title: List of mayors of Waterford

abstract: This is a list of mayors of Waterford.

text:
# List of mayors of Waterford

This is a **list of mayors of Waterford**.

## Overview

The mayor of Waterford wears a traditional gold chain during official duties.

The links on the chain commemorate individual past mayors, though the families of the mayors themselves are responsible for providing each link. Thus the number of links is far less than the total number of past mayors. Links may be added retroactively, usually by the descendants of past mayors.

Mayors are listed by year. Sources (Years 1377–1891), (Other years).

## 1284–1299

* 1284 – Roger le Lom
* 1285 – Roger le Lom
* 1285 – 1286 There were no mayors. The city was administered by the Escheator of Ireland.
* 1294 – John le Tyler
* 1295 – John le Tyler
* 1296 – Ralph de Hampton
* 1297 – Ralph de Hampton
* 1298 – Ralph de Hampton
* 1299 – Ralph de Hampton

## 1300–1399

* 1300 – Ralph de Hampton
* 1301 – 1376 \***Require mayors for these dates.
* 1377 – William Lumbard
* 1378 – William Lumbard
* 1379 – William Chapman
* 1380 – William Madan
* 1381 – Philip Spell
* 1382 – Robert Sweetman
* 1383 – Robert Sweetman
* 1384 – William Lumbard
* 1385 – William Forstall
* 1386 – Robert Bruce
* 1387 – William Lumbard
* 1388 – William Poer
* 1389 – William Poer
* 1390 – Milo Poer
* 1391 – Walter Spence
* 1392 – William Chapman
* 1393 – John Rocket
* 1394 – Milo Poer
* 1395 – William Forstall
* 1396 – William Attamen
* 1397 – William Lincolne
* 1398 – Andrew Archer
* 1399 – John Eyenas

## 1400–1499

* 1400 – William Forstall
* 1401 – John Lumbard
* 1402 – John Lumbard
* 1403 – Nicholas Lumbard
* 1404 – William Poer
* 1405 – William Poer
* 1406 – Richard Brushbone
* 1407 – John Walsh
* 1408 – John Lumbard
* 1409 – Walter Attamen
* 1410 – William Power
* 1411 – John Roberts
* 1412 – John Rocket
* 1413 – Simon Wickins
* 1414 – John White
* 1415 – Nicholas Holland
* 1416 – William Russell
* 1417 – William Lincolne (or Lyncoll)
* 1418 – John Lumbard
* 1419 – John Lumbard
* 1420 – Roger Walsh
* 1421 – Simon Wickins
* 1422 – Thomas O'Kabrane
* 1423 – William Lincolne
* 1425 – Thomas O'Kabrane
* 1426 – William Lincolne
* 1427 – Peter Strong
* 1428 – Robert Lincolne
* 1429 – Peter Rice
* 1430 – Walter Attam
* 1431 – Peter Strong
* 1432 – Gilbert Dyer
* 1433 – Foulke Commerford
* 1434 – Peter Strong
* 1435 – Nicholas Gough
* 1436 – John Corr
* 1437 – John White
* 1438 – Nicholas Mulgan
* 1439 – John Rope
* 1440 – Thomas Hull
* 1441 – Nicholas Gough
* 1442 – William Stattadel
* 1443 – Nicholas Mulgan
* 1444 – Nicholas Mulgan
* 1445 – William Corr
* 1446 – William Corr
* 1447 – John Rope
* 1448 – Foulke Commerford
* 1449 – William Lincolne
* 1450 – William White
* 1451 – Richard Walsh
* 1452 – Maurice Wise
* 1453 – Patrick Rope
* 1454 – John Madan
* 1455 – William White
* 1456 – Robert Butler
* 1457 – John Madan
* 1458 – Richard Walsh
* 1459 – William White
* 1460 – Laurence Dobbin
* 1461 – John May
* 1462 – John Sherlock
* 1463 – John Corr
* 1464 – John Corr
* 1465 – Peter Strong
* 1466 – Nicholas Mulgan
* 1467 – John Butler
* 1468 – John Mulgan
* 1469 – James Rice
* 1470 – Nicholas Devereux
* 1471 – James Rice
* 1472 – James Rice
* 1473 – John Corr
* 1474 – John Corr
* 1475 – Peter Sherlock
* 1476 – Peter Lovet
* 1477 – James Rice
* 1478 – William Lincolne
* 1479 – John Corr
* 1480 – James Sherlock
* 1481 – Maurice Wyse
* 1482 – John Butler
* 1483 – James Rice
* 1484 – James Rice
* 1485 – Richard Strong
* 1486 – James Rice
* 1487 – John Butler
* 1488 – James Rice
* 1489 – Robert Lumbard
* 1490 – William Lumbard
* 1491 – Patrick Rope
* 1492 – William Lumbard
* 1493 – Robert Butler
* 1494 – Henry Fagan
* 1495 – John Madan

Charter was revoked between the years 1495 to 1509 inclusive for an unknown reason.

## 1500–1599

* 1510 – John Madan
* 1511 – John Butler
* 1512 – Nicholas Madan
* 1513 – John Madan
* 1514 – James Butler
* 1515 – Nicholas Madan
* 1516 – John Madan
* 1517 – Patrick Rope
* 1518 – Nicholas Madan
* 1519 – James Sherlock
* 1520 – John Madan
* 1521 – Richard Walsh
* 1522 – Peter Walsh
* 1523 – Nicholas Wyse
* 1524 – John Madan
* 1525 – James Sherlock
* 1526 – John Morgan
* 1527 – Nicholas Wyse
* 1528 – Patrick Walsh
* 1529 – James Sherlock
* 1530 – John Morgan
* 1531 – Nicholas Wyse
* 1532 – Patrick Walsh
* 1533 – William Wyse
* 1534 – James Sherlock
* 1535 – William Lincolne
* 1536 – John Morgan
* 1537 – Thomas Lumbard
* 1538 – Edward Sherlock
* 1539 – James Walsh
* 1540 – William Wyse
* 1541 – Peter Dobbin
* 1542 – James White
* 1543 – William Lincolne
* 1544 – Edward Sherlock
* 1545 – Thomas Lumbard
* 1546 – Peter Dobbin
* 1547 – James Walsh
* 1548 – James Madan
* 1549 – Thomas Sherlock
* 1550 – Walter Coltie
* 1551 – David Walsh
* 1552 – Peter Dobbin
* 1553 – James Dobbin
* 1554 – Maurice Wyse
* 1555 – Robert Walsh
* 1556 – Henry Walsh
* 1557 – Peter Dobbin
* 1558 – Maurice Wyse
* 1559 – John Sherlock
* 1560 – Peter Strong
* 1561 – John Wise
* 1562 – James Walsh
* 1563 – Henry Wyse
* 1564 – Peter Walsh
* 1565 – John Neal
* 1566 – Peter Alyward
* 1567 – Patrick Dobbin
* 1568 – Nicholas Alyward
* 1569 – Peter Walsh
* 1570 – Phillip Cummerford
* 1571 – George Wyse
* 1572 – John Maden
* 1573 – John Maden
* 1574 – James Walsh
* 1575 – James Butler
* 1576 – Peter Sherlock
* 1577 – Peter Alyward
* 1578 – Sir Patrick Walsh
* 1579 – Patrick Dobbin
* 1580 – James Sherlock
* 1581 – Richard Lestrange
* 1582 – Nicholas Lee
* 1583 – James Maden
* 1584 – John Leonard
* 1585 – Nicholas Cummerford
* 1586 – James Wyse
* 1592 – Nicholas Aylward
* 1593 – Patrick Morgan
* 1594 – Paul Sherlock
* 1595 – James White.
* 1596 – Thomas Wadding
* 1597 – Paul Strong
* 1598 – Thomas White
* 1599 – Richard Madan

## 1600–1699

* 1600 – Sir Edward Gough
* 1601 – Robert Walsh
* 1602 – Robert Walsh
* 1603 – James Lombard
* 1604 – Richard Madan
* 1605 – Thomas Wyse
* 1606 – John Sherlock
* 1607 – Thomas Strong
* 1608 – Stephen Leonard
* 1609 – Stephen Leonard
* 1610 – James Levett
* 1611 – Richard Wadding
* 1612 – Michael Browne
* 1613 – Robert Walsh
* 1614 – Walter Sherlock
* 1615 – Nicholas White
* 1616 – John Joy
* 1617 – Alexander Brien
* From 1617 to 1626, inclusive, there was no settled form of government in the city, owing to the refusal of the Roman Catholic Mayors to take the Oath of Supremacy.
* 1626 – James Woodlock
* 1627 – Sir Peter Aylward
* 1628 – John Sherlock
* 1629 – William Dobbin
* 1630 – Robert Wyse
* 1631 – James Walsh
* 1632 – Sir Thomas Sherlock
* 1633 – Sir Thomas Gough
* 1634 – Richard Strong
* 1635 – John Skiddy
* 1636 – Richard Butler
* 1637 – James White
* 1638 – Nicholas Wyse
* 1639 – Robert Lumbard
* 1640 – Mathew Grant
* 1641 – Francis Briver
* 1642 – Thomas White
* 1643 – Redmond Gerald
* 1644 – Luke White
* 1645 – Garret Lincolne
* 1646 – Paul Wadding
* 1647 – John Bluet
* 1648 – Sir John Walsh
* 1649 – John Levett
* 1650 – John Aylward
* 1651 – From 1650 to 1658 the City was governed by Commissioners appointed by Oliver Cromwell.
* 1656 – George Cawdron
* 1657 – Thomas Watts
* 1658 – Andrew Richard
* 1659 – John Houghton
* 1660 – Sir Thomas Dancer
* 1661 – Wiliam Halsey
* 1662 – William Bolton
* 1663 – John Eyeres
* 1664 – Thomas Christmas
* 1665 – George Deyos
* 1666 – Andrew Richard
* 1667 – Thomas Exton
* 1668 – John Heavens
* 1669 – John Heavens
* 1670 – William Hurst
* 1671 – Thomas Bolton
* 1672 – Henry Aland
* 1673 – Thomas Coote
* 1674 – Joseph Ivie
* 1675 – Michael Head
* 1676 – Henry Seagar
* 1677 – William Cooper
* 1678 – William Denis
* 1679 – Richard Seay
* 1680 – Zachary Clayton
* 1681 – William Fuller
* 1682 – Richard Maybank
* 1683 – William Fuller
* 1684 – Michael Head
* 1685 – William Godrick
* 1686 – William Godrick
* 1687 – Richard Fitzgerald
* 1688 – Richard Fitzgerald
* 1689 – Richard Fitzgerald
* 1690 – David Lloyde
* 1691 – Thomas Wyse and David Lloyde
* 1692 – Nicholas Porter
* 1693 – Francis Barker
* 1694 – Joseph Hopkins
* 1695 – Richard Christmas
* 1696 – John Mason
* 1697 – Sir John Mason
* 1698 – William Smith
* 1699 – Thomas Smith

## 1700–1799

* 1700 – John Head
* 1701 – Theodore Jones
* 1702 – William Weekes
* 1703 – John Lambe and John Japp
* 1704 – William Jones
* 1705 – David Lewis
* 1706 – James Eccles
* 1707 – James Eccles and David Lewis
* 1708 – David Lewis
* 1709 – Sir John Mason
* 1710 – David Lewis
* 1711 – David Lewis
* 1712 – John Mason
* 1713 – Francis Barker
* 1714 – Samuel Austin
* 1715 – Thomas Christmas
* 1716 – William Jones
* 1717 – Thomas Aikenhead
* 1718 – Thomas Aikenhead
* 1719 – Benjamin Morris
* 1720 – John Moore
* 1721 – Thomas Aikenhead
* 1722 – John Morris
* 1723 – Joseph Ivie
* 1724 – Wuham Alcock
* 1725 – Thomas Christmas
* 1726 – Simon Vashon
* 1727 – Simon Newport
* 1728 – Edward Weekes
* 1729 – Joseph Ivie
* 1730 – Henry Mason
* 1731 – Richard Weekes
* 1732 – John Moore
* 1733 – William Barker
* 1734 – Henry Mason
* 1735 – William Morgan
* 1736 – Ambrose Congreve
* 1737 – Samuel Barker
* 1738 – Simon Vashon, jun.
* 1739 – Simon Vashon, jun.
* 1740 – Robert West
* 1741 – Samuel Barker
* 1742 – Robert Glen
* 1743 – Cornelius Bolton
* 1744 – Beverley Ussher
* 1745 – William Ecles
* 1746 – Christmas Paul
* 1747 – Francis Barker
* 1748 – Thomas Christmas and Robert Glen
* 1749 – William Paul
* 1750 – William Paul
* 1751 – William Paul and George Bakas
* 1752 – Samuel Barker
* 1753 – William Alcock
* 1754 – William Morgan
* 1755 – Thomas Myles
* 1756 – Simon Newport
* 1757 – Henry Alcock
* 1758 – Thomas West
* 1759 – Benjamin Morris
* 1760 – Michael Hobbs
* 1761 – Michael Hobbs and Cornelius Bolton
* 1762 – Thomas Myles
* 1763 – George Wilkinson
* 1764 – William Alcock
* 1765 – John Lyon
* 1766 – Henry Alcock
* 1767 – William Price
* 1768 – William Alcock
* 1769 – Bolton Lee
* 1770 – Benjamin Morris
* 1771 – Francis Barker
* 1772 – William Bates
* 1773 – William Hobbs
* 1774 – John Lander
* 1775 – James Henry Reynett
* 1776 – James Henry Reynett
* 1777 – Henry Alcock, jun.
* 1778 – Simon Newport
* 1779 – Samuel Morgan
* 1780 – William Paul
* 1781 – William Alcock
* 1782 – Simon John Newport
* 1783 – James Moore
* 1784 – William Newport
* 1785 – John Alcock
* 1786 – Samuel King
* 1787 – Benjamin Morris
* 1788 – William Weekes
* 1789 – Thomas Alcock
* 1790 – John Ramsay
* 1791 – Thomas Price
* 1792 – Sir Simon Newport
* 1793 – Thomas Price and James Moore
* 1794 – Edmond Stevenson
* 1795 – Benjamin Morris, jun.
* 1796 – Simon Newport
* 1797 – James Sempill
* 1798 – Samuel Boyce
* 1799 – James Sempill

## 1800–1891

* 1800 – Samuel King
* 1801 – Samuel Morgan
* 1802 – James Henry Reynett
* 1803 – Henry Alcock
* 1804 – James Henry Reynett
* 1805 – James Moore
* 1806 – Robert Lyon
* 1807 – William Alcock
* 1808 – Robert Lyon
* 1809 – John Burchall
* 1810 – Cornelius Bolton
* 1811 – John Denis
* 1812 – James Henry Reynett
* 1813 – Henry Sergeant
* 1814 – Robert Lyon
* 1815 – Harry Alcock
* 1816 – Cornelius Bolton
* 1817 – Samuel Morgan
* 1818 – Sir John Newport
* 1819 – James Hackett
* 1820 – Samuel King
* 1821 – William Murphy
* 1822 – Edward Weeks
* 1823 – James Hackett
* 1824 – Sir Simon Newport
* 1825 – John Snow
* 1826 – Edward Villiers Briscoe, mayor-elect, having died 10 September; Alderman Snow held the rod until 20 November (Ald. Snow died 22 November 1826), when, by mandamus from the King's Bench, the Common Council elected and swore in Henry Holdsworth Hunt, who died 25 June 1827, and was succeeded by Henry Alcock.
* 1827 – Thomas Carew
* 1828 – William Weekes
* 1829 – Michael Evelyn
* 1830 – Edmond Skottowe
* 1831 – Henry Alcock
* 1832 – Adam Rogers
* 1833 – William Hobbs
* 1834 – Thomas McCheane
* 1835 – Alexander Mann Alcock
* 1836 – John Harris
* 1837 – Matthew Poole
* 1838 – William M. Ardagh
* 1839 – Edward Hobson
* 1840 – Simon Newport
* 1841 – Thomas L. Mackesy, Municipal Reform Act came into operation on 7 November 1841.
* 1842 – Thomas L. Mackesy
* 1843 – Thomas Meagher
* 1844 – Thomas Meagher
* 1845 – Sir B. Morris
* 1846 – Sir B. Norris Wall
* 1847 – Owen Carroll
* 1848 – Silvester Phelan
* 1849 – James Kent
* 1850 – Richard Cooke
* 1851 – John Power
* 1852 – Michael Dobbyn
* 1853 – Thomas F. Strange
* 1854 – Henry Denny
* 1855 – John Aloysius Blake
* 1856 – John Aloysius Blake
* 1857 – John Aloysius Blake
* 1858 – John Everard Feehan
* 1859 – John Mackesy
* 1860 – Thomas Murphy
* 1861 – Pierse Cox
* 1862 – William Johnson
* 1863 – Andrew Ryan
* 1864 – John Lawler
* 1865 – John Lawler
* 1866 – P. K. Reid
* 1867 – Sir B. Morris, knt.
* 1868 – Patrick Anthony Power
* 1869 – Cornelius Redmond
* 1870 – Thomas Wilson
* 1871 – Henry Francis Slattery
* 1872 – James F. Scott
* 1873 – St. George Freeman
* 1874 – William Kent Cummins
* 1875 – John Thomas Ryan
* 1876 – John Thomas Ryan
* 1877 – Thomas Purcell
* 1878 – Patrick Manning
* 1879 – George I. Mackesy
* 1880 – Laurence A. Ryan
* 1881 – Laurence A. Ryan
* 1882 – Laurence A. Ryan
* 1883 – William Kelly
* 1884 – John Allingham
* 1885 – John Allingham
* 1886 – Richard Power
* 1887 – Richard Power
* 1888 – Thomas Toole
* 1889 – Thomas Toole
* 1890 – Thomas Toole
* 1891 – John Manning
* 1892 – John Manning
* 1893 – John Manning
* 1894 – Anthony Cadogan
* 1895 – William J. Smith
* 1896 – William J. Smith
* 1897 – James Knox
* 1898 – Henry Grainger
* 1899 – Laurence C. Strange

## 1900–1998

* 1900 – Alexander Nelson
* 1901 – Richard Hearne
* 1902 – Richard Hearne
* 1903 – James A. Power
* 1904 – Sir James A. Power
* 1905 – Sir James A. Power
* 1906 – Maurice Quinlan
* 1907 – Maurice Quinlan
* 1908 – Thomas Whittle
* 1909 – Thomas Whittle
* 1910 – James Hackett
* 1911 – James Hackett
* 1912 – Michael Kirwan
* 1913 – Richard Power
* 1914 – Richard Power
* 1915 – Richard Power
* 1916 – John J. O'Sullivan
* 1917 – John J. O'Sullivan
* 1918 – David MacDonald
* 1919 – David MacDonald
* 1920 – Vincent White
* 1921 – Vincent White
* 1922 – Vincent White
* 1923 – Vincent White
* 1924 – Vincent White
* 1925 – 1926 (a) Vincent White
* 1925 – 1926 (b) Richard Keane
* 1926 – John J. Wyley
* 1927 – John J. Wyley
* 1928 – Edward Walsh
* 1929 – Edward Walsh
* 1930 – William Jones
* 1931 – William Jones
* 1932 – Matthew Cassin
* 1933 – Matthew Cassin
* 1934 – Edward Dawson
* 1935 – James Aylward
* 1936 – James Aylward
* 1937 – James Aylward
* 1938 – James Aylward
* 1939 – James Aylward
* 1940 – James Aylward
* 1941 – Thomas Dunne
* 1942 – Paul Caulfield
* 1943 – William Jones
* 1944 – Bryan Cunningham
* 1945 – William Kenneally
* 1946 – Michael Coffey
* 1947 – John F. Gloster
* 1948 – Thaddeus Lynch
* 1949 – James Croke
* 1950 – James Aylward
* 1951 – Thaddeus Lynch
* 1952 – Martin Cullen
* 1953 – Patrick Browne
* 1954 – Patrick Browne
* 1955 – Thomas Gallagher
* 1956 – Thomas Gallagher
* 1957 – Denis J. Fitzpatrick
* 1958 – Denis J. Fitzpatrick
* 1959 – Richard Jones
* 1960 – James Power
* 1961 – John Griffin
* 1962 – John Griffin
* 1963 – Thomas Brennan
* 1964 – Patrick Browne
* 1965 – Patrick Browne
* 1966 – Patrick Browne
* 1967 – Thomas Cullen
* 1968 – William Jones
* 1969 – William Jones
* 1970 – Maurice Downey
* 1971 – Timothy Galvin
* 1972 – James Quinlan
* 1973 – Thomas Brennan
* 1974 – Joseph Cummins
* 1975 – Edward A. Collins
* 1976 – William Kenneally
* 1977 – Timothy Gavin
* 1978 – Patrick Power
* 1979 – Stephen Rogers
* 1980 – Thomas Brennan
* 1981 – Thomas Browne
* 1982 – Joseph Cummins
* 1983 – Richard Jones
* 1984 – William Kenneally
* 1985 – Liam Curham
* 1986 – Brian Swift
* 1987 – David Daniels
* 1988 – Brendan Kenneally
* 1989 – Patrick Power
* 1990 – Liam Curham
* 1991 – Hilary Quinlan
* 1992 – Thomas Browne
* 1993 – Martin Cullen
* 1994 – Stephen Rogers
* 1995 – Maurice Cummins
* 1996 – Pat Power
* 1997 – Tom Cunningham
* 1998 – Brian Swift

## 1999–2013

* 1999 – Pat Hayes
* 2000 – Davy Daniels
* 2001 – Hilary Quinlan
* 2002 – Oliver Clery
* 2003 – Tom Cunningham
* 2004 – Seamus Ryan
* 2005 – Davy Daniels
* 2006 – L. "Cha" O'Neill
* 2007 – Mary O'Halloran
* 2008 – Jack Walsh
* 2009 – John Halligan
* 2010 – Mary Roche
* 2011 – Pat Hayes
* 2012 – Jim Darcy
* 2013 – John Cummins

## 2014–present

In 2014, Waterford City and County Council was formed by the merger of Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council by the Local Government Reform Act 2014. The merged council then had a Mayor for the city and county.

| Year | Mayor |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | James Tobin |
| 2015 | John Cummins |
| 2016 | Adam Wyse |
| 2017 | Pat Nugent |
| 2018 | Declan Doocey |
| 2019 | John Pratt |
| 2020 | Damien Geoghegan |
| 2021 | Joe Kelly |
| 2022 | John O'Leary |
| 2023 | Joe Conway |
| 2024 | Jason Murphy |


title: 123 Albert Street

abstract: 123 Albert Street is a commercial office development in Brisbane, Australia. The modern style office building is located in the Brisbane central business district at 123 Albert Street. The building was completed in July 2011 and opened in October 2011. The Premium grade office tower was designed by Hassell and is owned by Dexus. The tower consists of 26 levels of office space and eight levels of car parking which provide 388 car park spaces. The building has a two design ratings: a 6 Green Star rating and a 5 Star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating which are pending assessment. On 25 August 2010 a worker was injured during the construction of the tower. The building was the first in Brisbane to employ a commercial concierge.

text:
# 123 Albert Street

**123 Albert Street** is a commercial office development in Brisbane, Australia. The modern style office building is located in the Brisbane central business district at 123 Albert Street. The building was completed in July 2011 and opened in October 2011.

The Premium grade office tower was designed by Hassell and is owned by Dexus. The tower consists of 26 levels of office space and eight levels of car parking (five above ground) which provide 388 car park spaces. The building has a two design ratings: a 6 Green Star rating and a 5 Star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating which are pending assessment.

On 25 August 2010 a worker was injured during the construction of the tower.

The building was the first in Brisbane to employ a commercial concierge.

## InfoBox

| 123 Albert Street | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Opened |
| Type | Commercial office |
| Location | Brisbane, Queensland<br> |
| Coordinates | 27°28′14.71″S 153°01′36.26″E / 27.4707528°S 153.0267389°E / -27.4707528; 153.0267389 |
| Construction started | February 2008 |
| Completed | July 2011 |
| Opened | October 2011 |
| Cost | $359 million |
| Owner | Dexus |
| Height | |
| Roof | 127 m (417 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 31 |
| Floor area | 38,991 m² |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Hassell |
| Developer | Dexus |
| Structural engineer | Robert Bird |
| Main contractor | Laing O'Rourke |


title: Pinch point (economics)

abstract: A pinch-point is the level of inventories of a commodity or product below which consumers of that commodity or product become concerned about security of supply.

text:
# Pinch point (economics)

A **pinch-point** is the level of inventories of a commodity or product below which consumers of that commodity or product become concerned about security of supply.

## Background

When inventories are below the pinch-point, small changes in the balance of supply and demand can cause large changes in the price of the commodity or product.

The term was suggested in 1988 by Walter Curlook (Executive Vice-President of Inco Ltd) and was first published by Raymond Goldie with Rob Maiman in 1990. In 2000 Raymond Goldie trademarked the term.


title: Volvarina sauliae

abstract: Volvarina sauliae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina sauliae

***Volvarina sauliae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 7.3 mm.

The small, rather conical, smooth shell shows two reddish lines across the body whorl. The spire is very short, the aperture is long. The columella is four-plaited, the last plait subincrassate. The outer lip is smooth, scarcely raised from the body whorl at its reflected margin.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Verde and Mauritius

* Moreno D. & Burnay L.P. (1999) *The genus Volvarina (Gastropoda: Marginellidae) in the Cape Verde Islands*. Journal of Conchology 36(5): 83-124.
* Kellner L. (2003). A new species of Gibberula Swainson, 1849 (Cystiscidae) from Cape Verde Islands (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Club Conchylia Informationen. 35 (1/6): 7-9
* Rolán E., 2005. *Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda*.
* Cossignani T. (2006). *Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World*. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp.
* Moreno D. 2012. *The genus Gibberula (Gastropoda, Cystiscidae) in the Cape Verde Islands with the description of a new species.* Iberus, 30(1): 67–83.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina sauliae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina sauliae* (syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. sauliae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina sauliae***<br>(G.B. Sowerby II, 1846) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gibberula jousseaumi* Rochebrune, 1881 * *Gibberula rachmaninovi* Kellner, 2003 * *Marginella jousseaumi* (Rochebrune, 1882) * *Marginella sauliae* G.B. Sowerby II, 1846 (basionym) * *Prunum sauliae* (G.B. Sowerby II, 1846) | |


title: University College, Mangalore

abstract: University College was established in 1868 in Mangalore city of Karnataka in India. The campus is situated on an eight-acre land at Hampankatta in Mangalore. This college became a constituent college of Mangalore University on 7 March 1993. It is among the 19 colleges chosen by the University Grants Commission (UGC) for 'heritage status' across the country.

text:
# University College, Mangalore

**University College** was established in 1868 in Mangalore city of Karnataka in India. The campus is situated on an eight-acre land at Hampankatta in Mangalore. This college became a constituent college of Mangalore University on 7 March 1993. It is among the 19 colleges chosen by the University Grants Commission (UGC) for 'heritage status' across the country.

## Alumni

Notable alumni from this college include

## InfoBox

University College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Constituent College |
| Established | 1868 (1868) |
| Affiliation | Mangalore University |
| Principal | Dr.Anasuya Rai |
| Location | Mangalore, Karnataka, India<br>12°51′57″N 74°50′28″E / 12.8659°N 74.8412°E / 12.8659; 74.8412 |
| Campus | Urban, 8 acres |


title: Lusterweibchen

abstract: Lusterweibchen is a style of chandelier. Having a horizontal antler fixed with a carved wooden sculpture, the German term “Lüsterweibchen” refers to the sculpture, while the lamp itself is categorised as a type of horn furniture.

text:
# Lusterweibchen

**Lusterweibchen** is a style of chandelier. Having a horizontal antler fixed with a carved wooden sculpture, the German term “*Lüsterweibchen*” (*little woman chandelier*) refers to the sculpture, while the lamp itself is categorised as a type of horn furniture.

## History

The first chandeliers in the lusterweibchen style appeared at the end of the 14th century. The Marienkirche in Lemgo, Germany, was illuminated by a chandelier that combined a bust of a woman with a pair of 12-point deer antlers. The artist of this particular piece is unknown, but the extraordinary chandelier inspired many other artists to create their own works.

During the 16th century lusterweibchen chandeliers boomed, with famous designs by artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Veit Stoss, and Tilman Riemenschneider. They may have had an almost magical appeal, reflecting the spirit of the era. The most famous lusterweibchen design was a dragon chandelier carved by Veit Stoss according to a drawing by Albrecht Dürer.

As an element of horn furniture, antlers are treasured by collectors and well suited for display. The combination of antler and a carved statue resulted in a perfect unit for decoration and room illumination. With the rising prosperity of the European middle class at the end of the 19th century, lusterweibchen chandeliers became an established design feature. Artists created various designs ranging from copies of old drawings to busts of contemporary noblewomen, mermaids, Dianas, coats of arms, guild emblems, and lustermaennchen featuring male figures.


abstract: This article is a List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles Orson Welles was an American film director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. He received numerous accolades including an Academy Award, Peabody Award, and Grammy Award as well as nominations for a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award. He has also received numerous honors including the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1975, the British Film Institute Fellowship in 1983, and the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 1984. He was inducted into both the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 1979, and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1988. Welles was presented with France's Legion of Honour in 1982.

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles

This article is a  ***List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles***

Orson Welles was an American film director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. He received numerous accolades including an Academy Award, Peabody Award, and Grammy Award as well as nominations for a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award.

He has also received numerous honors including the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1975, the British Film Institute Fellowship in 1983, and the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 1984. He was inducted into both the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 1979, and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1988. Welles was presented with France's Legion of Honour in 1982.

## Major associations

### Academy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | Best Director | *Citizen Kane* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor | | Nominated | |
| | Best Original Screenplay | | Won | |
| 1970 | Academy Honorary Award | | Received |  |
|

### BAFTA Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | Best Foreign Actor | *Chimes at Midnight* | Nominated |  |
|

### Golden Globe Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture | *Butterfly* | Nominated |  |
|

### Grammy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | Best Comedy Album | *The Begatting of the President* | Nominated |  |
| 1976 | Best Spoken Word Album | *Immortal Sherlock Holmes* | Nominated |  |
| 1977 | | *Great American Documents* | Nominated |  |
| 1979 | | *Citizen Kane* | Nominated |  |
| 1980 | | *Orson Welles & Helen Hayes at Their Best* | Nominated |  |
| 1981 | | *Obediently Yours* | Nominated |  |
| 1982 | | *Donovan's Brain* | Won |  |
| 1993 | | *This is Orson Welles* | Nominated |  |
|

## Miscellaneous accolades

### Cannes Film Festival

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Palme d'Or | *Othello* | Won |  |
| 1959 | Best Actor | *Compulsion* | Won |  |
| 1966 | Palme d'Or | *Chimes at Midnight* | Nominated |  |
|

### Los Angeles Film Critics Association

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | Career Achievement Award | Orson Welles | Received |  |
|

### National Board of Review

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1942 | Best Actor | *Citizen Kane* | Won |  |
|

### New York Film Critics Circle

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | Best Picture | *Citizen Kane* | Won |  |
|

### Venice Film Festival

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1947 | Golden Lion | *The Stranger* | Won | . |
| 1970 | Golden Lion | Career Achievement | Received |  |
|

## Honorary awards

| Year | Association | Award | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1933 | Chicago Drama League Prize for *Twelfth Night* | Recipient |  |
| 1945 | Interracial Film and Radio Guild Award for Contributions to Interracial Harmony through Radio | Recipient |  |
| 1938 | The New York Drama Study Club Award | Recipient |  |
| 1939 | Essex County Symphony Society's Achievement Award | Recipient |  |
| 1958 | Peabody Award for *The Fountain of Youth* | Recipient |  |
| 1975 | American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award | Recipient |  |
| 1979 | National Association of Broadcasters Broadcasting Hall of Fame | Induction |  |
| 1982 | Order of Commander of the Légion d'honneur | Recipient |  |
| 1983 | Académie des Beaux-Arts | Inducted |  |
| 1983 | British Film Institute Fellowship | Recipient |  |
| 1984 | Directors Guild of America's D. W. Griffith Award | Recipient |  |
| 1984 | The Academy of Magical Arts | Special Fellowship |  |
| 1985 | National Board of Review Career Achievement Award | Recipient |  |
| 1988 | National Radio Hall of Fame | Inducted |  |
|

## Special recognitions

* 1958: Although Universal Pictures did its best to prevent *Touch of Evil* from being selected for the 1958 Brussels World Film Festival—part of the Expo 58 world's fair—the film received its European premiere and Welles was invited to attend. To his astonishment, Welles collected the two top awards. *Touch of Evil* received the International Critics Prize, and Welles was recognized for his body of work.
* 1998: In 1998 and 2007, the American Film Institute ranked *Citizen Kane* as the greatest American movie. These other Welles films were nominated for the AFI list: *The Magnificent Ambersons* (1942, director/producer/screenwriter); *The Third Man* (1949, actor); *Touch of Evil* (1958, actor/director/screenwriter); and *A Man for All Seasons* (1966, actor).
* 1999: The American Film Institute acknowledged Welles as one of the top 25 male motion picture stars of Classic Hollywood cinema in its survey, AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.
* 2002: Welles was voted the greatest film director of all time in two British Film Institute polls, of directors and critics.
* 2002: A highly divergent genus of Hawaiian spiders *Orsonwelles* was named in his honor.
* 2003: A crater on Mars was named in his honor.
* 2007: A statue of Welles sculpted by Oja Kodar was installed in the city of Split, Croatia.
* 2013: On February 10, 2013, the Woodstock Opera House in Woodstock, Illinois, dedicated its stage to Welles, honoring the site of his American debut as a professional theatre director.
* 2015: Throughout 2015, numerous festivals and events observed the 100th anniversary of Welles's birth.
* 2017: A survey of critical consensus, best-of lists, and historical retrospectives finds Welles to be the second most acclaimed director of all time (behind Alfred Hitchcock).


title: The Boat Race 1981

abstract: The 127th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1981. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Umpired by former Oxford rower Ronnie Howard, it was won by Oxford who passed the finishing post eight lengths ahead of Cambridge, their largest margin of victory since 1898. The race saw Oxford coxed by Sue Brown, the first female cox in the history of the event. In the reserve race, Isis beat Goldie by 4+1⁄2 lengths, and in the Women's Boat Race, Oxford were victorious.

text:
# The Boat Race 1981

The **127th Boat Race** took place on 4 April 1981. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Umpired by former Oxford rower Ronnie Howard, it was won by Oxford who passed the finishing post eight lengths ahead of Cambridge, their largest margin of victory since 1898. The race saw Oxford coxed by Sue Brown, the first female cox in the history of the event.

In the reserve race, Isis beat Goldie by 4+12 lengths, and in the Women's Boat Race, Oxford were victorious.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). First held in 1829, the race takes place on the 4.2 miles (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide. Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having beaten Cambridge by a canvas in the previous year's race. However Cambridge held the overall lead, with 68 victories to Oxford's 57 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). The race was sponsored for fifth time by Ladbrokes.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Up until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races. The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965. It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Christopher Dodd writing in *The Guardian* noted Oxford's aggressiveness during the preparations for the race, suggesting that they were "set to humiliate their opponents if they possibly can." Dodd went on to predict that Oxford would win by their greatest margin since the 1898 race. Meanwhile, Cambridge had reorganised their seating order the week before the race. Oxford's boat was named after Russell Crockford who had rowed in Oxford's successful 1978 and 1979 races. He was killed in a car accident the previous year on his way to a regatta in Australia.

Umpire Ronnie Howard modified the starting arrangements, making the boats commence the race closer together to dissuade the coxes steering into one another from the start. He warned both coxes that should they foul, he would disqualify them.

## Crews

Sue Brown was selected to cox the Oxford boat, and became the first female competitor in the history of the Boat Race. Although she had learned to cox at Wadham, she had already been selected to represent Great Britain in the Women's coxed fours at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She had impressed Oxford coach Dan Topolski who chose her for the Dark Blues. Her selection caused a furore; according to Dodd, "Sue Brown must have passed before more shutters than anyone except for Lady Diana Spencer". She was advised by Colin Moynihan who had coxed Oxford to their largest victory of the century in the 1977 race. Boris Rankov was making his fourth appearance, but this time as a junior fellow of St Hugh's, rather than as an undergraduate at Corpus Christi. In doing so, he became the first representative of a women's college in the men's Boat Race.

The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 8 lb (86.0 kg), 1.5 pounds (0.68 kg) more per rower than their opponents. The race saw the return of no fewer than twelve former Blues, six in each crew. Only Richard Yonge, Richard Emerton and Brown for Oxford and R. Stephens, M. Clark and Mike Cowie for Cambridge were new to the race. Graeme Hall was the Cambridge finishing coach, while Oxford's Dan Topolski took over that role from Steve Royle two weeks prior to the race.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | P. J. Head | Oriel | 12 st 6 lb | L. W. J. Baart | Gonville and Caius | 13 st 2 lb |
| 2 | N. A. Conington | Oriel | 12 st 10 lb | M. F. Panter | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 13 st 12 lb |
| 3 | R. P. Yonge | New College | 14 st 4 lb | R. J. Stephens | Emmanuel | 13 st 5 lb |
| 4 | R. P. Emerton | Christ Church | 13 st 1 lb | M. J. S. Clark | Downing | 13 st 9 lb |
| 5 | N. B. Rankov | St Hugh's | 14 st 5 lb | M. P. Cowie | Fitzwilliam | 13 st 7 lb |
| 6 | C. J. Mahoney | Oriel | 13 st 8 lb | A. G. Phillips | Jesus | 13 st 0 lb |
| 7 | M. D. Andrews | Oriel | 14 st 1 lb | J. S. Palmer | Pembroke | 14 st 5 lb |
| Stroke | J. L. Bland | Merton | 14 st 1 lb | A. D. Dalrymple | Downing | 12 st 12 lb |
| Cox | S. Brown | Wadham | 6 st 8 lb | C. J. Wigglesworth | Jesus | 8 st 0 lb |
| Source:
(P)  Boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Oxford were strong pre-race favourites; Ladbrokes themselves quoted Oxford at odds of five-to-one on to win. Cambridge won the toss for the first time in seven years and elected to start on the Surrey station. The race started at 1 p.m. under umpire Howard's guidance. Both crews rating equally off the start, Oxford took an early lead and led by nine seconds by the Mile Post, allowing her to move the Dark Blue boat in front of Cambridge. Pushing her crew to outrate Cambridge, Oxford extended their lead to 10 seconds by Hammersmith Bridge, 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps, 18 seconds by Barnes Bridge and 23 seconds by the finishing post. Oxford won their sixth consecutive victory by eight lengths in a time of 18 minutes 11 seconds, the largest margin of victory since the Cambridge won the 1973 race by thirteen lengths, and the largest margin of victory in the 20th century for the Dark Blues.

In the reserve race, Isis beat Goldie by five lengths, their second consecutive victory. In the 36th running of the Women's Boat Race, Oxford triumphed, their second consecutive victory.

## Reaction

Oxford cox Brown avoided the traditional soaking in the Thames. She later commented: "I steered extremely badly, but we still won." Her coach Topolski said "She did a brilliant job." Dodd, writing in *The Guardian*, described Oxford's victory as "crushing" following their "undramatic and calculated performance". Jim Railton of *The Times* was impressed: "Without a doubt it is one of the finest crews Oxford have ever produced, arguably the best."

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

* Dodd, Christopher (1983). *The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race*. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0-09-151340-5.

## InfoBox

| 127th Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 4 April 1981 |
| Winner | Oxford |
| Margin of victory | 8 lengths |
| Winning time | 18 minutes 11 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 6858 |
| Umpire | Ronnie Howard
(Oxford) |
| Other races | |
| Reserve winner | Isis |
| Women's winner | Oxford |
|  | |


title: List of mayors of Waterloo, Ontario

text:
# List of mayors of Waterloo, Ontario

This is list of reeves and mayors of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857, became a town in 1876, and a city in 1948.

## Village of Waterloo

Reeves:

* Moses Springer, 1857–1862
* Daniel Snyder, 1862
* John Hoffman, 1863–1866
* Moses Springer, 1867–1869
* George Randall, 1870–1872
* Moses Springer, 1873–1876

## Town of Waterloo

* Moses Springer, 1876–1877
* George Randall, 1878
* Christian Kumpf, 1879–1880
* Benjamin Devitt, 1881–1883
* George Moore, 1884
* William Snider, 1885–1886
* Jacob Conrad, 1887
* Christian Kumpf, 1888–1889
* George Moore, 1890
* William Snider, 1891–1892
* Walter Wells, 1893
* Robert Y. Fish, 1894
* Simon Snyder, 1895–1897
* Jeremiah B. Hughes, 1898
* George Diebel, 1899–1900
* David Bean, 1901–1903
* Jacob Uffelmann, 1904–1905
* Edward F. Seagram, 1906–1907
* John Fischer, 1908
* Andrew Weidenhammer, 1909
* Levi Graybill, 1910–1911
* John B. Fischer, 1912–1913
* John R. Kaufman, 1914–1915
* Dr. William L. Hilliard, 1916–1917
* William H. Kutt, 1918–1919
* Daniel Bohlender, 1920–1921
* William G. Weichel, 1922–1923
* William Henderson, 1924–1925
* William D. Brill, 1926–1928
* Louis F. Dietrich, 1929–1930
* William Uffelman, 1931
* Daniel Bohlender, 1932
* Walter W. Frickey, 1933–1934
* Henry E. Ratz, 1935–1936
* Wes McKersie, 1937–1940
* William D. Brill, 1941–1942
* Frank B. Relyea, 1943
* Albert R. Heer, 1944–1946
* Wilfred L. Hilliard, 1947

## City of Waterloo

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Waterloo | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Dorothy McCabe
since 2022 | |
| Style | Mayor, His/Her Worship |
| Member of | City Council |
| Reports to | City Council |
| Seat | Waterloo City Hall
(Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) |
| Appointer | Directly elected by the residents of Waterloo |
| Formation | 1857 (1857) (Reeve)
1876 (1876) (Mayor) |
| First holder | Moses Springer |


title: 123 Marseille

abstract: 123 Marseille or Collectif 123 Marseille is a Marseille-based French multicultural music collective established in 2009 through an initiative of DJ Mam's and by Mounir Belkhir. It initially include six singers and musicians. The collective has expanded since then. It incorporates various music trends and multicultural aspects Marseille culture represents and members and releases are promoted through the Collectif own website 123marseille.com and has grown to include even more musicians, producers, songwriters is an impressive mixture of singing artists from France, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal and elsewhere incorporating French Marseille music, Mediterranean, African, Latin and Oriental Arab sounds, disco, pop, rap, funk, and using various world music influences and trends. The collectif is also multilingual in its various releases using French, Spanish, English, Arabic language and North African dialects and African languages. It also uses creole languages relating to Andalusia as well as creoles related to Martinique and Guadeloupe and elsewhere. Most of the songs are produced by Mounir Belkhir and DJ Mam's himself. Many of the songs are tried out live to see how well they are received prior to inclusion in studio releases.

text:
# 123 Marseille

**123 Marseille** or **Collectif 123 Marseille** is a Marseille-based French multicultural music collective established in 2009 through an initiative of DJ Mam's (Morad Mameri) and by Mounir Belkhir. It initially include six singers and musicians. The collective has expanded since then.

It incorporates various music trends and multicultural aspects Marseille culture represents and members and releases are promoted through the Collectif own website 123marseille.com and has grown to include even more musicians, producers, songwriters is an impressive mixture of singing artists from France, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal and elsewhere incorporating French Marseille music, Mediterranean, African, Latin and Oriental Arab sounds, disco, pop, rap, funk, and using various world music influences and trends. The collectif is also multilingual in its various releases using French, Spanish, English, Arabic language and North African dialects and African languages. It also uses creole languages relating to Andalusia as well as creoles related to Martinique and Guadeloupe and elsewhere.

Most of the songs are produced by Mounir Belkhir and DJ Mam's himself. Many of the songs are tried out live to see how well they are received prior to inclusion in studio releases.

## Members

123 Marseille presently includes:

## InfoBox

| 123 Marseille | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Marseille, France |
| Genres | Various genres and languages |
| Years active | 2009  present |
|  | |
| Members | DJ Mam's
Mounir Belkhir
Doukali
Ilhem
Imène Eva
Luis Guisao
Lynn
Naro
Rania
Samia
Sofal-K
Soldat Jahman
Staff Jabbar
Youcef Zino |
|  | |
| Website | www.123marseille.com |


abstract: The table below lists the judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa delivered in 2024. The members of the court at the start of 2024 were the same as in 2023; Chief Justice Raymond Zondo, Deputy Chief Justice Mandisa Maya, and judges Jody Kollapen, Mbuyiseli Madlanga, Steven Majiedt, Rammaka Mathopo, Nonkosi Mhlantla, Owen Rogers, Leona Theron and Zukisa Tshiqi. Zondo is due for mandatory retirement at the end of August and President Ramaphosa nominated Maya, who would become the first woman to hold the role, as Zondo's replacement as Chief Justice. In July 2024, Ramaphosa appointed Maya as Chief Justice, effective September 2024. The court did not hand down any judgements until April 2024, increasing concerns about the court's efficiency.

text:
# List of judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa delivered in 2024

The table below lists the **judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa delivered in 2024**.

The members of the court at the start of 2024 were the same as in 2023; Chief Justice Raymond Zondo, Deputy Chief Justice Mandisa Maya, and judges Jody Kollapen, Mbuyiseli Madlanga, Steven Majiedt, Rammaka Mathopo, Nonkosi Mhlantla, Owen Rogers, Leona Theron and Zukisa Tshiqi.

Zondo is due for mandatory retirement at the end of August and President Ramaphosa nominated Maya, who would become the first woman to hold the role, as Zondo's replacement as Chief Justice.

In July 2024, Ramaphosa appointed Maya as Chief Justice, effective September 2024.

The court did not hand down any judgements until April 2024, increasing concerns about the court's efficiency.

| Citation | Case name | Heard | Decided | Majority author |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \[2024\] ZACC 1 | *Capitec Bank Limited v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service* | 5 September 2023 | 12 April 2024 | Rogers |
| \[2024\] ZACC 2 | *Petrus Johannes Bestbier and Others v Nedbank Ltd* | 22 August 2023 | 12 April 2024 | Tshiqi |
| \[2024\] ZACC 3 | *Coca-Cola Beverages Africa (Pty) Ltd v Competition Commission and Another* | 14 November 2023 | 17 April 2024 | Dodson |
| \[2024\] ZACC 4 | *Mafisa v Road Accident Fund and Another* | 18 August 2023 | 25 April 2024 | Mhlantla |
| \[2024\] ZACC 5 | *President of the Republic of South Africa and Another v Tembani and Others* | 7 November 2023 | 6 May 2024 | Rogers |
| \[2024\] ZACC 6 | *Electoral Commission of South Africa v Umkhonto Wesizwe Political Party and Others* | 10 May 2024 | 20 May 2024 | Theron |
| \[2024\] ZACC 7 | *African Congress for Transformation v Electoral Commission of South Africa; Labour Party of South Africa v Electoral Commission of South Africa and Others; Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats v Electoral Commission of South Africa* | 8 May 2024 | 20 May 2024 | Majiedt |
| \[2024\] ZACC 8 | *Regenesys Management (Pty) Ltd t/a Regenesys v Ilunga and Others* | 14 September 2023 | 21 May 2024 | Zondo |
| \[2024\] ZACC 9 | *D H B v C S B* | 12 September 2023 | 22 May 2024 | Theron |
| \[2024\] ZACC 10 | *City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality In re: Unlawful Occupiers 1 Argyl Street and Others v Rohlandt Holdings CC and Others* | 23 November 2023 | 31 May 2024 | Dodson |
| \[2024\] ZACC 11 | *Coronation Investment Management SA (Pty) Limited v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service* | 13 February 2024 | 21 June 2024 | Majiedt |
| \[2024\] ZACC 12 | *Mphephu-Ramabulana Royal Family v Premier of the Limpopo Province and Others* | 22 February 2024 | 21 June 2024 | Theron |
| \[2024\] ZACC 13 | *AFGRI Animal Feeds (A Division of PhilAfrica Foods (Pty) Limited) v National Union of Metalworkers South Africa and Others* | 21 November 2023 | 21 June 2024 | Schippers |
| \[2024\] ZACC 14 | *Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa* | 17 August 2023 | 12 July 2024 | Maya |
| \[2024\] ZACC 15 | *Chief Avhatendi Ratshibvumo Rambuda and Others v Tshibvumo Royal Family and Others* | 30 November 2023 | 17 July 2024 | Mathopo |
| \[2024\] ZACC 16 | *Shoprite Checkers (Pty) Limited v Mafate N.O.* | 29 February 2024 | 15 August 2024 | Madlanga |
| \[2024\] ZACC 17 | *Mamasedi v Chief of South African Defence Force and Others* | 6 February 2024 | 21 August 2024 | Zondo |
| \[2024\] ZACC 18 | *Speaker of the National Assembly and Another v Women's Legal Centre Trust and Others* | 26 June 2024 | 18 September 2024 | Mathopo |
|


title: Pietro Amato

abstract: Pietro Amato is a French horn player with the rock bands Torngat, Bell Orchestre, and The Luyas. He has also performed with Arcade Fire.

text:
# Pietro Amato

**Pietro Amato** is a French horn player with the rock bands Torngat, Bell Orchestre, and The Luyas. He has also performed with Arcade Fire.

## Career

In 2001, Amato, along with keyboardist Mathieu Charbonneau and percussionist Julien Poissant, formed Torngat, his longest standing musical project. The band self-released music for several years before signing with the Alien8 label.

In 2006 Amati performed with the Bell Orchestre at the Montreal Jazz Festival, and promoted the group's release *Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light* with a March tour in Europe and a May tour of the US. In April he toured with Torngat in Eastern Canada, promoting the album *La Rouge*. In July a stand-in temporarily replaced Amato for Bell Orchestre's European tour while he participated in the recording of Torngat's 2007 album, *You Could Be*.

In 2007 Amato toured in March with Arcade Fire in Canada, promoting *Neon Bible*. Then he was on the road again with The Luyas in Ontario, to promote that band's recently released *Faker Death*. That year Amato and the Bell Orchestra were nominated for a Juno Award for their work in Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light.

Torngat's *You Could Be* was released in 2007, and late 2007 and early 2008 Amato toured with the band in Eastern Canada and New York City in support of that album.

By 2009, Torngat had released another album, *La Petite Nicole*; the trio conducting spring and fall tours around Canada and the U. S. to promote it. Amato also toured in April, May and July with Bell Orchestre in Canada and parts of the US to promote their release *As Seen Through Windows*, which won best instrumental album at the Juno Awards in 2010.

In 2011 Amato was on the road again with The Luyas from March to May promoting *Too Beautiful to Work*, touring in Canada and the US before moving on to Europe.

In 2023, Amato produced the soundtrack of the biographical drama film *The Iron Claw* by Sean Durkin.

## Discography

### Studio albums

**Torngat**

**Bell Orchestre**

**The Luyas**

* *Faker Death* (2007)
* *Tiny Head* (2009) self-released EP
* *Too Beautiful to Work* (2011)

### Studio Sessions

**Islands** \- *Return to the Sea* (2006)

**Evalyn Parry** \- *Small Theatres* (2007)

**Amon Tobin** \- *Foley Room* (2007)

**Sevens Project** \- *Sevens Project* (2010)

**Ferriswheel** \- *Woodsongs from the Backroom* (2010)

**Plants and Animals** \- *La La Land* (2010)

**Snailhouse**

**Arcade Fire**

**Belgrave**

**Paper Beat Scissors**

* *Paper Beat Scissors* (2012)

**Tambour** \- *Farewell Museum* (2016)

## InfoBox

| Pietro Amato | |
| --- | --- |
| Pietro Amato performs with Bell Orchestre in 2006. | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Pop, rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | French horn |


title: Max Wykes-Joyce

abstract: Max Wykes-Joyce was a British art and literary critic.

text:
# Max Wykes-Joyce

**Max Wykes-Joyce** (1924 in Worcestershire – 2002) was a British art and literary critic.

## Biography

In the Second World War, Wykes-Joyce served in the Royal Air Force. He was a member of the International Association of Art Critics and worked as an art critic for the *International Herald Tribune* from 1967 to 1987 and contributed to ArtReview, then titled Arts Review in the 1960s. He was also inducted into the *Accademia Italia delle Arti* and was awarded its Gold medal.

Wykes-Joyce has written several books on the arts.

## Selected works

* *Triad of Genius. Part I, Edith and Osbert Sitwell*. Peter Owen LTD, 1953. ASIN: B003AJBNN6
* *7000 Years of Pottery and Porcelain*. Philosophical Library, 1958. ASIN: B0007DXL42
* *Cosmetics and adornment: Ancient and contemporary usage*. Owen, 1961. ASIN: B0000CL63U
* *Art in Israel*. With an introduction from Benjamin Tammuz. WH Allen, 1966. ASIN: B000JQQIPQ
* *Knut Steen Floating Gravity Recent Sculptures and Graphics*. Leinster Fine Art & Leicestershire Museums, 1985. ASIN: B002IFRY0Y
* *Basil Alkazzi \- New Seasons: Recent works 1989–1993*. Izumi, 1993. ISBN 1-898467-00-5
* *British Art Now - A Personal View*. Together with Edward Lucie-Smith and Zsuzsi Roboz, Art Books International, 1993. ISBN 1-874044-03-1
* *Charlotte Kell, 1944–2006: Collages, Art Boxes and Sculpture*. Mailer Press, 2007. ISBN 0-9555459-1-9 (originally published in 2002)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1924<br>Worcestershire |
| Died | 2002 |
| Occupation | art and literary critic |
| Citizenship | British |


title: Unmarried (1920 film)

abstract: Unmarried is a 1920 British silent drama film directed by Rex Wilson and starring Gerald du Maurier, Malvina Longfellow and Edmund Gwenn. The film portrays an unmarried mother and the social workers who support her.

text:
# Unmarried (1920 film)

***Unmarried*** is a 1920 British silent drama film directed by Rex Wilson and starring Gerald du Maurier, Malvina Longfellow and Edmund Gwenn. The film portrays an unmarried mother and the social workers who support her.

## Partial cast

1. "BFI | Film & TV Database | UNMARRIED (1920)". Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2011.

## InfoBox

| Unmarried | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Rex Wilson |
| Starring |  |
| Release date | * 1920 (1920) |
| Country | UK |
| Language | English (Silent) |


title: Lustrum (journal)

abstract: Lustrum: Internationale Forschungsberichte aus dem Bereich des klassischen Altertums is a refereed review journal in the field of classical studies. Each volume typically contains only two articles, reviewing scholarship on a particular author, genre, or other subject within a specified timeframe. Articles appear in a variety of languages, including German and English. Lustrum is published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Göttingen. The first volume of Lustrum was published in 1957 and was for the year 1956; volumes are published annually. As of 2022, its editors are Marcus Deufert and Irmgard Männlein-Robert.

text:
# Lustrum (journal)

***Lustrum: *Internationale Forschungsberichte aus dem Bereich des klassischen Altertums**** (English: "International research reports in the field of classical antiquity") is a refereed review journal in the field of classical studies. Each volume typically contains only two articles, reviewing scholarship on a particular author, genre, or other subject within a specified timeframe. Articles appear in a variety of languages, including German and English. *Lustrum* is published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Göttingen. The first volume of *Lustrum* was published in 1957 and was for the year 1956; volumes are published annually. As of 2022, its editors are Marcus Deufert and Irmgard Männlein-Robert.

## Scope and overview

*Lustrum* mostly focuses on bibliographies of ancient Greek and Roman authors and genres of literature, although other bibliographies of other topics such as archaeology, grammar, mathematics, meter, music, and paleography have occasionally been published; there have also been a couple of bibliographies concerned with the history of the field of classical studies. Typically these have lengthy bibliographies, overviewing research trends; quite often an index accompanies each article. Indices are sometimes needed because works discussed are typically not listed alphabetically; they can appear at the end of the article or the end of the entire volume. Articles can be written in German, English, French, Italian, or Latin.

In principle, these reports were supposed to come out every five years; a lustrum was a five-year period of time in Ancient Rome. For instance, Luc Brisson wrote a bibliography on Plato covering the periods 1958–1975, and then with H. Ioannidi he wrote subsequent bibliographies for the five-year periods: 1975–1980, 1980–1985, and 1985–1990. Some bibliographical articles can be quite lengthy and cover a much wider span of scholarship; an article by University of Thessaloniki professor Ioannis Touloumakos which covered scholarship on Aristotle's *Politics* during the period 1925–1985 is 700 pages long and took twelve years to be fully published.

Each article is typically at least a few dozen pages long. Although most volumes contain two or three articles, some volumes consist of a single book-length bibliography. Several of these volumes have been the subjects of academic book reviews.

## History

*Lustrum* was seen as the successor to Bursian's *Jahresberichte*. Plans to create this new journal were first made during the August 1954 meeting of the International Congress of Classical Studies. It was initially subsidized by UNESCO with support from the International Federation of Associations of Classical Studies. The first volume was edited by Hans Joachim Mette and Andreas Thierfelder. Mette and Thierfelder were friends from university, and Thierfelder had been *Bursians Jahresbericht*'s final editor. The first volume was published in 1957 by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Göttingen, Germany, and included three articles—including one by Mette on Homeric scholarship.

### Editors

Mette and Thierfelder co-edited the first 27 volumes of *Lustrum* together until their deaths, which occurred a few days apart from each other in April 1986. Their sudden deaths led to volume 28–29 being published as a combined volume with Hans Gärtner and Hubert Petersmann added as editors, Mette and Thierfelder were listed as editors of this volume posthumously. Gärtner and Petersmann co-edited *Lustrum* until Petersmann's death in 2001, prior to the publication of volume 41 for the year 1999. Michael Weißenberger began co-editing with Gärtner in 2000, starting with for volume 42. Gärtner stopped co-editing *Lustrum* in 2011. He retired after working there for twenty-five years due to his age, and Marcus Deufert became his successor at *Lustrum*. Deufert, Gärtner, and Weißenberger all co-edited volume 53. Irmgard Männlein-Robert became Weißenberger's successor following his retirement; Deufert, Männlein-Robert, and Weißenberger co-edited volume 60 which was Weißenberger's last. As of 2022, Deufert and Männlein-Robert are still *Lustrum*'s editors.

## Indexing and abstracting services

*Lustrum* is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:

## Reception

A 1962 survey of 51 libraries in Great Britain found that 37 of them included *Lustrum* in their collection. A 1974 review in *Reference Services Review* called it "one of several highly useful bibliographical tools in the field of Classics", and a 2009 review in *Magazines for Libraries* said it was "\[r\]ecommended for libraries that support a strong classics program". *Lustrum* is also mentioned as a resource in various guides to reference materials for classics and related fields; Fred W. Jenkins described the series in his 2006 book as "quite useful for keeping abreast of the literature on a wide range of authors and topics".

## Further reading

## InfoBox

*Lustrum*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Classics |
| Language | English, French, German, Italian, Latin |
| Edited by | * Marcus Deufert * Irmgard Männlein-Robert |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1957–present |
| Publisher | Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Germany) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Lustrum* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0024-7421 (print)
2197-3849 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 1756285 |
| Links | |
|  | |


abstract: Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Río Grande is subdivided into administrative units called barrios, which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions. The barrios and subbarrios, in turn, are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores. The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.

text:
# List of barrios and sectors of Río Grande, Puerto Rico

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, **Río Grande** is subdivided into administrative units called **barrios**, which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions. The barrios and subbarrios, in turn, are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called **sectores** (*sectors* in English). The types of *sectores* may vary, from normally *sector* to *urbanización* to *reparto* to *barriada* to *residencial*, among others.

## List of sectors by barrio

### Ciénaga Alta

* Camino Mayagüeces
* Comunidad Campo Alegre
* Parcelas Malpica
* Urbanización Luzbella

### Ciénaga Baja

* Apartamentos Miradores del Yunque
* Camino Los Rivera
* Carretera 959
* Comunidad Casiano Cepeda
* Condominio Portales de Río Grande
* Condominio Portales del Yunque
* Condominio Río Grande for The Elderly
* Égida Río Dorado Elderly (Sampayo Inc.)
* Extensióm Estancias del Sol
* Parcelas Estancias del Sol
* Parcelas La Ponderosa
* Parcelas Las Dolores
* Parcelas Monte Bello
* Residencal Galateo
* Río Grande Hills
* Sector El Hoyo
* Sector Las Flores Interior
* Sector Las Flores
* Sector Monte Flores
* Urbanización Alturas de Río Grande
* Urbanización Jardines de Río Grande
* Urbanización Montecillo
* Urbanización Pedregales
* Urbanización Proyecto Casa Verde
* Urbanización Proyecto Finca Galateo
* Urbanización Villas de Cambalache I y II
* Urbanización Villas de Río Grande
* Urbanización Vistas de Río Grande I y II

### Guzmán Abajo

* Apartamentos Lomas de Río Grande
* Comunidad Bartolo (Sosa)
* Comunidad Medero
* Río Grande Elderly Apartments
* Sector Báez
* Sector La Vega de Guzmán
* Sector Los Quianes
* Sector Márquez
* Sector Serra
* Sector Vista Azul
* Urbanización Jardines de Villa Paola
* Urbanización Miramelinda
* Urbanización Riveras de Río Grande
* Urbanización Vistas del Mar

### Guzmán Arriba

* Comunidad Piza
* Sector El Rayo
* Sector Medina
* Sector Morovis

### Herreras

* Apartamentos 7000 Bahía Beach Boulevard
* Apartamentos Grand Bay
* Apartamentos Las Olas
* Apartamentos Las Ventanas
* Berwind Beach Resort
* Comunidad P. H. Hernández (Hong Kong)
* Condominio Las Verandas
* Apartments Ocean Drive Beachfront Residence
* Urbanización Las Estancias

### Jiménez

* Colinas Verdes
* Comunidad Burgos
* Comunidad Los Agosto
* Comunidad Quintas del Verde
* Comunidad Villa Calzada
* Égida Hogar de Mi Mamá
* Égida Hogar Flor de la Esperanza
* Estancias del Verde
* Hacienda Jiménez
* Hacienda la Ceiba
* Hacienda Las Garzas
* Hogar Villa Paraíso
* Mansiones Hacienda Jiménez
* Parcelas Bella Vista
* Parcelas Samuel Dávila
* Rincón Perfecto
* Sector Bella Vista
* Sector Blasina
* Sector Cara del Indio
* Sector El Peñón
* Sector El Verde
* Sector Estancias del Rey
* Sector Galateo
* Sector Juan González
* Sector Muñiz y Muñiz
* Sector Rivera
* Sector Rosales
* Sector Vega Alegre
* Urbanización Brisas del Verde
* Urbanización Catalina
* Urbanización El Verde Country Club
* Urbanización Los Árboles
* Urbanización Praderas del Yunque
* Urbanización Villa del Río
* Urbanización Villas de Viczay I y II

### Mameyes II

* Apartamentos Beacon Hills Terrace
* Apartamentos Río Mar
* Apartamentos Villa Las Brisas
* Área Forestal del Yunque
* Barcelona
* Condominio Ocean Sixteen
* Condominio Villas del Carmen
* Florida
* Hill Side Village
* La Vega
* Parcelas Figueroa Nuevas
* Playa del Yunque
* Río Mar Village
* Sector Palmer
* Urbanización Beacon Hills Estates
* Urbanización Colina
* Urbanización Colinas del Yunque
* Urbanización Las Vistas de Río Mar
* Urbanización Río Mar

### Río Grande barrio-pueblo

* Urbanización Del Carmen
* Urbanización Los Maestros
* Urbanización Villas de Río Grande
* Urbanización y Residencial José H. Ramírez

### Zarzal

* Apartamentos Bosque del Mar
* Apartamentos Costa Dorada
* Apartamentos Las Casas at Coco Beach
* Apartamentos Las Vistas de Río Mar
* Apartamentos Lindo Mar II
* Apartamentos Lindo Mar
* Apartamentos Vista de Yunque Mar
* Apartments Río Grande Estates
* Camino Guilin
* Camino Los González
* Casa del Mar Resort
* Comunidad Villas Realidad
* Continental Beach Resort
* Costa Real
* Égida Jardín del Yunque
* Hacienda Jordán
* Hogar Sánchez Cintrón del Este
* Parcelas Carola
* Parcelas Figueroa
* Sector Carola
* Sector Corea
* Sector Cuchilla
* Sector Culebro
* Sector Jericó
* Sector La Victoria
* Sector Las Coles
* Sector Las Tres T
* Sector Los Castro
* Sector Los Paganes
* Sector Los Rodríguez
* Sector Los Rosales
* Sector Mabí
* Sector Matibulen
* Sector Punta Arena
* Sector Punta Picúa
* Sector Vietnam
* Urbanización Colinas Las Tres
* Urbanización Costa del Sol
* Urbanización Estancias del Madrigal
* Urbanización Lindo Mar I
* Urbanización Mirador de Palmer
* Urbanización Río Grande Estates
* Urbanización Villa del Mar (Coco Beach)
* Urbanización Villas del Rey
* Urbanización Vistas de Río Mar
* Vereda del Mar
* Yunque del Mar Resort


title: The Boat Race 1975

abstract: The 121st Boat Race took place on 29 March 1975. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge won their seventh race in eight years by 3+3⁄4 lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 27 seconds. The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Christopher Davidge. In the reserve race, Oxford's Isis beat Cambridge's Goldie by 9+1⁄2 lengths. Cambridge won the 30th Women's Boat Race.

text:
# The Boat Race 1975

The **121st Boat Race** took place on 29 March 1975. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge won their seventh race in eight years by 3+34 lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 27 seconds. The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Christopher Davidge.

In the reserve race, Oxford's Isis beat Cambridge's Goldie by 9+12 lengths. Cambridge won the 30th Women's Boat Race.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities, followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide. Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having won the previous year's race by 5+12 lengths, with Cambridge leading overall with 67 victories to Oxford's 52 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). The umpire for the race was Christopher Davidge, who had rowed for Oxford in the 1949, 1951 and 1952 races, and was a non-rowing Oxford University Boat Club president for the 1950 race.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Up until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races. The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965. It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

In the month leading up to the race, Cambridge's crew saw some significant changes, including the removal of David Sturge (who had rowed in the 1973 race) due to glandular fever. However, the Cambridge boat club president Steve Tourek was circumspect: "Cambridge might be slower than planned but still fast enough to beat Oxford." On 24 March 1975, Cambridge beat Oxford's record time (set five days earlier) between Hammersmith Bridge and the Mile Post by two seconds. The following day, Oxford's coach Dan Topolski (who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1967 and 1968 races) revealed that the Oxford reserve crew, Isis, had equalled the record time, downplaying Cambridge's efforts: "Shows how fast conditions really were yesterday." Cambridge coach Lou Barry remarked of his charges: "this is a fast crew".

## Crews

The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 9.75 lb (86.8 kg), 7 pounds (3.2 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford's crew contained two former Blues in boat club president Nick Tee and stroke Graham Innes, while Cambridge saw Nick Bradley and Henry Clay return from the 1974 boat. Although the British international rower David Sturge was replaced through illness prior to the race, the Light Blues also saw international-standard rowers Alistair Christie and James Macleod in the crew, both of whom had withdrawn from selection for the 1974 race to represent Great Britain. Only two competitors in the race were registered as "overseas" Blues, Oxford's number five John Hutchings and his counterpart and Tourek, both from the United States.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | A. G. H. Baird | Christ Church | 13 st 1 lb | C. Langridge | 1st & 3rd Trinity | 13 st 7 lb |
| 2 | M. G. C. Harris | Oriel | 11 st 8 lb | N. C. A. Bradley | Pembroke | 12 st 11 lb |
| 3 | D. R. H. Beak | Oriel | 13 st 2 lb | J. H. Clay | Pembroke | 13 st 4 lb |
| 4 | C. J. A. N. Money-Coutts | Keble | 14 st 7 lb | A. F. U. Powell | St Catharine's | 13 st 2 lb |
| 5 | J. E. Hutchings | Christ Church | 14 st 2 lb | S. C. Tourek (P) | 1st & 3rd Trinity | 14 st 8 lb |
| 6 | R. S. Mason | Keble | 14 st 1 lb | J. MacLeod | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 14 st 5 lb |
| 7 | N. D. C. Tee (P) | Balliol | 11 st 8 lb | P. J. Robinson | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 13 st 6 lb |
| Stroke | G. S. Innes | Oriel | 13 st 7 lb | A. N. Christie | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 14 st 7 lb |
| Cox | J. N. Calvert | St Edmund Hall | 8 st 2 lb | D. J. T. Kitchin | Fitzwilliam | 8 st 12 lb |
| Source:
(P)  boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Cambridge started as pre-race favourite; according to the author and former rower Dickie Burnell, although Oxford had some "useful new recruits" no-one "outside their immediate camp thought they could win." Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station. Oxford took an early lead, but by the Mile Post, Cambridge had recovered to lead by two seconds. Extending their lead, the Light Blues gained a clear water advantage by Harrods Furniture Depository and moved in front of the Dark Blue boat. Shooting Hammersmith Bridge five seconds ahead, Cambridge held a length-and-a-quarter lead, which they defended against a number of Oxford pushes. Midway round the Surrey bend, Oxford's bow man Andrew Baird's oar came out of its gate, allowing Cambridge to increase their lead by another length. A seven-second lead at Chiswick Steps was extended to nine seconds by Barnes Bridge, and along the final bend, Cambridge pushed their lead further out to nearly four lengths, passing the finishing post in 19 minutes 27 seconds, thirteen seconds ahead of their rivals. It was Cambridge's seventh victory in the previous eight years, having lost to Oxford in 1974.

In the reserve race, Oxford's Isis beat Cambridge's Goldie by 9+12 lengths, their first win since the 1966 race. In the 30th running of the Women's Boat Race, Cambridge triumphed, winning their 13th consecutive race.

## Reaction

Oxford's Baird claimed "I might have caught a crab, but I do not really know what happened." Cambridge number six MacLeod said of the Dark Blues: "They kept coming at us time and time again. I was only sure of victory in the last mile of the race." Christopher Dodd, writing in *The Guardian* was impressed: "The contest had a rare element ... it was a race nearly all the way, and was not all over in the first 20 stokes as has so often been the case in recent years." Burnell suggested it was a race for the aficionados: "This was surely one of those so common Boat Races, which are hard fought all the way, yet never exciting from the point of view of the average spectator."

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| 121st Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 29 March 1975 (1975-03-29) |
| Winner | Cambridge |
| Margin of victory | 3+34 lengths |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 27 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 68–52 |
| Umpire | Christopher Davidge
(Oxford) |
| Other races | |
| Reserve winner | Isis |
| Women's winner | Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Ezechiele Trombetta

abstract: Ezechiele Trombetta was an Italian sculptor. He was a resident in Como. He studied at the Brera Academy in Milan, and won some prizes. He exhibited La mèsse and Incitazione, at the Mostra Nazionale of Naples of 1877, and in 1880 to Milan, he sent a marble group titled: Good Morning, and two puttini: Titubante e Impermalito. The same group and one of two putti were exhibited again in 1881 in Milan. At the 1883 Mostra in Rome, he exhibited Da Galileo a Volta, a bronze group; and in Turin, the next year, a statue in marble, Scienza e Allegoria won a silver medal at the 1883-84 International Exhibition at Nizza. Other works del Trombetta are the thousands of graceful putti in all manner of expression. He often worked in clay. The Modern Art Gallery of Milan displays a relief titled Dante and Casella (1869) He completed the wooden statue of the title saint for the church of San Donnino in Como he completed the bust of Garibaldi for the Asilo Garibaldi in Como.

text:
# Ezechiele Trombetta

**Ezechiele Trombetta** (September 13, 1834 in Como – 1903) was an Italian sculptor.

He was a resident in Como. He studied at the Brera Academy in Milan, and won some prizes. He exhibited *La mèsse* and *Incitazione*, at the Mostra Nazionale of Naples of 1877, and in 1880 to Milan, he sent a marble group titled: *Good Morning*, and two puttini: *Titubante e Impermalito*. The same group and one of two putti were exhibited again in 1881 in Milan. At the 1883 Mostra in Rome, he exhibited *Da Galileo a Volta*, a bronze group; and in Turin, the next year, a statue in marble, *Scienza e Allegoria* (Allegory of Volta's experiment) won a silver medal at the 1883-84 International Exhibition at Nizza. Other works del Trombetta are the thousands of graceful putti in all manner of expression. He often worked in clay. The Modern Art Gallery of Milan displays a relief titled *Dante and Casella* (1869) He completed the wooden statue of the title saint for the church of San Donnino in Como he completed the bust of Garibaldi for the Asilo Garibaldi in Como.


title: List of non-marine molluscs of Russia

abstract: The non-marine molluscs of Russia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Russia. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Russia.

text:
# List of non-marine molluscs of Russia

The **non-marine molluscs of Russia** are a part of the molluscan fauna of Russia. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Russia.

## Freshwater gastropods

Valvatidae

Lymnaeidae

Physidae

Planorbidae

## Land gastropods

Succineidae

Cochlicopidae

Vertiginidae

Enidae

Helicodiscidae

Gastrodontidae

Oxychilidae

Pristilomatidae

Limacidae

Agriolimacidae

Boettgerillidae

Arionidae

Camaenidae

Geomitridae

Hygromiidae

Helicidae

## Freshwater bivalves

Unionidae

Sphaeriidae

Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:


title: 1151 Ithaka

abstract: 1151 Ithaka, provisional designation 1929 RK, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in 1929, and later named for the Greek island of Ithaca.

text:
# 1151 Ithaka

**1151 Ithaka**, provisional designation 1929 RK, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in 1929, and later named for the Greek island of Ithaca.

## Discovery

*Ithaka* was discovered on 8 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Only the first discoverer is acknowledged by the Minor Planet Center. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.

## Orbit and classification

*Ithaka* is a non-family asteroid from the background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,364 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 7 with respect to the ecliptic.

## Physical characteristics

*Ithaka* is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, untypical for inner-belt asteroids.

### Rotation period

In 2011, three rotational lightcurves of *Ithaka* were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 4.93115 and 4.932 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 to 0.15 magnitude (U=3/3/3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Ithaka* measures between 8.97 and 20.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.13. A collaboration of Italian and American photometrists estimate a diameter of 14±3 kilometers, and the *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 14.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.94.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Greek Ionian Island of Ithaca located in the Ionian Sea. In Greek mythology, the legendary hero Odysseus was the King of Ithaca *(also see 1143 Odysseus)*. The official naming citation was mentioned in *The Names of the Minor Planets* by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1151 Ithaka (1929 RK)" (2017-04-26 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1151) Ithaka". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1151) Ithaka*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 97. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1152. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "LCDB Data for (1151) Ithaka". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 8 September 2017.
4. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; et al. (December 2015). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **814** (2): 13. arXiv:1509.02522. Bibcode:2015ApJ...814..117N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117. S2CID 9341381. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
5. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. S2CID 118745497. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
6. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. S2CID 35447010.
7. Franco, Lorenzo; Ferrero, Andrea; Durkee, Russell I. (April 2012). "Lightcurve Photometry and H-G Parameters for 1151 Ithaka". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **39** (2): 47–48. Bibcode:2012MPBu...39...47F. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
8. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". *The Astronomical Journal*. **152** (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
9. Aymami, Josep Maria (January 2012). "CCD Photometry and Lightcurve Analysis of Main Belt Asteroids 1077 Campanula and 1151 Ithaka from Observatori Carmelita". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **39** (1): 29. Bibcode:2012MPBu...39...29A. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
10. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". *Icarus*. **261**: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. S2CID 53493339. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
11. "1151 Ithaka (1929 RK)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

## InfoBox

1151 Ithaka
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | K. Reinmuth |
| Discovery site | Heidelberg Obs. |
| Discovery date | 8 September 1929 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1151) Ithaka |
| Named after | Ithaca (Greek Ionian Island) |
| Alternative designations | 1929 RK **·** 1966 LA |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (inner) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 87.63 yr (32,007 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.0719 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.7417 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.4068 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.2763 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 3.73 yr (1,364 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 212.71 |
| Mean motion | 0° 15m 50.4s / day |
| Inclination | 6.5616° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 225.42° |
| Argument of perihelion | 122.36° |
| Earth MOID | 0.7459 AU **·** 290.6 LD |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 8.97±2.41 km
12.120±0.100 km
14±3 km
14.37 km (derived)
20.46±4.51 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 4.93115±0.00011
4.9314±0.0003 h
4.932±0.001 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.02±0.02
0.057 (assumed)
0.069±0.003
0.0692±0.0033
0.13±0.10 |
| Spectral type |  |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.90±0.56 **·** 12.94 **·** 12.94±0.03 **·** 13.10 **·** 13.12 **·** 13.2 |
|  | |


title: Peter Brathwaite

abstract: Peter Brathwaite FRSA CF Hon DMus is a British baritone opera singer, broadcaster, music columnist for a selection of United Kingdom newspapers, and a developer of music programming. He is also known for his recreations of Black portraits in art as part of the Getty Museum online "challenge" for re-creation of art works, begun in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Peter Brathwaite

**Peter Brathwaite** FRSA CF Hon DMus is a British baritone opera singer, broadcaster, music columnist for a selection of United Kingdom newspapers, and a developer of music programming. He is also known for his recreations of Black portraits in art as part of the Getty Museum online "challenge" for re-creation of art works, begun in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Education and background

Brathwaite's mother, a nurse, emigrated from Barbados to England to work for the National Health Service. Born in Manchester, Brathwaite was educated at Bury Grammar School, a private school for boys in the market town of Bury in Greater Manchester. From the age of eight he sang as a boy treble in the choir of St Ann’s Church, Manchester. In his teens he sang with The National Youth Choirs of Great Britain. He was a gap year choral scholar at Truro Cathedral. Brathwaite earned a first in Fine Art and Philosophy at Newcastle University. He received his master’s from the Royal College of Music postgraduate vocal studies course, before completing the Artist Diploma in Opera at the Royal College of Music International Opera School. After the Royal College, he trained at the Flanders Opera Studio, Ghent.

He is distantly related to the Barbadian poet and academic Edward Kamau Brathwaite. His ancestor Richard Brathwaite coined the term “computer”.

## Performance

In the UK, Brathwaite has sung for companies including The Royal Opera, English National Opera, Glyndebourne, Opera North, English Touring Opera, Opera Holland Park and Edinburgh International Festival. Outside the UK he has sung for La Monnaie, Munich Biennale, Nederlandse Reisopera, Opéra de Lyon, Danish National Opera and at the Hamburg Elbphilharmonie, Philharmonie de Paris and Philharmonie Luxembourg.

In 2018, he developed the show *Effigies of Wickedness* *(Songs banned by the Nazis)* in collaboration with English National Opera and the Gate Theatre. The cabaret-style show explored the Weimar era music banned by the Nazi regime. He has also given recitals using the works of the Entartete Musik ("degenerate music") exhibition. Brathwaite made his Royal Opera debut in 2019 singing various roles in the world premiere of Jules Maxwell’s *The Lost Thing*. The following season, he returned to the Royal Opera House Covent Garden for his main stage debut singing the role of Martin Carter in Hannah Kendall’s one man opera *The Knife of Dawn*. In 2021, he created the role of Joey in the world premiere of Kris Defoort’s opera *The Time of Our Singing* for La Monnaie, Brussels. Brathwaite created the role of Narrator in *Wolf Witch Giant Fairy*, a devised collaboration between The Royal Opera and Little Bulb. The show ran in the Royal Opera House's Linbury Theatre from December 2021 to January 2022. *Wolf Witch Giant Fairy* won the 2022 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Family Show. In May 2022, Brathwaite made his debut at the Munich Biennale singing the role of Paul in the world premiere of Ann Cleare's opera *The Little Lives* with Ensemble Musikfabrik. In September 2022 he sang the role of Stubb in Netia Jones' realisation of Olga Neuwirth's *The Outcast* at the Philharmonie de Paris, with Matthias Pintscher conducting Ensemble intercontemporain and the Orchestre du Conservatoire de Paris. In January 2023, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden announced *Insurrection: A Work in Progress*, a series of semi-staged sharings co-developed by and featuring Brathwaite. The work in development charts the story of rebellion and resistance in Barbados.

Concert appearances have included Britten's Canticles at Leeds Lieder Festival with Mark Padmore, Iestyn Davies and Joseph Middleton, and Mozart arias with Tonu Kaljuste and the Estonian National Symphony Orchestra in Tallinn.

Brathwaite has been a guest lecturer at the music department of Goldsmiths, University of London.

## Black portraiture

His series of photographs, *Rediscovering Black Portraiture*, began as part of the online Getty Museum Challenge to recreate works of art. He began the work because he saw few recreations using Black subjects. In a series of self-portraits, Brathwaite reimagined portraits of Black subjects in art history. He produced one recreated artwork each day for 50 days. His recreations use modern objects, and result in a commentary and re-portrayal of the subjects, especially of their presentation as servants or enslaved people.

Eleven of the works were exhibited on King’s College London’s Strand Campus in an exhibition entitled *Visible Skin: Rediscovering the Renaissance through Black Portraiture*. In a review of this show for *The Times*, Jade Cuttle noted: "These mirror images with their uncanny resemblances traverse space and time, spotlighting the black lives that have been silenced by the canon of western art, while also inviting us to interrogate the present."

Brathwaite's re-creation of *Portrait of an African,* attributed to Allan Ramsay*,* is featured in a film produced for the Royal Albert Memorial Museum exhibition *In Plain Sight: Transatlantic Slavery & Devon.* In April 2023, Brathwaite opened an exhibition of portrait re-creations, interventions and sound installations at the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery and the Georgian House, Bristol.

## Writing and broadcasting

He writes music and art-related columns for *The Guardian* and *The Independent*. Brathwaite has authored and narrated the BBC Radio 3 *Time Travellers* podcast. His BBC Radio 3 series *Discovering Black Portraiture* focuses on five of his portrait recreations. In October 2021, The Royal Opera House Covent Garden presented *Storytelling in opera*, a live panel discussion curated by Peter Brathwaite and featuring American tenor Lawrence Brownlee. Peter Brathwaite presented BBC Radio 3's *Inside Music* in December 2021. His audio essay series for BBC Radio 3, *In Their Voices*, on five singers from whom he has drawn inspiration, was shortlisted for the Royal Philharmonic Society award for storytelling. Brathwaite's BBC Radio 3 documentary *Rebel Sounds* sees him travel to the land of his ancestors to discover the music of enslaved people in Barbados, as seen through the lens of his own family's history.

Brathwaite's book *Rediscovering Black Portraiture* was published in April 2023 by Getty Publications, the publishing arm of the J. Paul Getty Trust. The book collects more than fifty of his portrait recreations and includes contributions by Cheryl Finley, Temi Odumosu, and Mark Sealy. Writing in *The Art Newspaper,* Gareth Harris stated: "The book arguably reclaims Black history and art."

## Awards and honours


title: Pietro Venier, Governor of Cerigo

abstract: Pietro Venier was a Governor of Cerigo.

text:
# Pietro Venier, Governor of Cerigo

**Pietro Venier** (died 8 May 1372) was a Governor of Cerigo.

## Ancestry

He was a son of Marco Venier, fl. in 1347 and 1363, and wife Caterina ..., paternal grandson of Pietro Venier (died bef. 1360) and wife Bonafemena Quirini, and great-grandson of Marco Venier, Lord of Cerigo, and wife.

## Marriage and issue

He married ... and had Francesco Venier (died 1424), who married his cousin Fantina Venier, daughter of Pietro Venier and wife, but died childless.


title: Unstrut-Hainich

abstract: Unstrut-Hainich is a municipality in the district Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. It was created with effect from 1 January 2019 by the merger of the former municipalities of Altengottern, Flarchheim, Großengottern, Heroldishausen, Mülverstedt and Weberstedt. On 1 January 2024, it absorbed the former municipality Schönstedt. The name refers to the river Unstrut and the hill chain Hainich.

text:
# Unstrut-Hainich

**Unstrut-Hainich** is a municipality in the district Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. It was created with effect from 1 January 2019 by the merger of the former municipalities of Altengottern, Flarchheim, Großengottern, Heroldishausen, Mülverstedt and Weberstedt. On 1 January 2024, it absorbed the former municipality Schönstedt. The name refers to the river Unstrut and the hill chain Hainich.

## InfoBox

| Unstrut-Hainich | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Unstrut-Hainich within Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district | |
| Unstrut-Hainich Unstrut-Hainich | |
| Coordinates: 51°08′N 10°34′E / 51.133°N 10.567°E / 51.133; 10.567 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis |
| Subdivisions | 7 |
| Area | |
| Total | 117.09 km2 (45.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 225 m (738 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 6,511 |
| Density | 56/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 99991, 99947, 99986 |
| Dialling codes | 036022, 036028 |
| Vehicle registration | UH |


title: Luminosity (scattering theory)

abstract:
In scattering theory and accelerator physics, luminosity (L) is the ratio of the number of events detected (dN) in a certain period of time (dt) to the cross-section (σ):
  - L = 1 σ d N d t. It has the dimensions of events per time per area, and is usually expressed in the cgs units of cm−2·s−1 or the non-SI units of b−1·s−1. In practice, L is dependent on the particle beam parameters, such as beam width and particle flow rate, as well as the target properties, such as target size and density. A related quantity is integrated luminosity (Lint), which is the integral of the luminosity with respect to time:
  - L i n t = ∫ L   d t. The luminosity and integrated luminosity are useful values to characterize the performance of a particle accelerator. In particular, all collider experiments aim to maximize their integrated luminosities, as the higher the integrated luminosity, the more data is available to analyze.

text:
# Luminosity (scattering theory)

In scattering theory and accelerator physics, **luminosity** (*L*) is the ratio of the number of events detected (*dN*) in a certain period of time (*dt*) to the cross-section (*σ*):

$$L={\frac {1}{\sigma }{\frac {dN}{dt}.}}$$

It has the dimensions of events per time per area, and is usually expressed in the cgs units of cm−2·−1 or the non-SI units of −1·s−1. In practice, *L* is dependent on the particle beam parameters, such as beam width and particle flow rate, as well as the target properties, such as target size and density.

A related quantity is **integrated luminosity** (*L*int), which is the integral of the luminosity with respect to time:

$$L\_{\mathrm {int} }=\int L\ dt.$$

The luminosity and integrated luminosity are useful values to characterize the performance of a particle accelerator. In particular, all collider experiments aim to maximize their integrated luminosities, as the higher the integrated luminosity, the more data is available to analyze.

## Examples of collider luminosity

Here are a few examples of the luminosity of certain accelerators.

| Collider | Interaction | *L* (cm−2·s−1) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SPS | \+ | 6.0×1030 |
| Tevatron | \+ | 4.0×1032 |
| HERA | \+ e+ | 4.0×1031 |
| LEP | \+ e+ | 1.0×1032 |
| PEP | \+ e+ | 3.0×1033 |
| KEKB | \+ e+ | 2.1×1034 |
| SuperKEKB | \+ e+ | 2.4×1034 |
| LHC | \+ | 2.1×1034 |
| LHC | \+ Pb | 8.5×1029 |
| LHC | Pb \+ Pb | 6.1×1027 |
| HL-LHC | \+ | 5.0×1034 |