abstract:
Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio and Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio are two books in Latin by John Napier expounding the method of logarithms. While others had approached the idea of logarithms, notably Jost Bürgi, it was Napier who first published the concept, along with easily used precomputed tables, in his Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio. Prior to the introduction of logarithms, high accuracy numerical calculations involving multiplication, division and root extraction were laborious and error prone. Logarithms greatly simplify such calculations. As Napier put it: “…nothing is more tedious, fellow mathematicians, in the practice of the
mathematical arts, than the great delays suffered in the tedium of lengthy multiplications and divisions, the finding of ratios, and in the extraction of square and cube roots… [with] the many slippery errors that can arise…I have found an amazing way of shortening the proceedings [in which]… all the numbers associated with the multiplications, and divisions of numbers, and with the long arduous tasks of extracting square and cube roots are themselves rejected from the work, and in their place other numbers are substituted, which perform the tasks of these rejected by means of addition, subtraction, and division by two or three only.” The book contains fifty-seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables of trigonometric functions and their Napierian logarithms. These tables greatly simplified calculations in spherical trigonometry, which are central to astronomy and celestial navigation and which typically include products of sines, cosines and other functions. Napier describes other uses, such a solving ratio problems, as well. John Napier spent 20 years calculating the tables. He wrote a separate volume describing how he constructed his tables, but held off publication to see how his first book would be received. John died in 1617. His son, Robert, published his father's book, Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio, with additions by Henry Briggs in 1619. The Constructio details how Napier created and used three tables of geometric progressions to facilitate the computation of logarithms of the sine function.

text:
# Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio

***Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio*** (Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms, 1614) and ***Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio*** (Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms, 1619) are two books in Latin by John Napier expounding the method of logarithms. While others had approached the idea of logarithms, notably Jost Bürgi, it was Napier who first published the concept, along with easily used precomputed tables, in his *Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio.*

Prior to the introduction of logarithms, high accuracy numerical calculations involving multiplication, division and root extraction were laborious and error prone. Logarithms greatly simplify such calculations. As Napier put it:

> “…nothing is more tedious, fellow mathematicians, in the practice of the mathematical arts, than the great delays suffered in the tedium of lengthy multiplications and divisions, the finding of ratios, and in the extraction of square and cube roots… \[with\] the many slippery errors that can arise…I have found an amazing way of shortening the proceedings \[in which\]… all the numbers associated with the multiplications, and divisions of numbers, and with the long arduous tasks of extracting square and cube roots are themselves rejected from the work, and in their place other numbers are substituted, which perform the tasks of these rejected by means of addition, subtraction, and division by two or three only.”

The book contains fifty-seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables of trigonometric functions and their Napierian logarithms. These tables greatly simplified calculations in spherical trigonometry, which are central to astronomy and celestial navigation and which typically include products of sines, cosines and other functions. Napier describes other uses, such a solving ratio problems, as well.

John Napier spent 20 years calculating the tables. He wrote a separate volume describing how he constructed his tables, but held off publication to see how his first book would be received. John died in 1617. His son, Robert, published his father's book, *Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio,* with additions by Henry Briggs in 1619. The *Constructio* details how Napier created and used three tables of geometric progressions to facilitate the computation of logarithms of the sine function.

## The tables

In Napier's time, decimal notation, as used in Europe, only represented integers. Including a fractional part with a decimal number had been proposed by Simon Stevin but his notation was awkward. The idea of using a period to separate the integer part of a decimal number from the fractional part was first proposed by Napier himself in his *Constructio* book, Section 5, “In numbers distinguished thus by a period in their midst, whatever is written after the period is a fraction, the denominator of which is unity with as many cyphers after it as there are figures after the period.“ He used the concept to facilitate more accurate computation of the tables, but not in the printed tables themselves.. Thus an angle's sine value published in his table is a whole number representing the length of the side opposite that angle in a right triangle with hypotenuse of 10,000,000 units. The logarithm in the table, however, is of that sine value divided by 10,000,000. The logarithm is again presented as an integer with an implied denominator of 10,000,000.

The table consists of 45 pairs of facing pages. Each pair is labeled at the top with an angle, from 0 to 44 degrees, and at the bottom from 90 to 45 degrees. (The 44–45 degree page being a single side.) The first column on each page of the table is an angle increment in minutes, to be added to the degree value at the top of the page. The far right column is minutes to be added to the degree value at the bottom of each page. This arrangement is such that for each line on a page, the full angle represented by column 7 is the co-angle of column 1 (90° – column\_1). Moving inward, adjacent to each angle column is the sine of that angle, followed by the absolute value of Napierian log of that sine. One can get log-cosines for column 1 easily by reading across the page to column 5, and vice versa. The middle column shows the difference between the two logs, which is the Napierian log of the tangent function (cotangent if you reverse signs).

The tables can also be used as a table of Napierian logarithms for positive numbers less than one, using the sine values (Columns 2 and 6) as the argument and the log sine values (Columns 3 and 5) as the resulting logarithm. Reversing the procedure gives anti-logarithms.

The first three rows in the table below reproduce the headings and first two data rows of the left-side 19 degree page of Napier's table, see photograph. They are followed by values computed using modern algorithms for the same angles. These are truncated to 8-digit accuracy, one more than the nominal 7-digit accuracy of Napier's table. Column numbers are shown for clarity.

Napier's page (left side) for *Gr. 19* (19 degrees)
| *mi.* | *Sinus* | *Logarithmi* | *Differentie* | *Logarithmi* | *Sinus* |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 3255682 | 11221830 | 10661613 | 560217 | 9455186 | 60 |
| 1 | 3258432 | 11213386 | 10652167 | 561219 | 9454239 | 59 |
| *θ* | sin(*θ*) | −ln(sin(*θ*)) | −ln(tan(*θ*)) | −ln(sin(90°-*θ*)) | sin(90°  *θ*) | 90°  *θ* |
| 19° | 0.32556815 | 1.12218345 | 1.0661617 | 0.05602174 | 0.94551857 | 71° |
| 19° 1' | 0.32584318 | 1.12133905 | 1.0652171 | 0.05612195 | 0.94542383 | 70° 59' |
| Column 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |

## The Descriptio text

Napier's *Descriptio* is divided into two books. The first describes his invention and some applications and includes the tables. The second discusses applications to trigonometry.

### Book I

Chapter 1 contains a series of definitions and propositions that explains Napier's conception of logarithms. He conceived logarithms in terms of two models of motion. In the first, a particle starts at a point and moves along a straight line at a constant speed. In the second, a particle moves along a straight line, starting with the same initial speed, but its speed decreases in proportion to its distance from the starting point. The logarithm of a number, *a,* is then the distance traveled by a particle in the constant speed model, during the time it takes the particle in the second, inverse proportional model to reach *a.* He defines the logarithm of 10,000,000 to be zero and that the logarithm of values less than that to be positive, while greater numbers have a negative logarithm, a reversal of sign from modern logarithms. (This sign change is sometimes expressed by saying Napier used logarithms with base 1/*e*.) He notes that he has freedom to choose any value to have a zero log, in modern terms the base, but chooses 10,000,000 for ease of calculation as it matches the "total sine" (the hypotenuse), in his sine tables. *See* Naperian logarithm.

The second chapter describes the properties of logarithms and give some formulas (in text form) for working with ratios. It ends with a note stating he is delaying publication of his work on constructing logarithms until he sees how his invention is received. Chapter 3 describes the tables and their seven columns, see above. The fourth chapter explains how to use the tables and gives worked examples for sines tangents and secants. He also explains how to get logarithms of numbers directly by using the sine values as the argument and the log-sine values as result and vice versa. He discusses how to deal with different multiples of ten and introduces a notation, similar to modern scientific notation where he appends a number of zeros after the logarithm of a quantity to indicate a need for correction by decades. He give specific logarithm quantities to be added or subtracted in different cases:

* 23025842 + 0 or 46051684 + 00, or 69077527 + 000, or 92103369 + 0000, or 115129211 + 00000

These correspond to 10,000,000\*ln(10), 10,000,000\*ln(100), etc.

Chapter 5 presents four problems in proportionality and their solution using Napier's logarithms. He concludes by asking "how great a benefit is bestowed by these logarithms : since by the addition of these for multiplication, by subtraction for divisional, by division by two for the extraction of square roots, and by three for cube roots ... all the heavier work of calculation is avoided."

### Book II

Book II deals with "that noble kind of Geometry, that is called Trigonometry." The first chapter deals with using logarithms to solve problems in plane trigonometry with right triangles and, in particular, with small angles, where his trigonometric logarithms become large. The next chapter cover plane oblique triangles. The remaining chapters cover spherical trigonometry, starting with quadrants. He also describes his Pentagramma mirificum, a five-pointed star on the sphere whose angles are all 90 degrees.

## Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio

Napier was reluctant to publish the theory and details of how he created his table of logarithms pending feedback from the mathematics community on his ideas, and he died shortly after publication of the *Discriptio.* His son Robert published the *Constructio* in 1619. The volume has a preface by Robert and several appendices, including a section on John Napier's methods for more easily solving spherical triangles, and a section by Henry Biggs on “another and better kind of logarithms,” namely base 10 or common logarithms. An English translation by William Rae Macdonald was published, with annotations, in 1889.

Napier's describes logarithms via a correspondence between two points moving under different speed profiles. The first point, P, moves along a finite line segment P0 to Q, with an initial speed that decreases proportional to P's distance to Q. The second point, L, moves along an unbounded line segment starting at L0 at the same time as P and with the same initial speed, but maintaining that speed without change. For each possible position of P, measured by its distance from Q, there is a corresponding simultaneous position of L. Napier defined the logarithm of the distance from P to Q to be distance from L0 to that L.

### Computation approach

Napier relies on several insights to compute his table of logarithms. To achieve high accuracy he starts with a large base of 10,000,000. But he then gets additional precision by using decimal fractions in a notation that he invented, but now universally familiar, namely using a decimal point. He goes on to explain how his notation works with some examples. He also introduces a form of interval arithmetic to bound any errors that occur in his calculations.

Another now familiar fact he observes is that fractions with denominators that are powers of 10 can be computed easily in decimal notation by shifting the number right relative the decimal point. As he puts it: "We call easy parts of a number, any parts the denominators of which are made up of unity and a number of cyphers, such parts being obtained by rejecting as many of the figures at the end of the principal number as there are cyphers in the denominator."

He notes that arithmetic progressions are easy to calculate since they only involve addition and subtraction but that geometric progressions are, in general, harder to compute because they involve multiplication, division and possibly roots. However he observes that geometric progressions involving multipliers of the form  1 − 1/10*m* (i.e. of the form 0.99...9, with *m* nines) can be computed to arbitrary precision using just one shift and one subtraction per stage. Similarly, multipliers of the form  1 − 1/(2\*10*m*) (i.e. 0.99...95) only require one shift, one division by two and one subtraction per stage for full precision, which he calls "tolerably easy."

Napier also observes that logarithms of a geometric progression differ by a constant value at each stage, namely the logarithm of the multiplier. So if one knows the logarithm of the initial value of a geometric progression and of the multiplier, one can compute the logarithm of each member of the progression by repeated addition of the multiplier's logarithm.

### Calculating first logarithm

Using his two line model, Napier finds lower and upper bounds for the logarithm of 0.9999999. His lower bound assumes the point P does not slow down, in which case L will move a distance of 1-0.9999999. His upper bound assumes P started out at its final speed of 0.9999999 in which case L will have moved the distance of (1-0.9999999)/0.9999999. Scaled up by his radius of 10,000,000, the lower bound is 1 and his upper bound is 1.0000001. He suggests that since the difference between these values is tiny, any value between them will present an "insensible error" of less than one part in 10 million, but he chooses, without much explanation, the midpoint, 1.00000005. This choice gives him far greater precision, as his translator, William Rae Macdonald. points out in an appendix, noting that Napier's scaled up value for the logarithm of .9999999 is very close to the correct value, 1.000000050000003333333583..., and that all his subsequent computations of logarithms derive from the 1.00000005 value. Macdonald suggests that Napier must have had a better reason for picking the midpoint.

### Auxiliary tables

Napier uses these insights to construct three tables. The first table, in modern notation, consists of the numbers 10000000\*(0.9999999)*n* for *n* ranging from 0 to 100. The second consists of the numbers 100000\*(0.99999)*n* for *n* ranging from 0 to 50. He then applies his value for the log of .9999999 to fill in logarithms for all the entries in his first table. He can use the last entry to compute the log of .99999, since .9999999100 is very close to .99999. He then the uses his second table, which is essentially 50 powers of .99999 to compute the logarithm of .9995. Macdonald also points out that an error crept into Napier's calculation of the second table; Napier's fiftieth value is 9995001.222927, but should be 9995001.22480. Macdonald discusses the consequences of this error in his appendix.

### The radical table

Napier then constructs a third table of proportions with 69 columns and 21 rows, which he calls his "radical table." The proportion along the top rows, starting with 1 is 0.99. The entries in each column are in proportion 0.9995. (Note that 0.9995 = 1-1/2000, allowing "tolerably easy" multiplication by halving, shifting and subtracting.) Napier uses the first column to computing the logarithm of .99, using log of .9995, which he already has. He can now fill in the logarithm of each entry in the third table because, by proportionality, the difference in logarithms between entries is constant. The third table now provides logarithms for a set of 1,449 values that cover the range from roughly 5,000,000 to 10,000,000, which corresponds to values of the sine function from 30 to 90 degrees, assuming a radius of 10,000,000. Napier then explains how to use the tables to calculate a bounding interval for logarithms in that range.

### Constructing the published tables

Napier then gives instructions for reproducing his published tables, with their seven columns and coverage of each minute of arc. He does not compute the sines themselves, the values for which are to be filled in from an already available table. "Reinhold's common table of sines, or any other more exact, will supply you with these values." Logarithms of sines for angles from 30 degrees to 90 degrees are then computed by finding the closest number in the radical table and its logarithm and calculating the logarithm of the desired sine by linear interpolation. He suggests several ways for computing logarithms for sines of angles less than 30 degrees. For example, one can multiply a sine that is less than 0.5 by some power of two or ten to bring it into the range \[0.5,1\]. After finding that logarithm in the radical table, one adds the logarithm of the power of two or ten that was used (he gives a short table), to get the required logarithm.

Napier ends by pointing out that two of his methods for extending his table produce results with small differences. He proposes that others “who perchance may have plenty of pupils and computers” construct a new table with a larger scale factor of 10,000,000,000, by the same methods but using a radical table with only 35 columns, enough to cover angles from 45 to 90 degrees.

### After matter

In an appendix, Napier discusses construction of “another and better kind of logarithm” where the logarithm of one is zero and the logarithm of ten is 10,000,000,000, the index. This is essentially base 10 logarithms with the large scale factor. He discusses various ways to compute such a table and ends by describing the logarithm of 2 as the number of digits in 210,000,000, which he computes as 301029995. The appendix is followed by remarks Henry Briggs on Napier's concepts and base-10 logarithms. The next section is a 12 page essay by Napier titled “Some very remarkable propositions for the solution of spherical triangles with wonderful ease,” where he describes how to solve them without dividing them into two right triangles. This section is also followed by commentary from Briggs.

The translator, Macdonald, includes some notes at this point, discussing the spelling of Napier's name, references to delays in publishing the second volume, the development of decimal arithmetic, the error in Napiers second table and the accuracy of Napier's method, and methods for computing base-10 logarithms.

The last section is a catalog by Macdonald of Napier's works in public libraries, including religious works, editions in different languages. and other books related to the work of John Napier and logarithms.

## Reception

Napier's novel method of calculation spread quickly in Britain and abroad. Kepler dedicated his 1620 *Ephereris* to Napier, with a letter congratulating him on his invention and its benefits to astronomy. Kepler found no essential errors except for some inaccuracies at small angles. Edward Wright, an authority on celestial navigation, translated Napier's Latin *Descriptio* into English in 1615, the next year, though publication was delayed by Wright's death. Briggs extended the concept to the more convenient base 10, or common logarithm. Ursinus called Napier "a mathematician without equal." Three hundred years later, in 1914, E. W. Hobson called logarithms "one of the very greatest scientific discoveries that the world has seen."

In 1620 Edmund Gunter developed a ruler with a logarithmic scale; with a pair of dividers it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a calculating device that was essentially the first slide rule.

The logarithm function became a staple of mathematical analysis, but printed tables of logarithms gradually diminished in importance in the twentieth century as multiplying mechanical calculators and, later, electronic computers took over high accuracy computation needs. The introduction of hand-held scientific calculators in the 1970s ended the era of slide rules. The current, 2002, edition of *The American Practical Navigator* (Bowditch) still contains tables of logarithms and logarithms of trigonometric functions.


title: Mirmama

abstract: Mirmama is the debut solo studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter Eddi Reader, released by RCA in 1992. The album reached No. 34 on the UK Albums Chart. The album did not receive a US release in 1992, but was later remastered and issued on CD there by Compass Records in 1997.

text:
# Mirmama

***Mirmama*** is the debut solo studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter Eddi Reader, released by RCA in 1992. The album reached No. 34 on the UK Albums Chart. The album did not receive a US release in 1992, but was later remastered and issued on CD there by Compass Records in 1997.

## Background

Following the split of Fairground Attraction, Reader launched her solo career under new management, Douglas Kean of the London-based Interface Management. Fairground Attraction's label, RCA, quickly signed Reader as a solo act before she had recorded any of her own material. For *Mirmama*, Reader continued working with Fairground Attraction drummer Roy Dodds, alongside other musicians including bassist Phil Steriopulos, guitarist Neil MacColl and multi-instrumentalist Calum MacColl. The combined team were given the name the Patron Saints of Imperfection and the album was recorded in two weeks. Prior to the release of the album, a four-track EP, *All or Nothing*, was issued in November 1991 to raise awareness of Reader's re-emergence as a solo artist. Although the album achieved critical acclaim, it was considered a commercial disappointment, reaching No. 34 in the UK. The album's single, "What You Do With What You've Got", failed to chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *NME* | 7/10 |
| *Select* |  |

Upon its release, *The Guardian* wrote, "*Mirmama* has an irrepressibly good-natured aura about it. Confident and positive, there's nothing brittle about Reader's voice, and the spare, unfussy arrangements hit just the right mood." David Quantick of *NME* described it as "a reasonably predictable but seriously unduff LP" and "an interesting and likeable record with acoustic guitars on it" for which Reader had written "lots of sort of jazz folk songs". He noted that most of the songs "move at an eccentric but relaxed pace" and added that "blandness is generally avoided by means of Reader's major voice and good tunes". Peter Kinghorn of the *Evening Chronicle* commented, "The restrained rhythm of her single "What You Do with What You've Got" sets the scene for quality, although not typical of the album." He picked "Honeychild", "Hello in There", "That's Fair", "The Swimming Song" and "My Old Friend the Blues" as the album's other "outstanding" tracks.

Tony Clayton-Lea of the *Sunday Tribune* considered *Mirmama* to be "better than Fairground Attraction, because there's a bit to these soft songs of heartache and emotional harassment that was formerly missing". He added, "Reader's voice is as crystal clear as ever, while the songs range in style from country and blues to English folk." Robbert Tilli of *Music & Media* wrote, "The musical direction on *Mirmama* is not a radical departure from Reader's past, but it's certainly different. It takes more time to fully absorb the tunes which are all arranged in a relaxing semi-acoustic setting. The overall sound is comparable to Elvis Costello's pike de la resistance *King of America*, with Edie Brickell and Indigo Girls overtones".

Lynden Barber of *The Sydney Morning Herald* wrote, "\[This\] agreeable album consists of a late-night brand of folk rock with a warm, live feel to it. Reader's voice is light on the ear if occasionally too honeyed, her choice of covers is wise, and her own songs are soft and appealing without being bland." Penny Kiley of the *Liverpool Echo* commented, "Eddi's album can't help sounding like Fairground Attraction. It has her instantly recognisable voice, the mostly acoustic-based sound and the folk-jazz style of song. What it lacks is Mark Nevin's way with melody. The album has a good sound and good words but the extra spark is missing."

In a retrospective review of the album, William Ruhlmann of AllMusic felt *Mirmama* showed "Reader adopt\[ing\] an atmospheric folk style somewhat akin to Enya, but not as produced or accessible". He concluded, "The result sounds more like the kind of quirky, side-project solo album that group members make than like the kind of bold solo statement expected from an emerging star."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "What You Do With What You've Got" | Si Kahn, Eddi Reader, Roy Dodds | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Honeychild" | Reader, Neill MacColl, Dodds, Phil Steriopulos | 5:11 |
| 3. | "All or Nothing" | Reader | 4:52 |
| 4. | "Hello in There" | John Prine | 4:51 |
| 5. | "Dolphins" | Fred Neil | 7:06 |
| 6. | "The Blacksmith" | Traditional | 6:13 |
| 7. | "That's Fair" | Reader | 4:44 |
| 8. | "Cinderella's Downfall" | Reader | 4:17 |
| 9. | "Pay No Mind" | Reader, Dodds | 4:53 |
| 10. | "The Swimming Song" | Loudon Wainwright III | 1:53 |
| 11. | "My Old Friend the Blues" | Steve Earle | 3:08 |

US Compass Records release
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Broken Vows" | Reader, Dodds | 5:09 |
| 13. | "The Girl with the Weight of the World in Her Hands" | Emily Saliers | 6:52 |

Japanese RCA Records release
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Broken Vows" |  | 5:09 |
| 13. | "Ole Buttermilk Sky" | Hoagy Carmichael, Jack Brooks | 3:36 |
| 14. | "I Wish You Were My Boyfriend" | Reader, Dodds | 4:22 |
| 15. | "The Girl with the Weight of the World in Her Hands" |  | 6:52 |

Japanese RCA Records 2014 reissue
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Sunday Morning" | Lou Reed, John Cale | 4:14 |

## Personnel

* Eddi Reader – vocals (all tracks), concertina (tracks 3, 11)
* Neill MacColl – guitar (tracks 2 to 7, 9 to 11), piano (track 2), backing vocals (track 2), autoharp (tracks 7, 10), mandolin (track 11)
* Dominic Miller – guitar (tracks 1, 8 to 9)
* Phil Steriopulos – double bass
* Roy Dodds – drums, percussion

**Additional musicians**

**Production**

* The Patron Saints of Imperfection – producers (tracks 2 to 7, 10 to 11), additional production (track 9)
* Eddi Reader, Roy Dodds, Kevin Moloney – producers (tracks 1, 8)
* Thomas Dolby – remix (track 1)
* Phill Brown – mixing (track 8)
* Terry Medhurst – engineer (tracks 1 to 7, 10 to 11)
* Randy LeRoy – remastering (1997 Compass Records CD release)

**Other**

* Andrew Catlin – front cover photography
* Jill Furmanovsky – inside photography
* Roger Swanborough – art direction
* Eddi Reader – concept
* Carol Walters – layout

## Charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Albums Chart | 34 |

## InfoBox

| Mirmama | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eddi Reader | |
| Released | 1992 |
| Label | RCA |
| Producer | The Patron Saints of Imperfection
Eddi Reader
Roy Dodds
Kevin Moloney |
| Eddi Reader chronology | |
| ***Mirmama***
(1992) *Eddi Reader*
(1994) | |


title: Miriam Supuma

abstract: Miriam Supuma is a conservationist in Papua New Guinea (PNG). She was the co-founder and co-director of the PNG Institute of Biological Research (PNGIBR), a scientific research NGO. Her field research has centred around Birds of Paradise, particularly in relation to the use of their feathers for traditional adornment by people in the highlands of PNG.

text:
# Miriam Supuma

**Miriam Supuma** is a conservationist in Papua New Guinea (PNG). She was the co-founder and co-director of the PNG Institute of Biological Research (PNGIBR), a scientific research NGO. Her field research has centred around Birds of Paradise, particularly in relation to the use of their feathers for traditional adornment by people in the highlands of PNG.

## Early life

Supuma's father worked for the police department and was posted to several different rural locations, accompanied by his family. She was particularly influenced by their time in the Western Province of PNG, close to the town of Merauke in the Indonesia province of Papua. This is a region of considerable bird diversity that receives many migratory species. She was given freedom to roam around and explore the forests and freshwater streams.

Supuma went to the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) to study for a degree in biology, majoring in ecology. During her final year, she was selected to participate in a one-month training course being run by the Wildlife Conservation Society in PNG. This gave her the opportunity to fly to remote areas and created in her an awareness of peoples' dependence on their environment. The experience led to her deciding that she wanted to work in the field of conservation. Her research that led to her first-class honours degree at UPNG was carried out on forest dynamics in Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, in the PNG highlands. She later studied between 2004 and 2005 for a master's degree in tropical rainforest ecology at James Cook University in North Queensland, Australia, an area with considerable tropical rainforest.

## Career

After obtaining the master's degree, Supuma worked for the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCSPNG) as a conservationist. She later became co-director of WCSPNG, working in its Goroka office in the Eastern Highlands Province. In 2008, together with Banak Gamui, she founded the PNG Institute of Biological Research (PNGIBR), a not-for-profit association formed to ensure a biologically sustainable future for PNG, that conducted research and trained PNG biologists and conservationists, while aiming to ensure that information was shared with policy makers, landowners and PNG citizens. One of the activities she carried out with the PNGIBR was to survey the use of Bird of Paradise feathers and other adornments at the annual Goroka Show, which is attended by about 100 tribes wearing traditional costumes.

Supuma collaborated with the BBC to make a film on Birds of Paradise, which was first broadcast in 2009 in the BBC's Natural World series, being introduced and narrated by David Attenborough. It was also broadcast by PBS in the USA as *Birds of the Gods*. The programme follows her, and Paul Igag, an ornithologist, as they search for the birds in the rainforest.

In 2013 Supuma left PNGIBR to study for a PhD in natural resource management, again at James Cook University. She received an Australian Leadership Award scholarship, as well as an Allison Sudrajat Award, given to only two people from PNG in any one year. Her research concentrated on conservation risks to endemic bird species associated with subsistence use and climate change. Her intention was to influence national policy in the areas of natural management, land use, and conservation planning to enable better protection of PNG's flora and fauna, as well as the country's cultural diversity and heritage. Her thesis was entitled *Endemic birds in Papua New Guinea's montane forests: human use and conservation*.

After obtaining her PhD, Supuma worked briefly with the Port Moresby Nature Park before joining The Christensen Fund, an organization that assists indigenous communities. She was responsible for supporting local groups in Melanesia to apply for grants and carry out the necessary monitoring and implementation. In 2021 she joined the Flourishing Diversity Programme of the NGO, Synchronicity Earth, based in PNG.


title: Miriam Sánchez

abstract: Miriam Sánchez is a Spanish fashion model. She has appeared on the cover of Spanish and Italian Vogue.

text:
# Miriam Sánchez

**Miriam Sánchez** is a Spanish fashion model. She has appeared on the cover of Spanish and Italian *Vogue*.

## Career

Sánchez (who is a business administration student) was initially discovered at age 16, and eventually signed to Traffic Models in Barcelona, Spain. Traffic sent her to agencies in Paris, France, with the idea that if she did not sign to a top agency, that she would be sent to a lower-tier agency. All five of the agencies she visited immediately offered a contract and she was signed by Ford Models. Days later debuted as a Louis Vuitton exclusive, chosen by casting director Ashley Brokaw, and opened the S/S 19 fashion show. In addition to Vuitton, she walked for brands like Michael Kors, Haider Ackermann, Bottega Veneta, Fendi, Jason Wu, Christopher Kane, Rag & Bone, Helmut Lang, Victoria Beckham, and Prada.

In 2020, she appeared on *Vogue España'*s February cover alongside Marina Pérez and Inés Sastre; and on the August cover by herself. In its April issue, she appeared in an ensemble *Vogue* editorial about international models, including American models Ugbad Abdi and Kaia Gerber, and Australian model Adut Akech on its cover.

In 2021, she appeared on Vogue Italia's May cover.

Miriam is currently ranked as a Top 50 models by models.com.

In advertising campaigns, she has modeled for Prada , Louis Vuitton , Yves Saint Laurent , Dior, Zegna , Sportmax , Dsquared2 , Uterqüe , Bimba y Lola and more

## InfoBox

| Miriam Sánchez | |
| --- | --- |
| Sánchez walks at the Paco Rabanne Fall Winter 2019-20 show | |
| Born | (1996-01-10) 10 January 1996<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation | Model |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Blue |
| Agency | * Ford Models (New York) * IMG Models (London, Paris) * Unique Models (Copenhagen) * Modelwerk (Hamburg) * Traffic Models (Barcelona) (mother agency) |
|  | |


title: Mirko Marjanović (writer)

abstract: Mirko Marjanović is a Croatian writer. He was born in Gornja Tramošnica near Gradačac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He graduated at the Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo. He was the chief editor of Život (1980–84), editor of the publishing house Svjetlost (1984–94), and in the period 1996-2006 editor of the quarterly Hrvatska misao. His novels and short stories cover topics from the Bosnian history, with mythical overtones and a penchant for fiction.

text:
# Mirko Marjanović (writer)

**Mirko Marjanović** (Croatian pronunciation: \[mǐːrko marjǎːnoʋit͡ɕ\]; 13 July 1940) is a Croatian writer.

He was born in Gornja Tramošnica near Gradačac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He graduated at the Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo. He was the chief editor of *Život* (1980–84), editor of the publishing house *Svjetlost* (1984–94), and in the period 1996-2006 editor of the quarterly *Hrvatska misao*.

His novels and short stories cover topics from the Bosnian history, with mythical overtones and a penchant for fiction.

## Works

* *U ime oca i sina*, 1969 (novel)
* *Povijest izgubljene duše*, 1980 (novel)
* *Braća*, 1983 (novel)
* *Topot divljih konja*, 1989 (novel)
* *Osmjehni se i u plaču*, 2000 (novel)
* *Središte*, 1973 (short story)
* *Živjeti smrt: sarajevski dnevnik*, 1996
* *Treći svjetski rat*, 1999


title: Mirko Milašević

abstract: Mirko Milašević is a Montenegrin handball player for Serbian club Jugović.

text:
# Mirko Milašević

**Mirko Milašević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Мирко Милашевић; born 27 July 1985) is a Montenegrin handball player for Serbian club Jugović.

## Club career

After starting out at Jugović, Milašević played for fellow Serbian clubs Vojvodina and Crvena zvezda, before returning to his native Montenegro. He later moved abroad and played for Toledo, Alcobendas, HSC Suhr Aarau, Puerto Sagunto, Billère, Dinamo București, Veszprém and Göztepe.

## International career

At youth level, Milašević represented Serbia and Montenegro at the 2005 World Under-21 Championship, as the team finished as runners-up.

A Montenegro international since its inception, Milašević participated at the 2008 European Championship in the nation's debut appearance in major tournaments. He also took part at the 2013 World Championship.

## Honours

Vojvodina Crvena zvezda

## InfoBox

| Mirko Milašević | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Mirko Milašević | | |
| Born | (1985-07-27) 27 July 1985<br>Cetinje, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Nationality | Montenegrin | | |
| Height | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Playing position | Centre back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Jugović | | |
| Number | 5 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| **Team** | | | |
|  | Budvanska rivijera | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2003–2004 | Jugović | | |
| 2004–2006 | Vojvodina | | |
| 2006–2008 | Crvena zvezda | | |
| 2009 | Budućnost Podgorica | | |
| 2009–2010 | Toledo | | |
| 2010–2011 | Alcobendas | | |
| 2011–2012 | HSC Suhr Aarau | | |
| 2012–2013 | Puerto Sagunto | | |
| 2013–2015 | Billère | | |
| 2015 | Dinamo București | | |
| 2016 | Vojvodina | | |
| 2016–2017 | Veszprém | | |
| 2017 | Göztepe | | |
| 2018–2020 | Vojvodina | | |
| 2020– | Jugović | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
| 2006–2016 | Montenegro |
| Medal record      Men's handball  Representing  Serbia and Montenegro  U21 World Championship  2005 Hungary Team | | | |


title: Mirpur Government Girls High School

abstract: Mirpur Government Girls High School is a government secondary school located in Mirpur city of Kushtia District. The school was established in 1973.

text:
# Mirpur Government Girls High School

**Mirpur Government Girls High School** is a government secondary school located in Mirpur city of Kushtia District. The school was established in 1973.

## InfoBox

| Mirpur Government Girls High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Mirpur, Mirpur Upazila<br>Bangladesh | |
| Coordinates | 23°56′34″N 88°59′41″E / 23.9427104°N 88.9947828°E / 23.9427104; 88.9947828 |
| Information | |
| Other name | Mirpur Government Girls Secondary School |
| School type | Governmental Secondary school |
| Established | 1973 (1973) |
| School board | Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Jashore |
| School district | Kushtia District |
| School number | 117829 (EIIN) |
| Acting headteacher | Asaduzzaman |
| Gender | Girl |
| Classes | 6th-10th |
| Language | Bengali |
| Campuses | 1 |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Website | mirpurgovtsecondarygirlsschool.jessoreboard.gov.bd |


title: Minot SkyRockets

abstract: The Minot SkyRockets were a team in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). They played their home games at the Minot Municipal Auditorium. The team began play in 2005 as the San Jose Skyrockets of the American Basketball Association. The team had a very successful first season, finishing first in the Ron Boone division with a 29-5 record. The team advanced to the semifinals of the ABA Great Eight, losing to the Rochester Razorsharks, 106-103. At the end of the season, the team announced they were joining the Continental Basketball Association and relocating to Minot, North Dakota. The Minot SkyRockets spent three years in North Dakota, losing the 2008 CBA finals to the Oklahoma Cavalry 3-2 before disbanding in 2009.

text:
# Minot SkyRockets

The **Minot SkyRockets** were a team in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). They played their home games at the Minot Municipal Auditorium. The team began play in 2005 as the **San Jose Skyrockets** of the American Basketball Association. The team had a very successful first season, finishing first in the Ron Boone division with a 29-5 record. The team advanced to the semifinals of the ABA Great Eight, losing to the Rochester Razorsharks, 106-103.

At the end of the season, the team announced they were joining the Continental Basketball Association and relocating to Minot, North Dakota. The Minot SkyRockets spent three years in North Dakota, losing the 2008 CBA finals to the Oklahoma Cavalry 3-2 before disbanding in 2009.

## 2006–07

DayShawn Wright, Dee Brown, Marco Killingsworth, Ryan Hollins, Pele Paelay, and Ed Nelson were selected in the 2006 CBA Draft.

## 2007–2008

In the 2007 draft, Larry Turner, Brad Brickens, Jeremy Overstreet, James Hughes, Courtney Bohannon, Avis Wyatt, and Adam Haluska were picked by the SkyRockets.

In January 2008, 20 local investors led by Chris Lindbo formed the Minot CBA Investment Group, LLC and purchased the SkyRockets from APEX Sportstainment. APEX also sold their CBA franchise in Great Falls, MT to Michael Tuckman in November 2007.

The Skyrockets lost the CBA championship to the Oklahoma Cavalry 96-86. The series was 3-2.

In the 2008 draft, Brian Butch, Brandon Smith, Othyus Jeffers, Dion Dowell, Sasha Kaun, and Dominique Kirk were picked by the Skyrockets

## Year-by-year

| Regular Season | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Wins | Losses | Percentage | League | Division |
| 2005-2006 | 29 | 5 | .853 | Semi-Finals (defeated by the Rochester Razorsharks) | 1st - Ron Boone Division |
| 2006-2007 | 31 | 17 | .646 | 3rd - CBA (didn't qualify for the playoffs) | 2nd - American Conference |
| 2007-2008 | 42 | 13 | .763 | 2nd - CBA Finals (defeated by the Lawton-Fort Sill, Oklahoma Cavalry) | 1st - American Conference |
| 2008-2009 | 38 | 10 | .791 | 4th - American Conference |
| Overall | 140 | 46 | .752 |

## Roster

**2005-2006 Season**

**2006-2007 Season**

* Steve Castleberry
* Ray Cunningham
* Lewis Fadipe
* Desmond Ferguson
* Ronnie Fields
* Kenyon Gamble
* David Harrison
* Darnell Miller
* Jason Smith
* Jitim Young

**2007-2008 Season**

* Ray Cunningham
* Eric Davis
* Ronnie Fields
* Sidney Holmes
* Kevin Johnson
* Darius Mattear
* Kellen Miliner
* Kevin Rice
* Lee Scruggs

**2008-2009 Season**

* Courtney Bohannon
* Ronnie Fields
* Cory Hightower
* Sidney Homes
* Darius Mattear
* Kellen Miliner
* Kevin Rice
* Maurice Shaw
* John Strickland
* Derek Wabbington

1. Minot Daily News

## InfoBox

| Minot SkyRockets | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | ABA 2005–2006
CBA 2006-2009 |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Folded | 2009 |
| History | **San Jose SkyRockets**
2005–2006
**Minot SkyRockets**
2006–2009 |
| Arena | Minot Municipal Auditorium |
| Location | Minot, North Dakota |
| Team colors | red, black, white
 |
| Head coach | Michael Sanders |
| Ownership | Minot CBA Investment Group, LLC |
| Championships | 0 |
| Website | www.minotskyrockets.com |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Misha (name)

abstract: Misha (Миша) is a diminutive of the Russian name Mikhail (Михаил). A hypocoristic of Michael, its English-language equivalent would be Mike and Mick. Sometimes it is used as a female name, mostly by non-Russians; the feminine Russian name Mikhaila exists but is rare. The spelling Mischa also exists, originating from German. Notable people and characters with the name include:

text:
# Misha (name)

**Misha** (Миша) is a diminutive of the Russian name Mikhail (Михаил). A hypocoristic of Michael, its English-language equivalent would be Mike and Mick. Sometimes it is used as a female name, mostly by non-Russians; the feminine Russian name Mikhaila exists but is rare. The spelling Mischa also exists, originating from German. Notable people and characters with the name include:

## People

## Characters

## InfoBox

Misha
| Pronunciation | Russian: \[ˈmʲiʂə\] |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Male (sometimes used for a female) |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Russia, Hebrew |
| Meaning | "Who is like God?" |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Michael, Mikhail, Michal, Mischa, Micha, Míša |


title: Misato Ugaki

abstract: Misato Ugaki is a Japanese freelance announcer, model, actress, and television personality. Previously she was a Tokyo Broadcasting System Television announcer.

text:
# Misato Ugaki

**Misato Ugaki** (宇垣 美里, *Ugaki Misato*, born 16 April 1991) is a Japanese freelance announcer, model, actress, and television personality. Previously she was a Tokyo Broadcasting System Television announcer.

## Biography

She was born in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture.

After graduating from Hyogo Prefectural Nagata High School, she went to Doshisha University Faculty of Policy Studies. She specialised in international politics while studying at Doshisha University.

In 2011, she participated in the Miss Campus Doshisha and won the Grand Prix.

She joined Tokyo Broadcasting System Television in April 2014, and entered a training programme. During that time, in the *Natsu Sacas 2014 Delicious Sacas: Bangumi Gourmet de Omotenashi* held from 19 July to 31 August, along with Reina Minagawa and Ryota Shinoda who joined synchronised, she made an event PR as a "Delicious Sacas eat walking party."

From 29 September 2014, she started appearing in "Blitz Power Rush" (TBS Radio) as a replacement for Yumi Furuya, and started making appearances on television and other radio programmes.

She left TBS on 31 March 2019. On 1 April, she became a freelance announcer and she signed with Oscar Promotion.

## Currently appearances

Television * *Sakagami Shinobu no Katasete Agetai TV* (Nippon TV, 23 Feb 2021 –)
* *Kono Koi Ita Sugimashita* (Nippon TV, 4 Aug 2022 –)

Radio * *After 6 Junction* (TBS Radio, Tuesday regular, 3 Apr 2018 –)

## Former appearances, etc.

* *MissCam.TV* (Sun TV, January–March 2012)
    + Ugaki served as a reporter, among her co-stars was her senior of the Doshisha University policy department, Akita Asahi Broadcasting field caster revealed as Abe.
* Takuto Group television commercial 2012 ver. "Engi no ī Machi dokodesu ka" (Takuto Holdings)

### Television

Regular or quasi-regular * *HayaChan!* (6 October 2014 – 25 March 2015
* *Morning Chance* (6 October 2014 – 30 March 2018)
* *N Suta* (9 October 2014 – March 2015) – Every Thursday–Friday, in charge of "Nikkan Nakazuri News" and "N Ten"
* *Super Soccer J+* (4 April 2015 – 1 April 2017)
    + The BS-TBS version was from 3 April 2015 - 24 March 2017, advanced broadcasting then terrestrial
* *Honoo-no Taiiku-kai TV* (11 April 2015 – 2016)
* *Kakugari-kun!: Kakuritsu o Gariben shite Shiawaseninarō* (20 July – 28 September 2015) – Progress
* *Hiruobi!* (Tuesdays, 3 April 2018 – 26 March 2019)
* *That Child doesn't Read Manga* (BS Nippon, 18 January 2020 – March 2022)

Single appearances, etc. * + Once acted as substitute for Tomomi Ozaki, who was on vacation on 11 and 12 September 2014, and served as weather forecaster.
* *Rediscover Japan* (27 January 2015) – VTR corner, "Gaikoku Hito no Shuchō," progress
* *All-Star Thanksgiving* (April 2015, etc.) – Event plan reporter
* *Sanma Akashiya no Geinōjin ka e Uta-ō Kettei-sen SP* (26 April 2015) – Moderator with Sanma Akashiya
* *JNN Sports&News* (27 June 2015) – Caster
* *Sekai no Kowai Yoru!* (22 July, 26 December 2015, 30 March, 3 August 2016) – Moderator
* *SKE48 Zero Position: Team Sparta! Nōryoku-betsu Under Battle* (TBS Channel 1, October – December 2015) – Progress assistant for the SKE48 members' academic ability test planning. Appeared five times in all.
* *Warai no Ōja ga Dai Shūketsu! Dream Tōzai Neta Gassen* (1 January 2016, 1 January 2017, 1 January 2018) – Western Army Progression
* *Guss and Academia* (Nippon TV, 18 July 2019) – Guest
* *Okawa / Ebisu's Journey Rose 2 Hours SP Bus Journey Autumn Team Shizuoka / Miho no Matsubara-Yamanashi / Kiyosato Local Bus Connection Trip* (TV Tokyo, 18 July 2019) – Madonna
* *Pro Yakyuu No. 1 Decisive Battle! Battle Stadium* (Yomiuri TV, 4 January 2020) – MC
* *Tonight is Tokoton "Yukio Mishima"* (NHK BS Premium, 10 January 2021) – Guest

TV dramas

### Webcasts

* *Sukiimo: Anime ga mitakunaru Jumon* (8 April 2015 – 1 February 2017, TBS YouTube Official Channel; Wednesdays)
* *Sick's Jonoshō: Naikaku Jōhō Chōsa-shitsu Tokumu Jikō Senjū-gakari Jiken-bo* (Scheduled Apr 2018, Paravi) – as Peach Doctor, Momoko Ueda

### Radio

* *Blitz Power Rush* (29 September 2014 – 31 March 2017)
* *Yuji Matsuo Ashita e no Try* (4 April – 19 September 2016) Mondays 19:30–20:00
* *Drunk Dragon Suzuki Taku Taku* (2 October 2016 – 25 September 2018)
* *The Frogman Show A.I. Kyōzon Radio Kōkishin Kazoku* (4 October 2017 – 29 March 2018) – Thursday assistant
* *Yuri Sasagawa: Precious Sunday* (3 September 2017, substitute during Yuri Sasagawa's summer holidays, 22 Apr 2018, substitute during Yuri Sasagawa's wedding reception preparation)
* *Japan Realize presents Mariko Shinoda's Good Life Lab!* (2 October 2018 – 30 June 2020)
* *Misato Ugaki's Beautiful Ensemble* (JOLF, 14 November 2020 – 27 March 2021)

### Advertisements

* Video distribution service "Paravi" (2018, Premium Platform Japan)
* SmartNews
* Musee Platinum (2020)

## InfoBox

| Misato Ugaki | |
| --- | --- |
| 宇垣 美里 | |
| Ugaki in September 2019 | |
| Born | (1991-04-16) 16 April 1991<br>Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan |
| Other names | Ugamisa (うがみさ) |
| Education | Doshisha University Faculty of Policy Studies |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2014– |
| Employer | Oscar Promotion |
| Television |  |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mir EO-23

abstract: Mir EO-23 was the 23rd long-duration mission to Russia's Mir space station. It is notable for both the fire that occurred during the mission, and the crash that caused one of the station's modules to be permanently sealed off.

text:
# Mir EO-23

**Mir EO-23** was the 23rd long-duration mission to Russia's Mir space station. It is notable for both the fire that occurred during the mission, and the crash that caused one of the station's modules to be permanently sealed off.

## Crew

This mission was part of the Shuttle-Mir Program, in which three American astronauts flew aboard the station during Mir EO-23.

| Position | First Part
(February 1997 to May 1997) | Second Part
(May 1997 to August 1997) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Vasily Tsibliyev
Second and last spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 1 | Aleksandr Lazutkin
Only spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 2 | Jerry Linenger
Second spaceflight | Michael Foale
Fourth spaceflight |

Note:  Reinhold Ewald Joined the Soyuz TM-24 crew on the way home from Mir, after launching with Soyuz TM-25 crewmembers Vasily Tsibliyev and Aleksandr Lazutkin at the start of Mir EO-23, Foale remained aboard Mir as part of EO-24 crew after the end of EO-23.

## Fire

On February 23, 1997 a backup solid-fuel oxygen canister caught fire in the Kvant-1 module. The fire spewed molten metal, and the crew was concerned that it could melt through the hull of the space station. Smoke filled the station, and the crew donned respirators to continue breathing, although some respirators were faulty and did not supply oxygen. After burning for fourteen minutes and using up three fire extinguishers, the fire died out. The smoke remained thick for forty-five minutes after the fire was extinguished. After the respirators ran out of oxygen and the smoke began to clear the crew switched to using filter masks.

## Collision

On June 24, 1997 a manual docking test using the uncrewed Progress M-34 cargo vessel was attempted. The vessel, loaded with waste detached from the space station and Cosmonaut Vasily Tsibliyev took manual control. As he steered the craft back to the station he lost control due to a miscalculation in the mass of waste loaded onto the cargo vessel, and it crashed into the Spektr module, damaging a solar panel and puncturing Mir's hull. The puncture created a leak, and the crew was able to seal off the Spektr module from the rest of the station by cutting the air and power cables between the sections and fitting a hatch cover over the entrance.

The station was tumbling, and power went out onboard. Communications with Moscow were also down. The docked Soyuz TM-25 craft was used to stabilize the station. For the next few days the crew worked by torchlight to restore functionality. The cooling system was ineffective with such low power, and temperature in the station soared.

Supplies on Progress M-35, launched on July 5, contained an apparatus that could be used to restore power from the remaining functional solar panels on Spektr. A spacewalk was planned to carry out this repair, but on July 12 Commander Tsibliyev developed a heart arrhythmia and was ordered to take a combination of heart medication and tranquilizers. The repair was postponed until Mir EO-24.

## InfoBox

Mir EO-23
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Mir expedition |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | Mir |
| Began | 10 February 1997 (1997-02-10) |
| Ended | 5 August 1997 (1997-08-06) |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz TM-25
Linenger: STS-81
Space Shuttle *Atlantis*
Foale: STS-84
Space Shuttle *Atlantis* |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz TM-25
Linenger: STS-84
Space Shuttle *Atlantis*
Foale: STS-86
Space Shuttle *Atlantis* |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | Vasily Tsibliyev
Aleksandr Lazutkin
Jerry Linenger* (February–May)
Colin Michael Foale
* - transferred from EO-22
† - transferred to EO-24 |
|  | |
| Long-term Mir expeditions | |


title: Miss Grand Paraguay 2023

abstract: Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 was the 6th edition of the Miss Grand Paraguay pageant, held on April 2, 2023, at the Paseo Events Center, Asunción. Candidates chosen through either the regional pageants or national preliminary casting competed for the title. Maelia Salcines of the Paraguayan Community in USA was crowned by Miss Grand Paraguay 2022, Agatha Leon of Ciudad del Este, and gained the right to represent the country at Miss Grand International 2023, to be held in Vietnam on October 25. On the other hand, Sharon Capó of Amambay was crowned Miss Grand Paraguay 2024, and will eventually represent the country at the 2024 international edition. Additionally, Fabiola Martínez of Villarrica was crowned Miss Supranational Paraguay 2023 and has earned the right to represent Paraguay at Miss Supranational 2023, to be held in Poland on July 14. The grand final competition of the pageant was hosted by Lucía Sapena, Fabián Benítez, and Solange Mendez Flores, and was live-transmitted to the audience nationwide via Unicanal.

text:
# Miss Grand Paraguay 2023

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 Grand Final Competition, on April 2, 2023, YouTube video | |

**Miss Grand Paraguay 2023** was the 6th edition of the Miss Grand Paraguay pageant, held on April 2, 2023, at the Paseo Events Center, Asunción. Candidates chosen through either the regional pageants or national preliminary casting competed for the title. Maelia Salcines of the Paraguayan Community in USA was crowned by Miss Grand Paraguay 2022, Agatha Leon of Ciudad del Este, and gained the right to represent the country at Miss Grand International 2023, to be held in Vietnam on October 25. On the other hand, Sharon Capó of Amambay was crowned Miss Grand Paraguay 2024, and will eventually represent the country at the 2024 international edition.

Additionally, Fabiola Martínez of Villarrica was crowned Miss Supranational Paraguay 2023 and has earned the right to represent Paraguay at Miss Supranational 2023, to be held in Poland on July 14.

The grand final competition of the pageant was hosted by Lucía Sapena, Fabián Benítez, and Solange Mendez Flores, and was live-transmitted to the audience nationwide via Unicanal.

## Background

### Date and venue

After the end of the Miss Grand Paraguay 2022 contest in May 2022, the pageant organizer, MGM Productions, consequently announced to accept of the department licensees responsible to held a regional contest to elect the representative and also ran the first central casting on 17 September, to select the national finalists for the 2023 edition of the contest, each of finalists qualified through the casting was later assigned to represent one of the country's administrative divisions.

The following is a list of the main events in the Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 pageant.

| Location | Date | Event | Venue | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Preliminary Host:
**San Pedro** | March 28 | Miss Sport Challenge | Hotel Cristal, Santa Rosa del Aguaray |  |
| | Swimsuit contest | Rancho gregoria, Santa Rosa del Aguaray |  |
| Final Venue:
**Asunción** | March 31 | Preliminary competition | Paseo Events Center, Asunción |  |
| | April 2 | | Grand Final Coronation |  |

### Selection of contestants

National finalists for the Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 pageant were either; (1) selected by local organizers entitled by the national committee to elect their regional candidates, or (2) directly chosen by the national organizer through the casting events, then each qualified candidate was later assigned to represent one of the country's administrative divisions.

The following is a list of local preliminary contests for the Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 beauty pageant.

List of Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 regional pageants, by the coronation date
| Host Department | Pageant | Date & Venue | Entrants | Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Central | Miss San Lorenzo | 4 August 2022 at San Lorenzo Shopping, San Lorenzo | 9 | Miss Grand San Lorenzo |  |
| | Miss Grand Luque | 20 December 2022 at Hotel Excelsior, Asunción | 17 | Miss Grand Luque |  |
| Canindeyú | Miss Grand Canindeyú | 25 June 2022 at Hotel Katueté, Katueté | 8 | Miss Grand Canindeyú |  |
| Alto Paraná | Señorita Minga Guazú | 25 September 2022 at Km 16 Minga Guazú Itau Supermarket, Minga Guazú | 5\[α\] | Miss Grand Minga Guazú |  |
| Asunción | Miss Grand Asunción | 1 November 2022 at Hotel Excelsior, Catedral, Asunción | 13 | Miss Grand Asunción |  |
| Note1. Only for the Señorita category, age 17 – 28 | | | | | |

## Results summary

### Main placements

|
|  |
Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 competition result by department

| **Color keys:** |

| Position | Delegate |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 |  |
| Miss Grand Paraguay 2024 |  |
| Virreina Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 |  |
| 1st runner-up |  |
| 2nd runner-up | * Luque – Sindy Riquelme |
| 3rd runner-up |  |
| Top 15 |  |

### Supplementary titles

| Position | Delegate |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Supranational Paraguay 2023 | **Villarrica – Fabiola Martínez** |
| 1st runner-up | Mariano Roque Alonso – Guadalupe Pereira |
| 2nd runner-up | Central – Valeria Giagni |
|

| Position | Delegate |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Petite Paraguay 2023 | **Nueva Italia – Abigail Gómez** |
| Runner-Up | General Elizardo Aquino – Melina Marecos |
|

### Special awards

| Award | Winner |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Sports** | Villarrica  Fabiola Martínez |
| **Miss Top Model** | Canindeyú – Yanina Pereira |
| **Miss Social Media** | Villarrica – Fabiola Martínez |
| **Miss Photogenic** | Areguá – Tirsa Cantero |
| **Miss Congeniality** | Villarrica – Fabiola Martínez |
| **Miss Beautiful Girl** | Fernando de la Mora – Tamara Vera |
| **Best Face** | Capitán Bado – Meilin Chang Franco |
| **Best Shape** | Asunción – Thiara Zorrilla |
| **Best Smile** | San Lorenzo – Sol Pérez |
| **Best Video Presentation** | Villarrica – Fabiola Martínez |
| **Best Evening Gown** | Paraguayan Community in USA – Maelia Salcines |
| **Truss Hair Girl** | Amambay – Sharon Capó |

## Contestants

As of February 2023, 25 delegates have been confirmed to participate.

| Department/District/City | Contestant | Age | Height | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amambay | Sharon Capó Nara | 23 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |  |
| Areguá (**CE**) | Tirsa Cantero | 25 | 1.69 m (5 ft 6+12 in) |  |
| Asunción | Thiara Zorrilla | 21 | 1.71 m (5 ft 7+12 in) |  |
| Canindeyú | Yanina Pereira | 20 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |  |
| Capiatá (**CE**) | Laura Carmona | 23 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |  |
| Capitán Bado (**AM**) | Meilin Chang Franco | 20 | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |  |
| Ciudad del Este(**AA**) | Jazmin Castillo | 18 | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |  |
| Central | Valeria Giagni | 19 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+12 in) |  |
| Concepción | Luisa Villalba | 25 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |  |
| Fernando de la Mora(**CE**) | Tamara Vera | 22 | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+12 in) |  |
| General Elizardo Aquino(**SP**) | Melina Marecos |  |  |  |
| Itauguá(**CE**) | Yesenia Quiñónez | 22 | 1.69 m (5 ft 6+12 in) |  |
| Limpio(**CE**) | Chabely Zoilan | 27 | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+12 in) |  |
| Luque(**CE**) | Sindy Riquelme | 21 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |  |
| Mariano Roque Alonso (**CE**) | Guadalupe Pereira | 23 | 1.71 m (5 ft 7+12 in) |  |
| Minga Guazú(**AA**) | Alma Garcete | 25 |  |  |
| Ñemby(**CE**) | Andrea Estigarribia | 22 | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+12 in) |  |
| Nueva Italia(**CE**) | Sofía Ayala | 25 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |  |
| | Abigail Gómez | 23 | 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) |  |
| Paraguayan Community in USA | Maelia Salcines | 28 | 1.66 m (5 ft 5+12 in) |  |
| San Antonio(**CE**) | Shyrley Ortiz | 25 | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |  |
| San Lorenzo(**CE**) | María Sol Pérez | 23 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |  |
| San Pedro | Evelin Baruja | 25 | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) |  |
| Villarrica(**GU**) | Fabiola Martínez | 28 | 1.64 m (5 ft 4+12 in) |  |
| Villeta(**CE**) | Belén Amarilla | 22 | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |  |

## InfoBox

| Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Maelia Salcines, Miss Grand Paraguay 2023 | |
| Date | April 2, 2023 |
| Presenters | * Lucía Sapena * Fabián Benítez * Solange Mendez Flores |
| Entertainment | * Luigi Manzoni * Lia Love |
| Venue | Paseo Events Center, Asunción |
| Broadcaster | Unicanal |
| Entrants | 23 |
| Placements | 15 |
| Debuts |  |
| Withdrawals |  |
| Returns |  |
| Winner | **Maelia Salcines
(Paraguayan Community in USA)** |
| Congeniality | Fabiola Martínez
(Villarrica) |
| Photogenic | Tirsa Cantero
(Areguá) |
|


title: Miss Grand Paraná

abstract: Miss Grand Paraná is a Brazilian state-level female beauty pageant, founded in 2021 by a São Paulo-based organizer, Edy Godoy, to select the representatives of Paraná for the Miss Grand Brazil pageant. The competition license was transferred to Marta Cathiusse, who has owned and run the pageant since 2024. Since the establishment of Miss Grand Brazil, Paraná representatives won the contest once in 2014 by an appointed Yameme Ibrahim.

text:
# Miss Grand Paraná

**Miss Grand Paraná** is a Brazilian state-level female beauty pageant, founded in 2021 by a São Paulo-based organizer, Edy Godoy, to select the representatives of Paraná for the Miss Grand Brazil pageant. The competition license was transferred to Marta Cathiusse, who has owned and run the pageant since 2024.

Since the establishment of Miss Grand Brazil, Paraná representatives won the contest once in 2014 by an appointed Yameme Ibrahim.

## History

The state of Paraná has participated in the Miss Grand Brazil pageant since the first edition which was held in 2014. However, its first three representatives were appointed. The first Miss Grand Paraná was held in November 2021 after the state franchise was granted to a local organizer led by Edy Godoy. The contest, held on June 26 at the HZ Hotel in Patos de Minas, consisted of 18 finalists, of whom a model Gabriela Borges was elected the winner. Borges later participated in the national pageant held the following year and was named the first runner-up.

Later in late 2023, Edy Godoy organized the state pageant to select a representative for the 2024 national contest; however, the 2024 state winner, Aline Biolchi, had to withdraw from the national event due to the change of national franchise holder, and the state license for Miss Grand Paraná 2024 was granted to another organizer.

## Editions

The following table details Miss Grand Paraná's annual editions since 2021.

| Edition | Date | Final venue | Entrants | Winner | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | June 26, 2021 | Recanto Cataratas Thermas Resort & Convention, Foz do Iguaçu | 18 | Gabriela Borges |  |
| 2nd | | September 6, 2022 | 20 | Ana Finkler |  |
| 3rd | | November 22, 2023 | 29 | Aline Biolchi |  |
| | July 20, 2024 | Teatro Calil Haddad, Maringá | 24 | Jessica Aguiar |  |

Notes

## National competition

The following is a list of representatives of the state of Paraná in the Miss Grand Brazil national pageant.

| Year | Representative | Original state title | Placement at Miss Grand Brazil | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Yameme Ibrahim | Appointed | Winner |  |
| 2019 | Polyana Rosa | Appointed | Top 12 |  |
| 2020 | Clarissa Thomsen | Appointed | 3rd runner-up |  |
| *No national pageant in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | |
| 2022 | Gabriela Borges | Miss Grand Paraná 2021 | 1st runner-up |  |
| 2023 | Ana Finkler | Miss Grand Paraná 2023 | 3rd runner-up |  |
| 2024 | Jessica Aguiar | Miss Grand Paraná 2024 | Top 16 |  |

1. "Mais uma Miss Paraná para Francisco Beltrão, Aline Biolchi". *jornaldebeltrao.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 November 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
2. "Miss Grand Cruzeiro do Oeste 2023 disputará o título de Miss Grand Paraná 2024". *portalumuaramanews.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
3. "Aline Biolchi é eleita Miss Grand Paraná 2024" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Beltrão Agora. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
4. "Beltronense Aline Biolchi é eleita Miss Grand Paraná 2024". *ppnewsfb.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
5. "Marta Cathiusse, a nova coordenadora dos estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e Paraná entrou no mundo miss acompanhando sua filha em concursos infantis no ano de 2017". *Miss Grand Paraná* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024  via Archive Today.
6. "Representante do Paraná é eleita Rainha do Folclore e Miss Grand Brasil 2014". *Folcloreolimpia.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 26 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 19 November 2022  via Internet Archive.
7. "Concurso da Rainha do Folclore será nesta sexta-feira, dia 25". *Folcloreolimpia.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 19 November 2022  via Internet Archive.
8. "Gabriela Borges, Miss Grand Curitiba, é eleita Miss Grand Paraná 2021" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Jornal Do Oeste. 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
9. "Watch Miss Grand Brazil 2022, live from Brasília! July 28th, 10 PM in Bangkok, noon in Brazil". *Miss Grand International*. GrandTV. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022  via YouTube Video.
10. Fábio Luís de Paula (29 July 2022). "Miss Grand Brasil 2022: Paulista usa inédito vestido com capuz e vence concurso" (in Portuguese). Universo Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
11. ""Eu acredito em uma nova Miss Brasil", defende Evandro Hazzy, novo presidente do Miss Grand" (in Brazilian Portuguese). GZH. 15 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
12. "Nova Coordenadora Estadual do MISS GRAND INTERNACIONAL promete evento sem igual no ES". *www.capixabanews.com* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 February 2024. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
13. *Foz do Iguaçu sedia hoje o concurso Miss Grand Paraná Destaque (06/09/2022)* \[*Foz do Iguaçu today hosts the Miss Grand Paraná pageant Highlight (09/06/2022)*\] (YouTube video) (in Portuguese). 7 September 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
14. *A Miss Grand Maringá vai disputar a etapa estadual em Foz do Iguaçu* \[*Miss Grand Maringá will compete in the state stage in Foz do Iguaçu*\] (YouTube video) (in Portuguese). RICtv Maringá. 23 July 2022. Event occurs at 2m10s. Retrieved 17 November 2022. ...isso através de algum canal explica um pouco melhor o concurso vai acontecer no dia quatro ao dia sete de setembro a final será no dia seis de Setembro na terça-feira terça-feira terça-feira À noite as 8 horas da noite será com...
15. "Jéssica Aguiar se torna a sexta umuaramense a vencer o Miss Paraná". *OBemdito* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
16. Tamara Almeida (22 February 2019). "Miss Grand Brasil 2019: Tudo o que você precisa saber sobre o concurso que tem inicio no dia 24". *Cartaodevisita.r7.com* (in Portuguese). Cartão de Visita. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
17. "A Miss São Paulo vence o Miss Grand Brasil 2019 em noite memorável em Bento Gonçalves". *www.osul.com.br* (in Portuguese). O Sul. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
18. "Miss Grand Brazil 2020 candidates" (in Portuguese). Concurso Nacional de Beleza. 19 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
19. "Lala Guedes, da Paraíba, é eleita Miss Grand Brasil 2020". *Jornalsemanario.com.br* (in Portuguese). Jornal Semanário. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
20. "Foz do Iguaçu sediará final do Miss Grand Brasil 2023" (in Portuguese). Foz do Iguaçu Municipal Secretary of Information Technology. 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
21. Fábio Luís de Paula (11 June 2023). "Após 10 concursos, modelo do RJ realiza sonho ao vencer o Miss Grand Brasil" (in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
22. Letícia Paludo (9 August 2024). "Gaúcha Talita Hartmann vence o Miss Grand Brasil 2024" (in Brazilian Portuguese). GZH. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

## InfoBox

Miss Grand Paraná
|
|  |
| Formation | June 26, 2021 (2021-06-26) |
| Founder | Edy Godoy |
| Type | Beauty pageant |
| Headquarters | Paraná |
| Location |  |
| Membership | Miss Grand Brazil |
| Official language | Portuguese |
| Director | * Edy Godoy *(2021–2023)* * Marta Cathiusse *(2024–Present)* |


title: Mishaal

abstract: Mishaal is a Pakistani television play/drama. It was aired by PTV in 2009. It has 17 episodes. It was written, produced and directed by Abdul Rauf Khalid.

text:
# Mishaal

***Mishaal*** is a Pakistani television play/drama. It was aired by PTV in 2009. It has 17 episodes. It was written, produced and directed by Abdul Rauf Khalid.

## Plot

*Mishaal* is an Urdu language TV drama. It is a crime thriller drama with a love story at the backdrop. Mishaal lives with her brother, elder sister and her paternal uncle who is very strict. This makes her brother rebellious and he ends up running away from home into the wrong hands. Will their family get their happy ending?

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Mishaal* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Drama |
| Written by | Abdul Rauf Khalid |
| Directed by | Abdul Rauf Khalid |
| Country of origin | Pakistan |
| Original language | Urdu |
| No. of episodes | 17 |
| Production | |
| Running time | ~45 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | PTV Home |
| Release | 2009 (2009) |


title: Mishevsko

abstract: Mishevsko is a village in Dzhebel Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Mishevsko

**Mishevsko** is a village in Dzhebel Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Mishevsko Мишевско | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mishevsko | |
| Coordinates: 41°31′00″N 25°15′00″E / 41.5167°N 25.2500°E / 41.5167; 25.2500 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Dzhebel |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Mite Skerry

abstract: Mite Skerry is a small island in the south part of the entrance to Lystad Bay, off Horseshoe Island, Antarctica. It was named by UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958; the name is descriptive of its small size.

text:
# Mite Skerry

**Mite Skerry** is a small island in the south part of the entrance to Lystad Bay, off Horseshoe Island, Antarctica. It was named by UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958; the name is descriptive of its small size.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mite Skerry". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Mite Skerry
| Mite SkerryLocation in Antarctica | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 67°52′S 67°19′W / 67.867°S 67.317°W / -67.867; -67.317 |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited |


title: Mirosława Makuchowska

abstract: Mirosława Makuchowska is a Polish LGBT rights activist. In 2020 she became a founding member of the Consultative Council created on 1 November 2020 in the context of the October 2020 Polish protests.

text:
# Mirosława Makuchowska

**Mirosława Makuchowska** (also: *Mirka Makuchowska*) is a Polish LGBT rights activist. In 2020 she became a founding member of the Consultative Council created on 1 November 2020 in the context of the October 2020 Polish protests.

## Childhood and education

Makuchowska graduated in sociology from the University of Wrocław.

## Activism

Makuchowska has been a member of the LGBT rights organisation Campaign Against Homophobia (KPH) since 2005. She has been one of the directors of KPH since 2013 or earlier and continued in the role as of 2020. During 2012–2014 she was on the board of ILGA-Europe.

In 2013, when proposed legislation for civil unions for LGBT couples was rejected, Makuchowska stated that there was strong popular support for individual LGBT couples' rights, including the right to information about one's partner's health when hospitalised, inheritance rights and right to manage one's partner's funeral arrangements.

In December 2018 during an ILGA-Europe meeting in Brussels, stated that Polish schools had been forced by the Ministry of Education to cancel school activities aimed at promoting tolerance. Makuchowska said that the use of hate speech in relation to sexual preferences increased during the rule of the governing party Law and Justice (PiS), encouraging the use of anti-LGBT physical violence such as throwing stones.

In 2019, Makuchowska criticised the declaration by several Polish local governments of LGBT-free zones, which sent a "disturbing message" to local citizens. She described PiS politicians' opposition to LGBT rights as a campaigning technique similar to its 2015 opposition to refugee rights. During the 2020 Polish presidential election campaigning period, Makuchowska stated that Andrzej Duda, the incumbent president, used homophobia as a scapegoat to try to gain votes and that physical violence against LGBT people increased in response.

Makuchowska participated in the August 2020 LGBT protests in Warsaw related to the arrest of *Stop Bzdurom* founder Małgorzata Szutowicz. Makuchowska's back was bruised when she was pushed to the ground by police during the event. She judged that community support for LGBT rights was growing in Poland at time.

## Constitutional Council

Makuchowska became a founding member of the Consultative Council created on 1 November 2020 in the context of the October 2020 Polish protests.

## InfoBox

| Mirosława Makuchowska | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | LGBT rights activist |
| Known for | one of the directors of KPH, founding member of Consultative Council |


title: Mitraguraleus

abstract: Mitraguraleus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. This is now considered a subgenus Guraleus (Mitraguraleus) Laseron, 1954

text:
# Mitraguraleus

***Mitraguraleus*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

This is now considered a subgenus *Guraleus (Mitraguraleus)* Laseron, 1954

## Distribution

This marine genus is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia

## Species

Species brought into synonymy:

* *Mitraguraleus australis* (A. Adams & G.F. Angas, 1864) synonym of *Guraleus australis* (A. Adams & G.F. Angas, 1864)

* Laseron, C. 1954. *Revision of the New South Wales Turridae (Mollusca). Australian* Zoological Handbook. Sydney : Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1-56, pls 1-12.

## InfoBox

| *Mitraguraleus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Mitraguraleus*
Laseron, 1954 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Bela mitralis*
Adams & Angas, 1864 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Miss Diddy

abstract: Candis Brown, known professionally as Miss Diddy, is an entertainment marketer and founder and CEO of The Brand Group, an LA-based marketing agency and event production company.

text:
# Miss Diddy

**Candis Brown**, known professionally as **Miss Diddy**, is an entertainment marketer and founder and CEO of The Brand Group, an LA-based marketing agency and event production company.

## Biography

Candis Brown was born in Compton. She grew up in Inglewood, California, returning to Compton, California at around ten years old. In high school, many of her friends called her "Diddy," leading to her use of the nickname professionally.

Miss Diddy began her career as the only female promoter in Hollywood. She began her career promoting the West Coast tier of Kanye West's GOOD Music.

Miss Diddy founded a full-service-agency, the Brand Group LA, which offers marketing, brand management, and event production services. Notably, she has worked with Compton mayor Aja Brown. This partnership has allowed her to work with the Compton community.

Miss Diddy hosts a "Toast to Black Hollywood" (formerly "A Toast to Young Hollywood") annually prior to the BET Awards. This award honors " great movers and shakers in the industry as well as people moving the needle and making a change in their communities."

## InfoBox

| Miss Diddy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Candis Brown |
| Employer | The Brand Group |
| Known for | Lifestyle specialist |
| Website | www.missdiddyla.com |


title: Mitsubishi Ki-2

abstract: Mitsubishi Ki-2 The Mitsubishi Ki-2 was a light bomber built by Mitsubishi for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) in the 1930s. Its Allied nickname was "Louise". Despite its antiquated appearance, the Ki-2 was successfully used in Manchukuo and in North China during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, in areas where danger from enemy fighter aircraft was minimal. It was later used in a training role.

text:
# Mitsubishi Ki-2

The **Mitsubishi Ki-2** (九三式双軽爆撃機, *Kyūsan-shiki sōkei bakugekiki*, "Army Type 93 Twin-engine Light Bomber") was a light bomber built by Mitsubishi for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) in the 1930s. Its Allied nickname was "**Louise**". Despite its antiquated appearance, the Ki-2 was successfully used in Manchukuo and in North China during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, in areas where danger from enemy fighter aircraft was minimal. It was later used in a training role.

## Design and development

The Ki-2 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with corrugated metal alloy decking, twin fins with rudders, fixed divided landing gear and was powered by two 435 hp (324 kW) Nakajima Kotobuki radial engines. Maximum speed was 225 km/h (140 mph), normal range 900 km (490 nmi; 560 mi) and maximum take-off weight 4,550 kg (10,030 lb). Single 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns were mounted in a semi-enclosed nose and dorsal positions and it could carry a maximum bomb load of 500 kg (1,100 lb).

The Ki-2 was, like its stable mate the Mitsubishi Ki-1, an adaptation of the Junkers S36 first flown in 1927. Militarized into the Junkers K37 by Junker's Swedish subsidiary AB Flygindustri at Limhamn near Malmö in Sweden, it was able to reach altitudes unattainable by contemporary fighter aircraft. However, by 1930 this advantage had been lost due to developments such as the Bristol Bulldog fighter and Junkers was unsuccessful in selling the design.

In 1931, representatives of the Mitsubishi Nainenki K.K. in Japan visited the Limhamn facilities to study some of the military conversions of Junkers aircraft, and purchased the sole K37 prototype S-AABP (ex D-1252 S36-prototype) as well as all development papers signing a contract for licensed production.

The K37 prototype was brought to Japan and tested in combat in the Manchurian Incident of 1931, following which the IJAAS authorized Mitsubishi to produce both heavy and light bomber variations. The Mitsubishi Ki-1 heavy bomber was a much larger new design following only the general arrangement of the K37 and first flew in August 1932.

The Mitsubishi Ki-2 light bomber version, a minimally re-designed K37, flew for the first time in May 1933. The fuselage was redesigned by Mitsubishi, but the wings were kept largely unchanged, except for additional ailerons. Mitsubishi built total of 113 aircraft and an additional 13 aircraft were built by Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō KK from 1933 to 1936.

An up-graded version was produced in quantity as the Ki-2-II (Army Type 93-II Twin-engined Light Bomber), with nose turret and semi-retractable main landing gear and powered by two 559 hp (417 kW) Mitsubishi Ha-8 (Army Type 94 550hp Air Cooled Radial) engines.

## Operational history

Although already obsolescent by the time of its introduction, it was used with great success in the counterinsurgency operations of the Pacification of Manchukuo, and as well as limited use in the Second Sino-Japanese War in combat in north China.

Vulnerable to attack by enemy fighters, and replaced by aircraft with greater range and payload by the late 1930s, both versions ended their flying careers in the training role.

A civilian version of the Ki-2-II named *Ohtori* (Phoenix) was bought by the Asahi Shimbun newspaper and made a number of long-range record-breaking and "goodwill" flights from 1936 to 1939. Registered **J-BAAE**, it covered the 4,930 km (2,660 nmi; 3,060 mi) from Tachikawa military air base to Bangkok in 21 hours 36 minutes flying time in December 1936, and in early 1939 achieved a round-China flight of some 9,300 km (5,000 nmi; 5,800 mi).

## Variants

Ki-2-I (Army Type 93-I Twin-engined Light Bomber) Initial production variant, powered by two 435 hp (324 kW) Nakajima Kotobuki radial engines; 126 built. Ki-2-II (Army Type 93-II Twin-engined Light Bomber) Final production variant with nose turret and semi-retractable main landing gear, powered by two 559 hp (417 kW) Mitsubishi Ha-8 (Army Type 94 550hp Air Cooled Radial) engines; 61 built. Mitsubishi *Ohtori* (大鳥, *Ōtori*, "phoenix", lit. "large bird")A de-militarized long-range record-breaking aircraft operated by *Asahi Shimbun*; 1 built. Was mistakenly given the Allied reporting name of **Eva** or **Eve**.

## Operators

Japan

## Specifications (Ki-2-I)

*Data from* *Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 3
* **Length:** 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in)
* **Wingspan:** 19.9 m (65 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in)
* **Wing area:** 56 m2 (600 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 2,800 kg (6,173 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 4,500 kg (9,921 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 2 × Nakajima Kotobuki 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, 324 kW (435 hp) each
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed wooden fixed pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 225 km/h (140 mph, 121 kn)
* **Range:** 900 km (560 mi, 490 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 7,000 m (23,000 ft)

**Armament**

* **Guns:** 2× to 3× 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns: single or twin machine guns in the nose turret, one in the dorsal turret
* **Bombs:** 300 kg (660 lb) (small run) or 500 kg (1,100 lb)(heavy run) of bombs

**Related lists**

## Bibliography

* *The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985)*. Orbis Publishing. p. 2520.
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. (1979). *Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War*. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
* Lake, Jon (2002). *Great Book of Bombers*. pp86: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
* Mikesh, Robert C.; Abe, Shorzoe (1990). *Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941*. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-563-2.
* Passingham, Malcolm (March 1999). "Les bombardiers de l'Armée japonaise (1920–1935) 2ème partie et fin" \[Japanese Army Bombers (1920–1935)\]. *Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire* (in French) (72): 29–36. ISSN 1243-8650.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions.

## InfoBox

| Ki-2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mitsubishi Ki-2-I
(Army Type 93-I Twin-engine Light Bomber) | |
| Role | Light bomber |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
| First flight | May 1933 |
| Primary user | Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) |
| Produced | 1933-1938 |
| Number built | 187 |


title: Mitchell Goldhar

abstract: Mitchell Goldhar is a Canadian billionaire and businessman. He owned SmartCentres, a firm that developed Walmart-anchored shopping malls in Canada, and retains a significant ownership stake in its successor firm SmartCentres REIT. Since August 2009, he is also the owner of the Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club. Goldhar was born in 1962. He completed his bachelor's degree at York University in Toronto. Goldhar's net worth is estimated at US$2.6 billion as of December 2019. In 2010, Goldhar bought the sweater Paul Henderson wore while scoring the decisive final goal in the Summit Series; it was being auctioned off by an anonymous American collector for US$1,067,538. On December 30, 2011, Goldhar issued a libel notice against Haaretz, an Israeli newspaper, after they published an article that Goldhar claimed was libel. Haaretz responded by challenging the lawsuit, on the basis of a lack of jurisdiction and forum non conveniens. In 2018 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the case could not be heard in Canada, and that if Goldar wished to pursue the case further, it must be done in Israel. He is Jewish. His father Leo Goldhar is Canadian, and his mother Sala Goldhar was a Holocaust survivor from Poland. In February 2023, Forbes Israel listed his net worth at US$2.3 billion.

text:
# Mitchell Goldhar

**Mitchell Goldhar** is a Canadian billionaire and businessman.

He owned SmartCentres, a firm that developed Walmart-anchored shopping malls in Canada, and retains a significant ownership stake in its successor firm SmartCentres REIT. Since August 2009, he is also the owner of the Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club.

Goldhar was born in 1962. He completed his bachelor's degree at York University in Toronto. Goldhar's net worth is estimated at US$2.6 billion as of December 2019.

In 2010, Goldhar bought the sweater Paul Henderson wore while scoring the decisive final goal in the Summit Series; it was being auctioned off by an anonymous American collector for US$1,067,538 (a world record for hockey memorabilia).

On December 30, 2011, Goldhar issued a libel notice against *Haaretz*, an Israeli newspaper, after they published an article that Goldhar claimed was libel. Haaretz responded by challenging the lawsuit, on the basis of a lack of jurisdiction and forum non conveniens. In 2018 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the case could not be heard in Canada, and that if Goldar wished to pursue the case further, it must be done in Israel.

He is Jewish. His father Leo Goldhar is Canadian, and his mother Sala Goldhar (née Armal) was a Holocaust survivor from Poland.

In February 2023, Forbes Israel listed his net worth at US$2.3 billion.

## Further reading


title: Missa bifaciata

abstract: A Missa bifaciata or Missa trifaciata was a type of Mass wherein the priest would pray the texts of the Mass of the Catechumens multiple times. This practice was common in the late Middle Ages when it was used on days with multiple liturgical feasts, such as when the feast day of a saint coincided with a Sunday, and the celebration of a second Mass by a priest was not possible due to restrictions against bination. It also allowed the fulfillment of several Mass intentions on one day. In a Missa bifaciata, the texts of two Masses from the beginning up to Offertory or the Preface would be prayed. This would then be joined to the Canon of the Mass. According to Richard Hart, this allowed a priest to receive multiple stipends. This form of Mass was considered an abuse, and was forbidden by mediaeval councils.

text:
# Missa bifaciata

A ***Missa bifaciata*** (Latin for 'twice-performed Mass') or ***Missa trifaciata*** (Latin for 'thrice-performed Mass') was a type of Mass wherein the priest would pray the texts of the Mass of the Catechumens multiple times.

This practice was common in the late Middle Ages when it was used on days with multiple liturgical feasts, such as when the feast day of a saint coincided with a Sunday, and the celebration of a second Mass by a priest was not possible due to restrictions against bination. It also allowed the fulfillment of several Mass intentions on one day. In a *Missa bifaciata*, the texts of two Masses (or three, in the case of a *Missa trifaciata*) from the beginning up to Offertory or the Preface would be prayed. This would then be joined to the Canon of the Mass.

According to Richard Hart, this allowed a priest to receive multiple stipends. This form of Mass was considered an abuse, and was forbidden by mediaeval councils.


title: Mitterlabill

abstract: Mitterlabill is a former municipality in the district of Südoststeiermark in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Schwarzautal, in the Leibnitz District.

text:
# Mitterlabill

**Mitterlabill** is a former municipality in the district of Südoststeiermark in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Schwarzautal, in the Leibnitz District.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 514 |  |
| 1880 | 534 | +3.9% |
| 1890 | 511 | −4.3% |
| 1900 | 531 | +3.9% |
| 1910 | 489 | −7.9% |
| 1923 | 516 | +5.5% |
| 1934 | 474 | −8.1% |
| 1939 | 461 | −2.7% |
| 1951 | 449 | −2.6% |
| 1961 | 443 | −1.3% |
| 1971 | 443 | +0.0% |
| 1981 | 464 | +4.7% |
| 1991 | 456 | −1.7% |
| 2001 | 447 | −2.0% |
| 2013 | 399 | −10.7% |

## InfoBox

| Mitterlabill | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| Chapel in Mitterlabill | |
| MitterlabillLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 46°53′00″N 15°38′00″E / 46.88333°N 15.63333°E / 46.88333; 15.63333 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Leibnitz |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.88 km2 (3.04 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 309 m (1,014 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 414 |
| Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8413 |
| Area code | +43 3184 |
| Vehicle registration | FB |
| Website | www.mitterlabill.
steiermark.at |


title: Mkheidze

abstract: The House of Mkheidze, originally Mkhetsidze (მხეციძე), also Pkheidze (ფხეიძე), Kheidze (ხეიძე), Mkhetsia (მხეცია), and Khetsia (ხეცია), is a Georgian noble family, known from the eighth century. This house, centered at the western district of Argveti, has survived to the end of the Georgian kingdoms and the Russian Empire which granted them recognition of their princely title in 1850.

text:
# Mkheidze

The **House of Mkheidze** (Georgian: მხეიძე), originally Mkhetsidze (მხეციძე), also Pkheidze (ფხეიძე), Kheidze (ხეიძე), Mkhetsia (მხეცია), and Khetsia (ხეცია), is a Georgian noble family, known from the eighth century. This house, centered at the western district of Argveti, has survived to the end of the Georgian kingdoms and the Russian Empire which granted them recognition of their princely title (Georgian: tavadi, Russian: knyaz) in 1850.

## History

According to the Georgian author Ioane Bagrationi, writing early in the 19th century, the Mkheidze traced their descent to the medieval house of Liparitid-Orbeli though the version cannot be substantiated by servicing historical evidence. A legend has it that the 8th-century nobles David and Constantine killed by the Arabs belonged to the Mkheidze family.

The Mkhe(ts)idze are first documented in the 11th-century cross inscription. In the early 16th century, the Mkheidze fief – Samkheidzo – emerged centered on the village of Zedubani near the present-day town of Tqibuli, but went in decline later that century. In the 17th century, the family partially restored its old prestige. Several of its members occupied high posts at the court of the Imeretian kings. They intermarried with the Dadiani of Mingrelia, the Gurieli of Guria, and the Bagrationi of Kakheti and of Imereti.

With the death of Giorgi Mkheidze (1795–1856), the princely branch of the Imeretian Chkheidze/Mkheidze became extinct in their male line. The surviving Chkheidze/Mkheidze descend from the gentry (*aznauri*) line as well as the princely (*tavadi*) one established in Mingrelia in the first half of the 18th century.


title: Mizpah in Gilead (Judges)

abstract: Mizpah was a town in Gilead, where Jephthah resided, and where he assumed the command of the Israelites in a time of national danger. Here he made his rash vow; and here his daughter submitted to her mysterious fate. Some scholars say it may be the same as Ramoth-Gilead, and it is also believed by some that it is identical with the Mizpeh of Genesis 31:23, 25, 48, 49.

text:
# Mizpah in Gilead (Judges)

**Mizpah** ('watch-tower', 'look-out') was a town in Gilead, where Jephthah resided, and where he assumed the command of the Israelites in a time of national danger. Here he made his rash vow; and here his daughter submitted to her mysterious fate (Book of Judges 10:17; 11:11, 34). Some scholars say it may be the same as Ramoth-Gilead (Joshua 20:8), and it is also believed by some that it is identical with the Mizpeh of Genesis 31:23, 25, 48, 49.


title: Modern Asian Studies

abstract: Modern Asian Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of Asian studies, published by Cambridge University Press. The journal was established in 1967 by the Syndics of the University of Cambridge and the Committee of Directors at the Centre of South Asian Studies (CSAS), a joint initiative among SOAS University of London, University of Cambridge, University of Hull, University of Leeds, and University of Sheffield. The journal covers the history, sociology, economics, and culture of modern Asia. Since 2021, the journal has been co-edited by Johan Elverskog,, Sumit Guha, A. Azfar Moin, and Robert M. Oppenheim. The previous editor was Norbert Peabody.

text:
# Modern Asian Studies

***Modern Asian Studies*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of Asian studies, published by Cambridge University Press. The journal was established in 1967 by the Syndics of the University of Cambridge and the Committee of Directors at the Centre of South Asian Studies (CSAS), a joint initiative among SOAS University of London, University of Cambridge, University of Hull, University of Leeds, and University of Sheffield. The journal covers the history, sociology, economics, and culture of modern Asia.

Since 2021, the journal has been co-edited by Johan Elverskog, (Southern Methodist University), Sumit Guha, A. Azfar Moin, and Robert M. Oppenheim (all at the University of Texas, Austin). The previous editor was Norbert Peabody (University of Cambridge).

## History

In 1947, the Scarbrough Commission asserted that knowledge of Asian countries needed to be granted a permanent place in British academia. The commission, in its report, believed that knowledge of the histories, cultures, and languages of Asia were "quite inadequate for Britain's national purposes." Ralph Lilley Turner, the second Director of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), requested state funding to implement the commission's recommendations, which began in 1948. SOAS planned to appoint 18 professors, 35 readers, and 114 lectures over a five-year time period. The launching of an academic journal in 1967 represented the culmination of these efforts.

The journal nowadays publishes monographic essays on a wide range of topics that are supported with empirical data. It is one of the leading journals in the field and has long been considered the flagship area studies journal of Cambridge University Press.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.075.

## Further reading

* Woo, Park Seung and Victor T. King. *The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond* Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013.

## InfoBox

*Modern Asian Studies*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Asian studies |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Johan Elverskog, Sumit Guha, A. Azfar Moin, Robert M. Oppenheim |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1967-present |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 1.075 (2021) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mod. Asian Stud.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0026-749X (print)
1469-8099 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |