title: (I Know I Got) Skillz

abstract: "(I Know I Got) Skillz" is the debut single released from American NBA star and rapper Shaquille O'Neal's debut album, Shaq Diesel (1993). The song, which saw its official release on September 7, 1993 by Jive Records, was produced by Def Jef and Meech Wells and featured a guest verse from Def Jef as well. It samples "It's My Thing" by EPMD and "Large Professor" by Main Source. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" was a success, peaking at 35 and 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box Top 100, becoming Shaq's only solo top-40 hit in the US, although he managed to avoid one hit wonder status as he previously scored a hit as a featured guest on the Fu-Schnickens hit "What's Up Doc?". The single was certified gold by the RIAA on December 21, 1993, for shipping of 500,000 copies. The accompanying music video was directed by Scott Kalvert. The song was also featured on Shaq's compilation album, The Best of Shaquille O'Neal and appeared in the film Pineapple Express. Shaq performed the track at Lollapallooza 2019 in Grant Park, Chicago.

text:
# (I Know I Got) Skillz

"**(I Know I Got) Skillz**" is the debut single released from American NBA star and rapper Shaquille O'Neal's debut album, *Shaq Diesel* (1993). The song, which saw its official release on September 7, 1993 by Jive Records, was produced by Def Jef and Meech Wells and featured a guest verse from Def Jef as well. It samples "It's My Thing" by EPMD and "Large Professor" by Main Source. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" was a success, peaking at 35 and 32 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and *Cash Box* Top 100, becoming Shaq's only solo top-40 hit in the US, although he managed to avoid one hit wonder status as he previously scored a hit as a featured guest on the Fu-Schnickens hit "What's Up Doc? (Can We Rock)". The single was certified gold by the RIAA on December 21, 1993, for shipping of 500,000 copies. The accompanying music video was directed by Scott Kalvert. The song was also featured on Shaq's compilation album, *The Best of Shaquille O'Neal* and appeared in the film *Pineapple Express*. Shaq performed the track at Lollapallooza 2019 in Grant Park, Chicago.

## Single track listing

### A-side

1. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" (LP / radio version)- 4:23
2. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" (remix)- 4:23

### B-side

1. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" (LP / radio instrumental)- 4:08
2. "(I Know I Got) Skillz" (remix instrumental)- 4:18

## Charts

| Chart (1993-1994) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 35 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (*Billboard*) | 20 |
| US Hot Rap Singles (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (*Billboard*) | 25 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 32 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "(I Know I Got) Skillz" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Shaquille O'Neal featuring Def Jef | |
| from the album  *Shaq Diesel* | |
| Released | September 7, 1993 |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 4:23 |
| Label | Jive |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Shaquille O'Neal singles chronology | |
| "What's Up Doc? (Can We Rock)"
(1993) "**(I Know I Got) Skillz**"
(1993) "I'm Outstanding"
(1993) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "(I Know I Got) Skillz" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: 10th Baluch Regiment

abstract: The 10th Baluch or Baluch Regiment was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. After independence, it was transferred to the Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was amalgamated with the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments. During more than a hundred years of military service, the 10th Baluch Regiment acquired a distinguished record amongst the regiments of the British Indian Army. Its list of honours and awards includes four Victoria Crosses.

text:
# 10th Baluch Regiment

The **10th Baluch** or **Baluch Regiment** was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. After independence, it was transferred to the Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was amalgamated with the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments. During more than a hundred years of military service, the 10th Baluch Regiment acquired a distinguished record amongst the regiments of the British Indian Army. Its list of honours and awards includes four Victoria Crosses.

## The Bombay Army

The Baluch Regiment originated in the Army of Bombay Presidency in 1844, when Sir Charles Napier raised the 1st Belooch (old spelling of Baluch) Battalion (raised as the Scinde Beloochee Corps and designated as 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861) for local service in the newly conquered province of Sindh. Two years later, another Belooch battalion was raised (designated as the 29th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861), while in 1858, John Jacob raised Jacob's Rifles (30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry), which would soon become the 3rd Belooch Regiment. The term 'local' was interpreted fairly loosely when it became necessary to send the 2nd Beloochees to the Persian War in 1856-57, a campaign frequently overshadowed by the events of the Indian Mutiny in 1857. The 1st was in Karachi when the news of the insurrection reached the Commissioner. Sir Bartle Frere dispatched them with all haste, on foot across the Sindh desert in May, to join the siege artillery train on its way to Delhi; the only Bombay unit to join the Delhi Field Force. The regiment was brought into line for its services in North India as the 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Meanwhile, the 2nd Beloochees were also regularized as the 29th Regiment. In 1862, the 2nd Beloochees were dispatched to China to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Two years later, they became some of the first foreign troops to be stationed in Japan, when two companies were sent to Yokohama as a part of the garrison guarding the British legation. The 1st Beloochees greatly distinguished themselves in the tough Abyssinian Campaign of 1868 and were made Light Infantry as a reward. All Baloch battalions took part in the Second Afghan War of 1878-80, where the Jacob's Rifles suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Maiwand. The 1st Belooch Regiment again distinguished itself in 1885-87 during the Third Burma War.

In 1891, two battalions of Bombay Infantry also became "Baluchi," when they were reconstituted with Baluchis, Hazaras and Pathans from Baluchistan and localized in the province. The first of these, the 24th (Baluchistan) Infantry was raised in 1820, while the other, 26th (Baluchistan) Infantry was raised in 1825. Following the Kitchener Reforms of 1903, these battalions were redesignated as the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles). In 1914, their full dress uniforms included red trousers worn with rifle green or drab tunics.

## First World War

During the First World War, most of the regiments raised second battalions, while the 124th Baluchistan Infantry raised two battalions. Only 2/124th Baluchistan Infantry of the wartime raisings was retained after the post-war reforms.

The 129th DCO Baluchis served on the Western Front in France and Belgium, where they became the first Indian regiment to attack the Germans and the only Indian regiment to fight in both the First & Second Battles of Ypres. At Hollebeke, during the First Ypres, Sepoy Khudadad Khan became the first British Raj soldier to win the Victoria Cross; Britain's highest decoration for valour. Prior to 1911 pre partition Indian soldiers had not been eligible for the Victoria Cross. The battalion would go on to serve with distinction in German East Africa alongside the 127th QMO Baluch Light Infantry and 130th KGO Baluchis. Meanwhile, the 1st and 3rd Battalions of 124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry served in Persia, while the 2nd distinguished itself in Mesopotamia and Palestine.

## Inter-War Period

After the First World War, a major re-organization of British Indian Army took place. Most of the wartime units were disbanded, while the remaining single-battalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 4-6 battalions each. Among these was the **10th Baluch Regiment**, formed in 1922 at Rajkot (Rajasthan) from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry. The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi. The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment. The officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver 'X' on field and forage caps, while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions. It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War. It consisted of a Roman numeral 'X' within a crescent moon, a crown above and title scroll below, all in white metal. The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging, while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners. Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses.

The line up of the new regiment was:

* 1st Battalion (DCO) - 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry.
* 2nd Battalion - 126th Baluchistan Infantry.
* 3rd Battalion (QMO) - 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry.
* 4th Battalion (DCO) - 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis.
* 5th Battalion (KGO) - 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles).
* 10th (Training) Battalion - 2/124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry.

## Second World War

* 1st Battalion - India, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon.
* 2nd Battalion - India, Malaya. Captured at Singapore in 1942. Reformed in 1946 by redesignation of 9/10th Baluch.
* 3rd Battalion - India, Iran, Iraq, North Africa, Sicily, Italy, Greece.
* 4th Battalion - India, Italian East Africa, North Africa, Cyprus, Italy.
* 5th Battalion - India, Burma.
* 6th Battalion - Raised in 1940. India. Disbanded 1947; re-raised 1948.
* 7th Battalion - Raised in 1940. India, Burma.
* 8th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India, Burma. Disbanded 1946; re-raised 1948.
* 9th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India. Redesignated as 2/10th Baluch in 1946.
* 10th Battalion - Converted into Regimental Centre in 1942.
* 14th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India, Burma, Malaya, Siam. Disbanded 1946.
* 15th Battalion - Raised in 1941. Became a training battalion. India. Disbanded 1946.
* 16th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India, Burma, Malaya. Disbanded 1946.
* 17th Battalion \- Raised in 1942 by conversion of 53rd Regiment, Indian Armoured Corps. India, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Greece, Libya.
* 18th Battalion - Raised as 25th Garrison Battalion in 1941. Redesignated as 18/10th Baluch in 1943. India. Disbanded 1944.
* 25th Garrison Battalion - Raised in 1941. On conversion to active status, it was redesignated as 18/10th Baluch in 1943.
* 26th Garrison Battalion - Raised in 1942. India. Disbanded 1946.
* Machine Gun Battalion - Raised on 15 April 1942. Converted into 53rd Regiment, Indian Armoured Corps in August 1942. Redesignated as 17/10th Baluch in November 1942.

The regiment's record of service in the war was once again most impressive. It suffered 6572 casualties and won numerous gallantry awards including two Victoria Crosses to Naik Fazal Din and Sepoy Bhandari Ram \- both in the Burma Campaign. Captain Siri Kanth Korla was a company commander of the 7/10th Baluch Regiment who was awarded a Distinguished Service Order, a Military Cross, and two Mentions in Dispatches in the Burma Campaign. Lieutenant Colonel Lionel Protip Sen was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his command of 16/10 Baluch, as part of the all Indian 51st Indian Infantry Brigade, in the Burma campaign. During the Second World War, the regiment raised another ten battalions, although most of them were disbanded after the war. At the end of 1945, the 10th Baluch Regiment lost its number and became **The Baluch Regiment**.

## Post-independence

At the time of independence, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th & 17th. The regiment was allotted to Pakistan. Dogra companies of the Baluch Regiment were transferred to the Indian Army. The Regimental Centre shifted to Quetta in 1947 to make room for the Government offices in the new capital of Pakistan. In 1948, the 6th and 8th Battalions were re-raised in response to the war with India in Kashmir, where the 4th Battalion greatly distinguished itself in the Battle of Pandu. In 1956, major reorganization took place in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments were absorbed by the Baluch Regiment (now called the Baloch Regiment). The new line up of the regiment was:

* 1 Baluch - 1/8th Punjab (The Gallant One)
* 2 Baluch - 2/8th Punjab
* 3 Baluch - 3/8th Punjab
* 4 Baluch - 4/8th Punjab (Prince of Wales's Own)
* 5 Baluch - 5/8th Punjab (Burma)
* 6 Baluch - 1 Baluch (Duchess of Connaught's Own)
* 7 Baluch - 2 Baluch
* 8 Baluch - 1 Bahawalpur (Sadiq)
* 9 Baluch - 2 Bahawalpur (Haroon)
* 10 Baluch - 3 Baluch (Queen Mary's Own)
* 11 Baluch - 4 Baluch (Duke of Connaught's Own)
* 12 Baluch - 5 Baluch (King George V's Own) (Jacob's Rifles)
* 13 Baluch - 6/8th Punjab
* 14 Baluch - 6 Baluch
* 15 Baluch - 7 Baluch
* 16 Baluch - 8 Baluch
* 17 Baluch - 8/8th Punjab
* 18 Baluch - 9/8th Punjab
* 19 Baluch (SSG) - 17 Baluch
* 20 Baluch - 3 Bahawalpur (Abbas)
* 21 Baluch - 4 Bahawalpur

## Battle Honours

## References & Notes

## Further reading

* Ahmad, Lt Col Rifat Nadeem. (2010). *Battle Honours of the Baloch Regiment*. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre.
* Ahmed, Maj Gen Rafiuddin. (1998). *History of the Baloch Regiment 1820-1939*. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre. ISBN 1-84734-130-6
* Ahmed, Maj Gen Rafiuddin. (2000). *History of the Baloch Regiment 1939-1956*. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre. ISBN 1-84574-094-7
* Barthorp, Michael, & Jeffrey Burn. (1979). *Indian Infantry Regiments 1860–1914*. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-307-2
* Cadell, Sir Patrick. (1938). *History of the Bombay Army*. London: Longmans & Green
* Chaldecott, Lt Col OA. (1935). *The First Battalion (DCO) and the Tenth Battalion, the Tenth Baluch Regiment*. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
* Gaylor, John (1992). *Sons of John Company: Indian and Pakistan Armies, 1903-1991*, Spellmount Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0-946771-98-1.
* Maxwell, Lt Col WE. (1948). *Capital Campaigners: The History of the 3rd Battalion (Queen Mary’s Own) the Baluch Regiment*. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
* Poulsom, Lt Col NW, and Ahmad, Lt Col RN. (2011). *Uniforms & Devices of the Baloch Regiment*. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre.
* Rodger, Alexander. (2003). *Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662-1991*. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-637-5
* Thatcher, WS. (1932). *The Fourth Battalion, Duke of Connaught's Own, Tenth Baluch Regiment in the Great War*. Cambridge: The University Press. ISBN 1-84734-752-5
* Thatcher, WS. (1980). *The Tenth Baluch Regiment in the Second World War*. Abbottabad: The Baluch Regimental Centre.

* *History of the Baloch Regiment 1820–1939 the Colonial Period*, text of pages 1 to 15 available online as download preview

## InfoBox

| 10th Baluch Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Active | 1922–1956 |
| Allegiance | British India (1922 - 47)
Pakistan (1947 - 56) |
| Branch | British Indian Army
Pakistan Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Regimental Centre | Karachi |
| Uniform | Rifle Green; faced red |
| War Cry | Kai Kai |
| Engagements | Expedition to Aden 1839
Anglo-Persian War 1856-57
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Taiping Rebellion 1860-64
Abyssinian Campaign 1868
Second Afghan War 1878-80
Anglo-Egyptian War 1882
Third Burma War 1885-87
British East Africa 1896
British East Africa 1897-99
The Boxer Rebellion 1900
British Somaliland 1908-10
First World War 1914-18
Third Afghan War 1919
Iraqi Revolt 1920
Burmese Rebellion 1931-32
Second World War 1939-45
Kashmir War 1948 |
| Commanders | |
| Colonel-in-Chief | King George V |
| Insignia | |
| War cry | Kai Kai |


title: 10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line)

abstract: 10th Avenue is a proposed station, first planned as part of the 7 Subway Extension for the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway. It would be located at 10th Avenue and 41st Street and have two tracks and two side platforms if built. Under the original 2007 plan, there would be one street-level entrance for each direction, and no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfer between directions. The station was not built due to a lack of funding, but it could be completed if funding became available to build it. Various development proposals since 2009 have included completion of the station.

text:
# 10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line)

**10th Avenue** is a proposed station, first planned as part of the 7 Subway Extension for the IRT Flushing Line ( and \<7\> trains) of the New York City Subway. It would be located at 10th Avenue and 41st Street and have two tracks and two side platforms if built. Under the original 2007 plan, there would be one street-level entrance for each direction, and no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfer between directions.

The station was not built due to a lack of funding, but it could be completed if funding became available to build it. Various development proposals since 2009 have included completion of the station.

## Initial plans

Construction of the station was planned as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, and construction was deemed possible as demand in the area grew. It was originally planned to be constructed as part of the 7 Subway Extension. The station would originally have had two exits from the eastbound platform to 40th Street—one at Hudson Boulevard and one east of 10th Avenue—and one from the westbound platform to 42nd Street east of 10th Avenue. Among the proponents is former deputy mayor Dan Doctoroff, who stated in 2015 that building the 10th Avenue station would boost development for decades.

A $450 million option to build a shell for the station was included as part of the October 2007 contract, requiring action by the city within nine months to have a shell built as part of the initial contract. Reports in late December 2007 indicated that the postponed station might be partially built, should the City of New York and the MTA come to terms on the additional financing for the station shell. As of October 2007, the city had no plans to fund the station; however, it could still be built if 550 million was raised privately to build the station. Construction of the station was estimated to have cost at least $450 million as of 2013.

In February 2009, the MTA announced that it would build the station if the agency received sufficient funds from the federal economic stimulus package. Otherwise, the station would be cut to keep costs under budget, as the 7 Subway Extension was already costing $2.4 billion.

Developers and local residents created a petition to construct the shell, fearing that the opportunity for a station would be lost once tunnel excavation was completed. In June 2010, the city announced it was seeking funding to assess the feasibility of constructing the station at a later date, using a two-platform, two-entrance model without an underground connecting passage. This type of station, while common in Manhattan, is not considered ideal by the MTA, but would nonetheless be acceptable were funding eventually found. The planned entrances would still be located two blocks apart due to the location's depth—with the westbound entrance on 42nd Street and the eastbound entrance on 40th Street—but the new plan only called for one exit in each direction. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that he hoped that the station would be built in the future, with several others saying that building it would be "still possible".

## Further proposals

Construction of the line proceeded to its completion in 2014 without the station or its shell, which would have been between the Times Square and 34th Street–Hudson Yards stations. The only evidence of the station's planned existence is the flattening out of the tunnel walls near where the station would have been. Building the "previously deferred No. 7 station at 10th Avenue" was a "key design element" of the proposed extension of the 7 service to Secaucus, New Jersey, but plans for that extension were later abandoned.

In January 2016, the New York City Economic Development Corporation released a request for proposal (RFP) for a site of a proposed development at 41st Street and Tenth Avenue. As part of that RFP, a study into the station's feasibility was to be conducted. The new station is projected to cost $1 billion, an increase from the previous estimate of $500 million. The new station could provide better access to a new Port Authority Bus Terminal if a connection was provided. In the Port Authority's 2016 design competition for a replacement Port Authority Bus Terminal west of Times Square, most of the announced finalists included the construction of, and direct access into, the Tenth Avenue station in their design plans.

In January 2021, developer Gotham Organization filed permits for a 47-story skyscraper to be built at 41st Street and 10th Avenue, near where the station's entrance would have been. The 2016 RFP for the station had been conducted for that skyscraper's construction. That June, New York City Council candidate Erik Bottcher proposed completing the station during his candidacy. Elected officials again pushed for the station's construction in August 2022. The MTA's 20-year needs assessment, released in October 2023, included a possible new station at 10th Avenue; by then, the MTA predicted that the station could cost $1.9 billion.

## InfoBox

| 10 Avenue | |
| --- | --- |
| Planned New York City Subway station | |
| The Yotel and MiMA at 42nd Street, near the location of one of the planned station's proposed entrances | |
| Station statistics | |
| Address | 41st Street & 10th Avenue<br>New York, NY 10036 |
| Borough | Manhattan |
| Locale | Hell's Kitchen |
| Coordinates | 40°45′32″N 73°59′46″W / 40.759°N 73.996°W / 40.759; -73.996 |
| Division | (IRT) |
| Line | IRT Flushing Line |
| Services | None; unbuilt |
| Structure | Underground |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Opened | Proposed |
| Traffic | |
|  | |
| 2023 |  |
|  | |
| Rank | out of 423 |
| Location | |
| Street map | |
| Station service legend  **Symbol** **Description**  Stops in station at all times  Stops all times except late nights  Stops late nights only  Stops late nights and weekends only  Stops weekdays during the day  Stops weekends during the day  Stops all times except rush hours in the peak direction  Stops all times except weekdays in the peak direction  Stops all times except nights and rush hours in the peak direction  Stops rush hours only  Stops rush hours in the peak direction only  Station is closed  *(Details about time periods)* | |


abstract: 13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques is the first album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine, released in 1966 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label. Fontaine has disowned the album, which she states is merely a "draft" compared to her later works.

text:
# 13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques

***13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques*** is the first album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine, released in 1966 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label. Fontaine has disowned the album, which she states is merely a "draft" compared to her later works.

## Track listing

All songs by Brigitte Fontaine.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Je suis décadente" |  |
| 2. | "C'est pas de ma faute" |  |
| 3. | "Hallucinante aventure" |  |
| 4. | "Le Mauvais Coton" |  |
| 5. | "Les dieux sont dingues" |  |
| 6. | "Dévaste-moi" |  |
| 7. | "La Côtelette" |  |
| 8. | "Quand tu n'es pas là" |  |
| 9. | "On n'est pas des chiens" |  |
| 10. | "Le Train" |  |
| 11. | "La Vie sur les bras" |  |
| 12. | "La Vache enragée" |  |
| 13. | "Le Sac" |  |

## InfoBox

| 13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Brigitte Fontaine | |
| Released | 1966 |
| Recorded | March 1966 |
| Genre | Chanson |
| Length | 44:40 |
| Label | Productions Jacques Canetti |
| Brigitte Fontaine chronology | |
| ***13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques***
(1966) *12 chansons d'avant le déluge*
(1966) | |


title: 10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte

abstract: 10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte, is a progressive rock album by Portuguese musician José Cid, released on 15 May 1978. It is a spacey rock opera trip into outer space, dominated by Mellotron, string synth, and other synthesizers, with supporting use of guitars, bass, and drums.

text:
# 10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Hippy |  |

***10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte*** (In English: *10,000 Years Later Between Venus and Mars*), is a progressive rock album by Portuguese musician José Cid, released on 15 May 1978. It is a spacey rock opera trip into outer space, dominated by Mellotron, string synth, and other synthesizers, with supporting use of guitars, bass, and drums.

## Description

Based on the growing science fiction trend, the concept for the album was that, 10.000 years after mankind's self-destruction, a man and a woman travelling in space return to Earth to repopulate it. The tone of the lyrics is of contemplation over mankind's past mistakes and future hopes. Cid's musical style on the record is very similar to the French take on symphonic rock with many string synths, Mellotron and a very simple melodic style. Lyrics are sung in native Portuguese. Most of the songs, influenced by a sort of mix combining The Moody Blues and Pink Floyd psychedelia, were composed by Cid, some of them with the help of guitar player Mike Sergeant and drummer Ramon Galarza.

## Other similar work by José Cid

Cid explored symphonic rock with "Onde, Quando, Como, Porquê, Cantamos Pessoas Vivas" (1974), Vida – Sons do Quotidiano (1976) and 10,000 Anos Depois Entre Venus E Marte (1978).

Another project from the album epoch and musicians, Cid's Vozes do Além, explored the "Life after Death / Reincarnation" theme. Featured in the record are a poem by Natália Correia ("Creio") and two from Sophia de Mello Breyner ("Quando" and "Um Dia"). Presently, work on this album has resumed, with the original lineup and the addition of younger musicians.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "O Último Dia na Terra" (José Cid) | 4:21 |
| 2. | "O Caos" (Manuel Lamas/Mike Sergeant) | 6:00 |
| 3. | "Fuga para o Espaço" (José Cid) | 8:10 |
| 4. | "Mellotron, o Planeta Fantástico" (José Cid) | 6:43 |
| 5. | "10000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte" (José Cid/Zé Nabo) | 6:05 |
| 6. | "A Partir do Zero" (Ramon Galarza/José Cid) | 4:43 |
| 7. | "Memos" (José Cid) | 2:07 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| 10.000 Anos Depois Entre Venus E Marte | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by José Cid | |
| Released | 15 May 1978 |
| Recorded | 1977–1978 |
| Genre | Symphonic rock
Progressive rock |
| Length | 39:09 |
| Label | Orfeu |
| Producer | José Cid |
| José Cid chronology | |
| *Vida (Sons do Quotidiano)*
(1977) ***10.000 Anos Depois Entre Venus E Marte***
(1978) *Coisas Suas*
(1979) | |


title: 1660s

abstract: The 1660s decade ran from 1 January 1660, to 31 December 1669.

text:
# 1660s

The **1660s** decade ran from 1 January 1660, to 31 December 1669.

## Events

### 1660

#### JanuaryMarch

* January 1
    + At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi (24 km) through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi (80 km) to reach Morpeth.
    + At the same time, rebels within the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Thomas Fairfax take control of York and await the arrival of Monck's troops.
    + Samuel Pepys, a 36-year-old member of the Parliament of England, begins keeping a diary that later provides a detailed insight into daily life and events in 17th century England. He continues until May 31, 1669, when worsening eyesight leads him to quit. . Pepys starts with a preliminary note, "Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe-yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three." For his first note on "January 1. 1659/60 Lords-day", he notes "This morning (we lying lately in the garret) I rose, put on my suit with great skirts, having not lately worn any other clothes but them," followed by recounting his attendance at the Exeter-house church in London.
* January 6  The Rump Parliament passes a resolution requesting Colonel Monck to come to London "as speedily as he could", followed by a resolution of approval on January 12 and a vote of thanks and annual payment of 1,000 pounds sterling for his lifetime on January 16.
* January 11  Colonel Monck and Colonel Fairfax rendezvous at York and then prepare to proceed southward toward London. gathering deserters from Lambert's army along the way.
* January 16  With 4,000 infantry and 1,800 cavalry ("an army sufficient to overawe, without exciting suspicion"), Colonel Monck marches southward toward Nottingham, with a final destination of London. Colonel Thomas Morgan is dispatched back to Scotland with two regiments of cavalry to reinforce troops there.
* January 31  The Rump Parliament confirms the promotion of Colonel George Monck to the rank of General and he receives the commission of rank while at St Albans.
* February 3  General George Monck, at the head of his troops, enters London on horseback, accompanied by his principal officers and the commissioners of the Rump Parliament. Bells ring as they pass but the crowds in the streets are unenthusiastic and the troops are "astonished at meeting with so different a reception to that which they had received elsewhere during their march.".
* February 13  Charles XI becomes king of Sweden at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.
* February 26  The Rump Parliament, under pressure from General Monck, votes to call back all of the surviving members of the group of 231 MPs who had been removed from the House of Commons in 1648 so that the Long Parliament can be reassembled long enough for a full Parliament to approve elections for a new legislative body.
* February 27  John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.
* March 3  General John Lambert, who had attempted to stop the Restoration, is arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He escapes on April 9 but is recaptured on April 24. Though spared the death penalty for treason in 1662, he remains incarcerated on the island of Guernsey for the rest of his life until his death at age 64 on March 1, 1684.
* March 16  The Long Parliament, after having been reassembled for the first time in more than 11 years, votes for its own dissolution and calls for new elections for what will become the Convention Parliament to make the return from republic to monarchy.
* March 31  The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1661

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

* April 7  The siege of Fort Zeelandia, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) headquarters on the Chinese island of Taiwan (near modern Taoyuan City) is started by Koxinga and his invading force from China.
* April 23 (May 3 N.S.)  King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
* May 8  The "Cavalier Parliament", the longest serving Parliament in British history, is opened following the first parliamentary elections since the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The first session of the House of Commons and the House of Lords lasts until June 30 and then reopens on November 20. The Cavalier Parliament continues meeting, without new elections, until being dissolved on January 24, 1679.
* May 11  The Indian city and territory of Bombay is ceded by Portugal to England in accordance with the dowry of King Joao IV of Portugal for the marriage of his daughter Catherine to King Charles II of England.
* May 17  Leaders of the indigenous Taiwanese villages in the plains and mountains of the Dutch-ruled island begin surrendering to the Chinese forces led by Koxinga and agreeing to hunt down and execute Dutch people on the island.
* May 27  The Marquess of Argyll, one of the first of the Scottish-born people sentenced to death as a regicide for his role in the conviction and execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in 1649, is beheaded at the Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh using the "Scottish Maiden," almost immediately after his conviction of collaboration with the government of Oliver Cromwell. His head is then placed on a spike outside the prison.
* June 1  At Edinburgh, the public execution of Presbyterian minister James Guthrie, followed by Captain William Govan, takes place at the Mercat Cross at Parliament Square, days after both have been convicted of treason for their roles in the execution of King Charles I. The heads are severed from the corpses and displayed on spikes in the square.
* June 3  Pye Min, younger brother of King Pindale Min of Burma, leads a bloody coup d'etat and ascends the throne. Pindale Min and his family (including his primary wife, a son and a grandson) are drowned in the Chindwin River. Pye Min reigns until 1672.
* June 14  General Zheng Chenggong of China takes control of most of the island of Taiwan from the Dutch East India Company and proclaims the Kingdom of Tungning, with himself as the ruler.
* June 23  The "Marriage Treaty" is signed between representatives of King Charles II of England and King João IV of Portugal, providing a military alliance between the two kingdoms and a marriage between Charles of the House of Stuart and João's daughter Catherine of the House of Braganza on May 21, 1662. The treaty also sets the transfer of Portuguese territory in India (at Bombay) and in North Africa (Tangier) to England as well as military aid from England to Portugal.
* June 28  The innovative Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre opens in London with the first system for interchangeable scenery on a stage in the British Isles, and a production of William Davenant's opera *The Siege of Rhodes*.

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1662

#### JanuaryMarch

* January 4  Dziaddin Mukarram Shah becomes the new Sultan of Kedah, an independent kingdom on the Malay Peninsula, upon the death of his father, Sultan Muhyiddin Mansur.
* January 10  At the age of 19, Louis Grimaldi becomes the new Prince of Monaco upon the death of his grandfather, Honoré II.
* January 14  A Portuguese garrison invades Morocco and kidnaps 35 women and girls, then steals 400 head of cattle. The Moroccans counterattack and kill the garrison's commander, 12 knights and 38 other Portuguese soldiers before the surviving Portuguese are given sanctuary inside the English fortress at Tangier. A brief war ensues between England and Morocco.
* January 22  Former Chinese Emperor Yongli, who had surrendered to General Wu Sangui in December, is put on a boat along with his sons and grandsons at Sagaing in Burma (at the time, Burma), leaving under the promise that they will be given safe passage elsewhere in Burma. Instead, the former Emperor is taken back to China and executed on June 1.
* January 23  János Kemény, Prince of Transylvania for slightly more than a year, is killed during Transylvania's defeat by the Ottoman Empire in a battle at Nagyszőllős, now the city of Vynohradiv in Ukraine. An Ottoman appointee, Michael Apafi, replaces Kemény in September and the status of the principality of Transylvania (now part of Romania) is never regained.
* February 1  Chinese general Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) captures the Dutch East India Company's settlement at Fort Zeelandia (now Tainan) on the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege, ending the company's rule on the island, then establishes the Kingdom of Tungning. In response, the Kangxi Emperor of the mainland Qing dynasty relocates all residents along the southern coast, by 50 miles.
* February 11  A violent storm in the Indian Ocean strikes a fleet of seven ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as they are traveling back to the Dutch Republic from Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Three of the freighters— *Wapen van Holland*, *Gekroonde Leeuw* and *Prins Willem* — are lost with all hands. The ships *Vogel Phoenix*, *Maarsseveen* and *Prinses Royal* make their way back to the Netherlands. The other ship, the freighter *Arnhem* remains afloat and its roughly 80 survivors are able to evacuate in boats to search for land.
* February 20  The survivors of the wreck of the Dutch freighter *Arnhem* strike reefs but are able to make their way to an uninhabited island, probably the Ile D'Ambre or Ilot Fourneau both islands within the territory of Mauritius. During more than two months while shipwrecked, the survivors kill and eat the local wildlife, including the last surviving dodo. They are rescued by the English ship *Truroe* in May.
* March 18  Carrosses à cinq sols, a short-lived experiment of the first public bus system (horse-drawn wagons holding eight passengers) begins in Paris as the idea of mathematician Blaise Pascal and financed by the Duc de Rouanez, with transportation to and from the Royal Square for the cost of five sous.

#### AprilJune

* April 19  Three of the former members of the English Parliament who had signed the death warrant for Charles I of England in 1649 and then fled into exile in the Netherlands after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 — Miles Corbet, John Okey and John Barkstead — are hanged after having been extradited, returned to England, and convicted of regicide. Their bodies are then drawn and quartered.
* April 22  The Golden Hill Paugussett tribe, granted reservations in the British colony of Connecticut in North America, sell a large amount of tribal land to Captain Joseph Hawley including several towns in Fairfield County: Shelton, Trumbull, Derby and Monroe.
* April 24  Chinese warlord Zheng Chenggong sends a message to the Spanish government of the Philippines demanding payment of tribute and threatening to send a fleet of ships to conquer the area. The message reaches the Spanish Governor-General on May 5, and preparations are made to resist the invasion.
* May 3  John Winthrop the Younger, the son of the first governor of Massachusetts, is honored by being made a fellow of the Royal Society, England's new scientific society. Winthrop uses his election to the Society to gain access to the king, who grants him a new charter, uniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.
* May 9  Samuel Pepys witnesses a Punch and Judy show in London (the first on record).
* May 16  The hearth tax is introduced in England and Wales.
* May 19
    + The Act of Uniformity 1662, officially "An Act for the uniformity of common prayer and service in the Church, and administration of the sacraments", is given royal assent after being passed by the English Parliament to regulate the form of public prayers, sacraments, and other rites of the Church of England to conform with the newest edition of the Book of Common Prayer, the 1662 prayer book.
    + Royal assent is also given to England's new hearth tax law, with one shilling charged for each stove or fireplace in a building, to be collected on 29 September and on 25 March each year in order to provide the £1,200,000 annual household income for King Charles II. The unpopular tax is abolished in 1689.
* May 21  (May 31 N.S.); Princess Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King João IV of Portugal, marries Charles II of England. As part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay in India, and Tangier in Morocco, to England.
* May 24  Rioting in the Chinese section of Manila breaks out in the wake of calls to kill non-Christian Chinese residents of the Philippines, and the Spanish Army fires cannons at the rioting crowd. An order follows for non-Christian Chinese Filipinos to leave Manila, and for Christian Filipinos to register with the government. Boats begin transporting the non-Christians back to China
* May  The last credible report of a sighting of the dodo bird, now extinct, is made by Volkert Evertsz, a survivor of the shipwreck of the Dutch ship *Arnhem*, which struck reefs on February 12. The survivors had made their way in a small boat to Ile d'Ambre, an island in the Indian Ocean 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast of Mauritius. When rescued by the English ship *Truroe* in May, Evertsz reports that he and his group had survived by eating the local wildlife, including the dodo.
* June 4  The "Sangley Massacre" is ordered by Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, with the directive for the government to kill all Filipinos of Chinese ancestry — Sangleys — who disobey orders to assemble at Manila for deportation.
* June 15  The Matthews baronets British nobility title is created.
* June 21  The Pierce baronets British nobility title is created.
* June 23  Koxinga, who had founded the Kingdom of Tungning on the island of Taiwan a year earlier, names his successor while on his deathbed. He appoints his son, Zheng Jing, whom he had earlier ordered unsuccessfully to be executed, as the new King.

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1663

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1664

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1665

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1666

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1667

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

* July 31  Second Anglo-Dutch War  The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.
* August 5  The province of Holland in the Dutch Republic passes the "Perpetual Edict" declaring that it will no longer acknowledge the authority of the republic's Stadtholder, and other provinces soon follow suit.
* August 10  The Siege of Lille, at this time part of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) begins and becomes the only major engagement of the "War of Devolution" between France and Spain. The Spanish Army surrenders after 16 days.
* August 15
    + The League of the Rhine is dissolved by agreement of its members, nine years and one day after its formation as a military alliance between German kingdoms in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire.
    + John Dryden's comedy *Sir Martin Mar-all, or The Feign'd Innocence* is given its first performance, presented by the players of the King's Theatre in London.
* August 18  In an effort to prevent narrow streets from being blocked from all light by tall buildings, the city of Paris enacts its first building code limiting the height of new construction. Buildings may be no taller than eight toise — 15.6 metres (51 ft) — tall. In 1783, rules are implemented to consider the width of the street.
* August 24  The Treaty of Breda goes into effect after having been signed on July 31, bringing an end to hostilities between England and its three opponents.
* August 25  In China, 14-year-old Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor, participates in an ascension ceremony to take full power to rule China, bringing an end to the domination of the "Four Regents" who had been ruling in his name when he had first inherited the throne at the age of 6. The move comes shortly after the August 12 death of one of the regents, Sonin, when it becomes clear that the regents were planning to expand their power in advance of Kangxi's coming of age.
* September 6  The "Dreadful Hurricane of 1667" ravages southeast Virginia, bringing 12 days of rain, blowing down plantation homes and stripping fields of crops.

#### OctoberDecember

#### Date unknown

* After Shivaji's escape, hostilities between the Marathas and the Mughals ebb, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.
* The first military campaign of Stenka Razin is conducted in Russia.
* The French army uses grenadiers.
* Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
* Isaac Newton has investigated and written on optics, acoustics, the infinitesimal calculus, mechanism and thermodynamics. The works will be published only years later.

### 1668

#### JanuaryMarch

#### AprilJune

#### JulySeptember

#### October December

#### Date unknown

### 1669

#### January–March

#### April–June

#### July–September

* July 13  Trinh Tac, the warlord who administers the Kingdom of Vietnam, issues an order banning all foreign vessels from entering the harbor at Hanoi, requiring to anchor no closer than the river port at Pho Hien, 35 miles (56 km) down the Red River from Hanoi.
* July 16  A rockfall from the Mönchsberg mountain above Salzburg in Austria kills 230 people as tons of the mountainside fall onto a neighborhood on a street, the *Gstättengasse*.
* July 24  During an attempt by a fleet of French Navy ships to stop the siege of Candia by bombardment of Ottoman positions on the island of Crete, the arsenal of gunpowder on the French flagship, the 56-gun warship *Thérèse*, catches fire and explodes. Out of 350 crew on the *Thérèse*, only seven survive. Demoralized, the remaining French commanders halt the bombardment and the fleet withdraws.
* July 25  Pieter Bickel, a Lutheran pastor and a mountaineer in Austria, becomes the first person ever to climb to the peak of the tallest of the Southeastern Walsertal Mountains, the 8,310 foot (2,530 m) Großer Widderstein.
* July  The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting, taking place at the city of Lübeck. At its height, the economic alliance of German cities had 180 members; only nine (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig, Braunschweig, Cologne, Hildesheim, Osnabrück and Rostock) are represented for the final gathering. The final series of meetings had started on May 29.
* August 17  A group of English settlers, led by Joseph West, departs from The Downs on the ship *Carolina* with instructions to make the first European settlement in the modern-day U.S. state of South Carolina. After a long voyage with stops in Ireland and Barbados, the *Carolina* settlers arrive at Port Royal on March 17 next.
* August 24  "The Man in the Iron Mask", a prisoner identified as "Eustache Dauger", arrives at the French fortress of Pignerol, with Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars in charge of his incarceration. The identity of the prisoner is kept secret with a mask  actually of velvet  over his face, so legends as to his true identity grow.
* August 25  The day after the verdicts at the Mora witch trial in Sweden, 14 women and one man are publicly beheaded after having confessed to various crimes involving the use of "enchanted tools" on behalf of the Devil. Another 47 are convicted and taken away for a later execution.
* September 6  Francesco Morosini, *capitano generale* of the Venetian forces in the siege of Candia, surrenders to the Ottomans.
* September 23  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor grants the status and privileges of a university to the Jesuit Academy in Zagreb, the precursor to the modern University of Zagreb.
* September 29  The formal coronation of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as King of Poland (and Grand Duke of Lithuania) takes place in Kraków.

#### October–December

#### Date unknown

## Births

**1660**

**1661**

**1662**

**1663**

**1664**

**1665**

**1666**

**1667**

**1668**

**1669**

## Deaths

**1660**

**1661**

**1662**

**1663**

**1664**

Katherine Philips

**1665**

**1666**

**1667**

**1668**

**1669**

### Sources


title: 1660 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1660 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* The return to power of Charles II of England, with a triumphant entrance into London on May 29, results in the publication of numerous panegyrics and similar verse by English poets praising the monarch. However, the anti-monarchist John Milton is forced into hiding as a warrant for his arrest is in force until the summer and his writings are burned.

## Works published

* Elias Ashmole, *Sol in Ascendente; or, The Glorious Appearance of Charles the Second, upon the Horizon of London, in her Horoscopicall Sign, Gemini*, anonymous, on Charles II, who entered London on May 29 this year
* Charles Cotton, *A Panegyrick to the King's Most Excellent Majesty*
* Abraham Cowley:
    + *Ode, Upon the Blessed Restoration and Returne of His Sacred Majestie, Charls*, on Charles II, who entered London on May 29 of this year
    + writing under the pen name "Ezekiel Grebner", a purported grandson of Paul Grebner, *The Visions and Prophecies Concerning England, Scotland, and Ireland of Ezekiel Grebner*, published this year, although the book states "1661"; a royalist political satire, in prose and verse
* Sir William Davenant:
    + "A Panegyric to his Excellency the Lord General Monck", to George Monck
    + "Poem, Upon His Sacred Majesties Most Happy Return to His Dominions", on Charles II, who entered London on May 29 of this year
* Sir Robert Howard, *Poems*
* John Phillips, *Montelion, 1660; or, The Proheticall Almanack*, published under the pen name "Montelion, knight of the oracle, a well-wisher to the mathematicks", a verse satire on William Lilly's almanacs
* Robert Wild, *Iter Boreale*
* John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester:
    + *Epicedia Academiæ Oxoniensis*, a collection of poems offering condolence with the Queen Mother, Henrietta Maria, for the death of her daughter Mary, the Princess Royal; two poems in the collection have been attributed to John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester: a Latin poem, "In Obitum Serenissimae Mariae Principis Arausionensis," and an English poem, "To Her Sacred Majesty, the Queen Mother, on the Death of Mary, Princess of Orange."
    + Editor, *Britannia Rediviva* Oxford: Excudebat A. & L. Lichfield, Acad. Typogr., anthology
* George Wither, *Speculum Speculativum; or, A Considering-Glass*

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 |
| *+...* |


title: Stizocera sublaevigata

abstract: Stizocera sublaevigata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1962.

text:
# Stizocera sublaevigata

***Stizocera sublaevigata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1962.

## InfoBox

| *Stizocera sublaevigata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Stizocera*** |
| Species: | ***S. sublaevigata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stizocera sublaevigata***<br>Zajciw, 1962 | |
|


abstract: The Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate is the leader of the majority party in the upper chamber of the Michigan Legislature. Elected by the members of the majority caucus, the majority leader has the authority under the rules of the Senate to name members to committees, refer legislation to committee, and perform other duties required by the rules or by state law.

text:
# List of majority leaders of the Michigan Senate

The **Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate** is the leader of the majority party in the upper chamber of the Michigan Legislature. Elected by the members of the majority caucus, the majority leader has the authority under the rules of the Senate to name members to committees, refer legislation to committee, and perform other duties required by the rules or by state law.

| Senator | Party | | Hometown | District | Session years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Frank D. Beadle |  | Republican | St. Clair | 34 | 1959–1963 |
| Stanley G. Thayer |  | Republican | Ann Arbor | 33 | 1963–1965 |
| Raymond D. Dzendzel |  | Democratic | Detroit |  | 1965–1967 |
| Emil Lockwood |  | Republican | St. Louis | 30 | 1967–1971 |
| Robert VanderLaan |  | Republican | Kentwood | 31 | 1971–1974 |
| Milton Zaagman |  | Republican | Grand Rapids | 32 | 1974–1975 |
| William B. Fitzgerald, Jr. |  | Democratic | Detroit |  | 1975-1976 |
| William Faust |  | Democratic | Westland | 13 | 1976–1984 |
| John Engler |  | Republican | Mt. Pleasant | 35 | 1984–1991 |
| Richard Posthumus |  | Republican | Alto | 31 | 1991–1999 |
| Dan DeGrow |  | Republican | Port Huron | 27 | 1999–2003 |
| Ken Sikkema |  | Republican | Grandville | 28 | 2003–2007 |
| Mike Bishop |  | Republican | Rochester | 12 | 2007–2011 |
| Randy Richardville |  | Republican | Monroe | 17 | 2011–2015 |
| Arlan Meekhof |  | Republican | Ottawa | 30 | 2015–2019 |
| Mike Shirkey |  | Republican | Jackson | 16 | 2019–2023 |
| Winnie Brinks |  | Democratic | Grand Rapids | 29 | 2023– |

## InfoBox

| Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Winnie Brinks
since January 1, 2023 | |
| Michigan Senate | |
| Formation | 1959 |
| First holder | Frank D. Beadle |


title: William Louis, Duke of Württemberg

abstract: William Louis was Duke of Württemberg from 1674 until his death in 1677. William Louis was born in Stuttgart, the ninth child of Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg, and his first wife Anna Katharina of Kyrburg. At the age of 30, the Duke died unexpectedly of a heart attack at the stop-over in Schloß Hirsau. His widow Magdalena Sibylla became regent of Württemberg between 1677 and 1693, until her son reached adulthood.

text:
# William Louis, Duke of Württemberg

**William Louis** (7 January 1647 – 23 June 1677) was Duke of Württemberg from 1674 until his death in 1677.

William Louis was born in Stuttgart, the ninth child of Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg, and his first wife Anna Katharina of Kyrburg.

At the age of 30, the Duke died unexpectedly of a heart attack at the stop-over in Schloß Hirsau. His widow Magdalena Sibylla became regent of Württemberg between 1677 and 1693, until her son reached adulthood.

## Issue

He married on 6 November 1673 in Darmstadt with Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt, and had 4 children:

## Ancestors

## InfoBox

| William Louis | |
| --- | --- |
| William Louis, c.1670 | |
| Duke of Württemberg | |
| Reign | 2 July 1674 – 23 June 1677 |
| Predecessor | Eberhard III |
| Successor | Eberhard Louis |
|  | |
| Born | (1647-01-07)7 January 1647
Stuttgart |
| Died | 23 June 1677(1677-06-23) (aged 30)
Hirsau Castle |
| Spouse | Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt  (m. 1673) |
| Issue |  |
| House | Württemberg |
| Father | Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg |
| Mother | Anna Katharina of Kyrburg |


title: Necrovation

abstract: Necrovation is a Swedish death metal band from Everöd. The band was formed in 2002 originally with the name Das Über Evils. When the band changed its name to Necrovation, they adopted a more serious sound and got into pure old school death metal (OSDM). Necrovation is considered as "one of the major bands of the Swedish OSDM revival".

text:
# Necrovation

**Necrovation** is a Swedish death metal band from Everöd. The band was formed in 2002 originally with the name Das Über Evils. When the band changed its name to Necrovation, they adopted a more serious sound and got into pure old school death metal (OSDM). Necrovation is considered as "one of the major bands of the Swedish OSDM revival".

## Discography

Das Über Evils * *Bratwurst Terror* (demo, 2002)

Necrovation * *Ovations to Putrefaction* (demo, 2004)
* *Chants of Grim Death* (EP, 2004)
* Necrovation / Corrupt: *Curse of the Subconscious* (split, 2005)
* *Breed Deadness Blood* (2008)
* *Gloria mortus* (EP, 2010)
* *Necrovation* (2012)
* *Storm the void* (2023)

## InfoBox

| Necrovation | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Das Über Evils |
| Origin | Everöd, Sweden |
| Genres | Death metal |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | Blood Harvest, Agonia |
|  | |
| Website | necrovation.com |


# Serbia at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Serbia competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Slobodan Soro
Marko Avramović
Živko Gocić
Vanja Udovičić
Miloš Ćuk
Duško Pijetlović
Slobodan Nikić
Milan Aleksić
Nikola Rađen
Filip Filipović
Andrija Prlainović
Stefan Mitrović
Gojko Pijetlović | Water Polo | Men's Tournament | 30 July |

## Swimming

There will be 8 swimmers (6 men & 2 women) that will compete at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

### Men

Milorad Čavić, Ivan Lenđer, Radovan Siljevski, Čaba Silađi, Velimir Stjepanović, Stefan Šorak.

### Women

Nađa Higl, Miroslava Najdanovski.

### Results

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Velimir Stjepanović | Men's 100m Freestyle | 50.14 | 37 | did not advance | | | |
| | Men's 400m Freestyle | 3:54.87 | 26 |  | | did not advance | |
| | Men's 200m Butterfly | 1:57.40 | 19 | did not advance | | | |
| Radovan Siljevski | Men's 200m Freestyle | 1:51.42 | 35 | did not advance | | | |
| Stefan Sorak | Men's 800m Freestyle | 8:14.45 | 36 |  | | did not advance | |
| Čaba Silađi | Men's 50m Breaststroke | 27.93 | 14 **Q** | 27.89 | 16 | did not advance | |
| | Men's 100m Breaststroke | 1:01.59 | 31 | did not advance | | | |
| Milorad Čavić | Men's 50m Butterfly | 23.76 | 12 **Q** | 23.59 | 12 | did not advance | |
| | Men's 100m Butterfly | 52.67 | 18 | did not advance | | | |
| Ivan Lenđer | Men's 50m Butterfly | 23.51 | 5 **Q** | 23.54 | 11 | did not advance | |
| | Men's 100m Butterfly | 53.14 | 24 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Miroslava Najdanovski | Women's 50 metre freestyle | 26.09 | 29 | did not advance | | | |
| | Women's 100 metre freestyle | 56.42 | 36 | did not advance | | | |
| Nađa Higl | Women's 200 metre breaststroke | 2:27.39 | 11 **Q** | 2:25.56 | 8 **Q** | 2:25.93 | 6 |

## Water polo

### Men

Team Roster

#### Group B

|  | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Serbia | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 19 | +22 | **6** |
| Australia | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 27 | +3 | **4** |
| Romania | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 27 | 31 | –4 | **2** |
| China | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 22 | 43 | –21 | **0** |

| July 18, 2011
21:00 | Report | **Serbia** | **17**5 | China | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 400
**Referees:**
Flahive (AUS), Reemnet (NED) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **5**–1, **3**–0, 2–2, **7**–2 | | | |
| | | Filipović 4 | **Goals** | *Five players* 1 | |

---

| July 20, 2011
09:30 | Report | Serbia | **12**5 | Romania | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 350
**Referees:**
Stavridis (GRE), Rotsart (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **3**–1, **3**–1, **3**–1, **3**–2 | | | |
| | | Prlainović 4 | **Goals** | Radu 2 | |

---

| July 22, 2011
19:40 | Report | **Serbia** | **12**9 | Australia | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 550
**Referees:**
Caputi (ITA), Bock (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **5**–3, **2**–1, **3**–2, 2–**3** | | | |
| | | Filipović 5 | **Goals** | *three players* 2 | |

#### Quarterfinals

| July 26, 2011
15:20 | Report | **Serbia** | **9**4 | Germany | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 500
**Referees:**
Koganov (AZE), Alexandrescu (ROU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **2**–0, 0–**1**, **4**–3, **3**–0 | | | |
| | | Filipović 4 | **Goals** | *four players* 1 | |

#### Semifinals

| July 28, 2011
16:50 | Report | Hungary | 14**15** | **Serbia** | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 1,200
**Referees:**
Margeta (SLO), Stavridis (GRE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **2**–1, **7**–5, 3–3, 1–**4**  **OT:** 1–**2** | | | |
| | | Madaras 4 | **Goals** | Filipović, Prlainović 3 | |

#### Gold medal game

| July 30, 2011
21:00 | Report | Serbia | 7**8** | **Italy** | Shanghai Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai
Attendance: 2,000
**Referees:**
Tulga (TUR), Koganov (AZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 0–**1**, **2**–0, 1–**4**, **3**–1  **OT:** 1–**2** | | | |
| | | Filipović 3 | **Goals** | Aicardi 3 | |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Serbia (SRB) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (1 entries) | | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |

## InfoBox

| Serbia at the
2011 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Serbia | |
| FINA code | SRB |
| National federation | Plivački Savez Srbije |
| Website | www.serbia-swim.org.rs |
| in Shanghai, China | |
| Medals
Ranked 23rd | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Yugoslavia (1973–1991)
Serbia and Montenegro (1998–2005) | |


title: Tony Elshaug

abstract: Anthony Elshaug is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club, Essendon Football Club and Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Since retiring, he has worked as an assistant coach and recruitment officer at various AFL clubs.

text:
# Tony Elshaug

**Anthony Elshaug** (born 19 July 1960) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club, Essendon Football Club and Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Since retiring, he has worked as an assistant coach and recruitment officer at various AFL clubs.

## Playing career

A rover, Elshaug made his league debut in 1979 with Melbourne and by the age of 19 was representing Victoria in interstate football. He crossed to Essendon in 1984 and was a member of its 1985 premiership side, kicking 37 goals for the season. After a short stint with Collingwood in 1988 he finished his career in the Victorian Football Association with Dandenong, whom he captain-coached to the 1991 premiership.

## Coaching career

After retiring from playing AFL football, Elshaug was a premiership playing coach at Dandenong (VFA) in 1991, then moved straight into a role as regional manager for the Eastern Ranges, in the newly established TAC Cup, which had only just replaced the former VFL/AFL Under 19s competition. After two years at Eastern, Elshaug became an assistant coach to Denis Pagan at the North Melbourne Football Club. He was an assistant under Pagan for thirteen years, at North Melbourne from 1994 until 2002, and then at Carlton Football Club from 2003 until 2006. In 2007, he moved to the St Kilda Football Club. Throughout his coaching career, he has been involved in developmental, senior assistant, and reserves gameday coaching roles. He resigned from his coaching in the middle of the 2010 season for personal reasons, then returned to St Kilda as the recruiting manager in 2011. He stepped down as the List Manager on 15 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Tony Elshaug | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1960-07-19) 19 July 1960 | | |
| Original team(s) | Bentleigh | | |
| Height | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1979–1983 | Melbourne | 066 0(92) |
| 1984–1987 | Essendon | 065 0(75) |
| 1988 | Collingwood | 006 00(4) |
| 1990–1991 | Dandenong | 022 0(34) |
| Total |  | **159 (205)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1988. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: NGC 4090

abstract: NGC 4090 is a spiral galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 2, 1864 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group. NGC 4090 hosts an AGN. On April 5, 2018 a type Ia supernova designated as SN 2018aqh was discovered in NGC 4090.

text:
# NGC 4090

**NGC 4090** is a spiral galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 2, 1864 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

NGC 4090 hosts an AGN.

On April 5, 2018 a type Ia supernova designated as SN 2018aqh was discovered in NGC 4090.

## InfoBox

| NGC 4090 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 4090 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Coma Berenices |
| Right ascension | 12h 05m 27.9s |
| Declination | 20° 18 32 |
| Redshift | 0.024460 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 7333 km/s |
| Distance | 340 Mly (104 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | NGC 4065 Group |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.85 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | Sab |
| Size | ~135,000 ly (41.4 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.2 x 0.5 |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 07077, PGC 038288, MCG +04-29-015 | |


title: William Alanson Bryan

abstract: William Alanson Bryan was an American zoologist, ornithologist, naturalist and museum director.

text:
# William Alanson Bryan

**William Alanson Bryan** (23 December 1875 - 18 June 1942) was an American zoologist, ornithologist, naturalist and museum director.

## Life and work

Bryan was born on a farm in New Sharon, Iowa. After his education, and his zoology studies, he graduated in 1896 from Iowa State College. In 1900 he came to Hawaii and took the position of curator of ornithology at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. In June of the same year he married Ruth May Goss, who died in 1904. In 1907 he left the museum and founded the Pacific Scientific Institution, which aimed to promote biological and anthropological research in the Pacific. He then became a professor of zoology at the Faculty of the College of Hawaii. In 1909 he married Elizabeth Letson Bryan (1874-1919), who worked as mussels and snails collector. Bryan unsuccessfully ran for governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1913 and 1917. After his wife's death he finished his work at the College of Hawai'i and went to South America. In January 1920, he undertook an expedition to Easter Island.

From 1921 until his retirement in 1940 he was director of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art.


title: William Barrett (consul)

abstract: William Barrett was English consul at Aleppo. He was there when John Eldred and his companion, William Shales, arrived there on 11 June 1584; he died eight days after their arrival, as is recorded in Eldred's narrative.

text:
# William Barrett (consul)

**William Barrett** (died 1584) was English consul at Aleppo. He was there when John Eldred and his companion, William Shales, arrived there on 11 June 1584; he died eight days after their arrival, as is recorded in Eldred's narrative.

## Works

He wrote a treatise on *The Money and Measures of Babylon, Balsara, and the Indies, with the Customes, &c.,* which occupies pp. 406 to 416 of the second volume of Richard Hakluyt's *Collection of Voyages,* folio edition, 1810. A paragraph records the discovery of the island of Saint Helena, and its use as a provision depôt for the 'Portugale' traders with India.

(By *Balsara* he was referring to the modern-day Basra in Iraq.)

* "Barrett, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Barrett, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: William Barrett (antiquarian)

abstract: William Barrett (1733–1789) was an English surgeon and antiquary.

text:
# William Barrett (antiquarian)

**William Barrett** (1733–1789) was an English surgeon and antiquary.

## Life

He was born early in 1733 at Notton, Wiltshire. He passed his examination as a surgeon on 19 February 1755, and settled in Bristol in practice of his profession. On 9 November 1775 he became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. On 13 October 1789 he died at High Ham, Somerset.

## Works

His *History and Antiquities of Bristol* was announced early: an engraving of him, by William Walker, from a portrait by Jan van Rymsdyk, ‘ætatis 31’ (i.e. in 1764), was issued 25 years before the book itself was printed. and he is there described as ‘William Barrett, Surgeon and Author of the "History and Antiquities of Bristol."’ In his research, though acquaintances of his such as Catcott and Burgum, the pewterers, he met Thomas Chatterton the forger. He accepted all the youth's statements, and Chatterton produced many documents for him. In 1788, he put out his proposals for the publication of his *History* by subscription. Many of Chatterton's fabrications did make their way into his *History* (1789) when it finally came out long after the forger had died, damaging Barrett's reputation severely.

After Barrett's death the antiquarian forgeries of Chatterton passed to the British Museum, via Robert Glynn.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| William Barrett | |
| --- | --- |
| William Barrett, 1764 portrait by Jan van Rymsdyk | |
| Born | 1733 |
| Died | 1789 |
| Nationality | British |


title: William B. Pratt

abstract: William B. Pratt was an American physician and politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 2018 until his death in 2019.

text:
# William B. Pratt

**William B. Pratt** (February 3, 1935  December 25, 2019) was an American physician and politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 2018 until his death in 2019.

## Early life and education

Pratt was born in Camden, New Jersey. He received his bachelor's degree from Wesleyan University in 1957 and his medical degree from Jefferson Medical College in 1961.

## Career

Pratt practiced medicine in West Reading, Pennsylvania and in Albuquerque, New Mexico; he was an orthopedic surgeon. Pratt served in the New Mexico House of Representatives in 2018 and 2019. He was a Democrat.

## InfoBox

| William B. Pratt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
from the 27th district | |
| **In office**
2018  December 25, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Larry Larrañaga |
| Succeeded by | Marian Matthews |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 3, 1935
Camden, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | (aged 84)
Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Wesleyan University (BS)
Thomas Jefferson University (MD) |
| Profession | Physician |
|  | |


title: William Henry Duckworth

abstract: William Henry Duckworth was a justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1938 to 1948, and chief justice from 1948 to 1969. Born in Blairsville, Georgia to John Francis Duckworth and Laura Jane Woods, Duckworth attended Young Harris College from 1915 to 1917, then served in the United States Navy Reserve during World War I, in 1918. He read law in a law office to be admitted to the State Bar of Georgia in 1919, and engaged in the private practice of law in Cairo, Georgia from 1919 to 1937. He then served as assistant Attorney General of Georgia from 1937 to 1938, when he became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Duckworth married Willabel Pilcher, with whom he had 3 children. He died in Decatur, Georgia.

text:
# William Henry Duckworth

**William Henry Duckworth** (October 21, 1894 – August 9, 1969) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1938 to 1948, and chief justice from 1948 to 1969.

Born in Blairsville, Georgia to John Francis Duckworth and Laura Jane Woods, Duckworth attended Young Harris College from 1915 to 1917, then served in the United States Navy Reserve during World War I, in 1918. He read law in a law office to be admitted to the State Bar of Georgia in 1919, and engaged in the private practice of law in Cairo, Georgia from 1919 to 1937. He then served as assistant Attorney General of Georgia from 1937 to 1938, when he became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia.

Duckworth married Willabel Pilcher, with whom he had 3 children. He died in Decatur, Georgia.


title: William Dyer (footballer)

abstract: William Llewellyn Dyer was an English businessman and a professional footballer who played as a striker for Athletic Club. He was one of the first pioneers of football in the Basque Country, standing out as a great striker for some of the earliest Basque clubs in existence such as Bilbao FC, Club Bizcaya, and Athletic Club, winning three back-to-back Spanish Cups with the latter two between 1902 and 1904, and being the joint top scorer in the 1902 Copa de la Coronación with 5 goals. In addition to being an outstanding football player, a sport to which he owes his career, he was also an outstanding athlete who also performed in other modalities such as sailing, cricket, tennis, and boxing, among other sports of the British bourgeoisie. His business with his shipments of iron and coal was going very well.

text:
# William Dyer (footballer)

**William Llewellyn Dyer** (11 September 1883 – 1936) was an English businessman and a professional footballer who played as a striker for Athletic Club. He was one of the first pioneers of football in the Basque Country, standing out as a great striker for some of the earliest Basque clubs in existence such as Bilbao FC, Club Bizcaya, and Athletic Club, winning three back-to-back Spanish Cups with the latter two between 1902 and 1904, and being the joint top scorer in the 1902 Copa de la Coronación with 5 goals.

In addition to being an outstanding football player, a sport to which he owes his career, he was also an outstanding athlete who also performed in other modalities such as sailing, cricket, tennis, and boxing, among other sports of the British bourgeoisie. His business with his shipments of iron and coal was going very well.

## Early life

Dyer was born in Sunderland on 11 September 1883. He arrived in Bilbao at the hands of his father, Sidney, who devoted himself to the mineral purchase business. After the death of his father, who had been Britain's honorary consul in Bilbao, he took over the family business while becoming involved in the town's affairs. Dyer became interested in bullfighting and participated in the creation of the *Cocherito de Bilbao club*, in honor of the local bullfighter Cástor Jaureguibeitia Ibarra.

## Playing career

### Bilbao Football Club

In 1901, together with fellow Englishmen George Langford, George Cockram and Walter Evans, the 18-year-old Dyer was one of the young English workers and residents in Bilbao who joined the recently established Bilbao Football Club. At the end of 1901, the two most important clubs in the city were Bilbao FC and Athletic Club, so a rivalry soon arose between them, and they played several friendlies at the Hippodrome of Lamiako. Dyer was a key element in this historic rivalry that served as one of the drivers of football as a mass phenomenon in Bilbao, since their duels aroused great expectation. On 19 January 1902, in the match that went down in history as the first paid match held in Biscay since they charged a ticket price of 30 cents of a peseta, Dyer scored a consolation goal in a 2–4 loss.

### Club Bizcaya

The two rivals agreed to join the best players of each club to play two games against the Bordeaux-based side Burdigala. This temporary merge became known as Club Bizcaya, and Dyer ousted Athletic's forwards for a spot in the first-ever line-up of the Bizcaya team against Burdigala on 9 March, helping his side to a 0–2 win in France, the first time a Bilbao team played on foreign territory. Three weeks later, on 31 March 1902, he was again in Bizcaya's starting XI for the return fixture at home, the first visit by a foreign team to Bilbao, and he netted four goals to help his side to a 7–0 win over the French side.

Together with Juan Astorquia, Armand Cazeaux and fellow Englishman Walter Evans, Dyer was part of the Club Bizcaya that participated in the 1902 Copa de la Coronacion, the first national championship disputed in Spain and the forerunner for the Copa del Rey. In the quarter-finals on 13 May, he scored against Club Espanyol (now RCD Espanyol) to help his side to a 5–1, doing it from the penalty spot, in what was perhaps the first-ever competitive penalty taken in Spain. On the following day, Dyer netted a poker in the semi-finals against New Foot-Ball Club in an 8–1 win, thus helping Athletic reach the final, in which he started in a 2–1 win over FC Barcelona. These five goals earned him the top spot in the top scorers of the tournament alongside his teammate Walter Evans, who also scored five goals for Athletic.

### Athletic Club

In 1903, Bilbao FC collapsed and its remaining members were officially absorbed by Athletic Club. Dyer played four competitive matches for Athletic between 1902 and 1905, in which he scored five goals (Athletic Bilbao counts the matches played by Club Vizcaya as its own). He was part of the team that won the 1904 Copa del Rey, which Athletic won without playing a single match since their opponents failed to turn up. Together with Alejandro de la Sota and Hermenegildo García, he was part of the team that reached the 1905 Copa del Rey Final, starting in a 0–1 loss to Madrid FC (now Real Madrid), courtesy of a goal from Manuel Prast.

## Later life

Dyer created the Unión Ciclista Bilbaina, he was a sailor, a cricket and tennis player, he liked boxing and his business was also going very well with his shipments of iron and coal.

## Death

In 1936, shortly after the start of the Spanish Civil War, Dyer died in San Juan de Luz, at the age of 53. His son Patrick (born in 1916) was responsible for the English espionage service MI-16 in the Biscayan capital for over 20 years, notably during World War II, controlling the port movement of the Germans and collaborating with the Basque nationalist groups after the fall of Bilbao.

## Honours

*Club Bizcaya*

*Athletic Club*

## InfoBox

William Dyer
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | William Llewellyn Dyer | | |
| Date of birth | (1883-09-11)11 September 1883 | | |
| Place of birth | Sunderland, County Durham, England | | |
| Date of death | 1936 (aged 52) | | |
| Place of death | Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1901–1902 | Bilbao FC |  |  |
| 1902 | Club Bizcaya |  |  |
| 1902–1904 | Athletic Club |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: William Dyer (settler)

abstract: William Dyer was an early settler of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, a founding settler of both Portsmouth and Newport, and Rhode Island's first Attorney General. He is also notable for being the husband of the Quaker martyr Mary Dyer, who was executed for her Quaker activism. Sailing from England as a young man with his wife, Dyer first settled in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but like many members of the Boston church, he became a supporter of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson during the Antinomian Controversy, and signed a petition in support of Wheelwright. For doing this, he was disenfranchised and disarmed, and with many other supporters of Hutchinson, he signed the Portsmouth Compact, and settled on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay. Within a year of arriving there, he and others followed William Coddington to the south end of the island, where they established the town of Newport. Once in Newport, Dyer was very active in civil affairs, holding a number of offices, particularly those using his clerical skills such as clerk and secretary. The political alignment of the island towns of Portsmouth and Newport was in flux for the first decade of government there, and Coddington had gone to England to obtain a commission to keep the island independent with him as governor. By 1651 Dyer and others had greatly tired of Coddington's rule, and he was one of three men who went to England to have Coddington's commission revoked. Being successful, Dyer returned with the news in 1653, but his wife, Mary, who had been there at the same time, remained in England. Mary returned from England in 1657 after being there for five years, and had become a zealous Quaker convert. Banned from Massachusetts, she nevertheless defied the authorities and returned in 1659, being sentenced to hang, but getting a stay of execution while on the gallows. Her last trip to Boston in 1660 resulted in her execution and martyrdom. Following Mary's death, Dyer remarried, and continued his public service, while having some legal entanglements with William Coddington. He was dead by late 1677, though no record for his death has been found.

text:
# William Dyer (settler)

**William Dyer** (also **Dyre**; 1609 – by 1677) was an early settler of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, a founding settler of both Portsmouth and Newport, and Rhode Island's first Attorney General. He is also notable for being the husband of the Quaker martyr Mary Dyer, who was executed for her Quaker activism. Sailing from England as a young man with his wife, Dyer first settled in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but like many members of the Boston church, he became a supporter of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson during the Antinomian Controversy, and signed a petition in support of Wheelwright. For doing this, he was disenfranchised and disarmed, and with many other supporters of Hutchinson, he signed the Portsmouth Compact, and settled on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay. Within a year of arriving there, he and others followed William Coddington to the south end of the island, where they established the town of Newport.

Once in Newport, Dyer was very active in civil affairs, holding a number of offices, particularly those using his clerical skills such as clerk and secretary. The political alignment of the island towns of Portsmouth and Newport was in flux for the first decade of government there, and Coddington had gone to England to obtain a commission to keep the island independent with him as governor. By 1651 Dyer and others had greatly tired of Coddington's rule, and he was one of three men who went to England to have Coddington's commission revoked. Being successful, Dyer returned with the news in 1653, but his wife, Mary, who had been there at the same time, remained in England. Mary returned from England in 1657 after being there for five years, and had become a zealous Quaker convert. Banned from Massachusetts, she nevertheless defied the authorities and returned in 1659, being sentenced to hang, but getting a stay of execution while on the gallows. Her last trip to Boston in 1660 resulted in her execution and martyrdom.

Following Mary's death, Dyer remarried, and continued his public service, while having some legal entanglements with William Coddington. He was dead by late 1677, though no record for his death has been found.

## Early life

William Dyer was baptized at Kirkby Laythorpe, Lincolnshire, England, on 19 September 1609, the son of William Dyer. In 1625, while a teenager, he was apprenticed to Walter Blackborne, a fishmonger, and 16 years later, while he was in New England, he was taxed back in England as a member of the "Fishmonger's Company," though his profession before leaving there was that of a milliner. Dyer was married at Saint Martin-in-the-Fields in Westminster on 27 October 1633 to Mary Barrett (their oldest son Samuel named a son Barrett).

In 1635, Dyer and his wife sailed from England to New England. Mary was likely pregnant, or gave birth during the voyage, because on 20 December 1635 their son Samuel was baptized at the Boston church, the same month that the Dyers joined the church. Dyer became a freeman of Boston on 3 March the following year.

Once in Boston the Dyers became attracted to the preachings of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson during what is called the Antinomian Controversy, and in March 1637 Dyer signed a petition in support of Reverend Wheelwright, in it saying that "the court had condemned the truth of Christ." Half a year later, on 15 November, he was disenfranchised for signing this petition, and then on 20 November he and others were ordered to deliver up all guns, pistols, swords, powder and shot because the "opinions and revelations of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Hutchinson have seduced and led into dangerous errors many of the people here in New England." In October 1637 Mary Dyer gave birth to a premature, stillborn and deformed child, which following the Dyer's departure from Massachusetts, Boston magistrate John Winthrop had exhumed. In March 1638 Winthrop wrote the following about the Dyers and the infant: "The wife of one William Dyer, a milliner in the New Exchange, a very proper and fair woman, and both of them notoriously infected with Mrs. Hutchinson's errors, and very censorious and troublesome (she being of a very proud spirit, and much addicted to revelations) had been delivered of a child some few months before...it had a face but no head..." Winthrop went on to describe the deformities, and add his own embellishments, and declared that this was divine reaction to the sinful errors of Hutchinson, Wheelwright, and their followers.

## Rhode Island

Scores of the followers of Wheelwright and Hutchinson were ordered out of the Massachusetts colony, but before leaving, a group of them, including Dyer, signed what is sometimes called the Portsmouth Compact, establishing a non-sectarian civil government upon the universal consent of the inhabitants, with a Christian focus. This document was penned by Dyer, he signing his name and then adding the title "clerk." Planning initially to settle in New Netherland, the group was persuaded by Roger Williams to purchase some land of the Indians on the Narragansett Bay. They settled on the north east end of Aquidneck Island, and established a settlement they called Pocasset, but in 1639 changed the name to Portsmouth. William Coddington was elected the first leader of the settlement, and given the Biblical title of Judge.

A year after arriving in Portsmouth there was discord among the leadership of the settlement, and several of the leaders decided to go elsewhere. Dyer was one of nine men to sign an agreement on 28 April 1639 whereby a new plantation would be formed. The men and their families soon moved to the south end of Aquidneck Island, establishing the settlement of Newport, once again under the leadership of Coddington. Once established in Newport, Dyer and three others were tasked in June 1639 to proportion the new lands, and within the next year he was assigned 87 acres. In 1640 the two Aquidneck Island towns of Portsmouth and Newport united under a single government, and Dyer was the Secretary for them during the entire period that the island remained under its own authority, from 1640 to 1647.

Roger Williams, who envisioned a union of all four settlements on the Narragansett Bay, went to England to obtain a patent bringing all four towns under one government. Williams was successful in obtaining this document late in 1643, and it was brought from England and read to representatives of the four towns in 1644. Coddington was opposed to the Williams patent and managed to resist union with Providence until 1647 when representatives of the four towns ultimately met and adopted the Williams patent of 1643/4. With all of the Narragansett settlements now under one government, Dyer was elected the General Recorder for the entire colony in 1648.

Coddington was unhappy with the consolidated government, and wanted colonial independence for the two island towns, and decided to go to England to present his case to the Colonial Commissioners in London. In April 1651, the Council of State of England gave Coddington the commission of a separate government for the island of Aquidneck and for the smaller neighboring island of Conanicut (later Jamestown, Rhode Island), with him as governor. Henry Bull of Newport said that Coddington was welcomed upon his return from England, and that the majority of people accepted him as governor. From 1650 to 1653, most of which time was during the island's separation from Providence, Dyer served as the Attorney General.

For reasons that are not clear in existing records, criticism of Coddington arose as soon as he returned with his commission. The venerable Dr. John Clarke voiced his opposition to the island governor, and he and Dyer were sent to England as agents of the discontents to get the Coddington commission revoked. Simultaneously, the mainland towns of Providence and Warwick sent Roger Williams on a similar errand, and the three men sailed for England in November 1651. Mary Dyer had sailed to England just before the three men departed. Because of recent hostilities between the English and the Dutch, the men did not meet with the Council of State on New England until April 1652. Whether true or not, Coddington was accused of taking sides with the Dutch on matters of colonial trade, and in October 1652 his commission for the island government was revoked. Dyer was the messenger who returned to Rhode Island the following February, bringing the news of the return of the colony to the Williams' Patent of 1643, while his wife remained in England. The reunion of the colony was to take place that spring, but the mainland commissioners refused to come to the island to meet, and the separation of mainland from island was extended for another year. During this interim period, John Sanford was elected as governor of the island towns, while Gregory Dexter became president of the mainland towns.

In May 1653 Dyer received a commission from the General Assembly in preparation for military action against the Dutch. Captain John Underhill was selected as Commander in Chief upon the land, and Captain William Dyer became Commander in Chief upon the sea. The following year he had some harsh words for Coddington and Richard Tew, who he accused of making "encroachments upon the highway." In 1655 Dyer's name appears on a list of freemen from Newport.

## Execution of Mary Dyer

In 1657, Mary Dyer returned from England, after being away for five years. While there, she became a Quaker and a minister of that denomination, and upon disembarking at Boston she was jailed by the authorities for her beliefs and religious outpourings. Following the intercession of her husband, she was released, but Dyer was bound to not let her lodge in any town of the Massachusetts Bay Colony nor to speak to anyone during the journey home. Though banned from returning to Massachusetts under threat of death, Mary nevertheless went back to Boston in 1659 and was condemned to hang with two other Quakers. While she was on the scaffold with the noose around her neck, her execution was halted, and she was sent back to Rhode Island, after which she traveled to Long Island.

One more time Mary returned to Boston, and on the last day of May 1660 she was brought before Governor John Endecott, where she was questioned. Following her responses, she was ordered to be hanged the following day. On the gallows, she was encouraged to repent by Reverend John Wilson, her former pastor at the Boston church, and to not be so deluded by the devil. Following her execution, the Friends' records of Portsmouth noted her death: "Mary Dyer, the wife of William Dyer of Newport in Rhode Island: She was put to death at the town of Boston with the like cruel hand as the Martyrs were in Queen Mary's time..."

## Later life

Following his wife's death, William Dyer was remarried to a woman named Catherine by about 1664, and continued his public service. In 1661 he was a Newport Commissioner, in 1663 he was one of several prominent citizens named in the Rhode Island Royal Charter, from 1664 to 1666 he was a Deputy, from 1665 to 1668 he was the General Solicitor, and in 1669 he was secretary to the council. In 1670 he was involved in a number of deeds with his sons, which he used to settle the terms of his estate. No death date has been found for Dyer, but he was dead by 24 October 1677 when his widow sued the widow of his son, Samuel. Also, Governor Benedict Arnold's will, dated 24 December 1677, mentions William Dyer, Senior, now late deceased.

## Family

Six of the eight children of William and Mary Dyer grew to maturity and married. Their oldest surviving son, Samuel, married Ann Hutchinson, the daughter of Edward Hutchinson and Catharine Hamby, and the granddaughter of William and Anne Hutchinson. Another son, William Dyre was mayor of New York City. Dyer had one known child with his second wife.

### Bibliography

* Anderson, Robert Charles; Sanborn, George F. Jr.; Sanborn, Melinde L. (2001). *The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635*. Vol. II C-F. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 0-88082-120-5.
* Austin, John Osborne (1887). *Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island*. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.
* Bicknell, Thomas Williams (1920). *The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations*. Vol. 3. New York: The American Historical Society. pp. 982–993.
* Winsser, Johan (2017). *Mary and William Dyer: Quaker Light and Puritan Ambition in Early New England*. North Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace (Amazon). ISBN 978-1539351948.

*Online sources*

## InfoBox

| William Dyer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st Attorney General of Rhode Island | |
| **In office**
May 1650  1651 | |
| Governor | Nicholas Easton |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | John Cranston in 1654, following repeal of Coddington Commission |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | baptized 19 September 1609
Kirkby Laythorpe, Lincolnshire, England |
| Died | before 24 October 1677
Newport, Rhode Island |
| Spouse | Mary Barrett |
| Children | William Dyre, Samuel, stillborn daughter, Henry, William Dyre, Mahershallalhashbaz, Mary, Charles, Elizabeth |
| Education | significant based on lifelong appointments as clerk and secretary |
| Occupation | Milliner, Secretary, General Recorder, Attorney General, Commissioner, Deputy |
|  | |