title: Thierry Coup

abstract: Thierry Jean-Andre Coup is the Chief Experiential Futurist at JOCOUP Creative. Coup began his career working in the film industry, performing set design and visual effects. He moved into theme park design in the early 1990s when Walt Disney Parks and Resorts offered him a position with Walt Disney Imagineering. In 1995, he transferred over to Universal Creative and led projects such as The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, Transformers: The Ride, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter - Diagon Alley and Super Nintendo World.

text:
# Thierry Coup

**Thierry Jean-Andre Coup** is the Chief Experiential Futurist at JOCOUP Creative. Coup began his career working in the film industry, performing set design and visual effects. He moved into theme park design in the early 1990s when Walt Disney Parks and Resorts offered him a position with Walt Disney Imagineering. In 1995, he transferred over to Universal Creative and led projects such as The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, Transformers: The Ride, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter - Diagon Alley and Super Nintendo World.

## Career

Coup began his career working in the film and television industry. He provided set design, visual effects, and stop-motion animation for a variety of films and TV commercials. Coup is credited for working on *Back to the Future*, *Flight of the Navigator*, *Total Recall*, *Dick Tracy*, and *Gremlins 2: The New Batch*.

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts' research and development division, Walt Disney Imagineering, noticed Coup's work and subsequently offered him a job in the early 1990s. Although he wasn't looking to leave the film and television industry, Coup was intrigued by the challenges the new job would entail and accepted the position. Coup's first task with Disney was to redesign Tomorrowland at Disneyland. He then worked alongside others on the design of Discoveryland at Disneyland Paris, where Coup's particular focus was on Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune. Coup's final two projects for Disney were for Walt Disney Studios Park: Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux and Moteurs... Action! Stunt Show Spectacular (the latter was duplicated for Disney's Hollywood Studios several years later).

In 1995, Coup began working for Universal Creative. Most of the division's focus at that time was on the development of Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida. Coup was tasked as the Production Designer for Marvel Super Hero Island. The flagship ride for the area was The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, a prototype dark ride which combined 3D imagery with a track-mounted motion simulator. Coup was both the Production Designer and film producer for the ride, and holds a patent for part of the ride's technology. The ride was later cloned for Universal Studios Japan.

After Islands of Adventure launched in 1999, Coup worked on developing 4D films for Universal parks across the globe. In the United States, Shrek 4-D was launched, while in Japan, Sesame Street 4-D Movie Magic was launched. The two films have since been shown at parks owned by SeaWorld Entertainment, Village Roadshow Theme Parks, and Parques Reunidos. Work on the Revenge of the Mummy enclosed roller coasters, and a refurbishment of Universal Studios Hollywood's Studio Tour, followed.

Coup's next major project was to be the creative director for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Islands of Adventure. Coup and his team made several trips to Scotland to meet with J.K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series of books. The headline attraction for the area was Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, an attraction Coup served as both executive creative director and film director on. The overall themed area was a success with park attendance increasing by 36% following the launch. Other Wizarding Worlds followed at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Japan.

In January 2011, Coup became Senior Vice President, Chief Creative Officer, Universal Creative of Universal Destinations & Experiences. The role would see him lead "creative development activities for upcoming attractions of all Universal theme parks world-wide". In 2013, Coup's focus was on the expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Islands of Adventure into the adjacent Universal Studios Florida park with Diagon Alley which premiered in 2014 with the acclaimed Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts attraction.

Coup left Universal Creative in March 2023.

## Projects

| Attraction | Original location | Year opened | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tomorrowland | Disneyland | 1998 | Production Designer |
| Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune | Disneyland Paris | 1995 | Production Designer |
| Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux | Walt Disney Studios Park | 2002 | Creative Director |
| Moteurs... Action! Stunt Show Spectacular | Walt Disney Studios Park | 2002 | Creative Director |
| Marvel Super Hero Island | Islands of Adventure | 1999 | Creative Director |
| The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man | Islands of Adventure / Universal Studios Japan | 1999 | Production Designer / Producer |
| Sesame Street 4-D Movie Magic | Universal Studios Japan | 2003 | Creative Director / Producer |
| Shrek 4-D | Universal Studios Florida / Universal Studios Hollywood | 2003 | Creative Director / Producer |
| Revenge of the Mummy | Universal Studios Florida / Universal Studios Hollywood | 2004 | Art Director |
| The Wizarding World of Harry Potter | Islands of Adventure / Universal Studios Hollywood / Universal Studios Japan | 2010 | Executive Creative Director |
| Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey | Islands of Adventure / Universal Studios Hollywood / Universal Studios Japan | 2010 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| King Kong: 360 3-D | Universal Studios Hollywood | 2010 | Executive Producer |
| Transformers: The Ride | Universal Studios Singapore | 2011 | Creative Director / Producer / Director |
| Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem | Universal Studios Florida / Universal Studios Japan | 2012 | Executive Producer |
| The Wizarding World of Harry Potter: Diagon Alley | Universal Studios Florida | 2014 | Creative Director / Executive Director |
| Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts | Universal Studios Florida | 2014 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Hogwarts Express (Universal Orlando Resort) | Islands of Adventure / Universal Studios Florida | 2014 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Fast & Furious: Supercharged | Universal Studios Hollywood | 2015 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Skull Island: Reign of Kong | Islands of Adventure | 2016 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon | Universal Studios Florida | 2017 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Universal Volcano Bay Water Theme Park | Universal Orlando Resort | 2017 | Executive Creative Director |
| Minion Park | Universal Studios Japan | 2017 | Executive Creative Director |
| DreamWorks Theatre | Universal Studios Hollywood | 2018 | Executive Creative Director / Film Director |
| Hagrid’s Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure | Islands of Adventure | 2019 | Executive Creative Director |
| Jurassic World: The Ride | Universal Studios Hollywood | 2019 | Executive Creative Director |
| Jurassic World VelociCoaster | Islands of Adventure | 2021 | Executive Creative Director |
| Universal Studios Beijing | Universal Studios Beijing | 2021 | Executive Creative Director |
| The Secret Life of Pets: Off the Leash | Universal Studios Hollywood | 2021 | Executive Creative Director |
| Super Nintendo World | Universal Studios Japan / Universal Studios Hollywood | 2021 | Executive Creative Director |
| Mario Kart: Bowser’s Challenge | Universal Studios Japan / Universal Studios Hollywood | 2021 | Executive Creative Director |
| KISS: A New Era | Madison Square Garden | 2023 | Executive Creative Director |

1. Coup, Thierry (September 2010). "Interview With Thierry Coup, VP of Universal Creative". *DIS Unplugged* (Interview).
2. WO application 2011068566, Cortelyou, Robert J.; Blum, Steven C. & Coup, Thierry Jean-Andre et al., "A motion-based attraction with image display assembly", published June 9, 2011,  assigned to Universal Studios
3. Goh, Robin (5 October 2011). "Getting to know: Thierry Coup". *Transformers: The Ride Blog*. Resorts World Sentosa. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
4. "Thierry Coup, SVP Universal Creative Studio" (Press release). Universal Orlando Resort. 1 January 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
5. "Super Hero Island is Marvel". *Amusement Business*. **111** (14): 18–19. 5 April 1999.
6. US patent 6462769, Trowbridge, Scott & Coup, Thierry J., "Image correction method to compensate for point of view image distortion", issued October 8, 2002,  assigned to Universal Studios
7. "The Amazing Adventures Of Spiderman (Universal Studios Japan)". Parkz. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
8. Gall, Megan (12 May 2009). "Sesame Street in 4-D at Sea World this month". *Examiner.com*.
9. "Shrek 4D (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Parkz. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
10. Sim, Nick (3 December 2010). "Rumor: Dreamworks dispute forces Alton Towers to drop plans for Shrek 4-D in 2011". Theme Park Tourist. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
11. Schodolski, Vincent J. (25 June 2006). "Universal revamps tour". *The Spokesman-Review*. Cowles Publishing Company. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
12. Liston, Barbara (25 March 2010). "Harry Potter park adds new characters". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
13. Garcia, Jason (16 December 2010). "Universal Orlando ponders how to take full advantage of Wizarding World's popularity". *Orlando Sentinel*. Tribune Company. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
14. "Harry Potter And The Forbidden Journey (Universal Studios Japan)". Parkz. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
15. "Thierry Coup – Universal Parks & Resorts – Blooloop Theme Park Influencer 2018". *Blooloop*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
16. Carter, Ashley (March 28, 2023). "Universal Creative's Mike Hightower, Thierry Coup leave company". *MyNews13*.
17. Helm, Burt (December 2, 2023). "Kiss exits the stage and leaves its avatar band to rock and roll all night, forever".

## InfoBox

| Thierry Jean-Andre Coup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | France |
| Occupation | Chief Experiential Futurist |
| Employer | JOCOUP Creative |


title: Think Africa Press

abstract: Think Africa Press is an English-language online magazine based in London focusing on reports and analysis of current affairs from Africa. The magazine was launched in January 2011 and is edited by James Schneider. It features articles from leading African and international thinkers, on-the-spot reporters, and experts, covering aspects including politics, history, the economy, legal, society, gender, health, agriculture and environmental issues.

text:
# Think Africa Press

**Think Africa Press** is an English-language online magazine based in London focusing on reports and analysis of current affairs from Africa. The magazine was launched in January 2011 and is edited by James Schneider. It features articles from leading African and international thinkers, on-the-spot reporters, and experts, covering aspects including politics, history, the economy, legal, society, gender, health, agriculture and environmental issues.

## Format

The magazine brings together analysis from contributors around the world, representing a range of viewpoints and opinions about Africa. . Various special features have also been compiled which include background and analysis articles, interviews, reviews, and an editorial Q&A, explaining.

The magazine brings together has a multi-national staff based in London and a global network of expert correspondents, representing a range of viewpoints and opinions about Africa. The publication uses a variety of writing styles including news articles, interviews and blogs as well as multimedia such as videos and infographics.

## Notable contributors

## Critical reception

The launch of Think Africa Press was well received by a number of analysts such as Dr Phil Clark from the School of Oriental and African Studies, who described it as “a long overdue source of analysis and critical commentary”. In 2013 Think Africa Press was listed in Howzit MSN's "10 African Blogs You Should Be Reading"

Technorati has ranked Think Africa Press 34th in its Top 100 World Politics blogs. In 2013 Think Africa Press’s Environment page ranked 11th in a list of the top 100 environment blogs of 2013.

## Affiliations

Think Africa Press is a partner of the African Press Association, part of The Guardian Africa network, and regularly republished on AllAfrica.com. In 2011 Think Africa Press supported the Oxford University Africa Society by sponsoring their 2011 Pan-Africanism Conference.

## InfoBox

Think Africa Press
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Online magazine |
| Format | Website |
| Editor | James Schneider |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Website | Official website |


title: Thierry Fortineau

abstract: Thierry Fortineau was a French actor. Fortineau was born in Nantes. In the year of 1990, he was nominated for a César Award for Most Promising Actor at the 15th César Awards for his role in Comédie d'été. The award, however, went to Yvan Attal. In 1994, he was nominated for a Molière Award for Best Actor for his role in Le Visiteur. Thierry Fortineau is the father of actress Jade Fortineau, born in 1991, from his relationship with Dutch actress Maruschka Detmers. He died from cancer in Paris one day before his 53rd birthday, and was interred at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

text:
# Thierry Fortineau

**Thierry Fortineau** (9 February 1953 – 8 February 2006) was a French actor.

Fortineau was born in Nantes. In the year of 1990, he was nominated for a César Award for Most Promising Actor at the 15th César Awards for his role in *Comédie d'été*. The award, however, went to Yvan Attal. In 1994, he was nominated for a Molière Award for Best Actor for his role in *Le Visiteur*.

Thierry Fortineau is the father of actress Jade Fortineau, born in 1991, from his relationship with Dutch actress Maruschka Detmers. He died from cancer in Paris one day before his 53rd birthday, and was interred at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

## Selected filmography


title: Stefan Groothuis

abstract: Stefan Groothuis is a Dutch retired speed skater. He is the World Sprint Champion for 2012 and the gold medal winner in the 1000 metres at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Stefan Groothuis

**Stefan Groothuis** (born 23 November 1981) is a Dutch retired speed skater. He is the World Sprint Champion for 2012 and the gold medal winner in the 1000 metres at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

## Career

Groothuis, a specialist in the middle distances (1000 and 1500 metres), had his international breakthrough in 2005. In that year he reached a second spot during the Speed Skating World Cup meeting in Salt Lake City competing in the 1000 metres. This earned him a nomination for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. During the Dutch Single Distance Championships in December 2005, he switched this nomination into a qualification by placing fourth behind Jan Bos, Erben Wennemars, and Beorn Nijenhuis, who all qualified as well.

In January 2006 Groothuis surprisingly became the Dutch national sprint champion, finishing first in two 500 metres and two 1000 metres races, outsprinting common names like Gerard van Velde, Nijenhuis, and Wennemars. A month later at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Groothuis would finish in eighth position in the 1000 metres. His time of 1:09.57 was 0.68 behind the winner Shani Davis.

In the 2010-2011 World Cup season, Groothuis would win the 1000 metre overall World Cup, dethroning perennial winner Shani Davis. He would also lead the 2011-2012 1000 metre standings going into the final race, but would be beaten out in the season finale by Davis and also just edged for the season 1000 title by Davis as a result.

At the 2012 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships in Calgary, Groothuis won the gold medal. His point total of 136.810 broke the world record for the sprint combination held by Jeremy Wotherspoon. He also won gold in the 1000 metres at the World Single Distance Championships that year.

## Personal records

| **Personal records** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men's speed skating** | | | | |
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 34.55 | 21 January 2012 | Salt Lake City |  |
| 1000 m | 1:06.96 | 29 January 2012 | Calgary |  |
| 1500 m | 1:43.48 | 4 December 2009 | Calgary |  |
| 3000 m | 3:53.72 | 16 March 2001 | Calgary |  |
| 5000 m | 6:54.59 | 20 March 2002 | Calgary |  |
| 10000 m | 14:41.70 | 21 March 2002 | Calgary |  |

Source: SpeedskatingResults.com

## World record

| Nr. | Event | Result | Date | Location | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Sprint combination | **136.810** | 29 January 2012 | Calgary | World record until 28 January 2013 |

## Tournament overview

|
Season | Dutch
Championships
Single
Distances | Dutch
Championships
Sprint | World
Championships
Sprint | World
Championships
Single
Distances | Olympic
Games | World
Cup
GWC | World
Championships
Junior
Allround |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
2000–01 | THE HAGUE   ---  18th 500m
25th 1000m |  |  |  |  |  | GRONINGEN   ---  7th 500m
12th 3000m
1500m
12th 5000m   ---  6th overall |
|
2001–02 | GRONINGEN   ---  11th 500m
6th 1000m
12th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  11th 500m
6th 1000m
9th 500m
9th 1000m   ---  7th overall |  |  |  |  |  |
|
2002–03 | UTRECHT   ---  8th 500m
4th 1000m
16th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  8th 500m
6th 1000m
9th 500m
5th 1000m   ---  6th overall |  |  |  |
29th 1000m |  |
|
2003–04 | HEERENVEEN   ---  7th 500m
9th 1000m
22nd 1500m | UTRECHT   ---  8th 500m
6th 1000m
11th 500m
8th 1000m   ---  8th overall |  |  |  |  |  |
|
2004–05 | ASSEN   ---  6th 500m
7th 1000m
5th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  7th 500m
6th 1000m
7th 500m
6th 1000m   ---  4th overall |  |  |  |
24th 1000m
34th 1500m |  |
|
2005–06 | HEERENVEEN   ---  4th 1000m
8th 1500m | ASSEN   ---  5th 500m
1000m
8th 500m
1000m   ---  overall | HEERENVEEN   ---  30th 500m
11th 1000m
31st 500m
7th 1000m   ---  17th overall |  | TURIN   ---  8th 1000m |
9th 1000m |  |
|
2006–07 | ASSEN   ---  6th 500m
1000m
8th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  7th 500m
1000m
8th 500m
5th 1000m   ---  5th overall |  |  |  |
45th 500m
5th 1000m
9th 1500m |  |
| 2007–08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|
2008–09 | HEERENVEEN   ---  4th 500m
1000m
5th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  500m
1000m
4th 500m
1000m   ---  overall | MOSCOW   ---  30th 500m
1000m
12th 500m
5th 1000m   ---  18th overall | VANCOUVER   ---  15th 500m
4th 1000m
7th 1500m |  |
27th 100m
19th 500m
1000m
9th 1500m |  |
|
2009–10 | HEERENVEEN   ---  4th 500m
1000m
1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  500m
1000m
500m
1000m   ---  overall |  |  | VANCOUVER   ---  4th 1000m
16th 1500m |
23rd 500m
1000m
6th 1500m |  |
|
2010–11 | HEERENVEEN   ---  500m
1000m
1500m | HEERENVEEN   ---  500m
1000m
500m
1000m   ---  overall | HEERENVEEN   ---  500m
1000m
12th 500m
1000m   ---  4th overall | INZELL   ---  1000m
 |  |
15th 500m
1000m
1500m |  |
|
2011–12 | HEERENVEEN   ---  500m
1000m
1500m | HEERENVEEN   ---  500m
1000m
9th 500m
1000m   ---  overall | CALGARY   ---  9th 500m
1000m
12th 500m
1000m   ---  overall | HEERENVEEN   ---  1000m
5th 1500m |  |
15th 500m
1000m
6th 1500m
GWC |  |
|
2012–13 | HEERENVEEN   ---  8th 500m
7th 1000m | GRONINGEN   ---  5th 500m
1000m
4th 500m
1000m   ---  overall | SALT LAKE CITY   ---  18th 500m
4th 1000m
25th 500m
17th 1000m   ---  17th overall | SOCHI   ---  8th 1000m |  |
7th 1000m
24th 1500m |  |
|
2013–14 | HEERENVEEN   ---  6th 500m
4th 1000m
7th 1500m | AMSTERDAM   ---  8th 500m
12th 1000m
8th 500m
1000m   ---  6th overall |  |  | SOCHI   ---  38th 500m
1000m
12th 1500m |
41st 500m
8th 1000m
22nd 1500m |  |
|
2014–15 | HEERENVEEN   ---  10th 500m
1000m
11th 1500m | GRONINGEN   ---  11th 500m
1000m
13th 500m
8th 1000m   ---  5th overall |  | HEERENVEEN   ---  6th 1000m |  |
4th 1000m |  |
|
2015–16 | HEERENVEEN   ---  9th 500m
1000m
1500m |  |  | KOLOMNA   ---  14th 1000m
14th 1500m |  |
32nd 1000m |  |

source:

## World Cup overview

| Season | 500 meter | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002–2003 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2003–2004 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2004–2005 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2005–2006 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2006–2007 |  |  |  |  |  | 3rd(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–2008 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2008–2009 | 12th | 17th | 15th | 17th | 15th | 14th |  |  | 12th | 14th | 16th | 9th | 19th |
| 2009–2010 | 11th | 17th | 12th | 18th | 11th(b) | DNF |  |  | 14th | 8th |  |  |  |
| 2010–2011 | 6th | 7th | 16th | 13th | 20th | 16th |  |  | 12th | 10th | 5th |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | 5th | 12th |  |  | 12th |  | 8th |  | 4th |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13th(b) |  |  |  | - |  |
| 2013–2014 |  |  | 11th(b) |  |  | 3rd(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–2015 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015–2016 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Season | 1000 meter | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002–2003 | 18th | 17th | 16th | 18th |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–2004 |  | | | | | | | | | |
| 2004–2005 | 21st | 20th | 1st(b) | 3rd(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–2006 |  | 16th | 7th | DQ | 18th |  |  |  |  | 5th |
| 2006–2007 | 7th | 5th | 18th | 5th |  | 6th | 6th | 6th | 4th | 11th |
| 2007–2008 |  | | | | | | | | | |
| 2008–2009 |  | 6th |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6th | 4th |
| 2009–2010 | DNF | 1st(b) | 4th |  |  |  |  |  | | |
| 2010–2011 |  | 5th |  |  |  |  |  |  | | |
| 2011–2012 |  |  | 4th |  |  |  | 4th |  | | |
| 2012–2013 |  |  |  |  |  | 7th | 8th |  |  |  |
| 2013–2014 | 10th | DQ | 7th |  |  | 6th |  | | | |
| 2014–2015 | 9th |  | 6th | 11th | 6th |  | 10th |  | | |
| 2015–2016 | DQ | 5th(b) |  | 3rd(b) |  |  |  |  | | |

| Season | 1500 meter | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002–2003 |  | | | | | |
| 2003–2004 |  | | | | | |
| 2004–2005 |  | 3rd(b) |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–2006 |  | | | | | |
| 2006–2007 |  |  |  | 1st(b) | 8th | 5th |
| 2007–2008 |  | | | | | |
| 2008–2009 | 10th |  | 8th | 11th | 5th |  |
| 2009/–010 | 4th |  | 17th | 5th |  | 5th |
| 2010–2011 | 4th |  | 9th | 4th |  |  |
| 2011–2012 |  | 6th | 12th |  | 5th | 15th |
| 2012–2013 |  |  |  | 19th | 1st(b) | 18th |
| 2013–2014 |  |  | 3rd(b) |  | 11th | 11th |
| 2014–2015 |  | | | | | |
| 2015–2016 |  | | | | | |

*– = Did not participate* *(b) = Division B*  *DQ = Disqualified* *DNF = Did not finish*

## Medals won

| Championship | Gold
 | Silver
 | Bronze
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dutch Single Distances | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Dutch Sprint | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| World Sprint | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| World Single Distances | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| World Cup 500m | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| World Cup 1000m | 8 | 12 | 6 |
| World Cup 1500m | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| World Cup classification | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Olympic Games | 1 | 0 | 0 |

## Career highlights

* 2001, 6th, Junior World Championships
* 2002, 6th, 1000 metres, Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2002, 7th, Dutch National Sprint Championships
* 2003, 4th, 1000 metres and 8th, 500 metres, Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2003, 6th, Dutch National Sprint Championships
* 2004, 6th, 500 metres and 9th, 1000 metres, Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2004, 8th, Dutch National Sprint Championships
* 2005, 5th, 1500 metres; 6th, 500 metres; and 7th, 1000 metres; Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2005, 4th, Dutch National Sprint Championships
* 2006, 4th, 1000 metres and 8th, 1500 metres, Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2006, 1st, Dutch National Sprint Championships
* 2006, 8th, 1000 metres, 2006 Winter Olympics
* 2006, 9th, 1000 metres, World Cup
* 2007, 2nd, 1000 metres; 6th, 500 metres; and 8th, 1500 metres; Dutch National Single Distance Championships
* 2014, 1st, 1000 metres, 2014 Winter Olympics

Source: www.sskating.com

## InfoBox

Stefan Groothuis
| Groothuis in 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1981-11-23) 23 November 1981
Empe, Netherlands |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 78 kg (172 lb) |
| Website | www.stefangroothuis.nl |
| Sport | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Sport | Speed skating |
| Turned pro | 2003 |
| Retired | 2016 |
| Medal record      Men's speed skating  Representing the  Netherlands  Olympic Games  2014 Sochi 1000 m  World Sprint Championships  2012 Calgary Sprint  World Single Distance Championships  2012 Heerenveen 1000 m  2011 Inzell 1000 m  Dutch Sprint Championships  2006 Assen Sprint  2009 Heerenveen Sprint  2010 Groningen Sprint  2011 Heerenveen Sprint  2012 Heerenveen Sprint  2013 Groningen Sprint  Dutch Single Distance Championships  2009 Heerenveen 1000 m  2010 Heerenveen 1000 m  2012 Heerenveen 1000 m  2012 Heerenveen 1500 m  2007 Heerenveen 1000 m  2011 Heerenveen 1000 m  2007 Heerenveen 500 m  2009 Heerenveen 500 m  2010 Heerenveen 1500 m  2011 Heerenveen 1500 m | |


title: This Is Amazing Grace

abstract: "This Is Amazing Grace" is the lead single on Phil Wickham's fifth studio album The Ascension. It was released on August 6, 2013, by Fair Trade Services, and it was written by Wickham, Josh Farro and Jeremy Riddle, and produced by Pete Kipley. Billboard named it No. 1 on the Christian Airplay Songs chart for 2014. This song was released originally by Jeremy Riddle on the album For the Sake of the World with Bethel Music.

text:
# This Is Amazing Grace

"**This Is Amazing Grace**" is the lead single on Phil Wickham's fifth studio album *The Ascension*. It was released on August 6, 2013, by Fair Trade Services, and it was written by Wickham, Josh Farro and Jeremy Riddle, and produced by Pete Kipley. *Billboard* named it No. 1 on the Christian Airplay Songs chart for 2014. This song was released originally by Jeremy Riddle on the album *For the Sake of the World* with Bethel Music.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Bubbling Under Hot 100 (*Billboard*) | 24 |
| Christian Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| Christian AC (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Christian Hot AC/CHR (*Billboard*) | 20 |
| Christian Airplay (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Christian Digital Songs (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| Christian Soft AC (*Billboard*) | 6 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2014) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Christian Songs (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| US Christian Airplay (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Christian AC (*Billboard*) | 1 |

### Decade-end charts

| Chart (2010s) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Christian Songs (*Billboard*) | 16 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "This Is Amazing Grace" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Phil Wickham | |
| from the album  *The Ascension* | |
| Released | August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06) |
| Genre | CCM, adult contemporary |
| Length | 4:40 |
| Label | Fair Trade |
| Songwriter(s) | Phil Wickham, Josh Farro, Jeremy Riddle |
| Producer(s) | Pete Kipley |
| Phil Wickham singles chronology | |
| "This Is the Day"
(2012) "**This Is Amazing Grace**"
(2013) "Glory"
(2014) | |


title: States of Nature

abstract: States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century is a 2006 book by Canadian historian Tina Loo. The book analyzes the history of nature conservation in Canada throughout the 20th century, paying particular attention to the contributions of and interactions between both state and private actors, effectively tracing "shifting and conflicting attitudes toward the natural world" and the "roles of the state, urban sportsmen, and rural peoples, from resource workers to First Nations." Loo argues that over the course of the century wildlife conservation came increasingly under the purview of the state, yet had firm roots in informal, localized practices. She highlights this expanding bureaucratic and scientific state presence as being part of a larger process of "rural colonization," but also shows how private groups and individuals continued to play an important role in adapting and implementing conservation practices. Ultimately, Loo argues that wildlife conservation was shaped by, and ultimately shaped in turn, Canadians' values about their relationship with the natural world.

text:
# States of Nature

***States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century*** is a 2006 book by Canadian historian Tina Loo. The book analyzes the history of nature conservation in Canada throughout the 20th century, paying particular attention to the contributions of and interactions between both state and private actors, effectively tracing "shifting and conflicting attitudes toward the natural world" and the "roles of the state, urban sportsmen, and rural peoples, from resource workers to First Nations." Loo argues that over the course of the century wildlife conservation came increasingly under the purview of the state, yet had firm roots in informal, localized practices. She highlights this expanding bureaucratic and scientific state presence as being part of a larger process of "rural colonization," but also shows how private groups and individuals continued to play an important role in adapting and implementing conservation practices. Ultimately, Loo argues that wildlife conservation was shaped by, and ultimately shaped in turn, Canadians' values about their relationship with the natural world.

## Contents

The opening chapters of *States of Nature* document the legal and practical background and changing nature of conservation in Canada, highlighting the different roles and values of various actors as the centralized state took on an increasing role, extending its bureaucratic and scientific purview over rural landscapes across the country. Loo shows that this often brought the state and rural peoples, including Indigenous peoples, into conflict, particularly as the state's conservation regime increasingly sanctioned non-consumptive use of wildlife, for example "promoting sports hunting rather than hunting for the table." This, Loo argues, "deepened the divisions of class and race," and through extending state power "conservation was an instrument of colonization." However, many groups and individuals resisted and adapted under this changing regime.

This is a major focus of the remaining chapters, which focus on case studies that highlight the various values informing conservation policy and practice throughout the period. These case studies include the career of Jack Miner, Canada's "first celebrity conservationist;" the cooperation of the Hudson's Bay Company with local Cree peoples in developing a program for beaver conservation; the emergence of population control as a central tenet of postwar conservation; lively debates about the roles of predators, including the work of Farley Mowat; and finally the development of habitat conservation through the efforts of groups like Ducks Unlimited Canada and of western Canadian outfitters.

## Awards

*States of Nature* was awarded the 2007 Sir John A. Macdonald Prize (now the CHA Best Scholarly Book in Canadian History Prize) for the best book in Canadian history from the Canadian Historical Association, and was short-listed for the Association's 2010 François-Xavier Garneau Medal. The book was also the winner of the 2008 Harold Adams Innis Prize for best English book in the Social Sciences from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences.

1. Loo, Tina (2006). *States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century*. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780774812894.
2. Cadigan, Sean T. (1 October 2007). "Tina Loo. States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 2006. Pp. xi, 280. $29.95Reviews of BooksCanada and the United States". *The American Historical Review*. **112** (4): 1153–1154. doi:10.1086/ahr.112.4.1153. ISSN 0002-8762.
3. "Warecki on Loo, 'States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century' | H-Canada | H-Net". *networks.h-net.org*. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
4. Loo. *States of Nature*. p. 7.
5. Loo. *States of Nature*. p. 8.
6. "CHA Prizes". *cha-shc.ca*. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
7. "Archives: Canada Prizes". *Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences*. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

## InfoBox

States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tina Loo |
| Language | English |
| Series | Nature | History | Society |
| Genre | Environmental History |
| Published | 2006 |
| Publisher | UBC Press |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 9780774812894 |


title: Thomas Forman (priest)

abstract: Thomas Pears Gordon Forman was Archdeacon of Lindisfarne from 1944 until 1955. Forman was educated at Shrewsbury and Pembroke College, Cambridge. After a curacy at Kenilworth he was an Assistant Master at his old school until wartime service as a Temporary Chaplain to the Forces. Following a further curacy in York he was Chaplain to the Duke of Portland until 1924. After this he was Rector of Bothal for twenty years until his Archdeacon’s appointment.

text:
# Thomas Forman (priest)

**Thomas Pears Gordon Forman** (b Repton 27 January 1885 - 22 November 1965) was Archdeacon of Lindisfarne from 1944 until 1955.

Forman was educated at Shrewsbury and Pembroke College, Cambridge. After a curacy at Kenilworth he was an Assistant Master at his old school until wartime service as a Temporary Chaplain to the Forces. Following a further curacy in York he was Chaplain to the Duke of Portland until 1924. After this he was Rector of Bothal for twenty years until his Archdeacon’s appointment.


title: Stefan Clessin

abstract: Stefan Clessin was a German malacologist. He served as a military officer, and from 1862 worked for the Bavarian railways. He was an editor of the Malakozoologische Blätter and made major contributions to Martini and Chemitz' Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. He conducted research of fossil mollusks as well as living species.

text:
# Stefan Clessin

**Stefan Clessin** (13 November 1833, in Würzburg – 21 December 1911, in Regensburg) was a German malacologist.

He served as a military officer, and from 1862 worked for the Bavarian railways. He was an editor of the *Malakozoologische Blätter* and made major contributions to Martini and Chemitz' *Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet*. He conducted research of fossil mollusks as well as living species.

## Bibliography

* *Die mollusken-fauna der umgegend von Augsburg* (1871); Bericht des Naturhistorischen vereins in Augsburg, bd. XXI.
* *Ueber Missbildungen der Mollusken und ihrer Gehäuse*, (1873); Bericht of the Naturhistorischer Verein in Augsburg, 22.
* *Deutsche excursions-mollusken-fauna*, (1876), Nurnberg : Bauer & Raspe.
* Clessin S. (1880). "Studien über die Familie der Paludinen". *Malakozoologische Blätter* (ser. 2)**2**: 161-196.
* *Die Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarns und der Schweiz*, (5 parts, 1887–90), Nürnberg : Bauer & Raspe.

## Taxa described

Clessin named more than 90 species of non-marine gastropod mollusks, including:

* Borcherding, F.,1912 Stephan Clessin.Nekrolog *Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft* 24(2): 49-151. Biography,portrait, bibliography
* Boeters, H. D.,1967 Die Publikationsdaten der Clessin's Molluskenfaunen. *Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft* 10: 210-212. Bibliography
* Jungbluth, J. H.,1995 Zur Geschichte der deutschen Malakozoologie, XXI: Die Deutsche Malakozoologische Gesellschaft - vom 19. Jahrhundert in das 21. Jahrhundert. 1868-1993: 125 Jahre Deutsche Malakozoologische Gesellschaft. *Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft*, 55: 1-18. Biography
* Naturforscher im Landkreis Augsburg Von Heinz Fischer, Augsburg 24. Bericht der Naturf.Ges.Augsbg/ Seite 131 - 157 / 3. Nov. 1970 135-pdf in German includes portrait.


title: Stefan Cohn-Vossen

abstract: Stefan Cohn-Vossen was a mathematician, who was responsible for Cohn-Vossen's inequality and the Cohn-Vossen transformation is also named after him. He proved the first version of the splitting theorem. He was also known for his collaboration with David Hilbert on the 1932 book Anschauliche Geometrie, translated into English as Geometry and the Imagination. He was born in Breslau. He wrote a 1924 doctoral dissertation at the University of Breslau under the supervision of Adolf Kneser. He became a professor at the University of Cologne in 1930. He was barred from lecturing in 1933 under Nazi racial legislation, because he was Jewish. In 1934 he emigrated to the USSR, with some help from Herman Müntz. While there, he taught at Leningrad University. He died in Moscow from pneumonia.

text:
# Stefan Cohn-Vossen

**Stefan Cohn-Vossen** (28 May 1902 – 25 June 1936) was a mathematician, who was responsible for Cohn-Vossen's inequality and the Cohn-Vossen transformation is also named after him. He proved the first version of the splitting theorem.

He was also known for his collaboration with David Hilbert on the 1932 book *Anschauliche Geometrie*, translated into English as *Geometry and the Imagination*.

He was born in Breslau (then a city in the Kingdom of Prussia; now Wrocław in Poland). He wrote a 1924 doctoral dissertation at the University of Breslau (now the University of Wrocław) under the supervision of Adolf Kneser. He became a professor at the University of Cologne in 1930.

He was barred from lecturing in 1933 under Nazi racial legislation, because he was Jewish. In 1934 he emigrated to the USSR, with some help from Herman Müntz. While there, he taught at Leningrad University. He died in Moscow from pneumonia.

## InfoBox

| Stefan Cohn-Vossen | |
| --- | --- |
| in Moscow, probably 1936 | |
| Born | (1902-05-28)28 May 1902
Breslau, Silesia |
| Died | 25 June 1936(1936-06-25) (aged 34)
Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Alma mater | Wrocław University |
| Known for | Cohn-Vossen's inequality |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Thesis | *Singuläre Punkte reeller, schlichter Kurvenscharen, deren Differentialgleichung gegeben ist* (1924) |
| Doctoral advisor | Adolf Kneser |
|  | |


title: Stefan Ciołkowski

abstract: Stefan Ciołkowski was a Polish trade unionist and communist activist. Born in Lublin, Ciołkowski became a miner and joined the Communist Party of Poland. In 1924, he emigrated to France, where he joined the French Communist Party (PCF). He returned to Poland in 1931, then went to work at the Souvret colliery in Belgium in 1937. There, he joined the Communist Party of Belgium (PCB), and formed a mutual aid association for Poles. On the outbreak of World War II, Ciołkowski returned to France, where he was active in the communist resistance. In October 1945, the PCF sent him to Belgium, where he served on the central committee of the PCB, with responsibility for organising the party among emigrant workers. However, at the start of 1946, he was expelled from the country, and returned to Poland. He joined the Polish Workers' Party, and was elected as its secretary in Szczecin. Ciołkowski became prominent in the Association of Trade Unions (ZZZ), and in 1950 was appointed as the president of the new Trade Unions International of Miners, serving until about 1960. In the 1960s, he served as the ZZZ's Lublin Province chair.

text:
# Stefan Ciołkowski

**Stefan Ciołkowski** (20 April 1908  7 June 1970) was a Polish trade unionist and communist activist.

Born in Lublin, Ciołkowski became a miner and joined the Communist Party of Poland. In 1924, he emigrated to France, where he joined the French Communist Party (PCF). He returned to Poland in 1931, then went to work at the Souvret colliery in Belgium in 1937. There, he joined the Communist Party of Belgium (PCB), and formed a mutual aid association for Poles.

On the outbreak of World War II, Ciołkowski returned to France, where he was active in the communist resistance. In October 1945, the PCF sent him to Belgium, where he served on the central committee of the PCB, with responsibility for organising the party among emigrant workers. However, at the start of 1946, he was expelled from the country, and returned to Poland. He joined the Polish Workers' Party, and was elected as its secretary in Szczecin.

Ciołkowski became prominent in the Association of Trade Unions (ZZZ), and in 1950 was appointed as the president of the new Trade Unions International of Miners, serving until about 1960. In the 1960s, he served as the ZZZ's Lublin Province chair.

1. "CIOLKOWSKI Stefan". *Le Maitron*. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
2. Labuda, Gerard (1983). *Dzieje Szczecina: 1945-1990*. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. p. 82. ISBN 9788390889801.
3. *Directory of Polish Officials*. August 1967.


title: Star Model Z62

abstract: The Star Model Z62 is a submachine gun of Spanish origin which was developed to replace the Star Model Z45 in 1962.

text:
# Star Model Z62

The **Star Model Z62** is a submachine gun of Spanish origin which was developed to replace the *Star Model Z45* in 1962.

## Overview

The Star Model Z62 is a blowback operated firearm which fires from an open bolt. Earlier variants came with a double crescent trigger for single and full auto.

## Variants

### Z62

Uses a double crescent trigger for semi/full auto. Cocking handle on the left side of the receiver. Z62C uses cocking handle in front of receiver in the handguard.

### Z70

Uses a single trigger with select switch on fire control group. Cocking handle in front of the receiver in the handguard.

## Users

## InfoBox

| Star Model Z62 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Submachine gun |
| Place of origin | Spain |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1962–present |
| Used by | See Users |
| Wars | Argentine Dirty War
Salvadoran Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Star Bonifacio Echeverria |
| Variants | Z62
Z70 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2.87kg |
| Length | 480mm |
| Barrel length | 201mm |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 9×23mm Largo (Spanish service)
9×19mm Parabellum (export) |
| Caliber | 9mm |
| Action | Blowback |
| Rate of fire | 550rpm |
| Effective firing range | 200m |
| Feed system | 30 round box magazine |
| Sights | Iron |


title: Star Montana

abstract: Star Montana is a Los Angeles-based photographer. Her work has been shown in museums and galleries such as the Vincent Price Art Museum, The Main Museum, ArtCenter, internationally in Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico, and in the L.A. Metro Vermont/Beverly station from 2014 to 2016. She has also been featured in articles in Aperture and Hyperallergic.

text:
# Star Montana

**Star Montana** (born 1987) is a Los Angeles-based photographer. Her work has been shown in museums and galleries such as the Vincent Price Art Museum, The Main Museum, ArtCenter, internationally in Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico, and in the L.A. Metro Vermont/Beverly station from 2014 to 2016. She has also been featured in articles in *Aperture* and *Hyperallergic.*

## Early life

Montana grew up in the predominantly Mexican American Boyle Heights neighborhood of East Los Angeles. She describes her teenage self as a "street kid" who found photography when one of her friends showed Montana some photographs she took for a class at East Los Angeles College, and Montana realized she could pursue photography as an art form.

## Education

She is a first-generation high school and college graduate. She attended East Los Angeles College but transferred and received her BFA in 2013 from the School of Visual Arts in New York City. She is currently an MFA candidate at the University of Southern California.

## Career

Montana is known for her photographs which capture her home community of Boyle Heights. Her first solo show was *Tear Drops and Three Dots* at the Vincent Price Art Museum in 2016. The show used candid photographs to chronicle a personal and community narrative of loss and redemption in the wake of her mother's struggle with narcotics, her illness, and the aftermath of her death from complications related to Hepatitis C in 2010. "Star Montana: I Dream of Los Angeles" at The Main Museum in 2017 captured Boyle Heights residents in meditative moments. The show included extensive, personal narratives alongside her photographs, allowing her subjects to fully explore and share the complexities of their lives.

Her art bridges what she perceives as a gap in the art world. As she told *Surface* in 2017, “I think a lot of art is inaccessible to regular people,” she says. “They don’t feel worthy of it. I experienced that a lot.”

Montana cites Joseph Rodriguez, who she first learned of as a teenager through a Google search of "East L.A. Photographer," as an inspiration and a mentor.


title: Starehe

abstract: Starehe is a neighbourhood in the city of Nairobi. It is approximately 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of the central business district of Nairobi. It is one of the oldest estates in Nairobi.

text:
# Starehe

**Starehe** is a neighbourhood in the city of Nairobi. It is approximately 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of the central business district of Nairobi. It is one of the oldest estates in Nairobi.

## Location

Starehe is located approximately 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of Nairobi's central business district. It is straddled by General Waruingi Road to the south and borders other neighbourhoods such as Kariokor, Pumwani and Ziwani.

## Overview

Starehe is one of Nairobi's oldest neighbourhoods, dating back to the 1920s. Built between 1942 and 1946, based on the design by Kenya Government architect Peter Dangerfield, Starehe provided for single-family houses and dormitories suitable for bachelors. Starehe was the second of the three estates in Nairobi to employ the garden city concept after Ziwani then Kaloleni. Land on the westerly parts of Starehe estate that was originally had housing units, is currently occupied by a secondary school: Starehe Boys' Centre and School. The piece of land set aside for establishment of a boys and girls' secondary school is occupied by the Pumwani Boys' High School.

Due to the housing deficit in the city of Nairobi, Starehe has in the recent years been earmarked for upgrade, with demolition of the old low-density houses to high-density, with over 5,000 affordable housing units.

Starehe Sub-county and Starehe Constituency names are borrowed from the estate. The sub-county is one of the eleven sub-counties of Nairobi City County. Created in 1966, the constituency is one of the seventeen constituencies in Nairobi. the electoral divisions covers the mainly the central and some southern parts of Nairobi. It has six electoral county assembly wards within it.

## Points of interest

1. Starehe Boys' Centre and School, a secondary school founded in 1959 in Starehe.
2. Pumwani Boys' High School, a secondary school next to Starehe Boys' Centre and School, bordering the Pumwani suburb.

## InfoBox

| Starehe | |
| --- | --- |
| StareheLocation of Starehe in Kenya | |
| Coordinates: 1°16′51″S 36°50′28″E / 1.28083°S 36.84111°E / -1.28083; 36.84111 | |
| Country | Kenya |
| County | Nairobi City |
| Sub-county | Starehe |


title: Thirteener

abstract: In mountaineering in the United States, a thirteener is a mountain that exceeds 13,000 feet (3,962.4 m) above mean sea level, similar to the more familiar "fourteeners," which exceed 14,000 feet (4,267.2 m). In most instances, "thirteeners" refers only to those peaks between 13,000 and 13,999 feet in elevation. The importance of thirteeners is greatest in Colorado, which has the majority of such peaks in North America with over 600 of them. Despite the large number of peaks, over 20 peak baggers have reported climbing all of Colorado's thirteeners. Thirteeners are also significant in states whose highpoints fall between 13,000 and 13,999 feet. For example, the Wyoming thirteeners are the highest peaks within the state, and only 5 individuals have reported climbing all 35 peaks, likely due to a combination of technical difficulty and remoteness. In 2019, Teresa Gergen became the first person to summit all 846 thirteeners outside of Alaska, an accomplishment that took her nearly two decades to complete. Not all summits over 13,000 feet qualify as thirteeners, but only those summits that mountaineers consider to be independent. Objective standards for independence include topographic prominence and isolation, or a combination. However thirteener lists do not always consistently use such objective rules. A rule commonly used by mountaineers in the contiguous United States is that a peak must have at least 300 feet (91 m) of prominence to qualify. According to the Mountaineering Club of Alaska, it is standard in Alaska to use a 500 ft (152 m) prominence rule rather than a 300-foot rule. These are the standards applied for the lists below. Regarding whether or not peaks in excess of 13,999 feet should be considered as "thirteeners", this article will count them as such for statistical purposes, but concentrate its focus on those peaks less than 14,000 feet since the higher peaks are already covered in the fourteeners list.

text:
# Thirteener

In mountaineering in the United States, a **thirteener** (abbreviated 13er) is a mountain that exceeds 13,000 feet (3,962.4 m) above mean sea level, similar to the more familiar "fourteeners," which exceed 14,000 feet (4,267.2 m). In most instances, "thirteeners" refers only to those peaks between 13,000 and 13,999 feet in elevation.

The importance of thirteeners is greatest in Colorado, which has the majority of such peaks in North America with over 600 of them. Despite the large number of peaks, over 20 peak baggers have reported climbing all of Colorado's thirteeners. Thirteeners are also significant in states whose highpoints fall between 13,000 and 13,999 feet. For example, the Wyoming thirteeners are the highest peaks within the state, and only 5 individuals have reported climbing all 35 peaks, likely due to a combination of technical difficulty and remoteness. In 2019, Teresa Gergen became the first person to summit all 846 thirteeners outside of Alaska, an accomplishment that took her nearly two decades to complete.

Not all summits over 13,000 feet qualify as thirteeners, but only those summits that mountaineers consider to be independent. Objective standards for independence include topographic prominence and isolation (distance from a higher summit), or a combination. However thirteener lists do not always consistently use such objective rules. A rule commonly used by mountaineers in the contiguous United States is that a peak must have at least 300 feet (91 m) of prominence to qualify. According to the Mountaineering Club of Alaska, it is standard in Alaska to use a 500 ft (152 m) prominence rule rather than a 300-foot rule. These are the standards applied for the lists below. Regarding whether or not peaks in excess of 13,999 feet should be considered as "thirteeners", this article will count them as such for statistical purposes, but concentrate its focus on those peaks less than 14,000 feet since the higher peaks are already covered in the fourteeners list.

## List of United States thirteeners by state

Thirteeners are found in nine U.S. states. This table summarizes their numbers based on each state's prominence criteria:

| U.S. State | Thirteeners | Fourteeners | Highest 13er \< 14,000 ft | Elevation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Colorado | 637 | 53 | Grizzly Peak | 13,988 ft (4,264 m) |
| California | 149 | 12 | Mount Barnard | 13,990 ft (4,264 m) |
| Alaska | 41 | 20 | Mount Hunter, South Peak | 13,966 ft (4,257 m) |
| Wyoming | 35 | 0 | Gannett Peak | 13,804 ft (4,207 m) |
| Utah | 17 | 0 | Kings Peak | 13,528 ft (4,123 m) |
| New Mexico | 3 | 0 | Wheeler Peak | 13,161 ft (4,011 m) |
| Hawaii | 2 | 0 | Mauna Kea | 13,796 ft (4,205 m) |
| Nevada | 2 | 0 | Boundary Peak | 13,140 ft (4,005 m) |
| Washington | 0 | 1 | none | - |

### Colorado

By the most detailed count, Colorado has 637 peaks that exceed 13,000 feet (4,000 m) and meet the prominence criteria, of which 53 are fourteeners. The highest of them less than 14,000 feet are as follows (the rank includes higher peaks):

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 54 | Grizzly Peak | 13,988 ft (4,264 m) | Sawatch Range |
| 55 | Stewart Peak | 13,983 ft (4,262 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 56 | Columbia Point | 13,980 ft (4,261 m) | Sangre de Cristo Range |
| 57 | Pigeon Peak | 13,972 ft (4,259 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 58 | Mount Ouray | 13,971 ft (4,258 m) | Sawatch Range |
| 59 | Ice Mountain | 13,951 ft (4,252 m) | Sawatch Range |
| 60 | Fletcher Mountain | 13,951 ft (4,252 m) | Tenmile Range |
| 61 | Pacific Peak | 13,950 ft (4,252 m) | Tenmile Range |

Grizzly Peak is not only the name of Colorado's highest thirteener, but the state has four other Grizzly Peaks plus one Grizzly Mountain on the list:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 130 | Grizzly Peak | 13,738 ft (4,187 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 142 | Grizzly Mountain | 13,708 ft (4,178 m) | Sawatch Range |
| 145 | Grizzly Peak | 13,700 ft (4,176 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 302 | Grizzly Peak | 13,427 ft (4,093 m) | Front Range |
| 415 | Grizzly Peak | 13,281 ft (4,048 m) | Sawatch Range |

Other notable Colorado thirteeners include:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 66 | Mount Adams | 13,931 ft (4,246 m) | Sangre de Cristo Range |
| 68 | Mount Meeker | 13,911 ft (4,240 m) | Front Range |
| 82 | Crystal Peak | 13,852 ft (4,222 m) | Tenmile Range |
| 89 | Turret Peak | 13,835 ft (4,217 m) | Needle Mountains |
| 96 | Mount Silverheels | 13,822 ft (4,213 m) | Mosquito Range |
| 131 | Argentine Peak | 13,738 ft (4,187 m) | Tenmile Range |
| 253 | North Arapaho Peak | 13,502 ft (4,115 m) | Front Range |
| 304 | Mummy Mountain | 13,425 ft (4,092 m) | Mummy Range |
| 324 | Parry Peak | 13,391 ft (4,082 m) | Front Range |
| 451 | Hesperus Mountain | 13,232 ft (4,033 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 515 | Twilight Peak | 13,158 ft (4,011 m) | San Juan Mountains |
| 556 | Lizard Head | 13,113 ft (3,997 m) | San Juan Mountains |

### California

California has the second greatest number of thirteeners with 149 of them, of which 12 are fourteeners. The highest under 14,000 feet are as follows (the rank includes higher peaks):

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 | Mount Barnard | 13,990 ft (4,264 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 14 | Mount Humphreys | 13,986 ft (4,263 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 15 | Mount Keith | 13,975 ft (4,260 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 16 | Mount Stanford | 13,973 ft (4,259 m) | Sierra Nevada |

Other notable California thirteeners include:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19 | Mount Le Conte | 13,930 ft (4,246 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 21 | Mount Agassiz | 13,893 ft (4,235 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 23 | Norman Clyde Peak | 13,861 ft (4,225 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 26 | Mount Darwin | 13,831 ft (4,216 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 27 | Mount Kaweah | 13,802 ft (4,207 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 29 | Mount Winchell | 13,775 ft (4,199 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 30 | Mount Morgan (Inyo County) | 13,748 ft (4,190 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 33 | Red Kaweah | 13,720 ft (4,182 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 38 | Black Kaweah | 13,680 ft (4,170 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 39 | Mount Tom | 13,652 ft (4,161 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 46 | Birch Mountain | 13,602 ft (4,146 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 53 | Palisade Crest | 13,553 ft (4,131 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 69 | Montgomery Peak | 13,441 ft (4,097 m) | White Mountains |
| 76 | Kaweah Queen | 13,382 ft (4,079 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 120 | Red Slate Mountain | 13,163 ft (4,012 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 122 | Mount Ritter | 13,140 ft (4,005 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 123 | Mount Baxter | 13,140 ft (4,005 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 126 | Mount Lyell | 13,114 ft (3,997 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 137 | Mount Dana | 13,057 ft (3,980 m) | Sierra Nevada |
| 149 | Mount Morgan (Mono County) | 13,001 ft (3,963 m) | Sierra Nevada |

### Alaska

Alaska has at least 41 thirteeners that meet its more stringent prominence criteria of 500 ft, of which 20 are also fourteeners. Different sources list varying numbers of 13,000+ ft peaks in the state, mainly because many of the peaks (especially those that are sub-peaks of a higher mountain) are unnamed and have no spot elevations given on the USGS topographical maps. Using a 300' interpolated prominence criterion, there are 61 13,000+ ft peaks in Alaska. The following list may miss a few peaks that should be included:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 | Mount Hunter, South Peak | 13,966 ft (4,257 m) | Alaska Range |
| 22 | Atna Peaks | 13,860 ft (4,225 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 23 | Regal Mountain | 13,845 ft (4,220 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 24 | Mount Hayes | 13,832 ft (4,216 m) | Alaska Range |
| 25 | Mount Cook | 13,760 ft (4,194 m) | Saint Elias Mountains |
| 26 | Mount Sanford, South Peak | 13,654 ft (4,162 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 27 | Mount Quincy Adams | 13,615 ft (4,150 m) | Fairweather Range |
| 28 | Ocypete Peak | 13,550 ft (4,130 m) | Saint Elias Mountains |
| 29 | East Kahiltna Peak | 13,440 ft (4,097 m) | Alaska Range |
| 30 | Mount Natazhat | 13,435 ft (4,095 m) | Saint Elias Mountains |
| 31 | Mount Jarvis | 13,421 ft (4,091 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 32 | Mount Hunter, Middle Peak | 13,400 ft (4,084 m) + | Alaska Range |
| 33 | Mount Bona, East Peak (Tressider Peak) | 13,315 ft (4,058 m) | Saint Elias Mountains |
| 34 | Mount Hayes, South Peak | 13,305 ft (4,055 m) | Alaska Range |
| 35 | Celeno Peak | 13,300 ft (4,054 m) + | Saint Elias Mountains |
| 36 | Parka Peak | 13,280 ft (4,048 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 37 | Mount Silverthrone | 13,220 ft (4,029 m) | Alaska Range |
| 38 | Mount Marcus Baker | 13,176 ft (4,016 m) | Chugach Mountains |
| 39 | Mount Jarvis, North Peak | 13,025 ft (3,970 m) | Wrangell Mountains |
| 40 | Mount Moffit | 13,020 ft (3,968 m) | Alaska Range |
| 41 | Mount Zanetti | 13,009 ft (3,965 m) | Wrangell Mountains |

### Wyoming

Wyoming has 35 thirteeners with at least 300 ft of interpolated prominence, but no fourteeners. 31 of the 35 are located in the rugged and remote Wind River Range. Several of the Wyoming thirteeners require glacier travel and/or rock climbing up to the 5.4 YDS difficulty level to reach the summit, and most climbers spend multiple days backpacking to reach most of these peaks. The highest of them are:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Gannett Peak | 13,804 ft (4,207 m) | Wind River Range |
| 2 | Grand Teton | 13,770 ft (4,197 m) | Teton Range |
| 3 | Fremont Peak | 13,745 ft (4,189 m) | Wind River Range |
| 4 | Mount Warren | 13,722 ft (4,182 m) | Wind River Range |
| 5 | Mount Helen | 13,620 ft (4,151 m) | Wind River Range |
| 6 | Turret Peak | 13,620 ft (4,151 m) | Wind River Range |
| 7 | Mount Sacagawea | 13,569 ft (4,136 m) | Wind River Range |
| 8 | Jackson Peak | 13,517 ft (4,120 m) | Wind River Range |
| 9 | Mount Woodrow Wilson | 13,502 ft (4,115 m) | Wind River Range |
| 10 | Bastion Peak | 13,494 ft (4,113 m) | Wind River Range |
| 11 | Mount Febbas | 13,468 ft (4,105 m) | Wind River Range |
| 12 | Flagstone Peak | 13,450 ft (4,100 m) | Wind River Range |
| 13 | Sunbeam Peak | 13,440 ft (4,097 m) | Wind River Range |
| 14 | Pinnacle Ridge | 13,365 ft (4,074 m) | Wind River Range |
| 15 | Downs Mountain | 13,349 ft (4,069 m) | Wind River Range |

Other notable Wyoming thirteeners include:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | Wind River Peak | 13,192 ft (4,021 m) | Wind River Range |
| 23 | Cloud Peak | 13,167 ft (4,013 m) | Big Horn Mountains |
| 26 | Francs Peak | 13,153 ft (4,009 m) | Absaroka Range |
| 33 | Black Tooth Mountain | 13,005 ft (3,964 m) | Big Horn Mountains |

### Utah

Utah has 17 thirteeners with at least 300 ft of prominence, but no fourteeners. All of them are located in the remote Uinta Mountains near the Wyoming border. The highest of the thirteeners are:

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kings Peak | 13,528 ft (4,123 m) | Uinta Mountains |
| 2 | South Kings Peak | 13,512 ft (4,118 m) | Uinta Mountains |
| 3 | Gilbert Peak | 13,442 ft (4,097 m) | Uinta Mountains |
| 4 | Mount Emmons | 13,440 ft (4,097 m) | Uinta Mountains |

### New Mexico

New Mexico has 3 thirteeners, all located within about 40 miles (64 km) of each other in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wheeler Peak | 13,161 ft (4,011 m) | Sangre de Cristo Mountains |
| 2 | Truchas Peak | 13,102 ft (3,993 m) | Sangre de Cristo Mountains |
| 3 | North Truchas Peak | 13,024 ft (3,970 m) | Sangre de Cristo Mountains |

### Hawaii

Hawaii has two thirteeners, the great shield volcanoes which comprise the bulk of the Big Island of Hawaii.

| Rank | Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mauna Kea | 13,796 ft (4,205 m) | Island of Hawaii |
| 2 | Mauna Loa | 13,680 ft (4,170 m) | Island of Hawaii |

### Nevada

Nevada has only a single thirteener that meets the threshold for inclusion, Wheeler Peak in Great Basin National Park with an impressive 7,568 feet (2,307 m) of prominence. However, the highest point in the state is Boundary Peak, which is a sub-peak of California's Montgomery Peak with only 240 feet (73 m) of prominence.

| Mountain | Elevation | Range |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boundary Peak | 13,140 ft (4,005 m) | White Mountains |
| Wheeler Peak | 13,065 ft (3,982 m) | Snake Range |

### Washington

Mount Rainier is the only mountain in Washington state that exceeds 13,000 feet (4,000 m), and it has two summits that meet the prominence criteria, both of which are included on the list of fourteeners.