title: Verderio

abstract: Verderio is a comune in the province of Lecco, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It was formed in 2014 from the comuni of Verderio Superiore and Verderio Inferiore. Formerly, the "upper" and "lower" Verderio were divided in two Comune from the preexisting Verderio in 1905.

text:
# Verderio

**Verderio** (Brianzöö: *Verdé*) is a *comune* in the province of Lecco, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It was formed in 2014 from the *comuni* of Verderio Superiore and Verderio Inferiore.

Formerly, the "upper" and "lower" Verderio were divided in two Comune from the preexisting **Verderio** in 1905.

## History

The name Verderio probably comes from the Latin “viridarium”, which means “garden”. Other traces of the Roman civilization come from the archeological findings and from the etymology of some of the toponyms of its surroundings: for example Vicus Mercati (Vimercate), Hiberna Regis (Bernareggio), Caesarea Novella (Sernovella, a former Verderio Superiore's fraction) and Miliarium Tertium (Terzuolo, a fraction of Robbiate). In this territory the Romans – led by the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus – defeated Insubres in an important battle in 222 b.C.

Other findings confirm, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the presence of the Lombards and then of the Franks: Villa Gallavresi, once head office of Verderio Inferiore municipality, was built on the ruins of a fortification built by the Franks in the 10th century.

Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Verderio saw the presence of the Templars, that had two important sites at Castel Negrino (now part of Aicurzio's municipality, but once included in Verderio's territory) and at Cascina Brugarola. In 1312 all of Templars' belongings were passed to the Order of Knights of Malta, after the suppression of the Order of Templars decided by Philip IV of France.

An important historical event was, on April 28, 1799, the Combat of Verderio as part of the Battle of Cassano between the Austro-Russians led by general Josef Philipp Vukassovich (under the overall leadership of Alexander Suvorov) and the cut-off French troops led by general Sérurier, who commanded a division in Moreau's army. This happened when Napoleon was in Egypt for his military campaign in the Northafrican country. Despite having suffered heavy losses, the Austro-Russian troops forced the French to surrender. The winners were acclaimed as liberators but shortly after they started plundering, burning and vandalizing the town. Today, two headstones commemorate that tragic event.

The origins of Verderio's division in the two *comuni* of Verderio Inferiore and Verderio Superiore is disputed: according to some historians, it dates back to the 12th century, according to others, to the suppression of the Templar's order. What is certain is that in some documents of 1412 the wording “*Verderio de sora e de sotto*” (“upper and lower Verderio”) can be found. A temporary unification in one *comune* is mentioned in some documents of 1874.

A unified parish for Verderio was established by bishop Charles Borromeo after the Council of Trent, following his pastoral visits in 1571 and 1583. This parish would nonetheless be divided in 1778, when the bishop's vicar established the parish of Verderio Inferiore and the construction of the church dedicated to Saints martyrs Nazarius and Celsus started. In 1906 this church would be replaced by a new one built on the same site following a project by architect Giovanni Barboglio; the frescoes that decorate the interior were painted in 1932 by Umberto Marigliani, helped by Vittorio Manini.

Two referendums for the reunification of the two *comuni* were held in recent times (in 1994 and in 2004) since they already shared many services like the elementary school, the library and the sports hall. Both referendums had a negative outcome: for the referendum to be approved, a majority of “yes” was needed in both Verderio Inferiore and Verderio Superiore; while the former always voted in favour of the unification, the latter blocked the process on both occasions with its negative response. A new referendum was held on December 1, 2013; this time, the majority of both *comuni* voted in favour of the restoration of a unified Verderio. On February 4, 2014, the municipality was reconstituted by the regional council of Lombardy from the fusion of Verderio Inferiore and Verderio Superiore. The first municipal elections took place on May 25, 2014.

## Sport

The local amateur football team is *Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Verderio* (AS Verderio for short), currently playing in the Seconda Categoria, the eighth level of the Italian football league system. Their home field is the municipal sports centre located in Verderio Inferiore.

## InfoBox

| Verderio *Verdé* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Verderio | |
| Church of Santi Giuseppe e Floriano in Verderio Superiore. | |
|  | |
| Location of Verderio | |
| VerderioLocation of Verderio in ItalyVerderioVerderio (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°40′00″N 9°27′00″E / 45.66667°N 9.45000°E / 45.66667; 9.45000 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Province of Lecco (LC) |
| *Frazioni* | Verderio Superiore, Verderio Inferiore |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Robertino Manega |
| Area | |
| Total | 5 km2 (2 sq mi) |
| ElevationISTAT | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2019) | |
| Total | 5,610 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 23879 |
| Dialing code | 039 |
| ISTAT code | 097091 |
| Website | Official website |


title: USS Jesse Rutherford

abstract: USS Jesse Rutherford (DE-347) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort acquired by the United States Navy during World War II and named in honor of Private Jesse Rutherford Jr., USMC. Her primary purpose was to escort and protect ships in convoys; other tasks assigned included patrol and radar picket. Post-war, she returned home with one battle star to her credit. The keel for Jesse Rutherford was laid down by Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas on 22 November 1943. The destroyer escort was launched on 29 January 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Mary Rutherford, mother of Private Rutherford. Jesse Rutherford was commissioned on 31 May 1944.

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# USS Jesse Rutherford

**USS *Jesse Rutherford* (DE-347)** was a *John C. Butler*-class destroyer escort acquired by the United States Navy during World War II and named in honor of Private Jesse Rutherford Jr., USMC. Her primary purpose was to escort and protect ships in convoys; other tasks assigned included patrol and radar picket. Post-war, she returned home with one battle star to her credit.

The keel for *Jesse Rutherford* was laid down by Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas on 22 November 1943. The destroyer escort was launched on 29 January 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Mary Rutherford, mother of Private Rutherford. *Jesse Rutherford* was commissioned on 31 May 1944.

## Namesake

Jesse Rutherford Jr. was born on 12 January 1923 in Salmon, Idaho. Rutherford enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on 14 July 1941. After undergoing basic training at San Diego, California, he reported to carrier USS *Lexington* on 8 November 1941.

During the Battle of the Coral Sea on 8 May 1942, *Lexington* was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. Rutherford, "loading shells into fuse pots" in a gun mount, was seriously injured in the attack; but he remained at his post. In the language of his citation, "although mortally wounded by the fragments of a bursting bomb, he displayed outstanding courage and a loyal determination to keep his gun in action despite his injured condition, and valiantly remained at his station "loading shells into fuse pots" until he collapsed on the deck." Rutherford was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his heroism.

## Service history

*Jesse Rutherford*, departed Galveston, Texas on 7 July 1944 for shakedown training in waters off Bermuda. The ship then sailed to Boston, Massachusetts, arriving on 13 August to prepare for Atlantic convoy duty. She engaged in more underway training off the U.S. East Coast before sailing from Norfolk, Virginia on 20 September with her first convoy. The transports arrived at Naples, Italy on 4 October and *Jesse Rutherford* returned to New York on 24 October.

### Pacific War operations

At New York the destroyer escort received the newest in equipment and armament in preparation for the Pacific War, then about to enter its final stages. She sailed on 10 November 1944 with Escort Division 76, bound for the Panama Canal, the Galápagos Islands, and eventually the Society Islands. *Jesse Rutherford* arrived at Bora Bora on 5 December and departed the next day for the large American staging base on Manus Island. From there the ship was assigned to escort convoys from Hollandia through Leyte Gulf in support of the Allied campaign to recapture the Philippines.

In the months that followed *Jesse Rutherford* made nine voyages to Leyte, and in March 1945, she steamed in Lingayen Gulf as well. Arriving at Biak after another escort voyage on 30 May, the destroyer escort formed a group of LSTs into a convoy and departed for Manila. Off Mindoro, however, the destroyer escort encountered a merchantman in distress and drifting onto the beach. In response, *Jesse Rutherford* took the freighter in tow and held her off the beach until a tugboat could relieve her the next day. The destroyer escort arrived at Subic Bay on 8 June.

Additional convoy duty in the Philippines occupied *Jesse Rutherford* until July. She departed Morotai on 12 July with amphibious craft to reinforce the Allied landing at Balikpapan, Borneo, remaining there until 22 July. The ship then sailed back to Leyte in convoy, and patrolled San Bernardino Strait until war's end. *Jesse Rutherford* escorted a group of LCTs to Okinawa, arriving 15 September, after which she returned to the Philippines for patrol duty.

## Post-war decommissioning

The veteran destroyer escort embarked returning troops at Samar on 28 November 1945 and sailed that afternoon for San Diego, California, where she decommissioned on 21 June 1946. *Jesse Rutherford* was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Bremerton at Bremerton, Washington, where she remained until she was struck in January 1968 and sunk as target off California 8 December 1968.

## Awards

*Jesse Rutherford* received one battle star for World War II service.

## InfoBox

| At New York, November 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Jesse Rutherford* |
| Namesake | Jesse Rutherford Jr. |
| Builder | Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas |
| Laid down | 22 November 1943 |
| Launched | 29 January 1944 |
| Commissioned | 31 May 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 21 June 1946 |
| Stricken | 1 January 1968 |
| Honours and<br>awards | 1 battle star for World War II |
| Fate | Sunk as target off California 8 December 1968 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *John C. Butler*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | 1,350 long tons (1,372 ) |
| Length | 306 ft (93 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft 8 in (11.18 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 5 in (2.87 m) |
| Propulsion | 2 boilers, 2 geared turbine engines, 12,000 shp (8,900 kW) 2 propellers |
| Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
| Range | 6,000 nmi (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Complement | 14 officers, 201 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: St. George's College, Agra

abstract: St. George's College, Agra, is one of the oldest convent schools in India. It is a Minority Anglo-Indian Christian Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution. It is located near Mall Road and near to Targhar. The campus is approximately 40 acres (160,000 m⁲).The students are widely named as Georgians in the city. The school is accredited under the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education board for grade 10th and under the Indian School Certificate board for Grade 12. The school was established in 1875 as an Army School for British Armed Forces at Agra. With the passing by of time it started admitting students from civilian background as well. The college originated in a school set up by Father Joseph Rooney, an Irish priest from Navan, in the late 1840s. Rooney later founded St Peter's College, a Catholic boys school in Agra.

text:
# St. George's College, Agra

**St. George's College**, Agra, is one of the oldest convent schools in India. It is a Minority Anglo-Indian Christian Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution. It is located near Mall Road and near to Targhar. The campus is approximately 40 acres (160,000 m2).The students are widely named as Georgians in the city. The school is accredited under the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education board for grade 10th and under the Indian School Certificate board for Grade 12. The school was established in 1875 as an Army School for British Armed Forces at Agra. With the passing by of time it started admitting students from civilian background as well. The college originated in a school set up by Father Joseph Rooney, an Irish priest from Navan, in the late 1840s. Rooney later founded St Peter's College, a Catholic boys school in Agra.

## Headmasters and principals

### Headmasters

* Edward W. Maylor (1875 - 1882)
* G. H. Johnson (1888 - 1894)
* Rev. L. F. Philips (1895 - 1910)
* S.T. Rollo (1895 - 1910)
* Rev. Ben Colton (1911 - 1912)
* Rev. F. H. Smith (1913 - 1915)
* Norman H. Tubby (1916 - 1919)
* Rev. N. Rose Burnett (1920 - 1923)
* H. A. Phillips (1924 - 1926)

### Principals

* T. D. Ayo (1926 - 1933)
* Capt. M. C. Ellis (1933 - 1934)
* E. C. Ellis (1943 – 1946)
* Maj. M. C. Ellis (1946 – 1947)
* I. Montes (1947 – 1948)
* Richard Stephen Law (1949 - 1970)
* B. Roberts (1970 - 1972)
* A. R. David (1973 - 1979)
* I. V. Phillips (1980 - 1992)
* J. S. Jeremiah (1992-2022)
* Akshay R.S Jeremiah (

## InfoBox

| St. George's College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 3 Garden Road, Baluganj, Agra,
Uttar Pradesh
India | |
| Coordinates | 27°09′57″N 78°00′57″E / 27.165736°N 78.015794°E / 27.165736; 78.015794 |
| Information | |
| Type | Christian Minority Institution |
| Motto | *Press Onwards* |
| Founded | 1875 |
| School board | ISC (Class XII),
ICSE (Class X) |
| Authority | Diocese of Agra, Church of North India (CNI) |
| Staff | 100+ |
| Number of students | 3500+ |
| Campus size | 40 acres (160,000 m2) approx. |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Houses | Saunders(Red)
Westcott(Blue)
Robinson (Green)
Clifford (Yellow) |
| Website | stgeorgesagra.org |


title: Melody Parade

abstract: Melody Parade is a 1943 American musical film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and written by Tim Ryan and Charles R. Marion. The film stars Mary Beth Hughes, Eddie Quillan, Tim Ryan, Irene Ryan, Mantan Moreland, Jerry Cooper and Armida. The film was released on August 27, 1943, by Monogram Pictures.

text:
# Melody Parade

***Melody Parade*** is a 1943 American musical film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and written by Tim Ryan and Charles R. Marion. The film stars Mary Beth Hughes, Eddie Quillan, Tim Ryan, Irene Ryan, Mantan Moreland, Jerry Cooper and Armida. The film was released on August 27, 1943, by Monogram Pictures.

## Plot

A nightclub hatcheck girl seeks a singing career that she's always dreamed of. A busboy at that nightclub attempts to help her achieve her dreams.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Melody Parade | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Arthur Dreifuss |
| Screenplay by | Tim Ryan
Charles R. Marion |
| Produced by | Lindsley Parsons |
| Starring | Mary Beth Hughes
Eddie Quillan
Tim Ryan
Irene Ryan
Mantan Moreland
Jerry Cooper |
| Cinematography | Mack Stengler |
| Edited by | Richard C. Currier |
| Production
company | Monogram Pictures |
| Distributed by | Monogram Pictures |
| Release date | * August 27, 1943 (1943-08-27) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: WWE Extreme Rules

abstract: WWE Extreme Rules was an annual professional wrestling event produced by WWE, a Connecticut-based promotion. It was broadcast live and available only through pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE's livestreaming services. The name of the event stemmed from various matches on the card being contested under hardcore wrestling regulations with generally one match being an Extreme Rules match, which was introduced at the 2010 event. The defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion, which WWE acquired in 2003, originally used the "extreme rules" term to describe the regulations for all of its matches. The event name was established in 2009; however, its theme began with its predecessor, One Night Stand, which was promoted in 2005 and 2006 as an Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion show. In 2007, WWE promoted the show as one of its own regular PPV events but kept the concept of hardcore-based matches. In 2009, WWE renamed One Night Stand as Extreme Rules. The 2009 Extreme Rules event was noted by WWE to be a direct continuation of the One Night Stand chronology; however, the 2010 event was later promoted as only the second event under a new chronology, one that was no longer a direct continuation of the One Night Stand events. Starting in 2010, Extreme Rules was moved from June to late April/early May to replace Backlash as the post-WrestleMania PPV event. For 2013, the event replaced Over the Limit as that year's May PPV. After the reinstated brand extension took effect in mid-2016, the event returned to the June slot of WWE's PPV calendar in 2017 and was held as a Raw-exclusive event. Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, however, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, and Extreme Rules moved to the July slot. For the 2020 edition only, the event was titled The Horror Show at Extreme Rules. The 2021 event was then moved to September, replacing Clash of Champions. The 2022 event was then moved to October and was the only time the event was held on a Saturday. It would also be the final Extreme Rules as it was replaced by the reinstated Fastlane in 2023 due to the reduction of gimmick events.

text:
# WWE Extreme Rules

**WWE Extreme Rules** was an annual professional wrestling event produced by WWE, a Connecticut-based promotion. It was broadcast live and available only through pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE's livestreaming services. The name of the event stemmed from various matches on the card being contested under hardcore wrestling regulations with generally one match being an Extreme Rules match, which was introduced at the 2010 event. The defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion, which WWE acquired in 2003, originally used the "extreme rules" term to describe the regulations for all of its matches.

The event name was established in 2009; however, its theme began with its predecessor, One Night Stand, which was promoted in 2005 and 2006 as an Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion show. In 2007, WWE promoted the show as one of its own regular PPV events but kept the concept of hardcore-based matches. In 2009, WWE renamed One Night Stand as Extreme Rules. The 2009 Extreme Rules event was noted by WWE to be a direct continuation of the One Night Stand chronology; however, the 2010 event was later promoted as only the second event under a new chronology, one that was no longer a direct continuation of the One Night Stand events.

Starting in 2010, Extreme Rules was moved from June to late April/early May to replace Backlash as the post-WrestleMania PPV event. For 2013, the event replaced Over the Limit as that year's May PPV. After the reinstated brand extension took effect in mid-2016, the event returned to the June slot of WWE's PPV calendar in 2017 and was held as a Raw-exclusive event. Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, however, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, and Extreme Rules moved to the July slot. For the 2020 edition only, the event was titled The Horror Show at Extreme Rules. The 2021 event was then moved to September, replacing Clash of Champions. The 2022 event was then moved to October and was the only time the event was held on a Saturday. It would also be the final Extreme Rules as it was replaced by the reinstated Fastlane in 2023 due to the reduction of gimmick events.

## Concept and History

From 2005 to 2008, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) ran a pay-per-view (PPV) event entitled One Night Stand. While originally a reunion show for the defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion, the assets of which WWE acquired in 2003, the concept of One Night Stand was that the event featured various matches that were contested under hardcore rules. In 2009, Extreme Rules was established to replace One Night Stand and was initially noted by WWE to be a direct continuation of the One Night Stand chronology, with Extreme Rules continuing the concept of featuring hardcore-based matches. However, the 2010 event was later promoted as only the second event under a new chronology, one that was no longer a direct continuation of the One Night Stand events. The term "extreme rules" was originally used by Extreme Championship Wrestling to describe the regulations for all of its matches; WWE adopted the term, using it in place of "hardcore match" or "hardcore rules". In the mid-to-late 2010s, the amount of hardcore-based matches began decreasing, with only one included at the 2021 event, however, the 2022 event returned to form with all six of its matches contested under hardcore stipulations.

The 2009 Extreme Rules pay-per-view was the inaugural event of what became an annual gimmick event for WWE. It was held on June 7, 2009, at the New Orleans Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana. To coincide with the brand extension, in which the roster was divided into brands where wrestlers exclusively performed, the inaugural event featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands—it was the only to feature ECW as the brand disbanded in February 2010. The 2010 event then introduced the titular Extreme Rules match. This year's event also moved Extreme Rules up to the late April/early May slot to replace Backlash as the post-WrestleMania pay-per-view event.

In April 2011, WWE ceased using its full name with the "WWE" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism, and in August, the first brand extension was dissolved. The 2013 event then replaced Over the Limit for that year's May PPV. Beginning with the 2014 event, in addition to traditional PPV, Extreme Rules began broadcasting on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched earlier that year in February. After the 2016 event, WWE reintroduced the brand extension in July. Along with this second brand split came brand-exclusive PPVs, thus the 2017 event featured wrestlers exclusively from the Raw brand. It would in turn be the only Extreme Rules event during the second brand split to be a brand-exclusive show, as following WrestleMania 34 the following year, brand-exclusive pay-per-views were discontinued. The 2017 event also moved Extreme Rules back to the June slot, however, the 2018 event moved Extreme Rules to July. The 2019 event was held at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the city that was the home of Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1993 to 2001.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began affecting the industry in mid-March 2020, WWE had to relocate its programming to a behind closed doors set. Raw and SmackDown's shows were moved to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida, with no fans in attendance, although in late May, the promotion began using Performance Center trainees to serve as the live audience, which was further expanded to friends and family members of the wrestlers in mid-June. With the change in location and format, WWE titled the 2020 event as The Horror Show at Extreme Rules. It featured horror-themed matches, including the main event, which was a cinematically produced match, a Wyatt Swamp Fight between Bray Wyatt and Braun Strowman, a hardcore match held at a swamp.

The SAP Center in San Jose, California was originally to host the 2020 event, but due to the event's relocation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SAP Center announced that they would instead host the 2021 event. However, due to the ongoing pandemic, the 2021 event was reported to be broadcast from WWE's bio-secure bubble, the WWE ThunderDome (introduced in August 2020), but that July date was instead given to Money in the Bank after WWE announced they would be returning to live touring in mid-July. It was then announced that the 2021 edition, which returned to the event's original name, would instead take place on September 26 at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio, replacing Clash of Champions, which had originally been scheduled for that date and venue. The 2021 event was also the first Extreme Rules to air on Peacock's WWE Network channel, following the merger of the American version of the WWE Network under Peacock in March that year.

In June 2022, WWE announced that the 2022 Extreme Rules would be held on October 8 and return the event to the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This marked the first Extreme Rules to be held in October and on a Saturday. The 2022 event would be the final Extreme Rules event, as an event was not scheduled for 2023, with that year's October slot given to a reinstated Fastlane. This came after WWE Chief Content Officer Triple H stated that he wanted to discontinue some of the gimmick events.

## Extreme Rules matches

An "Extreme Rules match" is a type of hardcore match in which there are no disqualifications and no countouts and weapons are incentivized, but pinfalls and submissions must take place in the ring; since the acquisition of Extreme Championship Wrestling, WWE has used the "Extreme Rules" term in place of "hardcore". Although the Extreme Rules event was established in 2009, it was not until 2010 when the Extreme Rules match began to be held at the titular event. Only two other Extreme Rules events did not include the namesake match, which were the 2011 and 2015 events.

After being introduced at the 2010 event, the events that included an Extreme Rules match only had one such match on the card. The other matches were another type of hardcore match or just standard rules matches. Some of the other hardcore matches may have technically had the same or very similar rules as an Extreme Rules match, but were not stipulated as such (for example, a No Holds Barred match, which was held at the inaugural 2009 event). Some Extreme Rules matches had other stipulations applied on top of the Extreme Rules stipulation.

Other types of hardcore matches that took place at Extreme Rules include Steel Cage matches, variants of the Strap match, Ladder matches, Street Fights, Last Man Standing matches, tables matches, "I Quit" matches, No Disqualification matches, a Kendo stick-on-a-Pole match, an Eye for an Eye match (one opponent had to extract an eye from the other opponent), a Wyatt Swamp Fight (a hardcore match held at a swamp), a Good Old Fashioned Donnybrook match, and a Fight Pit match.

The following are the Extreme Rules matches that were held at the titular event.

| # | Year | Extreme Rules match | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2010 | Jack Swagger (c) vs. Randy Orton for the World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 2 | 2012 | John Cena vs. Brock Lesnar |  |
| 3 | 2013 | Randy Orton vs. Big Show |  |
| 4 | 2014 | Daniel Bryan (c) vs. Kane for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 5 | 2016 | Roman Reigns (c) vs. AJ Styles for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 6 | 2017 | Samoa Joe vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins vs. Finn Bálor vs. Bray Wyatt for a WWE Universal Championship match at Great Balls of Fire |  |
| 7 | 2018 | Alexa Bliss (c) vs. Nia Jax for the WWE Raw Women's Championship |  |
| 8 | 2019 | Seth Rollins (c) and Becky Lynch (c) vs. Baron Corbin and Lacey Evans for the WWE Universal Championship and WWE Raw Women's Championship
In addition to the Extreme Rules stipulation, this was a Last Chance Winners Take All mixed tag team match. |  |
| 9 | 2020 | Drew McIntyre (c) vs. Dolph Ziggler for the WWE Championship
The Extreme Rules stipulation only applied to Ziggler; McIntyre had to wrestle under regular singles match rules. |  |
| 10 | 2021 | Roman Reigns (c) vs. "The Demon" Finn Bálor for the WWE Universal Championship |  |
| 11 | 2022 | Liv Morgan (c) vs. Ronda Rousey for the WWE SmackDown Women's Championship |  |
|

## Events

|  | Raw-branded event |
| --- | --- |

| # | Event | Date | City | Venue | Main Event | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Extreme Rules (2009) | June 7, 2009 | New Orleans, Louisiana | New Orleans Arena | Edge (c) vs. Jeff Hardy in a Ladder match for the World Heavyweight Championship then Jeff Hardy (c) vs. CM Punk for the World Heavyweight Championship in Punk's Money in the Bank cash-in match |  |
| 2 | Extreme Rules (2010) | April 25, 2010 | Baltimore, Maryland | 1st Mariner Arena | John Cena (c) vs. Batista in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship |  |
| 3 | Extreme Rules (2011) | May 1, 2011 | Tampa, Florida | St. Pete Times Forum | The Miz (c) vs. John Cena vs. John Morrison in a Triple Threat Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship |  |
| 4 | Extreme Rules (2012) | April 29, 2012 | Rosemont, Illinois | Allstate Arena | Brock Lesnar vs. John Cena in an Extreme Rules match |  |
| 5 | Extreme Rules (2013) | May 19, 2013 | St. Louis, Missouri | Scottrade Center | Brock Lesnar vs. Triple H in a Steel Cage match |  |
| 6 | Extreme Rules (2014) | May 4, 2014 | East Rutherford, New Jersey | Izod Center | Daniel Bryan (c) vs. Kane in an Extreme Rules match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 7 | Extreme Rules (2015) | April 26, 2015 | Rosemont, Illinois | Allstate Arena | Seth Rollins (c) vs. Randy Orton in a Steel Cage match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 8 | Extreme Rules (2016) | May 22, 2016 | Newark, New Jersey | Prudential Center | Roman Reigns (c) vs. AJ Styles in an Extreme Rules match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |  |
| 9 | Extreme Rules (2017) | June 4, 2017 | Baltimore, Maryland | Royal Farms Arena | Bray Wyatt vs. Finn Bálor vs. Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe vs. Seth Rollins in a Fatal Five-way Extreme Rules match for a WWE Universal Championship match at Great Balls of Fire |  |
| 10 | Extreme Rules (2018) | July 15, 2018 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | PPG Paints Arena | Dolph Ziggler (c) vs. Seth Rollins in a 30-minute Iron Man match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship |  |
| 11 | Extreme Rules (2019) | July 14, 2019 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Wells Fargo Center | Seth Rollins (c) and Becky Lynch (c) vs. Baron Corbin and Lacey Evans in a Last Chance Winners Take All Extreme Rules mixed tag team match for the WWE Universal Championship and WWE Raw Women's Championship then Seth Rollins (c) vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Universal Championship in Lesnar's Money in the Bank cash-in match |  |
| 12 | The Horror Show at Extreme Rules | July 19, 2020 | Orlando, Florida | WWE Performance Center1 | Braun Strowman vs. Bray Wyatt in a Wyatt Swamp Fight |  |
| 13 | Extreme Rules (2021) | September 26, 2021 | Columbus, Ohio | Nationwide Arena | Roman Reigns (c) vs. "The Demon" Finn Bálor in an Extreme Rules match for the WWE Universal Championship |  |
| 14 | Extreme Rules (2022) | October 8, 2022 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Wells Fargo Center | Matt Riddle vs. Seth "Freakin" Rollins in a Fight Pit match with Daniel Cormier as the special guest referee. |  |
| (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match | | | | | | |
|

Notes

1The main event match, which was the Wyatt Swamp Fight, was pre-recorded at an undisclosed location about two hours outside of Orlando on July 16–17.

## InfoBox

| WWE Extreme Rules | |
| --- | --- |
| WWE Extreme Rules logo | |
| Promotion | WWE |
| Brands | Raw (2009–2011, 2017–2022)
SmackDown (2009–2011, 2018–2022)
205 Live (2019)
ECW (2009) |
| Other name | The Horror Show at Extreme Rules (2020) |
| First event | 2009 |
| Last event | 2022 |
| Event gimmick | Hardcore wrestling |
| Signature match | Extreme Rules match |


title: Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs

abstract: Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs is a studio album by American recording artist Wanda Jackson. It was released in December 1965 via Capitol Records and contained 12 tracks. The album was Jackson's eighth studio record of her career and consisted of traditional country songs. Seven of these songs were released as singles between 1961 and 1965. Both "Slippin'" and "The Violet and the Rose" reached charting positions on the American country songs survey. The album received a positive review following its original release.

text:
# Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs

***Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs*** is a studio album by American recording artist Wanda Jackson. It was released in December 1965 via Capitol Records and contained 12 tracks. The album was Jackson's eighth studio record of her career and consisted of traditional country songs. Seven of these songs were released as singles between 1961 and 1965. Both "Slippin'" and "The Violet and the Rose" reached charting positions on the American country songs survey. The album received a positive review following its original release.

## Background and recording

After becoming known with international audiences as a Rockabilly performer, Wanda Jackson returned to the country music market in 1961. In 1959, a decision was made by Jackson's producer, Ken Nelson, to focus her career solely on the country field (since her original singles were more successful there). In 1961, she had top ten country singles with "Right or Wrong" and "In the Middle of a Heartache". Between 1960 and 1965, Jackson recorded sessions of traditional country material that would make up the studio album, *Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs*. The sessions were held at the Bradley Studios and Columbia Studios in Nashville Tennessee. The project also contained sessions held at Capitol Studios, located in Hollywood, California.

## Content

The project contained a total of 12 tracks. Three songs were composed by Jackson herself: "Little Charm Bracelet", "Between the Window and the Phone" and "Kickin' Our Hearts Around". The latter recording was first released as a single by fellow country performer Buck Owens. Also included on the album was "The Violet and the Rose", a song made the most commercially-successful by Little Jimmy Dickens. Also included was a cover of Bill Anderson's "The Tip of My Fingers" and "Is This My Destiny", a song written by Helen Carter. The album was produced by Ken Nelson, who had recorded Jackson on the Capitol label since she signed a contract with them in 1956.

## Release and reception

*Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs* was originally released in December 1965 on Capitol Records. It was the eighth studio album issued in Jackson's career. It was first distributed as a vinyl LP, containing six songs on either side of the record. In later decades, it was re-issued to digital and streaming sites, including Apple Music. The project received a positive review from *Billboard* magazine in their January 1966 issue. Reviewers praised the album's arrangement and highlighted the tracks "My First Day Without You" and "Send Me No Roses". Reviewers also said, "The country singer has a good package here, full of songs which are both poetic and tearful."

A total of seven singles were included on the album, most of which were released prior to the album. The first single to be released was "Little Charm Bracelet" in February 1961. It was followed by "One Teardrop at a Time", which was released in December 1962. "Slippin'" was issued as a single in October 1963 and was the first to reach a charting position on any singles survey. Spending one week on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart, "Slippin'" peaked at number 46 in January 1964.

Jackson's version of "The Violet and the Rose" followed as a single in March 1964. The song spent 11 weeks on the *Billboard* country singles chart and reached a peak position of 36 in June 1964. Jackson's version of "Kickin' Our Hearts Around" was then released as a single in January 1965. It was followed by "Have I Grown Used to Missing You" in June 1965 and "My First Day Without You" in September 1965. Despite having charting singles, the album itself did not reach any charting positions on the *Billboard* Top Country Albums list.

## Track listings

### Vinyl version

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My First Day Without You" |  | 2:00 |
| 2. | "Send Me No Roses" | Hank Mills | 2:21 |
| 3. | "The Tip of My Fingers" | Bill Anderson | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Between the Window and the Phone" | * L.D. Allen * Wanda Jackson | 2:17 |
| 5. | "My Destiny" | Helen Carter | 2:23 |
| 6. | "Kickin' Our Hearts Around" | Wanda Jackson | 2:15 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Have I Grown Used to Missing You" | Ned Miller | 2:00 |
| 2. | "Slippin'" | Charles "Fuzzy" Owen | 2:45 |
| 3. | "Little Charm Bracelet" | Jackson | 2:28 |
| 4. | "The Violet and the Rose" |  | 2:50 |
| 5. | "Take Me Home" | Vaughn Horton | 2:27 |
| 6. | "One Teardrop at a Time" |  | 2:23 |

### Digital version

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My First Day Without You" | * Turner * Williams | 2:04 |
| 2. | "Send Me No Roses" | Mills | 2:24 |
| 3. | "The Tip of My Fingers" | Anderson | 2:55 |
| 4. | "Between the Window and the Phone" | * Allen * Jackson | 2:19 |
| 5. | "My Destiny" | Carter | 2:25 |
| 6. | "Kickin' Our Hearts Around" | Jackson | 2:21 |
| 7. | "Have I Grown Used to Missing You" | Miller | 2:02 |
| 8. | "Slippin'" | Owen | 2:47 |
| 9. | "Little Charm Bracelet" | Jackson | 2:28 |
| 10. | "The Violet and the Rose" | * Auge * Dickens * Reinfield * Tillis | 2:51 |
| 11. | "Take Me Home" | Vaughn Horton | 2:29 |
| 12. | "One Teardrop at a Time" | * Miller * West | 2:23 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | December 1965 | Vinyl | Capitol Records |  |
| | | | * Canada * United States |  |
| United Kingdom | | | 1966 |  |
| Taiwan | | | 1968 |  |
| Australia | | 1971 | World Record Club |  |
| United States | 2010s | * Digital * Streaming | Capitol Records Nashville |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wanda Jackson | |
| Released | December 1965 (1965-12) |
| Recorded | 1960 – 1965 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Ken Nelson |
| Wanda Jackson chronology | |
| *Blues in My Heart*
(1965) ***Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs***
(1965) *Wanda Jackson Salutes the Country Music Hall of Fame*
(1966) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Wanda Jackson Sings Country Songs* | |
| 1. "Little Charm Bracelet"
Released: February 1961 2. "One Teardrop at a Time"
Released: December 1962 3. "Slippin'"
Released: October 1963 4. "The Violet and the Rose"
Released: March 1964 5. "Kickin' Our Hearts Around"
Released: January 1965 6. "Have I Grown Used to Missing You"
Released: June 1965 7. "My First Day Without You"
Released: September 1965 | |
|  | |


title: Mengíbar CF

abstract: Mengíbar Club de Fútbol was a Spanish football team based in Mengíbar, in Jaén in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1993, its last season played in Tercera División - Group 9. The stadium was Estadio Ramón Díaz López with capacity of 500 seats.

text:
# Mengíbar CF

**Mengíbar Club de Fútbol** was a Spanish football team based in Mengíbar, in Jaén (Spanish province) in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1993, its last season played in Tercera División - Group 9. The stadium was Estadio *Ramón Díaz López* with capacity of 500 seats.

## History

At 2008-09 mid-season, the team was not presented in three matches, and therefore the club was relegated. After a while the club was dissolved due to financial problems.

## Season to season

| **Season** | **Division** | **Place** | **Copa del Rey** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| from 93-94 | Regional |  |  |
| to 06-07 | Regional |  |  |
| 2007/08 |  | 13th |  |
| 2008/09 |  | () |  |

---

## Noted players

## InfoBox

Mengíbar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mengíbar Club de Fútbol |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Dissolved | 2008 |
| Ground | Ramón Díaz López,
Mengíbar, Andalusia,
Spain |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Chairman | Gil Beltran |
| Manager | Fernando Zambrano |
| League | 3ª - Group 9 () |
| 2008–09 | 3ª - Group 9, **13th** |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Menno Boelsma

abstract:
Menno Boelsma was a Dutch speed skater. He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 500 m and 1000 m events and finished in 16th and 24th place, respectively. Boelsma achieved his best results in the 500 m, winning a national title in 1986 and a silver medal at the World Cup in Davos in 1990. Personal bests:
  - 500 m – 37.40 (1988)
  - 1000 m – 1:15.33 (1988)
  - 1500 m – 1:59.41 (1988)
  - 5000 m – 7:47.2 (1984) Boelsma died of cancer on 10 September 2022, at the age of 61.

text:
# Menno Boelsma

**Menno Boelsma** (8 January 1961 – 10 September 2022) was a Dutch speed skater. He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 500 m and 1000 m events and finished in 16th and 24th place, respectively.

Boelsma achieved his best results in the 500 m, winning a national title in 1986 and a silver medal at the World Cup in Davos in 1990.

Personal bests:

* 500 m – 37.40 (1988)
* 1000 m – 1:15.33 (1988)
* 1500 m – 1:59.41 (1988)
* 5000 m – 7:47.2 (1984)

Boelsma died of cancer on 10 September 2022, at the age of 61.

## InfoBox

Menno Boelsma
| Boelsma in 1988 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1961-01-08)8 January 1961<br>Monster, Netherlands |
| Died | 10 September 2022(2022-09-10) (aged 61) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Speed skating and short track speed skating |
| Club | Delftse Kunstijsbaan Vereniging (DKIJV) |


title: Wajahat Khan

abstract: Wajahat Khan is an Indian sarod player and composer who has earned international acclaim since 1977. He is the third son and disciple of sitar and surbahar player Imrat Khan, nephew of sitar player Vilayat Khan and a member of India's illustrious multi-generational musical Khan family which founded the Imdadkhani Gharana. He was born in the mid-1960s in Calcutta, India and now divides his time between London and India.

text:
# Wajahat Khan

**Wajahat Khan** (also known as Vajahat Khan; IAST: Wajāhat Khān, Hindi: वजाहत ख़ान, Bengali: ওয়াজাহাত খান, Urdu: خان وجاہت,) is an Indian sarod player and composer who has earned international acclaim since 1977. He is the third son and disciple of sitar and surbahar player Imrat Khan, nephew of sitar player Vilayat Khan and a member of India's illustrious multi-generational musical Khan family which founded the Imdadkhani Gharana . He was born in the mid-1960s in Calcutta, India and now divides his time between London and India.

## Career

Khan started his training in singing, sitar and surbahar from the age of 3, and his professional career in music as a child prodigy singer touring the world at a young age, including a performance on BBC Television in 1977. In his early teens, he decided to specialise in sarod, marking an interesting departure from his family's traditional instruments of sitar and surbahar.

He has performed extensively around the world, touring in the Indian sub-continent, UK, Europe, Scandinavia, USA, former USSR, Africa, Middle-East, South-East Asia and the Far-East. His performances at prestigious venues and festivals include the Kremlin in Moscow, the Acropolis of Athens, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C., Symphony Space in New York, Suntory Hall in Tokyo, Playhouse Theatre in Durban, the Glastonbury Festival and the Royal Albert Hall for the BBC Proms Festival in the UK.

Whilst mainly focussing on performing traditional Indian classical music, he has also ventured into crossover as a distinguished composer, having written pioneering works for Indian as well as Western instruments and ensembles, including three sarod concertos for symphony and chamber orchestras and quintets for sarod and string quartets. In 1991 he wrote and performed his first sarod concerto in Germany and has since performed with renowned international orchestras and ensembles such as the London Sinfonietta and Halle Symphony Orchestra (UK), Cape Philharmonic and KwaZulu Natal Symphony Orchestra (South Africa) and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. In 1997 he composed for and recorded his first quartet for sarod and string quartet with the Medici String Quartet, and has since performed with leading quartets such as the Carducci String Quartet, Ciurlionis String Quartet, and the Allegri String Quartet. He has toured internationally on several occasions with his Wajahat Khan World Music Ensemble, which includes the renowned flamenco/jazz guitarist Eduardo Niebla.

His collaborations also include the Brit Award winning rock band Kula Shaker, Japanese Shakuhachi maestro Yoshikazu Iwamoto and Indian shehnai player Ali Ahmad Khan, with whom he recorded the first ever sarod and shehnai duet. In 1997, on the occasion of the 50th year of Indian Independence Wajahat Khan also created for the first time in history a unique ensemble of soloists, consisting solely of all the traditional instruments and percussion that are at the forefront of North Indian classical music scene today – the Wajahat Khan Indian Chamber Orchestra. This was premiered to great acclaim at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London and subsequent performances have included Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival (UK). In 2008 he premiered his third sarod concerto to a standing ovation with the Halle Symphony Orchestra for the 150th year celebration of the Halle, at the prestigious Bridgewater Hall in Manchester and also composed, performed and toured another unique opera 'Queens of Govan' with the Scottish Opera.

Khan also teaches and lectures internationally and has given concerts and workshop courses at eminent institutions, such as the University of Florida, University of Maryland, Utica University, Amherst College, Washington University in St Louis and Augustana College in the USA; the University of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur; the Birmingham Conservatoire, Manchester and Brighton Universities, Yehudi Menuhin School of Music, Trinity College of Music and Morley College in the UK. In London, he is the Founder Director of his own Academy of World Music, and has been Artist in Residence at the Middlesex University and SOAS, University of London, where he is also working on a book about Indian music in live performance. He performs and gives lecture demonstrations at various educational institutions of Spicmacay throughout India. He has given illustrated talks on television and radio introducing and explaining Indian music, most notably presenting a highly acclaimed series of programmes for the BBC World Service.

## Style

Khan has energised the sarod performance repertoire with the intricate and fluid musical styles evolved by generations of his family, as well as a wide range of world music collaborations. Whilst preserving the ancient traditions, he brings his own innovations to the styles and techniques of the sarod, including his pioneering adaptation of the four-string technique of the surbahar to the sarod, thereby adding new dimensions to the instrument. Adding a fifth melody string for the base, he uniquely uses seven pegs on the head of his instrument, instead of the conventional six or eight pegs used by other contemporary masters. His distinctive style on the sarod and virtuoso technique interweaves a wide spectrum of dhrupad, khayāl and ṭhumrī (vocal) forms with the sarod instrumental repertoires.

## Discography

His CDs include:

* *Nocturne: Late Evening Raga of Romantic Mood* (2003)
* *Indian Raags for Sarod, Tabla and Tanpura* (2001)
* *Rag Yaman Kalyan/Rag Gaoti*(1996)
* *Raag Desh/Shivranjani* (2000)
* *Raag Alaiya Bilawal* (1987)
* *Raag Desh* (2002)
* *Maru Behag/Dhun*
* *Tilak Kamod/Pilu*
* *Jhinjhoti/Pilu*
* *Brindabani Sarang*
* *The Quest: Khamboji/Khammaj*

## InfoBox

| Wajahat Khan | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Calcutta, India |
| Occupation | Indian Classical musician |
| Instrument | Sarod |
| Years active | 1977–present |
| Labels | Nimbus Records, Navras Records, Sony India, Hyperion Records, Koch Schwann, Koch International, Audiorec Classics |
|  | |
| Website | wajahatkhan.com |


title: Walker County Schools

abstract: The Walker County Schools is a public school district in Walker County, Georgia, United States, based in LaFayette. It includes all parts of Walker County that are not in the city limits of Chickamauga. The district includes the communities of Chattanooga Valley, Fairview, Flintstone, LaFayette, Lookout Mountain, and Rossville. It also includes Walker County portions of Fort Oglethorpe and Lakeview.

text:
# Walker County Schools

The **Walker County Schools** is a public school district in Walker County, Georgia, United States, based in LaFayette.

It includes all parts of Walker County that are not in the city limits of Chickamauga. The district includes the communities of Chattanooga Valley, Fairview, Flintstone, LaFayette, Lookout Mountain, and Rossville. It also includes Walker County portions of Fort Oglethorpe and Lakeview.

## Schools

### Elementary schools

* Chattanooga Valley Elementary School
* Cherokee Ridge Elementary
* Fairyland Elementary School
* Gilbert Elementary School
* Naomi Elementary School
* North LaFayette Elementary School
* Rock Spring Elementary School
* Rossville Elementary School
* Stone Creek Elementary School
* Saddle Ridge Elementary School

### Middle schools

* Chattanooga Valley Middle School
* LaFayette Middle School
* Rossville Middle School
* Saddle Ridge Middle School

### High schools

* LaFayette High School
* Ridgeland High School

## Closed Schools

### Elementary schools

* Happy Valley Elementary School
* Fairview Elementary School

### High schools

* Chattanooga Valley High School
* Rossville High School

## InfoBox

| Walker County Schools | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
| 301 North Cherokee Street LaFayette, Georgia, 30728
United States | |
| District information | |
| Grades | Pre-Kindergarten – 12 |
| Superintendent | Damon Raines |
| Accreditation(s) | Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Georgia Accrediting Commission |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 8,401 (2022–23) |
| Faculty | 692.80 (FTE) |
| Other information | |
| Website | walkerschools.org |


abstract:
This is a list of members of the Australian Senate from 1975 to 1978. The 13 December 1975 election was a double dissolution of both houses, with all 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate up for election. Malcolm Fraser had been commissioned as prime minister following the dismissal of Gough Whitlam's Labor government by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, on 11 November 1975. The same day, Fraser advised the calling of the election, in accordance with Kerr's stipulated conditions. Thus the Liberal Party of Australia, led by Fraser, with Coalition partner the National Country Party, led by Doug Anthony, went to the election as a caretaker government. The election resulted in the Coalition securing government with a 30-seat swing away from Labor in the House of Representatives. In accordance with section 13 of the Constitution, following a double dissolution of Parliament, the terms for state senators commence on 1 July preceding the election, i.e., on 1 July 1975. The first five senators elected in each State were allocated full six-year terms ending on 30 June 1981 while the other half were allocated three-year terms ending on 30 June 1978. There were two significant changes that affected the composition of the Senate.
  - The Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory were to be represented in the Senate for the first time. The terms of senators representing the territories commenced on the date of the election and ended at the dissolution of the House of Representatives, in this case the December 1977 election.
  - A person appointed to a casual vacancy must be from the same political party as the original senator and is appointed until the end of the original term. Austin Lewis had been appointed under the former system, however his term was extended to the end of the original term of 30 June 1981 as a result of the 1977 referendum. The first vacancy occurring under the new process was caused by the resignation of Steele Hall, who had been a member of the Liberal Movement but had joined the Liberal party in 1976 on the break-up of the Liberal Movement. Janine Haines was appointed to replace Hall, having been third on the Liberal Movement ticket in 1975, however she was no longer a member of the Liberal Movement, having joined the Democrats.

text:
# Members of the Australian Senate, 1975–1978

> **Senate composition at 17 February 1976**
> **Government (35)** \- (2 seat majority)
> Liberal (26)
> Country Party (8)
> Country Liberal (1)
> **Opposition (27)**
> Labor (27)
> **Crossbench (2)**
> Liberal Movement (1)
> Independent (Harradine) (1)
> Changes in composition

This is a list of **members of the Australian Senate** from 1975 to 1978. The 13 December 1975 election was a double dissolution of both houses, with all 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate up for election. Malcolm Fraser had been commissioned as prime minister following the dismissal of Gough Whitlam's Labor government by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, on 11 November 1975. The same day, Fraser advised the calling of the election, in accordance with Kerr's stipulated conditions. Thus the Liberal Party of Australia, led by Fraser, with Coalition partner the National Country Party, led by Doug Anthony, went to the election as a caretaker government. The election resulted in the Coalition securing government with a 30-seat swing away from Labor in the House of Representatives.

In accordance with section 13 of the Constitution, following a double dissolution of Parliament, the terms for state senators commence on 1 July preceding the election, i.e., on 1 July 1975. The first five senators elected in each State were allocated full six-year terms ending on 30 June 1981 while the other half were allocated three-year terms ending on 30 June 1978.

There were two significant changes that affected the composition of the Senate.

* The Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory were to be represented in the Senate for the first time. The terms of senators representing the territories commenced on the date of the election and ended at the dissolution of the House of Representatives, in this case the December 1977 election.
* A person appointed to a casual vacancy must be from the same political party as the original senator and is appointed until the end of the original term.

Austin Lewis had been appointed under the former system, however his term was extended to the end of the original term of 30 June 1981 as a result of the 1977 referendum. The first vacancy occurring under the new process was caused by the resignation of Steele Hall, who had been a member of the Liberal Movement but had joined the Liberal party in 1976 on the break-up of the Liberal Movement. Janine Haines was appointed to replace Hall, having been third on the Liberal Movement ticket in 1975, however she was no longer a member of the Liberal Movement, having joined the Democrats.

| Senator | Party | | State | Term ending | Years in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brian Archer |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1978 | 1975–1994 |
| Peter Baume |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1978 | 1974–1991 |
| Reg Bishop |  | Labor | South Australia | 1981 | 1961–1981 |
| Neville Bonner |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1981 | 1971–1983 |
| Bill Brown |  | Labor | Victoria | 1978 | 1969–1970, 1971–1978 |
| John Button |  | Labor | Victoria | 1978 | 1974–1993 |
| Don Cameron |  | Labor | South Australia | 1978 | 1969–1978 |
| John Carrick |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1981 | 1970–1987 |
| Jim Cavanagh |  | Labor | South Australia | 1981 | 1961–1981 |
| Fred Chaney |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1978 | 1974–1990 |
| Ruth Coleman |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1978 | 1974–1987 |
| Stan Collard |  | National Country | Queensland | 1978 | 1975–1987 |
| Mal Colston |  | Labor | Queensland | 1978 | 1975–1999 |
| Sir Magnus Cormack |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1978 | 1951–1953, 1962–1978 |
| Bob Cotton |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1981 | 1965–1978 |
| Gordon Davidson |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1981 | 1961, 1962, 1965–1981 |
| Don Devitt |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1978 | 1965–1978 |
| Tom Drake-Brockman |  | National Country | Western Australia | 1978 | 1958, 1959–1978 |
| Peter Durack |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1981 | 1970–1993 |
| George Georges |  | Labor | Queensland | 1978 | 1967–1987 |
| Arthur Gietzelt |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1978 | 1970–1989 |
| Ivor Greenwood |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1981 | 1968–1976 |
| Don Grimes |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1978 | 1974–1987 |
| Margaret Guilfoyle |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1981 | 1970–1987 |
| Janine Haines |  | Democrats | South Australia | 1978 | 1977–1978, 1980–1990 |
| Steele Hall |  | Liberal Movement/Liberal | South Australia | 1978 | 1974–1977 |
| Brian Harradine |  | Independent | Tasmania | 1981 | 1975–2005 |
| Don Jessop |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1981 | 1970–1991 |
| Jim Keeffe |  | Labor | Queensland | 1981 | 1964–1983 |
| Bernie Kilgariff |  | Country Liberal | Northern Territory | 1977, 1980 | 1975–1987 |
| John Knight |  | Liberal | Australian Capital Territory | 1977, 1980 | 1975–1981 |
| Misha Lajovic |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1978 | 1975–1985 |
| Sir Condor Laucke |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1981 | 1967–1981 |
| Austin Lewis |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1977, 1981 | 1976–1993 |
| Kathy Martin |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1978 | 1974–1984 |
| Ron Maunsell |  | National Country | Queensland | 1981 | 1967–1981 |
| Ron McAuliffe |  | Labor | Queensland | 1981 | 1970–1981 |
| Doug McClelland |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1981 | 1961–1987 |
| Jim McClelland |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1981 | 1970–1978 |
| Gordon McIntosh |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1981 | 1974–1987 |
| Geoff McLaren |  | Labor | South Australia | 1978 | 1970–1983 |
| Jean Melzer |  | Labor | Victoria | 1981 | 1974–1981 |
| Tony Messner |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1978 | 1975–1990 |
| Alan Missen |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1978 | 1974–1986 |
| Tony Mulvihill |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1978 | 1964–1983 |
| Justin O'Byrne |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1981 | 1947–1981 |
| Cyril Primmer |  | Labor | Victoria | 1981 | 1971–1985 |
| Peter Rae |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1981 | 1967–1986 |
| Ted Robertson |  | Labor | Northern Territory | 1977, 1980 | 1975–1987 |
| Susan Ryan |  | Labor | Australian Capital Territory | 1977, 1980 | 1975–1988 |
| Douglas Scott |  | National Country | New South Wales | 1981 | 1970, 1974–1985 |
| Glen Sheil |  | National Country | Queensland | 1981 | 1974–1981 |
| Kerry Sibraa |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1978 | 1975–1978, 1978–1994 |
| Peter Sim |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1981 | 1964–1981 |
| Tom Tehan |  | National Country | Victoria | 1978 | 1975–1978 |
| Andrew Thomas |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1978 | 1975–1983 |
| Michael Townley |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1981 | 1970–1987 |
| Peter Walsh |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1978 | 1974–1993 |
| Shirley Walters |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1978 | 1975–1993 |
| James Webster |  | National Country | Victoria | 1981 | 1964–1981 |
| John Wheeldon |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1981 | 1964–1981 |
| Rt Reg Withers |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1981 | 1966, 1967–1987 |
| Ian Wood |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1978 | 1950–1978 |
| Ken Wriedt |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1981 | 1964–1980 |
| Reg Wright |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1978 | 1950–1978 |
| Harold Young |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1978 | 1968–1981 |
|

1. Liberal Ivor Greenwood died on 13 October 1976; Liberal Austin Lewis was appointed to fill the ensuing vacancy on 17 December. Lewis's term would have ended in December 1977, being the earlier of the next election for the House of Representatives or the Senate, however his term was extended to the end of Greenwood's original term on 30 June 1981 as a result of the 1977 referendum.
2. Senator Steele Hall had been elected as a member of the Liberal Movement, however the party broke up and he joined the Liberal party in June 1976. Hall resigned from the Senate on 16 November 1977 to contest the House of Representatives seat of Hawker. Democrats Janine Haines was appointed to fill the ensuing vacancy on 14 December.
3. The term of a territory senator ends at the dissolution of the House of Representatives which was December 1977.
4. Father of the Senate
1. "The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate 1975". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
2. Reg Withers (18 February 1976). "Rotation of Senators". *Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)*. Commonwealth of Australia: Senate.
3. *Senate (Representation of Territories) Act* 1973 (Cth).
4. *Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies)* Act 1977 (Cth).
5. Gerard Newman (14 May 2002). "Senate Casual Vacancies". *Research Note no.35 2001-2001*. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
6. "1975 Senate election: South Australia". *Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive*.
7. "Haines, Janine (1945–2004)". *The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate*. Parliament of Australia.
8. Evans, H. "Filling Casual Vacancies before 1977" (PDF). *The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate, Volume 3*. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 24 February 2017.


title: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

abstract: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe, was a NASA spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang. Headed by Professor Charles L. Bennett of Johns Hopkins University, the mission was developed in a joint partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University. The WMAP spacecraft was launched on 30 June 2001 from Florida. The WMAP mission succeeded the COBE space mission and was the second medium-class (MIDEX) spacecraft in the NASA Explorer program. In 2003, MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002), who had been a member of the mission's science team. After nine years of operations, WMAP was switched off in 2010, following the launch of the more advanced Planck spacecraft by European Space Agency (ESA) in 2009. WMAP's measurements played a key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology: the Lambda-CDM model. The WMAP data are very well fit by a universe that is dominated by dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant. Other cosmological data are also consistent, and together tightly constrain the Model. In the Lambda-CDM model of the universe, the age of the universe is 13.772±0.059 billion years. The WMAP mission's determination of the age of the universe is to better than 1% precision. The current expansion rate of the universe is 69.32±0.80 km·s−1·Mpc−1. The content of the universe currently consists of 4.628%±0.093% ordinary baryonic matter; 24.02%+0.88%−0.87% cold dark matter (CDM) that neither emits nor absorbs light; and 71.35%+0.95%−0.96% of dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant that accelerates the expansion of the universe. Less than 1% of the current content of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefer the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino species of 3.26±0.35. The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry, with curvature of −0.0027+0.0039−0.0038. The WMAP measurements also support the cosmic inflation paradigm in several ways, including the flatness measurement. The mission has won various awards: according to Science magazine, the WMAP was the Breakthrough of the Year for 2003. This mission's results papers were first and second in the "Super Hot Papers in Science Since 2003" list. Of the all-time most referenced papers in physics and astronomy in the INSPIRE-HEP database, only three have been published since 2000, and all three are WMAP publications. Bennett, Lyman A. Page Jr., and David N. Spergel, the latter both of Princeton University, shared the 2010 Shaw Prize in astronomy for their work on WMAP. Bennett and the WMAP science team were awarded the 2012 Gruber Prize in cosmology. The 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Page, Spergel, and the WMAP science team. In October 2010, the WMAP spacecraft was derelict in a heliocentric graveyard orbit after completing nine years of operations. All WMAP data are released to the public and have been subject to careful scrutiny. The final official data release was the nine-year release in 2012. Some aspects of the data are statistically unusual for the Standard Model of Cosmology. For example, the largest angular-scale measurement, the quadrupole moment, is somewhat smaller than the Model would predict, but this discrepancy is not highly significant. A large cold spot and other features of the data are more statistically significant, and research continues into these.

text:
# Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

The **Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe** (**WMAP**), originally known as the **Microwave Anisotropy Probe** (**MAP** and **Explorer 80**), was a NASA spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang. Headed by Professor Charles L. Bennett of Johns Hopkins University, the mission was developed in a joint partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University. The WMAP spacecraft was launched on 30 June 2001 from Florida. The WMAP mission succeeded the COBE space mission and was the second medium-class (MIDEX) spacecraft in the NASA Explorer program. In 2003, MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002), who had been a member of the mission's science team. After nine years of operations, WMAP was switched off in 2010, following the launch of the more advanced Planck spacecraft by European Space Agency (ESA) in 2009.

WMAP's measurements played a key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology: the Lambda-CDM model. The WMAP data are very well fit by a universe that is dominated by dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant. Other cosmological data are also consistent, and together tightly constrain the Model. In the Lambda-CDM model of the universe, the age of the universe is 13.772±0.059 billion years. The WMAP mission's determination of the age of the universe is to better than 1% precision. The current expansion rate of the universe is (see Hubble constant) 69.32±0.80 km·s−1·Mpc−1. The content of the universe currently consists of 4.628%±0.093% ordinary baryonic matter; 24.02%+0.88%
−0.87% cold dark matter (CDM) that neither emits nor absorbs light; and 71.35%+0.95%
−0.96% of dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant that accelerates the expansion of the universe. Less than 1% of the current content of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefer the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino species of 3.26±0.35. The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry, with curvature ( $\Omega \_{k}$) of −0.0027+0.0039
−0.0038. The WMAP measurements also support the cosmic inflation paradigm in several ways, including the flatness measurement.

The mission has won various awards: according to *Science* magazine, the WMAP was the *Breakthrough of the Year for 2003*. This mission's results papers were first and second in the "Super Hot Papers in Science Since 2003" list. Of the all-time most referenced papers in physics and astronomy in the INSPIRE-HEP database, only three have been published since 2000, and all three are WMAP publications. Bennett, Lyman A. Page Jr., and David N. Spergel, the latter both of Princeton University, shared the 2010 Shaw Prize in astronomy for their work on WMAP. Bennett and the WMAP science team were awarded the 2012 Gruber Prize in cosmology. The 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Page, Spergel, and the WMAP science team.

In October 2010, the WMAP spacecraft was derelict in a heliocentric graveyard orbit after completing nine years of operations. All WMAP data are released to the public and have been subject to careful scrutiny. The final official data release was the nine-year release in 2012.

Some aspects of the data are statistically unusual for the Standard Model of Cosmology. For example, the largest angular-scale measurement, the quadrupole moment, is somewhat smaller than the Model would predict, but this discrepancy is not highly significant. A large cold spot and other features of the data are more statistically significant, and research continues into these.

## Objectives

The WMAP objective was to measure the temperature differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. The anisotropies then were used to measure the universe's geometry, content, and evolution; and to test the Big Bang model, and the cosmic inflation theory. For that, the mission created a full-sky map of the CMB, with a 13 arcminutes resolution via multi-frequency observation. The map required the fewest systematic errors, no correlated pixel noise, and accurate calibration, to ensure angular-scale accuracy greater than its resolution. The map contains 3,145,728 pixels, and uses the HEALPix scheme to pixelize the sphere. The telescope also measured the CMB's E-mode polarization, and foreground polarization. Its service life was 27 months; 3 to reach the L2 position, and 2 years of observation.

## Development

The MAP mission was proposed to NASA in 1995, selected for definition study in 1996, and approved for development in 1997.

The WMAP was preceded by two missions to observe the CMB; (i) the Soviet RELIKT-1 that reported the upper-limit measurements of CMB anisotropies, and (ii) the U.S. COBE satellite that first reported large-scale CMB fluctuations. The WMAP was 45 times more sensitive, with 33 times the angular resolution of its COBE satellite predecessor. The successor European Planck mission (operational 2009–2013) had a higher resolution and higher sensitivity than WMAP and observed in 9 frequency bands rather than WMAP's 5, allowing improved astrophysical foreground models.

## Spacecraft

The telescope's primary reflecting mirrors are a pair of Gregorian 1.4 × 1.6 m (4 ft 7 in × 5 ft 3 in) dishes (facing opposite directions), that focus the signal onto a pair of 0.9 × 1.0 m (2 ft 11 in × 3 ft 3 in) secondary reflecting mirrors. They are shaped for optimal performance: a carbon fibre shell upon a Korex core, thinly-coated with aluminium and silicon oxide. The secondary reflectors transmit the signals to the corrugated feedhorns that sit on a focal plane array box beneath the primary reflectors.

The receivers are polarization-sensitive differential radiometers measuring the difference between two telescope beams. The signal is amplified with High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) low-noise amplifiers, built by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). There are 20 feeds, 10 in each direction, from which a radiometer collects a signal; the measure is the difference in the sky signal from opposite directions. The directional separation azimuth is 180°; the total angle is 141°. To improve subtraction of foreground signals from our Milky Way galaxy, the WMAP used five discrete radio frequency bands, from 23 GHz to 94 GHz.

Properties of WMAP at different frequencies
| Property | K-band | Ka-band | Q-band | V-band | W-band |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Central wavelength (mm) | 13 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 3.2 |
| Central frequency (GHz) | 23 | 33 | 41 | 61 | 94 |
| Bandwidth (GHz) | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 14.0 | 20.5 |
| Beam size (arcminutes) | 52.8 | 39.6 | 30.6 | 21 | 13.2 |
| Number of radiometers | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| System temperature () | 29 | 39 | 59 | 92 | 145 |
| Sensitivity (mK s $^{1/2}$) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.6 |

The WMAP's base is a 5.0 m (16.4 ft)-diameter solar panel array that keeps the instruments in shadow during CMB observations, (by keeping the craft constantly angled at 22°, relative to the Sun). Upon the array sit a bottom deck (supporting the warm components) and a top deck. The telescope's cold components: the focal-plane array and the mirrors, are separated from the warm components with a cylindrical, 33 cm (13 in)-long thermal isolation shell atop the deck.

Passive thermal radiators cool the WMAP to approximately 90 K (−183.2 °C; −297.7 °F); they are connected to the low-noise amplifiers. The telescope consumes 419 W of power. The available telescope heaters are emergency-survival heaters, and there is a transmitter heater, used to warm them when off. The WMAP spacecraft's temperature is monitored with platinum resistance thermometers.

The WMAP's calibration is effected with the CMB dipole and measurements of Jupiter; the beam patterns are measured against Jupiter. The telescope's data are relayed daily via a 2-GHz transponder providing a 667 kbit/s downlink to a 70 m (230 ft) Deep Space Network station. The spacecraft has two transponders, one a redundant backup; they are minimally active – about 40 minutes daily – to minimize radio frequency interference. The telescope's position is maintained, in its three axes, with three reaction wheels, gyroscopes, two star trackers and Sun sensors, and is steered with eight hydrazine thrusters.

## Launch, trajectory, and orbit

Animation of WMAP's trajectoryOblique viewViewed from Earth   Earth **·**   WMAP

The WMAP spacecraft arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on 20 April 2001. After being tested for two months, it was launched via Delta II 7425 launch vehicle on 30 June 2001. It began operating on its internal power five minutes before its launching, and continued so operating until the solar panel array deployed. The WMAP was activated and monitored while it cooled. On 2 July 2001, it began working, first with in-flight testing (from launching until 17 August 2001), then began constant, formal work. Afterwards, it effected three Earth-Moon phase loops, measuring its sidelobes, then flew by the Moon on 30 July 2001, en route to the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, arriving there on 1 October 2001, becoming the first CMB observation mission posted there.

Locating the spacecraft at Lagrange 2, (1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) from Earth) thermally stabilizes it and minimizes the contaminating solar, terrestrial, and lunar emissions registered. To view the entire sky, without looking to the Sun, the WMAP traces a path around L2 in a Lissajous orbit ca. 1.0° to 10°, with a 6-month period. The telescope rotates once every 2 minutes 9 seconds (0.464 rpm) and precesses at the rate of 1 revolution per hour. WMAP measured the entire sky every six months, and completed its first, full-sky observation in April 2002.

## Experiment

### Pseudo-Correlation Radiometer

The WMAP instrument consists of pseudo-correlation differential radiometers fed by two back-to-back 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) primary Gregorian reflectors. This instrument uses five frequency bands from 22 GHz to 90 GHz to facilitate rejection of foreground signals from our own Galaxy. The WMAP instrument has a 3.5° x 3.5° field of view (FoV).

## Foreground radiation subtraction

The WMAP observed in five frequencies, permitting the measurement and subtraction of foreground contamination (from the Milky Way and extra-galactic sources) of the CMB. The main emission mechanisms are synchrotron radiation and free-free emission (dominating the lower frequencies), and astrophysical dust emissions (dominating the higher frequencies). The spectral properties of these emissions contribute different amounts to the five frequencies, thus permitting their identification and subtraction.

Foreground contamination is removed in several ways. First, subtract extant emission maps from the WMAP's measurements; second, use the components' known spectral values to identify them; third, simultaneously fit the position and spectra data of the foreground emission, using extra data sets. Foreground contamination was reduced by using only the full-sky map portions with the least foreground contamination, while masking the remaining map portions.

The five-year models of foreground emission, at different frequencies. Red = Synchrotron; Green = free-free; Blue = thermal dust.
|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 GHz | 33 GHz | 41 GHz | 61 GHz | 94 GHz |

## Measurements and discoveries

### One-year data release

On 11 February 2003, NASA published the first-year's worth of WMAP data. The latest calculated age and composition of the early universe were presented. In addition, an image of the early universe, that "contains such stunning detail, that it may be one of the most important scientific results of recent years" was presented. The newly released data surpass previous CMB measurements.

Based upon the Lambda-CDM model, the WMAP team produced cosmological parameters from the WMAP's first-year results. Three sets are given below; the first and second sets are WMAP data; the difference is the addition of spectral indices, predictions of some inflationary models. The third data set combines the WMAP constraints with those from other CMB experiments (ACBAR and CBI), and constraints from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and Lyman alpha forest measurements. There are degenerations among the parameters, the most significant is between $n\_{s}$ and $\tau $; the errors given are at 68% confidence.

Best-fit cosmological parameters from WMAP one-year results
| Parameter | Symbol | Best fit (WMAP only) | Best fit (WMAP, extra parameter) | Best fit (all data) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Age of the universe (Ga) | $t\_{0}$ | 13.4±0.3 |  | 13.7±0.2 |
| Hubble's constant ( kmMpc·s ) | $H\_{0}$ | 72±5 | 70±5 | 71+4
−3 |
| Baryonic content | $\Omega \_{b}h^{2}$ | 0.024±0.001 | 0.023±0.002 | 0.0224±0.0009 |
| Matter content | $\Omega \_{m}h^{2}$ | 0.14±0.02 | 0.14±0.02 | 0.135+0.008
−0.009 |
| Optical depth to reionization | $\tau $ | 0.166+0.076
−0.071 | 0.20±0.07 | 0.17±0.06 |
| Amplitude | *A* | 0.9±0.1 | 0.92±0.12 | 0.83+0.09
−0.08 |
| Scalar spectral index | $n\_{s}$ | 0.99±0.04 | 0.93±0.07 | 0.93±0.03 |
| Running of spectral index | $dn\_{s}/dk$ |  | −0.047±0.04 | −0.031+0.016
−0.017 |
| Fluctuation amplitude at 8h−1 Mpc | $\sigma \_{8}$ | 0.9±0.1 |  | 0.84±0.04 |
| Total density of the universe | $\Omega \_{tot}$ |  |  | 1.02±0.02 |

Using the best-fit data and theoretical models, the WMAP team determined the times of important universal events, including the redshift of reionization, 17±4; the redshift of decoupling, 1089±1 (and the universe's age at decoupling, 379+8
−7 kyr); and the redshift of matter/radiation equality, 3233+194
−210. They determined the thickness of the surface of last scattering to be 195±2 in redshift, or 118+3
−2 kyr. They determined the current density of baryons, (2.5±0.1)×10−7 cm−1, and the ratio of baryons to photons, 6.1+0.3
−0.2×10−10. The WMAP's detection of an early reionization excluded warm dark matter.

The team also examined Milky Way emissions at the WMAP frequencies, producing a 208-point source catalogue.

### Three-year data release

The three-year WMAP data were released on 17 March 2006. The data included temperature and polarization measurements of the CMB, which provided further confirmation of the standard flat Lambda-CDM model and new evidence in support of inflation.

The 3-year WMAP data alone shows that the universe must have dark matter. Results were computed both only using WMAP data, and also with a mix of parameter constraints from other instruments, including other CMB experiments (Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR), Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) and BOOMERANG), Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, the Supernova Legacy Survey and constraints on the Hubble constant from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Best-fit cosmological parameters from WMAP three-year results
| Parameter | Symbol | Best fit (WMAP only) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Age of the universe (Ga) | $t\_{0}$ | 13.73+0.16
−0.15 |
| Hubble's constant ( kmMpc·s ) | $H\_{0}$ | 73.2+3.1
−3.2 |
| Baryonic content | $\Omega \_{b}h^{2}$ | 0.0229±0.00073 |
| Matter content | $\Omega \_{m}h^{2}$ | 0.1277+0.0080
−0.0079 |
| Optical depth to reionization \[a\] | $\tau $ | 0.089±0.030 |
| Scalar spectral index | $n\_{s}$ | 0.958±0.016 |
| Fluctuation amplitude at 8h−1 Mpc | $\sigma \_{8}$ | 0.761+0.049
−0.048 |
| Tensor-to-scalar ratio \[b\] | *r* | \<0.65 |

\[a\]   Optical depth to reionization improved due to polarization measurements.
\[b\]   \<0.30 when combined with SDSS data. No indication of non-gaussianity.

### Five-year data release

The five-year WMAP data were released on 28 February 2008. The data included new evidence for the cosmic neutrino background, evidence that it took over half billion years for the first stars to reionize the universe, and new constraints on cosmic inflation.

The five-year total-intensity and polarization spectra from WMAPMatter/energy content in the current universe (top) and at the time of photon decoupling in the recombination epoch 380,000 years after the Big Bang (bottom)

The improvement in the results came from both having an extra two years of measurements (the data set runs between midnight on 10 August 2001 to midnight of 9 August 2006), as well as using improved data processing techniques and a better characterization of the instrument, most notably of the beam shapes. They also make use of the 33-GHz observations for estimating cosmological parameters; previously only the 41-GHz and 61-GHz channels had been used.

Improved masks were used to remove foregrounds. Improvements to the spectra were in the 3rd acoustic peak, and the polarization spectra.

The measurements put constraints on the content of the universe at the time that the CMB was emitted; at the time 10% of the universe was made up of neutrinos, 12% of atoms, 15% of photons and 63% dark matter. The contribution of dark energy at the time was negligible. It also constrained the content of the present-day universe; 4.6% atoms, 23% dark matter and 72% dark energy.

The WMAP five-year data was combined with measurements from Type Ia supernova (SNe) and Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO).

The elliptical shape of the WMAP skymap is the result of a Mollweide projection.

Best-fit cosmological parameters from WMAP five-year results
| Parameter | Symbol | Best fit (WMAP only) | Best fit (WMAP + SNe + BAO) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Age of the universe (Ga) | $t\_{0}$ | 13.69±0.13 | 13.72±0.12 |
| Hubble's constant ( kmMpc·s ) | $H\_{0}$ | 71.9+2.6
−2.7 | 70.5±1.3 |
| Baryonic content | $\Omega \_{b}h^{2}$ | 0.02273±0.00062 | 0.02267+0.00058
−0.00059 |
| Cold dark matter content | $\Omega \_{c}h^{2}$ | 0.1099±0.0062 | 0.1131±0.0034 |
| Dark energy content | $\Omega \_{\Lambda }$ | 0.742±0.030 | 0.726±0.015 |
| Optical depth to reionization | $\tau $ | 0.087±0.017 | 0.084±0.016 |
| Scalar spectral index | $n\_{s}$ | 0.963+0.014
−0.015 | 0.960±0.013 |
| Running of spectral index | $dn\_{s}/dlnk$ | −0.037±0.028 | −0.028±0.020 |
| Fluctuation amplitude at 8h−1 Mpc | $\sigma \_{8}$ | 0.796±0.036 | 0.812±0.026 |
| Total density of the universe | $\Omega \_{tot}$ | 1.099+0.100
−0.085 | 1.0050+0.0060
−0.0061 |
| Tensor-to-scalar ratio | *r* | \<0.43 | \<0.22 |

The data puts limits on the value of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r \<0.22 (95% certainty), which determines the level at which gravitational waves affect the polarization of the CMB, and also puts limits on the amount of primordial non-gaussianity. Improved constraints were put on the redshift of reionization, which is 10.9±1.4, the redshift of decoupling, 1090.88±0.72 (as well as age of universe at decoupling, 376.971+3.162
−3.167 kyr) and the redshift of matter/radiation equality, 3253+89
−87.

The extragalactic source catalogue was expanded to include 390 sources, and variability was detected in the emission from Mars and Saturn.

The five-year maps at different frequencies from WMAP with foregrounds (the red band)
|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 GHz | 33 GHz | 41 GHz | 61 GHz | 94 GHz |

### Seven-year data release

The seven-year WMAP data were released on 26 January 2010. As part of this release, claims for inconsistencies with the standard model were investigated. Most were shown not to be statistically significant, and likely due to *a posteriori* selection (where one sees a weird deviation, but fails to consider properly how hard one has been looking; a deviation with 1:1000 likelihood will typically be found if one tries one thousand times). For the deviations that do remain, there are no alternative cosmological ideas (for instance, there seem to be correlations with the ecliptic pole). It seems most likely these are due to other effects, with the report mentioning uncertainties in the precise beam shape and other possible small remaining instrumental and analysis issues.

The other confirmation of major significance is of the total amount of matter/energy in the universe in the form of dark energy – 72.8% (within 1.6%) as non 'particle' background, and dark matter – 22.7% (within 1.4%) of non baryonic (sub-atomic) 'particle' energy. This leaves matter, or baryonic particles (atoms) at only 4.56% (within 0.16%).

Best-fit cosmological parameters from WMAP seven-year results
| Parameter | Symbol | Best fit (WMAP only) | Best fit (WMAP + BAO \+ H0) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Age of the universe (Ga) | $t\_{0}$ | 13.75±0.13 | 13.75±0.11 |
| Hubble's constant ( kmMpc·s ) | $H\_{0}$ | 71.0±2.5 | 70.4+1.3
−1.4 |
| Baryon density | $\Omega \_{b}$ | 0.0449±0.0028 | 0.0456±0.0016 |
| Physical baryon density | $\Omega \_{b}h^{2}$ | 0.02258+0.00057
−0.00056 | 0.02260±0.00053 |
| Dark matter density | $\Omega \_{c}$ | 0.222±0.026 | 0.227±0.014 |
| Physical dark matter density | $\Omega \_{c}h^{2}$ | 0.1109±0.0056 | 0.1123±0.0035 |
| Dark energy density | $\Omega \_{\Lambda }$ | 0.734±0.029 | 0.728+0.015
−0.016 |
| Fluctuation amplitude at 8h−1 Mpc | $\sigma \_{8}$ | 0.801±0.030 | 0.809±0.024 |
| Scalar spectral index | $n\_{s}$ | 0.963±0.014 | 0.963±0.012 |
| Reionization optical depth | $\tau $ | 0.088±0.015 | 0.087±0.014 |
| \*Total density of the universe | $\Omega \_{tot}$ | 1.080+0.093
−0.071 | 1.0023+0.0056
−0.0054 |
| \*Tensor-to-scalar ratio, k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1 | *r* | \< 0.36 (95% CL) | \< 0.24 (95% CL) |
| \*Running of spectral index, k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1 | $dn\_{s}/d\ln k$ | −0.034±0.026 | −0.022±0.020 |
| Note: * = Parameters for extended models
(parameters place limits on deviations
from the Lambda-CDM model) |

The Seven-year maps at different frequencies from WMAP with foregrounds (the red band)
|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23-GHz | 33-GHz | 41-GHz | 61-GHz | 94-GHz |

### Nine-year data release

On 29 December 2012, the nine-year WMAP data and related images were released. 13.772±0.059 billion-year-old temperature fluctuations and a temperature range of ± 200 microkelvins are shown in the image. In addition, the study found that 95% of the early universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy, the curvature of space is less than 0.4% of "flat" and the universe emerged from the cosmic Dark Ages "about 400 million years" after the Big Bang.

Best-fit cosmological parameters from WMAP nine-year results
| Parameter | Symbol | Best fit (WMAP only) | Best fit (WMAP + eCMB + BAO \+ H0) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Age of the universe (Ga) | $t\_{0}$ | 13.74±0.11 | 13.772±0.059 |
| Hubble's constant ( kmMpc·s ) | $H\_{0}$ | 70.0±2.2 | 69.32±0.80 |
| Baryon density | $\Omega \_{b}$ | 0.0463±0.0024 | 0.04628±0.00093 |
| Physical baryon density | $\Omega \_{b}h^{2}$ | 0.02264±0.00050 | 0.02223±0.00033 |
| Cold dark matter density | $\Omega \_{c}$ | 0.233±0.023 | 0.2402+0.0088
−0.0087 |
| Physical cold dark matter density | $\Omega \_{c}h^{2}$ | 0.1138±0.0045 | 0.1153±0.0019 |
| Dark energy density | $\Omega \_{\Lambda }$ | 0.721±0.025 | 0.7135+0.0095
−0.0096 |
| Density fluctuations at 8h−1 Mpc | $\sigma \_{8}$ | 0.821±0.023 | 0.820+0.013
−0.014 |
| Scalar spectral index | $n\_{s}$ | 0.972±0.013 | 0.9608±0.0080 |
| Reionization optical depth | $\tau $ | 0.089±0.014 | 0.081±0.012 |
| Curvature | 1 $-$ $\Omega \_{\rm {tot}}$ | −0.037+0.044
−0.042 | −0.0027+0.0039
−0.0038 |
| Tensor-to-scalar ratio (k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1) | *r* | \< 0.38 (95% CL) | \< 0.13 (95% CL) |
| Running scalar spectral index | $dn\_{s}/d\ln k$ | −0.019±0.025 | −0.023±0.011 |

## Main result

The main result of the mission is contained in the various oval maps of the CMB temperature differences. These oval images present the temperature distribution derived by the WMAP team from the observations by the telescope during the mission. Measured is the temperature obtained from a Planck's law interpretation of the microwave background. The oval map covers the whole sky. The results are a snapshot of the universe around 375,000 years after the Big Bang, which happened about 13.8 billion years ago. The microwave background is very homogeneous in temperature (the relative variations from the mean, which presently is still 2.7 kelvins, are only of the order of 5×10−5). The temperature variations corresponding to the local directions are presented through different colors (the "red" directions are hotter, the "blue" directions cooler than the average).

## Follow-on missions and future measurements

The original timeline for WMAP gave it two years of observations; these were completed by September 2003. Mission extensions were granted in 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 giving the spacecraft a total of 9 observing years, which ended August 2010 and in October 2010 the spacecraft was moved to a heliocentric "graveyard" orbit.

The Planck spacecraft also measured the CMB from 2009 to 2013 and aims to refine the measurements made by WMAP, both in total intensity and polarization. Various ground- and balloon-based instruments have also made CMB contributions, and others are being constructed to do so. Many are aimed at searching for the B-mode polarization expected from the simplest models of inflation, including The E and B Experiment (EBEX), Spider, BICEP and Keck Array (BICEP2), Keck, QUIET, Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS), South Pole Telescope (SPTpol) and others.

On 21 March 2013, the European-led research team behind the Planck spacecraft released the mission's all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. The map suggests the universe is slightly older than previously thought. According to the map, subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the cosmos was about 370,000 years old. The imprint reflects ripples that arose as early, in the existence of the universe, as the first nonillionth (10−30) of a second. Apparently, these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galaxy clusters and dark matter. Based on the 2013 data, the universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. On 5 February 2015, new data was released by the Planck mission, according to which the age of the universe is 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years and the Hubble constant is 67.74 ± 0.46 (km/s)/Mpc.

### Primary sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
| Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | Explorer 80
MAP
Microwave Anisotropy Probe
MIDEX-2
WMAP |
|  | |
| Mission type | Cosmic microwave background Astronomy |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 2001-027A |
| SATCAT no. | 26859 |
| Website | http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |
| Mission duration | 27 months (planned)
9 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Explorer LXXX |
| Spacecraft type | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe |
| Bus | WMAP |
| Manufacturer | NRAO |
| Launch mass | 840 kg (1,850 lb) |
| Dry mass | 763 kg (1,682 lb) |
| Dimensions | 3.6 × 5.1 m (12 × 17 ft) |
| Power | 419 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 30 June 2001, 19:46:46 UTC |
| Rocket | Delta II 7425-10 (Delta 246) |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, SLC-17B |
| Contractor | Boeing Launch Services |
| Entered service | 1 October 2001 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Graveyard orbit |
| Deactivated | 20 October 2010 |
| Last contact | 19 August 2010 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Sun-Earth L2 orbit |
| Regime | Lissajous orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Main telescope | |
| Type | Gregorian |
| Diameter | 1.4 × 1.6 m (4 ft 7 in × 5 ft 3 in) |
| Wavelengths | 23 GHz to 94 GHz |
|  | |
| Instruments | |
| Pseudo-Correlation Radiometer | |
|
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe mission patch **Explorer program** | |