title: Trichoplax

abstract: Trichoplax adhaerens is one of the four named species in the phylum Placozoa. The others are Hoilungia hongkongensis, Polyplacotoma mediterranea and Cladtertia collaboinventa. Placozoa is a basal group of multicellular animals, possible relatives of Cnidaria. Trichoplax are very flat organisms commonly less than 4 mm in diameter, lacking any organs or internal structures. They have two cellular layers: the top epitheloid layer is made of ciliated "cover cells" flattened toward the outside of the organism, and the bottom layer is made up of cylinder cells that possess cilia used in locomotion, and gland cells that lack cilia. Between these layers is the fibre syncytium, a liquid-filled cavity strutted open by star-like fibres. Trichoplax feed by absorbing food particles—mainly microbes—with their underside. They generally reproduce asexually, by dividing or budding, but can also reproduce sexually. Though Trichoplax has a small genome in comparison to other animals, nearly 87% of its 11,514 predicted protein-coding genes are identifiably similar to known genes in other animals.

text:
# Trichoplax

***Trichoplax adhaerens*** is one of the four named species in the phylum Placozoa. The others are *Hoilungia hongkongensis*, *Polyplacotoma mediterranea* and *Cladtertia collaboinventa*. Placozoa is a basal group of multicellular animals, possible relatives of Cnidaria. *Trichoplax* are very flat organisms commonly less than 4 mm in diameter, lacking any organs or internal structures. They have two cellular layers: the top epitheloid layer is made of ciliated "cover cells" flattened toward the outside of the organism, and the bottom layer is made up of cylinder cells that possess cilia used in locomotion, and gland cells that lack cilia. Between these layers is the fibre syncytium, a liquid-filled cavity strutted open by star-like fibres.

*Trichoplax* feed by absorbing food particles—mainly microbes—with their underside. They generally reproduce asexually, by dividing or budding, but can also reproduce sexually. Though *Trichoplax* has a small genome in comparison to other animals, nearly 87% of its 11,514 predicted protein-coding genes are identifiably similar to known genes in other animals.

## Discovery

*Trichoplax* was discovered in 1883 by the German zoologist Franz Eilhard Schulze, in a seawater aquarium at the Zoological Institute in Graz, Austria. The generic name is derived from the classical Greek θρίξ (**thrix**), "hair", and πλάξ (**plax**), "plate". The specific epithet *adhaerens* is Latin meaning "adherent", reflecting its propensity to stick to the glass slides and pipettes used in its examination.

Although from the very beginning most researchers who studied *Trichoplax* in any detail realized that it had no close relationship to other animal phyla, the zoologist Thilo Krumbach published a hypothesis that *Trichoplax* is a form of the planula larva of the anemone-like hydrozoan *Eleutheria krohni* in 1907. Although this was refuted in print by Schulze and others, Krumbach's analysis became the standard textbook explanation, and nothing was printed in zoological journals about *Trichoplax* until the 1960s. In the 1960s and 1970s a new interest among researchers led to acceptance of Placozoa as a new animal phylum. Among the new discoveries was study of the early phases of the animals' embryonic development and evidence that the animals that people had been studying are adults, not larvae. This newfound interest also included study of the organism in nature (as opposed to aquariums).

## Morphology

*Trichoplax* generally has a thinly flattened, plate-like body in cross-section around half a millimetre, occasionally up to two or three millimetres. The body is usually only about 25 μm thick. Because they are so thin and fragile, and because the cilia which they use for locomotion are only loosely coordinated, they are constantly being split into two or three separate clones when their cilia moves in opposite directions, causing microfractures in the animal’s epithelium. One hypothesis is that the larger a motile animal lacking a nervous system is, the less coordinated its locomotion becomes, placing an upper limit on their possible size. These colorlessly gray organisms are so thin they are transparent when illuminated from behind, and in most cases are barely visible to the naked eye. Like the single-celled amoebae, which they superficially resemble, they continually change their external shape. In addition, spherical phases occasionally form. These may facilitate movement to new habitats.

*Trichoplax* lacks tissues and organs; there is also no manifest body symmetry, so it is not possible to distinguish anterior from posterior or left from right. It is made up of a few thousand cells of six types in three distinct layers: dorsal epithelia cells and ventral epithelia cells, each with a single cilium ("monociliate"), ventral gland cells, syncytial fiber cells, lipophils, and crystal cells (each containing a birefringent crystal, arrayed around the rim). Lacking sensory and muscle cells, it moves using cilia on its external surface. The collective movements of the cilia are completely coordinated by mechanical interactions.

## Signal processing

There are no neurons present, but in the absence of a nervous system the animal uses short chains of amino acids known as peptides for cell communication, in a manner resembling the way animals with neurons use neuropeptides for the same purpose. These specialized cells are called peptidergic cells, but unlike neurons they don't use electrical impulses and their messaging is restricted to sending signals to other nearby cells only, as they're unable to both send and receive signals. Individual cells contain and secrete a variety of small peptides, made up of between four and 20 amino acids, which are detected by neighbouring cells. Each peptide can be used individually to send a signal to other cells, but also sequentially or together in different combinations, creating a huge number a different types of signals. This allows for a relatively complex behavioural repertoire, including behaviours such as "crinkling", turning, flattening, and internal "churning". The genome of Trichoplax codes for eighty-five neurotransmitter receptors, more than in any other sequenced animal.

## Epitheloid

Both structurally and functionally, it is possible to distinguish a back or dorsal side from a belly or ventral side in *Trichoplax adhaerens*. Both consist of a single layer of cells coated on the outside with slime and are reminiscent of epithelial tissue, primarily due to the junctions—belt desmosomes—between the cells. In contrast to true epithelium, however, the cell layers of the Placozoa possess no *basal lamina*, which refers to a thin layer of extracellular material underlying epithelium that stiffens it and separates it from the body's interior. The absence of this structure, which is otherwise to be found in all animals except the sponges, can be explained in terms of function: a rigid separating layer would make the amoeboid changes in the shape of *Trichoplax adhaerens* impossible. Instead of an epithelium, therefore, we speak of an *epitheloid* in the Placozoa.

A mature individual consists of up to a thousand cells that can be divided into four different cell types. The monociliated cells of the dorsal epitheloid are flattened and contain lipid bodies. The cells on the ventral side likewise possess a single cilium, while their elongated columnar shape, with a small cross section at the surface, packs them very closely together, causing the cilia to be very closely spaced on the ventral side and to form a ciliated "crawling sole". Interspersed among these ventral epithlioid cells are unciliated gland cells thought to be capable of synthesizing digestive enzymes.

## Fibre syncytium

Between the two layers of cells is a liquid-filled interior space, which, except for the immediate zones of contact with the ventral and dorsal sides, is pervaded by a star-shaped fibre syncytium: a fibrous network that consists essentially of a single cell but contains numerous nuclei that, while separated by internal crosswalls (septa), do not have true cell membranes between them. Similar structures are also found in the sponges (Porifera) and many fungi.

On both sides of the septa are liquid-filled capsules that cause the septa to resemble synapses, i.e. nerve-cell junctions that occur in fully expressed form only in animals with tissues (Eumetazoa). Striking accumulations of calcium ions, which may have a function related to the propagation of stimuli, likewise suggest a possible role as *protosynapses*. This view is supported by the fact that fluorescent antibodies against cnidarian neurotransmitters, i.e. precisely those signal carriers that are transferred in synapses, bind in high concentrations in certain cells of *Trichoplax adhaerens*, and thus indicate the existence of comparable substances in the Placozoa. The fibre syncytium also contains molecules of actin and probably also of myosin, which occur in the muscle cells of eumetazoans . In the placozoans, they ensure that the individual fibres can relax or contract and thus help determine the animals' shape.

In this way, the fibre syncytium assumes the functions of nerve and muscle tissues. Moreover, at least a portion of digestion occurs here. On the other hand, no gelatinous extracellular matrix exists of the kind observed, in *mesoglea*, in cnidarians and ctenophores.

*Pluripotent* cells, which can differentiate into other cell types, have not yet been demonstrated unambiguously in *T. adhaerens*, in contrast to the case of the Eumetazoa. The conventional view is that dorsal and ventral epithelioid cells arise only from other cells of the same type.

## Genetics

The *Trichoplax* genome contains about 98 million base pairs and 11,514 predicted protein-coding genes.

All nuclei of placozoan cells contain six pairs of chromosomes that are only about two to three micrometres in size. Three pairs are *metacentric*, meaning that the centromere, the attachment point for the spindle fibers in cell division, is located at the center, or *acrocentric*, with the centromere at an extreme end of each chromosome. The cells of the fiber syncytium can be *tetraploid*, i.e. contain a quadruple complement of chromosomes.

A single complement of chromosomes in *Trichoplax adhaerens* contains a total of fewer than fifty million base pairs and thus forms the smallest animal genome; the number of base pairs in the intestinal bacterium *Escherichia coli* is smaller by a factor of only ten.

The genetic complement of *Trichoplax adhaerens* has not yet been very well researched; it has, however, already been possible to identify several genes, such as *Brachyury* and *TBX2/TBX3*, which are homologous to corresponding base-pair sequences in eumetazoans. Of particular significance is *Trox-2*, a placozoan gene known under the name *Cnox-2* in cnidarians and as *Gsx* in the bilaterally symmetrical Bilateria. As a homeobox or Hox gene it plays a role in organization and differentiation along the axis of symmetry in the embryonic development of eumetazoans; in cnidarians, it appears to determine the position of mouth-facing (oral) and opposite-facing (aboral) sides of the organism. Since placozoans possess no axes of symmetry, exactly where the gene is transcribed in the body of *Trichoplax* is of special interest. Antibody studies have been able to show that the gene's product occurs only in the transition zones of the dorsal and ventral sides, perhaps in a fifth cell type that has not yet been characterized. It is not yet clear whether these cells, contrary to traditional views, are stem cells, which play a role in cell differentiation. In any case, *Trox-2* can be considered a possible candidate for a proto-Hox gene, from which the other genes in this important family could have arisen through gene duplication and variation.

Initially, molecular-biology methods were applied unsuccessfully to test the various theories regarding Placozoa's position in the Metazoa system. No clarification was achieved with standard markers such as 18S rDNA/RNA: the marker sequence was apparently "garbled", i.e. rendered uninformative as the result of many mutations. Nevertheless, this negative result supported the suspicion that *Trichoplax* might represent an extremely primitive lineage of metazoans, since a very long period of time had to be assumed for the accumulation of so many mutations.

Of the 11,514 genes identified in the six chromosomes of *Trichoplax*, 87% are identifiably similar to genes in cnidarians and bilaterians. In those *Trichoplax* genes for which equivalent genes can be identified in the human genome, over 80% of the introns (the regions within genes that are removed from RNA molecules before their sequences are translated in protein synthesis) are found in the same location as in the corresponding human genes. The arrangement of genes in groups on chromosomes is also conserved between the *Trichoplax* and human genomes. This contrasts to other model systems such as fruit flies and soil nematodes that have experienced a paring down of non-coding regions and a loss of the ancestral genome organizations.

## Relationship with animals

The phylogenetic relationship between *Trichoplax* and other animals has been debated for some time. A variety of hypotheses have been advanced based on the few morphological characteristics of this simple organism that could be identified. More recently, a comparison of the *Trichoplax* mitochondrial genome suggested that *Trichoplax* is a basal metazoan—less closely related to all other animals including sponges than they are to each other. This implies that the Placozoa would have arisen relatively soon after the evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular forms. But an even more recent analysis of the much larger *Trichoplax* nuclear genome instead supports the hypothesis that *Trichoplax* is a basal eumetazoan, that is, more closely related to Cnidaria and other animals than any of those animals are to sponges. This is consistent with the presence in *Trichoplax* of cell layers reminiscent of epithelial tissue (see above).

## Distribution and habitat

*Trichoplax* was first discovered on the walls of a marine aquarium, and is rarely observed in its natural habitat. *Trichoplax* has been collected, among other places, in the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Caribbean, off Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, Japan, Vietnam, Brazil, and Papua New Guinea, and on the Great Barrier Reef off the east coast of Australia.

Field specimens tend to be found in the coastal tidal zones of tropical and subtropical seas, on such substrates as the trunks and roots of mangroves, shells of molluscs, fragments of stony corals or simply on pieces of rock. One study was able to detect seasonal population fluctuations, the causes of which have not yet been deduced.

## Feeding and symbionts

*Trichoplax adhaerens* feeds on small algae, particularly on green algae (Chlorophyta) of the genus *Chlorella*, cryptomonads (Cryptophyta) of the genera *Cryptomonas* and *Rhodomonas*, and blue-green bacteria (Cyanobacteria) such as *Phormidium inundatum*, but also on detritus from other organisms. In feeding, one or several small pockets form around particles of nutrients on the ventral side, into which digestive enzymes are released by the gland cells; the organisms thus develop a temporary "external stomach", so to speak. The enclosed nutrients are then taken up by pinocytosis ("cell-drinking") by the ciliated cells located on the ventral surface.

Entire single-celled organisms can also be ingested through the upper epitheloid (that is, the "dorsal surface" of the animal). This mode of feeding could be unique in the animal kingdom: the particles, collected in a slime layer, are drawn through the intercellular gaps (cellular interstices) of the epitheloid by the fibre cells and then digested by phagocytosis ("cell-eating"). Such "collecting" of nutrient particles through an intact tegument is only possible because some "insulating" elements (specifically, a basal lamina under the epitheloid and certain types of cell-cell junctions) are not present in the Placozoa.

When the concentrations of algae are high the animals are more likely to engage in social feeding behavior.

Not all bacteria in the interior of Placozoa are digested as food: in the endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle of the fibre syncytium, bacteria are frequently found that appear to live in symbiosis with *Trichoplax adhaerens*. These endosymbionts, which are no longer able to survive outside its host, are transferred from one generation to the next through both vegetative and sexual reproduction.

## Locomotion

Placozoa can move in two different ways on solid surfaces: first, their ciliated crawling sole lets them glide slowly across the substrate; second, they can change location by modifying their body shape, as an amoeba does. These movements are not centrally coordinated, since no muscle or nerve tissues exist. It can happen that an individual moves simultaneously in two different directions and consequently divides into two parts.

It has been possible to demonstrate a close connection between body shape and the speed of locomotion, which is also a function of available food:

* At low nutrient density, the spread-out area fluctuates slightly but irregularly; speed remains relatively constant at about 15 micrometres per second.
* If nutrient density is high, however, the area covered oscillates with a stable period of about 8 minutes, in which the greatest extent reached by the organism can be as much as twice the smallest. Its speed, which remains consistently below 5 micrometres per second, varies with the same period. In this case, a high speed always corresponds to a reduced area, and vice versa.

Since the transition is not smooth but happens abruptly, the two modes of extension can be very clearly separated from one another. The following is a qualitative explanation of the animal's behavior:

* At low nutrient density, *Trichoplax* maintains a constant speed in order to uncover food sources without wasting time.
* Once such a source is identified by high nutrient density, the organism increases its area in regular increments and thereby enlarges the surface in contact with substrate. This enlarges the surface through which nutrients can be ingested. The animal reduces its speed at the same time in order to actually consume all of the available food.
* Once this is nearly completed, *Trichoplax* reduces its area again to move on. Because food sources such as algal mats are often relatively extensive, it is reasonable for such an animal to stop moving after a brief period in order to flatten out again and absorb nutrients. Thus *Trichoplax* progresses relatively slowly in this phase.

The actual *direction* in which *Trichoplax* moves each time is random: if we measure how fast an individual animal moves away from an arbitrary starting point, we find a linear relationship between elapsed time and mean square distance between starting point and present location. Such a relationship is also characteristic of random Brownian motion of molecules, which thus can serve as a model for locomotion in the Placozoa.

Small animals are also capable of swimming actively with the aid of their cilia. As soon as they come into contact with a possible substrate, a *dorsoventral response* occurs: the dorsal cilia continue to beat, whereas the cilia of ventral cells stop their rhythmic beating. At the same time, the ventral surface tries to make contact with the substrate; small protrusions and invaginations, the *microvilli* found on the surface of the columnar cells, help in attaching to the substrate via their adhesive action.

Using *T. adhaerens* as a model, 0.02–0.002 Hz oscillations in locomotory and feeding patterns were observed, and taken as evidence of complex multicellular integration, dependent on endogenous secretion of signal molecules. Evolutionarily conserved low-molecular-weight transmitters (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, and ATP) acted as coordinators of distinct locomotory and feeding patterns. Specifically, L-glutamate induced and partially mimicked endogenous feeding cycles, whereas glycine and GABA suppressed feeding. ATP-modified feeding is complex, first causing feeding-like cycles and then suppressing feeding. Trichoplax locomotion was modulated by glycine, GABA, and, surprisingly, by animals’ own mucus trails. Mucus triples locomotory speed compared to clean substrates. Glycine and GABA increased the frequency of turns.

## Regeneration

A notable characteristic of the Placozoa is that they can regenerate themselves from extremely small groups of cells. Even when large portions of the organism are removed in the laboratory, a complete animal develops again from the remainder. It is also possible to rub *Trichoplax adhaerens* through a strainer in such a manner that individual cells are not destroyed but are separated from one another to a large extent. In the test tube they then find their way back together again to form complete organisms. If this procedure is performed on several previously strained individuals simultaneously, the same thing occurs. In this case, however, cells that previously belonged to a particular individual can suddenly show up as part of another.

## Reproduction

The Placozoa normally propagate asexually, dividing down the middle to produce two (or sometimes, three) roughly equal-sized daughters. These remain loosely connected for a while after fission. More rarely, budding processes are observed: spherules of cells separate from the dorsal surface; each of these combines all known cell types and subsequently grows into an individual on its own.

Sexual reproduction is thought to be triggered by excessive population density. As a result, the animals absorb liquid, begin to swell, and separate from the substrate so that they float freely in the water. In the protected interior space, the ventral cells form an ovum surrounded by a special envelope, the fertilisation membrane; the ovum is supplied with nutrients by the surrounding syncytium, allowing energy-rich yolk to accumulate in its interior. Once maturation of the ovum is complete, the rest of the animal degenerates, liberating the ovum itself. Small, unciliated cells that form at the same time are interpreted to be spermatozoa. It has not yet been possible to observe fertilisation itself; the existence of the fertilisation membrane is currently taken to be evidence, however, that it has taken place.

Putative eggs have been observed, but they degrade, typically at the 32–64 cell stage. Neither embryonic development nor sperm have been observed. Despite lack of observation of sexual reproduction in the lab, the genetic structure of the populations in the wild is compatible with the sexual reproduction mode, at least for species of the analysed genotype H5.

Usually even before its liberation, the ovum initiates cleavage processes in which it becomes completely pinched through at the middle. A ball of cells characteristic of animals, the blastula, is ultimately produced in this manner, with a maximum of 256 cells. Development beyond this 256-cell stage has not yet been observed.

Trichoplax lack a homologue of the Boule protein that appears to be ubiquitous and conserved in males of all species of other animals tested. If its absence implies the species has no males, then perhaps its "sexual" reproduction may be a case of the above-described process of regeneration, combining cells from two separate organisms into one.

Due to the possibility of its cloning itself by asexual propagation without limit, the life span of Placozoa is infinite; in the laboratory, several lines descended from a single organism have been maintained in culture for an average of 20 years without the occurrence of sexual processes.

## Role as a model organism

Long ignored as an exotic, marginal phenomenon, *Trichoplax adhaerens* is today viewed as a potential biological model organism. In particular, research is needed to determine how a group of cells that cannot be considered full-fledged epithelial tissue organizes itself, how locomotion and coordination occur in the absence of true muscle and nerve tissue, and how the absence of a concrete body axis affects the animal's biology. At the genetic level, the way in which *Trichoplax adhaerens* protects against damage to its genome needs to be studied, particularly with regard to the existence of special DNA-repair processes. *T. adhaerens* can tolerate high levels of radiation damage that are lethal to other animals. Tolerance to X-ray exposure was found to depend on expression of genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis including the gene *Mdm2*. Complete decoding of the genome should also clarify the placozoans' place in evolution, which continues to be controversial.

Its ability to fight cancer through a combination of aggressive DNA repair and ejection of damaged cells makes it a promising organism for cancer research.

In addition to basic research, this animal could also be suitable for studying wound-healing and regeneration processes; as yet unidentified metabolic products should be researched. Finally, *Trichoplax adhaerens* is also being considered as an animal model for testing compounds and antibacterial drugs.

The related lineage *Trichoplax* sp. H2 has been suggested to be a more suitable model organism than *T. adhaerens*, due to its abundance and ease of culture.

## Systematics

Francesco Saverio Monticelli described another species in 1893, which he found in the waters around Naples, naming it *Treptoplax reptans*. However, it has not been observed since 1896, and most zoologists today doubt its existence.

Significant genetic differences have been observed between collected specimens matching the morphological description of *T. adhaerens*, leading scientists to suggest in 2004 that it may be a cryptic species complex. At least twenty haplotypes have since been assigned based on the 16S mitochondrial DNA fragment, with *T. adhaerens* being equated to the lineage H1. While most haplotypes have not been formally described as species, they have been (with the exception of the morphologically distinct H0, *Polyplacotoma mediterranea*) provisionally placed into seven distinct clades. The genus *Trichoplax* was redefined as comprising clades I and II, including haplotypes H1, H2, H3 and H17. A later study defined *Trichoplax* more restrictively as only clade I (haplotypes H1, H2 and H17), with H3 being suggested to belong to a separate undescribed genus in the family Trichoplacidae.

Placozoan haplotypes are not necessarily equivalent to species, and several haplotypes of the related placozoan genus *Hoilungia* have been found to belong to the same species. Nonetheless, haplotype H2 is usually considered to be a separate undescribed species, referred to as *Trichoplax* sp. H2. It has been reported to be more robust and abundant than *T. adhaerens*, and easier to culture, making it a better fit for experimental research. *Trichoplax* sp. H2 is also distinguished by the presence of an additional cell type, termed "epithelia upper-like", giving it a total of 29 cell types compared to the 28 in *T. adhaerens*.

Comparative genetic studies of *Trichoplax adhaerens* and the Panama strain of *Trichoplax* sp. H2 have suggested that their genetic similarity might be due to an interbreeding event having happened in the wild at least several decades ago, with one of them being the result of hybridization between the other and a third unknown strain. Analysis of bacterial endosymbionts supports this as a possible hypothesis, as the endosymbiont found in the Panama strain is closer to the one in *T. adhaerens* than to the one in the Hawaii strain of *Trichoplax* sp. H2.

## Further reading

* Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "5. Porifera and Placozoa". *Invertebrate Zoology – a functional evolutionary approach* (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 94. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. OCLC 53021401.
* Brusca, Richard C.; Brusca, G.J. (2002). "7. Four Phyla of Uncertain Affinity". *Invertebrates* (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 210. ISBN 0-87893-097-3. OCLC 51053596.

### Scientific literature

### First descriptions

Placozoa * Grell, K.G. (1971). "*Trichoplax adhaerens*, F. E. Schulze und die Entstehung der Metazoen" \[*Trichoplax adhaerens*, F.E. Schulze, and the evolution of the metazoans\]. *Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau*. **24**: 160. ISSN 0028-1050.

*Treptoplax reptans* *Trichoplax adhaerens*

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplax* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Light microscope image of *Trichoplax* (specimen ca. 0.5 mm across) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Placozoa |
| Class: | Uniplacotomia |
| Order: | Trichoplacea<br>Tessler *et al.*, 2022 |
| Family: | Trichoplacidae<br>Bütschli & Hatschek, 1905 |
| Genus: | *Trichoplax*<br>Schulze, 1883 |
| Species: | ***T. adhaerens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichoplax adhaerens***<br>Schulze, 1883 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trichoplax reptans* | |


title: Tridax

abstract:
Tridax is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Tridax is native primarily to the tropical regions of North and South America. Tridax procumbens has become naturalized in the southern United States and is considered a noxious weed in some places.
  - Species
  - formerly included see Calea Layia Sabazia
  - Tridax accedens - Calea verticillata
  - Tridax ehrenbergii  - Sabazia sarmentosa
  - Tridax gaillardioides  - Layia gaillardioides
  - Tridax verticillata  - Calea verticillata

text:
# Tridax

***Tridax*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

*Tridax* is native primarily to the tropical regions of North and South America. *Tridax procumbens* has become naturalized in the southern United States and is considered a noxious weed in some places.

Species   formerly included

see *Calea Layia Sabazia*

## InfoBox

| *Tridax* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tridax procumbens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Millerieae |
| Subtribe: | Galinsoginae |
| Genus: | *Tridax*
L. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tridax procumbens*
L. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ptilostephium* Kunth * *Mandonia* Wedd. * *Sogalgina* Cass. * *Balbisia* Willd. 1803, rejected homonym not Cav. 1804 (Vivianiaceae) nor DC. 1833 (Asteraceae) * *Bartolia* Adans. * *Bartolina* Adans. * *Carphostephium* Cass. * *Galinsogea* Kunth 1818, illegitimate homonym not Willd. 1803 | |


title: Tridamus

abstract:
Tridamus is the name of a deity attested from a single inscription on a sandstone altar from Roman Britain, found in Michaelchurch in present-day Herefordshire. The inscription reads:
  - 'To the god Tridam(us), Bellicus gave (this) altar' However, alternative readings of the rough-hewn inscription also exist, some of which have read Triv or Trivii for Tridam(us). The altar remains in St Michael's Church in Michaelchurch. The name Tridamus may be derived from the Proto-Celtic *tri-damos meaning 'three-bovine one'.

text:
# Tridamus

**Tridamus** is the name of a deity attested from a single inscription on a sandstone altar from Roman Britain, found in Michaelchurch in present-day Herefordshire. The inscription reads:

DEO TRIDAM(...) BELLICVS DON AVIT ARA\[M\] 'To the god Tridam(us), Bellicus gave (this) altar'

However, alternative readings of the rough-hewn inscription also exist, some of which have read *Triv* or *Trivii* for *Tridam(us)*. The altar remains in St Michael's Church in Michaelchurch.

The name Tridamus may be derived from the Proto-Celtic *\*tri-damos* meaning 'three-bovine one'.

## Sources


title: Trichosilia

abstract: Trichosilia was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae, it is now considered a subgenus of Feltia.

text:
# Trichosilia

***Trichosilia*** was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae, it is now considered a subgenus of *Feltia*.

## Former species

## InfoBox

| *Trichosilia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Trichosilia***<br>Hampson, 1918 |
|


title: Trichromia discophora

abstract: Trichromia discophora is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1916. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Trichromia discophora

***Trichromia discophora*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1916. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia discophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. discophora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia discophora***<br>(Hampson, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritos discophora* Hampson, 1916 | |


title: Trichur V. Ramachandran

abstract: Trichur V. Ramachandran(born 1940) is a Carnatic music vocalist. He received the most prestigious award of Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2012 from the Madras Music Academy. He was born in 1940 in Thrissur, Cochin State. He gave his first concert at the age of 14 and was a disciple of G. N. Balasubramaniam. Later he underwent training under M L Vasanthakumari as part of an Indian government Cultural Scholarship. Ramachandran married Charumathi in 1973. Ramachandran is recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2003. He also received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India in 2003. He also received the title of Sangeetha Choodamani by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha in 2001. Among plenty of titles and accolades, he is also the recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1987 and Vidhya Tapasvi title from TAPAS Cultural Foundation in 2009..

text:
# Trichur V. Ramachandran

**Trichur V. Ramachandran**(born 1940) is a Carnatic music vocalist. He received the most prestigious award of Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2012 from the Madras Music Academy.

He was born in 1940 in Thrissur, Cochin State. He gave his first concert at the age of 14 and was a disciple of G. N. Balasubramaniam. Later he underwent training under M L Vasanthakumari as part of an Indian government Cultural Scholarship. Ramachandran married Charumathi in 1973.

Ramachandran is recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2003. He also received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India in 2003. He also received the title of Sangeetha Choodamani by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha in 2001. Among plenty of titles and accolades, he is also the recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1987 and Vidhya Tapasvi title from TAPAS Cultural Foundation in 2009.

.

## InfoBox

| Trichur Ramachandran | |
| --- | --- |
| In 2004 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | V Ramachandran |
| Born | (1940-08-09) 9 August 1940<br>Trichur, Cochin State, British India |
| Genres | Carnatic music |
| Occupation | singer |
| Years active | 1954 - present |


title: Tritonoharpa cubapatriae

abstract: Tritonoharpa cubapatriae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Tritonoharpa cubapatriae

***Tritonoharpa cubapatriae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## InfoBox

| *Tritonoharpa cubapatriae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Genus: | *Tritonoharpa* |
| Species: | ***T. cubapatriae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tritonoharpa cubapatriae***<br>(Sarasúa, 1975) | |
|


title: Tripp 30

abstract: The Tripp 30 is a sailboat that was designed by American William H. Tripp Jr. as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1963.

text:
# Tripp 30

The **Tripp 30** is a sailboat that was designed by American William H. Tripp Jr. as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1963.

## Production

The design was built by Mechans Ltd in the United Kingdom and by Werkspoor in the Netherlands starting in 1963, with 30 boats completed. Seafarer Yachts also imported the boat into the United States.

The design's molds were later moved to the United Kingdom. The design was developed into the Santander 30 in 1966 and produced by Dock Plastics.

## Design

The Tripp 30 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig or optional yawl rig, with sitka spruce spars. The hull has a spooned raked stem; a raised counter, angled, transom; a keel-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed modified long keel. It displaces 9,600 lb (4,354 kg) and carries 2,900 lb (1,315 kg) of lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of 4.50 ft (1.37 m) with the standard keel.

The boat is fitted with a Universal Atomic 4 30 hp (22 kW) gasoline engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 20 U.S. gallons (76 L; 17 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 30 U.S. gallons (110 L; 25 imp gal).

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on both sides of the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove to starboard and an ice box and sink to port. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side.

The design has a hull speed of 5.99 kn (11.09 km/h).

## InfoBox

Tripp 30
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | William H. Tripp Jr. |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1963 |
| No. built | 30 |
| Builder(s) | Mechans Ltd
Werkspoor |
| Role | Racer-Cruiser |
| Name | Tripp 30 |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 9,600 lb (4,354 kg) |
| Draft | 4.50 ft (1.37 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | monohull |
| Construction | fiberglass |
| LOA | 30.33 ft (9.24 m) |
| LWL | 20.00 ft (6.10 m) |
| Beam | 8.50 ft (2.59 m) |
| Engine type | Universal Atomic 4 30 hp (22 kW) gasoline engine |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | modified long keel |
| Ballast | 2,900 lb (1,315 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | keel-mounted rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | masthead sloop |
| Total sail area | 369.00 sq ft (34.281 m2) |
| Santander 30
\[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Trigger Alpert

abstract: Herman "Trigger" Alpert was an American jazz bassist from Indianapolis, Indiana.

text:
# Trigger Alpert

**Herman "Trigger" Alpert** (September 3, 1916 – December 21, 2013) was an American jazz bassist from Indianapolis, Indiana.

## Music career

A native of Indianapolis, Alpert attended Indiana University, where he studied music. Soon after, he played with guitarist Alvino Rey in New York City, then toured with the Glenn Miller band in the early 1940s. Alpert's enthusiastic playing style is on display during a performance of *In the Mood* in *Sun Valley Serenade* (1941).

During the rest of the decade, he worked with Louis Armstrong, Roy Eldridge, Ella Fitzgerald, Bud Freeman, Woody Herman, Jerry Jerome, Bernie Leighton, Ray McKinley, Frank Sinatra, and Muggsy Spanier. In the 1950s and early 1960s, he recorded as a sideman with Don Elliott, Coleman Hawkins, Gene Krupa, Mundell Lowe, Buddy Rich, Artie Shaw, and the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra. Alpert's only album as a leader was *Trigger Happy* (Riverside, 1956), which he recorded with Al Cohn, Urbie Green, Tony Scott, Ed Shaughnessy, Zoot Sims, and Joe Wilder.

He was a member of the CBS Orchestra with a rhythm section of Hank Jones, Sonny Igoe, and Chuck Wayne until the late 1960s. He was with the CBS band for the television series *the Garry Moore Show* with Carol Burnett and with Barbra Streisand for the television specials *My Name Is Barbra* and *Color Me Barbra*.

Alpert wrote two instructional books: *Walking the Bass* (1958) and *the Electric Bass* (1968).

In 1970 he made his longtime interest in portrait photography a full-time profession. He died on December 21, 2013, at an assisted living facility in Jacksonville Beach, Florida.

## Discography

### As leader

### As sideman

**With Coleman Hawkins**

**With Mundell Lowe**

**With Glenn Miller**

* 1987 *Major Glenn Miller & the Army Air Force Band (1943–1944)*
* 1992 *Moon Dreams*
* 1995 *In True Stereo*
* 1996 *1935–1942*
* 1996 *We're Still in Love*

**With Ella Fitzgerald**

* 1993 *75th Birthday Celebration*
* 1994 *The War Years*
* 2003 *How High the Moon*
* 2011 *The Complete Masters 1935–55*
* 2004 *Ella and Satchmo*

**With Buddy Rich**

* 1988 *Gene Krupa & Buddy Rich*
* 1991 *Buddy Rich & His Legendary '47–'48 Orchestra*
* 2008 *Quiet Riot*

**With others**

## InfoBox

| Trigger Alpert | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Herman Alpert |
| Born | (1916-09-03)September 3, 1916
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 21, 2013(2013-12-21) (aged 97)
Jacksonville Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Double bass |
| Years active | 1930s–1970 |


title: Trevor Sinclair (radio presenter)

abstract: Trevor Sinclair is a Sydney-based radio host. He began his Sydney radio career in 1978 at the then most popular commercial music station in the city 2SM. Prior to this he had worked on provincial radio in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

text:
# Trevor Sinclair (radio presenter)

**Trevor Sinclair** is a Sydney-based radio host. He began his Sydney radio career in 1978 at the then most popular commercial music station in the city 2SM. Prior to this he had worked on provincial radio in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

## Career

### 20th century

Sinclair's career began in the small town of Young on 25 October 1976 for 2LF. He moved to the regional town of Nowra in 1977 to work at 2ST, before hosting a night show, at Canberra's 2CC in early 1978. Sinclair also hosted a very successful late afternoon TV show, "Connections" on local television station CTC-7 from 13 April until 24 November 1978. He was offered a position at Sydney's 2SM in late October 1978 and soon after took over the afternoon role.

In November 1979, Sinclair joined former 2SM colleagues including: Ron E Sparks (Program Director) and Gordon O'Byrne (Presenter) for the rebirth of Sydney station 2UW that was then owned by the Albert family who owned radio stations in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane which became known as the Australian Radio Network (ARN). Sinclair continued his association with the Network through its AM stations in Sydney (2UW) and Melbourne (3KZ) conversion to the FM band (Sydney's Mix 106.5 and Melbourne's TT FM) until May 2001.

Sinclair was host of several nationally syndicated radio shows during the 1980s and 1990s for Grace Gibson Radio Productions and ARNSAT including The Hitfile, Music Over Australia and How it was-When it was.

### 21st century

Following a take-over and sale of ARN to Australian Provincial Newspapers and America's Clear Channel Communications, Sinclair found himself back in the regional radio market working for DMG Radio Australia. He presented on DMG's River 94.9 in the summer of 2002. DMG also had recently launched its Nova network across the country. Nova sold off its regional assets to enable it to buy two new radio licences in Sydney and Melbourne, Sinclair was again back in Sydney at the newly launched Vega 95.3. He hosted the network's night show during 2007 on Sydney's Vega 95.3 and Melbourne's Vega 91.5, followed by autonomous shows in both Sydney and Melbourne from time to time from 2005 until 2009.

Until April 2012, he was hosting the drive show on 2CH in Sydney before moving into a breakfast show support role.

In 2013, Sinclair was appointed Executive Producer/Anchor of the Better Homes & Gardens Radio Show, heard on 70 stations across Australia.

For 12 years, Sinclair was also the host of "FMQ - on Radio Q" on Qantas.

In March 2017, following the sale of 2CH by Macquarie Radio Network to a consortium of Oceania Capital Partners, Glenn Wheatley and John Williams, and the launch of its Easy Classics format, Trevor once again found himself at 2CH where he hosted the Breakfast Show with Indira Naidoo from April 2018 until December 2019. In January 2020 he moved to host the Afternoon-Drive Show.

He left 2CH in July 2021 and joined 3MP in Melbourne (owned by the ACE Radio network) as their evening presenter. In January 2022, ACE took over operation of metropolitan radio stations in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. Sinclair was appointed breakfast show host of two of ACE's music stations: 2UE in Sydney and 4BH in Brisbane. On 11 July 2022, he was replaced on 4BH by Brisbane radio legend "BBQ Bob" Gallagher so he is focused on his Easy Breakfast Show in Sydney where he remains today as one of Sydney's most enduring radio performers.


title: Tripartite synapse

abstract:
Tripartite synapse refers to the functional integration and physical proximity of:
  - The presynaptic membrane,
  - Postsynaptic membrane,
  - and their intimate association with surrounding glia. It also refers as well as the combined contributions of these three synaptic components to the production of activity at the chemical synapse. Tripartite synapses occur at a number of locations in the central nervous system with astrocytes, a type of glial cell, and may also exist with Muller glia of retinal ganglion cells and Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction. The term was first introduced in the late 1990s to account for a growing body of evidence that glia are not merely passive neuronal support cells but, instead, play an active role in the integration of synaptic information through bidirectional communication with the neuronal components of the synapse as mediated by neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters.

text:
# Tripartite synapse

**Tripartite synapse** refers to the functional integration and physical proximity of:

It also refers as well as the combined contributions of these three synaptic components to the production of activity at the chemical synapse. Tripartite synapses occur at a number of locations in the central nervous system with astrocytes, a type of glial cell, and may also exist with Muller glia of retinal ganglion cells and Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction. The term was first introduced in the late 1990s to account for a growing body of evidence that glia are not merely passive neuronal support cells but, instead, play an active role in the integration of synaptic information through bidirectional communication with the neuronal components of the synapse as mediated by neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters.

## Evidence of the Tripartite Synapse

Evidence for the role of astrocytes in the integration and processing of synaptic integration presents itself in a number of ways:

* **Astrocytes are excitable cells:** In response to stimuli from any of the three components of the tripartite synapse, astrocytes are capable of producing transient changes in their intracellular calcium concentrations through release of calcium stores from the endoplasmic reticulum
* **Astrocytes communicate bidirectionally with neurons:** Through changes in their calcium concentration excitability, astrocytes are able to detect neurotransmitters and other signals released from neurons at the synapse and can release their own neurotransmitters or gliotransmitters that are, in turn, capable of modifying the electrophysiological excitability of neurons.
* **Astrocytes are capable of responding selectively to stimuli:** Astrocytes of the hippocampal stratum oriens form tripartite synapses with axonal projections from the alveus. The alveus projections can form either glutamatergic or cholinergic synapses with the stratum oriens, but the astrocytes of this region respond with changes in calcium concentration only to cholinergic activation of alveus projections. This is not merely due to a sensitivity of these astrocytes exclusive to acetylcholine, as they will also respond to glutamatergic synaptic activity originating from a different brain region, the Schaffer collateral.
* **Astrocytes integrate and modulate information from their synaptic inputs:** Astrocytic calcium concentration changes in response to simultaneous stimulation by two neurotransmitter types is not always a linear summation (a linear summation being an increase in intracellular calcium concentration in the astrocyte in response to two simultaneous stimuli that would be the equivalent of adding the calcium concentration changes that would occur in response to each stimulation individually) of the effects of each individual input but varies by the transmitter combinations as well as frequency of stimulation. The hippocampal stratum oriens astrocytes, which respond to synaptic activity from glutamatergic neurons originating in the Schaffer collateral and cholinergic neurons originating in the alveus, produce changes in their intracellular calcium concentrations that is non-linear with the strength of synaptic input. Additionally, these same stimuli are capable of producing either a potentiated calcium concentration response at low frequencies of stimulation or a depressed calcium concentration response at high frequencies of stimulation.

## Differences between young and adult brain

In a 2013 published research study titled *Glutamate-Dependent Neuroglial Calcium Signaling Differ Between Young and Adult Brain,* it was found that the tripartite synapse is not found in the adult brain. Earlier published research had discussed how astrocytes had metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)–dependent increases in cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+). However, astrocytic expression of mGluR5 was lost by the third postnatal week in mice and was not present in human cortical astrocytes. The results of the study indicate that neuroglial signaling the adult brain may be fundamentally different than the young brain.

Maiken Nedergaard, M.D., D.M.Sc., lead author of the study and co-director of the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) Center for Translational Neuromedicine stated:

> If this concept was correct, it should have given rise to a clinical trial by now. It has not, which tells us that with so many labs work on this for 20 years that there must be something wrong.

She also stated that:

> Our findings demonstrate that the tripartite synaptic model is incorrect. This concept does not represent the process for transmitting signals between neurons in the brain beyond the developmental stage.

In collaboration with the University of Rochester’s Institute of Optics, Nedergaard and her team had developed a new 2-photon microscope that had allowed researchers to observe glia activity in the living brain, which allowed observable data for the study.

Study shows that current model for brain signaling is flawed (youtube.com)


title: Villasarracino

abstract: Villasarracino is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and Leon, Spain. According to the 2022 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 127 inhabitants.

text:
# Villasarracino

**Villasarracino (In Spanish, Villasarracinno)** is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and Leon, Spain. According to the 2022 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 127 inhabitants.

42°25′N 4°30′W / 42.417°N 4.500°W / 42.417; -4.500

## InfoBox

| Villasarracino | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Palencia |
| Municipality | Villasarracino |
| Area | |
| Total | 20 km2 (8 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 143 |
| Density | 7.2/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: What Rats Won't Do

abstract: What Rats Won't Do is a 1998 British comedy film directed by Alastair Reid and starring James Frain and Natascha McElhone.

text:
# What Rats Won't Do

***What Rats Won't Do*** is a 1998 British comedy film directed by Alastair Reid and starring James Frain and Natascha McElhone.

## Plot

Kate Beckenham is hired by American heiress Mirella Burton to defend Burton's claim to the £15million estate of her deceased husband against his son Gerald. Gerald has hired lawyer Jack Sullivan, who has never lost a case in court. Burton has hired Alex Leam, who has never won one. Though Beckenham is engaged, she finds herself attracted to Sullivan.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| What Rats Won't Do | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Alastair Reid |
| Written by | William Osborne |
| Starring | James Frain <br>Natascha McElhone |
| Release date | * 1 July 1998 (1998-07-01) |
| Running time | 1h 28min |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Trevor Lee (footballer)

abstract: Trevor Carl Lee is an English former professional footballer. He played for Cobham, Epsom & Ewell, Millwall, Colchester United, Gillingham, Leyton Orient, AFC Bournemouth, Cardiff City, Northampton Town and Fulham between 1975 and 1985. He played for Epsom & Ewell in the inaugural FA Vase final, losing 2–1 to Hoddesdon Town in April 1975 but left for a professional career with Millwall in November 1975, signing live on the Today programme with his teammate Phil Walker. Lee, the son of Jamaican parents, became the first black player to represent Colchester United in the Football League when he made his debut against Plymouth Argyle on 3 November 1978.

text:
# Trevor Lee (footballer)

**Trevor Carl Lee** (born 3 July 1954 in Lewisham) is an English former professional footballer. He played for Cobham, Epsom & Ewell, Millwall, Colchester United, Gillingham, Leyton Orient, AFC Bournemouth, Cardiff City, Northampton Town and Fulham between 1975 and 1985. He played for Epsom & Ewell in the inaugural FA Vase final, losing 2–1 to Hoddesdon Town in April 1975 but left for a professional career with Millwall in November 1975, signing live on the Today programme with his teammate Phil Walker. Lee, the son of Jamaican parents, became the first black player to represent Colchester United in the Football League when he made his debut against Plymouth Argyle on 3 November 1978.

## InfoBox

Trevor Lee
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Trevor Carl Lee | | |
| Date of birth | (1954-07-03) 3 July 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Lewisham, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1974–1975 | Epsom & Ewell | 63 | (26) |
| 1975–1978 | Millwall | 108 | (22) |
| 1978–1981 | Colchester United | 96 | (35) |
| 1981–1983 | Gillingham | 47 | (14) |
| 1982–1983 | Leyton Orient (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 1983–1984 | AFC Bournemouth | 34 | (9) |
| 1984 | Cardiff City | 21 | (5) |
| 1984–1985 | Northampton Town | 24 | (0) |
| 1985 | Fulham | 1 | (0) |
| 1985–1986 | Epsom & Ewell | 5 | (0) |
| Total |  | **404** | **(111)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Trigger Happy!

abstract: Trigger Happy! is the sole album led by American jazz double bassist Trigger Alpert which was recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label. The album was also issued under Zoot Sims Al Cohn and Tony Scott's names as East Coast Sounds.

text:
# Trigger Happy!

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

***Trigger Happy!*** is the sole album led by American jazz double bassist Trigger Alpert which was recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label. The album was also issued under Zoot Sims Al Cohn and Tony Scott's names as ***East Coast Sounds***.

## Reception

Allmusic awarded the *East Coast Sounds* album 4 stars with Ken Dryden stating "Zoot Sims and Al Cohn made many records together in small-group settings, but this isn't one of their better-known dates, though it is a rewarding one... Recommended". The British *Gramophone* magazine's review from 1958 called it "a session that presents first-class soloists within settings that are witty as well as intelligent. The mood is gay rather than profound, the approach formal and not at all intense".

## Track listing

1. "Treat Me Rough" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 2:50
2. "Looking at You" (Cole Porter) - 4:20
3. "Love Me Tomorrow (But Leave Me Alone Today)" (Vernon Duke, John La Touche) - 4:51
4. "Trigger Happy" (Tony Scott) - 2:28
5. "Tranquilizer" (Dick Hyman) - 4:28
6. "I Like the Likes of You" (Duke, Yip Harburg) - 4:08
7. "I Wish I Were in Love Again" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 3:35
8. "I Don't Want to Be Alone Again" (Johnny Mercer, Jimmie Smith) - 3:28
9. "Trigger Fantasy"(Trigger Alpert) - 5:24
10. "Where's That Rainbow?" (Hart, Rodgers) - 3:35

* Recorded at Reeves Sound Studios in New York City October 29, 1956 (tracks 1-3), November 23, 1956 (tracks 4-6) and November 30, 1956 (tracks 7-10)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Trigger Happy! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Trigger Alpert | |
| Released | 1956 |
| Recorded | October 29 and November 23 & 30, 1956 |
| Studio | Reeves Sound Studios, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 33:08 |
| Label | Riverside<br>RLP 12-225 |
| Producer | Orrin Keepnews |
|  | |
| *East Coast Sounds* Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trevor Slack

abstract: Trevor Colin Slack is an English former professional footballer who made 274 appearances in the Football League playing as a central defender for Peterborough United, Rotherham United, Grimsby Town, Northampton Town and Chesterfield.

text:
# Trevor Slack

**Trevor Colin Slack** (born 26 September 1962) is an English former professional footballer who made 274 appearances in the Football League playing as a central defender for Peterborough United, Rotherham United, Grimsby Town, Northampton Town and Chesterfield.

## InfoBox

Trevor Slack
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Trevor Colin Slack | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-09-26) 26 September 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | Peterborough, England | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Central defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1980–1986 | Peterborough United | 202 | (18) |
| 1986–1987 | Rotherham United | 15 | (1) |
| 1987–1988 | Grimsby Town | 21 | (0) |
| 1988 | Northampton Town | 13 | (1) |
| 1988–1989 | Chesterfield | 23 | (0) |
| 1988–1989 | Barnet (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 1989–1992 | Kettering Town | 114 | (8) |
| 1992–1993 | Boston United | 10 | (0) |
| 1993–1994 | Corby Town |  |  |
| 1994 | King's Lynn |  |  |
| 1994 | Holbeach United |  |  |
| 1994–1995 | Sudbury Town |  |  |
| 1995 | Corby Town |  |  |
| Total |  | **400** | **(28)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Trichopus zeylanicus

abstract: Trichopus zeylanicus is a small herbaceous plant, which is one of only two species of its genus, Trichopus. Formerly it was placed in its own family, Trichopodaceae, but is now included in the family Dioscoreaceae. The leaves are about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and grow from a rhizome. The shape of the leaves can be highly variable even within one location, but the most common shape is cordate. The herb grows on sandy soil near rivers and streams in shady places in lowland and intermediate altitude forests. It flowers year long and the fruits are thought to be dispersed by water. The unusual flowers are purplish black.

text:
# Trichopus zeylanicus

***Trichopus zeylanicus*** is a small herbaceous plant, which is one of only two species of its genus, *Trichopus*. Formerly it was placed in its own family, Trichopodaceae, but is now included in the family Dioscoreaceae. The leaves are about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and grow from a rhizome. The shape of the leaves can be highly variable even within one location, but the most common shape is cordate. The herb grows on sandy soil near rivers and streams in shady places in lowland and intermediate altitude forests. It flowers year long and the fruits are thought to be dispersed by water. The unusual flowers are purplish black.

## Distribution

*T. zeylanicus* grows in Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Southwestern Ghats mountains of South India.

## Traditional medicine

It has been in use for centuries by the Kaani tribal community of the Agastya Koodam ranges in Kerala, India, for its medicinal properties.

Modern Indian scientists learned the medical properties of *Trichopus zeylanicus*  in December 1987 while on a scientific expedition to the Agasthia Hills in the Western Ghats. They noticed that their guides, belonging to the Kaani tribe, were very energetic in sharp contrast to themselves. They had walked for several hours with the scientists, but the difference was that they ate the fruits of a wild plant *T. zeylanicus* as they walked. It was found from the Kaani men that it was indeed the fruits they were eating that made them energetic, a fact about the plant well known to the tribe for ages. Historically, the members of the tribes called the plant 'chathan kalanji' literally meaning 'satan destroyer'. The more popular name of the plant, "Arogya pacha" (literally meaning "the green that gives strength") was given to it by the scientists.

Detailed chemical and pharmacological investigations showed that the leaf of the plant contained flavonoid glycosides, glycolipids and some other non-steroidal compounds. In the article published in www.ijpcbs.com showed the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the leaf extract against 8 bacterial and 8 fungal strains (Manza and Saj, 2013)

The Indian commercial and scientific interest in the herb caused misguided suspicions of bio-piracy in Sri Lanka, where it is called Bimpol, and exports of the herb were forbidden in 1998.

## Images

1. Indian Patent 1996 – A process for preparation of "JEEVANI" a novel immunoenhancing antifatigue antistress and hepatoprotective drug from the plants Trichopus zeylanicus ssp, Travancoricus, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Evoluvulus alsinoides.
2. Indian Patent 1996 – A process for preparation of an antidiabetic drug from the plants Trichopus zeylanicus ssp, Travancoricus, Withania somnifera, Piper longum
3. Pushpangadan P., Rajasekhran S., Ratheesh Kumar P. K., Jawahar C. R., Velayudhan Nair V., Lakshmi N., and Sarad Amma L., 1988, "Arogyapacha (Trichopus Zeylanicus Gaertn.). The Ginseng of Kani Tribes of Agasthyar Hills (Kerala) for Eevergreen Health and Vitality." Ancient Sciences of Life, 7 1988: 13–16.
4. Pushpangadan P., Rajasekaran S., Latha P. G., Evans D. A. and Valsa Raj R., 1994, "Further Studies on the pharmacology of Trichopus zeylanicus." Ancient Sciences of Life, Vol. 14xiv(3) 1995: 127–135
5. Subramoniam A., Madhavachandran V., Rajasekharan S., Pushpangadan P., "Aphrodisiac property of Trichopus zeylanicus extract in male mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 57(1). Issue: June 1997: 21–27.
6. Subramoniam A., Evans D.A., Valsaraj R., Rajasekharan S., Pushpangadan P., "Inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation of sensitized mast cells by Trichopus zeylanicus in mice and rats." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 68(1–3). Issue: 15 December 1999: 137–143.
7. Susan Chacko.; M.G. Sethuraman.; V. George.; P. Pushpangadan. "Phytochemical constituents of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. Travancoricus", J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., 2002, 24, 703–706.
8. Jayaraman K. S., "Indian Ginseng brings royalties for tribe." Nature, 381, 16 May 1996.
9. Meenakshi Ganguli, 1998, "Descendants of "God’s Physician" Share Their Secrets." Time. 9 Nov 1998. Reprinted in Japanese-language version, No 38, February, 1999.
10. "Jeevani: The Anti-Stress/Pro-Energy Botanical Complex", Natural Body building and Fitness. New York, February, 2000.
11. Antimicrobial properties of Trichopus zeylanicus was proved by Saj and Mansa (2007) University college, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, {M.Phil thesis, University of Kerala.

12. CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES ON AROGYAPACHA OR KERALA GINSENG LEAF EXTRACTS MM. Manza and Oommen P Saj Department of Botany, University College, Trivandrum-695003, Kerala, India (www.ijpcbs.com).

## InfoBox

| *Trichopus zeylanicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trichopus zeylanicus* at Nilagala, Sri Lanka. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Dioscoreales |
| Family: | Dioscoreaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichopus* |
| Species: | ***T. zeylanicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichopus zeylanicus***<br>Gaertn. | |
|


title: Tarari, Inc.

abstract: Tarari is a company that spun out of Intel in 2002. It has created a range of re-programmable silicon based on Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA and ASICs that offload and accelerate really complex algorithms such as XML Parsing, scanning for Computer viruses, email spam and intruders in Intrusion-prevention systems and Unified threat management appliances. As well as inspecting content its Content Processors can also transform content and they are used for XML transformation XSLT, compression, encryption as well as HD Video encoding for WMV and VC-1 formats. In June 2006, Tarari announced that its next generation chips that will support the AMD Torrenza initiative - and it will incorporate HyperTransport interfaces. HyperTransport based-systems offer a dramatically reduced latency and increased throughput. This is because a HyperTransport connected system allows a co-processor to have direct access to the system's HyperTransport bus, and thus as much access to system resources as other conventional CPUs. PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both allow systems to communicate at 20-25 Gbit/s versus 4-8 Gbit/s for Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI/PCI-X based systems. Just as the latest desktop machines are using PCI-Express for their high-performance graphic cards now servers will be able to use these high speed interconnects to add other hardware-based co-processors. PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both operate serially using multiple lanes - PCI-Express supports 1, 2, 4 or 8 lane connectivity at 2.5 Gbit/s per lane. Whereas PCI/PCI-X works using parallel transfers and is most efficient in the 2k - 4k byte per transfer range, PCI-Express and HyperTransport are very efficient at transfers as small as just 64 bytes. Therefore, applications such as in intrusion-prevention system (IPS) and VOIP security applications which have to examine a large volume of small packets will benefit from such high-speed and highly efficient transfer capabilities. On 5 September 2007, LSI Corporation announced a definitive agreement to acquire Tarari.

text:
# Tarari, Inc.

**Tarari** is a company that spun out of Intel in 2002. It has created a range of re-programmable silicon based on Xilinx  Virtex-4 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and ASICs  that offload and accelerate really complex algorithms such as XML Parsing, scanning for Computer viruses, email spam and intruders in Intrusion-prevention systems and Unified threat management appliances. As well as inspecting content its Content Processors can also transform content and they are used for XML transformation XSLT, compression, encryption as well as HD Video encoding for WMV and VC-1 formats.

In June 2006, Tarari announced that its next generation chips that will support the AMD Torrenza  initiative - and it will incorporate HyperTransport  interfaces. HyperTransport based-systems offer a dramatically reduced latency and increased throughput. This is because a HyperTransport connected system allows a co-processor to have direct access to the system's HyperTransport bus, and thus as much access to system resources as other conventional CPUs.

PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both allow systems to communicate at 20-25 Gbit/s versus 4-8 Gbit/s for Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI/PCI-X based systems. Just as the latest desktop machines are using PCI-Express for their high-performance graphic cards now servers will be able to use these high speed interconnects to add other hardware-based co-processors.

PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both operate serially using multiple lanes - PCI-Express supports 1, 2, 4 or 8 lane connectivity at 2.5 Gbit/s per lane. Whereas PCI/PCI-X works using parallel transfers and is most efficient in the 2k - 4k byte per transfer range, PCI-Express and HyperTransport are very efficient at transfers as small as just 64 bytes. Therefore, applications such as in intrusion-prevention system (IPS) and VOIP security applications which have to examine a large volume of small packets will benefit from such high-speed and highly efficient transfer capabilities.

On 5 September 2007, LSI Corporation announced a definitive agreement to acquire Tarari.


title: Sauk Valley Predators

abstract: The Sauk Valley Predators are a Premier Basketball League team that began play in the 2012 season. Based in Northwestern Illinois, the Predators play their home games at several sites in the region, including Sterling High School in Sterling, Illinois and Highland Community College in Freeport among others. The Predators team included players such as Carlton Fay, Jereme Richmond, Mike Rose and Herman Favors. Head coach Kevin Keathley led the team to a winning season and a playoff appearance. Keathley was assisted by Kirk Engelkens and Ryan Vazquez. Darrick Druce was the strength and conditioning coach.

text:
# Sauk Valley Predators

The **Sauk Valley Predators** are a Premier Basketball League team that began play in the 2012 season. Based in Northwestern Illinois, the Predators play their home games at several sites in the region, including Sterling High School in Sterling, Illinois and Highland Community College in Freeport among others. The Predators team included players such as Carlton Fay (Southern Illinois University), Jereme Richmond (University of Illinois), Mike Rose (Eastern Kentucky) and Herman Favors (Georgia State). Head coach Kevin Keathley led the team to a winning season and a playoff appearance. Keathley was assisted by Kirk Engelkens and Ryan Vazquez. Darrick Druce was the strength and conditioning coach.

## InfoBox

Sauk Valley Predators
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2011 |
| League | Premier Basketball League |
| Team history | Sauk Valley Predators (2012-present) |
| Based in | Northwestern Illinois |
| Arena | Eastland High School, Highland Community College, other sites TBD |
| Colors | Green, orange, white |
| Owner | Brad & Leah Grenoble |
| Coaches | Kevin Keathley, Kirk Engelkens, Ryan Vazquez and Darrick Druce |
| Dancers | Sauk Valley RimRockers |
| Mascot | Eagle & Owl |


title: My Love By My Side

abstract: My Love By My Side is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Lee So-yeon, Lee Jae-yoon and On Joo-wan. It aired on SBS from May 7 to October 23, 2011 on Saturdays and Sundays at 20:50 for 50 episodes.

text:
# My Love By My Side

| My Love By My Side | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 내사랑 내곁에 |
| Revised Romanization | *Nae Sarang Nae Gyeote* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Nae Sarang Nae Kyŏte* |

***My Love By My Side*** (Korean: 내사랑 내곁에; RR: *Nae Sarang Nae Gyeote*) is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Lee So-yeon, Lee Jae-yoon and On Joo-wan. It aired on SBS from May 7 to October 23, 2011 on Saturdays and Sundays at 20:50 for 50 episodes.

## Plot

Do Mi-sol is a single mother who gave birth when she was a teenager and raised her son alone after her boyfriend dumped her. Years later, she falls in love with a kind-hearted man.

## Cast

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 19th SBS Drama Awards | Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Lee Hwi-hyang | Nominated |
| | | Excellence Award, Actor in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Lee Jae-yoon | Nominated |
| | | Excellence Award, Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Lee So-yeon | Won |
| | | Special Acting Award, Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Kim Mi-sook | Nominated |
| | | New Star Award | Lee Jae-yoon | Won |
|

## International broadcast

* It aired in Vietnam from June 6, 2014 on VTV3 under the title *Hãy sống bên anh*.

## InfoBox

| *My Love By My Side* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | My Love Beside Me |
| Genre | Romance
Family
Drama |
| Written by | Kim Sa-kyung |
| Directed by | Han Jung-hwan |
| Starring | Lee So-yeon
Lee Jae-yoon
On Joo-wan |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 50 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Kim Jung-min |
| Production location | Korea |
| Running time | Saturdays and Sundays at 20:50 (KST) |
| Original release | |
| Network | SBS TV |
| Release | May 7 (2011-05-07)
October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23) |


title: Pope Isaac of Alexandria

abstract: Pope Isaac of Alexandria, 41st Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

text:
# Pope Isaac of Alexandria

**Pope Isaac of Alexandria** (**Isaac the Just**; fl. 690), 41st Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

## Life

Isaac was born in El-Borolos of wealthy, God-fearing parents. They begot him long after their marriage. When they took him for baptism, the bishop who baptized him saw a cross of light over his head. The bishop laid the boy's hand over his head and prophesied concerning him saying, "The church of God will be entrusted to him." Then he told his parents, "Take care of him, for he is a chosen vessel of God."

When he grew they taught him writing, the Christian doctrine and church subjects. He read extensively in the biography of saints and he was filled with their pure life. He longed for the monastic life, so he left his parents and went to the desert of St. Macarius. He became a monk and disciple of Anba Zacharias, the Hegumen. The angel of the Lord had informed the elder father beforehand of his coming and the father received him with joy. One day, one of the holy elders saw him in the church and prophesied about him saying, "The church of Christ will be entrusted to him."

Pope John, the Patriarch of that time, asked for a monk to be his scribe and private secretary. The people who were present recommended this honorable Father Isaac. The Pope had Father Isaac brought to him. He gave him a book to scribe. Anba Isaac made mistakes in his writing deliberately, hoping that the Pope might send him back, for he had forsaken the glory of men. When the father knew his intention he said to him, "You have written well, do not leave this place."

When Father Isaac realized that the Patriarch would not let him return, he used all his knowledge and writing ability and his virtues became known. The Patriarch rejoiced in him exceedingly. Nevertheless, because Father Isaac was still longing for solitary life, the Patriarch allowed him to return to the desert.

When the death of Pope John drew near, he asked the Lord Christ to let it be known to him who would be his successor. In a vision, he was told that his disciple Isaac would sit on the chair after him. The Pope commanded the people that, with a divine revelation and by the order of the Lord, Isaac would sit on the chair after him.

When this father was enthroned to the See of St. Mark, the church was illumined. He restored many churches, especially the church of St. Mark the Evangelist, and the patriarchal cell. He suffered many tribulations and sat upon the throne for three and a half years, then departed in peace.

## InfoBox

| Pope
Isaac of Alexandria | |
| --- | --- |
| Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark | |
| Papacy began | 690 |
| Papacy ended | 18 November 692 |
| Predecessor | John III |
| Successor | Simeon I |
| Personal details | |
| Born | El-Borolos, Egypt |
| Died | 18 November 692
Egypt |
| Buried | Saint Mark's Church |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Denomination | Coptic Orthodox Christian |
| Residence | Saint Mark's Church |


title: Tripartite symbiosis

abstract: Tripartite symbiosis is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom symbiosis.

text:
# Tripartite symbiosis

**Tripartite symbiosis** is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom symbiosis.

## Ants

### Fungus-growing ants

Ants of Attini cultivate fungi. Microfungi, specialized to be parasites of the fungus gardens, coevolved with them.

### Allomerus-Hirtella-Trimmatostroma

Allomerus decemarticulatus ants use Trimmatostroma sp. to create structures within Hirtella physophora. The fungi are connected endophytically and actively transfer nitrogen.

## Lichen

The mycobiont in a lichen can form a relationship with both cyanobacteria and green algae as photobionts concurrently.

## Legumes

Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixating bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes. Sometimes, this is aided by the presence of a fungal species. This is most effective in undistributed soil. The presence of mycorrhizae can improve the rhizobial-liquorice nutrient transfer in droughts. Soybeans in particular can improve their ability to withstand soil salinity with the presence of both rhizobium and mycorrhizae.


title: Zinaspa todara

abstract: Zinaspa todara, the silver streaked acacia blue, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in South Asia.

text:
# Zinaspa todara

***Zinaspa todara***, the **silver streaked acacia blue**, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in South Asia.

## Description

> Male. Upperside. Forewing black, deep shining purple on the inner portions, including the cell, and the basal two-thirds of the inner area above the internal vein. Hindwing with the purple area more extended, the costa and apex broadly and the outer margin narrowly black, the abdominal marginal space paler. Cilia black inwardly, white outwardly; tail black, tipped with white. Underside brown with a slight pinkish tint. Forewing with a fine discal brown line, outwardly edged with white, formed of more or less connected lunules, the first three from the costa in a gentle outward curve, the next two, one below the other, then the line is dislocated, the last portion being well inwards, a submarginal series of somewhat square brown spots edged on both sides with white. Hindwing with an indistinct sub-basal distorted line inwardly edged with white^ and two more prominent discal lines, the inner one outwardly edged, the outer one (more regular and much dentated) inwardly edged with white; faint indications of a sub-marginal series, containing a rather large black spot capped with orange in interspace 2; from this to the anal lobe are scattered some white scales, and in the lobe is a large black spot, with some thicker white scaling capping it.
>
> Female. Upperside. Forewing like the male, but the purple colour on its inner portions is usually much paler and duller. Hindwing varying much in different examples, sometimes it is nearly all blackish, sometimes the dull purplish colour is confined to the upper basal portions, and sometimes it runs into the lower half of the cell. Underside similar to the male, but generally somewhat paler, the markings more prominent. Antennae black; palpi black above, white beneath; head and body black above, brown beneath.
>
> Charles Swinhoe, Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IX

## InfoBox

| Silver streaked acacia blue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| From Kerala, India | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Zinaspa* |
| Species: | ***Z. todara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zinaspa todara***<br>(Moore, 1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Surendra todara* Moore, \[1884\] | |


title: Virginian Railway Underpass

abstract: Virginian Railway Underpass is a historic concrete arch bridge located at New Ellett, Montgomery County, Virginia. It was built in 1906, and is a single circular barrel underpass constructed of cast-in-place concrete. The underpass at ground level is 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) in width with a total head room of 12 feet 9 inches (3.89 m). The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# Virginian Railway Underpass

**Virginian Railway Underpass** is a historic concrete arch bridge located at New Ellett, Montgomery County, Virginia. It was built in 1906, and is a single circular barrel underpass constructed of cast-in-place concrete. The underpass at ground level is 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) in width with a total head room of 12 feet 9 inches (3.89 m).

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Virginian Railway Underpass | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Virginian Railway Underpass, October 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct. of Norfolk Southern Railroad tracks and VA 723, S of New Ellett, New Ellett, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°11′58″N 80°21′51″W / 37.19944°N 80.36417°W / 37.19944; -80.36417 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1906 (1906) |
| Built by | Bates & Rogers Construction Co. |
| Architectural style | Horseshoe-arch underpass |
| MPS | Montgomery County MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001903 |
| VLR No. | 060-0573 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 13, 1989 |
| Designated VLR | June 20, 1989 |


title: Westervelt massacre

abstract: The Westervelt massacre, also known as the Westerfield massacre, was an attack by Native Americans on a caravan of Dutch American settlers on June 27, 1780, near the frontier. Occurring amidst the backdrop of the Revolutionary War, the attack remains one of the largest massacres in the history of Kentucky. The settlers, who were escaping Bird's invasion of Kentucky, left the colonial settlement of Low Dutch Station to relocate to Harrodsburg; the route they took went southwards via what would become the Old Shepherdsville Road to the modern-day Shepherdsville, before turning east-southeast down the trails along the Salt River, taking them through present-day Spencer County towards Harrodsburg. Harrodburg was fortified, making it an attractive location to escape Captain Bird's invading army from the north. However, the settlers never made it to Sheperdsville; British-allied Native Americans were active in the area immediately east of Low Dutch Station. The settlers, who were travelling in a caravan, were ambushed and massacred in a surprise attack by the British-allied Native Americans at night after they had travelled 12 miles on June 26. Debate exists over historians concerning the exact location of the massacre, though historical consensus places the event at Floyd's Fork and Broad Run, in modern-day Kentucky. The caravan was formed by Dutch-American settler Jacobus Westervelt and consisted of forty-one settlers from ten different families; ten of the seventeen settlers killed were members of the Westervelt family. Men, women and children alike were killed in the massacre. After committing the massacre, the Native Americans present scalped their victims and gave them to the British, who paid them a bounty of £5 for each scalp. The massacre led to wave of fear among settlers in the region, and drove many of them to join Patriot militia under the command of George Rogers Clark. In September 2019, a historical marker was erected at the site of the massacre, after a consensus had been reached among Kentucky historians as to the definitive location of the event, which was determined to be near Brooks, Bullitt County.

text:
# Westervelt massacre

The **Westervelt massacre**, also known as the **Westerfield massacre**, was an attack by Native Americans on a caravan of Dutch American settlers on June 27, 1780, near the frontier. Occurring amidst the backdrop of the Revolutionary War, the attack remains one of the largest massacres in the history of Kentucky.

The settlers, who were escaping Bird's invasion of Kentucky, left the colonial settlement of Low Dutch Station to relocate to Harrodsburg; the route they took went southwards via what would become the Old Shepherdsville Road to the modern-day Shepherdsville, before turning east-southeast down the trails along the Salt River, taking them through present-day Spencer County towards Harrodsburg. Harrodburg was fortified, making it an attractive location to escape Captain Bird's invading army from the north. However, the settlers never made it to Sheperdsville; British-allied Native Americans were active in the area immediately east of Low Dutch Station (where the Mall St. Matthews now stands).

The settlers, who were travelling in a caravan, were ambushed and massacred in a surprise attack by the British-allied Native Americans at night after they had travelled 12 miles on June 26. Debate exists over historians concerning the exact location of the massacre, though historical consensus places the event at Floyd's Fork and Broad Run, in modern-day Kentucky. The caravan was formed by Dutch-American settler Jacobus Westervelt and consisted of forty-one settlers from ten different families; ten of the seventeen settlers killed were members of the Westervelt family. Men, women and children alike were killed in the massacre. After committing the massacre, the Native Americans present scalped their victims and gave them to the British, who paid them a bounty of £5 for each scalp.

The massacre led to wave of fear among settlers in the region, and drove many of them to join Patriot militia under the command of George Rogers Clark. In September 2019, a historical marker was erected at the site of the massacre, after a consensus had been reached among Kentucky historians as to the definitive location of the event, which was determined to be near Brooks, Bullitt County.

## Historical background

Following the issuing of the Second Virginia Charter in 1609, the territory claimed by the English colony of Virginia was expanded to cover the U.S. state of Kentucky. However, the areas claimed by Virginia were in name only and would not be officially explored by white settlers until 1750. A scouting party, led by Thomas Walker, returned with reports of indigenous activities, topographical surveys, and botanical research. During the expedition, the first colonial house was also built in Kentucky. However, Walker and his scouting party returned to the colonies. The area would not be permanently settled by white settlers until 1775, during the beginning stages of the American Revolutionary War.

In 1780, Hendrick Banta led a large contingent of Dutch American settlers from Pennsylvania into Kentucky, where they founded the settlement of Low Dutch Station along Beargrass Creek. In the spring of 1780, settler Jacobus Westervelt and his family arrived in Kentucky County, Virginia. They were among the earliest group of settlers on the Kentucky frontier. The Westervelts were one of the founding families of the Low Dutch Station settlement. However, by the summer of 1780, the Westervelt family made preparations to move to Harrod's Town, Kentucky; the region was becoming increasingly dangerous with Indian raids. Likewise, a British Army expedition of 750 men from the Province of Quebec, led by Captain Henry Bird, resulted in many settlers seeking safer territory. The British expedition crossed into Kentucky on May 25, 1780. On June 21, 1780, Jacobus Westervelt purchased 400 acres of land in the area of Harrod's Town. Shortly thereafter, Jacobus Westervelt hired John Thixton as a guide for the caravan. The Dutch-American families gathered in Low Dutch Station the following weekend, setting out on June 26, 1780.

## The massacre

First account testimonies of the Westervelt massacre were preserved in the manuscripts of Lyman C. Draper in 1865. According to the reports, the caravan camped by running water approximately twelve miles from Low Dutch Station. The families that were traveling included the Westervelts, Swans, McGlaughlins, Plyburns, and Thixtons. In the darkness of early morning, the settlers were awakened to the sounds of carnage.

As historian Ronald Belcher wrote:

> Survivors from the attack recounted hearing hacking sounds, chopping, "crackling of skulls, plundering and screaming", joined by the sound of volleys discharged from muskets. In moments, about half the members of the Westervelt group were slaughtered despite valiant attempts by the men to protect the women and children. Fewer than half of the approximately forty settlers managed to escape.

The majority of the men were killed within minutes. The only men that managed to escape were the frontier guides: John Thixton, William Thixton, and Thomas Pearce. Several of the wives and children were also killed, while others were taken prisoner.

## InfoBox

| Westervelt massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| A map of Kentucke County, Virginia made in 1784 by John Filson. The Westervelt massacre occurred approximately 12 miles southeast of Low Dutch Station. | |
| Location | Floyd's Fork and Broad Run, Kentucky |
| Date | June 27, 1780 |
| Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 17 killed |
| Perpetrators | Native Americans |


title: Western Academy of Beijing

abstract: Western Academy of Beijing is an international school located in Beijing. Founded in 1994, the school provides education from early years 3 to grade 12. WAB uses the IB PYP until Grade 5, IB MYP up to and including grade 10, and the IB DP for grades 11 and 12. WAB was an Olympic Educational Model School for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Out of the 500 schools across China, who were awarded by Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games as an Olympic Educational Model School, WAB was among the top 120 schools. In 2013, Mike Embley, the headmaster of the British School of Beijing (BSB), stated that along with BSB and the International School of Beijing (ISB), WAB was one of the top three English-language international schools in Beijing, all having long waiting lists. Citing Embley's definition of two lower tiers of Beijing Anglophone international schools which have vacant student spaces, Tristan Bunnell, the author of The Changing Landscape of International Schooling: Implications for Theory and Practice, stated that this was an instance of the idea of "'superior' and 'inferior' schools" shared by teachers and parents.

text:
# Western Academy of Beijing

| Western Academy of Beijing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 北京京西国际学校 |
| Traditional Chinese | 北京京西國際學校 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Běijīng Jīngxī Guójì Xuéxiào | |
|  | |

**Western Academy of Beijing** (**WAB**, Chinese: 北京京西国际学校) is an international school located in Beijing. Founded in 1994, the school provides education from early years 3 to grade 12. WAB uses the IB PYP (IB Primary Years Program) until Grade 5, IB MYP (IB Middle Years Program) up to and including grade 10, and the IB DP (IB Diploma Program) for grades 11 and 12.

WAB was an Olympic Educational Model School for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Out of the 500 schools across China, who were awarded by Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games as an Olympic Educational Model School, WAB was among the top 120 schools.

In 2013, Mike Embley, the headmaster of the British School of Beijing (BSB), stated that along with BSB and the International School of Beijing (ISB), WAB was one of the top three English-language international schools in Beijing, all having long waiting lists. Citing Embley's definition of two lower tiers of Beijing Anglophone international schools which have vacant student spaces, Tristan Bunnell, the author of *The Changing Landscape of International Schooling: Implications for Theory and Practice*, stated that this was an instance of the idea of "'superior' and 'inferior' schools" shared by teachers and parents.

## Campus

WAB’s three school sections; Elementary, Middle, and High, are all located on one campus across six buildings. Each school section has its own self-contained environment, and the entire campus is equipped with a professional grade indoor air filtration system.

The 99,000m2 campus boasts a wide range of facilities, including 3 well-resourced libraries, Design Technology Studios, Science labs, film editing and recording studios, as well as professional level music, drama and dance studios. Students enjoy the use of dining courts, cafes and lounges, an indoor swimming pool, 3 full-size gyms, a FIFA-approved football field, as well as indoor basketball and tennis courts.

## WABX – extracurricular activities

WABX is Western Academy of Beijing’s extra-curricular program, offering a variety of activities beyond the classroom. Whether it’s arts, sports, or student clubs, WABX encompasses it all.

Annually, WABX provides over 300 club, language, and service options, along with more than 100 sports opportunities. It also facilitates sports tournaments, arts festivals, and special events.

Activities are offered from Junior Grade 1 to Grade 5 students in the Elementary School. These can include culture, games, arts, and sports. In Middle and High School students can choose from a range of activities and student led clubs, as well as arts and service. Participation in a wide range of activities support students to develop interests and skills as well as find opportunities for leadership and personal success.

Athletics is offered to students from Junior Grade 1 to Grade 12 with opportunities to participate in 16 different competitive sports.

WAB participates in multiple interscholastic sporting competitions, including the ACAMIS (Association of China and Mongolia International Schools), ISAC (International Schools Association in China), Tri-Cities (Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai), China Cup, EARCOS, and APAC (Asia Pacific Activities Conference). Sports include rugby, football (soccer), tennis, badminton, cross-country, track and field, volleyball, basketball, swimming, baseball, table tennis, and softball.

## Accreditation

WAB is accredited by:

And is a member of:

## InfoBox

| Western Academy of Beijing
北京京西国际学校 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Main gate | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 10 Laiguangying East Rd.
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102
China | |
| Coordinates | 40°01′18″N 116°30′38″E / 40.021576°N 116.510444°E / 40.021576; 116.510444 |
| Information | |
| Type | International School, IB World School, Non-profit, Independent, Private School |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Nonsectarian |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Director | Dr. Marta Medved Krajnovic |
| Director of Innovation in Learning and Teaching | Stephen Taylor |
| Division Principals | Catherine Pierre-Louis (ES), Marina Frias-Gavidia (MS), Dr. Jaime Pustis (HS) |
| Grades | Nursery–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,400 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 7:1 |
| Campus type | Large Private Campus |
| Color(s) | Red,  black,  yellow |
| Athletics conference | ACAMIS, APAC, Tri-Cities, China Cup, ISAC |
| Mascot | Tigers |
| Annual tuition | $49,000 USD |
| Website | www.wab-edu.cn |


title: Talla Cleuch Head

abstract: Talla Cleuch Head is a hill in the Manor Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. As ascents are either long or steep from all other sides, Talla Cleuch Head is normally climbed from the Megget Stane to the southeast, which allows for a deer fence to be followed to the summit.

text:
# Talla Cleuch Head

**Talla Cleuch Head** is a hill in the Manor Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. As ascents are either long or steep from all other sides, Talla Cleuch Head is normally climbed from the Megget Stane to the southeast, which allows for a deer fence to be followed to the summit.

## InfoBox

| Talla Cleuch Head | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 691 m (2,267 ft) |
| Prominence | 63 m (207 ft) |
| Listing | Tu,Sim,,GT,DN |
| Geography | |
| Location | Scottish Borders, Scotland |
| Parent range | Manor Hills, Southern Uplands |
| OS grid | NT 13348 21827 |
| Topo map | OS *Landranger* 72 |


title: Sayaka Mitani

abstract: Sayaka Mitani is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies.

text:
# Sayaka Mitani

**Sayaka Mitani** (born 13 May 1995) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies.

## Club career

Mitani made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.

## InfoBox

Sayaka Mitani
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1995-05-13) 13 May 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Okayama Prefecture, Japan | | |
| Height | 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |