title: Structure relocation

abstract: A structure relocation is the process of moving a structure from one location to another. There are two main ways for a structure to be moved: disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination, or transporting it whole. For the latter, the building is first raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short. Otherwise, wheels, such as flatbed trucks, are used. These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building, such as the chimney, as well as obstacles along the journey, such as overhead cables and trees. Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building. Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner, or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands.

text:
# Structure relocation

A **structure relocation** is the process of moving a structure from one location to another. There are two main ways for a structure to be moved: disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination, or transporting it whole. For the latter, the building is first raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short. Otherwise, wheels, such as flatbed trucks, are used. These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building, such as the chimney, as well as obstacles along the journey, such as overhead cables and trees.

Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building. Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner, or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands.

## Equipment

Elevating a whole structure is typically done by attaching a temporary steel framework under the structure to support it. A network of hydraulic jacks is placed under the framework and controlled by a unified jacking system, elevating the structure off the foundation. An older, low-technology method is to use building jacks called screw jacks or jackscrews which are manually turned.

With both types of jacking systems, wood beams (called cribs, cribbing or box cribs) are stacked into piles to support both the structure and the jacks. The structure is then lifted in increments. Once the structure is at a sufficient height, hydraulic dollies (or a flatbed truck) are placed under the supporting framework. These are used to move the structure to the new location. After the move, the steps are reversed and the structure is lowered.

## Reasons for moving a structure

There are several reasons why a structure may be moved. For example, a redevelopment, such as urban regeneration, could cause a relocation. The buyer of a building may wish to move it to a new location, or the owner might sell the land that the building is on while keeping the building.

Another reason for the relocation of a building is to preserve it for historic interest. An example of such preservation is the Lin An Tai Historical House in Taiwan. Such a move could be made because a building is in danger at its present location.

On the island of Chiloe, in Chile, there is a tradition of moving houses if the original site is haunted. The house is placed on tree trunk rollers and dragged to the new location by oxen.

## Notable moves

### Whole moves

London's Marble Arch (1847) was originally the entrance to the newly rebuilt Buckingham Palace. Following the expansion of Buckingham Palace, it was dismantled and rebuilt at a location near Hyde Park, with work being completed in 1851.

In order to save a single tree, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President of the Republic of Turkey, moved the future location of his summer house, the Yalova Atatürk Mansion, four meters to the east in 1936.

Between October 12 and November 14, 1930, the 8-story, 11,000 ton Indiana Bell building, the headquarters of the Indiana Bell telecommunications company, was shifted 52 feet south, rotated 90 degrees, then another 100 feet west. The city's telephone operations continued uninterrupted during the course of the building's relocation.

In 1950 the Compania Telefónica de Mexico (Telephone Company of Mexico) building located in the city of Guadalajara was moved 11.8 meters without any interruption of telephone operations. Building weights 1,700 metric tons. The project started in May and ended in November 1950. The building movement itself took 5 days. Head of the project was Jorge Matute Remus, construction engineer and headmaster of the Universidad De Guadalajara at the time.

In September 1959 a 280 metres tall guyed radio mast of Europe 1 longwave transmitter in Felsberg-Berus, Germany was moved 102 metres northwards in order to realize a better radiation pattern of the transmitter. This was perhaps the tallest object ever moved on land

One of Europe's oldest dwelling houses in Exeter, United Kingdom, was relocated in 1961 to make way for a bypass road. The 15th century wooden framed building was moved on rails around 100 yards (91 m) up a 1:10 hill, and became known as The House That Moved.

The Lubomirski Palace of Warsaw was successfully rotated 74 degrees in 1970.

The Cudecom Building in Bogotá, Colombia (Weight 7,000 Metric Tons, Distance Moved: 95 Feet); was moved in October 1974 using Steel Rollers. The 8 story building was moved westward to build an avenue. The move of the Cudecom Building was in the Guinness Book of World Records for 30 years. Moving Cudecom Building Part 1 Moving Cudecom Building Part 2

The Gem Theatre and Century Theatre, both housed within the same building in Detroit, were moved five blocks on wheels to its new location at 333 Madison Avenue on 16 October 1997, because of the development of the Comerica Park area when it became home of the Detroit Tigers. At a distance of 563 meters (1,847 feet) it is the furthest known relocation of a sizable building setting a world record by Expert House Movers, LLC.

The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Starý MostThe Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary(Kostel Nanebevzetí Panny Marie (Most)

), part of the city of Most, is a late Gothic church that was built in the years 1517–1550 after the city fire. It gained notoriety mainly in 1975, when it was moved 841 meters along the tracks, to save it from a town that had been razed to the ground due to coal mining. In 1972, the church tower was dismantled, as its security would require too demanding modifications and complications during the move. Security work was then started in the interior of the church, which consisted of strengthening the vault by spraying and reinforcing the building with a steel lattice structure, which clamped the church inside and out and made it possible to distribute the entire weight of the historic masonry (9,600 tons) onto individual transport carts. The perimeter of the church was secured by a concrete ring. The total weight of the church was finally 12,000 tons. The most expensive part of the preparatory work was the construction of the transport track. Due to the large transport distance, the track was only 160 meters long. It was then always dismantled behind the church and assembled five times in front of the church during the move. 53 transport trolleys manufactured by Škoda Plzeň were inserted under all statically important points on the constructed track. The trucks worked on the hydraulic principle. The hydraulics also controlled eight boom arms that were supposed to push or brake the church. The work was controlled by a computer, the core of the system was a calculator from the American company Hewlett-Packard, but manual intervention was not excluded. The author of the software coordinating the entire system was mechanical engineer Jiří Souček.

Structure relocation was common in the 1980s in Romania because of Ceausescu's building projects. Many buildings, including churches and older apartment blocks used to be relocated using hydraulics. One of the most notable feats achieved was on 27 May 1987, when a whole apartment block weighing 7600 Tonnes was split in half and completely relocated, with people left inside, with no damage whatsoever. As of this day the building still stands, and it was one of the most challenging relocations in the whole world. Engineer Eugeniu Iordachescu moved 29 buildings (from which 13 were churches) during his career. (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutarea\_cl%C4%83dirilor\_%C8%99i\_structurilor)

As part of the Minnesota Shubert Performing Arts and Education Center development, the Shubert Theatre was moved between 9 February 1999 and 21 February 1999. The 2,638 tonne (2,596 short ton) building was moved three city blocks and is the heaviest recorded building move done on wheels.

The 850 tonne Belle Tout Lighthouse was built in 1831 near the edge of the cliff on the next headland west from Beachy Head, East Sussex, England. It was moved more than 17 metres (56 feet) further inland in 1999 due to cliff erosion. It was pushed by four hydraulic jacks along four steel and concrete beams to a new site that was designed specifically to allow for possible future relocations.

In 1999, the 208-foot (63 m) tall, 2540-tonne Cape Hatteras Lighthouse was moved 2,900 feet (880 m) to protect it from being undermined by beach erosion. When the North Carolina lighthouse was built in 1870, it was over 1,500 feet (460 m) from the sea, but by 1935 the beach had eroded and the waves were only 100 feet (30 m) away. Starting in 1930, many efforts to halt the erosion were attempted, including adding over a million cubic yards of loose sand, massive sandbags, and steel and concrete walls. After nearly 70 years it became apparent that fighting the erosion was a never-ending battle, and the decision was made to move the lighthouse away from the sea.

The 3,200-year-old Statue of Ramesses II in Cairo was moved on 25 August 2006 from Ramses Square to a new museum site. The statue was slowly being damaged by pollution and was in an area where it was difficult for people to visit. The move of the statue, which measures 11 metres (36 feet) high and weighs around 83 tonnes (91 short tons) was broadcast live on Egyptian television. Transported whole on the back of two trucks, the statue had previously been cut into eight pieces when it was moved from its excavation site in the mid-1950s.

In June 2008, Hamilton Grange National Memorial, the 1802 home of Alexander Hamilton in New York City, was relocated from a cramped lot on Convent Avenue to a more spacious setting facing West 141st Street in nearby St. Nicholas Park, where it is currently undergoing a complete restoration. It is actually the second time the 298-ton mansion has been moved. In 1889, it was relocated from its original site on West 143rd Street to a church's property two blocks away.

The Nathaniel Lieb House (1969), by architect Robert Venturi, was moved by barge from Long Beach Island, New Jersey to Glen Cove, New York in 2009.

In April 2013, due to construction works on Fuzuli Street the House of famous Baku millionaire, Isa bey Hajinski, in Baku (Azerbaijan), which was built in 1908, was moved 10 m to protect it as historical and architectural monument. The weight of this building is 18,000 tonnes. It was the heaviest building in the world ever moved.

The William Walker House, built circa 1904, was relocated 500 feet when the new owner, Thomas Tull, decided to preserve the home instead of demolishing it. The move took place in August 2016. The house was designed by architects Longfellow, Alden & Harlow.

On December 21, 2016 part of the Belleview-Biltmore Hotel was relocated and placed on a new foundation where it will be converted into an inn with event space, an ice cream parlor, and a history room.

Beginning in 1983, Shipcarpenter Square in Lewes, Delaware, is an historic residential development in which entire homes from centuries past were re-located to a common residential neighborhood. The development consists of approximately 40 homes that were relocated whole.

### Reassembly moves

The Warder Mansion, the only surviving Washington, D.C. building by architect H. H. Richardson, was saved from demolition in 1923 by George Oakley Totten Jr. Totten bought the exterior stone  except the main doorway, which reportedly went to the Smithsonian Institution  and much of the interior woodwork, and transported it, piece by piece, in his Model T Ford. He reassembled the building about 1.5 miles north of its original site and converted it into an apartment house.

In 1925, Thomas C. Williams Jr. bought a 15th-century Tudor manor house, Agecroft Hall, which stood by the River Irwell in Pendlebury, England. The hall was disassembled, crated and transported to Richmond, Virginia, where it was reassembled as the centrepiece of a Tudor estate on the banks of the James River. The 16th-century Warwick Priory in Warwick, England was bought by Alexander and Virginia Weddell in 1926 and relocated in the same manner. Architect Henry G. Morse oversaw both moves. He designed additions to the reassembled priory, inspired by Sulgrave Manor and Wormleighton Manor. The expanded building was renamed Virginia House, and stands next door to Agecroft Hall.

Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst purchased and attempted to relocate two Cistercian monasteries during his travels in Spain, but neither was completed during his lifetime. The first was built about 1141 and found abandoned by Hearst in 1925. He purchased the ruin and attempted to ship it to his home in California, San Simeon. The crates, however, were detained by customs officials in New York City, and due to his deteriorating finances during the Great Depression, Hearst was unable to complete the shipment. The stones were purchased in 1951 and reassembled in Florida as a tourist attraction. In 1964, the building was purchased by a local Episcopal diocese and restored to its original purpose as the Church of St. Bernard de Clairvaux.

Hearst's second attempt at relocating a monastery was in 1931 when he found the closed Santa Maria de Ovila monastery, built around 1200. He purchased the structure, disassembled it and successfully shipped it to San Francisco, but was unable to rebuild the monastery. Hearst eventually gave the stones to the city of San Francisco, where they sat for decades in Golden Gate Park. Eventually, some of the stones were acquired by the Abbey of New Clairvaux in Vina, California, where they are currently being reconstructed; others are now being used as decorative accents in the San Francisco Botanical Garden.

Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock temples completed in 1244 BCE, on the western bank of the Nile in southern Egypt. Construction of the Aswan High Dam would have submerged the temples beneath the waters of Lake Nasser. In 1959, an international donation campaign began to save the monuments of Nubia: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization. The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964, and cost US$80 million. Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was cut into large blocks, dismantled and reassembled in a new location  65 m higher and 200 m back from the river, in what many consider one of the greatest feats of archaeological engineering. Today, thousands of tourists visit the temples daily. Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan, the nearest city. Many visitors also arrive by plane, at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex.

On 18 April 1968, John Rennie's London Bridge (which had replaced the original bridge in 1831) was sold to the American entrepreneur Robert P. McCulloch of McCulloch Oil for the sum of $2,460,000. The bridge was reconstructed at Lake Havasu City, Arizona, and opened on 10 October 1971. Not all of the bridge was transported to America, as some were kept behind in lieu of tax duties. The version of London Bridge that was rebuilt at Lake Havasu consists of a concrete frame with stones from the old (but not the original) London Bridge used as cladding. It spans a canal that leads from Lake Havasu to Thomson Bay, and forms the centrepiece of a theme park in the English style, complete with mock-Tudor shopping mall. The bridge has become one of Arizona's biggest tourist attractions.

The Old Wellington Inn (1552) and Sinclair's Oyster Bar, two of Manchester, England's oldest buildings, dating from the 16th century and 17th century respectively, had their foundations raised 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) when the Shambles Square marketplace was refurbished in the 1960s. They were in close proximity to the 1996 Manchester bombing. As part of the rebuilding, they were disassembled and moved 100 m north to the new Shambles Square, next to Manchester Cathedral. Originally the two buildings comprised a single row, but they were rebuilt 90 degrees to each other and connected by new construction.

The formerly Grade-I Listed Murray House in Hong Kong (built 1844) was dismantled in 1982 to make way for the Bank of China Tower. It was rebuilt brick-by-brick at Stanley in 2000. The relocation process, nonetheless, was said to have failed to meet 'the international standard of preservation'. Certain architectural features, such as the chimneys and stone columns were lost and were replaced with features taken from other contemporary buildings. Much of the structure, furthermore, was reconstructed to be held up by an added steel-and-concrete core that which was not representative of how it once existed. The Grade-I listed status has thus since been withdrawn.

## Museum collections

Several museums, particularly open-air museums, move historic buildings into their surroundings, with some dedicated to showing what life was like in previous centuries called living history.

Museums that have transported and reconstructed old buildings and structures include:

## Relocation of towers

In the past, it was not uncommon that radio towers, free-standing as well as guyed, were dismantled and rebuilt at another site. In some cases, they were rebuilt just a few metres away from their original site, but in others far away from their original site. In first case, these towers were nearly all part of a directional antenna system for long- and medium-wave for which the regulations of directional patterns were changed and the best way to fulfill it, was to build either a new tower or to dismantle one tower and to rebuild it on the new site. It was also done that a tower was dismantled and then used for the upper parts of a new radio tower. This was done for example with the masts at Sender Donebach in 1982 and with the wooden tower of Transmitter Ismaning in 1934. After World War II some radio towers in former East Germany were dismantled by Soviet occupants and rebuilt in former Soviet Union, the most famous example herefore is Goliath transmitter. It is also common that electricity pylons are dismantled and rebuilt at a new site. Also small observation towers built of steel were sometimes dismantled for renovation and afterwards rebuilt.

The tallest structure ever relocated is BREN Tower. In 1959 a 280-metre-tall radio mast was relocated at Felsberg-Berus without dismantling.

## Financing building relocation

Although smaller projects are usually paid for in cash, larger projects such as the relocation of a house to a new site are typically financed by banks. Finance is often a major problem faced by project managers as the house needs to be paid for prior to leaving its current site, but the lender for the project cannot take security over the house until it is complete and on the new site. This creates a short-term cashflow problem that unhinges many projects.


title: Stumped

abstract: Stumped is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the striker's wicket while the striker is out of their ground. It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket. Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease. Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be effected by the wicket keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. Where both modes of dismissal could be adjudged, a stumping will be recorded and credited to the bowler and keeper. As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the square-leg umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.

text:
# Stumped

**Stumped** is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the striker's wicket while the striker is out of their ground (the batter leaves their ground when they have moved down the pitch beyond the popping crease, often in an attempt to hit the ball). It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket.

Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease.

Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be effected by the wicket keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. Where both modes of dismissal could be adjudged (i.e. it is the striker who is liable to be out, by action of the keeper alone, when the striker is not attempting a run, on a legitimate delivery), a stumping will be recorded and credited to the bowler and keeper.

As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the square-leg umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.

## Practice

Stumping is the fifth-most-common form of dismissal after caught, bowled, leg before wicket, and run out, though it is seen more commonly in shorter forms of the game such as Twenty20 cricket, because attacking batting leads both to batters more frequently losing their balance, and to deliberately leaving the crease to better strike the ball.

Most stumping dismissals are effected by the keeper "standing up" (i.e. able to put down the wicket by reaching out with the gloved hand holding the ball) and so are usually taken by a medium or slow bowler, especially a slower spin bowler. If the keeper is "standing back" to a faster bowler, the wicket-keeper may throw the ball at the stumps to remove the bails ("throw down the wicket") and is also credited with the stumping, although any other fielder throwing down the wicket would be a run out.

Stumping is often an intended consequence of the fielding team's setup and involves cooperation between bowler and wicket-keeper: the bowler draws the batter out of their ground, such as by delivering a ball with a shorter length to tempt the batter to step forward to create a half-volley, and when they miss the ball, the keeper catches it and breaks the wicket before the batter "makes their ground" (i.e. places the bat or part of their body on the ground back behind the popping crease).

If the bails are removed before the act of stumping (e.g by the keeper's foot), the batter can still be stumped if the wicket-keeper removes one of the stumps from the ground, while holding the ball in the hand or arm that is in contact with the stump.

A batter may be out stumped off a wide delivery, in which case the batting team are still credited with the one run extra and both umpires are required to signal to the scorers: the bowler's end umpire signals the Wide, the striker's end, that the batsman is out.

A batter cannot be stumped off a no-ball (as stumped is credited to the bowler, the fielding team cannot benefit from the illegal delivery).

Notes:

* The popping crease is defined as the back edge of the crease marking (i.e. the edge closer to the wicket. Therefore, a batter whose bat or foot is *on* the crease marking, but does not touch the ground *behind* the crease marking, can be stumped. This is quite common if the batter's back foot is raised so that only their toe is on the ground.
* The wicket must be properly put down in accordance with Law 29 of the Laws of cricket: using either the ball itself or a hand or arm that is in contact with the ball at the point of breaking the wicket. A stumping is also valid if the ball merely rebounds from the wicket-keeper and breaks the wicket just as if the wicket had been thrown down.
* The wicket-keeper must allow the ball to pass the stumps before taking it, unless it has touched either the batter or his bat first (Law 21.9). If the wicket-keeper fails to do this, the delivery is a no-ball, and the batter cannot be stumped (nor run out, unless he attempts to run to the other wicket).
* If the striker is injured and has a runner (no longer permitted in international cricket or many professional competitions, but within the unmodified Laws of Cricket), the runner leaves their crease and the wicket is put down for what would otherwise be a stumping, the striker is run out, not stumped.

## Records


title: The Telephone Girl (1927 film)

abstract: The Telephone Girl is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Herbert Brenon, produced by Famous Players–Lasky, released by Paramount Pictures, and based on the play The Woman (1911) by William C. deMille. This film starred Madge Bellamy, Holbrook Blinn, and Warner Baxter.

text:
# The Telephone Girl (1927 film)

***The Telephone Girl*** is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Herbert Brenon, produced by Famous Players–Lasky, released by Paramount Pictures, and based on the play *The Woman* (1911) by William C. deMille. This film starred Madge Bellamy, Holbrook Blinn, and Warner Baxter.

## Plot

## Cast

## Preservation status

This film is preserved at EYE Institut aka Filmmuseum.

## InfoBox

| The Telephone Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Herbert Brenon |
| Written by | Elizabeth Meehan (scenario) |
| Based on | *The Woman*
by William C. deMille |
| Produced by | Herbert Brenon |
| Starring | Madge Bellamy |
| Cinematography | Leo Tover |
| Production
company | Famous Players–Lasky |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * March 26, 1927 (1927-03-26) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Piano Quartet No. 1 (Dvořák)

abstract: The Piano Quartet No. 1 in D major, Op. 23 (B. 53), is a piano quartet by Antonín Dvořák. Composed during an 18-day period in 1875, it was premiered on 16 December 1880 in Prague.

text:
# Piano Quartet No. 1 (Dvořák)

The **Piano Quartet No. 1 in D major**, Op. 23 (B. 53), is a piano quartet by Antonín Dvořák. Composed during an 18-day period in 1875, it was premiered on 16 December 1880 in Prague.

## Structure

The composition consists of three movements:

1. Allegro moderato (D major)
2. Andantino con variazioni (B minor)
3. Finale. Allegretto scherzando (D major)

A typical performance takes approximately 35 minutes.


title: Vijayamangalam railway station

abstract: Vijayamangalam railway station is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Erode district, in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in between Ingur and Uttukuli.

text:
# Vijayamangalam railway station

**Vijayamangalam railway station** (station code: VZ) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Erode district, in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in between Ingur and Uttukuli.

## InfoBox

| Vijayamangalam | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Vijayamangalam Railway Station, Voipadi, PIN CODE 638056, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Coordinates | 11°11′45″N 77°31′16″E / 11.1958°N 77.5211°E / 11.1958; 77.5211 |
| Elevation | 280 metres (920 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Line(s) | Salem JunctionShoranur Junction line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | On ground |
| Other information | |
| Status | Active |
| Station code | VZ |
| Zone(s) | Southern Railway zone |
| Division(s) | Salem |
| Fare zone | Southern Railway zone |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  VijayamangalamLocation within IndiaVijayamangalamVijayamangalam (Tamil Nadu) | |


title: Type IV collagen

abstract:
Collagen IV is a type of collagen found primarily in the basal lamina. The collagen IV C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel. Also, collagen IV lacks the regular glycine in every third residue necessary for the tight, collagen helix. This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks. These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Collagen IV is the more common usage, as opposed to the older terminology of "type-IV collagen". Collagen IV exists in all metazoan phyla, to whom they served as an evolutionary stepping stone to multicellularity. There are six human genes associated with it:
  - COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6

text:
# Type IV collagen

**Collagen IV (ColIV or Col4)** is a type of collagen found primarily in the basal lamina. The collagen IV C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel. Also, collagen IV lacks the regular glycine in every third residue necessary for the tight, collagen helix. This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks. These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Collagen IV is the more common usage, as opposed to the older terminology of "type-IV collagen". Collagen IV exists in all metazoan phyla, to whom they served as an evolutionary stepping stone to multicellularity.

There are six human genes associated with it:

## Function

Type IV collagen is a type of collagen that is responsible for providing a scaffold for stability and assembly. It is also predominantly found in extracellular basement membranes. It aids in cell adhesion, migration, survival, expansion, and differentiation.

## Synthesis

To begin, this type of collagen is synthesized by the assembly of a specific trimer, when the three NC1 domains initiate molecular interactions between the three α-chains. Protomer trimerization then proceeds from the carboxy terminus to yield the fully assembled protomer. The next step in assembly is collagen IV dimerization. Two collagen IV protomers associate through the carboxy-terminal NC1 trimer to form the NC1 hexamer. These interactions form the core of the type IV collagen scaffold. The scaffold evolves into a collagen IV superstructure by "end-to-end" and lateral connections between collagen IV protomers. The collagen molecule is then formed. Lastly, the type IV collagen molecules bind together to form a complex protein network.

To summarize, the process of collagen synthesis occurs mainly in the cells of fibroblasts which are specialized cells with the main function of synthesizing collagen. Collagen synthesis occurs both intracellularly and extracellularly. However, when looking specifically at type IV collagen, it is mostly synthesized extracellularly.

## Structure

The C4 Domain at the C-terminus is not removed in the post-translational process, and as a result, the structure of the fibers are linked in a "head-to-head" format instead of in a parallel fashion. It also lacks a glycine in every third amino acid residue that is responsible for the tight collagen helix, as a result it will be more flexible and kinked than other types of collagen.

## How does Type IV collagen differ from Type I collagen?

The most common collagen is type I collagen which makes up 90% of all collagen. It is found in all dermal layers at high proportions while type IV collagen is only found at the basement membrane of the epidermal junction. Despite their differences in commonality, they are both strongly altered during aging or cancer progression.

## Clinical significance

Depending on genetic and nongenetic factors including alterations in gene expression, splice variations, post-translational modifications, and the chain-specific assembly of particular α-chains, different organs can be affected during their development and in the adult life span.

Collagen IV has been the focus of extensive research ranging from biochemistry perspectives, to pathology, and genetic disorders. This is the only collagen type that is encoded by six different genes. The six α-chains of collagen IV can recognize each other with incredible specificity and will assemble into unique heterotrimers. After secretion into the extracellular membrane, these molecules will further interact to form higher molecular organizations. These, along with other proteins, will form unique basement membranes in tissue-specific manners. Through interactions with specific cellular receptors such as integrins, the basement membrane collagen IV networks not only provide structural support to the cells and tissues, but they also affect the biological rate during and after the development. New discoveries keep unraveling information about genetic mutations, biosynthesis, molecular assembly, and network formation of type IV collagen, and this increases the understanding of the critical role of this collagen in health and disease.

### Goodpasture syndrome

The alpha-3 subunit (COL4A3) of collagen IV is thought to be the antigen implicated in Goodpasture syndrome, wherein the immune system attacks the basement membranes of the glomeruli and the alveoli upon the antigenic site on the alpha-3 subunit becomes unsequestered due to environmental exposures.

Goodpasture syndrome presents with nephritic syndrome and hemoptysis. Microscopic evaluation of biopsied renal tissue will reveal linear deposits of Immunoglobulin G by immunofluorescence. This is classically in young adult males.

### Alport syndrome

Mutations to the genes *COL4A3*, *COL4A4* and/or *COL4A5* coding for collagen IV lead to Alport syndrome. This will cause thinning and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane. It may present as isolated hematuria, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular disturbances and is passed on genetically in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner.

### Liver disease

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are associated with the deposition of collagen IV in the liver. Serum collagen IV concentrations correlate with hepatic tissue levels of collagen IV in subjects with alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C and fall following successful therapy.

### HANAC syndrome

Mutations in *COL4A1* exons 24 and 25 are associated with HANAC (autosomal dominant hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps). It has also been confirmed that mutations in the *COL4A1* gene occur in some patients with porencephaly and schizencephaly.

### Congenital cataract

In humans, a novel mutation of the *COL4A1* gene coding for collagen type IV was found to be associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract in a Chinese family. This mutation was not found in unaffected family members or in 200 unrelated controls. In this study, sequence analysis confirmed that the Gly782 amino acid residue was highly conserved. This report of a new mutation in the *COL4A1* gene is the first report of a non-syndromic autosomal dominant congenital cataract that highlights an important role for collagen type IV in the physiological and optical properties of the lens.

### Cardiovascular disease

Type IV collagen is a main component of basement membranes in various tissues (arteries included).

Over the past decade, studies have repeatedly found single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the collagen ( COL) 4A1 and *COL4A2* genes to be associated with cardiovascular disease, and the 13q34 locus harboring these genes is one of the 160 genome-wide significant risk loci for coronary artery disease. *COL4A1* and *COL4A2* encode the α1- and α2-chains of collagen type IV. This is a major component of basement membranes in various tissues including arteries. There are clinical reports linking 13q34 to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and artery stiffening from experimental studies based on vascular cells and tissue.

Additionally, in the cardiovascular field, the *COL4A1* and *COL4A2* regions on chromosome 13q34 are a highly replicated locus for coronary artery disease. In a normal wall of arteries, collagen type IV acts to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that protein expression of collagen type IV in human vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by both SMAD3 protein and TGFβ mediated stimulation of mRNA. Altogether, it was concluded that the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease may be regulated by *COL4A1* and *COL4A2* genes.

### Pancreatic cancer cells

This type of collagen can cause an increase in pancreatic cancer cells and is able to inhibit apoptosis through an autocrine loop.

This autocrine loop provides essential cell survival signals to the pancreatic cancer cells.

Type IV collagen is expressed close to the cancer cells *in vivo*, forming basement membrane like structures on the cancer cell surface that colocalize with the integrin receptors. The interaction between type IV collagen produced by the cancer cell, and integrins on the surface of the cancer cells, are important for continuous cancer cell growth, maintenance of a migratory phenotype, and for avoiding apoptosis.

### Scurvy

Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency of water-soluble vitamin C or ascorbic acid. It is rare in the developing world and is mostly seen in infants, the elderly, and alcoholics, all who may have inadequate nutritional intake and malnutrition.

Patients may present with general fatigue, weakness, poor wound healing, anemia, and gum disease. Clinically, one of the first signs of scurvy occurs on the skin and manifests as perifollicular hemorrhage where follicles of the skin are plugged with keratin. These areas appear as bruise-like spots around the hair follicles. There can also be fragile hairs arranged in a corkscrew confirmation.

A lack of ascorbic acid leads to epigenetic DNA hypermethylation and inhibits the transcription of various types of collagen found in skin, blood vessels, and tissue.

### Collagen hybridizing peptides

Collagen, the major structural component of nearly all mammalian tissues, undergoes extensive proteolytic remodeling during developmental states and a variety of life-threatening diseases such as cancer, myocardial infarction, and fibrosis. While degraded collagen could be an important marker of tissue damage, it is difficult to detect and target using conventional tools. As a result, a collagen hybridizing peptide is specifically hybridized to the degraded, unfolded collagen chains, can be used to image degraded collagen and inform tissue remodeling activity in various tissues.

Labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and biotin, the collagen hybridizing peptide can enable direct localization and quantification of collagen degradation in isolated tissues within pathologic states ranging from osteoarthritis and myocardial infarction, to glomerulonephritis and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in normal tissues during developmental programs associated with embryonic bone formation and skin aging.

The general correlation between the level of collagen remodeling and the amount of denatured collagen in tissue, show that the collagen hybridizing peptide probes can be used across species and collagen types (including type IV collagen), providing a versatile tool for not only pathology and developmental biology research, but also disease diagnosis via histology.

An autosomal recessive encephalopathy associated with mutations in this gene has also been reported.

Increased glomerular and mesangial deposition of collagen IV occurs in diabetic nephropathy and increased urinary levels are associated with the extent of renal injury.

* Spongin, a variant of this collagen type found in some animals


title: WSL World Tag Team Championship

abstract: The WSL World Tag Team Championship was a tag team championship in the Wrestling Superstars Live promotion. It was created in 1999 as the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Tag Team Championship.

text:
# WSL World Tag Team Championship

The **WSL World Tag Team Championship** was a tag team championship in the Wrestling Superstars Live promotion. It was created in 1999 as the **AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Tag Team Championship**.

## Title history

| Wrestlers: | Times: | Date: | Location: | Notes: |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Heaven and Hell | 1 | June 27, 1999 | Fargo, North Dakota | Defeated The Bushwhackers (Butch and Luke) to become the inaugural champions. |
| The Golden Lion and Jonnie Stewart | 1 | September 6, 1999 | Bozeman, Montana | Defeated Heaven and Hell and two other teams in a four-way match. |
| Heaven and Hell | 2 | October 9, 1999 | Joliet, Illinois | Defeated The Golden Lion and The Iron Sheik, subbing for Stewart. |
| **The Corporate Stooges**
(Tony DeNucci and Jonnie Stewart) | 1 | September 1, 2001 | Gallup, New Mexico |  |
| **Native Blood**
(Ghostwalker and Navajo Warrior) | 1 | September 1, 2001 | Gallup, New Mexico |  |
| **Models, Inc.**
(Charming Chad and Ghostwalker/G.Q. Gallo) | 1 | March 26, 2004 | Casa Grande, Arizona | Ghostwalker turned on Navajo Warrior and teamed with Charming Chad to defeat Navajo Warrior and Evan Karagias to win the championship. Ghostwalker changed his name to G.Q. Gallo. |
|
| *Titles vacated in July 2004 when Charming Chad signs a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment.* | | | | |
| **The Henchmen**
(Buddha the Beast and Venom) | 1 | July 2004 | Chicago, Illinois | Awarded the titles. |
|
| *Titles vacated in 2005 in order to be put on the line in a tournament.* | | | | |
| **The Henchmen**
(Buddha the Beast and Venom) | 2 | December 5, 2005 | Las Vegas, Nevada |  |
| **Team Macktion**
(Kirby and T.J. Mack) | 1 | June 14, 2006 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| **The Old School Blondes**
(Steve Corino and Ricky Landell) | 1 | June 14, 2006 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| **The New Generation Dynasty**
(Ric Converse and Xsiris) | 1 | March 23, 2007 | Cameron, North Carolina | Defeated Ricky Landell and Jonnie Stewart, subbing for Corino, who was on an Australian tour. |
|
| *Titles vacated on June 13, 2007 and awarded to Jonnie Stewart and Ricky Landell.* | | | | |
| Jonnie Stewart and Ricky Landell | 1 | June 13, 2007 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| Buff Bagwell and The Patriot | 1 | June 13, 2007 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|
| *Titles vacated in June 2007.* | | | | |
| **The Heartbreak Express**
(Phil and Sean Davis) | 1 | October 6, 2007 | Shawano, Wisconsin | Won an 18-team tournament for vacant titles. |
| Frankie DeFalco and Jake Milliman | 1 | February 8, 2008 |  |  |
| **The Heartbreak Express**
(Phil and Sean Davis) | 1 | February 25, 2008 |  |  |
| **Team Vision**
(Chasyn Rance and Mister Saint Laurent) | 1 | April 18, 2008 | Fayetteville, West Virginia | The Heartbreak Express did not appear to make a scheduled defense so promoter Dale Gagne ordered that the winners of a 2008 Mountain Mayhem tournament match between Team Vision and Team Macktion (Kirby and T.J. Mack) be declared the new champions. |
| *Titles vacated in late 2008. WSL goes out of business on February 21, 2009 but the titles continued to exist. A tournament to fill the titles was to be held in Statesville, North Carolina on March 6, 2009; there is no indication that the tournament was ever held. A match to fill the titles was scheduled for Sheridan, Colorado on May 29, 2009 but that match was not held when the venue cancelled the event over trademark violations. The championships were retired in late 2009, though Team Vision continued to defend a version of the titles until 2012.* | | | | |

## InfoBox

| WSL World Tag Team Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Promotion | Wrestling Superstars Live |
| Date established | June 27, 1999 |
| Date retired | 2009 |
| Statistics  First champion(s) Heaven and Hell  Final champion(s) Team Vision (Chasyn Rance and Mister Saint Laurent) | |


title: Winners (song)

abstract: "Winners" is a song by Swedish singer Mohombi. The song was performed for the first time in Melodifestivalen 2020, where it made it to the final.

text:
# Winners (song)

"**Winners**" is a song by Swedish singer Mohombi. The song was performed for the first time in Melodifestivalen 2020, where it made it to the final.

## Charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 24 |

## InfoBox

| "Winners" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mohombi | |
| Released | 22 February 2020 (2020-02-22) |
| Length | 3:05 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Jimmy Jansson * Palle Hammarlund * Mohombi |
| Mohombi singles chronology | |
| "Hello"
(2019) "**Winners**"
(2020) | |


title: Mohinder Singh Randhawa

abstract: Mohinder Singh Randhawa or M. S. Randhawa was an Indian historian, civil servant, botanist, and author. He played major roles in the establishment of agricultural research in India, the Green Revolution in India, resettling Punjabis uprooted by Partition as the Director-General of Rehabilitation, establishing the city of Chandigarh and documenting the arts of Punjab, the history of agriculture in India. A biographer, Gulzar Singh Sandhu, gave him the sobriquet Punjab da Chhewan Dariya, the sixth river of Punjab.

text:
# Mohinder Singh Randhawa

**Mohinder Singh Randhawa** or **M. S. Randhawa** (2 February 1909 – 3 March 1986) was an Indian historian, civil servant, botanist, and author. He played major roles in the establishment of agricultural research in India, the Green Revolution in India, resettling Punjabis uprooted by Partition as the Director-General of Rehabilitation, establishing the city of Chandigarh and documenting the arts of Punjab, the history of agriculture in India. A biographer, Gulzar Singh Sandhu, gave him the sobriquet *Punjab da Chhewan Dariya*, the sixth river of Punjab.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Randhawa was born on 2 February 1909 into a Randhawa Jatt Sikh family at Zira, Ferozepur district, Punjab, India to Sher Singh Randhawa and Bachint Kaur who came from an affluent family belonging to the village Bodal(Garna sahib)Dasuya Hoshiarpur district. He received his matriculate from Khalsa High School, Muktsar in 1924 and his F.Sc., BSc (Hons.), and MSc (Hons.) in 1926, 1929 and 1930 respectively from Lahore. In 1955, he was awarded a Doctorate in Science by the University of the Punjab for his work on algae, especially on *Zygnemataceae*.

### Career

Randhawa joined the Indian Civil Service in 1934, then served in various capacities at Saharanpur, Fyzabad, Almora, Allahabad, Agra, and Rai Barelli until 1945, when he became secretary of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for a year. He was associated with the ICAR through its initial years and made huge contributions to this pioneering organisation which was responsible for the Green Revolution in India.

In 1946, he was appointed as the deputy commissioner of Delhi, when India was on the eve of independence. In 1947 he was in charge of the entire function where Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous *Tryst with destiny* speech. As deputy commissioner, he helped persons uprooted by the Partition of India resettle, and then in 1949 he was sent as the additional director-general (rehabilitation) and subsequently made the director-general (rehabilitation), Punjab. Randhawa then went to Ambala Division in the Punjab as the commissioner. He was brought back to the task of rehabilitating people in 1953 as the development commissioner and commissioner rehabilitation and custodian, evacuee property, Punjab. During this time he was in charge of allotting land to those who had left behind lands in Pakistan and allotting land to them in Indian Punjab.

In 1955 he was made the vice-president of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and additional secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi. He then served the Government of India as advisor, Natural Resources Planning Commission from 1961 to 1964 and as the special secretary, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Govt. of India. He subsequently became the financial commissioner of the Capital Project Punjab from July 1966 to October 1966, and then he was appointed the chief commissioner of the Union Territory of Chandigarh in November 1966 and remained so till 1968. Dr. Randhawa served as the founding vice-chancellor of Punjab Agricultural University in the 1970s.

Randhawa was a key promoter of tree planting and was behind what became the establishment of the national tree planting week known as van mahotsav.

Randhawa was chairman of the committee to plan the city of Chandigarh in 1955, and was instrumental in its landscaping. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Chandigarh Museum, Punjab Arts Council and Museum of Cultural Heritage of Punjab at Ludhiana. He also introduced many species of avenue trees to Chandigarh and founded the Rose Garden in Sector 16 in Chandigarh, the Punjab Agricultural University at Ludhiana, the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, and the Anglo Sikh War Memorial near Ferozepur which was completed in February 1976.

### Death and afterward

Dr. Randhawa died on 3 March 1986 in his farmhouse in Kharar. The library at Punjab Agricultural University is named in his honour and maintains a collection of his works and laboratory instruments used by him.

## Published works

Randhawa was a prolific writer. Apart from numerous papers on algae, he published many books on art, history, culture and agriculture. An autobiography in Punjabi *Aap Biti* was published in 1985.

## InfoBox

| M.S. Randhawa | |
| --- | --- |
| Bust of Dr Randhawa at the Chandigarh rose garden. | |
| Born | (1909-02-02)2 February 1909
Zira, Punjab, India |
| Died | 3 March 1986(1986-03-03) (aged 77)
Kharar, Punjab, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | University of the Punjab |
| Occupations | * Civil servant * Phycologist * director general of rehabilitation |
| Spouse | Iqbal Kaur Randhawa |
| Children | 1 |


title: Wardija

abstract: Wardija is a hamlet in St. Paul's Bay, Malta, about 363 feet above sea level. Its name is corrupted from the Sicilian or Italian word guardia, meaning 'to watch'). Although the name of the hamlet has Arabic lexicons, it was probably named later when Maltese, then an Arabic dialect, remained a dominant language. The hamlet is bordered by Bidnija, Buġibba, San Martin and Pwales. Several archeological remains found around the vicinity prove that it was inhabited in pre-history and the Roman period, and it has always been mainly a rural village. From the 16th till the 18th centuries it saw a shift to a hunting zone with the construction of several hunting lodges and chapels. A number of knights and noble families built their country residences, originally to be used for hunting and retreats. A number of 19th and 20th century structures were also erected in the area. Some houses are still owned by the descendants of the original builders, while others are now used for multiple purposes such as private homes, commercial accommodation, for holding events and weddings receptions. There are two schools, one for local students and one for foreign students. There are a number of public and private chapels dating from the rule of the Order of St. John till the 20th century. Some houses have buttressed walls, possibly for defense purposes or general support, while other have defense features exclusively for decorative intent. A World War I battery was constructed in the vicinity of Wardija, and its gun emplacements are still on site. A rental complex, known as the Wardija Hilltop Village, and the Headquarters of the Ecumenical Order, known as Castello Dei Baroni, are located at the inner part of Wardija. Wardija consist of a low and high land, its hill is a plateau, and Qannotta Valley is located within its boundaries. Rain water in Wardija is vital for agriculture, as a primary source of production, while it also flows into areas around such as to the now defunct Xemxija Aqueduct. Some lands in Wardija enjoy a conservation status from the Environment and Resources Authority, while there are also pre-historic cart-ruts enjoying conservation from the Planning Authority.

text:
# Wardija

**Wardija** is a hamlet in St. Paul's Bay, Malta, about 363 feet above sea level. Its name is corrupted from the Sicilian or Italian word *guardia*, meaning 'to watch'). Although the name of the hamlet has Arabic lexicons, it was probably named later when Maltese, then an Arabic dialect, remained a dominant language. The hamlet is bordered by Bidnija, Buġibba, San Martin and Pwales. Several archeological remains found around the vicinity prove that it was inhabited in pre-history and the Roman period, and it has always been mainly a rural village. From the 16th till the 18th centuries it saw a shift to a hunting zone with the construction of several hunting lodges and chapels.

A number of knights and noble families built their country residences, originally to be used for hunting and retreats. A number of 19th and 20th century structures were also erected in the area. Some houses are still owned by the descendants of the original builders, while others are now used for multiple purposes such as private homes, commercial accommodation, for holding events and weddings receptions. There are two schools, one for local students and one for foreign students.

There are a number of public and private chapels dating from the rule of the Order of St. John till the 20th century. Some houses have buttressed walls, possibly for defense purposes or general support, while other have defense features exclusively for decorative intent. A World War I battery was constructed in the vicinity of Wardija, and its gun emplacements are still on site. A rental complex, known as the *Wardija Hilltop Village*, and the Headquarters of the Ecumenical Order, known as Castello Dei Baroni, are located at the inner part of Wardija.

Wardija consist of a low and high land, its hill is a plateau, and Qannotta Valley is located within its boundaries. Rain water in Wardija is vital for agriculture, as a primary source of production, while it also flows into areas around such as to the now defunct Xemxija Aqueduct. Some lands in Wardija enjoy a conservation status from the Environment and Resources Authority, while there are also pre-historic cart-ruts enjoying conservation from the Planning Authority.

## Buildings

### Notable residences

There are three Roman period villas at Wardija, all of which are in ruins.

Wardija has a concentration of historic country residences.

### Churches and chapels

Wardija has a large concentration of churches and chapels.

### Other buildings and structures

* Rezul Lodge
* Albizia Lodge
* Wild Rose
* Maria Regina College and Young Adult Education Resource Centre
* Wardija Battery
* Wardija Hilltop Village
* Dar tal-Argentier

## InfoBox

| Wardija Il-Wardija | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet in St. Paul's Bay | |
| View of the Castello Dei Baroni | |
| Coordinates: 35°56′16.65″N 14°23′33.15″E / 35.9379583°N 14.3925417°E / 35.9379583; 14.3925417 | |
| Country | Malta |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | SPB |
| ISO 3166 code | MT |


title: Stuck unknot

abstract:
In mathematics, a stuck unknot is a closed polygonal chain in three-dimensional space that is topologically equal to the unknot but cannot be deformed to a simple polygon when interpreted as a mechanical linkage, by rigid length-preserving and non-self-intersecting motions of its segments.
Similarly a stuck open chain is an open polygonal chain such that the segments may not be aligned by moving rigidly its segments. Topologically such a chain can be unknotted, but the limitation of using only rigid motions of the segments can create nontrivial knots in such a chain. Consideration of such "stuck" configurations arises in the study of molecular chains in biochemistry.

text:
# Stuck unknot

In mathematics, a **stuck unknot** is a closed polygonal chain in three-dimensional space (a skew polygon) that is topologically equal to the unknot but cannot be deformed to a simple polygon when interpreted as a mechanical linkage, by rigid length-preserving and non-self-intersecting motions of its segments. Similarly a **stuck open chain** is an open polygonal chain such that the segments may not be aligned by moving rigidly its segments. Topologically such a chain can be unknotted, but the limitation of using only rigid motions of the segments can create nontrivial knots in such a chain.

Consideration of such "stuck" configurations arises in the study of molecular chains in biochemistry.

1. G. Aloupis, G. Ewald, and G. T. Toussaint, "More classes of stuck unknotted hexagons," *Contributions to Algebra and Geometry*, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2004, pp. 429–434.
2. G. T. Toussaint, "A new class of stuck unknots in Pol-6," *Contributions to Algebra and Geometry*, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2001, pp. 301–306.


title: Piano Sonata No. 10 (Scriabin)

abstract: The Piano Sonata No. 10, Op. 70, was written by Alexander Scriabin in 1913. It was his final work in this form. The piece is highly chromatic and tonally ambiguous like Scriabin's other late works, although arguably less dissonant than most of his late works. It is characterized by frequent trills and tremolos. It is sometimes called his "Insect Sonata", in reference to the following statement he made that was recorded by Leonid Sabaneev: "Insects, butterflies, moths - they are all living flowers. They are the most subtle caresses, almost without touching...They are all born of the sun and the sun nourishes them...This sunlike caress is the closest to me - take my tenth sonata - it is an entire sonata from insects." This statement originates in a conversation in which Scriabin, his common-law-wife Tatiana Scriabina, and Sabaneev discuss the ways that various animals "correspond to the movements of our souls." They are particularly interested in the types of caresses that different animals resemble - "birds correspond to elated caresses," while "harrowing caresses - these are beasts" - and the above quotation is prompted by Sabaneev somewhat jokingly asking Scriabin "and what about other living creatures, like worms, insects?." While many have taken the insect quote to refer to a literalistic resemblance between the sonata's trills and the buzzing of insect wings, the musicologist Ross Mitchell has argued that Scriabin intended a more nuanced and philosophical metaphor. "The insects that Skryabin had in mind while writing this sonata are not simply buzzing busybodies, but sun-kissed and sparkling with a dazzling gleam and an erotic delicacy as they caress with their gentle wingbeats. These insects combine many of Skryabin’s favored philosophical, symbolic, and metaphorical strains – ceaseless activity, fluttering, illumination, seduction – into one potent symbol for enabling spiritual enlightenment." The atmosphere of the introductory pages of the Tenth Sonata is veiled and distant, like an impressionist reflection, but much more intensely elevated and spiritual. Trills soon sweep into every corner of the music, and in the last pages they are transformed into a glorious reverberation, as if shimmering with pulses of glowing light and taking on lives of their own. Such life and light/sound corroborations are typical of the composer's own imaginative world. The tenth sonata is in closer dialogue with Sonata Form than some of his other sonatas. It opens with a few desolate notes, forming an augmented chord and then a diminished chord. Then, it moves on to a simple chromatic theme, and then back to the opening theme. Scriabin then introduces the luminous trills that pervade the rest of the piece, and then moves on to a third theme with a chromatically descending melody. Following the sonata format, these three themes take on a modified form in the development before settling down to the recapitulation. During the middle portion, the feverish buzzing rises to a ferocious climax that thrusts both hands' trills into the upper register of the instrument. The very first, single-line gesture of the piece is not given again until after the richly-varied "recapitulation" has been made; it arrives quite unexpectedly, and is punctuated by a falling fourth in the bass that ends on C natural—a pitch that, in his last music, assumes great significance for Scriabin, who came to view it as a kind of cleansing tonal focus. Like Scriabin's other sonatas, it is both technically and musically highly demanding for the pianist. A typical performance is about 12 minutes. Notable recorded performances of this piece include that of Scriabin’s son-in-law and musical champion, Vladimir Sofronitzky, and that of the great pianist Vladimir Horowitz, who also championed many of Scriabin’s works throughout his long career. The Russian virtuoso Arcadi Volodos took the very unusual step of opening his Carnegie Hall debut concert with this Sonata, reflecting a daring approach to programming as well as a commitment to Scriabin’s legacy. In 2018, Yuja Wang performed the Sonata in a recital tour, including Carnegie Hall and Berliner Philharmonie. The Berlin recital was recorded and released by Deutsche Grammophon as The Berlin Recital; the album received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Classical Instrumental Solo".

text:
# Piano Sonata No. 10 (Scriabin)

The **Piano Sonata No. 10**, Op. 70, was written by Alexander Scriabin in 1913. It was his final work in this form. The piece is highly chromatic and tonally ambiguous like Scriabin's other late works, although arguably less dissonant than most of his late works. It is characterized by frequent trills and tremolos. It is sometimes called his "Insect Sonata", in reference to the following statement he made that was recorded by Leonid Sabaneev:

"Insects, butterflies, moths - they are all living flowers. They are the most subtle caresses, almost without touching...They are all born of the sun and the sun nourishes them...This sunlike caress is the closest to me - take my tenth sonata - it is an entire sonata from insects."

This statement originates in a conversation in which Scriabin, his common-law-wife Tatiana Scriabina, and Sabaneev discuss the ways that various animals "correspond to the movements of our souls." They are particularly interested in the types of caresses that different animals resemble - "birds correspond to elated caresses," while "harrowing caresses - these are beasts" - and the above quotation is prompted by Sabaneev somewhat jokingly asking Scriabin "and what about other living creatures, like worms, insects?." While many have taken the insect quote to refer to a literalistic resemblance between the sonata's trills and the buzzing of insect wings, the musicologist Ross Mitchell has argued that Scriabin intended a more nuanced and philosophical metaphor.

"The insects that Skryabin had in mind while writing this sonata are not simply buzzing busybodies, but sun-kissed and sparkling with a dazzling gleam and an erotic delicacy as they caress with their gentle wingbeats. These insects combine many of Skryabin’s favored philosophical, symbolic, and metaphorical strains – ceaseless activity, fluttering, illumination, seduction – into one potent symbol for enabling spiritual enlightenment."

The atmosphere of the introductory pages of the Tenth Sonata is veiled and distant, like an impressionist reflection, but much more intensely elevated and spiritual. Trills soon sweep into every corner of the music, and in the last pages they are transformed into a glorious reverberation, as if shimmering with pulses of glowing light and taking on lives of their own. Such life and light/sound corroborations are typical of the composer's own imaginative world.

The tenth sonata is in closer dialogue with Sonata Form than some of his other sonatas. It opens with a few desolate notes, forming an augmented chord and then a diminished chord. Then, it moves on to a simple chromatic theme, and then back to the opening theme. Scriabin then introduces the luminous trills that pervade the rest of the piece, and then moves on to a third theme with a chromatically descending melody. Following the sonata format, these three themes take on a modified form in the development before settling down to the recapitulation.

During the middle portion, the feverish buzzing rises to a ferocious climax that thrusts both hands' trills into the upper register of the instrument. The very first, single-line gesture of the piece is not given again until after the richly-varied "recapitulation" has been made; it arrives quite unexpectedly, and is punctuated by a falling fourth in the bass that ends on C natural—a pitch that, in his last music, assumes great significance for Scriabin, who came to view it as a kind of cleansing tonal focus.

Like Scriabin's other sonatas, it is both technically and musically highly demanding for the pianist. A typical performance is about 12 minutes. Notable recorded performances of this piece include that of Scriabin’s son-in-law and musical champion, Vladimir Sofronitzky, and that of the great pianist Vladimir Horowitz, who also championed many of Scriabin’s works throughout his long career. The Russian virtuoso Arcadi Volodos took the very unusual step of opening his Carnegie Hall debut concert with this Sonata, reflecting a daring approach to programming as well as a commitment to Scriabin’s legacy. In 2018, Yuja Wang performed the Sonata in a recital tour, including Carnegie Hall and Berliner Philharmonie. The Berlin recital was recorded and released by Deutsche Grammophon as *The Berlin Recital*; the album received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Classical Instrumental Solo".


title: Vikram Sunderam

abstract: Vikram Sunderam is an Indian-American chef. He serves as the James Beard Award-winning chef at Rasika restaurant in Washington, DC and is co-author of a cookbook by the same name.

text:
# Vikram Sunderam

**Vikram Sunderam** (born 1967) is an Indian-American chef. He serves as the James Beard Award-winning chef at *Rasika* restaurant in Washington, DC and is co-author of a cookbook by the same name.

## Early life

Sunderam was educated in Mumbai, where he applied to several colleges, including to study engineering and medicine, but the culinary institute was the first to accept him so he enrolled. Next he began working for Taj Group of hotels, first for six years in Mumbai then 14 years in London.

He was executive chef for eight years at London's Bombay Brasserie.

## Restaurants

Working with Ashok Bajaj's Knightsbridge Group, Sunderam opened Rasika in December 2005, in downtown DC (Penn Quarter). Six years later, the team opened a second Rasika location in DC's West End neighborhood.

Sunderam won the James Beard Award for Best Chef: Mid-Atlantic in 2014 for his work at Rasika. The restaurant also receives widely favorable reviews and while President Barack Obama twice celebrated his birthday with dinner at Rasika.

In August 2016, Sunderam and the Knightsbridge Group opened a new restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington called Bindaas, focused on Indian street food. In November 2017, a second Bindaas location opened in Foggy Bottom.

## Cookbook

On October 10, 2017, Sunderam published a cookbook called *Rasika: Flavors of India* with Ecco Press. The book is co-authored with Bajaj and DC-based chef and author David Hagedorn, and includes the recipe for palak chaat, Rasika's signature crispy spinach dish. The cookbook drew praise for rendering Sunderam's methods accessible to the home cook.


title: Type IV hypersensitivity

abstract: Type IV hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, often called delayed-type hypersensitivity, is a type of hypersensitivity reaction that can take a day or more to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not humoral (not antibody-mediated) but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This reaction is caused when CD4+ Th1 cells recognize foreign antigen in a complex with the MHC class II on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These can be macrophages that secrete IL-12, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ Th1 cells. CD4+ T cells secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFNγ), inducing the further release of other Th1 cytokines, thus mediating the immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells destroy target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce hydrolytic enzymes and, on presentation with certain intracellular pathogens, transform into multinucleated giant cells. The overreaction of the helper T cells and overproduction of cytokines damage tissues, cause inflammation, and cell death. Type IV hypersensitivity can usually be resolved with topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance.

text:
# Type IV hypersensitivity

**Type IV hypersensitivity**, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, often called **delayed-type hypersensitivity**, is a type of hypersensitivity reaction that can take a day or more to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not humoral (not antibody-mediated) but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

This reaction is caused when CD4+ Th1 cells recognize foreign antigen in a complex with the MHC class II on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These can be macrophages that secrete IL-12, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ Th1 cells. CD4+ T cells secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFNγ), inducing the further release of other Th1 cytokines, thus mediating the immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells destroy target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce hydrolytic enzymes and, on presentation with certain intracellular pathogens, transform into multinucleated giant cells.

The overreaction of the helper T cells and overproduction of cytokines damage tissues, cause inflammation, and cell death. Type IV hypersensitivity can usually be resolved with topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance.

## Forms

| Disease | Target antigen | Effects |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Allergic contact dermatitis | Environmental chemicals, like urushiol (from poison ivy and poison oak), metals (e.g. nickel), topical medication | epidermal necrosis, inflammation, skin rash, and blisters |
| Autoimmune myocarditis | Myosin heavy chain protein | Cardiomyopathy |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 | Pancreatic beta cell proteins (possibly insulin, glutamate decarboxylase) | Insulitis, beta cell destruction |
| Granulomas | Various, depending on underlying disease | Walled-off lesion containing macrophages and other cells |
| Some peripheral neuropathies | Schwann cell antigen | Neuritis, paralysis |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Thyroglobulin antigen | Hypothyroidism, hard goiter, follicular thymitis |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Enteric microbiota and/or self antigens | Hyperactivation of T-cells, cytokine release, recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells, inflammation |
| Multiple sclerosis | Myelin antigens (e.g., myelin basic protein) | Myelin destruction, inflammation |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Possibly collagen and/or citrullinated self proteins | Chronic arthritis, inflammation, destruction of articular cartilage and bone |
| Tuberculin reaction (Mantoux test) | Tuberculin | Induration and erythema around injection site indicates previous exposure |

An example of a tuberculosis (TB) infection that comes under control: *M. tuberculosis* cells are engulfed by macrophages after being identified as foreign but, due to an immuno-escape mechanism peculiar to mycobacteria, TB bacteria block the fusion of their enclosing phagosome with lysosomes which would destroy the bacteria. Thereby TB can continue to replicate within macrophages. After several weeks, the immune system somehow \[mechanism as yet unexplained\] ramps up and, upon stimulation with interferon gamma, the macrophages become capable of killing *M. tuberculosis* by forming phagolysosomes and nitric oxide radicals. The hyper-activated macrophages secrete TNF-α which recruits multiple monocytes to the site of infection. These cells differentiate into epithelioid cells which wall off the infected cells, but results in significant inflammation and local damage.

Some other clinical examples:

## InfoBox

| Type IV hypersensitivity | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH; cell-mediated hypersensitivity |
| Specialty | Immunology |


title: Vikram Singh Rao II Puar

abstract: Vikram Singh Rao II Puar, is the present titular and the 10th Maharaja of Dewas Senior. He is a descendant of the Maratha Puar (Pawar) dynasty. He ascended the 'Gadi' of Dewas Senior as the Maharaja, after the death of his father late HH Maharaja Tukoji Rao IV Puar at the Anand Bhawan Palace, Dewas. His mother Gayatri Raje Puar represents Dewas in Madhya Pradesh assembly, having won the election in 2018.

text:
# Vikram Singh Rao II Puar

**Vikram Singh Rao II Puar** (born 3 May 1989), is the present titular and the 10th Maharaja of Dewas Senior . He is a descendant of the Maratha Puar (Pawar) dynasty. He ascended the 'Gadi' of Dewas Senior as the Maharaja, after the death of his father late HH Maharaja Tukoji Rao IV Puar at the Anand Bhawan Palace, Dewas. His mother Gayatri Raje Puar represents Dewas in Madhya Pradesh assembly, having won the election in 2018.


title: WWCU

abstract: WWCU is a radio station owned by Western Carolina University and licensed to Dillsboro, North Carolina. The station plays a variety format. WWCU broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week from studios in the Old Student Union on the Western Carolina campus as Jackson County's only local FM radio station. Student staff members work in an academic environment with studios similar to those found in commercial stations. The main transmitter is located on Brown Mountain. WWCU airs mostly AC and country music from 2,000 to date. There are announcers on the station during regular rotation. There are also specialty shows during the evening and weekend hours. WWCU is the flagship station for the Catamount Sports Network and provides coverage of Catamount Football, Catamount Basketball.

text:
# WWCU

**WWCU** (95.3 FM) is a radio station owned by Western Carolina University and licensed to Dillsboro, North Carolina. The station plays a variety format.

WWCU broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week from studios in the Old Student Union on the Western Carolina campus as Jackson County's only local FM radio station. Student staff members work in an academic environment with studios similar to those found in commercial stations. The main transmitter is located on Brown Mountain.

WWCU airs mostly AC and country music from 2,000 to date. There are announcers on the station during regular rotation. There are also specialty shows during the evening and weekend hours.

WWCU is the flagship station for the Catamount Sports Network and provides coverage of Catamount Football, Catamount Basketball (Men's & Women's).

## History

In the autumn of 1947, carrier current station "WWOO" (550 AM) signed on from the Joyner Building (destroyed by fire in the early 1980s) as the first radio station in Jackson County. This station was carrier current, meaning that instead of broadcasting from a radio tower into the open air where anyone with a radio could pick it up, it transmitted, through phone lines, to small transmitters located in the basements of each dorm and building using the electrical wiring of that building as an antenna, broadcasting 15 watts of power. (Listeners had to be in the building to pick it up). Later the studios were moved to the Stillwell building (which at that time was the library) overlooking Memorial Football Stadium, which was located where the Apodaca Science Building is today. In 1967, WWOO became "WCAT" and moved its studios to what is now office suite 123 in the Killian building.

On June 13, 1975, WCU applied for a construction permit for a 10-watt noncommercial FM station at 91.7 MHz, which was granted on March 5, 1976. The station began broadcasting January 24, 1977, calling itself "U-92 FM", from facilities in an unused basement section of the Moore Building. It moved to 90.5 MHz and upgraded to Class A status, with 327 watts, in 1981; stereo programming debuted in 1984, and another power increase to 760 watts was made in 1998.

In 2002, WWCU moved from its home of more than 25 years in the Moore Building to its newly built, state-of-the-art studios in the restored Old Student Union. Between 2003 and 2005, the station moved its primary transmitter to Cutoff Mountain, increasing coverage into Haywood County.

After applying in 2010, WCU was awarded a construction permit to build a 95.3 FM station, licensed to Dillsboro and broadcasting from Brown Mountain, in 2015. This station began temporary service in 2018 as WWOO, a simulcaster of WWCU, using a temporary 90-foot (27 m) fiberglass mast; work began on the construction of a new permanent tower after that. The Brown Mountain site allows the station to cover areas previously shielded from the Cutoff Mountain signal by terrain.

The 95.3 frequency had been used by a translator of Blue Ridge Public Radio's WCQS, which was forced to move to another frequency. The university sold the WWCU 90.5 facility to BPR in 2020 for $97,000, excluding the station's former booster; on February 1, 2021, the 90.5 facility went silent and took the call letters WZQS.

Droopy-Drew Parham (KISS 95.1, WSOC 103.7)

## InfoBox

WWCU
| On-Air | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Jackson, Haywood and Macon counties in western North Carolina |
| Frequency | 95.3 MHz |
| Branding | 95.3 WWCU We are Western Carolina University |
| Programming | |
| Format | Variety |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Western Carolina University |
| History | |
| Founded | 1947 |
| First air date | January 24, 1977 (1977-01-24) |
| Former call signs | WWOO (95.3, 2018–2021) |
| Former frequencies | * 91.7 MHz (1977–1981) * 90.5 MHz (1981–2021) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**estern **C**arolina **U**niversity |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 184618 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,050 watts |
| HAAT | 241.4 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°14′2.4″N 83°10′28.5″W / 35.234000°N 83.174583°W / 35.234000; -83.174583 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.wwcufm.com |


title: WYVS

abstract: WYVS 96.5 FM is a radio station licensed to Speculator, New York. The station broadcasts an adult contemporary format and is owned by Carol Whelley, Joseph Tesiero, and John Tesiero, III, through licensee Cranesville Block Company. In August 2024, it was announced that Mariano and Wilhelmina Simms’ Simms Broadcasting will acquire Cranesville Block Company’s four stations and four translators in Upstate New York for $600,000. The stations included in the sale are: 96.5 WYVS Speculator, 930 WIZR/102.9 W275BS Johnstown and 104.3 W282CU Northville along with 1490 WCSS/106.9 W295CZ Amsterdam and 1120 WKAJ/97.9 W250CX Saint Johnsville.

text:
# WYVS

**WYVS** 96.5 FM is a radio station licensed to Speculator, New York. The station broadcasts an adult contemporary format and is owned by Carol Whelley, Joseph Tesiero, and John Tesiero, III, through licensee Cranesville Block Company.

In August 2024, it was announced that Mariano and Wilhelmina Simms’ Simms Broadcasting will acquire Cranesville Block Company’s four stations and four translators in Upstate New York for $600,000. The stations included in the sale are: 96.5 WYVS Speculator, 930 WIZR/102.9 W275BS Johnstown and 104.3 W282CU Northville along with 1490 WCSS/106.9 W295CZ Amsterdam and 1120 WKAJ/97.9 W250CX Saint Johnsville.

43°31′26″N 74°21′39″W / 43.52389°N 74.36083°W / 43.52389; -74.36083

## InfoBox

WYVS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 96.5 MHz |
| Branding | *WYVS 96.5* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Carol Whelley, Joseph Tesiero, and John Tesiero, III * (Cranesville Block Company) |
| Sister stations | WCSS, WKAJ, WIZR |
| History | |
| First air date | 2012 |
| Call sign meaning | W **Y**our **V**acation **S**tation |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 189565 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 2,600 watts |
| HAAT | 152 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | wyvs965.com |


title: WYVC

abstract: WYVC is a radio station licensed to serve Camden, Alabama. The station is owned by Down Home Broadcasting. It airs an Urban Gospel music format. The station was assigned the WYVC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 31, 2007. The station's broadcast license expired on April 1, 2004, after the station failed to file a timely license renewal. After legal actions and discussions with the FCC, the station's license was cancelled and the callsign deleted from the FCC database on June 24, 2005. A deal was then reached for the station to pay its regulatory fees and re-apply for its broadcast license. However, in 2007 the FCC learned that the station had not stopped broadcasting after its license was cancelled and issued a notice of apparent liability for $14,000 in new fines. After roughly five years of back and forth with the license holder, the FCC determined that the fines would not be paid. The station again failed to renew its license and it expired on April 1, 2012. On April 6, 2012, the station's license was cancelled and its callsign deleted from the FCC's database. The license was re-instated in May 2013. In 'August 2015, WYVC started broadcasting in Stereo.

text:
# WYVC

**WYVC** (102.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Camden, Alabama. The station is owned by Down Home Broadcasting. It airs an Urban Gospel music format.

The station was assigned the WYVC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 31, 2007.

The station's broadcast license expired on April 1, 2004, after the station failed to file a timely license renewal. After legal actions and discussions with the FCC, the station's license was cancelled and the callsign deleted from the FCC database on June 24, 2005. A deal was then reached for the station to pay its regulatory fees and re-apply for its broadcast license. However, in 2007 the FCC learned that the station had not stopped broadcasting after its license was cancelled and issued a notice of apparent liability for $14,000 in new fines. After roughly five years of back and forth with the license holder, the FCC determined that the fines would not be paid. The station again failed to renew its license and it expired on April 1, 2012. On April 6, 2012, the station's license was cancelled and its callsign deleted from the FCC's database.

The license (For WYVC) was re-instated in May 2013. (Taken from Alabama Broadcast Media Page)

In 'August 2015, WYVC started broadcasting in Stereo.

## InfoBox

WYVC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 102.3 FM (MHz) |
| Programming | |
| Format | Gospel |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Down Home Broadcasting |
| History | |
| First air date | 1990<br>May 2013 (relaunch) |
| Last air date | April 6, 2012 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 17481 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 6,000 watts |
| HAAT | 96 meters (315 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°57′17.50″N 87°15′50.90″W / 31.9548611°N 87.2641389°W / 31.9548611; -87.2641389 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Walt Livingston

abstract: Walter Livingston is a former American football player who played with the Boston Patriots. He played college football at Heidelberg University.

text:
# Walt Livingston

**Walter Livingston** (born September 12, 1934) is a former American football player who played with the Boston Patriots. He played college football at Heidelberg University.

## InfoBox

Walt Livingston
| No. 24 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Halfback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1934-09-12) September 12, 1934<br>Ravenna, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Ravenna |
| College: | Heidelberg |
| NFL draft: | 1957 / round: 20 / pick: 243 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Walt Linden

abstract: Walter Charles Linden was an American professional baseball player. Although the catcher's pro career lasted for eight seasons, he appeared in only three games at the Major League level for the 1950 Boston Braves. In six plate appearances, he collected two hits and a base on balls. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg). Born in Chicago, Linden graduated from high school in Berwyn and attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He served in the United States Army during World War II and broke into baseball in the Braves' farm system in 1946. In 1949, Linden batted.325 in 121 games and was named to the Western League all-star team. He then made the Braves' 1950 roster coming out of spring training and doubled in his first MLB at bat in a pinch hitting role against eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Robin Roberts on April 30. Linden was Boston's starting catcher on May 8, and had a single in three at bats against Gerry Staley of the St. Louis Cardinals in a 10–3 defeat. He was then sent to the Triple-A Milwaukee Brewers at the May cutdown, and spent the remainder of his baseball career in the minors.

text:
# Walt Linden

**Walter Charles Linden** (March 27, 1924  September 20, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. Although the catcher's pro career lasted for eight seasons (1946–51; 1953–54), he appeared in only three games at the Major League level for the 1950 Boston Braves. In six plate appearances, he collected two hits and a base on balls. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg).

Born in Chicago, Linden graduated from high school in Berwyn and attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He served in the United States Army during World War II and broke into baseball in the Braves' farm system in 1946.

In 1949, Linden batted .325 in 121 games and was named to the Western League all-star team. He then made the Braves' 1950 roster coming out of spring training and doubled in his first MLB at bat in a pinch hitting role against eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Robin Roberts on April 30. Linden was Boston's starting catcher on May 8, and had a single in three at bats against Gerry Staley of the St. Louis Cardinals in a 10–3 defeat. He was then sent to the Triple-A Milwaukee Brewers at the May cutdown, and spent the remainder of his baseball career in the minors.

## InfoBox

| Walt Linden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1924-03-27)March 27, 1924
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Died:** September 20, 2013(2013-09-20) (aged 89)
La Grange Park, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 30, 1950, for the Boston Braves | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 8, 1950, for the Boston Braves | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .400 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 0 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Walter Skinner (cricketer)

abstract: Walter Ronald Skinner was an English first-class cricketer. Skinner was chosen to tour Argentina with Sir T. E. W. Brinckman's XI in 1937/38, playing one first-class match during the tour against Argentina at Buenos Aires. Batting once in the match, he scored 17 runs in the teams first-innings, before being dismissed by Cyril Ayling. He later served in the Second World War, holding the rank of second lieutenant with the Reconnaissance Corps in April 1941. He was given the war substantive rank of lieutenant in April 1943. He left the army following the war and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant in April 1946. He died at Worthing in November 1994.

text:
# Walter Skinner (cricketer)

**Walter Ronald Skinner** (26 June 1913  15 November 1994) was an English first-class cricketer.

Skinner was chosen to tour Argentina with Sir T. E. W. Brinckman's XI in 1937/38, playing one first-class match during the tour against Argentina at Buenos Aires. Batting once in the match, he scored 17 runs in the teams first-innings, before being dismissed by Cyril Ayling. He later served in the Second World War, holding the rank of second lieutenant with the Reconnaissance Corps in April 1941. He was given the war substantive rank of lieutenant in April 1943. He left the army following the war and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant in April 1946. He died at Worthing in November 1994.

## InfoBox

Walter Skinner
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter Ronald Skinner |
| Born | 26 June 1913
Staines, Middx, England |
| Died | 15 November 1994(1994-11-15) (aged 81)
Worthing, Sussex, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Relations | Married Joan (nee Smith) 1947;deceased Worthing 18.12.2023; son Walter John,born 1949;in film industry,wed to Asja ; step grandson Lloyd Lane,photographer |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 17  Batting average 17.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 17  Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 12 June 2019 | |


title: Wally Sykes

abstract: Walter Frederick Victor Sykes was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood and Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Wally Sykes

**Walter Frederick Victor Sykes** (2 May 1881 - 4 October 1967) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood and Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Wally Sykes | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sykes in 1904 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Walter Frederick Victor Sykes | | |
| Date of birth | (1881-05-02)2 May 1881 | | |
| Place of birth | Fitzroy, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 4 October 1967 | | |
| Place of death | Queensland | | |
| Original team(s) | Fitzroy Baptists | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1904 | Collingwood | 02 0(0) |
| 1907–12 | Melbourne | 41 (17) |
| Total |  | **43 (17)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1912. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Wally Stuttaford

abstract: Wallace Evelyn "Wally" Stuttaford was a Rhodesian politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe from the Republican Front.

text:
# Wally Stuttaford

**Wallace Evelyn "Wally" Stuttaford** (c. 1921 - ?) was a Rhodesian politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe from the Republican Front.

## Career

In December 1981 Stuttaford was accused of being a South African agent, arrested, and tortured, generating anger among White Zimbabweans. He was re-arrested in 1982. He successfully sued the state for compensation.

## InfoBox

| Wally Stuttaford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wallace Evelyn Stuttaford
c. 1921
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |
| Died | ?
South Africa |
| Occupation(s) | Politician, legislator |
| Political party | Republican Front
Rhodesian Front |


title: Wallace McMaster

abstract: Arthur Wallace McMaster is an Irish former international rugby union player. Born in Ballymena, McMaster was a defensively-minded three-quarter, fast on the break, who played his club rugby with Ballymena RFC. He most often appeared on the left wing and was a regular for Ulster. McMaster won 18 Ireland caps, debuting in the 1972 Five Nations. He was a Five Nations winner in 1974 and made his last Ireland appearance against the All Blacks in Wellington on their 1976 tour.

text:
# Wallace McMaster

**Arthur Wallace McMaster** (born 2 December 1945) is an Irish former international rugby union player.

Born in Ballymena, McMaster was a defensively-minded three-quarter, fast on the break, who played his club rugby with Ballymena RFC. He most often appeared on the left wing and was a regular for Ulster.

McMaster won 18 Ireland caps, debuting in the 1972 Five Nations. He was a Five Nations winner in 1974 and made his last Ireland appearance against the All Blacks in Wellington on their 1976 tour.

## InfoBox

Wallace McMaster
| Full name | Arthur Wallace McMaster |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1945-12-02) 2 December 1945 |
| Place of birth | Ballymena, Northern Ireland |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Wing  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1972–76 Ireland  18  (8) | |


title: Wallace McIntosh

abstract: Flight Lieutenant Wallace McIntosh DFC & Bar, DFM flew 55 bombing missions with the RAF during the Second World War as a rear gunner in Lancaster bombers. McIntosh was regarded as the most successful air gunner in Bomber Command during the Second World War, and was credited with shooting down eight enemy aircraft. Seven of McIntosh's claims were shared with a fellow crew member, mid-upper gunner C. B. "Larry" Sutherland (RCAF). McIntosh also claimed two "probables" and one "damaged". In a single operation on 7/8 June 1944, McIntosh and Sutherland claimed three German night fighters.

text:
# Wallace McIntosh

Flight Lieutenant **Wallace McIntosh** DFC & Bar, DFM (27 March 1920 – 4 June 2007) flew 55 bombing missions with the RAF during the Second World War as a rear gunner in Lancaster bombers. McIntosh was regarded as the most successful air gunner in Bomber Command during the Second World War, and was credited with shooting down eight enemy aircraft.

Seven of McIntosh's claims were shared with a fellow crew member, mid-upper gunner C. B. "Larry" Sutherland (RCAF). McIntosh also claimed two "probables" and one "damaged" (which was also shared with Sutherland). In a single operation on 7/8 June 1944, McIntosh and Sutherland claimed three German night fighters.

## Early life

McIntosh was born in a barn in Tarves in Aberdeenshire during a blizzard. His mother was an unmarried teenage servant. He was raised by his grandparents alongside their seven children, moving from farm to farm in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire in search of seasonal work. He attended fourteen schools, finally leaving at the age of 13. He worked as an agricultural labourer, but helped to support his family by poaching sheep, salmon and pheasants. He later became a gamekeeper.

## Royal Air Force service

On the outbreak of the Second World War, he rode his bicycle the 30 miles (50 km) to Dundee, aiming to join the RAF, but was rejected on account of his poor education. At the urging of a local priest, the RAF relented and he was recruited as an aircraftman. He served on the ground, but became an air gunner in March 1943, and joined 207 Squadron at RAF Langar, near Nottingham, as a mid-upper turret gunner in the Lancaster bomber flown by Flying Officer Fred Richardson. He claimed two German aircraft "probably destroyed" during his first tour of 32 missions, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal on 15 October 1943. After his first tour of duty, he became an air gunnery instructor.

He was commissioned pilot officer on 5 June 1943, and promoted flying officer on 5 December 1943. He returned to active duty with 207 Squadron at RAF Spilsby in Lincolnshire in February 1944, as a rear gunner in the Lancaster flown by Wing Commander John Grey, the squadron's commander. He shot down a Bf 110 in a raid over Mailly-le-Camp in Champagne on 3 May 1944 (The only kill he had without Sutherland, whose logbook records no flight that day).

On 7 June 1944, he joined a raid of 112 Lancaster bombers in support of the D-Day landings the previous day, attacking a concentration of German tanks in woods near Cerisy-la-Forêt, between Bayeux and St Lô in Normandy. He and a colleague, Canadian Pilot Officer Larry Sutherland, together shot down two Ju 88s on the way to the target. In the return journey, they shot down an Me 210 over Beachy Head. Both gunners were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in the *London Gazette* 11 July 1944.

The citation reads:

> Flying Officer Wallace MC!NTOSH, D.F.M. (149980), R.A.F.V.R., 207 Sqn.
>
> Pilot Officer Clarence Bentley SUTHERLAND (Can/J.86114), R.C.A.F., 207 Sqn.
>
> One night in June, 1944, these officers were rear and mid-upper gunners respectively of an aircraft detailed to attack Cerisy. Just after crossing the enemy coast Flying Officer Mclntosh sighted a Junkers 88 coming in to attack. He promptly warned his pilot who took the necessary combat manoeuvre. Both gunners then opened fire hitting the enemy aircraft with well placed bursts, causing it to spin towards the ground with both its engines on fire. Almost immediately another Junkers 88 was sighted. As the enemy aircraft came into close range, Flying Officer Mclntosh and his co-gunner met the attacker with devastating bursts of fire which caused it to explode in the air. Half an hour later these gunners engaged yet a third enemy aircraft. Following their accurately placed bursts of fire the enemy fighter fell away and was seen to catch fire before it hit the sea. Flying Officer Mclntosh and Pilot Officer Sutherland defended their aircraft with great skill and resolution and undoubtedly played a large part in its safe return. Their achievement was worthy of high praise.

McIntosh received a congratulatory Postagram from the usually taciturn Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris.

In July 1944, he shot down two German night fighters in a raid on Stuttgart and was awarded a Bar to his DFC on 8 December 1944 at the end of his second tour of a further 23 operations.

He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 5 June 1945 having held the acting rank for some time. McIntosh applied to extend his service postwar and was granted a 4-year extended commission from 18 December 1945 as a flying officer. He resigned his commission and left the RAF on 19 June 1948.

## Later life

He worked as a salesman of agricultural foodstuffs in Scotland, and then worked for a seed merchant.

His biography, *Gunning for the Enemy*, was published in 2003.

He married Christina Cooper in 1957. They had one son James and two daughters Christina Anne and Mary. His wife died in 1991. He died from lung cancer at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in Aberdeen. He was survived by his children.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Wallace McIntosh | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-03-27)27 March 1920
Tarves, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Died | 4 June 2007(2007-06-04) (aged 87)
Aberdeen, Scotland |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1939–1948 |
| Rank | Flight Lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar
Distinguished Flying Medal |