title: List of Cupa României finals

text:
# List of Cupa României finals

The following is a list of all finals of the Romanian football cup competition called Cupa României.

## Results of the Finals

| Season | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2023–24
*Details* | **Corvinul Hunedoara** | **2–2 (a.e.t.) 3–2 (pen.)**
*Details* | Oțelul Galați | Municipal, Sibiu |
| 2022–23
*Details* | **Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe** | **0–0 (a.e.t.) 5–4 (pen.)**
*Details* | Universitatea Cluj | Municipal, Sibiu |
| 2021–22
*Details* | **Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe** | **2–1**
*Details* | FC Voluntari | Superbet Arena, Bucharest |
| 2020–21
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **3–2 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Astra Giurgiu | Ilie Oană, Ploiești |
| 2019–20
*Details* | **FCSB** | **1–0**
*Details* | Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe | Ilie Oană, Ploiești |
| 2018–19
*Details* | **Viitorul Constanța** | **2–1 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Astra Giurgiu | Ilie Oană, Ploiești |
| 2017–18
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **2–0**
*Details* | Hermannstadt **(II)** | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2016–17
*Details* | **FC Voluntari** | **1–1 (a.e.t.) 5–3 (pen.)**
*Details* | Astra Giurgiu | Ilie Oană, Ploiești |
| 2015–16
*Details* | **CFR Cluj** | **2–2 (a.e.t.) 5–4 (pen.)**
*Details* | Dinamo București | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2014–15
*Details* | **FCSB** | **3–0**
*Details* | Universitatea Cluj | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2013–14
*Details* | **Astra Giurgiu** | **0–0 (a.e.t.) 4–2 (pen.)**
*Details* | FCSB | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2012–13
*Details* | **Petrolul Ploiești** | **1–0**
*Details* | CFR Cluj | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2011–12
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Rapid București | Arena Națională, Bucharest |
| 2010–11
*Details* | **FCSB** | **2–1**
*Details* | Dinamo București | Silviu Ploieșteanu, Brașov |
| 2009–10
*Details* | **CFR Cluj** | **0–0 (a.e.t.) 5–4 (pen.)**
*Details* | FC Vaslui | Emil Alexandrescu, Iași |
| 2008–09
*Details* | **CFR Cluj** | **3–0**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | Tudor Vladimirescu, Târgu Jiu |
| 2007–08
*Details* | **CFR Cluj** | **2–1**
*Details* | Unirea Urziceni | Ceahlăul, Piatra Neamț |
| 2006–07
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | Dan Păltinișanu, Timișoara |
| 2005–06
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **1–0 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Național București | Național, Bucharest |
| 2004–05
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Farul Constanța | Cotroceni, Bucharest |
| 2003–04
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Oțelul Galați | Cotroceni, Bucharest |
| 2002–03
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Național București | Național, Bucharest |
| 2001–02
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **2–1**
*Details* | Dinamo București | Național, Bucharest |
| 2000–01
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **4–2**
*Details* | Rocar București | Național, Bucharest |
| 1999–2000
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Universitatea Craiova | Național, Bucharest |
| 1998–99
*Details* | **AFC Steaua Bucuresti** | **2–2 (a.e.t.) 4–2 (pen.)**
*Details* | Rapid București | Național, Bucharest |
| 1997–98
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Universitatea Craiova | Național, Bucharest |
| 1996–97
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **4–2**
*Details* | Național București | Național, Bucharest |
| 1995–96
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **3–1**
*Details* | Gloria Bistrița | Național, Bucharest |
| 1994–95
*Details* | **Petrolul Ploiești** | **1–1 (a.e.t.) 5–3 (pen.)**
*Details* | Rapid București | Național, Bucharest |
| 1993–94
*Details* | **Gloria Bistrița** | **1–0**
*Details* | Universitatea Craiova | Regie, Bucharest |
| 1992–93
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **2–0**
*Details* | Dacia Unirea Brăila | Național, Bucharest |
| 1991–92
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **1–1 (a.e.t.) 3–2 (pen.)**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | Regie, Bucharest |
| 1990–91
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **2–1**
*Details* | FC Bacău | Național, Bucharest |
| 1989–90
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **6–4**
*Details* | Steaua București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1988–89
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Dinamo București | Municipal, Brașov |
| 1987–88
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **1–1**
*Details* | Dinamo București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1986–87
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Dinamo București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1985–86
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **1–0**
*Details* | Steaua București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1984–85
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **2–1**
*Details* | Universitatea Craiova | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1983–84
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **2–1**
*Details* | Steaua București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1982–83
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **2–1**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1981–82
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **3–2**
*Details* | FC Baia Mare **(II)** | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1980–81
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **6–0**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1979–80
*Details* | **Politehnica Timișoara** | **2–1 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Steaua București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1978–79
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **3–0**
*Details* | Sportul Studențesc București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1977–78
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **3–1**
*Details* | Olimpia Satu Mare | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1976–77
*Details* | **Universitatea Craiova** | **2–1**
*Details* | Steaua București | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1975–76
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **1–0**
*Details* | CSU Galați | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1974–75
*Details* | **Rapid București** **(II)** | **2–1 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Universitatea Craiova | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1973–74
*Details* | **Jiul Petroșani** | **4–2**
*Details* | Politehnica Timișoara | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1972–73
*Details* | **Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea** **(II)** | **1–1 (a.e.t.)**
**3–0 (Replay)**
*Details* | Constructorul Galați **(III)** | 23 August, Bucharest
23 August, Bucharest |
| 1971–72
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Jiul Petroșani | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1970–71
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **3–2**
*Details* | Dinamo București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1969–70
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **2–1**
*Details* | Dinamo București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1968–69
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **2–1**
*Details* | Dinamo București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1967–68
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **3–1 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Rapid București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1966–67
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **6–0**
*Details* | Foresta Fălticeni **(III)** | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1965–66
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **4–0**
*Details* | UTA Arad | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1964–65
*Details* | **Ştiinţa Cluj** | **2–1**
*Details* | Dinamo Piteşti | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1963–64
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **5–3**
*Details* | Steaua București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1962–63
*Details* | **Petrolul Ploiești** | **6–1**
*Details* | Siderurgistul Galați **(II)** | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1961–62
*Details* | **Steaua București** | **5–1**
*Details* | Rapid București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1960–61
*Details* | **Arieșul Turda** **(II)** | **2–1**
*Details* | Rapid București | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1959–60
*Details* | **Progresul București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Dinamo Obor București **(II)** | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1958–59
*Details* | **Dinamo București** | **4–0**
*Details* | CSM Baia Mare **(II)** | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1957–58
*Details* | **Ştiinţa Timișoara** | **1–0**
*Details* | Progresul București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1956
*Details* | **Progresul Oradea** | **2–0**
*Details* | Energia Câmpia Turzii **(II)** | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1955
*Details* | **CCA București** | **6–3 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Progresul Oradea **(II)** | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1954
*Details* | **Metalul Reșița** **(II)** | **2–0**
*Details* | Dinamo București | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1953
*Details* | **Flamura Roșie Arad** | **1–0 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | CCA București | 23 August, Bucharest |
| 1952
*Details* | **CCA București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Flacăra Ploiești | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1951
*Details* | **CCA București** | **3–1 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Flacăra Mediaș **(II)** | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1950
*Details* | **CCA București** | **3–1**
*Details* | Flamura Roșie Arad | Republicii, Bucharest |
| 1948–49
*Details* | **CCA București** | **2–1**
*Details* | CSU Cluj | ICAS, Bucharest |
| 1947–48
*Details* | **ITA Arad** | **3–2**
*Details* | CFR Timișoara | Venus, Bucharest |
| 1943–1947 | *The cup was not played because of World War II.* | | | |
| 1942–43
*Details* | **CFR Turnu Severin** | **4–0**
*Details* | Sportul Studențesc București | ONEF, Bucharest |
| 1941–42
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **7–1**
*Details* | Universitatea Cluj-Sibiu | Venus, Bucharest |
| 1940–41
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **4–3**
*Details* | Unirea Tricolor București | ONEF, Bucharest |
| 1939–40
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **2–2 (a.e.t.)
4–4 (a.e.t.) (Replay)
2–2 (a.e.t.) (Replay)
2–1 (Replay)**
*Details* | Venus București | ONEF, Bucharest
ONEF, Bucharest
Giulești, Bucharest
ONEF, Bucharest |
| 1938–39
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **2–0**
*Details* | Sportul Studențesc București | Venus, Bucharest |
| 1937–38
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **3–2**
*Details* | CAM Timișoara **(II)** | Giulești, Bucharest |
| 1936–37
*Details* | **Rapid București** | **5–1**
*Details* | Ripensia Timișoara | ONEF, Bucharest |
| 1935–36
*Details* | **Ripensia Timișoara** | **5–1**
*Details* | Unirea Tricolor București | Venus, Bucharest |
| 1934–35
*Details* | **CFR București** | **6–5 (a.e.t.)**
*Details* | Ripensia Timișoara | ONEF, Bucharest |
| 1933–34
*Details* | **Ripensia Timișoara** | **3–2
5–0 (Replay)**
*Details* | Universitatea Cluj | Electrica, Timișoara
ONEF, Bucharest |

### Notes

* **(II)** – Clubs representing Divizia B at the moment of the final.
* **(III)** – Clubs representing Divizia C at the moment of the final.


title: Oborozukiyo: Inori

abstract: Oborozukiyo: Inori (朧月夜~祈り) is the 2nd EP or mini-album by Mika Nakashima. This album was limited to only 111,000 copies. The title track, a duet with violinist Taro Hakase, later appears on her Music album. '朧月夜~祈り' translates to "A Misty, Moon-lit Night: Prayer." This mini-album, when it was released, reached #3 on the Oricon 200 Album Chart, selling 93,000 copies in its first week.

text:
# Oborozukiyo: Inori

***Oborozukiyo: Inori (朧月夜~祈り)*** is the 2nd EP or mini-album (fourth overall album release) by Mika Nakashima. This album was limited to only 111,000 copies. The title track, a duet with violinist Taro Hakase, later appears on her Music album. '朧月夜~祈り' translates to "A Misty, Moon-lit Night: Prayer."

This mini-album, when it was released, reached #3 on the Oricon 200 Album Chart, selling 93,000 copies in its first week.

## Track listing

CD
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oborozukiyo: Inori (朧月夜~祈り) *with Taro Hakase*" | Tatsuyuki Takano, Mika Nakashima (additional lyrics) | Teiichi Okano, Taro Hakase (additional music) | Taro Hakase |  |
| 2. | "Sara (沙羅)" | Mika Nakashima | Taro Hakase | Taro Hakase |  |
| 3. | "Tsuki no Sabaku (月の沙漠)" | Masao Kato | Suguru Sasaki | Taro Hakase |  |
| 4. | "Yuki no Hana (雪の華)" (Silent Version) | Satomi | Ryoki Matsumoto | Taro Hakase |  |
| 5. | "Oborozukiyo: Inori (朧月夜~祈り)" (Acoustic Mix) |  |  | Taro Hakase |  |
| 6. | "Sara (沙羅)" (Jazztronik Remix) |  |  | Jazztronik |  |
| 7. | "Oborozukiyo: Inori (朧月夜~祈り)" (Instrumental) |  |  |  |  |

## Oricon sales charts (Japan)

| Release | Chart | Peak position | Debut sales | Sales total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 15, 2004 | Oricon Weekly Albums Chart | 3 | 93,416 | 110,892 |

## InfoBox

| Oborozukiyo: Inori | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Mika Nakashima | |
| Released | September 15, 2004 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Length | 41:08 |
| Label | Sony |
| Mika Nakashima chronology | |
| *Love*
(2003) ***Oborozukiyo: Inori***
(2004) *Music*
(2005) | |


title: 1952–53 Newport County A.F.C. season

abstract: The 1952–53 season was Newport County's sixth consecutive season in the Third Division South since relegation from the Second Division at the end of the 1946–47 season. It was the club's 24th season in the third tier and 25th season overall in the Football League.

text:
# 1952–53 Newport County A.F.C. season

The **1952–53 season** was **Newport County's** sixth consecutive season in the Third Division South since relegation from the Second Division at the end of the 1946–47 season. It was the club's 24th season in the third tier and 25th season overall in the Football League.

## Season review

### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 46 | 16 | 10 | 20 | 70 | 82 | 0.854 | 42 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 43 | 34 | 28 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 27 | 48 | 14 |

Source: rsssf.com

### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | H | A | A | H | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | A | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | H | A | H |
| Result | L | W | L | W | W | W | D | W | W | D | L | L | L | W | L | W | D | L | L | L | L | D | L | D | W | L | L | W | L | L | L | L | D | W | L | W | D | D | D | W | W | D | W | W | L | L |
| Position | 15 | 11 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 |

Updated to match(es) played on 30 Apr 1953. Source: statto.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

## Fixtures and results

### Third Division South

| Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 Aug 1952 | Gillingham | H | 1–2 | Moore | 11,111 |
| 28 Aug 1952 | Walsall | A | 3–1 | Parker 2, Birch | 10,062 |
| 30 Aug 1952 | Crystal Palace | A | 1–2 | Parker | 14,394 |
| 4 Sep 1952 | Walsall | H | 3–2 | Shergold, Moore, Nelson | 8,231 |
| 6 Sep 1952 | Bristol City | H | 4–3 | Shergold, Moore, Nelson, OG | 9,573 |
| 11 Sep 1952 | Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic | H | 2–1 | Shergold, Moore | 9,127 |
| 13 Sep 1952 | Torquay United | A | 3–3 | Parker 3 | 7,064 |
| 17 Sep 1952 | Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic | A | 2–1 | Parker, Nelson | 10,187 |
| 20 Sep 1952 | Northampton Town | H | 4–1 | Parker 2, Moore 2 | 10,481 |
| 25 Sep 1952 | Coventry City | H | 4–4 | Staples 2, Birch, Parker | 10,935 |
| 27 Sep 1952 | Leyton Orient | A | 1–2 | Shergold | 11,744 |
| 1 Oct 1952 | Reading | A | 1–2 | Moore | 6,739 |
| 4 Oct 1952 | Ipswich Town | H | 1–3 | Moore | 9,645 |
| 11 Oct 1952 | Shrewsbury Town | H | 4–2 | Beattie, Parker, Shergold, Moore | 9,322 |
| 18 Oct 1952 | Queens Park Rangers | A | 2–4 | Beattie, Parker | 14,800 |
| 25 Oct 1952 | Swindon Town | H | 3–0 | Parker 2, Moore | 7,971 |
| 1 Nov 1952 | Aldershot | A | 2–2 | Parker 2 | 6,100 |
| 8 Nov 1952 | Colchester United | H | 0–1 |  | 8,989 |
| 15 Nov 1952 | Norwich City | A | 0–2 |  | 23,899 |
| 29 Nov 1952 | Exeter City | A | 2–3 | Beattie, Moore | 6,848 |
| 13 Dec 1952 | Millwall | A | 0–3 |  | 12,622 |
| 20 Dec 1952 | Gillingham | A | 1–1 | Moore | 7,179 |
| 25 Dec 1952 | Brighton & Hove Albion | H | 0–3 |  | 10,627 |
| 27 Dec 1952 | Brighton & Hove Albion | A | 2–2 | Birch, Shergold | 15,309 |
| 3 Jan 1953 | Crystal Palace | H | 3–2 | Beattie, Shergold, OG | 8,062 |
| 15 Jan 1953 | Southend United | H | 0–1 |  | 3,100 |
| 17 Jan 1953 | Bristol City | A | 0–2 |  | 20,572 |
| 24 Jan 1953 | Torquay United | H | 3–0 | Evans 3 | 8,038 |
| 31 Jan 1953 | Southend United | A | 0–1 |  | 5,690 |
| 7 Feb 1953 | Northampton Town | A | 0–5 |  | 13,250 |
| 14 Feb 1953 | Leyton Orient | H | 0–1 |  | 5,182 |
| 21 Feb 1953 | Ipswich Town | A | 0–3 |  | 10,019 |
| 28 Feb 1953 | Shrewsbury Town | A | 1–1 | Beattie | 8,528 |
| 7 Mar 1953 | Queens Park Rangers | H | 2–0 | Beattie, Graham | 7,971 |
| 14 Mar 1953 | Swindon Town | A | 0–2 |  | 7,445 |
| 21 Mar 1953 | Aldershot | H | 2–1 | Beattie, Graham | 7,929 |
| 28 Mar 1953 | Colchester United | A | 3–3 | Graham 2, Beattie | 6,200 |
| 3 Apr 1953 | Watford | H | 1–1 | Beattie | 9,319 |
| 4 Apr 1953 | Norwich City | H | 1–1 | Graham | 8,375 |
| 6 Apr 1953 | Watford | A | 1–0 | Beattie | 11,455 |
| 11 Apr 1953 | Coventry City | A | 1–0 | Graham | 11,204 |
| 13 Apr 1953 | Bristol Rovers | H | 2–2 | Stroud, Graham | 16,007 |
| 18 Apr 1953 | Exeter City | H | 1–0 | Evans | 8,220 |
| 23 Apr 1953 | Reading | H | 1–0 | Hayward | 8,405 |
| 25 Apr 1953 | Bristol Rovers | A | 1–3 | Beattie | 29,451 |
| 30 Apr 1953 | Millwall | H | 1–3 | Graham | 6,728 |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 22 Nov 1952 | Walsall | H | 2–1 | Beatie, Moore | 10,000 |
| 2 | 6 Dec 1952 | Gainsborough Trinity | H | 2–1 | Beattie, Parker | 9,911 |
| 3 | 10 Jan 1953 | Sheffield United | H | 1–4 | Moore | 22,000 |

### Welsh Cup

| Round | Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | 1 Jan 1953 | Haverfordwest | A | 8–1 | Beatie 3, Evans 2, Morrey 2, Shergold |  |
| 6 | 29 Jan 1953 | Swansea Town | A | 2–3 | Rees, Morrey | 5,500 |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bristol Rovers | 46 | 26 | 12 | 8 | 92 | 46 | 2.000 | 64 |
| 2 | Millwall | 46 | 24 | 14 | 8 | 82 | 44 | 1.864 | 62 |
| 3 | Northampton Town | 46 | 26 | 10 | 10 | 109 | 70 | 1.557 | 62 |
| 4 | Norwich City | 46 | 25 | 10 | 11 | 99 | 55 | 1.800 | 60 |
| 5 | Bristol City | 46 | 22 | 15 | 9 | 95 | 61 | 1.557 | 59 |
| 6 | Coventry City | 46 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 77 | 62 | 1.242 | 50 |
| 7 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 46 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 81 | 75 | 1.080 | 50 |
| 8 | Southend United | 46 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 69 | 74 | 0.932 | 49 |
| 9 | Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic | 46 | 19 | 9 | 18 | 74 | 69 | 1.072 | 47 |
| 10 | Watford | 46 | 15 | 17 | 14 | 62 | 63 | 0.984 | 47 |
| 11 | Reading | 46 | 19 | 8 | 19 | 69 | 64 | 1.078 | 46 |
| 12 | Torquay United | 46 | 18 | 9 | 19 | 87 | 88 | 0.989 | 45 |
| 13 | Crystal Palace | 46 | 15 | 13 | 18 | 66 | 82 | 0.805 | 43 |
| 14 | Leyton Orient | 46 | 16 | 10 | 20 | 68 | 73 | 0.932 | 42 |
| **15** | **Newport County** | **46** | **16** | **10** | **20** | **70** | **82** | **0.854** | **42** |
| 16 | Ipswich Town | 46 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 60 | 69 | 0.870 | 41 |
| 17 | Exeter City | 46 | 13 | 14 | 19 | 61 | 71 | 0.859 | 40 |
| 18 | Swindon Town | 46 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 64 | 79 | 0.810 | 40 |
| 19 | Aldershot | 46 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 61 | 77 | 0.792 | 39 |
| 20 | Queens Park Rangers | 46 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 61 | 82 | 0.744 | 39 |
| 21 | Gillingham | 46 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 55 | 74 | 0.743 | 39 |
| 22 | Colchester United | 46 | 12 | 14 | 20 | 59 | 76 | 0.776 | 38 |
| 23 | Shrewsbury Town | 46 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 68 | 91 | 0.747 | 36 |
| 24 | Walsall | 46 | 7 | 10 | 29 | 56 | 118 | 0.475 | 24 |

| Key |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Division Champions |
|  | Re-elected |
|  | Failed re-election |

* Amber in the Blood: A History of Newport County. ISBN 978-1-874427-40-7

## InfoBox

Newport County
| 1952–53 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Fred Stansfield |
| Stadium | Somerton Park |
| Third Division South | 15th |
| FA Cup | 3rd round |
| Welsh Cup | 6th round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Parker (16)<br>All: Parker (17) |
| Highest home attendance | 22,000 vs Sheffield United (FA Cup, 10 Jan 1953) |
| Lowest home attendance | 3,100 vs Southend United (15 Jan 1953) |
| Average home league attendance | 8,841 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Star Trek: The Role Playing Game

abstract: Star Trek: The Role Playing Game is a role-playing game set in the fictional Star Trek universe published by FASA Corporation from 1982 to 1989.

text:
# Star Trek: The Role Playing Game

***Star Trek: The Role Playing Game*** is a role-playing game set in the fictional *Star Trek* universe published by FASA Corporation from 1982 to 1989.

## History

Jordan Weisman of FASA wanted to get one of the biggest space adventure licenses and acquired the *Star Trek* license in 1982. Weisman and L. Ross Babcock III looked outside FASA to build a *Star Trek* design team, but FASA rejected four different game designs over several months that focused too heavily on combat rather than the utopian future envisioned by Gene Rodenberry. The fifth design team was the freelance group Fantasimulations Association, composed of Guy McLimore Jr., Greg Poehlein, and David F. Tepool, and they created a workable design that FASA approved.

*Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* (1983) has a tactical combat system in which battles are simulated using a square grid, and is based on the FASA board game *Grav-Ball* (1982).

The game was published as a boxed set with a 128-page book, an 80-page book, and a 56-page book, two counter sheets, and dice. Weisman and Babcock insisted that the designers not have the game transition from a role-playing game into a board game during space combat, so the Fantasimulations designers created a system in which each section head operated from their own "console", so that the role of the captain during combat was to coordinate everyone else. The supplement *The Klingons* (1983), a book which was co-authored by John M. Ford, had an influence on subsequent *Star Trek* productions by Paramount. Paramount was unhappy with the two *Officer's Manual* (1988) and *First Year Sourcebook* (1989) supplements for *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, and so Paramount pulled the *Star Trek* license from FASA after feeling like these supplements did not match well with how they viewed the *Next Generation* universe. Game historian Stu Horvath commented that Paramount's decision did not sit well with fans of the game, noting that it "pissed off a lot of fans of the RPG! After six years and a substantial pile of books and magazines, players were invested in this versions of the *Star Trek* universe.""

## Setting

*Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* is set in the *Star Trek* universe before *Star Trek: The Next Generation*. Most player characters are members of Starfleet engaged in space exploration missions. They typically hold senior posts on a starship bridge and visit alien planets as part of landing parties.

The game's published supplements and modules are mostly set in the original crew movie era (AD 2280s/90s), but a few are set during the original TV era (AD 2260s) or a century later in the *Next Generation* era (AD 2360s/70s). See Official Supplements by era below.

### FASA *Trek* vs. "canon" *Trek*

FASA designed their *Star Trek* game universe nearly five years before *Star Trek: The Next Generation* (*TNG*) (1987-1994). The designers built their game universe when there was no official canon, and they borrowed heavily from ideas in the *Star Trek* original series, the *Star Trek* animated series, fan fiction, and the works of *Star Trek* novelist John M. Ford.

Game elements which either were never introduced into what later became canon *Star Trek*, or which differ significantly from how canon *Star Trek* presents them, include:

#### John M. Ford's Klingons

The game's depiction of the Klingons, the result of work by science fiction author John M. Ford, differs from later canon. Ford's Klingons not only appear in the supplement *The Klingons* for the game, but also in his *Star Trek* novel *The Final Reflection*, which is told almost entirely from a Klingon perspective. Ford designed his Klingon society to provide a logical basis for the actions and statements of onscreen Klingons in the original TV series, as well as the differing appearance of the Klingons in the original series and those in *Star Trek: The Motion Picture* (the only movie featuring Klingons to have been released when the novel and game supplement were first published). They are guided by a philosophy expressed in their *Klingonaase* language as *komerex tel khesterex*, roughly translated as 'that which is not growing is dying'; *komerex*, referring to any structure growing and expanding its control over its surroundings, is also their word for their empire (*komerex Klingon*). This leads to a belief that the proper role of species not part of a *komerex* is to serve those that are, and the Klingons have subjugated many of these servitor species (*kuve*) in their conquests. The philosophy also motivates their actions on a personal scale, with individuals engaging in schemes and intrigues to enhance their personal power and that of their extended family, and generates traditions like starship officers being promoted as a result of assassinating their superiors.

The Klingons seen in *Star Trek: The Motion Picture*, or "Imperial Klingons", are the original natives of the Klingon homeworld *Klinzhai*. The ones seen in the TV series are "human-fusion" Klingons, a result of genetic engineering combining the DNA of humans and Imperial Klingons into a hybrid better able to work in environments occupied by humans and thought to better understand them (for purposes of fighting them). Romulan-fusion Klingons also exist (Ford's Klingons contacted the Romulans before humans) and possibly other hybrids (such as with the Orions, whose space abuts both the Empire and the Federation).

Ford's Klingons (at least those serving in their space fleet) believe that when they die they will serve in a "Black Fleet" in the afterlife. Given the fact that few stars are visible at night on most of Klinzhai due to cloud cover, they have a mystical reverence for "the naked stars" and believe they remember acts of courage performed under them.

In contrast, the Klingons in *Star Trek: The Next Generation* and subsequent TV series, as well as the later movies, have a culture and traditions based more on a cross between the vikings and Japanese Samurai (or, rather, Western imaginations of them), focused on personal and familial honor and placing value on sacrificing their lives for the causes they serve. The canonical *Klingon Empire* is governed by the High Council, led by a chancellor, instead of an emperor. Their language, *tlhIngan Hol*, is different from Ford's *Klingonaase*, and their homeworld is Kronos (Qo'noS in Klingon). Until *Star Trek: Enterprise,* there was no canonical explanation for the differing appearance of Klingons in the original TV series compared to the movies and *The Next Generation*. In the *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* episode "Trials and Tribble-ations", the matter was joked about but left unexplained; in the *Enterprise* episodes "Affliction" and "Divergence", it is explained as an infection caused by an attempt to infuse Klingons with the DNA of Khan Noonien Singh (a variation of the human-fusion idea).

#### Romulans

When the game was published, the only filmed material featuring the Romulans were the two *Original Series* episodes "Balance of Terror" and "The Enterprise Incident". FASA's Romulans are the descendants of prehistoric Vulcans transplanted to the planet Romulus by the species known as the Preservers (mentioned in the TOS episode "The Paradise Syndrome"). Before developing interstellar travel, Romulan science concluded they were not native to their planet, leading to a social and religious goal of building a "Road to the Stars" to find the "gods" that placed them there, leading to the establishment of the Romulan Star Empire.

The Romulans are one of the Federation's chief antagonists in *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, featured in many episodes, and a canon explanation of their origin is given in that series. They are the descendants of Vulcans who did not agree with Surak's doctrines of logic and emotional suppression, instead choosing to leave Vulcan and travel through vast distances of space to their new home on Romulus. A similar concept was used by Diane Duane in *Spock's World* and the *Rihannsu* series of novels.

#### The Triangle

The game supplement *Trader Captains and Merchant Princes*, first published in 1983, introduced "the Triangle", a lawless area wedged between the space occupied by the United Federation of Planets, the Klingon Empire, and the Romulan Star Empire.

*The Triangle* supplement later introduced a set of color maps, allowing players to know exactly how long it would take them (in game time) to travel between star systems.

This lawless area was popular with players as it allowed them to escape the strict parameters of a military campaign. Most campaigns with civilian or non-Starfleet characters are based entirely or in part within the Triangle.

#### Ship classes

The game introduces a number of starship classes not based on those seen in the series, though many of them borrow from the starship design standards set in the original TV series and first two movies: Federation ships have saucer sections and outboard engine nacelles, Klingon ships have a primary hull with a command section at the end of a long boom, and Romulan ships look like birds.

They include, but are not limited to: the *Bader*-class scout, *Baker*-class destroyer, *Chandley*-class frigate, the *Enterprise*-class cruiser (the refitted *Constitution*-class introduced in *Star Trek: The Motion Picture*), *Derf*-class survey ship, *Larson*-class destroyer, *Loknar*-class frigate, *Nelson*-class scout, *Northampton*-class frigate, the so-called *Reliant*-class cruiser (the FASA name for the movie-era *Miranda*-class cruiser), the *Mission*-class transport, *Royal Sovereign*-class battlecruiser, *M'benga*-class hospital ship and the *Sagan*-class science ship (an upgrade of the canon Oberth-class starship). A few designs were made for ships mentioned in canon but not seen. One of these was FASA's conjecture of the Ambassador-class starship, which resembles a modified Enterprise-class cruiser with Excelsior nacelles; in canon the *Ambassador* is a precursor to the Galaxy-class starships.

The distinct design of several of those ships, notably the *Chandley*-class frigate and the *Loknar*-class frigate, have made them popular in non-canon *Star Trek* folklore. The *Loknar*, which predates the NX-class starship design, bears a more than passing resemblance to the titular ship in *Star Trek: Enterprise*.

The *Mission*-class transport, a shuttle-style, warp-capable ship designed for small crews and short missions, is similar to the small, long-range, shuttle-style runabouts introduced in later Star Trek series. The FASA *Mission*-class transport predates it by more than a decade.

#### Stardates

The stardates in the original series are arbitrarily assigned but tend to be larger for episodes produced later in the series' run. FASA's game introduces the notion of reference stardates based on Gregorian dates, similar to a standard fan practice for constructing stardates. A date in or after the year 2000 in year 2XYZ, month MM, day DD becomes Stardate X/YZMM.DD. For example, FASA set the date of the detonation of the Genesis device in *Star Trek II* as Stardate 2/2206.20, corresponding to June 20, 2222. Dates before 2000 use negative numbers before the slash.

Beginning with *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, filmed materials assign stardates in a more systematic way. The first season of *TNG* has stardates of the form 41XXX.XX, with the numbers starting just above 41000.00 and increasing towards 41999.99 as the season progresses. Subsequent seasons have stardates beginning with 42, 43, etc. *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* and *Star Trek: Voyager* used stardates corresponding to the season of *TNG* that was airing at the same time, then progressing forward after *TNG* went off the air (*DS9* season 1's stardates began with 46, and *Voyager* season 1 episodes had stardates beginning with 48).

#### Star Trek historical timeline

A number of key dates in the FASA *Star Trek* universe are about 60 years out of phase with their equivalent dates in the canonical *Star Trek* universe. For example, the game dates the original five-year mission of the *Enterprise* from 2207 through 2212, while the canonical dates are 2265 through 2270. Also, the game takes most of its fictional history between the present day and the 23rd century from the *Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology*, the contents of which are almost totally contradicted by later canonical materials (especially the film *Star Trek: First Contact* and the series *Enterprise*).

#### Languages

Supplements to the basic game introduce players to the rudiments of the Romulan and Klingon languages. Neither language, as expressed in the game, is the same as later depictions in the *Star Trek* series.

## System

*Star Trek: The Role-Playing Game* is a skill-based system in which character skills are determined by time spent in previous service. The rules cover character creation, familiar characters from the series, Vulcan telepathics, weapons and equipment, personal and spaceship combat, and encountering new civilizations. The boxed set includes three introductory scenarios and an 80-page pull-apart book of *Enterprise* deck plans.

The game system is percentile based. Success or failure is determined either by rolling against a set difficulty target, a player's skill, or a hybrid of both.

FASA had previously written supplements for GDW's *Traveller*, an association which influenced the early structure of the *Star Trek* game, particularly in character generation.

The rulebooks also provides systems for governing personal combat and exploration of space and planes, and the first edition provides rules for combat between starships; the second edition moves the starship combat rules into a separate board game. Supplements provide additional rules for characters in the Klingon Empire and Romulan Star Empire, interplanetary trade and commerce, starship design, and campaigns focusing on other non-Starfleet players.

Each planet in the game's atlas has a code that - coupled with the character's merchant skill and some luck - allow players to buy and trade across the galaxy. A ship's carrying capacity is not based on tonnage but on volume. There are also rules on buying and selling stock on the Federation stock market.

### Character generation

Players roll dice to determine the beginning attributes of their character. *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* characters begin with seven basic abilities - *Strength*, *Endurance*, *Dexterity*, *Intellect*, *Luck*, *Charisma*, and *Psionic Potential*. These attributes are adjusted depending on the character's species. (Vulcans, for example, gained a natural bonus to their *Psionic Potential* score, a measure of their heightened psionic skill.)

Players have the option of playing almost any humanoid species introduced in the original *Star Trek* TV series, the animated series, or the first four movies. These include Humans, Vulcans, Tellarites, Andorians, Orions, Klingons, and Romulans. Two other species introduced in the animated series, Caitians and Edosians, can also be played.

Players use dice rolls on various tables to determine skills acquired before joining Starfleet, and then those gained by their shipboard assignment (helm operations, sciences, medical, communications, etc.) during tours of duty, which also leads to increases in rank before determining their final posting for the start of play. Later supplements allow players to generate Starfleet Intelligence agents, Klingon and Romulan military personnel, Orion pirates, and civilian merchants.

Game statistics are provided for principal characters in the *Star Trek* TV series (Kirk, Spock, Dr. McCoy, Scotty, etc.), allowing players to play those roles instead of generating their own characters.

### *Starship Tactical Combat Simulator* game

The first edition of the game includes a tactical starship combat game, which was later redeveloped into the Starship Tactical Combat Simulator.

The game's basic rule system provides a simple system for moderating space battles, in which each player assumed a role in the battle, typically by manning a station on the ship's bridge.

The Captain determines the strategy, the Engineer is responsible for power management and allocation to different systems such as weapons and shields, the Helmsman for firing weapons, the Navigator for managing deflector shields, and the Communications Officer for damage control.

FASA later developed that system into a more complex standalone game, the *Starship Tactical Combat Simulator*, similar to a tabletop wargame. During a role-playing session, if the adventure calls for a space battle, players have the option of using this standalone game to determine the outcome of the battle.

## Official publications

### Rulebooks

* *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game, 1st Ed.* (1982)
* *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game, 2nd Ed.* (1983)

### Supplements

#### Set during the original series

#### Set in the movie era

* *The Klingons* (supplement, 1984)
* *The Romulans* (supplement, 1984)
* *Star Trek III Sourcebook Update* (supplement, 1984)
* *Federation Ship Recognition Manual* (supplement, 1985)
* *Klingon Ship Recognition Manual* (supplement, 1985)
* *Romulan Ship Recognition Manual* (supplement, 1985)
* *Ship Construction Manual, 2nd Ed.* (supplement, 1985)
* *The Triangle* (supplement, 1985)
* *The Triangle Campaign* (supplement, 1985)
* *The Federation* (supplement, 1986)
* *Klingon Intelligence Briefing* (supplement, 1986)
* *The Romulan War* (supplement, 1986)
* *Star Trek IV Sourcebook Update* (supplement, 1986)
* *Klingons: Game Operations Manual* (supplement, 1987)
* *Klingons: Star Fleet Intelligence Manual* (supplement, 1987)
* *The Orions* (supplement, 1987)
* *Regula-1 Orbital Station Deckplans* (supplement, 1987)
* *Star Fleet Intelligence Manual - Game Operations* (supplement, 1987)
* *Star Fleet Intelligence Manual* \- Agent's Orientation Sourcebook (supplement, 1987)
* *Trader Captains and Merchant Princes, 2nd Ed.* (supplement, 1987)

#### Set in the *TNG* era

### Adventures

* *Star Trek III: Starship Combat Game Box Set* (supplement, 1984)
* *The White Flame* (scenarios for the Combat Simulator, 1987)
* *Stardate* magazine, Vol. 1 (issue 1 - 8) and Vol. 2 (9-11) by FASA.

## Reception

William A. Barton reviewed *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* in *Space Gamer* No. 64. Barton commented that "I like this game. And I think you will, too, despite any picky points you can find that don't quite agree with your own concept of how a *Star Trek* game should be \[...\] It has its flaws as does any system and it wasn't possible to cover every aspect of *Star Trek* in one game. But everything you really *need* for a satisfying *Star Trek* role-playing system is to be found here - in fact, just about everything you need for *any* SFRPG. So I recommend you not be put off by the high price of this package. \[...\] I think you'll be glad you entered the Final Frontier. This game, so far, is my pick of the best role-playing system of 1983."

Steve List reviewed *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* in *Ares* #16 and commented that "*Star Trek* game is an ambitious work, generally well-done, with some minor flaws. The worst of these is in any case a matter of taste – the episodic nature of things versus the continuous campaign approach."

Russell Clarke reviewed *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* for *White Dwarf* #58, giving it an overall rating of 9 out of 10, and stated that "*Star Trek the RPG* is a worthy addition to the SF role-playing genre and I highly recommend it."

William A. Barton reviewed *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game, Second Edition* in *Space Gamer* No. 71. Barton commented that "second edition *Star Trek: The Role Playing Game* is an even better avenue to gaming the final frontier than its predecessor. Those who own the original won't *need* this edition to continue to play, as both are compatible, but will certainly find enough new material that they won't be sorry for buying it. If you haven't yet tried *ST:RPG* \- especially if you're new to SF roleplaying - I recommend this game over its competitors for ease of play, consistency, and sheer enjoyment."

Steve Nutt reviewed *Star Trek: The Role-Playing Game* for the British games magazine *Imagine*, and stated that "The game places great emphasis on role-playing. If your group is hack and slash then they had better change their approach before they play Star Trek. After all, if you are Captain Kirk then you should act like him. The referee should also play the game in the spirit of Star Trek, with scenarios as wacky as you like. If the role-playing game is played like the film, then it is first class; if not, it could get rather bloodthirsty. It has to be pitched right."

In his 1990 book *The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games*, game critic Rick Swan noted "With its simple mechanics and clear presentation ... *Star Trek* is a fan's dream come true." Swan did point out some ambiguities around the use of skills such as Administration, and thought that other skills such as Negotiation "would be better handled by role-playing instead of a die-roll." With regards to combat, Swan thought it wasn't particularly realistic, but "combat is quick and exciting." Swan felt that the game was similar to the television series in scope, writing that it "lends itself better to single adventures than extended campaigns." Swan concluded by giving the game an excellent rating of 3.5 out of 4, saying, "role-players comfortable with the simplicity of the series need look no further — the game is a flawless reproduction."

## Other reviews and commentary

* Trek-RPG.net  This forum discusses the FASA *Star Trek* game system.

## InfoBox

Star Trek
| The Role Playing Game | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover | |
| Designers | Guy McLimore, Greg Poehlein, David Tepool |
| Publishers | FASA Corporation |
| Publication | 1982 *(1st edition)*<br>1983 *(2nd edition)* |
| Genres | Science fiction (*Star Trek*) |
| Systems | Custom |


title: 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball team

abstract: The 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball team represented Colorado State College of Education in the 1953 NCAA baseball season. The Bears played their home games at Jackson Field. The team was coached by Pete Butler in his 11th year at Colorado State. The Bears won the District VII playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Duke Blue Devils.

text:
# 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball team

1953 Rocky Mountain Conference baseball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Colorado State  y | 8 |  | 1 |  | .889 |  |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | .667 |
| Colorado College | 4 |  | 3 |  | .571 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Western State | 2 |  | 2 |  | .500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Colorado Mines | 0 |  | 8 |  | .000 |  |  | 0 |  | 8 |  | .000 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Conference champion
y  Invited to the College World Series
As of June 30, 1953
Rankings from Collegiate Baseball | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1953 Colorado State Bears baseball team** represented Colorado State College of Education in the 1953 NCAA baseball season. The Bears played their home games at Jackson Field. The team was coached by Pete Butler in his 11th year at Colorado State.

The Bears won the District VII playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Duke Blue Devils.

## Roster

| 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| # Pos. Name B/T Height Weight Year Home town  Ronnie Capra /R   Jr   INF Jim Ditolla /R      RHP Bob Gill /R      D Figliolino /R      RHP Gene Haggerty /R      Kent Hill /R      Richard Howerton /      B Kardula /R      Bob Lanari /      Bob Mantooth /R      Bob McAfee L/   Sr   Jerry McMillen /R      Al Minaya /   Jr   Dick Porter /R      George Sage /L   Jr   RHP Bob Stewart /R   Sr   Lou Tanka /R      Jerry Tancredo /R      Art Wallenweber /      Dick Weed /R | Head coach Pete Butler
Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Current redshirt |

## Schedule

| 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball game log |
| --- |
| Regular season |
|
| April (5–2)    # Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record RMC record  1 April 3  at Colorado Mines Unknown • Golden, Colorado 10–4 1–0 1–0  2 April 4  at Colorado Mines Unknown • Golden, Colorado 12–0 2–0 2–0  3 April 10  Lowry Air Force Base Jackson FieldGreeley, Colorado 3–14 2–1 2–0  4 April 21  at Warren Air Force Base Unknown • Cheyenne, Wyoming 0–6 2–2 2–0  5 April 24  Colorado College Jackson Field • Greeley, Colorado 7–4 3–2 3–0  6 April 25  Colorado College Jackson Field • Greeley, Colorado 15–9 4–2 4–0  7 April 28  at Denver Unknown • Denver, Colorado 8–5 5–2 4–0 |
| May (7–2)    # Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record RMC record  8 May 1  Colorado Mines Jackson Field • Greeley, Colorado 9–1 6–2 5–0  9 May 2  at Colorado Mines Unknown • Golden, Colorado 8–1 7–2 6–0  10 May 5  at Warren Air Force Base Unknown • Cheyenne, Wyoming 13–11 8–2 6–0  11 May 8  at Western State Unknown • Gunnison, Colorado 15–1 9–2 7–0  12 May 9  at Western State Unknown • Gunnison, Colorado 7–10 9–3 7–1  13 May 15  at Colorado College Stewart Field • Colorado Springs, Colorado 6–5 10–3 8–1  14 May 19  at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center Unknown • Aurora, Colorado 19–3 11–3 8–1  15 May 22  Fitzsimons Army Medical Center Jackson Field • Greeley, Colorado 6–2 12–3 8–1  16 May  Warren Air Force Base Jackson Field • Greeley, Colorado 2–9 12–4 8–1 |
| Postseason |
|
| District VII Playoff (2–1)    # Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record RMC record  17 May  at Utah Derks FieldSalt Lake City, Utah 3–6 12–5 8–1  18 May  at Utah Derks Field • Salt Lake City, Utah 8–5 13–5 8–1  19 May  at Utah Derks Field • Salt Lake City, Utah 4–0 14–5 8–1 |
| College World Series (0–2)    # Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record RMC record  20 June 11 vs Lafayette Omaha Municipal StadiumOmaha, Nebraska 2–6 14–6 8–1  21 June 12 vs Duke Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska 2–3 14–7 8–1 |

## InfoBox

| 1953 Colorado State Bears baseball | |
| --- | --- |
| Rocky Mountain Conference champions
District VII playoff champions | |
| College World Series, T-7th | |
| Conference | Rocky Mountain Conference |
| Record | 14–7 (8–1 RMC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Jackson Field |
|


title: Uganda Episcopal Conference

abstract: The Uganda Episcopal Conference (UEC) or Episcopal Conference of Uganda is the local conference of Roman Catholic bishops in Uganda, established in 1960. The UEC acts primarily through the Uganda Catholic Secretariat in an effort to promote and coordinate social and pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church of Uganda. This task is performed through twelve committees including the liturgical-pastoral, dedicated to the apostolate of the laity, the Board of justice and peace, as education and training of priests, and those on ecumenism and interreligious dialogue. The statutes of the Conference were approved by the Holy See on September 8, 1974. The UEC is a member of the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) and Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM).

text:
# Uganda Episcopal Conference

The **Uganda Episcopal Conference** (**UEC**) or **Episcopal Conference of Uganda** is the local conference of Roman Catholic bishops in Uganda, established in 1960.

The UEC acts primarily through the Uganda Catholic Secretariat in an effort to promote and coordinate social and pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church of Uganda. This task is performed through twelve committees including the liturgical-pastoral, dedicated to the apostolate of the laity, the Board of justice and peace, as education and training of priests, and those on ecumenism and interreligious dialogue. The statutes of the Conference were approved by the Holy See on September 8, 1974.

The UEC is a member of the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) and Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM).

## Presidents of the Bishops' Conference

1969–1975: Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, archbishop of Kampala

1975–1977: John Baptist Kakubi, Archbishop of Mbarara

1977–1982: Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishop of Masaka

1982–1986: Barnabas R. Halem 'Imana, Bishop of Kabale

1986–1994: Emmanuel Wamala, Bishop of Mityana \- Kiyinda and Archbishop of Kampala

1994–2002: Paul Lokiru Kalanda, Bishop of Fort Portal

2002–2006: Paul K. Bakyenga, Archbishop of Mbarara

2006–2010: Matthias Ssekamaanya, bishop of Lugazi

2010–2018: John Baptist Odama, Archbishop of Gulu

2018 to date: Rt. Rev. Joseph Anthony Zziwa, Bishop of Kiyinda-Mityana


title: Weigela

abstract: Weigela is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3–15′) tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel.

text:
# Weigela

***Weigela*** /wˈlə/ is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3–15′) tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel.

## Description

The leaves are 5–15 cm long, ovate-oblong with an acuminate tip, and with a serrated margin.

The flowers are 2–4 cm long, with a five-lobed white, pink, or red (rarely yellow) corolla, produced in small corymbs of several together in early summer.

The fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous small winged seeds.

## Fossil record

Several fossil seeds and fruit fragments of †*Weigela srodoniowae* have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.

## Garden history

The first species to be collected for Western gardens, *Weigela florida*, distributed in North China, Korea and Manchuria, was found by Robert Fortune and imported to England in 1845. Following the opening of Japan to Westerners, several *Weigela* species and garden versions were discovered by European plant-hunters in the 1850s and 1860s, though they were already well known in Japan.

The British *Weigela* national collection is held at Sheffield Botanical Gardens; along with the national collection of the closely related genus *Diervilla*. The German *Weigela* national collection, Sichtungsgarten Weigela, is in Buckow, Märkische Schweiz.

## Ecology

*Weigela* species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail.

## Accepted species

1. *Weigela coraeensis* Thunb.
2. *Weigela decora* (Nakai) Nakai
3. *Weigela floribunda* (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch
4. *Weigela florida* (Bunge) A.DC.
5. *Weigela × fujisanensis* (Makino) Nakai
6. *Weigela hortensis* (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch
7. *Weigela japonica* Thunb.
8. *Weigela maximowiczii* (S.Moore) Rehder
9. *Weigela middendorfiana* (Carrière) K.Koch
10. *Weigela sanguinea* (Nakai) Nakai
11. *Weigela suavis* (Kom.) L.H.Bailey
12. *Weigela subsessilis* (Nakai) L.H.Bailey

## Cultivation

Several of the species are very popular ornamental shrubs in gardens, although species have been mostly superseded by hybrids (crosses between *W. florida* and other Asiatic species). The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

* *Weigela* 'Red Prince'
* *Weigela florida* 'Alexandra'
* *Weigela* 'Florida Variegata'
* *Weigela* 'Praecox Variegata'

'Pink Princess' is a popular cultivar of *Weigela*, a shrub native to northern China, Korea, and Japan, that flowers profusely. It is a hardy plant, easy to grow and maintain. It grows to a height and width of up to 1.5–1.8 m (5–6 ft) in appropriate conditions, and is thus more compact than the normal *Weigela florida*, which makes it a more versatile shrub. It is attractive to hummingbirds and bees.

## InfoBox

| *Weigela* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Weigela coraeensis* flowers and leaves | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Diervilloideae |
| Genus: | *Weigela*<br>Thunb. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: The Theatre Chipping Norton

abstract: The Theatre Chipping Norton, sometimes The Theatre, Chipping Norton, is a multi-arts theatre, cinema, gallery and music venue in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England. The proscenium arch theatre has 217 seats including stalls and a balcony. Over 55,000 patrons attend annually. It is one of the UK's smallest producing theatres.

text:
# The Theatre Chipping Norton

**The Theatre Chipping Norton**, sometimes **The Theatre, Chipping Norton**, is a multi-arts theatre, cinema, gallery and music venue in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England.

The proscenium arch theatre has 217 seats including stalls and a balcony. Over 55,000 patrons attend annually. It is one of the UK's smallest producing theatres.

## History

The main auditorium was originally a Salvation Army citadel, built in 1888. After some years as a furniture warehouse it was bought by two RSC actors in 1968 and fundraising began in 1973, the theatre was registered as a charity in 1974, and it opened as a theatre in 1975. It acquired adjoining properties to provide space for bar, gallery, green rooms, offices and rehearsal space, and underwent a major refurbishment in 1996 with Arts Council England assistance.

## Productions

The theatre produces original shows and hosts touring companies; in 2016 it co-produced with The Dukes a 20th-anniversary touring production of *Stones in His Pockets*.

It prides itself on its annual, original "world-renowned traditional family pantomime". There are usually up of one hundred performances a year. The former Goody and I’m Sorry I Haven’t A Clue panellist Graeme Garden wrote several pantomimes for The Theatre during the 1980s.

51°56′35″N 1°32′42″W / 51.94317°N 1.54498°W / 51.94317; -1.54498


title: Ondřej Zdráhala

abstract: Ondřej Zdráhala is a Czech handball player for Wisła Płock and the Czech national team. He participated at the 2015 World Men's Handball Championship in Qatar. He was the top goalscorer at the 2018 European Men's Handball Championship.

text:
# Ondřej Zdráhala

**Ondřej Zdráhala** (born 10 July 1983) is a Czech handball player for Wisła Płock and the Czech national team.

He participated at the 2015 World Men's Handball Championship in Qatar. He was the top goalscorer at the 2018 European Men's Handball Championship.

## InfoBox

| Ondřej Zdráhala | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1983-07-10) 10 July 1983<br>Ostrava, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Nationality | Czech | | |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Playing position | Centre back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Wisła Płock | | |
| Number | 9 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 0000–2002 | SKP Frýdek-Místek | | |
| 2002–2007 | HC Baník Karviná | | |
| 2007–2009 | TV Großwallstadt | | |
| 2009–2010 | Bodø HK | | |
| 2010–2011 | TM Tønder | | |
| 2011–2012 | DHC Rheinland | | |
| 2012–2013 | MŠK Považská Bystrica | | |
| 2013–2016 | ASV Hamm-Westfalen | | |
| 2016–2018 | TSV St. Otmar St. Gallen | | |
| 2018–2020 | Wisła Płock | | |
| 2020–2021 | Al-Wakrah SC | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2021 | Czech Republic | 124 | (432) |


title: Neuroanomala

abstract: Neuroanomala is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Neuroanomala

***Neuroanomala*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Neuroanomala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Oenochrominae |
| Genus: | ***Neuroanomala*** |
|


# List of Canadian Coast Guard bases and stations

The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) maintains a number of major bases and operating stations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as in the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes and major navigable inland waterways such as Lake of the Woods, Lake Winnipeg, and Great Slave Lake/Mackenzie River.

Currently, there are no vessels permanently based in the eastern Arctic, although CCG vessels and aircraft frequently operate there, staging out of bases on the Atlantic coast and supported by a base in Iqaluit, Nunavut.

## Organization

In October 2018, it was announced that the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard would be reorganized into four operational regions with the creation of a new Arctic Region; this transition to four regions was completed in April 2021.

Canadian Coast Guard regions are defined as:

* The Arctic Region consists of the Yukon North slope, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, and Hudson and James Bay. This boundary is inclusive of Inuit Nunangat.
* The Western Region consists of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Yukon, minus the Yukon slope.
* The Central Region consists of Ontario and Quebec, minus the Nunavik region in northern Quebec.
* The Atlantic Region consists of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador, minus the Nunatsiavut region in Labrador.

## Bases and stations


title: Odozana incarnata

abstract: Odozana incarnata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Peter Jörgensen in 1935 and it is found in Paraguay.

text:
# Odozana incarnata

***Odozana incarnata*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Peter Jörgensen in 1935 and it is found in Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Odozana incarnata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Odozana* |
| Species: | ***O. incarnata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Odozana incarnata***<br>Jörgensen, 1935 | |
|


abstract: The 1952–53 National Football League was the 22nd staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. Dublin defeated Cavan in the final, wearing St Vincents' white and blue shirts — not just to prevent a colour clash, but because fourteen of their team were Vincents' men.

text:
# 1952–53 National Football League (Ireland)

The **1952–53 National Football League** was the 22nd staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland.

Dublin defeated Cavan in the final, wearing St Vincents' white and blue shirts — not just to prevent a colour clash, but because fourteen of their team were Vincents' men (the exception being goalkeeper Tony O'Grady of the Air Corps club).

## Format

Teams are placed into Divisions I, II, III and IV. The top team in each division reach the semi-final.

## Results

### Division I

### Division II

### Division III

Mayo, Kerry and Galway were tied at the top, so had a playoff round which Kerry won. Clare and Cork were at the bottom.

### Division IV

### Finals

| Cavan | 3-6  2-5 | Kerry |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Croke Park, Dublin

---

| Dublin | 4-6  0-9 | Cavan |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Croke Park, DublinAttendance: 37,605Referee: Séamus Hayes (Tipperary)

## InfoBox

1952–53 National Football League
| League details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 19 October 1952 – 9 May 1953 |
| League champions | |
| Winners | Dublin (1st win) |
| Captain | Mossy Whelan |
| League runners-up | |
| Runners-up | Cavan |
| Captain | Mick Higgins |
| 1951–52  1953–54 | |


title: Standing on the Sun

abstract: "Standing on the Sun" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé, and was chosen as the promotional single for a Beyoncé x H&M curated swimwear collection in 2013. The released recording featuring Jamaican dancehall artist Mr. Vegas is a remix of the song originally written and recorded for potential inclusion on her 2013 surprise eponymous album, and instead appears on the 2014 Beyonce: Platinum Edition re-package. It was described by music publication Stereogum as a "sweeping, satisfying pop song with a slight dancehall undercurrent." Upon release, the remix debuted and peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart.

text:
# Standing on the Sun

"**Standing on the Sun**" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé, and was chosen as the promotional single for a Beyoncé x H&M curated swimwear collection in 2013. The released recording featuring Jamaican dancehall artist Mr. Vegas is a remix of the song originally written and recorded for potential inclusion on her 2013 surprise eponymous album, and instead appears on the 2014 *Beyonce: Platinum Edition* re-package. It was described by music publication *Stereogum* as a "sweeping, satisfying pop song with a slight dancehall undercurrent." Upon release, the remix debuted and peaked at number 45 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart.

## Background and composition

“Standing on the Sun” was written by Knowles, Sia Furler, and Greg Kurstin for reported inclusion onto what became her 2013 eponymous fifth album. The “sun” of the track's title is alluded to be the heat between two people. When Knowles was announced as the spokeswoman of the new 2013 H&M summer swimwear campaign, the song was teased as a new promotional single in a similar manner to "Grown Woman", a single connected to her earlier 2013 Pepsi campaign. Upon release of the campaign, the original version of the single was lauded as having "number one hit single written all over it" by British radio station *Capital Xtra* and "an empowering anthem... celebrat\[ing\] female strength and beauty."

Several unofficial versions appeared on various music streaming services at the conclusion of the campaign, before a full leak of the original version was reported by *Rolling Stone* and several other music publications in June 2013.

On November 4, 2014, a special box-set repackaged edition of Knowles' fifth album was announced, including a remix of "Standing on the Sun" featuring Jamaican dancehall artist Mr. Vegas. The remixed version is credited to original collaborators Knowles, Furler, and Kurstin alongside "Drunk in Love" co-writers Noel Fisher, Andre Eric Proctor, Rasool Diaz, and Brian Soko, Mr. Vegas, "Blow" producer Pharrell Williams, and 80s Jamaican reggae producers Cleveland Browne & Danny Browne.

## Reception

The remix was met with mixed reception, receiving praise for its "summery" sound, acknowledgement that it would not properly fit on the 2013 original track-listing of the album, and slight disappointment for the release of what many publications considered a "diluted" version of the original. Laurie Tuffrey of *The Quietus* highlighted the song's "808 trills over tropicalia pop" in comparison to the full-Trap record "Bow Down" released several weeks earlier. Alex Kritselis of *Bustle* called the remix a "triumph", but also opined that the "remix isn't quite as good as the original version." Moises Mendez II of *Rolling Stone* gave a more nuanced review based on the "darkness" of the original project: He considered the song "breezy... \[with a\] fun, tropical element", but understood that the "inclu\[sion of\] something so light on the original version of such a groundbreaking album... might have felt a little out of place", ranking the remix number 70 on the publication's "Beyonce's 70 Best Songs of All-Time" List.

## Visual

90 seconds of the original version were utilized for the H&M campaign commercial in April 2013, directed by noted Swedish music video director Jonas Akurlund, whom Knowles had previously worked with on Lady Gaga collaboration "Telephone", and would direct subsequent visuals for "Haunted" and "Superpower" later in 2013. Reportedly an homage to the fusion of the four elements (fire, water, wind and earth), the video was shot "on a glistening beach" in Nassau, Bahamas. *Vanity Fair* described the visual as an "affordably outfitted, tribal tiki dance party."

## Live performances

Knowles performed the song for the first time on May 31, 2013, at her *Mrs. Carter Show World Tour* concert in Antwerp, Belgium. The song was debuted as a "special" surprise for the fans, as the show was rescheduled from the originally-planned May 14 date due to dehydration and exhaustion.

## Personnel

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Standing on the Sun (Remix)"
| Chart (2014) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | 150 |
| UK Singles Chart (OCC) | 170 |
| UK Hip-Hop and R&B (OCC) | 23 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 45 |

## Release history

"Standing on the Sun" release history
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Version | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | July 29, 2013 |  | Tiësto remix | Self-released |  |
| | | November 24, 2014 | Remix version |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Standing on the Sun" (remix) | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Beyoncé featuring Mr. Vegas | |
| from the album  *Beyonce: Platinum Edition* | |
| Released | November 24, 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Studio | Kings Landing (Bridgehampton, New York) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:33 (remix version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |


title: Man-at-arms

abstract: A man-at-arms was a soldier of the High Medieval to Renaissance periods who was typically well-versed in the use of arms and served as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman. A man-at-arms could be a knight, or other nobleman, a member of a knight's or nobleman's retinue, or a mercenary in a company serving under a captain. Such men could serve for pay or through a feudal obligation. The terms knight and man-at-arms are often used interchangeably, but while all knights equipped for war were men-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

text:
# Man-at-arms

A **man-at-arms** was a soldier of the High Medieval to Renaissance periods who was typically well-versed in the use of arms and served as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman. A man-at-arms could be a knight, or other nobleman, a member of a knight's or nobleman's retinue, or a mercenary in a company serving under a captain. Such men could serve for pay or through a feudal obligation. The terms *knight* and *man-at-arms* are often used interchangeably, but while all knights equipped for war were men-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

## Terminology

Though in English the term man-at-arms is a fairly straightforward rendering of the French *homme d'armes*, in the Middle Ages, there were numerous terms for this type of soldier, referring to the type of arms he would be expected to provide: In France, he might be known as a *lance* or *glaive*, while in Germany, *Spieß*, *Helm* or *Gleve*, and in various places, a *bascinet*. In Italy, the term *barbuta* was used, and in England from the late 14th century, men-at-arms were known as *lances* or *spears*.

In the Early Medieval period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a "knight", or in Latin, *miles*. In the course of the 12th century knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between *milites gregarii* (non-noble cavalrymen) and *milites nobiles* (true knights). As a fully armoured cavalryman could be of a lesser social status than a knight, an alternative term describing this type of soldier came into use which was, in French, *homme d'armes* or *gent d'armes*, and in English man-at-arms. This evolution differed in detail and timeline across Europe but by 1300, there was a clear distinction between the military function of the man-at-arms and the social rank of knighthood. The term man-at-arms thus primarily denoted a military function, rather than a social rank.

## Military function

The military function that a man-at-arms performed was serving as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman; though he could, and in the 14th and 15th centuries often did, also fight on foot. In the course of the 16th century, the man-at-arms was gradually replaced by other cavalry types, the demi-lancer and the cuirassier, characterised by less-extensive armour coverage and the use of weapons other than the heavy lance.

### Arms and armour

Throughout the Medieval period and into the Renaissance the armour of the man-at-arms became progressively more effective and expensive. Throughout the 14th century, the armour worn by a man-at-arms was a composite of materials. Over a quilted gambeson, mail armour covered the body, limbs and head. Increasingly during the century, the mail was supplemented by plate armour on the body and limbs. In the 15th century, full plate armour was developed, which reduced the mail component to a few points of flexible reinforcement.

From the 14th to 16th century, the primary weapon of the man at arms on horseback was the lance. The lance of the 14th century was essentially a simple spear, 12 ft (3.7 m) in length, usually of ash. In response to the development of improved armour, however, heavier lances weighing up to 18 kg (40 lb) were developed, combined with a new method of using them in conjunction with a lance rest (*arrêt*) fixed to the breastplate. This combination of heavy lance and *arrêt* enabled the mounted man-at-arms to enjoy a new effectiveness on the battlefields of the later 15th and 16th centuries. Not all men-at-arms in the 15th century carried the heavy lance. A lighter weapon called a demi-lance evolved and this gave its name to a new class of a lighter-equipped man-at-arms, the demi-lancer, towards the end of the 15th century.

When fighting on foot, men-at-arms initially modified their ordinary cavalry weapons. English men-at-arms in Italy in the 1360s are recorded as advancing in close order with two men holding a cavalry lance. On other occasions, such as at the Battle of Agincourt, men-at-arms cut down their lances to a more manageable size of 5 ft (1.5 m). In the 15th century, the increased protection of plate armour led to the development of a specialist foot combat weapon, the two-handed poleaxe.

### Horses

The horse was an essential part of a man-at-arm's equipment. The type of horse, however, varied according to wealth and status. Andrew Ayton in an in-depth study of English warhorses of the 13th and 14th centuries has shown that three types predominate: the destrier, the courser and an animal simply known as a "horse" (*L:equus Med Fr : chival*). Destriers were both rare and expensive, making up 5% of men-at-arms horses. Ayton also calculated the value of the average man-at-arm's horse in thirteen campaigns between 1282 and 1364, showing it varied between £7.6 and £16.4. In only two campaigns in the mid-14th century did the majority of horses cost more than £10. The horse was, therefore, a major item of expenditure in the equipment of a man-at-arms. It has been calculated that a French gendarme's horse in the mid-15th century cost the equivalent of six months' wages. The cost of horses meant that the professional soldier might not wish to risk his expensive asset in combat. A system evolved in the 13th century for employers to compensate for horses lost in action. In England this was called by the Latin name *restauro equorum* and similar systems were in use in France and Italy. In order to secure this insurance scheme, the man-at-arms had the value of his horse assessed and details of its appearance recorded. The assessment system also allowed employers to insist on a minimum value (and hence quality) of horse be presented at muster. In 14th-century England, the minimum value appears in most cases to be 100 shillings (£5).

#### Horse armour

As early as the late 13th century, Edward I decreed that all his men-at-arms should be mounted on *equus coopertus*, that is armoured, or barded, horses. Horse armour was not at that time always made of metal, with leather and quilted fabric armour also in use. Metal horse armours were made from mail or brigandine, with plate reserved for the head in the form of a *chamfron*. In the 15th century, plate armour for horses was introduced and was a common feature of the equipment of the gendarme into the 16th century.

## In England

### Social status

The social structure of the Anglo-Norman society of England was relatively rigid. One of the easiest ways for a man to improve his social rank was through military service; another method was through the church. In the Norman states, unlike in many other contemporary societies, the knighting of men of common birth who had demonstrated ability and courage on the field of battle was possible. Although rare, some non-knightly men-at-arms did advance socially to the status of knights. The knighting of squires and men-at-arms was sometimes done in an ignoble manner, simply to increase the number of knights within an army (such practice was common during the Hundred Years' War). In chivalric theory, any knight could bestow knighthood on another, however, in practice this was usually done by sovereigns and the higher nobility. It is recorded that the great mercenary captain Sir John Hawkwood knighted a number of his followers, as many as twenty on one occasion, though he could reasonably be expected to provide the income his created knights required to maintain their new status. Attempts to restrict the power of commanders to make knights would increase during the 16th century and by the end of Elizabeth I's reign, the practice had all but ceased.

Although a knight bachelor, a knight banneret and all grades of nobility usually served as men-at-arms when called to war, the bulk of men-at-arms from the later 13th century came from an evolving social group which became known as the gentry. The man-at-arms could be a wealthy mercenary of any social origin, but more often he had some level of social rank based on income, usually from land. Some came from the class known as serjeants but increasingly during the 14th century they were drawn from an evolving class of esquire. Esquires were frequently of families of knightly rank, wealthy enough to afford the arms of a knight but who had thus far not been advanced to knightly status or perhaps had avoided it because they did not want the costs and responsibilities of that rank. Also found serving as men-at-arms were the lowest social group of the gentry, known by the 15th century simply as gentlemen.

The proportion of knights among the men-at-arms varied through time. Between the 1280s and 1360s, figures between 20 and 30% were commonplace. Thereafter, there was a rapid decline, with the figure dropping to 6.5% in 1380. A slight rise is recorded to 8% at Agincourt, perhaps because this was a royal army, but thereafter the figure continued to decline and by 1443, the Duke of Somerset mustered only 1.3% knights among his men-at-arms.

### Conditions of service

Social status affected the types of military service performed by men-at-arms. Garrison duty was considered unattractive and was often carried out by soldiers of lesser status. For example, the English garrison in the Scottish town of Roxburgh in 1301 consisted of just three knights compared to twenty seven men-at-arms of lesser status.

The social stratification of men who served as men-at-arms is illustrated by their rates of pay on campaign. In the mid 1340s a knight was paid two shillings a day, an ordinary man-at-arms was paid half this amount; for comparison a foot archer received two or three pence (12 pennies to the shilling). A man-at-arms was also recompensed differentially according to the quality of his principal war-horse, if the horse was to die or was killed in battle. An ordinary esquire might own a war-horse worth only five pounds whilst a great nobleman might own a horse worth up to 100 pounds.

### Military role

English men-at-arms before the second quarter of the 14th century were indistinguishable from their continental counterparts, serving as heavy cavalry on the field of battle. The Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332, against the Scots, signalled a major change in the battlefield role of the English man-at-arms. This battle was the first major encounter where the tactical combination of dismounted men-at-arms with longbow-armed archers was deployed; the men-at-arms functioning as heavy close-combat infantry. This combination was later employed very effectively against the French in the Hundred Years' War. The English man-at-arms remained highly trained in mounted combat, though his use of the warhorse became largely confined to the pursuit of a broken enemy, skirmishing and in the *chevauchée*. In the late 15th century a resurgence in the effectiveness of the heavy lancer in combat took place in Europe. This was reflected to some extent in England, exemplified by Richard III's mounted charge at the Battle of Bosworth (1485) and the English cavalry charge at the Battle of the Spurs (1513).

The last major battle in which English men-at-arms were prominent was fought against a Scottish army in 1547 at Pinkie Cleugh. The outnumbered Scots cavalry were easily driven off by the English horse (the Scots cavalry having lost heavily in an engagement the day before), the Scots then made a sudden advance with their massed pikemen. To slow their onset and give time for the English infantry to receive them the English heavy horse (men-at-arms and demi-lancers) were thrown against the pikes. The English cavalry crashed into the pikemen with great elan but sustained considerable losses. However, they halted the Scots attack, buying time for the English infantry and artillery to deploy effectively; the battle resulted in a heavy defeat for the Scots.

## In France

French men-at-arms were, as elsewhere, drawn from the broad class of *gentil hommes*. Up to the middle of the 14th century, they attended the royal army either in company of their feudal lords or as individuals. In 1351, the first in a series of *ordonnances* was proclaimed, attempting to regularise the organisation of men-at-arms into units of 25 to 80 combatants. New *ordonnances* were issued occasionally to either reinforce or reform previous ones. The *ordonnance* of 1363 attempted to create a standing army of 6,000 men-at-arms, although it might not have achieved more than 3,000 in reality. In 1445, a more radical overhaul was attempted. 15 companies of the ordonnance were created, each of 100 lances. Each lance contained a man-at-arms, a coustillier, three mounted archers and a page. In 1446, the scheme was extended to add another five companies, giving a total of 2,000 men-at-arms. Eventually, the number of these *gens d'ordonnance du roi* raised by Louis XI would reach 15,816 men, including 2,636 men-at-arms.

### The 16th century

The number of men-at-arms would continue to fluctuate, dependent on military circumstances, into the 16th century. In the first quarter of the century, they varied between a peacetime minimum of 1500 lances in 1505 and a wartime maximum of 3847 in 1523. The changes were made both by raising and disbanding whole companies and by varying the number of men in *ordonnance* companies. In 1559, for example, Francis II reduced the number of lances in each company by 20.

By the 1580s the traditional French gendarme, as a lance-armed heavily armoured cavalryman, was in sharp decline. The Battle of Coutras (October 20, 1587), between Henry of Navarre, and the Duc de Joyeuse, during the French Wars of Religion, illustrates the demise of the heavy lancer. Navarre's cavalry were 1,300 armoured pistoleers whilst the Royalists under Joyeuse were 2,000 heavy lancers (gendarmes). Within a few minutes of combat the lancers had been routed, many being captured and held for ransom. All later French cavalry named 'gendarmes' were more lightly armoured, eventually becoming unarmoured, and employed firearms and a sword, rather than the heavy lance.

### Later history

Louis XIV on his accession to the throne found only eight companies of gendarmes surviving out of an original total of more than one hundred, but after the victory of Fleurus (1690), which had been decided by their courage, he increased their number to sixteen. The four first companies were designated by the names of *Gendarmes ecossais*, *Gendarmes anglais*, *Gendarmes bourguignons* and *Gendarmes flamands*, from the nationality of the soldiers who had originally composed them, but at that time they consisted entirely of French soldiers and officers. These four companies had a captain-general, who was the king. The fifth company was that of the queen and the others bore the name of the princes who respectively commanded them. This organisation was dissolved in 1788.

### Evolution into a paramilitary police force

A military corps having such duties was first created in 1337 and was placed under the orders of the Constable of France (*connétable*), and therefore named *connétablie*. In 1626 after the abolition of the title of connétable, it was put under the command of the *Maréchal of France*, and renamed *Maréchaussée*. Its main mission was protecting the roads from highwaymen. In 1720 the *maréchaussée* was subordinated to the gendarmerie; after the French Revolution the *maréchaussée* was abolished and the gendarmerie took over its duties in 1791.

## In Spain

Spain had multiple factors contributing to the strong chivalric ethos exemplified by Spanish knights and men-at-arms. One factor leading to the prominence of chivalric orders in Spain, is the Reconquista in which Christian kingdoms attempted to regain land from, and eventually expel from the peninsula, the Muslim states. The greatest foes of the Spanish Christian knight were, above all, Muslims; who were a local and deeply entrenched enemy, not as distant as the 'infidel' was for the knights of other European regions. However, warfare between the Christian states of the Iberian Peninsula was also not uncommon. It can be argued that in Spain the existence of a common enemy had some role in uniting Christian kingdoms in the cause of the Crusades and Reconquista.

In the 12th–13th century most of the prominent Spanish Knightly orders were formed. The early history of chivalric orders in the peninsula was unstable. In Calatrava, during the middle of the 12th century Castilian Knights established a fortress, which would later be abandoned due to the threat of Muslim attack, then again within fifty years the castle of the Order of Calatrava was then rebuilt and became a fortified monastic community.

In the Italian Wars the Spanish man-at-arms was prominent in the campaigns. One example is at the Battle of Cerignola, which began with two charges by the French heavy cavalry against the center of the Spanish army, but these were scattered by Spanish heavy artillery and arquebus fire. The next assault tried to force the right flank, but many of the French cavalrymen fell into the Spanish trench and the attack was then broken by a storm of fire from the Spanish arquebusiers.

The Spanish leader Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba then called for a counterattack against the now disorganized enemy by both the Spanish infantry and the heavy Spanish cavalry waiting in reserve. Mounted arquebusiers surrounded and routed the remaining French gendarmes, but the Swiss pikeman managed to retreat in a relatively organized fashion.

## In Italy

Men-at-arms formed the core troops of the Italian *condottiere* companies from the 14th to the 16th century. Although the man-at-arms always remained essentially a mounted soldier, in the 14th century, they often fought on foot, following the example of English mercenaries who, from the second half of the century, commonly fought there. The system of *condotte* or contracts which gave the condottieri their name led to the construction of armies from a number of contract holders, usually grouped under a main contractor. Perhaps the best known of these is the White Company led by Sir John Hawkwood in the 14th century. Organisation of these companies was in *lanze* of three men, initially two fighting men and a page but later a man-at-arms, an armed servant (*piatto*) and a page (*ragazzo*). 5 *lanze* were grouped to form a *posta* and five of these made a *bandiera*.

In the 15th century, the structure of the companies changed. A company would be organised into a number of squadrons. One of these would be the household squadron of the captain, known as the *casa*, which contained both fighting troops and headquarters staff, such as a marshal, chaplain, chancellors, cooks and servants. The size of squadrons varied but would contain about 25 *lanze*.

In the second half of the century, these structures began to be supplemented by the practice of states hiring alongside companies individual men-at-arms, who were then grouped under a commander appointed by the state. These were originally recruited from men-at-arms whose company commander had died or retired and so were known as *lanze spezzate* or broken lances. At the same time, changes were seen in the components of the *lanze*, with the introduction of the *corazzo*, a larger unit but still containing just one man-at-arms, and the recognition of two types of men-at-arms in *condotte*; true men-at-arms known as *armigeri veri* and lighter-equipped *elmetti*. Towards the end of the 15th century, squadrons of men-at-arms begin to be organised into larger formations known as columns led by a senior *condottiero* called a colonello. A column typically contained eight to ten squadrons.

### Citations

1. OED etymology of Man-of-arms.
2. Contamine (1984), p. 126.
3. Mallett (1974), pp. 31–32.
4. Bell et al. 2013, pp. 101–2.
5. Church and Harvey (1994), p. 51.
6. Church and Harvey (1994), pp. 48–49.
7. Nicholson (2004), p. 55.
8. Edge & Paddock (1988), pp. 68–83.
9. Edge & Paddock (1988), pp. 99–118.
10. Edge & Paddock (1988), p. 88.
11. Vale (1981), pp. 114–119.
12. Mallett (1974), p. 37.
13. Rogers (2008), pp. 90–91.
14. Ayton (1994), pp. 62–63.
15. Ayton (1994),\`p. 195, Table 6.1.
16. Ayton (1994), p. 196, Table 6.2.
17. Vale (1981), p. 126.
18. Ayton (1994), p. 85.
19. Contamine (1984), pp. 130–31.
20. Ayton (1994), pp. 197–198.
21. Church and Harvey (1994), p. 39.
22. Edge & Paddock (1988), pp. 61–62.
23. Martin (1968), pp. 140–41.
24. Cooper (2008), pp. 119–120.
25. Gravett (2006), p. 14.
26. Coss (1993), pp. 127–133.
27. Prestwich (1996), pp. 51–52.
28. Simpkin (2008), pp. 26–27.
29. Curry (1994), p. 24.
30. Fritze and Robison, p. 236
31. Gravett (1999), p. 69
32. Oman, pp. 293–295
33. Gravett (2006), pp. 46–47.
34. Fowler (1980), pp. 101–2, 134–7.
35. Potter (2008), pp. 80–3.
36. Oman (1998), p. 475.
37. Chisholm (1911), Gendarmerie.
38. Prestage, pp. 81, 109
39. Ludlow, James M. (1910), *Age of the Crusades*, Charles Scribner’s Sons Ltd., p. 74, ISBN 9780524027035
40. Barber, p. 147
41. Tafiłowski, Piotr (2007). *Wojny włoskie 1494–1559*. Zabrze: Inforeditions. ISBN 978-83-89943-18-7.
42. Cooper (2008), pp. 76–81.
43. Cooper (2008), pp. 76–77.
44. Mallett (1974), pp. 107–108.
45. Mallet (1974), pp. 112–113.
46. Mallett (1974), pp. 148–149.
47. Mallett (1974), pp. 150–151.

### Bibliography

* Ayton, Andrew (1994). *Knights and Warhorses*. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 0851157394.
* Bell, Adrian; Curry, Anne; King, Andy; Simpkin, David (2013). *The Soldier in Later Medieval England*. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 9780199680825.
* Church, S.; Harvey, R., eds. (1994). *Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994*. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
* Contamine, Philippe (1984). *War in the Middle Ages*. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631131426.
* Cooper, S. (2008). *Sir John Hawkwood.* Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley.
* Coss, Peter (1993). *The Knight in Medieval England 1000–1400*. Stroud, Glos: Alan Sutton. ISBN 075090996X.
* Curry, A. (ed.) (1994) *Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War.* Boydell & Brewer, Woodbidge.
* Edge, David; Paddock, John Miles (1988). *Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight*. London: Defoe. ISBN 1870981006.
* Fowler, Kenneth (1980) \[1967\]. *The Age of Plantagenet and Valois*. London: Ferndale Editions. ISBN 0905746090.
* Fritze, Ronald H. and Robison, William B. (eds.) (2002) *Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485*, Greenwood Publishing, Westport CT ISBN 9780313291241
* Gravett, Christopher (1999). *Bosworth 1485: Last Charge of the Plantagenets*. Campaign. Vol. 66. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-863-1.
* Gravett, C. (2006). *Tudor Knight.* Osprey, Oxford.
* Mallett, Michael (1974). *Mercenaries and their Masters*, Bodley Head, London, ISBN 0370105028
* Martin, Paul (1968). *Armour and Weapons*. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). Medieval warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300–1500. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Oman, Sir Charles W. C. (1998). *History of the Art of War in the 16th Century*, reprinted (ed.), Greenhill Books. ISBN 0-947898-69-7
* Potter, David (2008). *Renaissance France at War*. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 9781843834052.
* Prestwich, Michael (1996) *Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience*, New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0300076630
* Rogers, Clifford J. (2008). "The Battle of Agincourt", in The Hundred Years' War (Part II): Different Vistas, ed. L. J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay, Leiden: Brill: 37–132.
* Simpkin, D, (2008) *The English aristocracy at war: from the Welsh wars of Edward I to the Battle of Bannockburn.* Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
* Vale, Malcolm (1981). *War and Chivalry*. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0715610422.

### Attribution


abstract: The women's +75 kilograms weightlifting event was the heaviest women's event at the weightlifting competition, allowing competitors with over 75 kilograms of body mass. The competition took place on August 16, starting at 19:00. Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted. The winner of the event, Jang Mi-ran, broke three world records: the snatch, the clean and jerk and the total. With the disqualification of Olha Korobka and Mariya Grabovetskaya, Jang won the competition by 57kg, an Olympic record margin.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's +75 kg

The **women's +75 kilograms** weightlifting event was the heaviest women's event at the weightlifting competition, allowing competitors with over 75 kilograms of body mass. The competition took place on August 16, starting at 19:00.

Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted.

The winner of the event, Jang Mi-ran, broke three world records: the snatch (140 kg, +1 kg), the clean and jerk (186 kg, +4 kg) and the total (326 kg, +7 kg). With the disqualification of Olha Korobka and Mariya Grabovetskaya, Jang won the competition by 57kg, an Olympic record margin.

## Schedule

All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 16 August 2008 | 19:00 | Group A |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

| **World Record** | Snatch | Mu Shuangshuang (CHN) | **139 kg** | Doha, Qatar | 6 December 2006 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Clean & Jerk | Tang Gonghong (CHN) | **182 kg** | Athens, Greece | 21 August 2004 |
| | Total | Mu Shuangshuang (CHN) | **319 kg** | Chiang Mai, Thailand | 26 September 2007 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Olympic Record** | Snatch | Ding Meiyuan (CHN) | **135 kg** | Sydney, Australia | 22 September 2000 |
| | Clean & Jerk | Tang Gonghong (CHN) | **182 kg** | Athens, Greece | 21 August 2004 |
| | Total | Tang Gonghong (CHN) | **305 kg** | Athens, Greece | 21 August 2004 |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Group | Body weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | |
|  | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | A | 116.75 | 130 | 136 | 140 | 140 | 175 | 183 | 186 | 186 | **326** |
|  | Ele Opeloge (SAM) | A | 123.89 | 113 | 116 | 119 | 119 | 145 | 150 | ~~152~~ | 150 | **269** |
|  | Mariam Usman (NGR) | A | 115.30 | ~~115~~ | 115 | ~~120~~ | 115 | 145 | 150 | ~~156~~ | 150 | **265** |
| 4 | Cheryl Haworth (USA) | A | 136.29 | 112 | 115 | ~~118~~ | 115 | 140 | 144 | ~~150~~ | 144 | **259** |
| 5 | Yuliya Dovhal (UKR) | A | 96.05 | ~~114~~ | 114 | 118 | 118 | ~~140~~ | 140 | ~~147~~ | 140 | **258** |
| 6 | Deborah Lovely (AUS) | A | 94.19 | 109 | 113 | ~~115~~ | 113 | ~~135~~ | 135 | ~~140~~ | 135 | **248** |
| 7 | Victoria Mavridou (GRE) | A | 102.15 | 100 | 105 | ~~110~~ | 105 | 121 | 126 | ~~128~~ | 126 | **231** |
| 8 | Cristina Cornejo (PER) | A | 117.50 | 93 | 97 | ~~99~~ | 97 | 123 | 128 | ~~130~~ | 128 | **225** |
|  | Eva Dimas (ESA) | A | 86.85 | 100 | ~~105~~ | 105 | 105 | ~~125~~ | ~~127~~ | ~~127~~ |  |  |
| DQ | Olha Korobka (UKR) | A | 166.97 | 120 | 124 | ~~127~~ | 124 | 150 | 153 |  | 153 | ~~**277**~~ |
| DQ | Mariya Grabovetskaya (KAZ) | A | 112.93 | ~~115~~ | 115 | 120 | 120 | 145 | ~~150~~ | 150 | 150 | ~~**270**~~ |

## New records

| Snatch | 136 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **OR** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 140 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **WR** |
| Clean & Jerk | 183 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **WR** |
| | 186 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **WR** |
| Total | 315 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **OR** |
| | 323 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **WR** |
| | 326 kg | Jang Mi-ran (KOR) | **WR** |

## InfoBox

| Women's +75 kg<br>at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Beihang University Gymnasium |
| Date | 16 August |
| Competitors | 11 from 10 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Jang Mi-ran  South Korea  Ele Opeloge  Samoa  Mariam Usman  Nigeria | |
|


title: The Wife of Bath (play)

abstract: The Wife of Bath is a 1713 comedy play by the British writer John Gay. It was inspired by The Wife of Bath's Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer. The play marked a conscious switch by Gay towards an apolitical and distant past, after his contemporary work The Mohocks had faced controversy and censorship the previous year. Robert Wilks, a celebrated actor and manager of the Drury Lane Theatre, appeared as Chaucer. The title role of the wife was played by Margaret Bicknell with Mary Porter as Myrtilla and the cast rounded out by William Bullock, Lacy Ryan, Christopher Bullock, William Pinkethman, Susanna Mountfort and Henry Norris. It had been expected to premiere in April 1713, but was delayed by the lengthy run of Joseph Addison's Cato which had been widely acclaimed. When it was finally able to be staged, it lasted for only two nights. However a publisher Bernard Lintot paid £25 for the copyright to the work, while Richard Steele had been enthusiastic after seeing it in rehearsals. The epilogue was likely to have been written by Gay's friend and fellow Tory Alexander Pope. On 19 January 1730 the play, substantially rewritten by Gay who was now celebrated for his The Beggar's Opera, opened at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre. The cast featured John Hippisley and Jane Egleton, who has both appeared in The Beggar's Opera. Other cast members included Thomas Chapman, Anthony Boheme, William Milward, Charles Hulett and Elizabeth Younger. It ran for three nights and this time Lintot paid £75 for the copyright to print it for sale. However, the play was never revived.

text:
# The Wife of Bath (play)

***The Wife of Bath*** is a 1713 comedy play by the British writer John Gay. It was inspired by *The Wife of Bath's Tale* by Geoffrey Chaucer. The play marked a conscious switch by Gay towards an apolitical and distant past, after his contemporary work *The Mohocks* had faced controversy and censorship the previous year. Robert Wilks, a celebrated actor and manager of the Drury Lane Theatre, appeared as Chaucer. The title role of the wife was played by Margaret Bicknell with Mary Porter as Myrtilla and the cast rounded out by William Bullock, Lacy Ryan, Christopher Bullock, William Pinkethman, Susanna Mountfort and Henry Norris.

It had been expected to premiere in April 1713, but was delayed by the lengthy run of Joseph Addison's *Cato* which had been widely acclaimed. When it was finally able to be staged, it lasted for only two nights. However a publisher Bernard Lintot paid £25 for the copyright to the work, while Richard Steele had been enthusiastic after seeing it in rehearsals. The epilogue was likely to have been written by Gay's friend and fellow Tory Alexander Pope.

On 19 January 1730 the play, substantially rewritten by Gay who was now celebrated for his *The Beggar's Opera*, opened at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre. The cast featured John Hippisley and Jane Egleton, who has both appeared in *The Beggar's Opera*. Other cast members included Thomas Chapman, Anthony Boheme, William Milward, Charles Hulett and Elizabeth Younger. It ran for three nights and this time Lintot paid £75 for the copyright to print it for sale. However, the play was never revived.

## Bibliography

* Burling, William J. *A Checklist of New Plays and Entertainments on the London Stage, 1700–1737*. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1992.
* Winton, Calhoun. *John Gay and the London Theatre*. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

## InfoBox

| The Wife of Bath | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | John Gay |
| Date premiered | 12 May 1713 |
| Place premiered | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Comedy |