title: Four nation bandy tournament in 1954

abstract: Four nation bandy tournament in 1954 was a tournament of friendlies played in Moscow, Soviet Union, in February 1954, contested by Finland, Norway, the Soviet Union and Sweden. Sweden won the tournament. The Soviet Union invited the other three countries after having seen them playing at the Winter Olympics in Oslo in 1952. The tournament can be seen as a form of unofficial pre-World Championships. The four countries used somewhat different rules prior to this tournament, but the rules were adjusted for consistency for the future. The next year, the four countries formally founded the international bandy governing body, which would arrange the Bandy World Championships from 1957 onwards.

text:
# Four nation bandy tournament in 1954

**Four nation bandy tournament in 1954** was a tournament of friendlies played in Moscow, Soviet Union, in February 1954, contested by Finland, Norway, the Soviet Union and Sweden. Sweden won the tournament.

The Soviet Union invited the other three countries after having seen them playing at the Winter Olympics in Oslo in 1952. The tournament can be seen as a form of unofficial pre-World Championships. The four countries used somewhat different rules prior to this tournament, but the rules were adjusted for consistency for the future.

The next year, the four countries formally founded the international bandy governing body, which would arrange the Bandy World Championships from 1957 onwards.

## Matches

## Final results

| Land | Pld | W | D | L | GS | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| Soviet Union | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 4 |
| Finland | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 3 |
| Norway | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 0 |

1. Claes-G Bengtsson (23 November 2007). "Sargens entré förändrade bandyn" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.


title: William Dyce

abstract: William Dyce was a Scottish painter, who played a part in the formation of public art education in the United Kingdom, and the South Kensington Schools system. Dyce was associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and played a part in their early popularity.

text:
# William Dyce

**William Dyce** FRSE RSA RA (/ds/; 19 September 1806 in Aberdeen  14 February 1864) was a Scottish painter, who played a part in the formation of public art education in the United Kingdom, and the South Kensington Schools system. Dyce was associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and played a part in their early popularity.

## Life

Dyce was born on the 19 September 1806 at 48 Marischal Street in Aberdeen, the son of William Dyce of Fonthill and Cuttlehill FRSE (1770–1835) and Margaret Chalmers of Westburn (1776–1856). His uncle was General Alexander Dyce FRSE (died 1834). His older brother was Robert Dyce FRSE.

After studying at Marischal College, Dyce early showed an aptitude for design and began his artistic career at the Royal Academy schools in Edinburgh and London. He travelled to Rome for the first time in 1825, and while there he studied the works of Titian and Poussin. He returned to Aberdeen after nine months, and painted several pictures, including *Bacchus nursed by the Nymphs of Nysa*, which was exhibited in 1827. He returned to Rome in 1827, this time staying for a year and a half, and during this period he appears to have made the acquaintance of the German Nazarene painter Friedrich Overbeck, who admired Dyce's *Virgin and Child*. After these travels, Dyce settled for several years in Edinburgh. He supported himself by painting portraits at first, but soon took to other subjects of art, especially the religious subjects he preferred.

In 1837 Dyce was given charge of the School of Design in Edinburgh, and was then invited to London, where he was based thereafter, to head the newly established Government School of Design, later to become the Royal College of Art. Before taking up this post in 1838 he and a colleague were sent to visit France and Germany to enquire into design education there and prepare a report. He left the school in 1843, to be able to paint more, but remained a member of the Council of the school. The ideas that were turned in the following decade into the "South Kensington system" that dominated English art education for the rest of the century really have their origin in Dyce's work.

In 1844, having been appointed professor of fine art in King's College London, he delivered a significant lecture, *The Theory of the Fine Arts*. In 1835 he had been elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, an honour he relinquished upon settling in London, and he was then made an honorary member. In 1844 he became an associate, and in 1848 a full member, of the London Royal Academy of Arts; he also was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. Around this time, Dyce moved to Cheyne Walk in the artistic quarter of Chelsea, London.

In 1849 when the new 'godless' florin coins were introduced by the Royal Mint, Dyce was responsible for the reverse design showing crowned cruciform shields bisected with emblems of the rose, thistle and shamrock in the angles. He also took on the similar design used on the reverse of the later Queen Victoria 'gothic head' florins which were issued from 1851 to 1887.

Dyce is less known for, but nevertheless important as, the founder of the Motett Society (1840–1852), which sought to advance the restoration and liturgical use of long-neglected works of the English church. He was noted as an able organist, and is also reputed to have composed some musical works (unverified).

Dyce died in Streatham in Surrey on 14 February 1864. He is buried in the churchyard of St Leonard’s Church in Streatham. He is also memorialised on his parents' grave in St Nicholas Churchyard on Union Street in Aberdeen, and there is a street in Streatham named for him – William Dyce Mews. A stained glass window in St Machar's Cathedral in Aberdeen is jointly dedicated to Dyce.

## Collections

Dyce's most highly thought of painting today is his exceptionally detailed seaside landscape of Pegwell Bay in Kent, now in the Tate Gallery. A rather atypical work, it is fully titled *Pegwell Bay, Kent – a Recollection of October 5th 1858*, and was exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1860. The largest collection of Dyce's work is held at Aberdeen Art Gallery, Scotland.

A lengthy assessment of his art and influence was written by William Michael Rossetti in the *Encyclopædia Britannica* Eleventh Edition.

## Pre-Raphaelites

Dyce is the figure in Scottish art most associated with the Pre-Raphaelites. He befriended the young Pre-Raphaelites in London and introduced their work to the influential art critic John Ruskin. His later work was Pre-Raphaelite in its spirituality, as can be seen in his *The Man of Sorrows* and *David in the Wilderness* (both 1860), which contain a Pre-Raphaelite attention to detail.

## Westminster frescoes

Later in his career, Dyce turned to fresco-painting, and was selected to execute a series of murals at the newly completed the Palace of Westminster. In preparation for work at Westminster, he returned to Italy in 1845–47, to observe the fresco techniques employed there. He was particularly impressed by Pinturicchio's frescoes in the Piccolomini Library in Siena, and by the works of Perugino.

After completing *The Baptism of Ethelbert* (1846) in the House of Lords Chamber, Dyce was commissioned to decorate the Queen's Robing Room in the Palace. He chose as his subject the Arthurian legends, He had some difficulty adapting the Courtly love of Malory's tales to Victorian mores. The Arthurian legend became popular later in the Victorian period, but when Dyce received the commission to decorate the room in 1847, it was still an obscure subject. The legend soon became a major problem for Dyce, as it turns on the unfaithfulness of a queen, which causes the fall of a kingdom.

After initially experimenting with a narrative sequence in which the tale would unfold in the room's panels, Dyce abandoned this in favour of an allegorical approach. In their finished form, Dyce's frescoes depict scenes from the Arthurian legend that are intended to exemplify the virtues inscribed beneath them. The actions of the figures in his frescoes appear to the modern viewer to convey qualities whose status as virtues is uncertain, and the connection between the episodes from the Arthurian legend and the virtues they represent is sometimes difficult to discern. The virtues depicted are *Mercy*, *Hospitality*, *Generosity*, *Religion*, and *Courtesy*. Two projected frescoes, *Courage* and *Fidelity*, were never executed.

Dyce was working on the frescoes in Westminster when he collapsed, and later died at his home in Streatham on 14 February 1864. He was buried at St Leonard's Church, Streatham. A nearby drinking fountain, designed in the neo-Gothic style by Dyce, was subsequently dedicated to him by the parishioners.

## Family

In 1850 Dyce married Jane Bickerton Brand (died 1885).

Dyce's nephew (his sister's son) was the engineer William Dyce Cay, and his niece was the social activist Meredith Jemima Brown.


abstract: Valley Stream Union Free School District 24 is located one-half hour or less from Aqueduct Raceway, Belmont Park, Eisenhower Park, Hempstead Lake State Park, boating and swimming facilities, Westbury Music Fair, the Nassau Veteran’s Memorial Coliseum, as well as the in-town convenience Hendrickson Park and the Valley Stream Village Green. On average, Valley Stream Union Free School District 24 is better than the state average in quality. The District motto is "We Know We Can".

text:
# Valley Stream 24 Union Free School District

**Valley Stream Union Free School District 24** is located one-half hour or less from Aqueduct Raceway, Belmont Park, Eisenhower Park, Hempstead Lake State Park, boating and swimming facilities, Westbury Music Fair, the Nassau Veteran’s Memorial Coliseum, as well as the in-town convenience Hendrickson Park and the Valley Stream Village Green.

On average, Valley Stream Union Free School District 24 is better than the state average in quality. The District motto is "We Know We Can".

## Schools

The district operates three schools:

### Elementary schools

* Brooklyn Avenue School (K-6)
* Robert W. Carbonaro School (K-6)
* William L. Buck School (K-6)

### Middle schools

### High schools

## Performance

In 2003, 92% of students tested at acceptable levels 3 or 4 in Elementary-Level Social Studies. In 2008, student test scores exceeded the state average in all grades and tested subject areas of New York State standardized tests.


title: Libjpeg

abstract:
libjpeg is a free library with functions for handling the JPEG image data format. It implements a JPEG codec alongside various utilities for handling JPEG data.
It is written in C and distributed as free software together with its source code under the terms of a custom permissive (BSD-like) free software license, which demands attribution.
The original variant is maintained and published by the Independent JPEG Group (IJG). Meanwhile, there are several forks with additional features. JPEG JFIF images are widely used on the Web. The amount of compression can be adjusted to achieve the desired trade-off between file size and visual quality.

text:
# Libjpeg

**libjpeg** is a free library with functions for handling the JPEG image data format. It implements a JPEG codec (encoding and decoding) alongside various utilities for handling JPEG data. It is written in  and distributed as free software together with its source code under the terms of a custom permissive (BSD-like) free software license, which demands attribution. The original variant is maintained and published by the Independent JPEG Group (IJG). Meanwhile, there are several forks with additional features.

JPEG JFIF images are widely used on the Web. The amount of compression can be adjusted to achieve the desired trade-off between file size and visual quality.

## Utilities

The following utility programs are shipped together with libjpeg:

cjpeg and djpegfor performing conversions between JPEG and some other popular image file formats. rdjpgcom and wrjpgcomfor inserting and extracting textual comments in JPEG files. jpegtranfor transformation of existing JPEG files.

### jpegtran

The command-line program *jpegtran* provides several features for reformatting and recoding the representation of the DCT coefficients, for transformation of actual image data and for discarding auxiliary data in JPEG files, respectively. The transformations regarding the representation of the coefficients comprise:

These transformations are each completely lossless and reversible. The transformations on the image data comprise:

* eliminate non-standard application-specific data inserted by some image programs,
* perform certain transformations on a file, such as:
    + discarding of colour channels (conversion to greyscale),
    + rotating and flipping in steps of 90 degrees,
    + cropping or joining at image block borders (every 8×8 or 16×16 pixels),
    + rescaling.

These are lossless and reversible only regarding the image data that is kept. Reencoding with repeated lossy quantisation of the image data (generation loss) does not take place.

## History

The JPEG implementation of the Independent JPEG Group (IJG) was first publicly released on 7 October 1991 and has been considerably developed since that time. The development was initially mainly done by Tom Lane. The open-source implementation of the IJG was one of the major open-source packages and was key to the success of the JPEG standard. Many companies incorporated it into a variety of products such as image editors and web browsers.

For version 5, which was released on September 24, 1994, the whole code base was rewritten. It introduced the utility programs *rdjpgcom* and *wrjpgcom* for handling embedded text comments. The version 6 from 2 August 1995 came with support for progressive JPEG and for the first time with the utility program *jpegtran*. This utility was extended with features to rotate and flip images and grayscale reduction in version 6b.

### libjpeg-turbo and descendants

From version 6b of libjpeg of 27 March 1998, Miyasaka Masaru forked a branch named *libjpeg/SIMD*, which included x86 SIMD optimisations. It got substantial contributions from the TigerVNC and the VirtualGL projects in 2009. On that basis the libjpeg-turbo project was created in 2010.

On 4 March 2014, the first version of the filesize-optimising fork *MozJPEG* was published. For this version Josh Aas from Mozilla Research reworked the Perl script *jpegcrush* from x264's main developer Loren Merritt and integrated it into the code base of libjpeg-turbo.

On 10 July 2014, Mozilla released version 2.0, which mainly added trellis quantisation and is now able to reduce the size of baseline JPEGs also. Facebook, Inc. donated 60000 dollars for the development of the next version, and CloudFlare assigned a developer for the improvement of MozJPEG.

In 2019, libjpeg-turbo became the ISO and ITU endorsed reference implementation for the JPEG format.

In April 2024, Google introduced *Jpegli*, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.

### Change in IJG leadership

After 11 years and a change in leadership, the IJG under Guido Vollbeding released new versions of libjpeg (7 through 9), of which each broke ABI compatibility with previous versions. The changes that were held in prospect after the 6x series were not delivered. In version 7, support for arithmetic coding was introduced, which earlier has been rejected because of the patent situation, as well as the crop feature in jpegtran (`-crop`).

Versions 8 and 9 served basically for the introduction of controversial incompatible format extensions. These are widely regarded as ineffective and inferior to existing, standardised solutions. Their standardisation was rejected after submission to the ITU-T. The original organiser Tom Lane and others criticize these changes as a break from the goals of the IJG.

## Versions

| Version | Released | New features |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ITU T.81 JPEG Compatible | | | |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 1 | 1991 | * First release * Baseline or optimized JPEG * GIF or PPM output |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 2 | 1991 | * Internal improvements * More input/output formats |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 3 | 1992 | Internal and image quality improvements |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 4 | 1992 | Internal and speed improvements |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 4a | 1993-02-18 |  |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 5 | 1994-09-24 | Internal improvements and revised API |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 5a | 1994-12-07 |  |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 5b | 1995-03-15 |  |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 6 | 1995-08-02 | * Progressive JPEG * jpegtran (convert between baseline and progressive) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 6a | 1996-02-07 |  |
| Old version, yet still maintained: 6b | 1998-03-27 | * jpegtran extended to lossless rotate  (used by **libjpeg-turbo**, **MozJPEG** and **Jpegli**) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 7 | 2009-06-27 | * jpegtran extended to lossless crop * T.851 Arithmetic Coding * Scaled DCT |
| Proprietary non-compatible extensions | | | |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 8 | 2010-01-10 | * SmartScale extension (ITU rejected) * jpegtran extended to use SmartScale * Internal fixes |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 8a | 2010-02-28 | RGBA |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 8b | 2010-05-16 | Memory corruption & build fixes |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 8c | 2011-01-16 | Option for selecting DCT block size (SmartScale) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 8d | 2012-01-15 | RGB JPEG (no color transform to YCbCr) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9 | 2013-01-13 | * YCoCg color * Lossless compression (1x1 DCT) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9a | 2014-01-19 | * "JFIFv2" scRGB Wide color gamut (standard unknown) * 8-12 bit color (standardJPEG) |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9b | 2016-01-17 | Computation improvements |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9c | 2018-01-14 | `jpegtran -wipe` |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9d | 2020-01-12 | * Code cleanup * Huffman optimization * x64 support (MSVC) * `jpegtran -drop` |
| Old version, no longer maintained: 9e | 2022-01-16 | ARM and ARM64 support (MSVC) |
| Current stable version: **9f** | 2024-01-14 | * ARM64EC support (MSVC) * Xcode build system * C++Builder/RAD Studio build system |

| Legend: | Old version, not maintained | Old version, still maintained | **Current stable version** | Latest preview version | Future release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Forks

Well-known forks are libjpeg-turbo, which optimises for speed of execution, and MozJPEG, which optimises for smaller file sizes.

There is also a similarly named library from the ISO, which aims to be a complete implementation of JPEG, JPEG XT and JPEG-LS standards.

### libjpeg-turbo

libjpeg-turbo
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | libjpeg-turbo Project |
| Initial release | November 19, 2010 (2010-11-19) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.0.4  / 14 September 2024 (14 September 2024) |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/libjpeg-turbo |
| Website | libjpeg-turbo.org |

libjpeg-turbo is a fork of libjpeg that uses SIMD instructions to accelerate baseline JPEG encoding and decoding. Many projects are now using libjpeg-turbo instead of libjpeg, including popular Linux distributions (Fedora, Debian, Mageia, openSUSE, ...), Mozilla, and Chrome. Apart from performance, some projects have chosen to use libjpeg-turbo because it allows them to retain backward ABI compatibility with the older libjpeg v6b release. libjpeg v7, v8 and v9 broke ABI compatibility with prior releases.

libjpeg-turbo implements the standard-compliant arithmetic coding and lossless crop features seen in libjpeg v7. It can also be configured to be compatible with the libjpeg v7 or v8 ABI, but it does implement DCT scaling and the proprietary SmartScale, which builds on DCT scaling. libjpeg-turbo chooses not to support SmartScale, because it is not an ITU-T standard and because their own research finds it (and DCT scaling) ineffective. By extension, since the only major new feature in libjpeg v9 is specific to the SmartScale format, the libjpeg-turbo Project has chosen to forgo emulating libjpeg v9.

Since 2019, libjpeg-turbo is one of the two JPEG reference implementations, available as ISO/IEC 10918-7 and ITU-T T.873. The other reference implementation is ISO libjpeg which also includes support for JPEG XT and JPEG LS.

### MozJPEG

MozJPEG
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Mozilla Research |
| Initial release | March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 4.1.5 / October 12, 2023 (2023-10-12) |
|  | |
| Website | github.com/mozilla/mozjpeg |

MozJPEG is a fork from libjpeg-turbo done by Josh Aas and others from Mozilla Research. It aims to speed up loading times of webpages by achieving a reduction in file size (of about 10%) and therefore transmission time through improvement of coding efficiency while retaining image quality. To achieve this, it uses more processing power for the encoding (asymmetry) while retaining full compatibility with the JPEG standard and requiring no changes on the decoder side.

The techniques MozJPEG uses to achieve high compression include optimising Huffman trees, using progressive coding to optimally split the spectrum of DCT coefficients into separate scans, and through the use of trellis quantisation. Additionally, the presets are aggressively tuned towards the minimisation of file sizes.

Besides libjpeg-turbo, MozJPEG also builds upon jpegcrush, a Perl script by Loren Merritt.

### Jpegli

Jpegli
| Developer(s) | Google |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | November 14, 2020 (2020-11-14) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 0.10.2 / March 8, 2024 (2024-03-08) |
|  | |
| Website | github.com/google/jpegli |

In April 2024, Google introduced *Jpegli*, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.

## ISO libjpeg

ISO/IEC Joint Photography Experts Group maintains a reference software implementation for base JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477-1) and JPEG XT extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6-9), as well as lossless JPEG-LS (ISO/IEC 14495). It also includes some of the optimizations of MozJPEG. Though also named libjpeg, it is not related to the source code provided by Independent JPEG Group (IJG) and does not support proprietary extensions introduced by IJG since 2007.

## InfoBox

libjpeg
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Independent JPEG Group
Guido Vollbeding (maintainer) |
| Initial release | October 7, 1991 (1991-10-07) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 9f  / 14 January 2024 (14 January 2024) |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/thorfdbg/libjpeg |
| Written in |  |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | library |
| License | Custom BSD-like (free software) |
| Website | ijg.org
jpegclub.org |


title: Trend-stationary process

abstract: In the statistical analysis of time series, a trend-stationary process is a stochastic process from which an underlying trend can be removed, leaving a stationary process. The trend does not have to be linear. Conversely, if the process requires differencing to be made stationary, then it is called difference stationary and possesses one or more unit roots. Those two concepts may sometimes be confused, but while they share many properties, they are different in many aspects. It is possible for a time series to be non-stationary, yet have no unit root and be trend-stationary. In both unit root and trend-stationary processes, the mean can be growing or decreasing over time; however, in the presence of a shock, trend-stationary processes are mean-reverting while unit-root processes have a permanent impact on the mean.

text:
# Trend-stationary process

In the statistical analysis of time series, a **trend-stationary process** is a stochastic process from which an underlying trend (function solely of time) can be removed, leaving a stationary process. The trend does not have to be linear.

Conversely, if the process requires differencing to be made stationary, then it is called difference stationary and possesses one or more unit roots. Those two concepts may sometimes be confused, but while they share many properties, they are different in many aspects. It is possible for a time series to be non-stationary, yet have no unit root and be trend-stationary. In both unit root and trend-stationary processes, the mean can be growing or decreasing over time; however, in the presence of a shock, trend-stationary processes are mean-reverting (i.e. transitory, the time series will converge again towards the growing mean, which was not affected by the shock) while unit-root processes have a permanent impact on the mean (i.e. no convergence over time).

## Formal definition

A process {*Y*} is said to be trend-stationary if

$$Y\_{t}=f(t)+e\_{t},$$

where *t* is time, *f* is any function mapping from the reals to the reals, and {*e*} is a stationary process. The value $f(t)$ is said to be the trend value of the process at time *t*.

## Simplest example: stationarity around a linear trend

Suppose the variable *Y* evolves according to

$$Y\_{t}=a\cdot t+b+e\_{t}$$

where *t* is time and *e**t* is the error term, which is hypothesized to be white noise or more generally to have been generated by any stationary process. Then one can use linear regression to obtain an estimate $\hat {a}$ of the true underlying trend slope $a$ and an estimate $\hat {b}$ of the underlying intercept term *b*; if the estimate $\hat {a}$ is significantly different from zero, this is sufficient to show with high confidence that the variable *Y* is non-stationary. The residuals from this regression are given by

$$\hat {e}\_{t}=Y\_{t}-{\hat {a}\cdot t-{\hat {b}.}}$$

If these estimated residuals can be statistically shown to be stationary (more precisely, if one can reject the hypothesis that the true underlying errors are non-stationary), then the residuals are referred to as the **detrended** data, and the original series {*Y**t*} is said to be trend-stationary even though it is not stationary.

## Stationarity around other types of trend

### Exponential growth trend

Many economic time series are characterized by exponential growth. For example, suppose that one hypothesizes that gross domestic product is characterized by stationary deviations from a trend involving a constant growth rate. Then it could be modeled as

$$\text{GDP}\_{t}=Be^{at}U\_{t}$$

with Ut being hypothesized to be a stationary error process. To estimate the parameters $a$ and *B*, one first takes the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides of this equation:

$$\ln({\text{GDP}\_{t})=\ln B+at+\ln(U\_{t}).}$$

This log-linear equation is in the same form as the previous linear trend equation and can be detrended in the same way, giving the estimated $(\ln U)\_{t}$ as the detrended value of $(\ln {\text{GDP})\_{t}}$, and hence the implied $U\_{t}$ as the detrended value of $\text{GDP}\_{t}$, assuming one can reject the hypothesis that $(\ln U)\_{t}$ is non-stationary.

### Quadratic trend

Trends do not have to be linear or log-linear. For example, a variable could have a quadratic trend:

$$Y\_{t}=a\cdot t+c\cdot t^{2}+b+e\_{t}.$$

This can be regressed linearly in the coefficients using *t* and *t*2 as regressors; again, if the residuals are shown to be stationary then they are the detrended values of $Y\_{t}$.


title: Weston Lakes, Texas

abstract: Weston Lakes is a city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, within Greater Houston. Residents voted to incorporate the community in an election held on May 10, 2008. At the time of incorporation, there were about 2,300 residents living in Weston Lakes. The population was 3,853 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Weston Lakes, Texas

**Weston Lakes** is a city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, within Greater Houston. Residents voted to incorporate the community in an election held on May 10, 2008. At the time of incorporation, there were about 2,300 residents living in Weston Lakes. The population was 3,853 as of the 2020 census.

## Geography

Weston Lakes is located along FM 1093, between the cities of Fulshear and Simonton in northern Fort Bend County. It covers an area of approximately 1,400 acres (570 ha). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.1 km2), of which 2.7 square miles (6.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 3.31%, is water. The Brazos River forms the southern and part of the eastern boundary of the city.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 2,482 |  |  |
| 2020 | 3,853 |  | 55.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

**Weston Lakes racial composition as of 2020**
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (NH) | 3,057 | 79.34% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 153 | 3.97% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 8 | 0.21% |
| Asian (NH) | 93 | 2.41% |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 1 | 0.03% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 17 | 0.44% |
| Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) | 160 | 4.15% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 364 | 9.45% |
| **Total** | **3,853** |  |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,853 people, 1,345 households, and 1,228 families residing in the city.

## Incorporation

With the rapid population growth across Fort Bend County, particularly in the nearby city of Fulshear, some Weston Lakes residents felt that incorporation was the only way to prevent the community from eventually being annexed by Fulshear or another municipality.

The incorporation vote took place on May 10, 2008. Of the 977 valid votes cast, 569 (58.24%) were in favor of incorporation and 408 (41.76%) were opposed. Voter participation was high with slightly over 74 percent of those eligible casting ballots. On May 20, 2008, members of the Fort Bend County Commissioners Court voted to record the results of the election, officially incorporating Weston Lakes as a municipality.

Fort Bend County confirmed that a protest of the incorporation of Weston Lakes has been made. The lawsuit charges that the May incorporation vote was flawed due to a combination of alleged deficiencies in Texas law and its policies, as well as alleged violations of law by the Fort Bend County government and the Weston Lakes Property Owners Association.

The first municipal election took place on November 4, 2008. A total of fifteen candidates competed for six Alderman positions. Mary Rose Zdunkewicz, a 21-year Weston Lakes resident who served on the Lamar Consolidated ISD school board for twelve years during the 1970s and 1980s, was designated the city's first mayor because she received the most votes (561) among the candidates. The five candidates immediately trailing Zdunkewicz – Clifton H. Aldrich (504), Gary L. Owens (486), Denis Deluca (472), Trent Thomas (435), and Ted Case II (419) – will each serve on the city council as Aldermen. The position of city marshal was won by Ron Horowitz who ran unopposed.

## Government and infrastructure

Fort Bend County does not have a hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county's charity hospital which the county contracts with.

## Education

Weston Lakes is served by the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District. Students attend Morgan Elementary (Grades Pre K–5), Leaman Junior High (Grades 6–8), and Fulshear High School (Grades 9–12).

It was previously zoned to Foster High School.

Simonton Christian Academy is located in nearby Simonton.

1. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

29°41′00″N 95°56′09″W / 29.68333°N 95.93583°W / 29.68333; -95.93583

## InfoBox

| Weston Lakes, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Weston LakesWeston Lakes | |
| Coordinates: 29°41′00″N 95°56′09″W / 29.68333°N 95.93583°W / 29.68333; -95.93583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Fort Bend |
| Incorporated | 2008 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.74 sq mi (7.10 km2) |
| Land | 2.65 sq mi (6.87 km2) |
| Water | 0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,853 |
| Density | 1,510.00/sq mi (582.97/km2) |
| ZIP code | 77441 |
| Area code(s) | 713, 281, 832, 346 |
| FIPS code | 48-77746 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2518811 |
| Website | cityofwestonlakes-tx.gov |


title: Ramaz Svanadze

abstract: Ramaz Svanadze is a retired Georgian football player and coach, who is currently the head coach of the Georgian U-21 football team.

text:
# Ramaz Svanadze

**Ramaz Svanadze** (born 2 March 1981) is a retired Georgian football player and coach, who is currently the head coach of the Georgian U-21 football team.

## Playing career

Svanadze played for some Georgian clubs, before was forced to retire in 2005, at the age of 24, due to injury.

## Managerial career

His first managerial job at Dinamo Tbilisi lasted two years. Svanadze worked as an assistant coach under Malkhaz Zhvania and Michal Bílek.

On 1 March 2019, he was appointed as U19 head coach. His team beat all three opponents in the 2020 UEFA U19 qualifiers and advanced to next stage but due to COVID-19, the tournament was suspended.

In February 2021, Svanadze took charge of U21s, who were due to take part in a European Championship for the first time. The team under his management finished on top of the table and reached quarterfinals only to lose in a penalty shoot-out.

In January 2024, Svanadze signed a one-year contract extension with the Football Federation.

He was the caretaker coach of the senior team after Slovak coach Vladimír Weiss resigned from the team, and appeared at the last match of the UEFA Nations League on 18 November 2020, in a match against Estonia, in a 0–0 draw, finishing in third place in League C.

## InfoBox

Ramaz Svanadze
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ramaz Svanadze | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-03-02) 2 March 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | Georgia, Soviet Union | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Georgia U-21 (Manager) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–2000 | STU Tbilisi | 47 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Dinamo Tbilisi | 28 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Sioni Bolnisi | 7 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | Kolkheti Poti | 33 | (3) |
| 2004–2005 | Locomotive Tbilisi | 6 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1999 | Georgia U18 | 2 | (0) |
| 2001–2002 | Georgia U21 | 8 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2013–2015 | Dinamo Tbilisi (assistant) | | |
| 2015–2017 | Inter Baku (assistant) | | |
| 2019–2021 | Georgia U-19 | | |
| 2020–2021 | Georgia | | |
| 2021– | Georgia U-21 | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Radio 74 Internationale

abstract: Radio 74 Internationale is a network of Christian radio stations in the United States, broadcasting Christian talk and teaching programs as well as Christian music.

text:
# Radio 74 Internationale

**Radio 74 Internationale** is a network of Christian radio stations in the United States, broadcasting Christian talk and teaching programs as well as Christian music.

## History

Radio 74's origins lie in a radio station in France, established in 1982. The first American affiliate was WHHC-LP in New Castle, Indiana, which began broadcasting in 2004, with many other affiliates also signing on that year. Its flagship station is KRSF in Ridgecrest, California.

## Stations

Radio 74 Internationale is heard on 56 stations, as well as five low-powered translators, along with a mix of digital audio-only subchannels (usually #.74) and SAP audio broadcasts over the television stations of 3ABN. Many of Radio 74's affiliates are owned by local Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) churches (3ABN supports the mission of the SDA).

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KFNP-LP | 99.5 FM | North Pole, Alaska | 195873 | 100 | 38  (125 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KSHM | 91.3 FM | Show Low, Arizona | 176956 | 2,700 | 75.0 m (246 ft) | A | LMS |
| KJNN-LP | 94.3 FM | Holbrook, Arizona | 135598 | 100 | −51.6 m (−169 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KJPN | 89.3 FM | Payson, Arizona | 175859 | 100 | 299 m (981 ft) | A | LMS |
| KHSA-LP | 107.3 FM | Hot Springs, Arkansas | 135443 | 100 | 13 m (43 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KJSA | 89.7 FM | Jonesboro, Arkansas | 176248 | 10,500 | 12.0 m (39 ft) | C3 | LMS |
| KSSQ-LP | 102.3 FM | Siloam Springs, Arkansas | 135619 | 100 | 19.9 m (65 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KJAT-LP | 97.3 FM | Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas | 135764 | 100 | 20.4 m (67 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KWHA | 89.9 FM | West Helena, Arkansas | 176074 | 5,000 | 81.0 m (266 ft) | A | LMS |
| KIHW-LP | 104.1 FM | West Helena, Arkansas | 135189 | 24 | 59.3 m (195 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KCCQ-LP | 105.9 FM | Crescent City, California | 196068 | 100 | −17.71 m (−58 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KIIW-LP | 93.3 FM | Dobbins, California | 195328 | 100 | 0.9 m (3 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KWRS-LP | 107.3 FM | Redlands, California | 197037 | 100 | 8 m (26 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KRSF | 89.3 FM | Ridgecrest, California | 175757 | 890 | 394 m (1,293 ft) | B1 | LMS |
| KPLS | 1510 kHz FM | Littleton, Colorado | 52249 | 10,000 day<br>25,000 night | 0 m (0 ft) | B | LMS |
| KPLS-FM | 97.7 FM | Strasburg, Colorado | 90911 | 25,000 | 16.0 m (52 ft) | C3 | LMS |
| WAPQ-LP | 95.9 FM | Avon Park, Florida | 135640 | 100 | 24 m (79 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WHMF | 91.1 FM | Marianna, Florida | 173595 | 1,300 | 39.0 m (128 ft) | A | LMS |
| WJWY-LP | 92.3 FM | Wauchula, Florida | 196120 | 100 | 15.78 m (52 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WHHC-LP | 100.1 FM | New Castle, Indiana | 123622 | 100 | 30.0 m (98 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KBFA-LP | 95.7 FM | West Monroe, Louisiana | 197255 | 73 | 35.01 m (115 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WSJB-LP | 96.9 FM | St. Joseph, Michigan | 194835 | 100 | 29 m (95 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KSDC-LP | 94.9 FM | Centralia, Missouri | 132448 | 100 | 16.42 m (54 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KZBN | 90.3 FM | Bozeman, Montana | 136698 | 12,500 | −168 m (−551 ft) | C3 | LMS |
| KMEA-LP | 92.7 FM | Bozeman, Montana | 135715 | 100 | −70.5 m (−231 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KQQM | 88.3 FM | Miles City, Montana | 176165 | 4,000 | 170 m (558 ft) | C3 | LMS |

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KJGS | 91.9 FM | Aurora, Nebraska | 175743 | 200 | 8  (26 ft) | A | LMS |
| KQQA | 90.5 FM | Shelton, Nebraska | 176696 | 600 | 45 m (148 ft) | A | LMS |
| KAQQ-LP | 99.9 FM | Alliance, Nebraska | 196247 | 62 | 28 m (92 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KBDP-LP | 99.9 FM | Bridgeport, Nebraska | 196278 | 73 | −1.5 m (−5 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KQQO-LP | 97.7 FM | Ogallala, Nebraska | 196364 | 63 | 9.6 m (31 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KQSI-LP | 89.5 FM | Sidney, Nebraska | 196400 | 65 | 9.8 m (32 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KCPJ-LP | 105.7 FM | Crete, Nebraska | 197538 | 100 | 30 m (98 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KGCO-LP | 107.9 FM | Crete, Nebraska | 197558 | 100 | −0.2 m (−1 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KTQQ | 88.1 FM | Elko, Nevada | 175328 | 230 | 552 m (1,811 ft) | C3 | LMS |
| WOPT-LP | 95.9 FM | Waynesville, North Carolina | 195852 | 100 | −99.7 m (−327 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KJIT-LP | 106.7 FM | Bismarck, North Dakota | 135691 | 45 | 44.2 m (145 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WAOM | 90.5 FM | Mowrystown, Ohio | 174080 | 5,000 | 31.0 m (102 ft) | A | LMS |
| KIEL | 89.3 FM | Loyal, Oklahoma | 174679 | 6,000 | 27.0 m (89 ft) | A | LMS |
| KUMP-LP | 107.9 FM | Days Creek, Oregon | 135478 | 100 | −131.4 m (−431 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KOTU-LP | 107.9 FM | Riddle, Oregon | 195833 | 100 | −184.3 m (−605 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WBBY-LP | 100.3 FM | Berwick, Pennsylvania | 134940 | 100 | −62.9 m (−206 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WHMN-LP | 107.3 FM | Plymouth, Pennsylvania | 135235 | 10 | 95.0 m (312 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KGHW | 90.7 FM | Onida, South Dakota | 177344 | 125 | 65.0 m (213 ft) | A | LMS |
| KZLH-LP | 95.7 FM | Zapata, Texas | 135520 | 5 | 27.1 m (89 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KCMK-LP | 97.3 FM | LaRue, Texas | 196602 | 100 | 28.9 m (95 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WGFW | 88.7 FM | Drakes Branch, Virginia | 174083 | 2,300 | 62.0 m (203 ft) | A | LMS |
| WRLP | 89.1 FM | Orange, Virginia | 172446 | 100 | 43.0 m (141 ft) | A | LMS |
| WFIJ-LP | 93.9 FM | Rocky Mount, Virginia | 196661 | 86 | 32.3 m (106 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| KQBC | 90.5 FM | Benton City, Washington | 174194 | 20 | 281 m (922 ft) | A | LMS |
| KWHJ-LP | 92.3 FM | Newport, Washington | 197325 | 10 | −40.4 m (−133 ft) | LP1 | LMS |
| WQQA | 91.7 FM | Forestville, Wisconsin | 175375 | 12,000 | 45 m (148 ft) | C3 | LMS |
| WQMN | 88.7 FM | Minocqua, Wisconsin | 175345 | 40 | 30 m (98 ft) | A | LMS |
| WGBT | 91.3 FM | Tomahawk, Wisconsin | 176219 | 22,000 | 25 m (82 ft) | C3 | LMS |

### Translators

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| K274BJ | 102.7 FM | Springdale, AR | 142099 | 250 | 54.4  (178 ft) | LMS |
| K263AP | 100.5 FM | Mandan, ND | 148405 | 205 | 97.0 m (318 ft) | LMS |
| K237FQ | 95.3 FM | Bismarck, ND | 142184 | 25 | 39 m (128 ft) | LMS |
| K226CC | 93.1 FM | Riddle, OR | 142189 | 10 | 415.1 m (1,362 ft) | LMS |
| W298BV | 107.5 FM | Rhinelander, WI | 148633 | 170 | 28 m (92 ft) | LMS |

## InfoBox

Radio 74 Internationale
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Radio network |
| Country | United States |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | https://www.radio74.net/ |


title: U/A (album)

abstract: U/A is the eighth studio album by Chandrabindoo, released in 2008 as their "Awshtom Aschorjyo" after a break of 3 years. The album title is a reference to the movie rating standard meaning Universal/Adult.

text:
# U/A (album)

***U/A*** is the eighth studio album by Chandrabindoo, released in 2008 as their "Awshtom Aschorjyo" (Lit. Eighth Surprise) after a break of 3 years. The album title is a reference to the movie rating standard meaning Universal/Adult.

## Track listing

1. Uthe Jaoa Sniri
2. Dhyatterika
3. Ami Dibos
4. Tatin
5. Khachhe Khak
6. D Minor
7. Bhyabachyaka
8. Tabo Mukut
9. Kichhu Chaini
10. Par Kore de Ma

It contained extended versions of previously created title tracks by Chandrabindoo apart from love and political songs. "Tatin" and "Tabo Mukut" have gained a cult popularity due to their lyrics and tune respectively. This album was re-released by T-Series as "Dekhbi Jolbi Phulbi" when they took over the music rights from Big Music.

## InfoBox

| U/A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chandrabindoo | |
| Released | 2008 |
| Genre | Bangla Band |
| Length | 44:41 |
| Label | Big Music |
| Chandrabindoo chronology | |
| *Hulabila* ***U/A*** *Noy* | |


abstract: The U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System, also called the Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, part of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, is the probation office of the federal judiciary of the United States. It serves the United States district courts in all 94 federal judicial districts nationwide and constitutes the community corrections arm of the Federal Judiciary. It administers probation and supervised release under United States federal law enforced by probation officers.

text:
# U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System

The  **U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System**, also called the  **Office of Probation and Pretrial Services**, part of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, is the probation office of the federal judiciary of the United States. It serves the United States district courts in all 94 federal judicial districts nationwide and constitutes the community corrections arm of the Federal Judiciary. It administers probation and supervised release under United States federal law enforced by probation officers.

## History

The first legislation for Federal Probation Law was introduced in 1908, one of which was prepared by the New York State Probation Commission and the National Probation Association (later known as the National Council on Crime and Delinquency) and introduced before Congress by United States Senator Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. The bill provided for a suspension of a sentence, in U.S. District Court, and a sentence of probation. The bill also provided for compensation of $5 per diem for Federal Probation Officers. This first attempt did not pass and through 1909 to 1925 there were 34 bills introduced to establish federal probation law.

In 1915 Attorney General T. W. Gregory selected a case from the Northern District of Ohio where Judge John M. Killits suspended "during the good behavior of the defendant" the execution of a sentence of 5 years and ordered the court term to remain open for that period. The defendant, a first offender and a young man of reputable back ground, had pleaded guilty to embezzling $4,700 by falsifying entries in the books of a Toledo bank. He had made full restitution and the bank's officers did not wish to prosecute. The Government moved that Judge Killits' order be vacated as being "beyond the powers of the court." The motion was denied by Judge Kiliits; A petition for writ of mandamus was prepared and filed with the Supreme Court on June 1, 1915. Judge Killits, as respondent, filed his answer October 14, 1915. He pointed out that the power to suspend sentence had been exercised continuously by Federal judges, that the Department of Justice had acquiesced in it for many years, and that it was the only amelioration possible as there was no Federal probation system. In one circuit, incidentally, it was admitted the practice of suspending sentences had in substance existed for "probably sixty years."

In 1925, the Federal Probation Act was introduced by Senator Copeland as S.1042 and Representative Graham as H.R. 5195. The U.S. Senate passed in unanimously but the House passed the law by a vote of 170 in favor and 49 opposed. On March 4, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge, a former Governor of Massachusetts and very familiar with the benefits of a functioning probation system, signed the bill in to law. This Act gave the U.S. Courts the power to appoint Federal Probation Officers and authority to sentence defendants to probation instead of a prison sentence. It later gave U.S. Probation Officers the responsibility of supervising offenders granted parole by the United States Parole Commission, military offenders and pretrial supervision. The responsibility of the United States Probation Service was first under the United States Department of Justice, under the supervising authority of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, however, in 1940 the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts was established and assumed the responsibility.

U.S. Pretrial Services came along more than 50 years later, in 1982, with the Pretrial Services Act of 1982. It was developed as a means to reduce both crimes committed by persons released into the community pending trial and unnecessary pretrial detention. Twenty three districts have both separate U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Offices. In the remaining 71 districts, the probation office provides pretrial services to the court.

## Federal probation officers

United States Probation Officers (USPO), also referred to as Federal Probation Officers, are the largest cadre of federal law enforcement officers in the federal judiciary (after the small division of US Supreme Court Police who serve to protect the U.S. Supreme Court and its justices).

Most districts require that all new officers attend the Probation and Pretrial Services National Training Academy at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center soon after coming on board. Officers are eligible for a 20-year retirement and must be appointed prior to their 37th birthday because the mandatory separation age is 57. Almost all districts require prior experience in a similar field, a background suitability investigation, drug test, and medical examination as a pre-requisite for hiring.

## Districts

Federal Probation is unique to other federal law enforcement agencies in that they are regionally aligned to their judicial districts, rather than a single headquarters element. All officers within a district report to their Chief Probation Officer or Chief Pretrial Services Officer, who in turn serves the Chief District Judge. The national element is the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Washington, DC, which provides administrative support to the courts, including staffing and other resources, and enforces policies promulgated by the Judicial Conference of the United States, the policy-making body of the Federal Judiciary.

Many districts have split their Probation Officers into Pre-Sentence Investigation Units and Supervision Units. Pre-Sentence Investigators conduct comprehensive investigations into the background of defendants convicted of federal crimes. Upon completion of their investigation, they are required to employ the sentencing guidelines and submit a sentencing recommendation to the presiding judge. Often, they are also asked to confer privately with judges regarding their recommendation. Officers assigned to Supervision Units supervise felons convicted of federal crimes who are released into society on either Supervised Release or Probation. Supervision Officers must enforce court ordered conditions and are mandated to use their discretion and skills to mitigate the offenders risk to society. Both Supervision Officers and Pre-Sentence Investigators deal with a wide range of offenders, many of whom have extensive criminal histories. Federal Probation Officers also represent the United States Department of Justice in the performance of duties connected with federal parole.


title: William J. Luti

abstract: William J. Luti served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Defense Policy and Strategy for the National Security Council in the administration of President George W. Bush. Previously, Luti served as the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs. Prior to joining the Defense Department, Dr. Luti served as a Special Advisor for National Security Affairs to Vice President Cheney. He is a retired Captain in the U.S. Navy, having previously served for 26 years as a naval officer and naval aviator in a wide variety of operational and policy positions, including command of an aviation squadron, an amphibious assault ship, and an amphibious readiness group. Luti received his bachelor's degree from The Citadel, a master's degree from the U.S. Naval War College, and a masters in law and diplomacy and a PhD in international relations from Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. William J. Luti participated in all four conferences of the Bilderberg Group between 2004 and 2007. He is Vice President for Strategic Implementation of the Hudson Institute, one of the leading conservative think tanks in the USA.

text:
# William J. Luti

**William J. Luti** served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Defense Policy and Strategy for the National Security Council in the administration of President George W. Bush.

Previously, Luti served as the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs. Prior to joining the Defense Department, Dr. Luti served as a Special Advisor for National Security Affairs to Vice President Cheney. He is a retired Captain in the U.S. Navy, having previously served for 26 years as a naval officer and naval aviator in a wide variety of operational and policy positions, including command of an aviation squadron, an amphibious assault ship, and an amphibious readiness group.

Luti received his bachelor's degree from The Citadel, a master's degree from the U.S. Naval War College, and a masters in law and diplomacy and a PhD in international relations from Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.

William J. Luti participated in all four conferences of the Bilderberg Group between 2004 and 2007.

He is Vice President for Strategic Implementation of the Hudson Institute, one of the leading conservative think tanks in the USA.

Karen Kwiatkowski


title: Valley Springs School District

abstract: Valley Springs School District is a public school district in Boone County, Arkansas, United States which serves the cities of Bellefonte, Everton and Valley Springs along with surrounding unincorporated areas within Boone County.

text:
# Valley Springs School District

**Valley Springs School District** is a public school district in Boone County, Arkansas, United States which serves the cities of Bellefonte, Everton and Valley Springs along with surrounding unincorporated areas within Boone County.

## Schools

### Valley Springs High School

Valley Springs High School serves ninth through twelfth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 283 and total full-time teachers was 30.30, with a teacher/student ratio of 9.34.

### Valley Springs Middle School

Valley Springs Middle School serves fifth through eighth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 287 and total full-time teachers was 33, with a teacher/student ratio of 8.70. Current teachers: Erica Ketchum, Kendall Melton Sara King Karena DeYoung Daniel Lance for downstairs.

### Valley Springs Elementary School

Valley Springs Elementary School serves preschool through fourth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 413 and total full-time teachers was 26.70, with a teacher/student ratio of 15.47.

## Staffing

Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total full-time staff of the Valley Springs School District was 175. The total full-time teachers was 90. The total number of non-teaching staff (including 5 administrators) was 85.

## Demographics

Within the geographic area covered by the Valley Springs School District, there were 1,046 individuals under the age of 18, during the 2009-2010 academic year.

## InfoBox

| Valley Springs School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 7349 School Street Valley Springs, Arkansas, 72682
United States | |
| Coordinates | 36°9′28″N 92°59′37″W / 36.15778°N 92.99361°W / 36.15778; -92.99361 |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | PK–12 |
| Established | 1870 |
| Superintendent | Dr. Kyle Mallett |
| Budget | $8.75 million (2020-2021) |
| NCES District ID | 0513350 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 859 (2020-2021) |
| Staff | 77.24 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 11.12 |
| District mascot | Tiger |
| Colors | Green and White
 |
| Other information | |
| Website | valley.k12.ar.us |


title: Liberia national under-17 football team

abstract: The Liberia national under-17 football team is one of the national male football teams of Liberia.It represents Liberia at the under-17 level within international competitions. It has become Liberians favorite, due to it unique (possession) style of play, being referred to as "tao tao". Ansumana Keita is the current manager of the Liberia national under-17 football team.

text:
# Liberia national under-17 football team

The **Liberia national under-17 football team** is one of the national male football teams of Liberia.It represents Liberia at the under-17 level within international competitions. It has become Liberians favorite (of all the national teams), due to it unique (possession) style of play, being referred to as "tao tao".

Ansumana Keita is the current manager of the Liberia national under-17 football team.

## Competetive Record

### FIFA U-16 and U-17 World Cup record

| FIFA U-16 and U-17 World Cup | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | PLD | W | D\* | L | GS | GA |
| 1985 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | |
| 1987 | |
| 1989 | |
| 1991 | |
| 1993 | |
| 1995 | |
| 1997 | |
| 1999 | |
| 2001 | |
| 2003 | |
| 2005 | |
| 2007 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2011 | |
| 2013 | |
| 2015 | |
| 2017 | |
| 2019 | |
| 2023 | |
| 2025 | *To be determined* | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 0/20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Liberia U-17
| Nickname(s) | The Lone Stars |
| --- | --- |
| Association | Liberia Football Association |
| Confederation | CAF (Africa) |
| Sub-confederation | WAFU (West Africa) |
| Home stadium | SKD Stadium |
| FIFA code | LBR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| U-17 Africa Cup of Nations | |
| Appearances | None |
| FIFA U-17 World Cup | |
| Appearances | None |


title: Tour of Norway (1983–1992)

abstract: The Tour of Norway was a multi-day road bicycle race held in Norway between 1983 and 1992, with the exception of 1986 to 1989.

text:
# Tour of Norway (1983–1992)

The **Tour of Norway** was a multi-day road bicycle race held in Norway between 1983 and 1992, with the exception of 1986 to 1989.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | Francesco Moser | Per Christiansson | Kjell Nilsson |
| 1984 | Dag Erik Pedersen | Atle Kvålsvoll | Sergei Ermatchenko |
| 1985 | Henk Lubberding | Olaf Lurvik | Dag Erik Pedersen |
| 1990 | Olaf Lurvik | Dag Erik Pedersen | Mario Hernig |
| 1991 | Dag Erik Pedersen | Bjørn Stenersen | Bo André Namvedt |
| 1992 | Dag Otto Lauritzen | Bjørn Stenersen | Dag Erik Pedersen |
|

## InfoBox

Tour of Norway
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Norway |
| Discipline | Road |
| Type | Stage race |
| History | |
| First edition | 1983 |
| Editions | 6 |
| Final edition | 1992 |
| First winner | Francesco Moser (ITA) |
| Most wins | Dag Erik Pedersen (NOR) *(2 wins)* |
| Final winner | Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) |


abstract: The Minister for Culture and the Arts is a position in the Cabinet of Western Australia. It was first created in 1971, during the Tonkin government, under the title Minister for Cultural Affairs. That title was retained until 1983, when the title Minister for the Arts was adopted. The current title was adopted in 2001. The current Minister for Culture and the Arts is David Templeman of the Labor Party, who holds the position as a member of the McGowan Ministry. The minister, who generally also holds other portfolios, is responsible for the state government's Department of Culture and the Arts.

text:
# Minister for Culture and the Arts (Western Australia)

The **Minister for Culture and the Arts** is a position in the Cabinet of Western Australia. It was first created in 1971, during the Tonkin government, under the title **Minister for Cultural Affairs**. That title was retained until 1983, when the title **Minister for the Arts** was adopted. The current title was adopted in 2001.

The current Minister for Culture and the Arts is David Templeman of the Labor Party, who holds the position as a member of the McGowan Ministry. The minister, who generally also holds other portfolios, is responsible for the state government's Department of Culture and the Arts.

## List of ministers for culture and the arts

Thirteen people have been appointed as Minister for Culture and the Arts or equivalent. Sheila McHale, who served in both the Gallop and Carpenter governments, held the position for the longest period, 7 years and 220 days. David Parker had two non-consecutive terms as minister, initially in the Burke government and then across the Dowding and Lawrence governments, although he served for just over three years.

In the table below, members of the Legislative Council are designated "MLC". All others were members of the Legislative Assembly at the time of their service. In Western Australia, serving ministers are entitled to be styled "The Honourable", and may retain the style after three years' service in the ministry.

| Order | Minister | Party | | Premier | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | John Tonkin |  | Labor | Tonkin | Minister for Cultural Affairs | 3 March 1971 | 8 April 1974 | 3 years, 36 days |
| 2 | Graham MacKinnon MLC |  | Liberal | C. Court | | 8 April 1974 | 10 March 1977 | 2 years, 336 days |
| 3 | Peter Jones |  | National Country | | | 10 March 1977 | 5 March 1980 | 2 years, 361 days |
| 4 | Bill Grayden |  | Liberal | | | 5 March 1980 | 25 January 1982 | 1 year, 326 days |
| 5 | Bob Pike MLC |  | | O'Connor | | 25 January 1982 | 25 February 1983 | 1 year, 31 days |
| 6 | Ron Davies |  | Labor | Burke | Minister for the Arts | 25 February 1983 | 26 February 1986 | 3 years, 1 day |
| 7 | David Parker |  | | | | 26 February 1986 | 25 February 1988 | see below |
| 8 | Yvonne Henderson |  | | Dowding | | 25 February 1988 | 28 February 1989 | 1 year, 3 days |
| (7) | David Parker |  | | 28 February 1989 | | 12 February 1990 | 3 years,<br>54 days |
| | |  | | Lawrence | | 12 February 1990 | 24 April 1990 |
| 9 | | Kay Hallahan MLC | |  | | 24 April 1990 | 16 February 1993 | 2 years, 298 days |
| 10 | Peter Foss MLC |  | Liberal | R. Court | | 16 February 1993 | 22 December 1999 | 6 years, 309 days |
| 11 | Mike Board |  | | | | 22 December 1999 | 16 February 2001 | 1 year, 56 days |
| 12 | Sheila McHale |  | Labor | Gallop | Minister for Culture and the Arts | 16 February 2001 | 25 January 2006 | **7 years, 220 days** |
| | |  | | Carpenter | | 25 January 2006 | 23 September 2008 | |
| 13 | John Day |  | Liberal | Barnett | | 23 September 2008 | 17 March 2017 | 8 years, 175 days |
| 14 | David Templeman |  | Labor | McGowan | | 17 March 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 206 days |


title: Raimondo Castelli

abstract: Raimondo Castelli was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Narni (1656–1670).

text:
# Raimondo Castelli

**Raimondo Castelli** (died 14 July 1670) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Narni (1656–1670).

## Biography

On 26 Jue 1656, Raimondo Castelli was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Narni. On 2 July 1656, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Battista Maria Pallotta, Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli, with Patrizio Donati, Bishop Emeritus of Minori, and Ranuccio Scotti Douglas, Bishop Emeritus of Borgo San Donnino, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Narni until his death on 14 July 1670.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Raimondo Castelli | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Narni | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Narni |
| In office | 1656–1670 |
| Predecessor | Giovanni Paolo Buccerelli |
| Successor | Ottavio Avio |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 2 July 1656
by Giovanni Battista Maria Pallotta |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 14 July 1670
Narni, Italy |


title: Radwanki, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Radwanki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Margonin, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Margonin, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Chodzież, and 62 km (39 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Radwanki, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Radwanki** (Polish: \[raˈdvaŋkʲi\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Margonin, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Margonin, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Chodzież, and 62 km (39 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Radwanki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Radwanki | |
| Coordinates: 52°57′N 17°1′E / 52.950°N 17.017°E / 52.950; 17.017 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Chodzież |
| Gmina | Margonin |


title: Madame Carty, U.S. Virgin Islands

abstract: Madame Carty is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

text:
# Madame Carty, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Madame Carty** is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

17°44′10″N 64°37′02″W / 17.73611°N 64.61722°W / 17.73611; -64.61722

## InfoBox

| Madame Carty, United States Virgin Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | United States Virgin Islands |
| Island | Saint Croix |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |


title: U.S. Producer Price Index

abstract: The Producer Price Index (PPI) is the official measure of producer prices in the economy of the United States. It measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. The PPI was known as the Wholesale Price Index, or WPI, up to 1978. It is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and is one of the oldest economic time series compiled by the Federal government of the United States. The origins of the index were in an 1891 U.S. Senate resolution authorizing the Senate Committee on Finance to investigate the effects of the tariff laws "upon the imports and exports, the growth, development, production, and prices of agricultural and manufactured articles at home and abroad". The PPI for Final Demand is the headline index of the PPI News Release. It measures change in prices received by domestic producers for goods, services, and construction sold for personal consumption, capital investment, government, and export. Most of the data for the PPI is collected through a systematic sampling of producers in manufacturing, mining, and service industries, and is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Virtually every type of mining and manufacturing industry and a majority of service industries are sampled. Survey respondents participate voluntarily. The data provided by respondents to the BLS is strictly confidential, protected by the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act (CIPSEA) of 2002.

text:
# U.S. Producer Price Index

The **Producer Price Index** (PPI) is the official measure of producer prices in the economy of the United States. It measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. The PPI was known as the Wholesale Price Index, or WPI, up to 1978. It is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and is one of the oldest economic time series compiled by the Federal government of the United States.

The origins of the index were in an 1891 U.S. Senate resolution authorizing the Senate Committee on Finance to investigate the effects of the tariff laws "upon the imports and exports, the growth, development, production, and prices of agricultural and manufactured articles at home and abroad".

The PPI for Final Demand is the headline index of the PPI News Release. It measures change in prices received by domestic producers for goods, services, and construction sold for personal consumption, capital investment, government, and export.

Most of the data for the PPI is collected through a systematic sampling of producers in manufacturing, mining, and service industries, and is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Virtually every type of mining and manufacturing industry and a majority of service industries are sampled.

Survey respondents participate voluntarily. The data provided by respondents to the BLS is strictly confidential, protected by the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act (CIPSEA) of 2002.

## Classifications

The Producer Price Index family of indexes consists of several classification systems, each with its own structure, history, and uses. However, indexes in all classification systems draw from the same pool of price information provided to the Bureau by survey respondents. The three most important classification structures are industry, commodity, and final demand-intermediate demand (FD-ID).

### Industry

The PPI for an industry measures the average change in prices received for an industry’s output sold to another industry. For more than 20 years, the PPI used the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to collect and publish data. This system received criticism for its inability to adapt to changes in the United States economy. Consequently, in January 2004, the BLS began to publish the PPI data in accordance with the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). This system was developed in cooperation with Canada and Mexico, and categorizes producers into industries based on the activity in which they are primarily engaged.

### Commodity

A PPI from the commodity classification system measures change in prices received for a product or service regardless of industry of origin. It organizes products by similarity, end use, or material composition. This system is unique to the PPI and does not match any other standard coding structure, such as the SIC or the U.N. Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Historical continuity of index series, the needs of index users, and a variety of ad hoc factors were important in developing the PPI commodity classification.

### Final Demand-Intermediate Demand (FD-ID)

Final Demand-Intermediate Demand (FD-ID) indexes are made up of PPIs in the commodity system. This system regroups commodity indexes to create aggregate PPIs according to the type of buyer and the amount of physical processing or assembly products have undergone. The FD-ID system replaced the PPI "stage-of-processing" (SOP) system as PPI's primary aggregation model with the release of data for January 2014. The scope of the SOP system was narrower than the PPI index. Over 600 FD-ID PPIs are available measuring price change for goods, services, and construction sold to final demand and intermediate demand.

The final demand portion of the FD-ID system measures price change for commodities sold as personal consumption, capital investment, government purchases, and exports. The intermediate demand portion of the FD-ID system tracks price change for goods, services, and construction products sold to businesses as inputs to production, excluding capital investment.

## Calculating Index Changes

Movements of price indexes from one month to another are expressed as percent changes, rather than as changes in index points.

Each index measures price changes from a reference period defined to equal 100.0. Currently, some PPIs have an index base set at 1982 = 100, while the remainder have an index base that corresponds with the month prior to the month that the index was introduced. BLS measures price change in relation to that figure. An index level of 110, for example, means there has been a 10% increase in prices since the base period; similarly, an index level of 90 indicates a 10% decrease in prices.

To calculate the percent change in prices between some previous period and a more current period using a PPI, the BLS uses the following formula:

Current period index level - Previous period index level = Index point change
Index point change ÷ Previous period index level = Proportion of change
Proportion of change × 100 = Percent change

For example, in the first quarter of 2016, the PPI for final demand increased 0.5 percent because the index levels were 109.7 in March 2016 and 109.1 in December 2015. The percent change is calculated as:

109.7 - 109.1 = 0.6
0.6 ÷ 109.1 = 0.005
0.005 × 100 = 0.5 percent

## Core PPI

The Core PPI is the headline PPI excluding high volatility items, such as energy. The more volatile components of the PPI for final demand are food, energy, and trade services. These indexes, including Final demand less foods and energy and Final demand less foods, energy, and trade services, exclude volatility from certain components.

## How PPI differs from CPI

A change in the PPI often anticipates a change in the United States Consumer Price Index (CPI). However, there are times when the CPI exhibits a change of a significantly different magnitude (or direction) compared to the PPI. This is due to the different definition and uses of the two indices. A primary use of the PPI is to deflate revenue streams in order to measure real growth in output. A primary use of the CPI is to adjust income and expenditure streams for changes in the cost of living. Because of these differences, each uses prices from a different set of commodities and services.


title: Pennsalt Historic District

abstract: Pennsalt Historic District is a historic district in Natrona, Pennsylvania. According to the Library of Congress, the Pennsalt Historic District, is "an early and architecturally intact collection of housing built by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company," and "is a significant example of a western Pennsylvania company town of the mid to late 19th century."

text:
# Pennsalt Historic District

**Pennsalt Historic District** (also known as **Pennsalt Company Houses**) is a historic district in Natrona, Pennsylvania.

According to the Library of Congress, the Pennsalt Historic District, is "an early and architecturally intact collection of housing built by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company," and "is a significant example of a western Pennsylvania company town of the mid to late 19th century."

## History

The area was originally built as a company town by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company during the 1850s. According to *The Pittsburgh Press*, one hundred and fifty homes were built for Pennsalt employees between 1850 and 1880. Some were one-story frame cottages, others were two-story brick rowhouses. A company town from the time that Pennsalt arrived in Natrona in 1850 until the company left roughly a century later, it is an "approximately six-block area that runs parallel to the Allegheny River."

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 18, 1985.

In 2001, debate ensued when commissioners from the community of Harrison deemed one of the structures in the historic district as unsafe and too expensive to restore. After securing federal funds to pay for razing the Old Natrona Store, they were initially prevented from proceeding with the demolition by officials employed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), who felt that other historic buildings in Pennsylvania that had been in worse condition had been saved and that this historic store should be preserved because it was "one of the few remaining structures from the town's early days as a center for the salt industry" in what was "one of the oldest company towns in the state." According to the *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, "Parts of the three-story brick building \[were\] still solid, but the roof \[had\] collapsed, along with the two floors beneath it. Bricks near the top of the building \[were\] loose, and parts of the building \[had\] shifted and settled" by October of that year. An agreement was reached in November of that year between Harrison officials, the Allegheny County Department of Development, and the PHMC which allowed Harrison officials to tear the building down after the Old Natrona Store was photographed and its history officially documented.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pennsalt Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Federal, Penn, and Pond Streets, and Philadelphia and Blue Ridge Avenues, in Natrona, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°36′52.9″N 79°43′16.72″W / 40.614694°N 79.7213111°W / 40.614694; -79.7213111 |
| Built | 1850–1924 |
| Architect | Pennsalt Co. |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival, Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 85001571 |
| Added to NRHP | July 18, 1985 |


title: William J. Lewis

abstract:
William J. Lewis was a U.S. Representative from Virginia. Born in Augusta County, Virginia, Lewis was the son of Major William Lynn Lewis (1724–1811) and Anne Margaret Montgomery
(1737–1808). His grandfather was John Lewis (1678–1762). Lewis attended the common schools.
He served as member of the Virginia House of Delegates. Lewis was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress.
He died at "Mount Athos" plantation, near Lynchburg, Virginia, November 1, 1828.
He was interred in a vault blasted out of a solid rock at the summit of "Mount Athos," Virginia. Mount Athos was destroyed by fire in 1876, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 as an archaeological site.

text:
# William J. Lewis

**William J. Lewis** (July 4, 1766 – November 1, 1828) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

Born in Augusta County, Virginia, Lewis was the son of Major William Lynn Lewis (1724–1811) and Anne Margaret Montgomery (1737–1808). His grandfather was John Lewis (1678–1762). Lewis attended the common schools. He served as member of the Virginia House of Delegates.

Lewis was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress (March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819). He died at "Mount Athos" plantation, near Lynchburg, Virginia, November 1, 1828. He was interred in a vault blasted out of a solid rock at the summit of "Mount Athos," Virginia.

Mount Athos was destroyed by fire in 1876, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 as an archaeological site.


title: Liberia women's national football team

abstract: The Liberia women's national football team represents Liberia in international women's football. It is governed by the Liberia Football Association. It has played in five FIFA recognized matches.

text:
# Liberia women's national football team

The **Liberia women's national football team** represents Liberia in international women's football. It is governed by the Liberia Football Association. It has played in five FIFA recognized matches.

## History

### Background and development

> The kind of football we have seen here shows that women \[sic\] football can no longer be regarded as novelty. I am proud to be a woman, watching these ladies display skill and ability that are even rare to see in the men's game. My call is to governments and big companies in Africa to grant women's football more support. If the men are going anywhere to play, the government will find the money. But when it is the women, you see them talking about lack of funds. When our national U-20 team was to play Algeria in the Fifa World Cup qualifiers, the government said they didn't have any money. But I went to Fifa and got them to fund our trip. But after we beat Algeria and then drew with Nigeria in the first leg of the last round of qualifiers, suddenly everyone wanted to be part of the trip to Nigeria. Suddenly the money became available for government officials to travel to Nigeria. There is a lot of insincerity in the way we deal with the women. That should be stopped.

Izetta Sombo Wesley, female football administrator

Early development of the women's game at the time colonial powers brought football to the continent was limited as colonial powers in the region tended to take make concepts of patriarchy and women's participation in sport with them to local cultures that had similar concepts already embedded in them. The lack of later development of the national team on a wider international level symptomatic of all African teams is a result of several factors, including limited access to education, poverty amongst women in the wider society, and fundamental inequality present in the society that occasionally allows for female specific human rights abuses. When quality female football players are developed, they tend to leave for greater opportunities abroad. Continent wide, funding is also an issue, with most development money coming from FIFA, not the national football association. Future, success for women's football in Africa is dependent on improved facilities and access by women to these facilities. Attempting to commercialize the game and make it commercially viable is not the solution, as demonstrated by the current existence of many youth and women's football camps held throughout the continent.

The national federation, Liberia Football Association, was founded in 1936. It became a FIFA affiliate in 1962. Women's football is represented on the committee by specific constitutional mandate. In 2009, the organization did not have any full-time staff members specifically dedicated to assisting women's football. Their kit includes red shirts, white shorts and red socks.

Football is the most popular women's participation sport in the country. A women's football program was first organized by the national federation in the country in 1988. In 2000, there were 264 registered female players in the country. In 2006, there were 277 players. In 2006, there were only two women's only teams available for women to play on while there were 43 teams for men to play on. By 2009, regional and national women's football competitions had been established, but no competition had been organized for UL or schools. Rights to broadcast the 2011 Women's World Cup in the country were bought by the African Union of Broadcasting.

Jamesetta Howard has served as the country's Minister of Youth and Sports. The national football association president was Izetta Sombo Wesley. The country's president was Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf. All were women and all supported the women's national team. In 2007, Izetta Wesley was named a member of the FIFA Women's Football Committee and that of FIFA Women's World Cup, with her term starting in 2008. She has also served as the Match Commissioner of CAF and FIFA, and Vice President of the West African Football Union (WAFU).

### The team

In 1985, almost no country in the world had a women's national football team, including Liberia who did not play in their first FIFA recognized match until February 2007 though the team played three non-recognized games in 2006. National team matches have been played at Antoinette Tubman Stadium.

On 18 February 2007 in a game in Monrovia, Liberia lost to Ethiopia women's national football team 0–3 after having been down 0–1 at the half. On 10 March in a game in Addis Abeba, Liberia lost to Ethiopia 0–2 after being down 0–1 at the half. In 2010, the country did not have a team competing in the African Women's Championships. The country did not have a team competing at the 2011 All Africa Games. On 13 February 2011 in a game in Monrovia, Liberia lost to Ghana by a score of 0–4. On 27 February in a game in Accra, Liberia lost to Ghana 0–7.

Liberia's international ranking improved in the late 2000s before falling in the early 2010s: in 2007, it was ranked 144; in 2008, 117; in 2009, 92; in 2010, 128; in 2011, 136; and in 2012, 130, while holding 35th place in Africa.

## Team image

### Other national teams

#### U17 team

In 2006, there was no FIFA recognized youth national team. They participated in the African Women U-17 Championship 2008. In the preliminary round, they were supposed to play Benin but Benin withdrew from the competition. In the first round, they were supposed to play Nigeria but they withdrew from the competition.

#### U19/U20 team

In 2006, there was no FIFA recognized youth national team. Between 2002–2010 in the FIFA Women U19/U20 World Cup, a U19 event up until 2006 when it became U20, the country participated in the qualifying tournament.

The country participated in the African Women U-20 Championship 2006. They were supposed to play Guinea in Round 1 but Guinea withdrew from the tournament. In Round 2, they played their first match in Algeria, where they won 3–2. Algeria withdrew from the tournament before playing in the return match in Liberia. They met Nigeria in the quarterfinals, tying 1–1 in one match, before losing 1–9 in the second.

#### Homeless World Cup team

In 2008, a national team represented the country at the Homeless World Cup. In the opening round robin round where they finished second, they beat Cameroon 16–1, beat Colombia 8–5, lost to Zambia 1–4, beat Paraguay 4–1, beat Uganda 7–2, beat Kyrgyzstan 7–3, and beat Australia 14–3. In the semi-final, they tied Colombia 1–1, and won 1–0 in penalty kicks. They lost to Zambia 1–7 in the final.

#### Amputee football team

A woman's team from the country competed at the 2011 Cup of African Nations for Amputee Football. In that year, they played Ghana in a friendly in Monrovia, Liberia in the lead up to the competition.

## Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Win   Draw   Lose   Fixture

*Their first draw was achieved in 2014.*

| Date | Location | Home team | Score | Away team | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18 February 2007 | Monrovia | Liberia | 0–3 (0–1) | Ethiopia |  |
| 10 March 2007 | Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | 2–0 (1–0) | Liberia |  |
| 13 February 2011 | Monrovia | Liberia | 0–4 | Ghana |  |
| 27 February 2011 | Accra | Ghana | 7–0 | Liberia |  |
| 8 March 2014 | Makeni | Sierra Leone | 0–0 | Liberia |  |
|

### 2023

## Coaching staff

### Current coaching staff

*As of 6 August 2021*

| Position | Name | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Head coach | Selam Kebede |  |

### Manager history

## Players

### Current squad

* The following players were named in December 2023 to face Sierra Leone on two friendlies from 26–30 December.

* Caps and goals accurate up to and including 30 October 2021.

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Jackie Touah | (2004-04-17) April 17, 2004 |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 1GK | Aminata Dicko |  |  |  | Real Muja |
|  | 1GK | Olive Wolo |  |  |  | Senior Female Professionals |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 2DF | Lucy Massaquoi |  |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 2DF | Jennie Tisdell | (2000-11-11) November 11, 2000 |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 2DF | Marthaline Moore | (2001-07-21) July 21, 2001 |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 2DF | Blessing Nagbe |  |  |  | Real Muja |
|  | 2DF | Oretha Togba |  |  |  | Real Muja |
|  | 2DF | Aline Capehart |  |  |  | Ambassadors FC |
|  | 2DF | Makasian Saryon |  |  |  | Ravia Angels |
|  | 2DF | Esther Massaley |  |  |  | Nimba Girls |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 3MF | Hawa Kpan |  |  |  | World Girls |
|  | 3MF | Hawa Fatomah |  |  |  | World Girls |
|  | 3MF | Louise Brown |  |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 3MF | Zeta Kromah |  |  |  | LEAD Monrovia Academy |
|  | 3MF | Christine Kouadio |  |  |  | DC Shooters |
|  | 3MF | Jessica Quachie |  |  |  | Real Muja |
|  | 3MF | Yassah Gwaikolo |  |  |  | Dolakeh FC |
|  | 3MF | Wonder Juery |  |  |  | Soccer Ambassadors |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 4FW | Miatta Morris |  |  |  | Shaita Angels |
|  | 4FW | Cynthia Weah |  |  |  | Shaita Angels |
|  | 4FW | Lucy Kikeh |  |  |  | FC Kallon |
|  | 4FW | Elizabeth Tamba | (2000-10-31) October 31, 2000 |  |  | Determine Girls |
|  | 4FW | Dalphine Glao |  |  |  | Soccer Ambassadors |
|  | 4FW | Lisa Sarwee |  |  |  | Real Muja |

### Recent call-ups

The following players have been called up to a Liberia squad in the past 12 months.

| Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club | Latest call-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| --- | | | | | | |
| --- | | | | | | |
| --- | | | | | | |

## Records

*\*Active players in **bold**, statistics correct as of 6 August 2021.*

## Competitive record

### FIFA Women's World Cup

| FIFA Women's World Cup record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | GP | W | D\* | L | GF | GA | GD |
| 1991 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 1995 | |
| 1999 | |
| 2003 | |
| 2007 | |
| 2011 | |
| 2015 | |
| 2019 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2023 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2027 | *To be determined* | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 0/10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

*\*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.*

### Olympic Games

| Summer Olympics record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Pld | W | D* | L | GS | GA | GD |
| 1996 | *did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2000 | |
| 2004 | |
| 2008 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2016 | |
| 2020 | |
| 2024 | |
| Total | 0/8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

*\*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.*

### Africa Women Cup of Nations

| Africa Women Cup of Nations record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | GP | W | D\* | L | GS | GA | GD |
| 1991 to  2006 | did not exist | | | | | | | |
| 2008 to  2018 | did not enter | | | | | | | |
| 2020 | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Africa | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | did not qualify | | | | | | | |
| 2024 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 0/7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

*\*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.*

### African Games

| African Games record | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA |
| 2003 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 2007 | |
| 2011 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | |
| 2019 | |
| 2023 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| Total | 0/4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

### WAFU Women's Cup record

| WAFU Zone A Women's Cup | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2020 | Third | 3rd | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 6 |
| 2023 | did not enter | | | | | | | | |
| Total | Group Stage | 1/2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 17 |
|

## Honors

## InfoBox

Liberia
| Association | Liberia Football Association |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | CAF (Africa) |
| Sub-confederation | WAFU (West Africa) |
| Head coach | Selam Kebede |
| FIFA code | LBR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| FIFA ranking | |
| Current | 165  (16 August 2024) |
| Highest | 141 (March – June 2007) |
| Lowest | 165 (December 2023 – August 2024) |
| First international | |
| Liberia 0–3 Ethiopia
(Monrovia; 18 February 2007) | |
| Biggest win | |
| Liberia 4–0 Guinea-Bissau
(Makeni; 26 February 2020) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Liberia 0–7 Ghana
(Accra; 27 February 2011) | |


title: Westernville, New York

abstract: Westernville, New York is a hamlet in Oneida County, located west of Adirondack Park and north of Rome, and Utica. Westernville is in the Town of Western, adjacent to Delta Reservoir and Delta Lake State Park.

text:
# Westernville, New York

**Westernville**, New York is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Oneida County, located west of Adirondack Park and north of Rome, and Utica. Westernville is in the Town of Western, adjacent to Delta Reservoir and Delta Lake State Park.

## History

The Town of Western was formed from the Town of Steuben on March 10, 1797. Its 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) contain fertile soil and an abundant supply of water, including the Mohawk River, Lansing Kill, Big Brook, Stringer Brook, and other small streams. Westernville is the birthplace of Gen. Henry Halleck, one time Commander-in-Chief of the Union Armies. Westernville is also the birthplace of none-time National NASCAR Modified Champion and 2012 NASCAR Hall of Fame Inductee Richie Evans.

Gustavus Swan, a supporter of Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the first Telegraph System, worked closely with Morse to build and extend the telegraph lines across New York State. Swan constructed and resided in the Swan Homestead still located on Main Street in the upper village. The Swan home is on the walking tour of roughly 18 historic homes along Main Street in the village. A handout of the Tour is available from the Westerville Historical Society, from the Swan Home B&B or the Town Hall.

The list is also available during the Annual "Heritage Days", a special three-day celebration on Main Street to honor past residents of historical note. The weekend consists of historical re-enactments and encampments. Also included are period craftsmen, cooking, military, costuming, a quilt show, musical events, fireworks, and refreshments. The weekend kicks off with fireworks on Friday evening and the event closes on Sunday afternoon.

Buried here are Gen. William Floyd, a famous Revolutionary War soldier and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Admiral Montgomery Sicard of Civil War fame, and Gustavus Swan. Also buried here is Richie Evans, who died following a crash at Martinsville (Virginia) Speedway.

### 2021 Tornado

The National Weather Service in Binghamton confirmed an EF-1 tornado in Westernville on 8 July 2021. It touched down at 7:30 pm local time in the Woods Valley Ski Area, moving northeast towards downtown Westernville. There it caused considerable damage along Main Street, with several roofs blown off houses and numerous trees uprooted or snapped. Continuing its northeasterly track, it then crossed the Mohawk River and parallelled east of River Road, leading to crop damage and a roof torn off of a barn before lifting.

## Westernville today

There is an active senior citizens group that meets monthly for activities. The Western Town Library offers programs for children and adults, and the historical society provides lectures and events for the entire community. There are currently two churches in Westernville, the United Methodist Church on Main Street and the First Presbyterian Church on Stokes-Westernville Road. North Western has one church, the United Methodist Church, located on Route 46. The town has various local businesses including The Swan Home Bed and Breakfast and Woods Valley Ski Area.

This is the location of Gen. William Floyd's second home, and is also where he is buried. Every year, Dr. Russell Marriot, in current residence of this home, helps hold a town ceremony in Gen. William Floyd's honor.

The Gen. William Floyd House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The Western Town Hall was listed in 1995.

## Education

It is in the Rome City School District, which operates Rome Free Academy.

## InfoBox

| Westernville | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet and census-designated place | |
| Westernville | |
| Coordinates: 43°18′20″N 75°22′59″W / 43.30556°N 75.38306°W / 43.30556; -75.38306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Oneida |
| Elevation | 561 ft (171 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 315 |
| GNIS feature ID | 970916 |


title: Raizan Kōgoishi

abstract: Raizan Kōgoishi (雷山神籠石) was an ancient castle (also known as a Korean-style fortresses in Japan located in the city of Itoshima, Fukuoka Prefecture Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1932.

text:
# Raizan Kōgoishi

**Raizan Kōgoishi** (雷山神籠石) was an ancient castle (also known as a Korean-style fortresses in Japan (朝鮮式山城, *Chōsen-shiki yamajiro*) located in the city of Itoshima, Fukuoka Prefecture Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1932.

## History

After the defeat of the combined Baekje and Yamato Japan forces, at the hands of the Silla and Tang China alliance at the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the Yamato court feared an invasion from either or both Tang or Silla. In response, a huge network of shore fortifications was constructed throughout the rest of the 600s, often with the assistance of Baekje engineers, generals and artisans. Unaware of the outbreak of the Silla-Tang War (670–676), the Japanese would continue to build fortifications until 701, even after finding out that Silla was no longer friendly with Tang. The name "*kōgoishi*" means "stones of divine protection," a name given them by the Meiji period archaeologist Tsuboi Shōgorō, who conjectured that they served as spiritual or practical protection for sacred sites. Scholars after Tsuboi determined that the structures are most likely the remains of practical, military fortifications, and were unlikely to have significant spiritual connections, although much remains unknown about these structures and there is very little contemporary documentary evidence.

The Raizan Kōgoishi is located on the northern slopes of 955-meter Mount Raizan, one of the Sefuri Mountains forming the border between Fukuoka and Saga Prefecture. It is located at an elevation of between 400 and 480 meters above sea level, and is estimated to be about 300 meters from east-to-west and 700 meters from-north to-south. As it is located on a ridge that juts out north from Mount Raizan, it offers a panoramic view of the Itoshima Peninsula, as well as Hakata Bay and the Genkai Sea. It was built with castle walls blocking two valleys (approximately 730 meters apart), north and south. In most Kōgoishi, the fortifications surround the peak of the mountain, but Raizan Kōgoishi is unique in that the castle area does not include the mountain peak, and the castle wall crosses the same valley twice.

The ruins include water gates built on the north and south sides of the valley, and a group of stones extending east and west from the water gates. At the south water gate, there are two types of sluice gates: one is a culvert installed at the bottom of the stone rows, and the other is a water gutter installed in a part of the stone embankment, from which water flows. The north water gate is a strong structure made of cut stones piled up 12 meters long, 10 meters wide, and 3 meters high. From both the east and west ends of the water gate, the rows of stones open out in the shape of a letter "C" and climb up a steep slope toward the top of the ridge. In addition, two breaks in the stone rows that are presumed to be castle gate ruins have been found near the south water gate.

Regarding the date of construction, the fortification is not mentioned in any ancient literature, so its name, construction date, etc. are all uncertain. The current name of the fortification is after the name of the mountain, which is mentioned in the *Nihon Shoki* and *Man'yōshū*, but with no mention of fortifications. However, mention is made of an "Inazumi Castle" in the 699 AD entry of the *Shoku Nihongi* and as the location of that castle remains unknown, there is a theory that this entry could be referring to the Raizan Kōgoishi. Based on the construction technique and similarities with other known *Kōgoishi* sites, the most likely theory is that it was built in the middle of the 7th century.

## Literature

* De Lange, William (2021). *An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles*. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 978-9492722300.

Media related to Raizan Castle at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Raizan Kōgoishi' | |
| --- | --- |
| 雷山神籠石 | |
| Itoshima, Fukuoka, Japan | |
| Mount Raizan | |
| Type | Korean-style fortress |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | c.660s |
| Built by | Yamato court |
| In use | Asuka period |
| Buzen KokufuDazaifuAsakura Palace?RaizanChikugo KokufuRaizan Kōgoishi (Fukuoka Prefecture)Buzen KokufuDazaifuAsakura Palace?RaizanChikugo KokufuRaizan Kōgoishi (Japan) National Historic Site of Japan | |