title: Toward Soviet America

abstract: Toward Soviet America is a book written by American Communist leader William Z. Foster in 1932. Foster described it in its preface as a "plain statement of Communist policy, avoiding technical complexities and theoretical elaboration [...] Its central purpose is to explain to the oppressed and exploited masses of workers and poor farmers how, under the leadership of the Communist party, they can best protect themselves now, and in due season cut their way out of the capitalist jungle to Socialism." Chapter 1 describes the Great Depression as a crisis of capitalism and symptom of its decay, chapter 2 glowingly describes the economic and cultural development of the Soviet Union, chapter 3 criticizes efforts to reform the capitalist system, while chapters 4 and 5 describe the policies proposed by the Communist Party and aspects of life in a future "United Soviet States of America." The work reflects the positions of the Communist Party USA during the Third Period, such as referring to the "social fascism" of the Socialist Party. In 1949 Foster wrote "I have long since criticized [Toward Soviet America] on the grounds—first, that it contains many incorrect formulations, and second, that the book in general no longer corresponds to the present political situation and to our policies. We do not circulate this and other outdated and often unsatisfactorily written American books, pamphlets, and articles on Communism." Despite this disavowal, the book was reprinted in 1961 by the House Un-American Activities Committee with the claim that it continued to represent the outlook and goals of the Communist Party USA.

text:
# Toward Soviet America

***Toward Soviet America*** is a book written by American Communist leader William Z. Foster in 1932. Foster described it in its preface as a "plain statement of Communist policy, avoiding technical complexities and theoretical elaboration \[...\] Its central purpose is to explain to the oppressed and exploited masses of workers and poor farmers how, under the leadership of the Communist party, they can best protect themselves now, and in due season cut their way out of the capitalist jungle to Socialism."

Chapter 1 describes the Great Depression as a crisis of capitalism and symptom of its decay, chapter 2 glowingly describes the economic and cultural development of the Soviet Union, chapter 3 criticizes efforts to reform the capitalist system, while chapters 4 and 5 describe the policies proposed by the Communist Party and aspects of life in a future "United Soviet States of America."

The work reflects the positions of the Communist Party USA during the Third Period, such as referring to the "social fascism" of the Socialist Party. In 1949 Foster wrote "I have long since criticized \[*Toward Soviet America*\] on the grounds—first, that it contains many incorrect formulations, and second, that the book in general no longer corresponds to the present political situation and to our policies. We do not circulate this and other outdated and often unsatisfactorily written American books, pamphlets, and articles on Communism." Despite this disavowal, the book was reprinted in 1961 by the House Un-American Activities Committee with the claim that it continued to represent the outlook and goals of the Communist Party USA.


title: Townsville Customs House

abstract: Townsville Customs House is a heritage-listed former customs house at Wickham Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George David Payne and built from 1900 to 1902 by Crawford & Cameron. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.

text:
# Townsville Customs House

**Townsville Customs House** is a heritage-listed former customs house at Wickham Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George David Payne and built from 1900 to 1902 by Crawford & Cameron. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.

## History

The former Townsville Customs House, the fourth customs building in Townsville, was constructed in 1901/02 to a design prepared in 1899/1900 by architect George Payne of the Government Architect's Office in the Queensland Department of Public Works.

Townsville had been established in the mid-1860s by pastoralist John Melton Black and his Sydney business partner, Robert Towns, as a port to service Woodstock Station. There were already ports at Bowen and Cardwell but during the wet season Woodstock and other stations to the west were often cut off from these centres by floodwaters.

In November 1864 Black's employees Andrew Ball and Mark Reid set up camp close to the mouth of Ross Creek on Cleveland Bay and in the next few months Black and Towns invested in the construction of a warehouse and wharf. A residence was constructed for Melton Black on Melton Hill overlooking the fledgling port.

At this period Robert Towns, with interests in banking, pastoral, shipping and commercial industries, was one of Australian's most influential businessmen. Having invested heavily in the early establishment of this new Queensland port facility, Black and Towns lobbied the colonial government to declare the new township a port of entry. They received support from the Queensland Collector of Customs and on 17 June 1865 Cleveland Bay was proclaimed a "Port of Entry and Clearance". At that time a small Customs service was established in the township. Staff included the Sub-Collector of Customs who, for an annual fee of |300, served as the Police Magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions, and Harbour and Port Master. Two staff were employed as customs and harbour workers, boatmen and constables. The construction of a bond store and customs warehouse was also authorised at that time.

On 29 July 1865 the Surveyor-General's Department decided that the new Customs House should be located next to the harbour entrance on Ross Creek. A town survey had been completed and the first land sales took place on 31 July 1865. On 6 September 1865 the Queensland Executive Council, referring for the first time to the township as "Townsville", approved a block of land bounded by the Strand and Flinders Street as an appropriate site for the Customs Reserve and new Customs House. It was in an elevated position and commanded an excellent view of the harbour.

Early in 1866 the Municipality of Townsville was declared with Black elected as Mayor. In October 1866 the Province of Townsville was declared, covering a large area centred round Townsville.

The discovery of gold at Cape River in 1867 and Ravenswood in 1869 stimulated the development of Townsville as a port and administration centre. By 1870 a new building had been constructed to house customs and court functions and a wharf built on the Customs Reserve on Ross Creek. The new building was a cramped, three-roomed wooden structure. Early in 1871 an additional two offices were added at the rear of the building. To create more space the Sub-Collector of Customs suggested that a bond store be built, which was constructed in July 1872 on the Customs Reserve close to the wharf facing Flinders Street.

In March 1874 the Sub-Collector of Customs further suggested that the Court House facilities be removed from the Customs building and in February 1875 approval was given for a new court house, which was constructed in 1876 in Sturt Street.

The Customs Service grew rapidly as road and rail networks in the Townsville hinterland expanded to meet the needs of the pastoral industry and gold fields. By the late 1870s the early timber framed government buildings in Townsville were beginning to be replaced by ore substantial structures. The new, more imposing buildings reflected the growing prosperity of the region. In 1884 the Customs Bond Store on the bank of Ross Creek was extended.

In 1889 the importance of the Customs Service was demonstrated with the opening of the new Brisbane Customs House. By September 1891 the inadequacy of the Townsville office was obvious and the decision was made to convert the former Post and Telegraph Office into a customs house. This work was completed by June 1892. At this stage the quarters of the Sub-Collector of Customs comprised a timber structure at the rear of the Supreme Court.

By 1898 the Customs Service had again outgrown its building. At the same time the Queensland government embarked on an ambitious building program to make a generous contribution to the planned Commonwealth of Australia by constructing new customs houses or upgrading existing ones prior to Federation. Included in the building program were new customs houses at Rockhampton (1898–1901), Townsville (1898–1902), Bundaberg (completed c.1902) and Mackay (completed in 1902) and an upgrading of the 1870 Maryborough Customs House in 1900.

Townsville Customs and Estate Agent JN Parkes, commissioned to find a suitable site for a new Townsville customs house, recommended two blocks bounded by The Strand, Wickham and Cunningham Streets. The site, owned by the Bank of New South Wales, was purchased by the Queensland government in November 1898 for £1600. Plans were prepared in 1899 by architect George Payne employed temporarily in the Government Architect's Office. The plans were approved by the government in January 1900, just prior to Federation and the creation of the new Australian Customs Services.

George Payne was a London born and trained architect who arrived in New South Wales c.1887. In the late 1880s he achieved success in a number of design competitions and in the early 1890s established his own architectural practice in Sydney. He was a foundation member of the Sydney Architectural Association and in 1891–93 its inaugural vice-president. Due to the effects of the economic depression of the 1890s on the architectural profession, Payne gained a temporary position as a draftsman in the Queensland Public Works Department, taking up the appointment in March 1898. It has been suggested that Payne may have been the catalyst for the sophistication of the subsequent work of the Department's Professional Branch. He prepared working drawings for the Rockhampton Customs House, in which he likely contributed to the design detailing and in 1899 designed and documented the Townsville Customs House. With the tropical climate and the government's desire to impress in mind, he designed a colonnaded Romanesque building with an imposing presence to The Strand and shaded, well ventilated interiors. In late 1902 Payne resigned from the Public Works Department to oversee construction of his winning design for St Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Brisbane, for which he acquired a national reputation.

Payne's Townsville Customs House was a brick and stone building of generous design, with high ceilings to allow for maximum air circulation and broad, colonnaded verandahs to provide shade for the internal rooms. While no plans of previous Townsville Customs buildings have been located it is probable that this building provided, for the first time, the traditional arrangement of Customs Service rooms, based on the British tradition of a lofty and impressive "long room" for the reception of the public. It appears to have included residential accommodation for the Sub-Collector of Customs on the upper floor and a basement. As with other Queensland customs buildings designed at this period, the Townsville Customs House, through its architectural distinction, was designed to impress and to present the Customs Service as a crucial arm of government.

Tenders were called in February 1900 and the tender of £26,642, submitted by Messrs Crawford and Cameron of Kangaroo Point, Brisbane was accepted on 7 March 1900. The works supervisor was ES Hunt. The building was constructed of brick and stone with concrete foundations and a plinth of granite from Cockle Bay on Magnetic Island. The use of local labour and materials was intended to stimulate local industry. However, it is thought that the stone dressings (sandstone colonnade, balustrade rails and bases) came from Stanwell near Rockhampton. Construction was completed in late 1902.

Following the federation of the Australian colonies as the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901, the new federal government assumed responsibility for the fixing and collection of customs duties on goods entering Australia. Customs duties imposed on inter-colonial trade were abolished. The operation of existing coastal customs houses and the establishment of new ones became a Commonwealth function. Under the new arrangements, the Commonwealth assumed control of Queensland's existing customs houses. By December 1908 the Townsville Customs House, valued at £32,201 (£27,261 for the structure and £4,940 for the site), had been transferred to the Commonwealth.

The building was severely damaged by Cyclone Leonta in March 1903 when two chimneys fell and crashed through the roof into an office below. Despite repairs the roof began to leak and in 1910 the tiles were replaced with galvanised iron pan tiles. The tiles on the portico turret roof were left in situ until 1938 when leaks developed and the whole roof was replaced with galvanised steel.

Besides the Commonwealth Customs Service, the building also accommodated a number of Queensland government agencies, including the Stamps and Titles Office (c.1938), Department of Works, the Bankruptcy Branch and the Electoral Office. During the second world war the Commonwealth Department of Works and Buildings expanded and in 1943 constructed a temporary, two storeyed building in the southwest corner of the grounds. The balcony above the Long Room became office space and a temporary wooden mezzanine floor was erected in the Long Room. Part of the first floor residence became office space for the Department of Works and Buildings and the basement was converted into an air raid shelter with an exit door to Wickham Street. During the war years Works and Buildings was responsible for the construction of war facilities across north Queensland. The department constructed military facilities as well as converting private property to military use and continued to operate from the Customs House until the 1980s.

The roof was damaged again in 1971 by Cyclone Althea, following which the domed roof was reclad with galvanised steel and the turret roof with zinc in 1973.

By 1973 other government departments were again occupying the building including the Department of Works, the Department of Primary Industry and the Department of the Navy.

In 1978 the building was entered on the Register of the National Estate. Restoration work in 1983 won a John Herbert Award for Meritorious Conservation Action. This work included a new roof of specially formed painted steel to the original 1910 profile and gutters replaced to match the original ogee profile. The flat at the west end was vacated and verandah enclosures removed, with restoration of the stone and brick work on the balcony. The building was painted and exterior masonry was dressed and re-pointed.

In 1992 $620,000 was allocated by the Federal government for the restoration and conservation of the building, including the repair of the sandstone, masonry and roof sheeting.

The place is no longer owned by the Commonwealth.

## Description

The Townsville Customs House is located on the corner of The Strand and Wickham Street, at the base of Melton Hill overlooking Cleveland Bay. It is one of a number of buildings at the eastern end of the city which are of cultural heritage significance.

The building is a two-storeyed, L-shaped, red brick building with an elaborate semi-circular corner entrance. Verandahs exist on both levels on both street elevations, with iron balustrading on the ground floor. There is a tower on the Strand side, which has a lookout for the observation of shipping. The roof is roll and cap iron.

The ground floor interior includes the Long Room which contains the public counter and work area; a communications room; several general offices; two store rooms; an entrance hall, main stairs and lobby; colonnades; a safe; clearing office; strong room; amenities room; field store; and a flat containing a bedroom, bathroom, balcony and portion of the colonnade.

The first floor contains the Sub-Collector of Customs living area. Within this area are three bedrooms created using modern partitioning, a living room, lounge, kitchen, and colonnades on both the north and south facades, which contain laundry and bathroom facilities. There is also a lobby into the living area (former Titles Office), a staircase lobby, a gallery over the Long Room, a pantry and store.

The surviving internal timber work and timber fittings are of cedar. There are a number of tiled fireplaces throughout the main offices.

There are leadlight windows in the original dome. The cedar and plaster mouldings of the dome are also intact.

## Heritage listing

Townsville Customs House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The former Townsville Customs House, completed in 1902, was commissioned by the Queensland government prior to Federation during the period of planning for the hand over of government departments and their facilities to the new federal government. Purpose-built as a customs house, the building was used by the Australian Customs Service for close to a century. It is significant historically as an expression of the importance of the customs service to Queensland and to Australia.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The former Townsville Customs House is an elegant, imposing brick building with sandstone detailing. It remains substantially intact and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class of place, being one of a group of imposing, two-storeyed brick and stone customs houses designed by the Queensland Public Works department and constructed around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is important in illustrating the best work of the office of the Queensland Government Architect and in particular the work of respected architect George Payne. The former Townsville Customs House provides important evidence of adaptation to the climatic requirements of north Queensland particularly in its high ceilings and wide colonnades along the length of both street elevations. It possesses a strong, visual unity in its use of scale, materials and texture and has architectural significance on a national scale.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

With its distinctive entrance portico and domed roof the former Townsville Customs House makes an outstanding contribution to an historic and aesthetic streetscape that includes Anzac Memorial Park, the former Queen's Hotel, the State Government Offices, Tattersalls Hotel, and the former Bank of New South Wales.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The place has a special association with the work in Townsville and north Queensland of the Queensland and Australian customs services for close to a century.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Townsville Customs House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Townsville Customs House | |
| --- | --- |
| Townsville Customs House, 2008 | |
| Location | Wickham Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 19°15′20″S 146°49′19″E / 19.2556°S 146.8219°E / -19.2556; 146.8219 |
| Design period | 1900–1914 (early 20th century) |
| Built | 1900–1902 |
| Architect | George David Payne |
| Architectural style(s) | Romanesque |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Townsville Customs House |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 7 February 2005 |
| Reference no. | 600937 |
| Significant period | 1900s (fabric)<br>1900s–1980s (historical) |
| Significant components | dome, safe, residential accommodation – quarters, tower – observation/lookout, strong room |
| Builders | Crawford & Cameron |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Townsville Customs House in QueenslandTownsville Customs House (Australia) | |


title: Tourniquet

abstract: A tourniquet is a device that is used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity in order to create ischemia or stopping the flow of blood. It may be used in emergencies, in surgery, or in post-operative rehabilitation. A simple tourniquet can be made from a stick and a rope, but the use of makeshift tourniquets has been reduced over time due to their ineffectiveness compared to a commercial and professional tourniquet. This may stem the flow of blood, but side effects such as soft tissue damage and nerve damage may occur.

text:
# Tourniquet

A **tourniquet** is a device that is used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity in order to create ischemia or stopping the flow of blood. It may be used in emergencies, in surgery, or in post-operative rehabilitation.

A simple tourniquet can be made from a stick and a rope, but the use of makeshift tourniquets has been reduced over time due to their ineffectiveness compared to a commercial and professional tourniquet. This may stem the flow of blood, but side effects such as soft tissue damage and nerve damage may occur.

## History

During Alexander the Great’s military campaigns in the fourth century BC, tourniquets were used to stanch the bleeding of wounded soldiers. Romans used them to control bleeding, especially during amputations. These tourniquets were narrow straps made of bronze, using only leather for comfort.

In 1718, French surgeon Jean Louis Petit developed a screw device for occluding blood flow in surgical sites. Before this invention, the *tourniquet* was a simple garrot, tightened by twisting a rod (thus its name *tourniquet*, from *tourner* = to turn).

In 1785, Sir Gilbert Blane advocated that, in battle, each Royal Navy sailor should carry a tourniquet:

> It frequently happens that men bleed to death before assistance can be procured, or lose so much blood as not to be able to go through an operation. In order to prevent this, it has been proposed, and on some occasions practised, to make each man carry about him a garter, or piece of rope yarn, in order to bind up a limb in case of profuse bleeding. If it be objected, that this, from its solemnity may be apt to intimidate common men, officers at least should make use of some precaution, especially as many of them, and those of the highest rank, are stationed on the quarter deck, which is one of the most exposed situations, and far removed from the cockpit, where the surgeon and his assistants are placed. This was the cause of the death of my friend Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, who having had his knee so shattered with round shot that it was necessary to amputate the limb, expired under the operation, in consequence of the weakness induced by loss of blood in carrying him so far. As the Admiral on these occasions allowed me the honour of being at his side, I carried in my pocket several tourniquets of a simple construction, in case that accidents to any person on the quarter deck should have required their use.

In 1864, Joseph Lister created a bloodless surgical field using a tourniquet device. In 1873, Friedrich von Esmarch introduced a rubber bandage that would both control bleeding and exsanguinate. This device is known as Esmarch's bandage. In 1881, Richard von Volkmann noted paralysis can occur from the use of the Esmarch tourniquet, if wrapped too tightly. Many cases of serious and permanent limb paralysis were reported from the use of non-pneumatic Esmarch tourniquets.

After observing considerable number of pressure paralysis with non-pneumatic, elastic, tourniquets, Harvey Cushing created a pneumatic tourniquet, in 1904. Pneumatic tourniquets were superior over Esmarch’s tourniquet in two ways: (1) faster application and removal; and (2) decrease the risk of nerve palsy.

In 1908, August Bier used two pneumatic tourniquets with intravenous local anesthesia to anesthetize the limb without general anesthetics.

In the early 1980s, microprocessor-based pneumatic tourniquet systems were invented by James McEwen. These modern electronic pneumatic tourniquet systems generally regulate the pressure in the tourniquet cuff within 1% of the target pressure and allows real-time monitoring of the inflation time. Modern pneumatic tourniquet systems include audiovisual alarms to alarm the user if hazardously high or low cuff pressures are present, automatic self-test and calibration, and backup power source.

In the 2000s, the silicon ring tourniquet, or elastic ring tourniquet, was developed by Noam Gavriely, a professor of medicine and former emergency physician. The tourniquet consists of an elastic ring made of silicone, stockinet, and pull straps made from ribbon that are used to roll the device onto the limb. The silicone ring tourniquet exsanguinates the blood from the limb while the device is being rolled on, and then occludes the limb once the desired occlusion location is reached. Unlike the historical mechanical tourniquets, the device reduces the risk of nerve paralysis. The surgical tourniquet version of the device is completely sterile, and provides improved surgical accessibility due to its narrow profile that results in a larger surgical field. It has been found to be a safe alternative method for most orthopedic limb procedures, but it does not completely replace the use of contemporary tourniquet devices. More recently the silicone ring tourniquet has been used in the fields of emergency medicine and vascular procedures. However, in 2015 Feldman et. al. reported two cases of pulmonary embolism after silicon ring exsanguination tourniquet application in patients with traumatic injuries. In one case of exsanguination tourniquet induced bilateral pulmonary emboli, after rapid intervention a 65-year-old woman was discharged in good condition 7 days after surgery. In a second case with multiple pulmonary emboli, despite extensive efforts of intervention a 53-year-old man’s condition quickly deteriorated after surgery, and was declared brain dead 2 days after. While Feldman et. al. discuss the potential risk of DVT for various types of tourniquets and exsanguination methods, the authors recommend extreme caution and suggest avoiding the use of an exsanguination tourniquet in patients with risk factors for DVT, including patients with traumatic injury of the extremities.

Most modern pneumatic tourniquet systems include the ability to measure the patient’s limb occlusion pressure (LOP) and recommend a tourniquet pressure based on the measured LOP to set safer and lower tourniquet pressures. Limb occlusion pressure is defined as "the minimum pressure required, at a specific time by a specific tourniquet cuff applied to a specific patient’s limb at a specific location, to stop the flow of arterial blood into the limb distal to the cuff.”

After World War II, the US military reduced use of the tourniquet because the time between application and reaching medical attention was so long that the damage from stopped circulation was worse than that from blood loss. Since the beginning of the 21st century, US authorities have resuscitated its use in both military and non-military situations because treatment delays have been dramatically reduced. The Virginia State Police and police departments in Dallas, Philadelphia and other major cities provide tourniquets and other advanced bandages. In Afghanistan and Iraq, only 2 percent of soldiers with severe bleeding died compared with 7 percent in the Vietnam War, in part because of the combination of tourniquets and rapid access to doctors. Between 2005 and 2011, tourniquets saved 2,000 American lives from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In civilian use, emerging practices include transporting tourniquetted patients even before emergency responders arrive and including tourniquets with defibrillators for emergency use.

There are currently no standards for testing tourniquets although there have been several proposed devices to ensure that the appropriate pressures could be generated including many commercial systems and an open source system that can be largely 3D printed. This would allow distributed manufacturing of tourniquets.

## Risks

Risks and contraindications related to the use of a surgical tourniquet include: nerve injuries, skin injuries, compartment syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, and pain. Risk of injury can be minimized by minimizing tourniquet pressure and pressure gradients. Tourniquet pressure and pressure gradients can be minimized by using a tourniquet pressure based on the patient’s limb occlusion pressure, and by using a wider, contoured pneumatic tourniquet cuff.

In some elective surgical procedures such as total knee arthroplasty, some research suggests tourniquet use may be associated with an increased risk of adverse events, pain, and a longer hospital stay, despite tourniquet use allowing shorter times in the operating room. However, such evidence (meta-analyses and reviews) often omit the analysis of key tourniquet parameters and their correlation to outcomes leading to limited, inconclusive, and conflicting results.

A study by Pavao et al compared no tourniquet use to optimized tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty and found no significant differences in surgical timing, blood loss, thigh and knee pain, edema, range of motion, functional scores, and complications, thus allowing surgery to occur with the benefits of a clean and dry surgical field from an optimized tourniquet without increase procedure-related comorbidities. Therefore, tourniquet use optimized to mitigate tourniquet related-risks while maintaining the benefits of a clear bloodless field and faster operating times may be achieved by minimizing tourniquet pressure and inflated tourniquet times.

## Types

There are three types of tourniquets: surgical tourniquets, emergency tourniquets, and rehabilitation tourniquets.

### Surgical tourniquets

Surgical tourniquets prevent blood flow to a limb and enable surgeons to work in a bloodless operative field. This allows surgical procedures to be performed with improved precision, safety and speed. Surgical tourniquets can be divided into two groups: pneumatic tourniquets and non-pneumatic tourniquets.

#### Surgical pneumatic tourniquets

Surgical pneumatic tourniquets are routinely and safely used orthopedic and plastic surgery, as well as in intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block anesthesia) where they serve the additional function of preventing the central spread of local anesthetics in the limb. Modern pneumatic tourniquet systems consist of a pneumatic tourniquet instrument, tourniquet cuffs, pneumatic tubing, and limb protection sleeves.

##### Surgical pneumatic tourniquet instrument

Modern pneumatic tourniquet instruments are microcomputer-based with the following features:

* Accurate pressure regulator to maintain cuff pressure within 1% of the target pressure,
* Automatic timer to provide precise record of inflation time,
* Audiovisual alarms to warn the operator if potential hazards are detected,
* Automatic self test and self-calibration to ensure system hardware and software integrity, and
* Backup power source to allow continued operation if unanticipated power outage occurs

Many studies published in the medical literature have shown that higher tourniquet pressures and pressure gradients are associated with higher risks of tourniquet-related injuries. Advances in tourniquet technology have reduced the risk of nerve-related injury by optimizing and personalizing tourniquet pressure based on the patient’s Limb Occlusion Pressure (LOP), rather than setting standard tourniquet pressures, which are generally higher and more hazardous. LOP is defined as “the minimum pressure required, at a specific time by a specific tourniquet cuff applied to a specific patient’s limb at a specific location, to stop the flow of arterial blood into the limb distal to the cuff.” LOP accounts for variables such as cuff design (bladder width), cuff application (snugness), patient limb characteristics (shape, size, tissues), and patient’s systolic blood pressure. After LOP is measured, personalized tourniquet pressure is set to LOP plus a safety margin to account for any increase in limb occlusion pressure normally expected during the surgery. The use of personalized pressures and wide contour tourniquet cuffs have been found to reduce average tourniquet pressure by 33%-42% from typical pressures. Setting the tourniquet pressure on the basis of LOP minimizes the pressure and related pressure gradients applied by a cuff to an underlying limb, which helps to minimize the risk of tourniquet-related injuries.

LOP may be measured manually by Doppler ultrasound. However, the method is time consuming and its accuracy is highly dependent on the skill and experience of the operator. LOP may also be measured automatically using a photoplethysmography distal sensor applied to the patient’s finger or toe of the operative limb to detect volumetric changes in blood in peripheral circulation as cuff pressure is gradually increased. Finally, most recently, LOP may be measured using a dual-purpose tourniquet cuff to monitor arterial pulsations in the underlying limb as the cuff pressure is gradually increased.

Pneumatic tourniquet instruments and cuffs are available in a single-line (single-port) or dual-line (dual-port) setup. Single-port configuration uses the same pneumatic line that connects the instrument to the cuff for both pressure regulation and pressure monitoring. Dual-port configuration uses one pneumatic line to regulate pressure and one pneumatic line to monitor pressure. The dual-port configuration may facilitate faster cuff pressure regulation and the detection of occlusions in the hoses.

##### Surgical pneumatic tourniquet cuff

Compressed gas is introduced into a bladder within a pneumatic tourniquet cuff by the pneumatic tourniquet instrument through a pneumatic tubing. The inflated cuff exerts pressure on the circumference of the patient’s limb to occlude blood flow.

Compression by the inflated cuff can result in tissue injury. A good tourniquet cuff fit ensures even pressure distribution across the underlying soft tissues, whereas a poor tourniquet cuff fit can result in areas of higher pressure which can lead to soft tissue ischemia. Therefore, in order to safely and effectively occlude blood flow distal to the applied tourniquet cuff, proper selection and application of the tourniquet cuff should be followed.

The following should be considered when selecting a tourniquet cuff:

* Cuff location,
* Limb shape which determines the cuff shape (e.g. cylindrical or contour shaped),
* Limb circumference which determines the cuff length,
* Cuff width,
* Single versus dual bladder design (e.g. whether an IVRA cuff is needed), and
* Use sterile cuff when it will be very close to the sterile field

##### Surgical limb protection sleeve

It is recommended to protect the limb beneath the cuff by applying a low-lint, soft padding around the limb, prior to cuff application, according to the cuff manufacturer’s instructions for use. Matching limb protection sleeves matched to the cuff width and patient’s limb circumference has been shown to produce significantly fewer, less severe wrinkles and pinches in the skin surface than other padding types tested.

#### Surgical non-pneumatic tourniquet

In silicone ring tourniquets, or elastic ring tourniquets, the tourniquet comes in a variety of sizes. To determine the correct tourniquet size, the patient's limb circumference at the desired occlusion location should be measured, as well as their blood pressure to determine the best model. Once the correct model is selected, typically two sterile medical personnel will be needed to apply the device. Unlike with a pneumatic tourniquet, the silicone ring tourniquet should be applied after the drapes have been placed on the patient. This is due to the device being completely sterile. The majority of the devices require a two-man operation (with the exception of the extra large model):

1. One person is responsible for holding the patient's limb. The other will place the device on the limb (extra large models may require two people).
2. Application:
    1. The elastic ring tourniquet is placed on the patient's limb. If placed on a hand or foot, all fingers or toes should be enclosed within the tourniquet.
    2. The handles of the tourniquet should be positioned medial-lateral on the upper extremity or posterior-anterior on the lower extremity.
    3. The person applying the device should start rolling the device while the individual responsible for the limb should hold the limb straight and maintain axial traction.
    4. Once the desired occlusion location is reached, the straps can be cut off or tied just below the ring.
    5. A window can be cut or the section of stockinet can be completely removed.
    6. Once the surgery is completed the device is cut off with a supplied cutting card.

The elastic ring tourniquet follows similar recommendations noted for pneumatic tourniquet use:

1. It should not be used on a patient's limb for more than 120 minutes, as the interruption of blood flow may cause cell damage and necrosis.
2. The tourniquet should not be placed on the ulnar nerve or the peroneal nerve.
3. The silicone ring device cannot be used on patients with blood problems such as DVT, edema, etc.
4. A patient suffering from skin lesions or a malignancy should use this type of tourniquet.

### Emergency tourniquets

Emergency tourniquets differ from surgical tourniquets as are they are used in military combat care, emergency medicine, and accident situations where electrical power is not available, and may need to be applied by an assisting person or self-applied by the injured person. Emergency tourniquets are assessed for their effectiveness of hemorrhage control, pulse stoppage distal to the tourniquet, time to stop bleeding, total blood loss, and applied pressure. However, their design and safe use should be considered as it relates to nerve injury, reperfusion injury, soft tissue injury, and pain.

Early implementation of non-pneumatic tourniquet use in the nineteenth century for non-amputation surgical procedures often resulted in reports of permanent and temporary limb paralysis, nerve injuries, and other soft-tissue injuries. As a result, pneumatic tourniquets were developed for surgery, where the applied pressure and pressure gradients can be controlled, minimized, and controlled, and thereby minimize the risk of tourniquet related injuries.

#### Pneumatic emergency tourniquet

##### Emergency military tourniquet

The Emergency & Military Tourniquet (EMT) is an example of a pneumatic tourniquet developed for safe use in pre-hospital or military settings. In a study that evaluated 5 emergency tourniquet systems for use in the Canadian Forces, the EMT was one of the most effective tourniquets and caused the least pain. In another study comparing the effectiveness of 3 emergency tourniquet systems, while all devices were effective in both hemorrhage control and stopping blood flow, the EMT also performed the best for shortest time to stop blood flow, lowest total blood loss, and required the least amount of pressure to stop blood flow.

#### Non-pneumatic emergency tourniquet

##### Silicone ring auto-transfusion tourniquet

The silicone ring auto-transfusion tourniquet (SRT/ATT/EED), or surgical auto-transfusion tourniquet (HemaClear), is a simple to use, self-contained, mechanical tourniquet that consists of a silicone ring, stockinet, and pull straps that results in the limb being exsanguinated and occluded within seconds of application. The tourniquet can be used for limb procedures in the operating room, or in emergency medicine as a means to stabilize a patient until further treatment can be applied.

##### Combat application tourniquet

The combat application tourniquet (CAT) was developed by Ted Westmoreland. It is used by the U.S. and coalition militaries to provide soldiers a small and effective tourniquet in field combat situations. It is also used in the UK by NHS ambulance services, along with some UK fire and rescue services. The unit utilizes a windlass with a locking mechanism and can be self-applied. The CAT has been adopted by military and emergency personnel around the world.

An open hardware-based 3D printing project called the Glia Tourniquet (windlass type) enables emergency tourniquets to use distributed manufacturing to make them for $7 in materials. Concerns over quality control of distributed manufactured tourniquets was partially addressed with an open source testing apparatus. The tourniquet tester costs less than $100 and once calibrated with a blood pressure monitor, the built-in LCD displays the measuring range of the tester (0 to 200 N), which can be used to test the validation of all tourniquets.

### Rehabilitation tourniquets

#### Personalized blood flow restriction

Recently, pneumatic tourniquets have been successfully used for a technique called Personalized Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFRT) to accelerate the rehabilitation of orthopedic patients, injured professional athletes, and wounded soldiers.

Typically, to increase muscle size and strength, a person needs to lift loads at or above 65% of their one repetition maximum. However, injured patients are often limited to low-load resistance exercise where strength and size benefits are limited compared to high-load resistance exercise.

Low-load resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown in literature to increase both muscle strength and size across different age groups. With BFR, exercise can be performed at substantially lower loads and intensities while generating similar muscular and physiological adaptations seen in high intensity resistance training. For load compromised populations, this reduces the pain during the exercise protocol and leads to overall improvements in physical function.

To provide consistent BFR pressure stimulus to patients, it is recommended to (1) apply a restrictive pressure that is personalized to each individual patient based on the patient’s limb occlusion pressure, and (2) utilize a BFR system that can provide surgical-grade tourniquet autoregulation.


title: Toronto Toros

abstract: The Toronto Toros were an ice hockey team based in Toronto that played in the World Hockey Association from 1973 to 1976.

text:
# Toronto Toros

The **Toronto Toros** were an ice hockey team based in Toronto that played in the World Hockey Association from 1973 to 1976.

## History

The franchise was awarded to Doug Michel in 1971 for $25,000 to play in the WHA's inaugural 1972–73 season. Harold Ballard, owner of Maple Leaf Gardens and the Toronto Maple Leafs, offered to rent the arena to the team if it was located in Toronto, but Michel found the rent excessive. He then tried to base the team in Hamilton, but the city did not have an appropriate venue. Michel settled on Ottawa and the team became the Ottawa Nationals. Nick Trbovich became majority owner in May 1972.

The team was a flop at the box office, averaging about 3,000 fans a game, and in March 1973 — just before the end of the season — the City of Ottawa demanded payment of $100,000 to guarantee the club dates at the Ottawa Civic Centre. The team decided to leave Ottawa and played their home playoff games at Maple Leaf Gardens, attracting crowds of 5,000 and 4,000 in two games before being eliminated by the New England Whalers. During this playoff series, the team was referred to as the "Ontario Nationals". At the end of the season, the team moved to Toronto permanently, and was sold to John F. Bassett, son of media mogul and former Leafs part-owner John W. H. Bassett. Future Leafs owner Steve Stavro was a minority shareholder. They were renamed the Toronto Toros in June 1973.

Initially, Bassett wanted to move the team into a renovated CNE Coliseum, while Bill Ballard — Harold's son, who was running the Gardens while his father served a prison sentence — wanted the team at the Gardens and opposed the plan to upgrade the Coliseum. The Toros ended up at Varsity Arena for the 1973–74 season. Bassett signed forwards Pat Hickey and Wayne Dillon to aid the offensive attack. He also made a strong attempt to sign Leaf centre Darryl Sittler, and thought he had an agreement for a five-year $1 million contract, but Sittler re-signed with the Leafs. The Toros played to a 41-33-4 record in the regular season, bolstered by goaltenders Gilles Gratton and Les Binkley and a strong defensive corps backstopped by ex-Maple Leaf star Carl Brewer. The Toros also fared well in the playoffs, making it to the Eastern Conference final, only to lose to the Chicago Cougars.

The Toros moved to Maple Leaf Gardens for the 1974–75 season, however, by this time Harold Ballard had regained control of the Gardens. Ballard was a virulent opponent of the WHA; he never forgave the upstart league for nearly decimating the Leafs' roster in the early 1970s, and Ballard had a few years earlier been involved with a power struggle with Bassett's father for control of the Maple Leafs, one that Ballard ultimately won. Ballard deliberately made the Toros' lease terms at the Gardens as onerous as possible with the Toros' lease with Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. calling for them to pay $15,000 per game. However, much to Bassett's outrage, the arena was dim for the first game. It was then that Ballard demanded $3,500 for use of the lights. Ballard also denied the Toros access to the Leafs' locker room, forcing them to build their own at a cost of $55,000. He also removed the cushions from the home bench for Toros' games (he told an arena worker, "Let 'em buy their own cushions!"). It was obvious that Ballard was angered at the WHA being literally in his backyard, and took his frustration on the renegade league out on the Toros.

Despite the financial difficulties, the Toros managed to strengthen themselves in the off-season. They signed two ex-Leafs: former NHL superstar Frank Mahovlich and the hero from the 1972 Summit Series, Paul Henderson, as well as Czech star Vaclav Nedomansky, who defected to Toronto. Tom Simpson became the first professional hockey player in Toronto to have a 50-goal season, scoring 52 goals (a number he would never come close to matching again). The Toros finished the year with the league's fifth-best record at 43-33-2, but were knocked out of the playoffs in the first round by the San Diego Mariners. The Toros were now averaging 10,000 fans per home game.

In part due to the expenses associated with playing in the Gardens, the Toros bottomed out in the 1975–76 season. They finished with a horrible 24-52-5 record—the worst in the league—under their head coach Bobby Baun, despite Nedomansky's 56 goals and the signing of 18-year-old Mark Napier, who scored 93 points in his rookie year. The Toros still averaged over 8,000 fans per game, which was a 20 percent drop from the previous year.

Following that disastrous season, with the drop in attendance and onerous lease terms at the Gardens, Bassett moved the club to Birmingham, Alabama, where they were renamed the Birmingham Bulls for the 1976–77 season. The last active Toros player in the NHL was Mark Napier, who last played in the NHL in the 1988–89 NHL season and retired in 1993 in Italy. As well, Toros draft pick Kent Nilsson played his last NHL game in 1995 and retired in Europe in 1998, but never played for Toronto in the WHA.

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **Pts** | **GF** | **GA** | **PIM** | **Finish** | **Playoffs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973–74 | 78 | 41 | 33 | 4 | 86 | 304 | 272 | 871 | 2nd, Eastern | Won Quarterfinals (Crusaders)
Lost Semifinals (Cougars) |
| 1974–75 | 78 | 43 | 33 | 2 | 88 | 349 | 304 | 883 | 2nd, Canadian | Lost Quarterfinals (Mariners) |
| 1975–76 | 81 | 24 | 52 | 5 | 53 | 335 | 398 | 1099 | 4th, Canadian | Did not qualify |
| **Totals** | **237** | **108** | **118** | **11** | **227** | **988** | **974** | **2853** |  |  |

## Hall of famers

1. Patton, Paul (1973-05-03). "Bassett buys WHA's Ottawa franchise, seeks Toronto home, nickname for team". *The Globe and Mail*.
2. Beddos, Dick (1972-01-21). "No WHA decomposure: New hockey body is 'alive and kicking'". *The Globe and Mail*.
3. "Ballard gives WHA terms". *The Globe and Mail*. 1971-12-11.
4. Hockey Trade Rumors – NHL Rumors from around the league – 37 Year Cup Drought – The Legacy of Harold Ballard Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
5. "WHA will operate in 2-division setup". *The Globe and Mail*. 1976-08-19.

## InfoBox

| Toronto Toros | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Toronto, Ontario |
| League | World Hockey Association |
| Operated | 1973–1976 |
| Home arena | Maple Leaf Gardens
& Varsity Arena |
| Colors | Red, blue, white
 |
| Media | CKGN-TV
CFRB |
| Franchise history | |
| 1972–1973 | Ottawa Nationals |
| 1973 playoffs | Ontario Nationals |
| 1973–1976 | **Toronto Toros** |
| 1976–1979 | Birmingham Bulls |


title: Torosomyia

abstract: Torosomyia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Torosomyia

***Torosomyia*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

United States.

## InfoBox

| *Torosomyia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Goniini |
| Genus: | *Torosomyia*
Reinhard, 1935 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Torosomyia parallela*
Reinhard, 1935 | |


title: Tra te e il mare (song)

abstract:
"Tra te e il mare" is a song written by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci and originally recorded by Laura Pausini. The song, produced by Pausini herself with Alfredo Cerruti and Dado Parisini, was released on 21 August 2000 as the first single from the album of the same name.
A Spanish-language version of the song, with lyrics adapted by Ignacio Ballesteros and titled "Entre tú y mil mares", was also recorded and released by Pausini for the Hispanic market. The single hit the top five in Italy, and entered the top twenty of the US Hot Latin Songs chart, as well as on the French Singles Chart.

text:
# Tra te e il mare (song)

"**Tra te e il mare**" (lit.'"Between you and the sea"') is a song written by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci and originally recorded by Laura Pausini. The song, produced by Pausini herself with Alfredo Cerruti and Dado Parisini, was released on 21 August 2000 as the first single from the album of the same name. A Spanish-language version of the song, with lyrics adapted by Ignacio Ballesteros and titled "**Entre tú y mil mares**", was also recorded and released by Pausini for the Hispanic market.

The single hit the top five in Italy, and entered the top twenty of the US Hot Latin Songs chart, as well as on the French Singles Chart.

## Covers and other recordings

After writing the song, Antonacci recorded "Entre tú y mil mares" as a duet with the track's original performer, Pausini, and included the track in the compilation album *Cuànto tiempo... y ahora*, released in 2003. The Italian-language version of the song was recorded by Antonacci in 2008, for the album *Il cielo ha una porta sola*. This version of the song includes a sample from "Start Me Up" by the Rolling Stones.

In 2013, the song was re-recorded with a new arrangement for Pausini's greatest hits album *20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos*. This version of the song was re-issued in 2014 as a duet with Spanish singer Melendi.

## Live performances

Pausini performed the song several times. In February 2001, Pausini gave a rendition of the song as a part of a medley during the 51st Sanremo Music Festival. During the concert she held il Milan on 2 December 2001, she performed the song with Biagio Antonacci. The live performance was included in the video album *Live 2001/2002 World Tour*, released in 2002. Several other live versions of the song were released over the following years, and included in the albums *Live in Paris 05*, *San Siro 2007*, and *Laura Live*.

During the live show Amiche per l'Abruzzo, created by Pausini herself in support of the populations affected by the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, Pausini performed "Tra te e il mare" as a duet with Italian singer Elisa. In 2014, during his concert at the San Siro stadium in Milan, Antonacci sang "Tra te e il mare" with Eros Ramazzotti and Laura Pausini. The live recording was featured on the album *Palco Antonacci*.

In 2020, Pausini performed an acoustic version of the song at the empty Colosseum in Rome, as part of the virtual event I Love Beirut, created by Lebanese-born British singer Mika in support of Lebanon after the 2020 Beirut explosion.

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed by Alberto Colombo. It has a total length of 3 minutes and 49 seconds.

In 2015, a new music video was released for the Spanish-language version of the song, "Entre tú y mil mares", recorded as a duet with Melendi. The new video was filmed in Madrid by directors Leandro Manuel Emede and Nicolò Cerioni.

## Track listing

CD single – "Tra te e il mare" – Italy (2000) 1. "Tra te e il mare" – 3:49
2. "Tra te e il mare" (Instrumental) – 3:49
3. "Looking for an Angel" – 4:13

CD single – "Tra te e il mare" – Germany (2001) 1. "Tra te e il mare" – 3:49
2. "La solitudine" (Original version) – 4:04

CD single – "Entre tú y mil mares" – Spain (2000) 1. "Entre tú y mil mares" (Progressive Brizz Mix Radio Edit) – 3:47
2. "Entre tú y mil mares" (Progressive Brizz Mix Extended Club) – 8:05
3. "Tra te e il mare" (Progressive Brizz Mix Radio Edit) – 3:47

## Charts

| Chart (2000–01) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 9 |
| France (SNEP) | 16 |
| France Airplay (SNEP) | 16 |
| Italy (FIMI) | 4 |
| Italy Airplay (Music Control) | 3 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 82 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 42 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Latin Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 10 |
| US Tropical Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Tra te e il mare" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Laura Pausini | |
| from the album  *Tra te e il mare* | |
| B-side | "Looking for an Angel" |
| Released | 21 August 2000 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Songwriter(s) | Biagio Antonacci |
| Producer(s) | * Laura Pausini * Alfredo Cerruti * Dado Parisini |
| Laura Pausini singles chronology | |
| "One More Time"
(1999) "**Tra te e il mare**"
(2000) "Il mio sbaglio più grande"
(2001) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Tra te e il mare" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Trab domain containing 2b

abstract: TraB domain containing 2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRABD2B gene.

text:
# Trab domain containing 2b

**TraB domain containing 2B** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRABD2B gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TRABD2B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TRABD2B, TIKI2, TraB domain containing 2B | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 614913; MGI: 3650152; HomoloGene: 85034; GeneCards: TRABD2B; OMA:TRABD2B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001194986   NM\_001085549   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001181915   NP\_001079018   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 47.76 – 48 Mb Chr 4: 114.26 – 114.47 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Track surface

abstract:
The track surface of a horse racing track refers to the material of which the track is made. There are three types of track surfaces used in modern horse racing. These are:
  - Turf, the most common track surface in Europe
  - Dirt, the most common track surface in the US
  - Artificial or Synthetic, the collective term for a number of proprietary man-made surfaces in use at a number of locations around the world. The style of racing differs between surfaces, with dirt races tending to have the fastest pace, while turf racing often comes down to a sprint in the stretch. Races on artificial surfaces tend to play out somewhere in between. Anecdotally, American bettors consider dirt racing to be more predictable, which makes it a more popular medium for betting purposes. Weather conditions affect the speed of the different surfaces too, and grading systems have been developed to indicate the track condition. Turf surfaces are the most affected by changes in the weather, and many turf horses will have a strong preference for a specific type of going.

text:
# Track surface

The **track surface** of a horse racing track refers to the material of which the track is made. There are three types of track surfaces used in modern horse racing. These are:

* **Turf**, the most common track surface in Europe
* **Dirt**, the most common track surface in the US
* **Artificial** or **Synthetic**, the collective term for a number of proprietary man-made surfaces in use at a number of locations around the world.

The style of racing differs between surfaces, with dirt races tending to have the fastest pace, while turf racing often comes down to a sprint in the stretch. Races on artificial surfaces tend to play out somewhere in between. Anecdotally, American bettors consider dirt racing to be more predictable, which makes it a more popular medium for betting purposes. Weather conditions affect the speed of the different surfaces too, and grading systems have been developed to indicate the track condition (known as the "going" in the UK and Ireland). Turf surfaces are the most affected by changes in the weather, and many turf horses will have a strong preference for a specific type of going.

## Synthetic surfaces

Synthetic surfaces allow racing to take place in bad weather conditions, when it may otherwise be cancelled, and for this reason are sometimes referred to as All Weather surfaces. Manufacturers of synthetic racetrack surface materials promote the fact that synthetic tracks have drainage attributes that are better than natural surfaces.

There is also evidence that synthetic surfaces are significantly safer than dirt in terms of equine breakdowns, though there are many variables that come into play. The statistics for North America in 2015 showed 1.18 fatalities per 1,000 starts on synthetic surfaces, 1.22 on grass courses, and 1.78 on dirt tracks. The breakdown rates were down for each of the surfaces compared to 2014.

The first synthetic surface used for thoroughbred racing was Tropical Park's Tartan turf, a synthetic surface similar to Astroturf installed in 1966. Tartan turf was never a success with horsemen.

The first synthetic surface to replace dirt in the United States was installed at The Meadows Racetrack and Casino in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1963. This surface, called Tartan, was found to be unsatisfactory and removed and replaced with a traditional limestone surface in 1975.

| Name | Manufacturer | Country | Description | Installations |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cushion Track | Equestrian Surfaces |  | Sand, synthetic fibers, elastic fiber coated with wax. The footing is approximately seven inches deep, followed by a geotextile membrane/tarmac.
 | Santa Anita Park (replaced)
Hollywood Park (closed down)
Courbold Park, Sunshine Coast
Toowoomba, Queensland\[A\]
Klampenborg, Denmark
Taby Galopp, Sweden (closed)
Al Khor Horse Breeders Park, Qatar |
| Fibresand | Mansfield Sand Company |  | Sand particles and polypropylene fibres. | Southwell (until 2021) |
| Polytrack | Martin Collins Enterprises |  | A mixture of silica sand, recycled synthetic fibers (carpet & spandex) and recycled rubber/pvc. In cold climates, the mixture may also include jelly cable (plastic insulation from copper phone wire). The entire mixture is coated with wax. | Lingfield Park
Kempton Park
Chelmsford City
Dundalk
Chantilly
Marseille-Vivaux
Pau (CLOPF)
Kranji, Mijas(CLOPF)
Veliefendi
Arlington Park
Del Mar Racetrack (replaced)
Keeneland Race Course (replaced)
Pakenham Racecourse, VIC
Cagnes Sur Mer Racecourse
Deauville-La Touques Racecourse
Gokdere & Bedew Racecourses in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Fairview Racecourse
Greyville, Durban South Africa Cambridge and Riccarton Park Racecourse, New Zealand |
| Pro-Ride | Pro-Ride Racing Australia Pty Ltd |  | 6 inches of footing (sand, nylon fibres, Spandex fibres coated in a polymeric binder) on top of a 4-inch IMC layer (sand & nylon fibres) on top of a drainage system. | Flemington
Santa Anita (removed)
Rosehill Racecourse, NSW
Warwick Farm Racecourse, NSW |
| Tapeta | Michael Dickinson, Inc. |  | Sand, fibre, rubber and wax makes up the top 4-7 inches of the racing surface, installed on top of either porous asphalt or a geotextile membrane. | Spreyton
Golden Gate Fields
Albany, California
Berkeley, CA
Presque Isle Downs
Wolverhampton
Newcastle
Woodbine
Dubai Racecourse Meydan
Turfway Park
Gulfstream Park
Southwell (from 2021) |
| Visco-Ride |  |  | Sand and fibre coated in wax | Flemington, Victoria (removed)
Cranbourne Racecourse, Victoria (removed)
Warwick Farm Racecourse, New South Wales (removed) Lyon La Soie (France)
Pornichet (France) |
| EquiPolitrek | Visteks Ltd |  | A mixture of silica sand, recycled synthetic fibers (carpet & spandex) and chopped geotextile. The surface keeps the exploitation characteristics in a wide temperature range (from -40° up to +100° С). The entire mixture is coated with wax. | Akbuzat Race Track (First in 2007, Renewed in 2021)
International Equestrian Complex, Kazan (First in 2005, Renewed in 2020)
International Equestrian Complex, Pradar
Equestrian Complex, Jump
Equestrian Complex, Nimb
Equestrian Complex, Sady Pridoniya |

1. Toowoomba has converted 1/2 the synthetic track into turf and have the all-weather track as a training track


# Track speed skating at the 2022 World Games – Women's 500 m sprint

The women's 500 m sprint competition in track speed skating at the 2022 World Games took place on 8 July 2022 at the Birmingham CrossPlex in Birmingham, United States.

## Competition format

A total of 15 athletes entered the competition. Eight fastest athletes from preliminary round advances to the semifinal. Best two athletes in each semifinal advances to the final.

## Results

### Preliminary round

### Semifinals

### Final

| Rank | Name | Country | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Laethisia Schimek | Germany | 46.992 |
|  | Geiny Pájaro | Colombia | DSQ | |
|  | Asja Varani | Italy | DSQ | |
|  | Chen Ying-chu | Chinese Taipei | DSQ | |

## InfoBox

| Women's 500 m sprint <br>at the 2022 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Birmingham CrossPlex, Birmingham, United States |
| Date | 8 July 2022 |
| Competitors | 15 from 15 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Toyoaki, Gunma

abstract: Toyoaki was a village located in Gunma, Japan during the years 1889–1954.

text:
# Toyoaki, Gunma

**Toyoaki** (豊秋村, *Toyoaki-mura*) was a village located in Gunma, Japan during the years 1889–1954.

## History

Toyoaki Village was formed in 1889 as a result of the merging of three villages: Ishihara Village, Naka Village, and Yunoue (Miyuukida) Village. On April 1, 1954, Toyoaki Village merged with Furumaki Village, Kanashima Village and Shibukawa Town to become Shibukawa City.

## Today

The area formerly held as Toyoaki Village is now a part of Shibukawa City, and the name of the former village is retained in the name of an elementary school.


title: Trade unions in South Korea

abstract: The Ministry of Employment and Labor announced on December 30, 2021, that as of 2020, 14.2% of workers were in trade unions in South Korea, a 1.7% increase from 12.5% in 2019. Korea's unionization rate peaked in 1989 at 19.8% and fell to 10% 2004. There are two national trade union centres in South Korea: the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU) and the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU). In 2007, the FKTU had 1,153,863 members, the KCTU had 1,134,056 members (40.4%), and 516,714 workers were members of independent trade unions affiliated to neither national centre.

text:
# Trade unions in South Korea

The Ministry of Employment and Labor announced on December 30, 2021, that as of 2020, 14.2% of workers were in **trade unions in South Korea**, a 1.7% increase from 12.5% in 2019. Korea's unionization rate peaked in 1989 at 19.8% and fell to 10% 2004.

There are two national trade union centres in South Korea: the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU) and the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU). In 2007, the FKTU had 1,153,863 members (41.1% of trade unionists in Korea), the KCTU had 1,134,056 members (40.4%), and 516,714 workers were members of independent trade unions affiliated to neither national centre.

1. FKTU becomes S. Korea's biggest umbrella union in 2020: gov't *yonhap news*, December 30, 2021.

## InfoBox

Trade unions in South Korea
| National organization(s) | KCTU, FKTU |
| --- | --- |
| Global Rights Index | |
| 5 No guarantee of rights | |
| International Labour Organization | |
| South Korea is a member of the ILO | |
| Convention ratification | |
| Freedom of Association | 20 April 2021 |
| Right to Organise | 20 April 2021 |


title: Trams in Hong Kong

abstract: Trams in Hong Kong include the Hong Kong Tramways, the Peak Tram and the Light Rail Transit.

text:
# Trams in Hong Kong

**Trams in Hong Kong** include the Hong Kong Tramways, the Peak Tram (a funicular railway which is always referred to as a tram) and the Light Rail Transit (MTR Light Rail, LRT; formerly KCR Light Rail).

## History

A bill, the *Tramways Bill 1881*, was introduced in the legislature of the colony in 1881, with the motion for its first reading moved by Francis Bulkeley Johnson and seconded by Ng Choy. It called for the construction along the northern shore of the city and to the peak a tramway "*to be moved by animal, steam or any mechanical power, for the carriage of passengers, their belongings, whether luggage, goods or passengers' animals, provided that they did not exceed 16 lb. in weight or one cubic foot in volume*". One of the six proposed lines, "tramway no. 6", was built as the Peak Tram, along with the *Peak Tram Regulations* made by the Governor in Council under the *Tramways Ordinance 1883* on 16 December 1889. The other five lines become the model for the 1904 tramways, although not following exactly the same route, with another, separate ordinance, the *Hongkong Tramway Ordinance 1902*.

## The systems

### Peak Tram

The Peak Tram, opened in 1888, is a funicular railway.

### Hong Kong Tramways

In service since 1904, the Hong Kong Tramways is a traditional British Isles-style double-decker tramway with street running, along the north shore of Hong Kong Island.

### MTR Light Rail

Since 1988, the MTR Light Rail system (then called Light Rail Transit (LRT); part of the KCR network and operated by the KCR Corporation until 2008) has served in the northwest New Territories.

## Track gauge and voltage

* Peak Tram: 1,524 mm (5 ft) five-foot gauge, n/a (funicular)
* Hong Kong Tramways: 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), 550  DC (overhead line, collected by a single trolley pole)
* MTR Light Rail: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge, 750 V DC (overhead line)

## Services

* Peak Tram: One single line (1888)
* Hong Kong Tramways (1904):
    + Shau Kei Wan \<--\> Western Market
    + Shau Kei Wan \<--\> Happy Valley
    + North Point \<--\> Witty Street
    + Causeway Bay \<--\> Witty Street
    + Happy Valley \<--\> Kennedy Town
    + Shau Kei Wan \<--\> Kennedy Town
    + Western Market \<--\> Kennedy Town
    + Causeway Bay \<--\> Kennedy Town
* Light Rail (1988)
    + 5xx (1988)
    + 6xx (1988)
    + 7xx (1993)


title: Torras i Bages (Barcelona Metro)

abstract: Torras i Bages is a station of the Barcelona Metro, on L1. Opened in 1968, it serves the northern part of the Sant Andreu de Palomar neighbourhood in the Sant Andreu district. It was one of the termini of this subway line until 1983, when it was extended into Santa Coloma de Gramenet. The station does not include accessibility facilities as of 2008. It has two 107-metre-long platforms, and it is unusual for a subway station of this kind in having three railtracks as opposed to two, due to its former role as line terminus. The current railtrack leading to Fondo is actually a secondary one. The station is named after a road, Passeig de Torras i Bages (and ultimately after the 19th century bishop of Vic Josep Torras i Bages.

text:
# Torras i Bages (Barcelona Metro)

**Torras i Bages** is a station of the Barcelona Metro, on L1 (red line). Opened in 1968, it serves the northern part of the Sant Andreu de Palomar neighbourhood in the Sant Andreu district. It was one of the termini of this subway line until 1983, when it was extended into Santa Coloma de Gramenet. The station does not include accessibility facilities as of 2008. It has two 107-metre-long platforms, and it is unusual for a subway station of this kind in having three railtracks as opposed to two, due to its former role as line terminus. The current railtrack leading to Fondo is actually a secondary one.

The station is named after a road, Passeig de Torras i Bages (and ultimately after the 19th century bishop of Vic Josep Torras i Bages.

## Services

| Preceding station | Metro | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sant Andreutowards Hospital de Bellvitge |  | L1 |  | Trinitat Vellatowards Fondo |

41°26′31″N 2°11′26″E / 41.44194°N 2.19056°E / 41.44194; 2.19056


title: Torrazzo of Castel Goffredo

abstract: The Torrazzo is a historic building in Castel Goffredo, in the province of Mantua.

text:
# Torrazzo of Castel Goffredo

The **Torrazzo** is a historic building in Castel Goffredo, in the province of Mantua.

## History and description

Located in the south-eastern corner of Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi, to which it belongs and whose history it follows, in the central Piazza Mazzini, it is a medieval building with a cantilevered crown supported by corbels, probably erected in the second half of the 14th century for defensive purposes and used as a residence for the vicar representing the Gonzaga family of Mantua, to whom the Municipality of Castel Goffredo had to provide accommodation and contribute to the salary. The first vicar to occupy the structure was Ambrogio de Ferrari in 1379 which was followed by thirteen others. The torture chamber was housed on the ground floor of the building.

Until 1480 it belonged to the Municipality together with the Palazzo del Vicario, who gave it to the bishop of Mantua Ludovico Gonzaga (1460-1511) when he became marquis of Castel Goffredo, perhaps with the intention, together with the other wing of the palace, of making it his residence.

An anonymous seventeenth-century manuscript reports that the Torrazzo (also known as "Torricello" or "Torricella") was the seat of the pawnshop of the Jews, called in 1588 from Mantua by the Marquis Alfonso Gonzaga. Saint Aloysius Gonzaga also stayed in the Torrazzo.

Elena Aliprandi and her daughter Cinzia Gonzaga were held prisoner in the rooms of the Torrazzo when a popular uprising of the "Magnificent Community" of the castle led to the death of her husband, the Marquis Rodolfo Gonzaga (1569-1593) on 3 January 1593.

It was externally renovated in the eighteenth century when the five windows overlooking the square were opened.

## Bibliography

* (in Italian) Antonino Bertolotti, *I comuni e le parrocchie della provincia mantovana*, Mantova, 1893.
* (in Italian) Costante Berselli, *Castelgoffredo nella storia*, Mantova, 1978.
* (in Italian) Francesco Bonfiglio, *Notizie storiche di Castelgoffredo*, 2ª ed., Mantova, 2005.
* (in Italian) Carlo Gozzi, *Raccolta di documenti per la storia patria od Effemeridi storiche patrie*, Tomo II, Mantova, 2003.
* (in Italian) Touring Club Italiano, *Lombardia*, Milano, 1970.

45°17′53″N 10°28′32″E / 45.29808°N 10.47555°E / 45.29808; 10.47555

## InfoBox

| Torrazzo of Castel Goffredo | |
| --- | --- |
| Torrione | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Alternative names | Torricello |
| General information | |
| Location | Piazza Mazzini |
| Town or city | Castel Goffredo |
| Country | Italy |
| Construction started | 14th century |
| Height | 23 metres (75 ft) |


title: Totoyi v Ncuka

abstract: In Totoyi v Ncuka, an important case in the South African law of lease, the parties had agreed that the amount of rent after the first four years was to rise gradually from two pounds and ten shillings per annum, "but not to exceed 4 pounds per annum." The court held that the formula was too vague to be converted into a sum of money. The case of Raner and Bernstin v Armitage must be distinguished from this one, as there a lessee had the option to renew, one of the terms of the option being that "the [...] rental shall not exceed the sum of 75 pounds per month." The court in Raner held that this formula was adequate, because it meant that the lessee had the right to renew at the rental of 75 pounds per month. The distinction between the two cases lies in the fact that, in Totoyi, the formula stipulated an indefinite period, during which indefinite amounts would be added, whereas in the second the formula referred to a precise moment in time and allowed the whole amount of the rise to take place at that time.

text:
# Totoyi v Ncuka

In ***Totoyi v Ncuka***, an important case in the South African law of lease, the parties had agreed that the amount of rent after the first four years was to rise gradually from two pounds and ten shillings per annum, "but not to exceed 4 pounds per annum." The court held that the formula was too vague to be converted into a sum of money.

The case of *Raner and Bernstin v Armitage* must be distinguished from this one, as there a lessee had the option to renew, one of the terms of the option being that "the \[...\] rental shall not exceed the sum of 75 pounds per month." The court in *Raner* held that this formula was adequate, because it meant that the lessee had the right to renew at the rental of 75 pounds per month.

The distinction between the two cases lies in the fact that, in *Totoyi*, the formula stipulated an indefinite period, during which indefinite amounts would be added, whereas in the second the formula referred to a precise moment in time (the date of renewal) and allowed the whole amount of the rise to take place at that time.

* *Totoyi v Ncuka* 1909 EDC 115.


title: Totrodrou

abstract: Totrodrou is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Kouibly Department in Guémon Region, Montagnes District. Totrodrou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished. In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Totrodrou was 13,403.

text:
# Totrodrou

**Totrodrou** is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Kouibly Department in Guémon Region, Montagnes District.

Totrodrou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Totrodrou was 13,403.

## Villages

The eleven villages of the sub-prefecture of Totrodrou and their population in 2014 are:

1. Baou 1 (1,184)
2. Béoué 2 (724)
3. Datouzon (1,254)
4. Guinglo-Ville (937)
5. Guinglo-Zia (319)
6. Guézon-Kirou (540)
7. Kordrou (2,297)
8. Nénady-Kirou (1,377)
9. Nénady-Tébao 1 (1,201)
10. Totodrou (2,101)
11. Touandrou-Kirou (1,469)

## InfoBox

| Totrodrou | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and sub-prefecture | |
| TotrodrouLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 7°17′N 7°23′W / 7.283°N 7.383°W / 7.283; -7.383 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Montagnes |
| Region | Guémon |
| Department | Kouibly |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 13,403 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Tots and Quots

abstract: The Tots and Quots was a dining club for scientists and other intellectuals that was based in London and was active from 1931 to 1946. It was founded by Solly Zuckerman and went through two periods of activity, one from 1931 to 1933, and a second period when Zuckerman revived the club in November 1939. Most of the activity of the second period took place between 1940 and 1943, but the club was not disbanded until 1946 when increasing political divergence and limitations on Zuckerman's time made the organisation no longer viable. The name "Tots and Quots" was chosen as an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "Quot homines, tot sententiae", with the words tot and quot being inadvertently placed in the wrong order.

text:
# Tots and Quots

The **Tots and Quots** was a dining club for scientists and other intellectuals that was based in London and was active from 1931 to 1946. It was founded by Solly Zuckerman and went through two periods of activity, one from 1931 to 1933, and a second period when Zuckerman revived the club in November 1939. Most of the activity of the second period took place between 1940 and 1943, but the club was not disbanded until 1946 when increasing political divergence and limitations on Zuckerman's time made the organisation no longer viable.

The name "Tots and Quots" was chosen as an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "Quot homines, tot sententiae" ('there are as many opinions as there are people', or literally 'as many men, so many opinions'), with the words *tot* and *quot* being inadvertently placed in the wrong order.

## Notable members


title: Toxobotys praestans

abstract: Toxobotys praestans is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe and Akira Mutuura in 1968. It is found in Hainan, China.

text:
# Toxobotys praestans

***Toxobotys praestans*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe and Akira Mutuura in 1968. It is found in Hainan, China.

## InfoBox

| *Toxobotys praestans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Toxobotys* |
| Species: | ***T. praestans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Toxobotys praestans***<br>Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 | |
|


abstract: The men's shot put event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 6 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

text:
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's shot put

The **men's shot put** event at the **2015 Military World Games** was held on 6 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:

| **World Record** | Randy Barnes (USA) | **23.12** | Westwood, United States | 20 May 1990 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CISM World Record** | Paolo Dal Soglio (ITA) | **20.39** | Zagreb, Croatia | August 1999 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6 October 2015 | **14:00** | **Final** |

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Darlan Romani
*Brazil* | Bob Bertemes
*Luxembourg* | Georgi Ivanov
*Bulgaria* |

## Results

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Mark | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Darlan Romani | Brazil | **20.08** | x | 19.46 | x | x | 19.46 | **20.08** |  |
|  | Bob Bertemes | Luxembourg | 18.93 | 19.00 | **19.60** | x | 19.58 | 19.36 | **19.60** |  |
|  | Georgi Ivanov | Bulgaria | x | 18.20 | 19.21 | **19.37** | x | x | **19.37** |  |
| 4 | Tian Zizhong | China | 18.80 | 18.93 | **19.13** | 18.77 | x | 18.59 | **19.13** |  |
| 5 | Sultan Al-Hebshi | Saudi Arabia | 17.86 | x | 18.42 | 18.35 | **19.04** | x | **19.04** |  |
| 6 | Jakub Szyszkowski | Poland | 17.96 | 17.59 | 17.36 | 18.33 | x | **18.93** | **18.93** |  |
| 7 | Anton Tikhomirov | Russia | 17.83 | 18.09 | x | 18.10 | **18.69** | x | **18.69** |  |
| 8 | Musab Momani | Jordan | 17.78 | **17.79** | 17.79 | 17.48 | x | x | **17.79** |  |
| 9 | Arttu Kangas | Finland | 17.74 | x | **17.78** |  |  |  | **17.78** |  |
| 10 | Ronald Julião | Brazil | 14.88 | x | **15.10** |  |  |  | **15.10** |  |
|  | Pethias Barclays Gondwe Mdoka | Malawi |  |  |  |  |  |  | DNS |  |
|  | Emmanuel Chimdzeka | Malawi |  |  |  |  |  |  | DNS |  |
|  | Jili Wen | China |  |  |  |  |  |  | DNS |  |
|


title: Travelling Man (TV series)

abstract: Travelling Man is a Granada TV series broadcast in the United Kingdom between 7 November 1984 and 15 October 1985. Created and written by Roger Marshall, one of the original writers of The Avengers, the series starred Leigh Lawson as Lomax and Lindsay Duncan as his girlfriend. Broadcast in the 9pm slot on ITV, the series drew audiences of up to 13.2 million. Each episode had its own story, within an overarching plot of Lomax searching for his missing son and hunting down those who framed him.

text:
# Travelling Man (TV series)

***Travelling Man*** is a Granada TV series broadcast in the United Kingdom between 7 November 1984 and 15 October 1985. Created and written by Roger Marshall, one of the original writers of *The Avengers*, the series starred Leigh Lawson as Lomax and Lindsay Duncan as his girlfriend. Broadcast in the 9pm slot on ITV, the series drew audiences of up to 13.2 million. Each episode had its own story, within an overarching plot of Lomax searching for his missing son and hunting down those who framed him.

## Series one

On his release from prison, Lomax finds his wife has emigrated and is suing him for divorce. His son Steve has gone missing. Returning to his beloved narrowboat, *Harmony*, Lomax embarks on a long search for his son - and for the man who framed him. He is pursued by the police, who have him under surveillance, various underworld figures, and a journalist named Robinson - all of whom believe that he has a hidden stash of drugs money and will lead them to it.

## Series two

Robinson asks Max to look after his godchild, Billy. Max spends a weekend away from *Harmony* looking after a hotel, where the only guests are a mysterious couple. He is helping out in a pub, when a gang of motorcyclists are upset. Steve, his son, challenges him to prove his innocence and robs a betting shop. Unknowingly he upsets the local gang boss Jack Ormand. Max meets up with an ex-cellmate, 'Granny' Jackson. Max finally gets closer to finding the man who set him up. An ex-girlfriend gives him the name 'Len Martin', but he remains one step ahead.

A further run of thirteen episodes was commissioned but Leigh Lawson chose to leave, following an earlier disagreement with Granada which had refused to release him from his contract to take the lead role in Roman Polanski's film *Pirates*. Consequently, the cliffhanger ending of the final episode of series 2, which was intended to lead into series 3, had to be resolved with a brief voiceover on the closing credits by Terry Taplin.

Leigh Lawson as of 2010 has gone on record and said the main reasons for him not continuing into a third series were artistic. He was not happy with the fact it was being filmed on video, which it has to be said, does degrade sound and visual quality significantly in certain scenes. He also stated he was against one of the central story arcs being brought to a conclusion too early - namely the search for Lomax's son, Steve.

## Background

Marshall drew on his previous writing, in particular Frank Marker, the private detective he co-created for the 1960s/1970s drama *Public Eye*. Lomax shares some of Marker’s traits and moral dilemmas, their good intentions compromised by their time in prison. Both men will be pre-judged about their actions and plans, based solely on their 'shady' pasts. Marshall wrote each episode himself, adding a sense of continuity to the self-contained episodes. The Macclesfield Canal and the Chirk Aqueduct on the Llangollen Canal were amongst the many locations used in the dramatisation of the waterway film sequences.

## Cast

Series One
| Episode | Broadcast | Synopsis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1: First Leg | 7 November 1984 | Max is released from prison and returns to London to find that his wife has emigrated and that his son is missing. He leaves London and embarks on his narrowboat *Harmony*. He takes up with a young woman, Andrea, and sorts out a demanding drug dealer for a former nurse who has become addicted. He gives her the drug dealer's money so she can book herself into a clinic. |
| 2: The Collector | 14 November 1984 | Max continues his search, accompanied by Andrea. Max has to visit his sick mother in London. While he is away, Naylor interrogates Andrea about 'The Money' and sets fire to the boat. On his return Max seeks out Naylor at home and warns him off. Naylor gives chase on his motorbike, but ends up crashing through the barriers of an elevated motorway. |
| 3 The Watcher | 21 November 1984 | Max's quest leads him to a village in Wales, where he immediately comes under suspicion when a local girl goes missing. |
| 4: Grasser | 28 November 1984 | A hit man accidentally sends a bullet through a window on *Harmony*, and Max thinks someone is out to get him. |
| 5: Moving On | 5 December 1984 | Max continues his search for Steve, and a girl thinks she recognises him. |
| 6: Sudden Death | 12 December 1984 | Max attends his mother’s funeral in London, not knowing that Steve was also there. He meets Neil Pember, a former police colleague. |

Series Two
| Episode | Date Broadcast | Synopsis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 A Token Attempt | 3 September 1985 | Robinson asks Max to look after his goddaughter, Billy. A Fleet Street favour ends in tragedy. |
| 8 Weekend | 10 September 1985 | Max spends a weekend away from *Harmony*, looking after a hotel, where the only couple staying are a mystery. Lomax is left to play host to a married couple when he calls on an old friend and, later, becomes involved in a mystery when the wife is abducted. |
| 9 The Quiet Chapter | 17 September 1985 | A birthday barbecue at a Cheshire country house is gate-crashed by a motorcycle gang. Lomax, who is working as a part-time barman, attracts the attention of a tipsy woman, the mother of the party girl, who demands he drive her home. They arrive back at the country house as the police are dealing with the gate-crashing bikers. |
| 10 Hustler | 24 September 1985 | Lomax and Steve, Max's son, spend a week together on the canals; Steve challenges Max to prove his innocence. He knows his father needs money to finance his quest and robs a betting shop. However, the shop belongs to local gang boss, Jack Ormand, who sets his heavies on the trail. |
| 11 On the Hook | 1 October 1985 | It is winter; Lomax, holed up in remote farmland, becomes a suspect in a rustling case. He meets up with an ex-cell mate, Granny Jackson, who gives him a lead to the real thieves. |
| 12 Blow-Up | 8 October 1985 | Lomax is coming closer to the man who framed him. A Fleet Street hack thinks he may be able to help, but most assistance comes from Lomax's girlfriend, Maureen, who gives him the name 'Len Martin', but Martin remains one step ahead. |
| 13 Last Lap | 15 October 1985 | Lomax at last catches up with Len Martin, the man who framed him, causing his prison sentence and eventual disgrace. A chase ensues. Len Martin dies, impaling himself improbably on an old ship. Max's quest has failed. The series ends abruptly. |

## Critique

*Travelling Man* has often been compared to the mid-1960s American series *The Fugitive*, on which it draws both structurally and thematically. While protagonist Alan Lomax is not actually 'on the run', having served his time, it is clear from the start that the authorities still believe him guilty. While *The Fugitive* leaned heavily on the open landscapes of America, *Travelling Man* is set in the drug-infested world of the mid-1980s and in a location which adds a uniquely English slant to the fugitive subgenre: the canals and inland waterways of Britain. Although providing Lomax with both a home and a means of transport, the canals also exude a sense of quiet menace. There is an advantage, as he wryly observes in the opening episode: "One thing about quiet waterways, you can hear footsteps." For many viewers, the canal network offered an unfamiliar environment, a sense of ‘otherness’, cut-off from the modern world, reinforcing the impression of Lomax as both an outsider and an alternative hero. In addition, the slower pace allows Lomax time to explore other people’s narratives and provides his pursuers ample opportunity to spy on him and follow him at their leisure. Following the Western idea, Lomax’s boat *Harmony* represents his faithful horse and his wagon.

## Soundtrack

In 1984–85 Browne composed and performed the music for the British television series *Travelling Man*, in collaboration with the programme's producer Sebastian Graham-Jones. The soundtrack was released on vinyl and CD as *Travelling Man - The Music from the Granada TV series*. The track reached number 68 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1984.

All tracks are written by Duncan Browne & Sebastian Graham-Jones

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Max's Theme" | 3:10 |
| 2. | "Steve's Theme" | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Lament For Billies" | 2:16 |
| 4. | "Andrea's Theme" | 2:32 |
| 5. | "Berceuse" | 3:26 |
| 6. | "The Family" | 0:52 |
| 7. | "Winter" | 4:20 |
| 8. | "The Chase" | 2:56 |
| 9. | "Day For Night" | 1:21 |
| 10. | "Morag" | 2:56 |
| 11. | "Zoot" | 3:00 |
| 12. | "Travelling Man" | 1:35 |
| 13. | "Old Flames" | 3:23 |
| 14. | "End Of The Line" | 3:43 |
| Total length: | | 39:43 |

## DVD release

The series has since been made available on DVD by *Network* and includes a short critical guide written by Marshall's son.

## InfoBox

| *Travelling Man* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Written by | Roger Marshall |
| Directed by | Sebastian Graham Jones et al |
| Starring | Leigh Lawson, Lindsay Duncan, John Bird, Alan Cumming |
| Theme music composer | Duncan Browne |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Production company | Granada Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 7 November 1984 (1984-11-07) <br>15 October 1985 (1985-10-15) |


title: Traian Crișan

abstract: Traian Crişan was a Romanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and served as Secretary Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints as well being the Titular Bishop of Drivastum. Born in Iara, Austria-Hungary, Crişan was ordained as a Greek Catholic priest on 25 March 1945. On 7 December 1981 he was appointed to the Holy See as the Secretary of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and given the title Titular Bishop of Drivastum, going on to being ordained bishop on 6 January 1982. Bishop Crişan died on 6 November 1990.

text:
# Traian Crișan

| Styles of
**Traian Crişan** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Monsignor |
| Posthumous style | none |

**Traian Crişan** (21 May 1918  6 November 1990) was a Romanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and served as Secretary Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints as well being the Titular Bishop of Drivastum.

Born in Iara, Austria-Hungary (present-day Romania), Crişan was ordained as a Greek Catholic priest on 25 March 1945. On 7 December 1981 he was appointed to the Holy See as the Secretary of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and given the title *Titular Bishop of Drivastum*, going on to being ordained bishop on 6 January 1982.

Bishop Crişan died on 6 November 1990.

## InfoBox

| Traian Crişan | |
| --- | --- |
| Secretary of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Titular Bishop of Drivastum | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| In office | 7 December 19816 November 1990 |
| Predecessor | Giuseppe Casoria |
| Successor | Edward Nowak |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 21 May 1918
Iara, Cluj County, Austria-Hungary (now Romania) |
| Died | November 6, 1990(1990-11-06) (aged 72) |


title: Tree of physiology

abstract: The tree of physiology is a Tibetan thangka depicting human physiology and certain pathological transformations.

text:
# Tree of physiology

The **tree of physiology** is a Tibetan thangka depicting human physiology and certain pathological transformations.

## Epistemology

Tibetan medicine had developed a rather sophisticated knowledge of anatomy and physiology, which was acquired from their long-standing experience with human dissection. Tibetans out of necessity, had long ago adopted the practice of *celestial burial* (also Sky burial) because of Tibet's harsh terrain in most of the year and deficit of wood for cremation. This form of Sky burial, still practiced, begins with a ritual dissection of the deceased, and then followed by the feeding of the parts to vultures on the hill tops. Both the location of the ritual dissection and the place of feeding is understood as the charnel ground. Over time, anatomical knowledge found its way into Ayurveda and to a lesser extent into China. As result, Tibet has become a home of the Buddhist medical centers Chogppori and Menchikhang (or Menhang), between the twelfth to sixteenth century A.D., where monks came to study even from foreign countries.

## Fisher donation

Emily Fisher, a trustee at The American Museum of Natural History, donated modern copies of a series of seventy-nine Tibetan Buddhist tangkas (religious paintings) that were originally commissioned in 1687 by the fifth Dalai Lama's regent, Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705). He had the paintings done to elucidate his commentary on the "Four Tantras" (Tib. *Gyushi*) - eighth-century Tantric Buddhist texts that form the foundation of Tibetan medicine and cover physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and cure. With such depictions, the Tantric Buddhist system of healing could, according to Sangye Gyamtso, be "perceived by everybody, from the scholar to the child, as dearly as one would see a myrobalan (the foremost healing plant in the Tibetan tradition) held in the palm of one's hand."

## Art history

The original set of these thangkas, which were kept in Lhasa, were destroyed by the Chinese military in 1959, but these recent copies, based on three surviving sets, were painted over the course of seven years by Nepalese atelier Romio Shrestha, who followed religious and artistic conventions in copying the seventeenth-century originals. Shrestha's paintings on cloth, which are filled with astonishing renditions of a variety of physical conditions and illnesses, have been digitally photographed and incorporated into the Museum of Natural History, Division of Anthropology's image database.


title: Trees Outside the Academy

abstract: Trees Outside the Academy is the second solo studio album by American musician Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth. It was released on September 18, 2007, and was Moore's follow-up of 1995's Psychic Hearts. It was released on Moore's own label, Ecstatic Peace! and recorded with Sonic Youth's drummer Steve Shelley and violinist Samara Lubelski. The recording took place at Dinosaur Jr guitarist J. Mascis' home studio. Mascis also contributed lead guitar for some tracks. It features the track "Thurston @ 13" which is, "Some weird cassette tape that Thurston found at his mom's of him at 13 years old in the early '70s performing some kind of odd sound-theatre." The album debuted at #6 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, barely missing the Billboard 200.

text:
# Trees Outside the Academy

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 77/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The A.V. Club* | A− |
| Robert Christgau |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.9/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Stylus Magazine* | C− |

***Trees Outside the Academy*** is the second solo studio album by American musician Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth. It was released on September 18, 2007, and was Moore's follow-up of 1995's *Psychic Hearts*. It was released on Moore's own label, Ecstatic Peace! and recorded with Sonic Youth's drummer Steve Shelley and violinist Samara Lubelski.

The recording took place at Dinosaur Jr guitarist J. Mascis' home studio. Mascis also contributed lead guitar for some tracks. It features the track "Thurston @ 13" which is, "Some weird cassette tape that Thurston found at his mom's of him at 13 years old in the early '70s performing some kind of odd sound-theatre."

The album debuted at #6 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, barely missing the Billboard 200.

## Track listing

All tracks by Thurston Moore.

1. "Frozen Gtr." – 4:07
2. "The Shape Is in a Trance" – 4:41
3. "Honest James" – 3:52
4. "Silver\>Blue" – 5:52
5. "Fri/End" – 3:33
6. "American Coffin" – 3:58
7. "Wonderful Witches + Language Meanies" – 2:26
8. "Off Work" – 4:14
9. "Never Light" – 4:03
10. "Free Noise Among Friends" – 0:36
11. "Trees Outside the Academy" – 6:07
12. "Thurston@13" – 2:38

## Personnel

* Thurston Moore – acoustic & electric guitars, bass, vocals, piano on track 6
* Steve Shelley – drums on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 & 11
* Samara Lubelski – violin on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 & 11
* J Mascis – lead guitar on tracks 1, 2, 7 & 11
* Gown – electric guitar on track 1 & 9
* John Moloney – drums on track 7
* Christina Carter – vocals on tracks 1 & 3
* Leslie Keffer – noise on track 8

## Chart positions

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Albums Chart (Vl) | 47 |
| French SNEP Albums Chart | 176 |
| Norwegian Albums Chart | 18 |
| US *Billboard* Heatseekers Albums | 6 |

## InfoBox

| Trees Outside the Academy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Thurston Moore | |
| Released | September 18, 2007 (2007-09-18) |
| Recorded | 2007 Amherst, Massachusetts |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 46:07 |
| Label | Ecstatic Peace! |
| Producer | John Agnello and Thurston Moore |
| Thurston Moore chronology | |
| *Psychic Hearts*
(1995) ***Trees Outside the Academy***
(2007) *Demolished Thoughts*
(2011) | |