Programs

| Degree Offered | Diplomas Obtained |
| --- | --- |
| Joint Ukrainian - American bachelor's degree in Business Administration and Management | Ukrainian State Diploma -Bachelor of Management (BM) International Diploma -Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) |
| American Degree - Bachelor of Business Administration | International Diploma -Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) |
| Ukrainian Degree - Bachelor of Management | Ukrainian State Diploma -Bachelor of Management (BM) |
| Bachelor of International Business Degree | Ukrainian and International Diplomas in International Business |
| American Degree - Master of Business Administration | International Diploma -Master of Business Administration (MBA) |
| Ukrainian Degree - Master of International Management | Ukrainian State Diploma -Master of International Management (MIM) |

## Partner Universities from abroad

Students have the opportunity to practice, study and train abroad (the US and Western Europe) in order to broaden their knowledge on culture, politics, economics and languages of the host countries. WIUU offers a range of summer and winter programs in Florida, Heidelberg, Munich, London, Plymouth, Madrid, Paris and Strasbourg. Courses and internship taken at WIUU partner universities are recognized by WIUU.

The WIUU maintains relations to a number of partner universities and institutions:

## Partner organizations and institutions from Ukraine and abroad

The university maintains relations to a number of partner organizations and institutions:

## Student life

Students and faculty organize various activities outside of the curriculum, such as sports or cultural events. WIUU's international connections and exchange programs enable students to receive insights into foreign customs and traditions, often leading to multi-cultural entertainment programs. There is also a weekly student-made newspaper.

## Staff, honorable doctors and professors

The university's academic program is supported by a body of lecturers from various fields. In addition, WIUU regularly gives students the opportunity to learn from guest lecturers, honorary doctors and professors. Among these are:

* Karl Beck, former director of the US Peace Corps
* Jörn Block, professor at University of Trier, Germany
* Hansjürgen Doss, honorary consul of Ukraine
* Douglas Gardner, former United Nations coordinator in Ukraine
* Axel Haas, lecturer at Trier University, Germany
* John Herbst, former US Ambassador to Ukraine
* Moritz Hunzinger, PR and communications specialist
* Adalbert Lhota, former honorary consul general of Austria
* Michael Ruiss, Entrepreneur and publisher of TOP Magazine Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Germany
* Stephan Schupbach, professor at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
* Peter Spary, secretary general of German-Ukrainian association for economy and science
* Dietmar Stüdemann, former ambassador of Germany
* Gert-René Polli, Former Head of the Austrian Internal Security Service: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung
* Anastasiia Tsybuliak, Professor of the Department of International Economics, Business and Management. Doctor of Economic Sciences, PhD in Political Sciences
* Joachim Bentz, Marketing Director of the international corporation Imperial Tobacco Ukraine
* Jeff Evans, Top salesman at Roche Laboratories and AstraZeneca

## Sources

## InfoBox

Wisconsin International University (USA) Ukraine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1997 |
| Rector | Prof. Oleksandr Romanovskyi |
| Students | 300 |
| Location | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ulu Yam

abstract: Ulu Yam is one of the oldest towns in Hulu Selangor District, Selangor, Malaysia. Ulu Yam is separated into two different parts, Ulu Yam Lama and Ulu Yam Bharu. As their name suggests, Ulu Yam Lama is the original town and Ulu Yam Bharu came into development afterward. It is famous for its lor mee, and is especially popular among residents of nearby Kuala Lumpur Loh Mee was Founded by Hock Choon Kee, which was the 1st generation resident during the Emergency period in Malaya back then, he was exiled to Ulu Yam by the British administration due to his involvement in Communist activities and running a prostitution ring that stretched from Kuala Kubu Baru to Kuala Selangor. Ulu Yam is also a transit point to the Genting Highlands Resort after Batang Kali. The British administration gazetted Ulu Yam as a Communist hot-spot and surrounded it to keep the Chinese in check. In order to minimize Communist influence, all residents back then were not allowed to go into jungle. Ulu Yam is also well known by its natural surroundings and places such as waterfalls. One of it has five stages. There are also three natural hot springs.

text:
# Ulu Yam

**Ulu Yam** is one of the oldest towns in Hulu Selangor District, Selangor, Malaysia. Ulu Yam is separated into two different parts, Ulu Yam Lama and Ulu Yam Bharu. As their name suggests, Ulu Yam Lama is the original town and Ulu Yam Bharu came into development afterward.

It is famous for its *lor mee* (or noodles in thick soya gravy), and is especially popular among residents of nearby Kuala Lumpur Loh Mee was Founded by Hock Choon Kee, which was the 1st generation resident during the Emergency period in Malaya back then, he was exiled to Ulu Yam by the British administration due to his involvement in Communist activities and running a prostitution ring that stretched from Kuala Kubu Baru to Kuala Selangor. Ulu Yam is also a transit point to the Genting Highlands Resort after Batang Kali. The British administration gazetted Ulu Yam as a Communist hot-spot and surrounded it to keep the Chinese in check. In order to minimize Communist influence, all residents back then were not allowed to go into jungle.

Ulu Yam is also well known by its natural surroundings and places such as waterfalls (around 2-4). One of it has five stages. There are also three natural hot springs.

## Transportation

3°25′59″N 101°39′27″E / 3.43306°N 101.65750°E / 3.43306; 101.65750


title: Tropical Storm Pakhar (2012)

abstract: Tropical Storm Pakhar was a strong tropical storm that affected the Philippines and the Indochina as a whole in early-April 2012. The fourth tropical depression and the first named storm of the annual typhoon season, Pakhar's origins can be traced from a disturbance that persisted to the northwest of Palau. Located in an overall unfavorable environment, the disturbance crossed the Philippine archipelago before subsequently developed into a tropical depression on March 26. Now under favorable conditions, the depression intensified to a tropical storm, receiving the name Pakhar from the JMA. On the other hand, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 1 typhoon due to an eye feature; however, this was short-lived as the agency downgraded back Pakhar to a tropical storm due to the system entering colder sea surface temperatures. On April 2, the system made landfall near Vũng Tàu, Vietnam and it dissipated thereafter. Its remnants also affected Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. 15 fatalities are confirmed from Pakhar: 5 in the Philippines and the other 10 are from Vietnam. The damages from the storm are estimated at $53.9 million.

text:
# Tropical Storm Pakhar (2012)

**Tropical Storm Pakhar** was a strong tropical storm that affected the Philippines and the Indochina as a whole in early-April 2012. The fourth tropical depression and the first named storm of the annual typhoon season, Pakhar's origins can be traced from a disturbance that persisted to the northwest of Palau. Located in an overall unfavorable environment, the disturbance crossed the Philippine archipelago before subsequently developed into a tropical depression on March 26. Now under favorable conditions, the depression intensified to a tropical storm, receiving the name *Pakhar* from the JMA. On the other hand, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 1 typhoon due to an eye feature; however, this was short-lived as the agency downgraded back Pakhar to a tropical storm due to the system entering colder sea surface temperatures. On April 2, the system made landfall near Vũng Tàu, Vietnam and it dissipated thereafter. Its remnants also affected Cambodia, Laos and Thailand.

15 fatalities are confirmed from Pakhar: 5 in the Philippines and the other 10 are from Vietnam. The damages from the storm are estimated at $53.9 million (2012 USD).

## Meteorological history

On March 17, a tropical disturbance formed to the northwest of Palau. Located in an unfavorable environment, with moderate vertical wind shear and cold sea surface temperatures, the disturbance didn't develop significantly and it passed on Visayas and Palawan between March 22 and 23. By the next day, the JMA upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression over the South China Sea; however, this was short-lived as the agency downgraded the depression back to a disturbance the next day due to the system's deteriorating structure. On March 26, the JMA reupgraded the system to a tropical depression due to its good structure and redeveloping convection around its low-level circulation. On March 28, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the tropical depression, as its LLCC began to consolidate more. Early the next day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, receiving the name *Pakhar*. As a banding eye emerged, the JTWC upgraded Pakhar to a Category 1 typhoon early on March 30. However, the system was downgraded to a severe tropical storm on March 31 due to land interaction and cooler sea surface temperatures. It made landfall in southern Vietnam, near Vũng Tàu on April 1, and was subject to weakening. The JMA and JTWC reported that Pakhar weakened to a tropical depression for the final time inland, and was last noted over Cambodia on that day.

## Impact

### Philippines

Pakhar did not make landfall in the Philippines as a tropical cyclone, but its predecessor brought heavy rains to parts of the region. Various parts of central and southern Luzon, as well as the northern Visayas region, were flooded. Due to flash flooding in Basud, Camarines Norte, 128 families were forced to leave their homes. The rains triggered a few landslides, which damaged or destroyed a few houses. Five people were killed and three others were reported missing across the affected area.

### Indochina

Due to flash floods and high winds in Vietnam, ten people were killed and several others were wounded. The storm made landfall in Khánh Ha Province, which was the hardest hit. The storm destroyed about 4,400 homes in the district, and thousands of acres of rice paddy were flooded. Officials in Ho Chi Minh City announced that 600 homes and schools had been destroyed. Total damage were finalized at 1.12 trillion (US$53.9 million). Sections of Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand received rain from the system's remnants.

## InfoBox

Tropical Storm Pakhar
| Tropical Storm Pakhar near its peak intensity, to the east of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam on 30 March | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | March 26, 2012 |
| Dissipated | April 2, 2012 |
| Tropical storm | |
| *10-minute sustained* (JMA) | |
| Highest winds | 75 km/h (45 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 986 hPa (mbar); 29.12 inHg |
| Tropical storm | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
| Highest winds | 110 km/h (70 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 978 hPa (mbar); 28.88 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 15 total |
| Missing | 3 |
| Damage | $53.9 million (2012 USD) |
| Areas affected | Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand |
| ---  Part of the **2012 Pacific typhoon season** | |


title: Whareama River

abstract: The Whareama River is a river of the Wellington Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally south from its origins west of Castlepoint to reach the Pacific Ocean 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Masterton.

text:
# Whareama River

The **Whareama River** is a river of the Wellington Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally south from its origins west of Castlepoint to reach the Pacific Ocean 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Masterton.

41°02′S 176°06′E / 41.033°S 176.100°E / -41.033; 176.100

## InfoBox

| Whareama River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Pacific Ocean |
| Length | 39 km (24 mi) |


title: Scrinium stirophorum

abstract: Scrinium stirophorum is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitromorphidae.

text:
# Scrinium stirophorum

***Scrinium stirophorum*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitromorphidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This extinct marine species is endemic to New Zealand.

* Maxwell, P.A. (2009). Cenozoic Mollusca. pp. 232–254 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

## InfoBox

| *Scrinium stirophorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mitromorphidae |
| Genus: | *Scrinium* |
| Species: | ***S. stirophorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scrinium stirophorum***<br>(Suter, 1917) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Euthria stirophora* Suter, 1917 (original combination) | |


title: Taung tribe

abstract: The Taung tribe or Bataung is a tribe of Bantu origin which speaks the Sotho-Tswana group of languages, namely, Setswana, Sepedi, Sesotho and Lozi. "Tau" is a Sotho-Tswana word meaning "Lion", and this animal is their totem. "Bataung" is a plurality of a lion meaning "people of a place of Lions or Lion's den".

text:
# Taung tribe

The **Taung tribe** or **Bataung** is a tribe of Bantu origin which speaks the Sotho-Tswana group of languages, namely, Setswana, Sepedi, Sesotho and Lozi.

"Tau" is a Sotho-Tswana word meaning "Lion", and this animal is their totem. "Bataung" is a plurality of a lion meaning "people of a place of Lions or Lion's den".

## Further reading

Sidney Berman, *Analysing the Frames of the Bible: The Case of Setswana Translation of the Book of Ruth*, Chapter 3, A History and Ethnographic Description of Batswana - Stellenbosch University. List of supporting thesis: Comaroff, Setiloane, Brown and others.


title: Xylocopa micheneri

abstract: Xylocopa micheneri is a species of carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Xylocopa micheneri

***Xylocopa micheneri*** is a species of carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Xylocopa micheneri*:

* *Xylocopa micheneri decipiens* Hurd, 1978
* *Xylocopa micheneri micheneri* Hurd, 1978

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa micheneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Species: | ***X. micheneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa micheneri***<br>Hurd, 1978 | |
|


title: Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa

abstract: Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa (1122–93) (zhang g.yu brag pa brtson 'gru brags pa), also known as Gungtang Lama Zhang (gung-thang bla-ma zhang) and often simply as Lama Zhang, was the founder of the Tshalpa Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism. He was a prominent religious figure, and his extensive involvement in the political and military conflicts of Tibet was controversial at the time. Lama Zhang played a key role in the medieval Buddhist revival in Central Tibet, also called the “Tibetan renaissance”. Lama Zhang was most likely the first to establish a system of theocratic rulership centered on the figure of the charismatic lama in the Lhasa area of Central Tibet. He created a template for later theocratic leaders of Lhasa, including the future Dalai Lama. Together with Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo and Tsongkhapa, Zhang Yudrakpa was considered as one of the "Three Jewels of Tibet" (bod nor bu rnam gsum). Despite his controversy and complexity, Lama Zhang was highly respected by the great Tibetan meditation masters in his time, and he had an important role in Tibetan history. A significant symbol of his place of prominence is Gampopa's red hat that Lama Zhang wore and that is depicted in paintings and sculptures of him. The hat was passed down by way of Gampopa's cousin Gonpo Tsultrim Nyingpo. The hat marks Lama Zhang's legacy in the transformation of Tibetan society and power structures.

text:
# Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa

**Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa** (112293) *(zhang g.yu brag pa brtson 'gru brags pa)*, also known as **Gungtang Lama Zhang** *(gung-thang bla-ma zhang)* and often simply as Lama Zhang, was the founder of the Tshalpa Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism. He was a prominent religious figure, and his extensive involvement in the political and military conflicts of Tibet was controversial at the time. Lama Zhang played a key role in the medieval Buddhist revival in Central Tibet, also called the “Tibetan renaissance”.

Lama Zhang was most likely the first to establish a system of theocratic rulership centered on the figure of the charismatic lama in the Lhasa area of Central Tibet. He created a template for later theocratic leaders of Lhasa, including the future Dalai Lama. Together with Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo and Tsongkhapa, Zhang Yudrakpa was considered as one of the "Three Jewels of Tibet" *(bod nor bu rnam gsum)*.

Despite his controversy and complexity, Lama Zhang was highly respected by the great Tibetan meditation masters in his time, and he had an important role in Tibetan history. A significant symbol of his place of prominence is Gampopa's red hat that Lama Zhang wore and that is depicted in paintings and sculptures of him. The hat was passed down by way of Gampopa's cousin Gonpo Tsultrim Nyingpo. The hat marks Lama Zhang's legacy in the transformation of Tibetan society and power structures.

## Biographical details

Lama Zhang was born in August 1123 at Tsawadru (Wylie: *tsha ba gru*) in the Kyi River Valley located in the southern part of present-day Lhasa and was named Darma Drak. He was the son of Zhang Dorje Sempa, a lay tantric practitioner belonging to the Nanam (Wylie: *sna nam*) clan, and Shümo Zamangkyi, who had formerly been a Buddhist nun. Tibetan hagiographies relate many auspicious signs occurring at his birth and during his infancy.

During his childhood his mother encouraged his religious education, taking him to listen to religious discourses by the teacher Majo Darma. At the age of seven, Zhang received teachings in the basic Buddhist doctrines of prajnaparamita, abhidharma and *pramana* from Sambu Lotsawa, and teachings in different tantras, including Hevajra and Mahākāla, from Lama Ngokpa. At this time he was also taught the practice of black magic. In his autobiography , Lama Zhang records “contradictory traits” and struggles with evil impulses from an early age—including the killing of and cruelty towards animals. He took part in goat sacrifices as part of destructive magical rites. When his parents died, he went into suicidal despair; he blamed the bad karma of his black magic for their deaths.

He wandered about in despair in Kham, where he took novice vows, and a year later had a dream that his bad karma was cleansed when a slimy snake-like creature slithered out of his body. In 1148 he took complete monastic vows along with the name Tsondru Drakpa. While in Kham, Lama Zhang studied tantra and took empowerments including the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra from Ga Lotsāwa.

Lama Zhang returned to U where he furthered his study and training. He trained with a number of teachers and then in 1154 met Gonpo Tsultrim Nyingpo (Gomtsul for short), nephew of Gampopa. During his time with Gomtsul, Lama Zhang had numerous meditative experiences and received the full Kagyu lineage transmission, which is when he composed his most widely read literary work, *The Path of Ultimate Profundity* (phyag chen lam mchog mthar thug).

In the 1160s there were battles over property disputes between different monastic factions in Lhasa. As a respected religious leader by all parties, Gomtsul was asked to mediate and successfully resolved the issues. In the course of the fighting, the holiest sites of Lhasa, the Jokhang and Ramoche temples, were badly damaged. After a few years of restoration work, Gomtsul ordered Lama Zhang to protect Lhasa from further violence and destruction.

Lama Zhang established his own monastery of Tsel Gungtang strategically across the Kyichu River in 1175. During the construction of this and other monasteries, he sometimes used his political power and military force to take materials for construction. During some battles Lama Zhang called on fierce Dharma protectors to help him win campaigns, and at other times he asked his soldiers to tame the enemies with bodhicitta, and called on the three jewels. His role as the ruler of Lhasa is complex and difficult to simplify.

At the age of sixty-one, Zhang suffered a life-threatening illness and went into a nearly unbroken period of retreat that lasted for the remainder of his life. He remained silent most of the time and only allowed a few people into his retreat. One person he welcomed was the first Karmapa, Düsum Khyenpa. In 1189, the Karmapa traveled from Kham to persuade Lama Zhang to stop his military activities. Some stories described Lama Zhang and the First Karmapa to consider each other as equals. One story says that during the Karmapa's visit to Tsel Gungtang, the Karmapa was slapped by Lama Zhang three times. Before his guards could retaliate, the Karmapa quickly said "Lama Zhang has just extended my life by three years!"

Lama Zhang was in the process of building a large stupa when he died in 1193. The base had already been completed. The upper levels were turned into a cremation platform, and later into a reliquary to enshrine his bodily remains. His disciple Nyamme Śākya Yeshe (mnyam med shAkya ye shes) succeeded him as abbot of Tsel Gungtang.

## Disciples

* Lhachuk Kharwa Nyida O (1135–1215), founder of Jupu and Lhachuk Monasteries
* Nyamme Śākya Yeshe (1147–1207)
* Rokam Nyima Sherab (1139–1208)
* Kharagpa Dulwa O (b. 1100?)

## Writings

A collection of the works of Zhang Yudrakpa in nine volumes (edited by Khenpo Shedup Tenzin and Lama Thinley Namgyal) was published as *dpal ldan tshal pa bka' brgyud kyi bstan pa'i mnga' bdag zhang g.yu brag pa brtson 'grus grags pa'i gsung 'bum rin po che: (The Collected Works of Zhaṅ brtson 'grus grags pa 1123-1193)*. Kathmandu: Shree Gautam Buddha Vihar, 2004.

The work *The Ultimate Supreme Path of the Mahamudra* has been translated in *Mahamudra and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyu Schools*.

## Sources

* Davidson, Ronald M. (2005) *Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture*. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13471-2
* Jackson, David. (1994) *Enlightenment by a Single Means: Tibetan Controversies on the "Selfsufficient White Remedy" (dkar po chig thub)*. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-2162-6
* Roerich, George N. (Translator) (1949) *The Blue Annals*. Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1988.
* Smith, E. Gene. "Golden Rosaries of the Bka' brgyud Schools." in *Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau*, ed. Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001. ISBN 0-86171-179-3
* Sørenson, Per, and Hazod, Guntram. (2007) *Rulers on the Celestial Plain: Ecclesiastic and Secular Hegemony in Medieval Tibet: A Study of Tshal Gung-thang*. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-3828-0
* 'Tshal pa kun dga' rdo rje. *Deb ther dmar po*. 1981 Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang
* Yamamoto, Carl Shigeo (2009). "Vision and Violence: Lama Zhang and the Dialectics of Political Authority and Religious Charisma in Twelfth-Century Central Tibet". *UVA Library. PhD dissertation, Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia*. Retrieved 2017-08-06. ISBN 978-1-109-22542-6