title: Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up

abstract: "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" is a song written, produced and recorded by American singer and songwriter Barry White for his second album, Stone Gon' (1973). In October 1973, it was released as the first single in the United States and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. It became a gold record. In Europe, it was issued in early 1974 and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up

"**Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up**" is a song written, produced and recorded by American singer and songwriter Barry White for his second album, *Stone Gon'* (1973). In October 1973, it was released as the first single in the United States and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number seven on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It became a gold record. In Europe, it was issued in early 1974 and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listings

* **Australian 7" single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" – 3:58
2. "I've Found Someone" – 5:55

* **European 7" single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" – 3:58
2. "Honey Please, Can't Ya See" – 2:54

* **UK 7" single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" – 3:05
2. "Standing in the Shadows of Love" – 3:00

* **North American 7" (original) single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" (short version) – 3:05
2. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" (long version) - 4:44

* **North American 7" (re-release) single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" – 3:05
2. "No, I'm Never Gonna Give Ya Up" (Instrumental) - 4:24

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up"
| Chart (1973–1974) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 8 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 10 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 24 |
| Canada Top Singles (*RPM*) | 36 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 9 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 9 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 14 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 7 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 40 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up"
| Chart (1974) | Rank |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 67 |

## 1987 remix

In 1987, Paul Hardcastle remixed the track. It was issued (with the slightly amended spelling of 'Never, Never Going to Give You Up') in several European countries on 7" and 12" singles. Released to coincide with the compilation album *Barry White – The Collection*, it reached number 63 in the UK singles chart in January 1988.

* **UK 7" single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" – 4:15
2. "September When I First Met You" – 6:50

* **UK 12" single**

1. "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up (Mammoth Mix)" – 7:17
2. "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up (Extended Version)" – 5:42
3. "September When I First Met You" – 6:50

## Lisa Stansfield version

| "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" | |
| --- | --- |
| UK/European studio CD release | |
| Single by Lisa Stansfield | |
| from the album  *Lisa Stansfield* | |
| Released | June 9, 1997 (1997-06-09) |
| Recorded | 1997 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 5:02 |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | Barry White |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Lisa Stansfield singles chronology | |
| "The Real Thing"
(1997) "**Never, Never Gonna Give You Up**"
(1997) "The Line"
(1997) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" on YouTube | |
|  | |

In 1997, British singer, songwriter and actress Lisa Stansfield covered "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" for her eponymous album. The song was released as the second single from *Lisa Stansfield* in Europe, Australia and Japan on June 9, 1997, and first proper single in North America on July 21, 1997.

An accompanying music video, directed by Rocky Schenck, was also released. The song was remixed by prominent US producers: Frankie Knuckles, Mark Picchiotti, Hani, Steven Nikolas and Brendon Sibley. In February 1998, Knuckles won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical. "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" reached number twenty-five on the UK Singles Chart and seventy-four on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It also peaked at number-one the Hot Dance Club Songs chart in October 1997 and number thirty-eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was later included on *The Remix Album* (1998) and *Biography: The Greatest Hits* (2003).

In 2014, remixes of "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of *Lisa Stansfield*. Additional remixes were featured on *People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology* (2014), including three previously unreleased: Frankie's Classic Club Mix, Franktified Off the Hook Dub and After Hours Mix. All was included on *The Collection 1989–2003*.

### Critical reception

The song received favorable reviews from music critics. Barry Walters for *The Advocate* said that "the Barry White classic gets remade by the woman who launched her solo career paraphrasing his been-around-the-world pillow talk." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic viewed it as "uniformly strong", adding that Stansfield's voice "is seductive and sexy". Larry Flick from *Billboard* described it as "a sultry rendition" and added that the singer is "breathing enough stylistic variation into the lyrics (...) maintaining a reverence that will sit well with fans of the original recording." He noted that Stansfield "is supported by a rumbling funk groove that is underlined by hip hop-savvy turntable scratches and iced with caressing disco strings." British magazine *Music Week* rated it three out of five, declaring it as a "convincingly faithful interpration". William Stevenson from *Entertainment Weekly* opined that Stansfield "sings with an irresistible urgency, seductively wrapping her silky voice around each phrase while building in intensity. She’s never sounded better." A reviewer from *Irish Independent* picked the song as one of the "moments" of the album, calling it "a sultry slink through" the Barry White song. *Press of Atlantic City* stated that Stansfield "shines" on the "energetic remake". *USA Today* described it as an "up-tempo dance groove".

### Commercial reception

The song topped the US Dance Club Songs. It also reached number 25 in the United Kingdom and peaked at number 74 in the United States, Canada and Germany.

### Track listings

### Charts

Chart performance for "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up"
| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 182 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 5 |
| Canada Top Singles (*RPM*) | 74 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 99 |
| Europe Radio Top 50 (*Music & Media*) | 8 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 74 |
| Hungary Airplay (*Music & Media*) | 9 |
| Italy Airplay (*Music & Media*) | 7 |
| Poland Airplay (*Music & Media*) | 1 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 35 |
| Spain Airplay (*Music & Media*) | 3 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 25 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 4 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 74 |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 38 |

## InfoBox

| "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" | |
| --- | --- |
| Side-A label of one of the US vinyl releases | |
| Single by Barry White | |
| from the album  *Stone Gon'* | |
| B-side | * "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" (long version) * "Honey Please, Can't Ya See" * "Standing in the Shadows of Love" * "I've Found Someone" * "No, I'm Never Gonna Give Ya Up" |
| Released | October 1973 (1973-10) |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 7:58 (Album version)
4:01 (Single version)
4:51 (Alternate edit) |
| Label | 20th Century |
| Songwriter(s) | Barry White |
| Producer(s) | Barry White |
| Barry White singles chronology | |
| "I've Got So Much to Give"
(1973) "**Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up**"
(1973) "Love's Theme"
(1973) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" (*TopPop*, 1974) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Never-Ending Language Learning

abstract: Never-Ending Language Learning system (NELL) is a semantic machine learning system that as of 2010 was being developed by a research team at Carnegie Mellon University, and supported by grants from DARPA, Google, NSF, and CNPq with portions of the system running on a supercomputing cluster provided by Yahoo!.

text:
# Never-Ending Language Learning

**Never-Ending Language Learning** system (**NELL**) is a semantic machine learning system that as of 2010 was being developed by a research team at Carnegie Mellon University, and supported by grants from DARPA, Google, NSF, and CNPq with portions of the system running on a supercomputing cluster provided by Yahoo!.

## Process and goals

NELL was programmed by its developers to be able to identify a basic set of fundamental semantic relationships between a few hundred predefined categories of data, such as cities, companies, emotions and sports teams. Since the beginning of 2010, the Carnegie Mellon research team has been running NELL around the clock, sifting through hundreds of millions of web pages looking for connections between the information it already knows and what it finds through its search process  to make new connections in a manner that is intended to mimic the way humans learn new information. For example, in encountering the word pair "Pikes Peak", NELL would notice that both words are capitalized and deduce from the second word that it was the name of a mountain, and then build on the relationship of words surrounding those two words to deduce other connections.

The goal of NELL and other semantic learning systems, such as IBM's Watson system, is to be able to develop means of answering questions posed by users in natural language with no human intervention in the process. Oren Etzioni of the University of Washington lauded the system's "continuous learning, as if NELL is exercising curiosity on its own, with little human help".

By October 2010, NELL has doubled the number of relationships it has available in its knowledge base and has learned 440,000 new facts, with an accuracy of 87%. Team leader Tom M. Mitchell, chairman of the machine learning department at Carnegie Mellon described how NELL "self-corrects when it has more information, as it learns more", though it does sometimes arrive at incorrect conclusions. Accumulated errors, such as the deduction that Internet cookies were a kind of baked good, led NELL to deduce from the phrases "I deleted my Internet cookies" and "I deleted my files" that "computer files" also belonged in the baked goods category. Clear errors like these are corrected every few weeks by the members of the research team and the system is allowed to continue its learning process. By 2018, NELL had "acquired a knowledge base with 120mn diverse, confidence-weighted beliefs (e.g., *servedWith(tea,biscuits)*), while learning thousands of interrelated functions that continually improve its reading competence over time."

As of September 2023, the project's most recently gathered facts dated from February 2019 (according to its Twitter feed) or September 2018 (according to its home page).

## Reception

In his 2019 book "Human Compatible", Stuart Russell commented that 'Unfortunately NELL has confidence in only 3 percent of its beliefs and relies on human experts to clean out false or meaningless beliefs on a regular basis—such as its beliefs that “Nepal is a country also known as United States” and "value is an agricultural product that is usually cut into basis."' A 2023 paper commented that "While the *never-ending* part seems like the right approach, NELL still had the drawback that its focus remained much too grounded on object-language descriptions, and relied on web pages as its only source, which significantly influenced the type of grammar, symbolism, slang, etc. analysed."


title: New Mathematics and Natural Computation

abstract: New Mathematics and Natural Computation is an interdisciplinary journal founded in 2005 and is now published by World Scientific. It covers mathematical uncertainty and its applications to computational, biological and social sciences, with a specific focus on relatively unexplored areas in mathematical uncertainty, such as fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic.

text:
# New Mathematics and Natural Computation

***New Mathematics and Natural Computation*** is an interdisciplinary journal founded in 2005 and is now published by World Scientific. It covers mathematical uncertainty and its applications to computational, biological and social sciences, with a specific focus on relatively unexplored areas in mathematical uncertainty, such as fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

As of 2013, it had a SCImago Journal Rank in the bottom quartile of journals in applied and computational mathematics, computer science applications, and human-computer interaction.

## InfoBox

*New Mathematics and Natural Computation*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Mathematics, Computer Science |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Paul P. Wang |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2005-present |
| Publisher | World Scientific (Singapore) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *New Math. Nat. Comput.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1793-0057 (print)
1793-7027 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois

abstract: Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France. The ruins of the Cistercian Perseigne Abbey, a monument historique, are located in the commune.

text:
# Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois

**Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois** is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

The ruins of the Cistercian Perseigne Abbey, a *monument historique*, are located in the commune.

## InfoBox

| Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The ruins of the abbey of Perseigne | |
| Location of Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois | |
| Neufchâtel-en-SaosnoisNeufchâtel-en-Saosnois | |
| Coordinates: 48°22′37″N 0°14′43″E / 48.3769°N 0.2453°E / 48.3769; 0.2453 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Sarthe |
| Arrondissement | Mamers |
| Canton | Mamers |
| Intercommunality | Maine Saosnois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Denis Guibert |
| Area**1** | 23.41 km2 (9.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,043 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Neufchâtellois, Neufchâtelloise |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 72215 /72600 |
| Elevation | 121–306 m (397–1,004 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Łyczanka, Nowy Sącz County

abstract: Łyczanka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łososina Dolna, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

text:
# Łyczanka, Nowy Sącz County

**Łyczanka** \[wɨˈt͡ʂaŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łososina Dolna, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Łyczanka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łyczanka | |
| Coordinates: 49°43′08″N 20°36′19″E / 49.71889°N 20.60528°E / 49.71889; 20.60528 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Nowy Sącz |
| Gmina | Łososina Dolna |


title: New North Road, New Zealand

abstract: New North Road is a street in the central and western Auckland isthmus, New Zealand, connecting Upper Symonds Street in Eden Terrace to Avondale. The road runs parallel to Great North Road, located to the north, and crosses Dominion Road, the Western Line at Morningside and runs above the Waterview Tunnel section of the Southwestern Motorway at Mount Albert.

text:
# New North Road, New Zealand

**New North Road** is a street in the central and western Auckland isthmus, New Zealand, connecting Upper Symonds Street in Eden Terrace to Avondale. The road runs parallel to Great North Road, located to the north, and crosses Dominion Road, the Western Line at Morningside and runs above the Waterview Tunnel section of the Southwestern Motorway at Mount Albert.

## History

The New North Road area has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since the archaic period of Māori history. Traditional stories involve many of the lava caves located around the former swampland of Kingsland, known as Ngā Anawai, and the lava caves of Ōwairaka / Mount Albert. During the early 18th century, the Auckland isthmus was heavily populated by the Waiohua confederation of tribes. Ōwairaka / Mount Albert was the western-most hill-top  of Waiohua and had extensive terraces and cultivations, although not as many as Maungakiekie or Maungawhau to the east. After a conflict between Waiohua and Ngāti Whātua in the mid-18th century, the New North Road area became part of the rohe of Ngāti Whātua. As Ngāti Whātua had a much smaller population than the Waiohua and preferred to live near the coast, much of the inland area fell into disuse. On 29 June 1841, the Mount Albert area was sold to the Crown by Ngāti Whātua, as a part of a 12,000 acre section. The terrain of the area was rough, meaning the area saw slower development compared to other parts of the Auckland isthmus.

The modern road began life as a rough track in the 1850s, known as the Whau Road. In December 1853, a survey was commissioned to build the route, however by January 1854 the proposed route was scrapped, due to opponents of the scheme highlighting that the allocated funds for the programme could only be spent on road construction, when land also needed to be purchased from early Mount Albert landowners Allan Kerr Taylor and George Bray. By 1855, Auckland settlers petitioned the Auckland Provincial Council for funding, as many properties had no road access, limiting growth in the area.

In May 1864, a meeting was held at Whau School (modern Avondale Primary School) to discuss the creation of a new Great North Road (then the major route west from Auckland township), to address the issues caused by a lack of roading. By September 1864, the treasurer of the Auckland Province announced that the Whau Road Extension was surveyed, and due for construction. In 1865, allotments for the new village of Morningside were sold.

In October 1866, the Mt Albert District Highway Board was formed, to collect rates to administer and develop New North Road. Tensions formed between two groups of ratepayers in the highway district: the city-side ratepayers at Eden Terrace, and the mountain-side ratepayers in the rural west, with the former believing that they paid too high rates for a road that "led nowhere". In June 1875, the Eden Terrace Highway Board was formed, splitting the city-side area of the road from the rural.

The New North Road corridor grew as a suburban area between the 1900s and the 1930s, due to the Auckland tramlines. The tramline opened at Kingsland in 1903, followed by Morningside in 1912, Mount Albert in 1915 and eventually Owairaka in 1936.

In the 1950s, New North Road north-east of Kingsland was transformed into an industrial and commercial area. During this period, Dominion Road was proposed as a site for a new motorway. While the motorway never progressed, a large flyover interchange was constructed at the intersection of Dominion Road and New North Road in the early 1960s, which removed extensive areas of housing and commercial buildings.

## Notable locations

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

New North Road
| Intersection of New North Road and Dominion Road, looking west | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Eden Terrace, Kingsland, Morningside, Mount Albert, Avondale |
| Coordinates | 36°51′57″S 174°46′10″E / 36.8657°S 174.7695°E / -36.8657; 174.7695 |
| West end | Blockhouse Bay Road
St Jude Street |
| East end | Symonds Street
Mount Eden Road |


title: Neunkirchen Hauptbahnhof

abstract: Neunkirchen Hauptbahnhof is a railway station in the district town of Neunkirchen in the German state of Saarland. Here the Nahe Valley Railway (Nahetalbahn) intersects with the Homburg–Neunkirchen railway and the Fischbach Valley Railway (Fischbachtalbahn). It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.

text:
# Neunkirchen Hauptbahnhof

**Neunkirchen Hauptbahnhof** is a railway station in the district town of Neunkirchen in the German state of Saarland. Here the Nahe Valley Railway (*Nahetalbahn*) intersects with the Homburg–Neunkirchen railway and the Fischbach Valley Railway (*Fischbachtalbahn*). It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.

## History

In July 1850, construction of the first Neunkirchen station started during the construction of the Saarbrücken Railway from Bexbach to Saarbrücken. On 15 November 1850, the station was opened for freight traffic by the Palatine Ludwig Railway (*Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn*). The first passenger trains ran daily from April 1851 to Ludwigshafen and back. The station itself was officially opened on 15 or 16 November 1852 together with the Neunkirchen–Saarbrücken line. Eight years later, on 25 May 1860, the double-track Rhine–Nahe Railway (*Rhein-Nahebahn*) was completed to a new station building, the so-called *Nahebahnhof* ("Nahe station") built in its current location. The old station, dating from 1850, was completely demolished in the process.

As early as 7 September 1850, the first coal train ran on the branch line from Heinitz via Neunkirchen. In 1872, this was followed by the line to the *König* ("king") colliery. On 15 October 1879, the single-track line to Wemmetsweiler (now part of the Fischbach Valley Railway), was opened; this line was duplicated in 1891.

The station's tracks were remodelled between 1910 and 1922. A new marshalling yard was built in 1912 in the district originally called *Schlawerie* (now *Sinnerthal*). In December 1914, the underpasses and the five platforms were finished. The outbreak of war on 1 August 1914 delayed the construction of the station building considerably. The building was completed only in 1923; it was regarded as the most beautiful station built by the Deutsche Reichsbahn railway division of the Saarland. In 1937, daily traffic amounted to more than 3,000 carriages. At the same time it had 17 sidings.

On 27 May 1944, the station was severely damaged in an air raid. The station building was severely damaged. Only the right pavilion was largely undamaged. On 21 March 1945 Neunkirchen was taken by American troops. Reconstruction began and rail traffic was resumed. On 31 May 1945, the first scheduled passenger trains ran between Neunkirchen and Türkismühle. Since the line between Saarbrücken and Homburg (the Palatine Ludwig Railway) was heavily damaged, the less damaged lines from Saarbrücken to Neunkirchen (the Nahe Valley Railway via Sulzbach and the Fischbach Valley Railway) was repaired and returned to operations on 25 June 1945. Also re-opened were the Neunkirchen–Homburg line (with Homburg Central Station still closed) and the Nahe Valley Railway from Neunkirchen to Bad Kreuznach.

The badly damaged Neunkirchen station was not rebuilt until the end of 1947. The left wing was rebuilt and the roof was replaced completely. The entrance building and the pavilion, which had previously been separate were now joined by a hipped roof. In the following years only minor architectural changes were made to the exterior and the interior. Otherwise, the building has been preserved in this form until today.

The station played a major role because of the heavy industrialisation of Neunkirchen with coal mines and the steel works. In 1955, there were up to 275 passenger train arrivals and departures daily, including four express trains. The number of freight trains was very high. In November 1965, 3 new signal boxes with relay interlockings went into operation and replaced 10 old signal boxes. The signals from Bexbach to Dudweiler are remotely controlled from the signal box *Nof*.

On 13 May 1966, electric trains began running through Neunkirchen on the line from Wemmetsweiler to Homburg. Freight traffic to Heinitz was abandoned in 1963 and all traffic was abandoned to the König colliery in 1970.

## Platforms

Following the upgrade of 1914 there were six platforms in Neunkirchen:

* platform 1: for trains to Homburg and to and from Heinitz, now tracks 26 and 27,
* platform 2: arrival of the trains from Homburg, now track 25,
* platform 3: for trains towards Bingen, Mainz and Frankfurt/M, now track 1,
* platform 4: for trains towards Saarbrücken, now tracks 2 and 3,
* platform 5 (closed since ca 1990): for trains to and from Wemmetsweiler/Lebach, also towards Bingen, today tracks 4 (dismantled) and 7 (unused for passenger trains)
* platform 6 (closed since 1965): for trains to and from different destinations (mostly regional), goods services, luggage, mail services and used for shunting coaches, today tracks 8 and 9 (used for shunting and goods trains).

## Current situation

After the decline of the coal and steel industry in Neunkirchen more railway lines were closed. Of the previous five platforms only 4 are now in operation. Neunkirchen is a through station for the Nahe Valley Railway from Saarbrücken to Bingen (timetable route—KBS—680), the Neunkirchen–Wemmetsweiler line (KBS 683) and the Illingen–Homburg line (KBS 683).

## Rail services

Neunkirchen station is served by the following regional rail services:

| Line | Route | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| RE 3 | *Rhein-Nahe-Express*
Saarbrücken**Neunkirchen**OttweilerTürkismühleIdar-ObersteinBad KreuznachMainz | Hourly |
| RB 73 | Saarbrücken – **Neunkirchen**St. Wendel (– Türkismühle – Neubrücke (Nahe)) | Half-hourly/hourly |
| RB 74 | (Illingen \- Wemmetsweiler) - **Neunkirchen** \- Homburg | Half-hourly/hourly |
| RB 76 | Saarbrücken - Wemmetsweiler - **Neunkirchen** \- Homburg | Individual services |
|

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Harrer, Kurt (1984). *Eisenbahnen an der Saar* (in German). Düsseldorf: Alba Buchverlag. ISBN 3-87094-210-X.
* Schwan, Jutta (2005). "Eisenbahn und Bahnhöfe in Neunkirchen". In Rainer Knauf und Christof Trepesch (ed.). *Neunkircher Stadtbuch* (in German). Kreisstadt Neunkirchen. ISBN 3-00-015932-0.
* *Die Geschichte des Neunkircher Bahnhofs* (in German). Verkehrsverein Neunkirchen. 1989.
* *Archiv der Bahnhöfe* (in German). Geranova Verlag.
* *Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland* \[*German railway atlas*\]. Schweers + Wall. 2017. ISBN 978-3-89494-146-8.

## InfoBox

| Neunkirchen Hauptbahnhof | |
| --- | --- |
| Through station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Am Bahnhof 1, Neunkirchen, Saarland
Germany |
| Coordinates | 49°21′11″N 7°10′36″E / 49.35306°N 7.17667°E / 49.35306; 7.17667 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 7 (one disused) |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 4426 |
| DS100 code | SNK |
| IBNR | 8000272 |
| Category | 3 |
| Fare zone | SaarVV: 341 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 November 1852 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Vlexx Following station  Saarbrücken HbfTerminus  RE 3  Ottweiler (Saar)towards Frankfurt (Main) Hbf  Landsweiler-Redentowards Saarbrücken Hbf  RB 73  Wiebelskirchentowards Neubrücke (Nahe)  Schiffweilertowards Illingen (Saar)  RB 74  Neunkirchen (Saar)-Wellesweilertowards Homburg Hbf  Schiffweilertowards Saarbrücken Hbf  RB 76 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Śri Ajñadewi

abstract: Śri Ajñadewi was a reigning queen of Bali, who flourished in 1016 CE. Queen Śri Ajñadewi succeeded king Udayana Warmadewa and queen Mahendradatta, but it is unknown how she was related to them. The circumstances of her succession is not confirmed. In the Pucangan inscription, it is noted that at this point in time, the kingdom of East Java was attacked by king Wurawari during the wedding between prince Airlangga of Bali, the son of the widower king Udayana Warmadewa, and the princess of Dharmawangsa. The attack caused chaos and resulted in the escape of prince Airlangga and, possibly, in the death of Udayana Warmadewa. It was at this point Śri Ajñadewi became ruler. There is a theory that Śri Ajñadewi, who was likely either a member of the dynasty of East Java or the Bali dynasty, was appointed to act as trustee of the throne, because the crown prince Marakata Pangkaja was a minor, and that she ruled until he came of age. Marakata Pangkaja is known to be an adult in 1022, when an inscription confirmed that he ruled and Śri Ajñadewi was no longer ruler.

text:
# Śri Ajñadewi

**Śri Ajñadewi** was a reigning queen of Bali, who flourished in 1016 CE.

Queen Śri Ajñadewi succeeded king Udayana Warmadewa and queen Mahendradatta, but it is unknown how she was related to them. The circumstances of her succession is not confirmed.

In the Pucangan inscription, it is noted that at this point in time, the kingdom of East Java was attacked by king Wurawari during the wedding between prince Airlangga of Bali, the son of the widower king Udayana Warmadewa, and the princess of Dharmawangsa. The attack caused chaos and resulted in the escape of prince Airlangga and, possibly, in the death of Udayana Warmadewa. It was at this point Śri Ajñadewi became ruler.

There is a theory that Śri Ajñadewi, who was likely either a member of the dynasty of East Java or the Bali dynasty, was appointed to act as trustee of the throne, because the crown prince Marakata Pangkaja was a minor, and that she ruled until he came of age. Marakata Pangkaja is known to be an adult in 1022, when an inscription confirmed that he ruled and Śri Ajñadewi was no longer ruler.


title: Świniary Stare

abstract: Świniary Stare is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łoniów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Łoniów, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Świniary Stare

**Świniary Stare** \[ɕfiˈɲarɨ ˈstarɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łoniów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Łoniów, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Świniary Stare | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Świniary Stare | |
| Coordinates: 50°32′47″N 21°31′56″E / 50.54639°N 21.53222°E / 50.54639; 21.53222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Sandomierz |
| Gmina | Łoniów |
| Population | 600 |


title: Şahinçatı, Taşköprü

abstract: Şahinçatı is a village in the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 58 (2021).

text:
# Şahinçatı, Taşköprü

**Şahinçatı** is a village in the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 58 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Şahinçatı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ŞahinçatıLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°13′48″N 34°11′49″E / 41.23000°N 34.19694°E / 41.23000; 34.19694 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Kastamonu |
| District | Taşköprü |
| Population (2021) | 58 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Žemaitijos Taurė

abstract: The Žemaitijos Taurė is an annual pre-season football tournament between teams from Samogitia. It is organized by the Telšiai County Football Federation and takes place in early March at the Telšiai Artificial Football Pitch in Telšiai, Lithuania.

text:
# Žemaitijos Taurė

The **Žemaitijos Taurė** (transl.Samogitian Cup) is an annual pre-season football tournament between teams from Samogitia. It is organized by the Telšiai County Football Federation and takes place in early March at the Telšiai Artificial Football Pitch in Telšiai, Lithuania.

## History

The origins of the tournament seeks Samogitian Championship, which was started in the mid-1930s, with Džiugas winning the first three tournaments of 1935, 1936, 1937. The first modern Samogitia Cup was organised by Telšiai County Football Federation in 2015 to mark the 80 years from the birth of original tournament. It's hosted by Džiugas and held on 8–21 March as simple round-robin tournament. Šilutė won the inaugural tournament after defeating Džiugas 2–1 in the last round.

The format for later editions was changed a little bit as additional games for 1st, 3rd and 5th places were added after the group competitions. The amount of participating teams has also been expanded from 8 to 10 participants. Banga won the second edition of the cup. Hosts Džiugas finally became champions in 2017 tournament. Pakruojis occurred as the fourth different winner in 2018 beating hosts Džiugas by a goal difference in the overall table as rules of the tournament were reverted to the first year format due to a decline in participating teams number.

The competition was discontinued in 2019, though a U-17 tournament was organized instead.

## Winners

| Year | Winners | Runners-up | Third place | Top Scorer | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Šilutė | Džiugas | Kražantė | Cazz Warren (Džiugas) |  |
| 2016 | Banga | Palanga | Džiugas | Algimantas Bačanskis (Banga) |  |
| 2017 | Džiugas | Pakruojis | Palanga | Maksim Lukashevich (Palanga) |  |
| 2018 | Pakruojis | Džiugas | Minija | Donatas Strockis (Pakruojis) |  |
|

## Performance by team

Žemaitijos Taurė hosts Džiugas are the only team that have participated in all four tournaments. Together with Palanga and Minija, they make the only three clubs that have finished as medalists throughout every appearance in the competitions.

| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Third place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Džiugas | 1 (2017) | 2 (2015, 2018) | 1 (2016) |
| Pakruojis | 1 (2018) | 1 (2017) |  |
| Šilutė | 1 (2015) |  |  |
| Banga | 1 (2016) |  |  |
| Palanga |  | 1 (2016) | 1 (2017) |
| Kražantė |  |  | 1 (2015) |
| Minija |  |  | 1 (2018) |
|

## InfoBox

Žemaitijos Taurė
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Organising body | Telšiai County Football Federation |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) |
| Region | Samogitia |
| Number of teams | 8–10 |
| Current champions | Pakruojis
(1st title) |
| Most successful club(s) | Šilutė
Banga
Džiugas
Pakruojis
(1 title) |
| Television broadcasters | Futbolo.TV |
| Website | TAFF.lt |


title: Žemaitija National Park

abstract: Samogitia National Park or Žemaitija National Park is a national park in Lithuania. It is situated on the Samogitian Upland, 45 km from the Baltic Sea. Lakes cover more than 7% of its territory. Lake Plateliai is the largest lake in the park. The town of Plateliai, situated on the shore of the lake, is the seat of the park's administration and a popular tourist destination. The Park has Category II in the classification of the IUCN.

text:
# Žemaitija National Park

**Samogitia National Park** or **Žemaitija National Park** is a national park in Lithuania. It is situated on the Samogitian Upland, 45 km from the Baltic Sea. Lakes cover more than 7% of its territory. Lake Plateliai (12.05 km2, 47 m depth) is the largest lake in the park. The town of Plateliai, situated on the shore of the lake, is the seat of the park's administration and a popular tourist destination. The Park has Category II in the classification of the IUCN.

## Nature

The hilly terrain of the Samogitian Park was formed by the melting glacier about 12,000 years ago. The resulting hills are relatively high, about 150–190 meters. Lakes occupies more than 7%. park territories, the largest Samogitia Plateliai Lake is concentrated here, in addition to which there are 25 smaller lakes.

Forests occupy about 45 percent of the park. all areas. The forested wetlands of Plokštinė and Rukundžiai, the hydrographic complexes of Plateliai Lake, Laumalenka and Šilinė, the valleys of the Gardai esker, Babrungas and Mergupis rivers, Paburgė, Siberia, Pakastuva, Užpelkiai, Ertenis and Paparčiai wetlands are especially valuable for science. and Pailgis forests and Juodupis wetlands ecosystems, rare plants and animals. Rare Atlantic salmon and freshwater whitefish *Coregonus albula* and *Coregonus lavaretus* breed in Plateliai Lake.

Grows to 7.2 m in volume, 2.1 m in diameter and 34 m in height Witch Ash. Next to the park, in the village of Puokė, lies the largest boulder in Lithuania, the Barstyčiai stone. Wolves and lynxes found home here. Nine species of bats fly at night.

## InfoBox

| Žemaitija National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Plateliai lake | |
| Žemaitija National Park | |
| Location | Lithuania |
| Coordinates | 56°02′55″N 21°53′20″E / 56.04861°N 21.88889°E / 56.04861; 21.88889 |
| Area | 217.54 km2 (83.99 sq mi) |
| Established | 1991 |
|  | |


title: Neural adaptation

abstract: Neural adaptation or sensory adaptation is a gradual decrease over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. It is usually experienced as a change in the stimulus. For example, if a hand is rested on a table, the table's surface is immediately felt against the skin. Subsequently, however, the sensation of the table surface against the skin gradually diminishes until it is virtually unnoticeable. The sensory neurons that initially respond are no longer stimulated to respond; this is an example of neural adaptation. All sensory and neural systems have a form of adaptation to constantly detect changes in the environment. Neural receptor cells that process and receive stimulation go through constant changes for mammals and other living organisms to sense vital changes in their environment. Some key players in several neural systems include Ca2+ions (see Calcium in biology) that send negative feedback in second messenger pathways that allow the neural receptor cells to close or open channels in response to the changes of ion flow. There are also mechanoreception systems that use calcium inflow to physically affect certain proteins and move them to close or open channels. Functionally, it is highly possible that adaptation may enhance the limited response range of neurons to encode sensory signals with much larger dynamic ranges by shifting the range of stimulus amplitudes. Also, in neural adaptation there is a sense of returning to baseline from a stimulated response. Recent work suggests that these baseline states are actually determined by long-term adaptation to the environment. Varying rates or speed of adaptation is an important indicator for tracking different rates of change in the environment or the organism itself. Current research shows that although adaptation occurs at multiple stages of each sensory pathway, it is often stronger and more stimulus specific at "cortical" level rather than "subcortical stages". In short, neural adaptation is thought to happen at a more central level at the cortex.

text:
# Neural adaptation

**Neural adaptation** or **sensory adaptation** is a gradual decrease over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. It is usually experienced as a change in the stimulus. For example, if a hand is rested on a table, the table's surface is immediately felt against the skin. Subsequently, however, the sensation of the table surface against the skin gradually diminishes until it is virtually unnoticeable. The sensory neurons that initially respond are no longer stimulated to respond; this is an example of neural adaptation.

All sensory and neural systems have a form of adaptation to constantly detect changes in the environment. Neural receptor cells that process and receive stimulation go through constant changes for mammals and other living organisms to sense vital changes in their environment. Some key players in several neural systems include Ca2+ions (see Calcium in biology) that send negative feedback in second messenger pathways that allow the neural receptor cells to close or open channels in response to the changes of ion flow. There are also mechanoreception systems that use calcium inflow to physically affect certain proteins and move them to close or open channels.

Functionally, it is highly possible that adaptation may enhance the limited response range of neurons to encode sensory signals with much larger dynamic ranges by shifting the range of stimulus amplitudes. Also, in neural adaptation there is a sense of returning to baseline from a stimulated response. Recent work suggests that these baseline states are actually determined by long-term adaptation to the environment. Varying rates or speed of adaptation is an important indicator for tracking different rates of change in the environment or the organism itself.

Current research shows that although adaptation occurs at multiple stages of each sensory pathway, it is often stronger and more stimulus specific at "cortical" level rather than "subcortical stages". In short, neural adaptation is thought to happen at a more central level at the cortex.

## Fast and slow adaptation

There is fast adaptation and slow adaptation. Fast adaptation occurs immediately after a stimulus is presented i.e., within hundreds of milliseconds. Slow adaptive processes can take minutes, hours or even days. The two classes of neural adaptation may rely on very different physiological mechanisms. The time scale over which adaptation builds up and recovers depends on the time course of stimulation. Brief stimulation produces adaptation which occurs and recovers while more prolonged stimulation can produce slower and more lasting forms of adaptation. Also, repeated sensory stimulation appears to temporarily decrease the gain of thalamocortical synaptic transmission. Adaptation of cortical responses was stronger and recovered more slowly. Vastly different timescales of adaptation have also been shown to be implemented on the single neuron level, where they can give rise to time-scale free adaptation. At the very extreme of evolutionary timescales, neurons in different parts of retina have been found deploy differing amounts of lateral inhibition to compensate for the high dynamic range between the ground and the sky.

## History

In the late 1800s, Hermann Helmholtz, a German physician and physicist, extensively researched conscious sensations and different types of perception. He defined sensations as the "raw elements" of conscious experience that required no learning, and perceptions as the meaningful interpretations derived from the senses. He studied the physical properties of the eye and vision, as well as acoustic sensation. In one of his classic experiments regarding how space perception could be altered by experience, participants wore glasses that distorted the visual field by several degrees to the right. Participants were asked to look at an object, close their eyes, and try to reach out and touch it. At first, the subjects reached for the object too far to the left, but after a few trials were able to correct themselves.

Helmholtz theorized that perceptual adaptation might result from a process he referred to as unconscious inference, where the mind unconsciously adopts certain rules in order to make sense of what is perceived of the world. An example of this phenomenon is when a ball appears to be getting smaller and smaller, the mind will then infer that the ball is moving away from them.

In the 1890s, psychologist George M. Stratton conducted experiments in which he tested the theory of perceptual adaptation. In one experiment, he wore a reversing glasses for 21½ hours over three days. After removing the glasses, "normal vision was restored instantaneously and without any disturbance in the natural appearance or position of objects."

On a later experiment, Stratton wore the glasses for eight whole days. By day four, the images seen through the instrument were still upside down. However, on day five, images appeared upright until he concentrated on them; then they became inverted again. By having to concentrate on his vision to turn it upside down again, especially when he knew images were hitting his retinas in the opposite orientation as normal, Stratton deduced his brain had adapted to the changes in vision.

Stratton also conducted experiments where he wore glasses that altered his visual field by 45°. His brain was able to adapt to the change and perceive the world as normal. Also, the field can be altered making the subject see the world upside down. But, as the brain adjusts to the change, the world appears "normal."

In some extreme experiments, psychologists have tested to see if a pilot can fly a plane with altered vision. All of the pilots that were fitted with the goggles that altered their vision were able to safely navigate the aircraft with ease.

## Visual

Adaptation is considered to be the cause of perceptual phenomena like afterimages and the motion aftereffect. In the absence of fixational eye movements, visual perception may fade out or disappear due to neural adaptation. (See Adaptation (eye)). When an observer's visual stream adapts to a single direction of real motion, imagined motion can be perceived at various speeds. If the imagined motion is in the same direction as that experienced during adaptation, imagined speed is slowed; when imagined motion is in the opposite direction, its speed is increased; when adaptation and imagined motions are orthogonal, imagined speed is unaffected. Studies using magnetoencephalography (MEG) have demonstrated that subjects exposed to a repeated visual stimulus at brief intervals become attenuated to the stimulus in comparison to the initial stimulus. The results revealed that visual responses to the repeated compared with novel stimulus showed a significant reduction in both activation strength and peak latency but not in the duration of neural processing.

Although motion and images are extremely important regarding adaptation, the most important adaptation is adjusting to brightness levels. On entering a dark room or a very brightly lit room it takes a little while to adjust to the different levels. Adjusting to brightness levels allows mammals to detect changes in their surrounding. This is called dark adaptation.

## Auditory

Auditory adaptation, as perceptual adaptation with other senses, is the process by which individuals adapt to sounds and noises. As research has shown, as time progresses, individuals tend to adapt to sounds and tend to distinguish them less frequently after a while. Sensory adaptation tends to blend sounds into one, variable sound, rather than having several separate sounds as a series. Moreover, after repeated perception, individuals tend to adapt to sounds to the point where they no longer consciously perceive it, or rather, "block it out". An individual that lives close to the train tracks, will eventually stop noticing the sounds of passing trains. Similarly, individuals living in larger cities no longer notice traffic sounds after a while. Moving to a completely different area, such as a quiet countryside, that individual would then be aware of the silence, crickets, etc.

The mechanoreception of sound requires a specific set of receptor cells called hair cells that allow for gradient signals to pass onto spatial ganglia where the signal will be sent to the brain to be processed. Since this is mechanoreception, different from chemoreception, adaptation of sound from surroundings highly depends on the physical movement of opening and closing of cation channels on the hair cell stereocilia. Mechanoelectric transduction (MET) channels, located at the tops of stereocilia, are poised to detect tension induced by hair bundle deflection. Hair bundle deflection generates a force by pulling on tip link proteins connecting adjacent stereocilia.

## Olfactory

Perceptual adaptation is a phenomenon that occurs for all of the senses, including smell and touch. An individual can adapt to a certain smell with time. Smokers, or individuals living with smokers, tend to stop noticing the smell of cigarettes after some time, whereas people not exposed to smoke on a regular basis will notice the smell instantly. The same phenomenon can be observed with other types of smell, such as perfume, flowers, etc. The human brain can distinguish smells that are unfamiliar to the individual, while adapting to those it is used to and no longer require to be consciously recognized.

Olfactory neurons utilize a feedback system from the levels of Ca2+ions to activate its adaptation to prolonged smells. Due to the fact that the olfactory signal transduction uses a second messenger transduction system, the mechanism of adaptation includes several factors that mostly include CaMK or calmodulin bound to Ca2+ions.

## Somatosensory

This phenomenon also applies to the sense of touch. An unfamiliar piece of clothing that was just put on will be noticed instantly; however, once it has been worn for a while, the mind will adapt to its texture and ignore the stimulus.

### Pain

While large mechanosensory neurons such as type I/group Aβ display adaptation, smaller type IV/group C nociceptive neurons do not. As a result, pain does not usually subside rapidly but persists for long periods of time; in contrast, other sensory information is quickly adapted to, if surroundings remain constant.

### Weight training

Studies have shown that there is neural adaptation after as little as one weight training session. Strength gains are experienced by subjects without any increased muscle size. Muscle surface recordings using electromyographic (SEMG) techniques have found that early strength gains throughout training are associated with increased amplitude in SEMG activity. These findings along with various other theories explain increases in strength without increases in muscle mass. Other theories for increases in strength relating to neural adaptation include: agonist-antagonist muscle decreased co-activation, motor unit synchronization, and motor unit increased firing rates.

Neural adaptations contribute to changes in V-waves and Hoffmann's reflex. H-reflex can be used to assess the excitability of spinal α-motoneurons, whereas V-wave measures the magnitude of motor output from α-motoneurons. Studies showed that after a 14-week resistance training regime, subjects expressed V-wave amplitude increases of ~50% and H-reflex amplitude increases of ~20%. This showed that neural adaptation accounts for changes to functional properties of the spinal cord circuitry in humans without affecting organization of the motor cortex.

## Habituation vs. adaptation

The terms neural adaptation and habituation are often confused for one another. Habituation is a behavioral phenomenon while neural adaptation is a physiological phenomenon, although the two are not entirely separate. During habituation, one has some conscious control over whether one notices something to which one is becoming habituated. However, when it comes to neural adaptation, one has no conscious control over it. For example, if one has adapted to something (like an odor or perfume), one can not consciously force themselves to smell that thing. Neural adaptation is tied very closely to stimulus intensity; as the intensity of a light increases, one's senses will adapt more strongly to it. In comparison, habituation can vary depending on the stimulus. With a weak stimulus habituation can occur almost immediately but with a strong stimulus the animal may not habituate at all e.g. a cool breeze versus a fire alarm. Habituation also has a set of characteristics that must be met to be termed a habituation process.

## Rhythmic behaviors

### Short-term adaptations

Short term neural adaptations occur in the body during rhythmic activities. One of the most common activities when these neural adaptations are constantly happening is walking. As a person walks, the body constantly gathers information about the environment and the surroundings of the feet, and slightly adjusts the muscles in use according to the terrain. For example, walking uphill requires different muscles than walking on flat pavement. When the brain recognizes that the body is walking uphill, it makes neural adaptations that send more activity to muscles required for uphill walking. The rate of neural adaptation is affected by the area of the brain and by the similarity between sizes and shapes of previous stimuli. Adaptations in the inferior temporal gyrus are very dependent on previous stimuli being of similar size, and somewhat dependent on previous stimuli being of a similar shape. Adaptations in the prefrontal cortex are less dependent on previous stimuli being of similar size and shape.

### Long-term adaptations

Some rhythmic movements, such as respiratory movements, are essential for survival. Because these movements must be used over the course of the entire lifetime, it is important for them to function optimally. Neural adaptation has been observed in these movements in response to training or altered external conditions. Animals have been shown to have reduced breathing rates in response to better fitness levels. Since breathing rates were not conscious changes made by the animal, it is presumed that neural adaptations occur for the body to maintain a slower breathing rate.

## Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an important technique in modern cognitive neuropsychology that is used to investigate the perceptual and behavioral effects of temporary interference of neural processing. Studies have shown that when a subject's visual cortex is disrupted by TMS, the subject views colorless flashes of light, or phosphenes. When a subjects’ vision was subjected to the constant stimulus of a single color, neural adaptations occurred that made the subjects used to the color. Once this adaptation had occurred, TMS was used to disrupt the subjects’ visual cortex again, and the flashes of light viewed by the subject were the same color as the constant stimulus before the disruption.

## Drug induced

Neural adaptation can occur for other than natural means. Antidepressant drugs, such as those that cause down regulation of β-adrenergic receptors, can cause rapid neural adaptations in the brain. By creating a quick adaptation in the regulation of these receptors, it is possible for drugs to reduce the effects of stress on those taking the medication.

## Post-injury

Neural adaptation is often critical for an animal's survival after an injury. In the short-term, it may alter an animal's movements so as to prevent worsening the injury. In the long-term, it may enable the animal's full or partial recovery from the injury.

### Brain injury

Studies in children with early childhood brain injuries have shown that neural adaptations slowly occur after the injury. Children with early injuries to the linguistics, spatial cognition and affective development areas of the brain showed deficits in those areas as compared to those without injury. Due to neural adaptations, however, by early school-age, considerable development to those areas was observed.

### Leg injury

After the amputation of a front leg, the fruit fly (*Drosophila* *melanogaster*) shows immediate changes in body position and walking kinematics that enable it to continue walking. The fruit fly exhibits longer-term adaptations as well. Researchers found that immediately after amputating a hind leg, flies favored turning away from the side of the injury, but that after several days this bias went away, and the flies turned left and right evenly, as they had before the injury. These researchers compared flies with functioning versus impaired proprioception — the body's sense of where it is in space — and found that without proprioception, flies did not exhibit the same recovery from a turning bias after injury. This result indicates that proprioceptive information is necessary for some of the neural adaptation that occurs in *Drosophila* after a leg injury.


title: New Caledonia's 1st constituency

abstract: The 1st constituency of New Caledonia is a French legislative constituency in New Caledonia. Between 1958 and 1962, the constituency represented all of the New Hebrides condominium and New Caledonia until a redistricting in 1978 created the 2nd constituency. Between 1978 and a new redistricting in 1986, the first constituency represented the Kanak-populated eastern shore of the main island in addition to the Loyalty Islands. Since 1986, the constituency has been composed of the Caldoche-populated loyalist of Nouméa and the Kanak-populated Loyalty Islands.

text:
# New Caledonia's 1st constituency

The **1st constituency of New Caledonia** is a French legislative constituency in New Caledonia.

Between 1958 and 1962, the constituency represented all of the New Hebrides condominium and New Caledonia until a redistricting in 1978 created the 2nd constituency. Between 1978 and a new redistricting in 1986, the first constituency represented the Kanak-populated eastern shore of the main island in addition to the Loyalty Islands. Since 1986, the constituency has been composed of the Caldoche-populated loyalist of Nouméa and the Kanak-populated Loyalty Islands.

## Deputies

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1988 | Jacques Lafleur | RPCR |
| | 1993 | | |
| | 1997 | | |
| | 2002 | | |
| | 2007 | Gaël Yanno | |
|  | 2012 | Sonia Lagarde | UDI/CE |
|  | 2017 | Philippe Dunoyer | CE |
| | 2022 | | |
|  | 2024 | Nicolas Metzdorf | GNC |

## Election results

### 2024

| Candidate | | Party | Alliance | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | | % | Votes | % |
|  | **Nicolas Metzdorf** | **GNC** | **LR-LL** | 22,316 | 39.81 | **34,577** | **52.41** |
|  | Omayra Lisa Meun Naisseline | UC | FLNKS | 20,370 | 36.34 | 31,399 | 47.59 |
|  | Philippe Dunoyer | CE | Ensemble | 5,791 | 10.33 |  | |
|  | Veylma Falaeo | EO |  | 2,731 | 4.87 |  | |
|  | Simon Loueckhote | RN |  | 2,562 | 4.57 |  | |
|  | Muneiko Haocas | REG |  | 1,229 | 2.19 |  | |
|  | Juanita Ciane Angexetine | REG |  | 344 | 0.61 |  | |
|  | Cédric Devaud | ECO |  | 235 | 0.42 |  | |
|  | Pierre-Henri Cuénot | DVD |  | 173 | 0.31 |  | |
|  | Thomas Nasri | REC |  | 158 | 0.28 |  | |
|  | Germaine Toléta Nemia | REG |  | 78 | 0.14 |  | |
|  | Manuel Millar | DIV |  | 63 | 0.11 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | 56,050 | 100.00 | 65,976 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Blank votes | | | | 469 | 0.82 | 838 | 1.25 |
| Null votes | | | | 397 | 0.70 | 363 | 0.54 |
| Turnout | | | | 56,916 | 58.58 | 67,177 | 69.14 |
| Abstentions | | | | 40,237 | 41.42 | 29,985 | 30.86 |
| Registered voters | | | | 97,163 |  | 97,162 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Source: | | | | | | | |
| Result | | | | GNC GAIN FROM CE | | | |

### 2022

Legislative Election 2022: New Caledonia's 1st constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Ensemble (Ensemble)** | **Philippe Dunoyer** | **11,982** | **40.83** | **+12.95** |
|  | **FLNKS** | **Walisaune Wahetra** | **6,360** | **21.67** | **+10.57** |
|  | LR (UDC) | Virginie Ruffenach | 4,102 | 13.98 | −0.07 |
|  | DVD | Pascal Lafleur | 2,171 | 7.40 | N/A |
|  | RN | Guy-Olivier Cuénot | 1,941 | 6.61 | −0.14 |
|  | DVC | Joël Kasarherou | 1,461 | 4.98 | N/A |
|  | LP (UPF) | Jérémy Simon | 686 | 2.34 | N/A |
|  | DVD | Antoine Gil | 645 | 2.20 | N/A |
| Turnout | | | 29,348 | 31.02 | −2.92 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **Ensemble (Ensemble)** | **Philippe Dunoyer** | **25,652** | **66.40** | **+7.25** |
|  | FLNKS | Walisaune Wahetra | 12,979 | 33.60 | N/A |
| Turnout | | | 38,631 | 40.98 | +2.97 |
|  | Ensemble **hold** | | | | |

### 2017

| Candidate | | Label | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | **Philippe Dunoyer** | CT (DVD) | 7,780 | 27.88 | **17,744** | **59.15** |
|  | Sonia Backès | DVD | 4,821 | 17.27 | 12,256 | 40.85 |
|  | Gaël Yanno | DVD | 4,425 | 15.86 |  | |
|  | Bernard Deladrière | LR | 3,921 | 14.05 | |
|  | Charles Washetine | REG | 2,820 | 10.10 | |
|  | Lina Balmelli | FN | 1,884 | 6.75 | |
|  | Louis Manta | FI | 659 | 2.36 | |
|  | Germaine Nemia-Bishop | REG | 389 | 1.39 | |
|  | Alain Descombels | DVD | 367 | 1.32 | |
|  | Philippe Gras | DVD | 342 | 1.23 | |
|  | Macate Wenehoua | REG | 297 | 1.06 | |
|  | Michel Hanocque | DIV | 203 | 0.73 | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Votes | | | 27,908 | 100.00 | 30,000 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 27,908 | 96.58 | 30,000 | 92.70 |
| Blank votes | | | 753 | 2.61 | 1,703 | 5.26 |
| Null votes | | | 234 | 0.81 | 660 | 2.04 |
| Turnout | | | 28,895 | 33.94 | 32,363 | 38.01 |
| Abstentions | | | 56,253 | 66.06 | 52,783 | 61.99 |
| Registered voters | | | 85,148 |  | 85,146 |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | |

### 2012

2012 legislative election in New Caledonia's 1st constituency
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Gaël Yanno | UMP | 10,880 | 30.96% | 14,811 | 46.07% |
|  | **Sonia Lagarde** | DVD | 9,405 | 26.76% | **17,340** | **53.93%** |
|  | Robert-Wienie Xowie |  | 5,905 | 16.80% |  | | | | | | |
|  | Isabelle Lafleur | DVD | 3,697 | 10.52% | |
|  | Pierre Aube | FN | 1,743 | 4.96% | |
|  | Stéphane Henocque | ?? | 1,616 | 4.60% | |
|  | Michel Jorda | PS | 1,272 | 3.62% | |
|  | Richard Sio | FG | 627 | 1.78% | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 35,145 | 98.27% | 32,151 | 91.67% |
| Spoilt and null votes | | | 620 | 1.73% | 2,922 | 8.33% |
| Votes cast / turnout | | | 35,765 | 46.78% | 35,073 | 45.90% |
| Abstentions | | | 40,688 | 53.22% | 41,333 | 54.10% |
| Registered voters | | | 76,453 | 100.00% | 76,406 | 100.00% |

### 2007

Legislative Election 2007: New Caledonia 1st – 2nd round
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | UMP | Gaël Yanno | 26,732 | 69.21 |  |
|  | FLNKS | Charles Washetine | 11,891 | 30.79 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,623 | 57.73 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 1st constituency of New Caledonia | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
National Assembly of France** | |
| The constituency in New Caledonia | |
| Deputy | Nicolas Metzdorf
GNC |
| Department | New Caledonia |
| Cantons | Loyalty Islands, communes of Nouméa and Île des Pins |
| Registered voters | 97,162 |
|  | |


title: New Cross Hospital, Deptford

abstract: New Cross Hospital was a hospital in the New Cross district of south east London, open from 1877 until around 1991.

text:
# New Cross Hospital, Deptford

**New Cross Hospital** was a hospital in the New Cross district of south east London, open from 1877 until around 1991.

## History

The hospital was opened by the Metropolitan Asylums Board (MAB) on 17 March 1877 as **Deptford Hospital**. Its purpose at that time was as a fever hospital treating patients suffering from smallpox, of which there was an epidemic at the time. It was one five fever hospitals - the others were in Fulham, Hampstead (site now occupied by the Royal Free Hospital), Homerton (site of Homerton University Hospital) and Stockwell (now Lambeth Hospital) - forming a ring around central London, and shared the same architects as the Fulham hospital (J Walker and W Crickman).

In 1885, its name was changed to the **South Eastern Fever Hospital**. The hospital was expanded between 1902 and 1906. In 1908, the facilities included 488 beds and its site covered an area of 10 acres (4.0 ha). It was transferred from the MAB to control by London County Council in 1930 and continued to be a fever hospital until 1941.

It was given the name **New Cross General Hospital** around 1949, soon after the creation of the National Health Service (NHS), and after the NHS closed it for a time it re-opened in 1952 as a satellite for Guy's Hospital. By 1982, it comprised 269 beds and was mainly used by geriatric patients. It closed as a hospital around 1991, but southern parts of the site to the north of Wardalls Grove remained in NHS use until at least 2004.

## Notable people

Notable people connected with the hospital included:

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. "The South Eastern Fever Hospital, Deptford". *The Workhouse: Story of an institution*. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
2. Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). Weinreb, Ben (ed.). *The London Encyclopaedia* (Revised ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 578. ISBN 978-1-40504-924-5.
3. Kerr, Matthew Newsom (2017). *Contagion, Isolation, and Biopolitics in Victorian London*. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-31965-768-4.
4. "New Cross Hospital: Student nurse records". King's College London. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
5. "Details: New Cross Hospital, London". National Archives. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
6. Povey, W. P. (1984). "James Niven". In Elwood, Willis J.; Tuxford, A. Félicité (eds.). *Some Manchester Doctors: a biographical collection to mark the 150th anniversary of the Manchester Medical Society 1834–1984*. Manchester Medical Society / Manchester University Press. pp. 98–100. ISBN 9780719017544.

## InfoBox

| New Cross Hospital, Deptford | |
| --- | --- |
| New Cross Hospital, Deptford | |
| Shown in Lewisham | |
| Geography | |
| Location | New Cross, London, England |
| Coordinates | 51°28′45″N 0°03′06″W / 51.4791°N 0.0517°W / 51.4791; -0.0517 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | NHS |
| Type | General |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | No |
| History | |
| Opened | 1877 |
| Closed | 1991 |


title: New Cross Gate Depot

abstract: New Cross Gate Depot is a railway depot in New Cross, South East London. The depot is situated on the London Overground East London Line and is to the north of New Cross Gate station beside the Brighton Main Line. It replaced the smaller New Cross Depot that serviced the predecessor London Underground line. As of 2017, the depot's allocation consists of London Overground Class 378 EMUs.

text:
# New Cross Gate Depot

**New Cross Gate Depot** is a railway depot in New Cross, South East London. The depot is situated on the London Overground East London Line and is to the north of New Cross Gate station beside the Brighton Main Line. It replaced the smaller New Cross Depot that serviced the predecessor London Underground line.

As of 2017, the depot's allocation consists of London Overground Class 378 EMUs.

## History

### London Underground East London Line

Light maintenance and stabling took place at the smaller New Cross depot alongside the South Eastern Main Line on the New Cross branch of the East London line, with heavier work done at Neasden Depot on the Metropolitan line. Between 1985 and 1987, D78 stock operated the line before being replaced by A60 and A62 stock. This depot closed when the line was transferred from London Underground, and was subsequently demolished.

### 2009/10: Construction

The current depot was constructed in 2009 to stable British Rail Class 378 stock for the new London Overground service. Unlike the LUL East London Line New Cross depot, this depot was constructed north of New Cross Gate and beside the Brighton Main Line.

### 2014/5: Capitalstar 378 conversion to five car units

To cope with increased demand, the class 378 units which operate on the line were extended from four to five cars, requiring the depot to be extended by 20 metres (66 ft).

### Sources

## InfoBox

New Cross Gate Depot
|
|  |
| Location | |
| Location | New Cross, Lewisham |
| Coordinates | 51°28′53″N 0°02′36″W / 51.4814°N 0.0433°W / 51.4814; -0.0433 |
| OS grid | TQ375834 |
| Characteristics | |
| Owner | London Overground Bombardier Transportation |
| Depot code | NG (1973 -) |
| Type | EMU |


title: New Pueyrredón Bridge

abstract: The New Pueyrredón Bridge, officially New Prilidiano Pueyrredón Bridge, is a bridge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that connects President Arturo Frondizi Highway in Barracas neighborhood with Bartolomé Mitre and Hipólito Yrigoyen avenues, both in Avellaneda Partido. The bridge crosses over Matanza River, carrying vehicular and pedestrian traffic between both points. The structure is made of reinforced concrete.

text:
# New Pueyrredón Bridge

The **New Pueyrredón Bridge**, officially **New Prilidiano Pueyrredón Bridge**, is a bridge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that connects President Arturo Frondizi Highway (AU9, formerly 9 de Julio Sur Highway) in Barracas neighborhood with Bartolomé Mitre and Hipólito Yrigoyen avenues, both in Avellaneda Partido. The bridge crosses over Matanza River (popularly known as *Riachuelo*), carrying vehicular and pedestrian traffic between both points.

The structure is made of reinforced concrete.

## History

The new bridge was built to replace Pueyrredón Bridge because of the increasing vehicular traffic on it, adding a point to connect Buenos Aires and Avellaneda districts with the purpose of mitigate the traffic congestions on Hipólito Yrigoyen (then named Pavón) and Bartolomé Mitre avenues of Avellaneda.

By 1965 the Pueyrredón Bridge carried about 90,000 vehicles per day, causing frequent traffic congestions. Engineer Lauro Laura (from "Dirección Nacional de Vialidad", the Argentine national office in charge of the development, planning and conservation of national routes), took over the project to create a new bridge.

The National Government expropriated the 99 houses on the path before demolishing them to build a bridge. Meanwhile, company "Empresa Argentina de Cemento Armado" (EACA) was awarded the tender for the construction. Originally, the access to the bridge was on Montes de Oca Avenue in Barracas. When the 9 de Julio Sur Highway was opened in the 1980s, it became the main access.

The New Puente Pueyrredón was inaugurated on December 19, 1969.

During the 2000s, groups of piqueteros blocked the bridge repeatedly as a way of calling attention over their demands. In December 2002, one of those blocks ended in the dead of two activists, Maximiliano Kosteki and Manuel Santillán, killed by Provincial policemen in the Avellaneda railway station, distant few blocks from the bridge.

34°39′18″S 58°22′17″W / 34.6550°S 58.3714°W / -34.6550; -58.3714

## InfoBox

| New Pueyrredón Bridge<br>Nuevo Puente Pueyrredón | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the east | |
| Coordinates | 34°39′18″S 58°22′16″W / 34.655°S 58.371°W / -34.655; -58.371 |
| Carries | Motor vehicles, pedestrians and bicycles |
| Crosses | Matanza River |
| Locale | Buenos Aires Province |
| Official name | Nuevo Puente Prilidiano Pueyrredón |
| Maintained by | Dirección Nacional de Vialidad |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Lauro Laura |
| Material | Reinforced concrete |
| Total length | 1,200.00 metres (3,937.01 ft) |
| Width | 37.20 metres (122.0 ft) |
| Height | 10.00 metres (32.81 ft) |
| History | |
| Construction start | 1965 |
| Construction end | 1969 |
| Construction cost | US$ 500,000 |
| Inaugurated | December 19, 1969 (1969-12-19) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: New Providence station

abstract: New Providence is a New Jersey Transit station in New Providence, New Jersey along the Gladstone Branch of the Morris and Essex line. The original 1899 station, built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad still stands. New Providence station is located across from the intersection of Old Springfield Avenue and Division Avenue. Springfield Avenue was rerouted north of the station in 1931. The former segment of Springfield Avenue on the opposite side of the tracks has been turned into an additional parking lot. The station was originally named West Summit until March 1927, as the borough of New Providence felt there was confusion for not being on railroad timetables. The station was renamed over the opposition of Summit residents.

text:
# New Providence station

**New Providence** is a New Jersey Transit station in New Providence, New Jersey along the Gladstone Branch of the Morris and Essex line. The original 1899 station, built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad still stands. New Providence station is located across from the intersection of Old Springfield Avenue and Division Avenue. Springfield Avenue was rerouted north of the station in 1931. The former segment of Springfield Avenue on the opposite side of the tracks has been turned into an additional parking lot.

The station was originally named **West Summit** until March 1927, as the borough of New Providence felt there was confusion for not being on railroad timetables. The station was renamed over the opposition of Summit residents.

## Station layout

The station has one low-level side platform.

Media related to New Providence (NJT station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| New Providence | |
| --- | --- |
| The New Providence station after restoration in Summer 2024. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 803 Old Springfield Avenue
New Providence, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°42′43.7″N 74°23′11.2″W / 40.712139°N 74.386444°W / 40.712139; -74.386444 |
| Owned by | New Jersey Transit |
| Line(s) | Gladstone Branch of the Morris and Essex line. |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Connections | **NJT Bus**: 986
**Lakeland**: 78 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 702 (Delaware, Lackawanna and Western) |
| Fare zone | 9 |
| History | |
| Opened | January 29, 1872 |
| Rebuilt | 1899 |
| Electrified | January 6, 1931 |
| Previous names | West Summit (18721927) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2017 | 556 (average weekday) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  NJ Transit Following station  Murray Hilltoward Gladstone  Gladstone Branch  Summittoward New York Penn Station or Hoboken | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Following station  Murray Hilltoward Gladstone  Gladstone Branch  Summittoward Hoboken | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Neural groove

abstract: The neural groove is a shallow median groove of the neural plate between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural plate is a thick sheet of ectoderm surrounded on either side by the neural folds, two longitudinal ridges in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it, the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form their ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall, the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal.

text:
# Neural groove

The **neural groove** is a shallow median groove of the neural plate between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural plate is a thick sheet of ectoderm surrounded on either side by the neural folds, two longitudinal ridges in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo.

The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system.

After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it, the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm.

The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form their ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall, the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal.

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 50 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Neural groove | |
| --- | --- |
| Human embryo—length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30. | |
| Details | |
| Carnegie stage |  |
| Precursor | Neural plate |
| Gives rise to | Neural tube |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *sulcus neuralis* |
| TE | groove\_by\_E5.13.1.0.1.0.3 E5.13.1.0.1.0.3 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Neurocare

abstract: Neurocare is a UK registered charitable organisation (1169762-14) which raises money for the neurosurgery department at Sheffield’s Royal Hallamshire Hospital.

text:
# Neurocare

**Neurocare** is a UK registered charitable organisation (1169762-14) which raises money for the neurosurgery department at Sheffield’s Royal Hallamshire Hospital.

## History

The Charity, founded by neurospecialists Robert Battersby and Jan Mundy, started from a wish to help those most in need. Battersby and Mundy proposed that if they could raise just half of the money they needed for equipment; the hospital could cover the rest.

The charity has provided help to patients through local projects from the early 1980s up until 1997, when they established themselves as a charity.

Since 1997, Neurocare has raised significant funds to buy equipment that enhances the services the department provides. In the past it has funded equipment for patients with head injuries, brain tumours, strokes and cancers of the nervous system. It also buys specialist items for patients with neurological illnesses such as motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease.

Neurocare is now part of Sheffield Hospitals Charity.

The Department of Neurosurgery at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which is based at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, provides a regional neurosurgical service for a population of 2.2 million people covering South Yorkshire, North Derbyshire and North Lincolnshire. Some patients do travel from other parts of the UK for specialist treatment.


title: Neuroblastoma highly expressed 1

abstract: Neuroblastoma highly expressed 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHEG1 gene.

text:
# Neuroblastoma highly expressed 1

**Neuroblastoma highly expressed 1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHEG1 gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NHEG1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | neuroblastoma highly expressed 1 | | |
| External IDs | GeneCards: ; OMA:\- orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     n/a   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     n/a   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 136.98 – 136.99 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: T-48 MPATS

abstract: The T-48TS was a U.S. Navy aircraft project, intended to replace the T-39 Sabreliner as part of the Undergraduate Military Flight Officer (UMFO) Multi-Place Aircraft Training System (MPATS). Planned by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), the T-48 Training System (T-48TS) was planned to consist of the aircraft, radar, a ground-based training system and curriculum, and life cycle support, initially for two years' time. Solicited for proposals in 2003, in 2004 the programme was deferred for further study. The T-48TS is not to be confused with the earlier Cessna T-48, this being a rare case of a reused designation in the US system.

text:
# T-48 MPATS

The **T-48TS** was a U.S. Navy aircraft project, intended to replace the T-39 Sabreliner as part of the Undergraduate Military Flight Officer (UMFO) Multi-Place Aircraft Training System (MPATS).

Planned by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), the T-48 Training System (T-48TS) was planned to consist of the aircraft, radar, a ground-based training system and curriculum, and life cycle support, initially for two years' time. Solicited for proposals in 2003, in 2004 the programme was deferred for further study.

The T-48TS is not to be confused with the earlier Cessna T-48, this being a rare case of a reused designation in the US system.


title: Sérgio Lopes (musician)

abstract: Sérgio Ricardo Lopes is a poet, singer and a christian music composer from Brazil.

text:
# Sérgio Lopes (musician)

**Sérgio Ricardo Lopes** (Campina Grande, October 27, 1965) is a poet, singer and a christian music composer from Brazil.

## Biography

Born on October 27, 1965, in Paraíba, while still in basic education (old primary school), got involved with theater at Colégio Estadual da Liberdade, in Campina Grande, when he knew a friend called Afrânio, with which he shared his own poems or findings from poets such as Augusto dos Anjos and Gonçalves Dias. Son of broadcaster Magidiel Lopes de Souza and Maria das Mercês Lima de Souza, was the oldest of five siblings. His father wrote romantic poems and read them during nocturne broadcasting programs that he broadcast in the AM radios Caturité and Cariri. Sérgio Lopes lost his parents prematurely, for his mother died from cancer at the age of thirty five and his father died in 1998, at the age of forty six. This led him to enroll on the Navy to guarantee his living and the continuation of his studies.

## Discography

* 1990 – *Nossos Dias* (Som & Louvores)
* 1992 – *Libertação* (Som & Louvores)
* 1993 – *O Amigo* (Som & Louvores)
* 1994 – *Canaan* (Som & Louvores)
* 1995 – *Sonhos* (Som & Louvores)
* 1996 – *Vidas e Futuros* (Eklesia/Zekap Gospel)
* 1996 – *Seleção de Ouro* (Line Records/Assoc. Beneficente Cristã-SP)
* 1997 – *O Sétimo* (Line Records)
* 1998 – *Noites e Momentos* (Line Records)
* 1999 – *A Fé* (Line Records)
* 1999 – *Cânticos para El Alma* – in Spanish (Line Records)
* 2000 – *Sérgio Lopes Ao Vivo* (Zekap Gospel)
* 2002 – *Yeshua: O Nome Hebraico de Jesus* (Top Gospel)
* 2003 – *Gálatas* (Top Gospel)
* 2004 – *Apocalipse: Cartas às 7 Igrejas* (Top Gospel)
* 2005 – *Lentilhas* (Top Gospel)
* 2005 – *O Amor de Deus* (Art Gospel)
* 2007 – *Getsêmani* (Art Gospel)
* 2008 – *Sérgio Lopes – O Poeta da Música Gospel* (LGK / Som Livre) – Recovery collection "Seleção de Ouro"
* 2008 – *Bethesda* (Art Gospel)
* 2009 – *Sérgio Lopes Acústico* (Art Gospel)
* 2011 – *A Melhor Escolha* (Line Records)
* 2014 – *Coração Discípulo* (Sony Music)
* 2017 – *Somos* (Independente)

## InfoBox

| Sérgio Lopes | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Sérgio Ricardo Lopes |
| Born | (1965-10-27) October 27, 1965
Campina Grande, Paraíba |
| Origin | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Genres | Contemporary Christian Music |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, poet, composer |
| Instrument | guitar |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Labels | Line Records 2011–12
Art Gospel 2005–10
Top Gospel 2001–05
Zekap Gospel 2000–01
Line Records 1996–2000
Som & Louvores 1989–95 |
|  | |
| Website | www.sergiolopes.com.br |


title: Systems design

text:
# Systems design

The basic study of system design is the understanding of component parts and their subsequent interaction with one another.

Systems design has appeared in a variety of fields, including sustainability, computer/software architecture, and sociology.

## Product Development

If the broader topic of product development "blends the perspective of marketing, design, and manufacturing into a single approach to product development," then design is the act of taking the marketing information and creating the design of the product to be manufactured.

Thus in product development, **systems design** involves the process of defining and developing systems, such as interfaces and data, for an electronic control system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems engineering.

### Physical design

The physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. This is explained in terms of how data is input into a system, how it is verified/authenticated, how it is processed, and how it is displayed. In physical design, the following requirements about the system are decided.

1. Input requirement,
2. Output requirements,
3. Storage requirements,
4. Processing requirements,
5. System control and backup or recovery.

Put another way, the physical portion of system design can generally be broken down into three sub-tasks:

1. User Interface Design
2. Data Design
3. Process Design

### Web System design

Online websites, such as Google, Twitter, Facebook, Amazon and Netflix are used by millions of users worldwide. A scalable, highly available system must be designed to accommodate an increasing number of users. Here are the things to consider in designing the system:

1. Functional and non functional requirements
2. Capacity estimation
3. Database to use, Relational or NoSQL
4. Vertical scaling, Horizontal scaling, Shard
5. Load Balancing
6. Primary-secondary Replication
7. Cache and CDN
8. Stateless and Stateful servers
9. Datacenter georouting
10. Message Queue, Publish-Subscribe Architecture
11. Performance Metrics Monitoring and Logging
12. Build, test, configure deploy automation
13. Finding single point of failure
14. API Rate Limiting
15. Service Level Agreement

## Further reading


title: National Trust and Savings Association

abstract: National Trust and Savings Association (NT&SA) is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (N.A.). Notably, it was used until 1998 by Bank of America NT&SA, the only major bank to utilize the designation. It was also construed to denote the character of a savings and loan association, with a focus on home mortgages and savings accounts.

text:
# National Trust and Savings Association

**National Trust and Savings Association** (**NT&SA**) is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (N.A.). Notably, it was used until 1998 by Bank of America NT&SA, the only major bank to utilize the designation. It was also construed to denote the character of a savings and loan association, with a focus on home mortgages and savings accounts.


title: UNIMA

abstract: UNIMA, an international non-governmental organization that brings together puppeteers and puppet enthusiasts to develop and promote the art of puppetry, was founded in Prague in 1929. In 1981, the French puppeteer Jacques Félix moved UNIMA's headquarters to Charleville-Mézières, France, location of the Festival Mondial des Théâtres de Marionnettes since 1972. UNIMA is affiliated to UNESCO and it is a member of the International Theatre Institute. UNIMA is affiliated with the International Theatre Institute and is present in 87 countries. Its headquarters is located in Charleville-Mézières.

text:
# UNIMA

**UNIMA** (*Union Internationale de la Marionnette* \- *International Puppetry Association*), an international non-governmental organization that brings together puppeteers and puppet enthusiasts to develop and promote the art of puppetry, was founded in Prague in 1929 (the then Czechoslovak magazine Loutkář was UNIMA's first official journal in years 1929–1930). In 1981, the French puppeteer Jacques Félix moved UNIMA's headquarters to Charleville-Mézières, France, location of the *Festival Mondial des Théâtres de Marionnettes* since 1972. UNIMA is affiliated to UNESCO and it is a member of the International Theatre Institute. UNIMA is affiliated with the International Theatre Institute and is present in 87 countries. Its headquarters is located in Charleville-Mézières.

## History

UNIMA was founded on May 20, 1929, in Prague, during the 5th Congress of Czech Puppeteers, upon the proposal of French writer Paul Jeanne. The Czech magazine Loutkář served as its official journal from 1929 to 1930. The last UNIMA congress before World War II took place in 1933 in Ljubljana.

After the war, UNIMA was revived in 1957 by the Czechoslovaks during the European Puppet Week in Braunschweig (then in West Germany). Jan Malik, who had been its Secretary-General before the war, led discussions to revive the association. A congress was held the same year in Prague, with 17 countries represented (from the United States to North Korea, in the context of the Cold War), establishing statutes that ensured equal representation of countries from the West and the East in the presidium.

In the 1970s, the association modernized: the presidium became the executive committee, and UNIMA moved its headquarters from Prague to Warsaw, where it remained for eight years. The headquarters was then established in Charleville-Mézières, known for its World Festival of Puppet Theater, and where the International Puppet Institute and the École nationale supérieure des arts de la marionnette later settled.

## National centers

There are National centers throughout the world, which include:

## UNIMA World Congresses

World congresses have been held in:

49°46′20.79″N 4°43′18.08″E / 49.7724417°N 4.7216889°E / 49.7724417; 4.7216889


title: Shivrajpur

abstract: Shivrajpur is a town and "nagar panchayat" in Kanpur Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under Kanpur Metropolitan Area. Tecson India Solution Shivrajpur has an ancient temple, Khereshwar, which is associated with Dronacharya and his son Ashwatthama. It was built by Raja Sati Prasad in memory of his queen. This temple is situated on the banks of river Ganges, and according to local legend was built in a day. It is renowned for its beautiful architectural work and unique carving design. One inter college and one degree college are situated in Shivrajpur near GT road. The described historical temple is very famous all over Kanpur and its name is Khereshwar temple. Near to this temple one temple of Mahakaal is also very famous.

text:
# Shivrajpur

**Shivrajpur** is a town and "nagar panchayat" (Notified Area Council) in Kanpur Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under Kanpur Metropolitan Area. Tecson India Solution

Shivrajpur has an ancient temple, **Khereshwar**, which is associated with Dronacharya and his son Ashwatthama. It was built by Raja Sati Prasad in memory of his queen. This temple is situated on the banks of river Ganges, and according to local legend was built in a day. It is renowned for its beautiful architectural work and unique carving design.

One inter college and one degree college are situated in Shivrajpur near GT road. The described historical temple is very famous all over Kanpur and its name is Khereshwar temple. Near to this temple one temple of Mahakaal is also very famous.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Shivrajpur had a population of 11,948. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Shivrajpur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 55%. In Shivrajpur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Khereshwar Temple

Khereshwar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the Lord Shiva. It is 40km From Kanpur. Mythology states that Ashwathama still visits this temple every night to perform Puja. It is believed he is in search of Moksha by worshipping Lord Shiva.

## Tourist attractions

## Transport

This town is connected via National Highway with railway station Kanpur to Farrukhabad North Central Railway line where fast and super fast train are available to Mathura, Agra, Delhi, Meerut, Bilhaur.This town is directly connected by National Highway NH 91 to Kanpur city.

Also, Shivrajpur has direct highway to Lucknow through new Ganga Bridge.

commons.wikimedia.org

## InfoBox

| Shivrajpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Nagar Panchayat | |
|  | |
| ShivrajpurLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°51′26″N 79°06′54″E / 26.85722°N 79.11500°E / 26.85722; 79.11500 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Kanpur Nagar |
| Government | |
| Body | Nagar Panchayat |
| Population | |
| Total | 11,948 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 209205 |
| Telephone code | Code-05112 |
| Vehicle registration | UP78 |
| Sex ratio | 53 percent / |


title: Yangshao, Mianchi

abstract: Yangshao is a town of Mianchi County, Sanmenxia, Henan, China. Before 2011, it was known as Yangshao township. It is known for the first archeological site of the Yangshao culture and for Yangshaojiu Baijiu.

text:
# Yangshao, Mianchi

**Yangshao** is a town of Mianchi County, Sanmenxia, Henan, China. Before 2011, it was known as Yangshao township.

It is known for the first archeological site of the Yangshao culture and for Yangshaojiu Baijiu.

## InfoBox

| Yangshao 仰韶镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| YangshaoLocation in China and HenanYangshaoYangshao (Henan) | |
| Coordinates: 34°45′53″N 111°45′37″E / 34.76472°N 111.76028°E / 34.76472; 111.76028 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Henan |
| Prefecture-level city | Sanmenxia |
| County | Mianchi |
| Area | |
| Total | 90.27 km2 (34.85 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 35,914 |


title: Xylocoremium

abstract: Xylocoremium is a fungal genus in the family Xylariaceae. The monotypic genus was circumscribed in 1984 to include the species Xylocoremium flabelliforme.

text:
# Xylocoremium

***Xylocoremium*** is a fungal genus in the family Xylariaceae. The monotypic genus was circumscribed in 1984 to include the species ***Xylocoremium flabelliforme***.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocoremium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | *Xylocoremium*
J.D.Rogers (1984) |
| Species: | ***X. flabelliforme*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocoremium flabelliforme***
(Schwein.) J.D.Rogers (1984) | |
|