title: Trevor Rosenthal

abstract: Trevor Jordan Rosenthal is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals and San Diego Padres. A power pitcher, Rosenthal is known for a fastball that is difficult for hitters to pick up and reaches velocities at or over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). He throws and bats right-handed, stands 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, and weighs 230 pounds (100 kg). From the Kansas City metropolitan area, Rosenthal attended Cowley Community College in Arkansas City, Kansas, playing shortstop for the Cowley Tigers. The Cardinals selected him in the 21st round of the 2009 amateur draft and he became a starting pitcher in the minor leagues. In the major leagues, he has pitched exclusively out of the bullpen, filling middle relief, set-up, and closing roles. An MLB All-Star in 2015, Rosenthal set the Cardinals' franchise record for saves that season with 48. He was an integral part of the Cardinals' World Series run in 2013, making 74 appearances, while striking out 108 batters, in 75+1⁄3 innings pitched, allowing a 2.63 earned run average (ERA), and converting three saves. Moreover, Rosenthal recorded 20+1⁄3 scoreless innings to begin his postseason career. In 2015, he became the third-youngest pitcher in major league history to record back-to-back 40 save seasons. Due to a tear in the ulnar collateral ligament of the right elbow and subsequent reconstructive surgery in August 2017, Rosenthal missed the 2018 season, but returned to play in 2019.

text:
# Trevor Rosenthal

**Trevor Jordan Rosenthal** (born May 29, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals and San Diego Padres. A power pitcher, Rosenthal is known for a fastball that is difficult for hitters to pick up and reaches velocities at or over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). He throws and bats right-handed, stands 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, and weighs 230 pounds (100 kg).

From the Kansas City metropolitan area, Rosenthal attended Cowley Community College in Arkansas City, Kansas, playing shortstop for the Cowley Tigers. The Cardinals selected him in the 21st round of the 2009 amateur draft and he became a starting pitcher in the minor leagues. In the major leagues, he has pitched exclusively out of the bullpen, filling middle relief, set-up, and closing roles.

An MLB All-Star in 2015, Rosenthal set the Cardinals' franchise record for saves that season with 48. He was an integral part of the Cardinals' World Series run in 2013, making 74 appearances, while striking out 108 batters, in 75+13 innings pitched, allowing a 2.63 earned run average (ERA), and converting three saves. Moreover, Rosenthal recorded 20+13 scoreless innings to begin his postseason career. In 2015, he became the third-youngest pitcher in major league history to record back-to-back 40 save seasons.

Due to a tear in the ulnar collateral ligament of the right elbow and subsequent reconstructive surgery in August 2017, Rosenthal missed the 2018 season, but returned to play in 2019.

## Early life

Trevor Rosenthal, the son of Judy (Henke) and Russ Rosenthal, was born and raised in the Kansas City, Missouri, area. He graduated from Lee's Summit West High School in Lee's Summit, Missouri.

## Amateur career

After graduating from Lee's Summit West, Rosenthal attended Cowley County Community College in Arkansas City, Kansas, to play collegiate baseball for the Cowley County baseball team. In 2009, the team qualified for the Junior College World Series. When Cardinals scout Aaron Looper first spotted Rosenthal, he was a shortstop who had just started pitching — he had totalled 4+23 innings pitched (IP) at that time — and was throwing well over 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) off the mound in a tournament. Looper watched him for just one inning in that tournament. Cardinals director of scouting Jeff Luhnow remarked that “Looper thought he had ability and could get better, had great arm action, great stuff and was pretty good today but could get a lot better.”

## Playing career

### St. Louis Cardinals

#### Minor leagues (2009–12)

The Cardinals drafted Rosenthal in the 21st round of the 2009 MLB Draft. He signed for $65,000. The club first assigned him to the Gulf Coast League (GCL) in 2009, where he made 14 appearances for the GCL Cardinals and posted a ground ball rate of 58%. The next season, he moved up to the Johnson City Cardinals of the Appalachian League and spent the season there. He pitched in 10 games, starting six over 32 IP. Posting a 3–0 record (W–L), Rosenthal finished with a 2.25 earned run average (ERA), striking out 30 (SO), allowing just one home run and a 3.27 ground ball/fly ball ratio (G/F). He also posted a ground ball rate of 68%.

Said Cardinals general manager (GM) John Mozeliak of Rosenthal: "We realized we had a talent early on, when we sent him to Johnson City. Then when he went to Quad Cities, we knew exactly what we had because he really took off there." Rosenthal spent 2011 with the Quad City River Bandits, then a Cardinals Class-A affiliate, helping them to a Midwest League championship. He started the final game of the championship series in a three-game sweep of the Lansing Lugnuts, pitching six innings, allowing four hits and two walks (BB) while striking out nine in a 6–3 victory. This was Rosenthal's first full season pitching professional baseball. During the regular season, he started 22 games, pitched 120+13 innings with 133 S0 for a 4.11 ERA, 9.9 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (K/9), a 1.247 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP), and 52% ground ball rate.

Rosenthal's 2010 and 2011 performances earned an invite to St. Louis Cardinals spring training in 2012 where his fastball lit up radar guns and the faces among club officials. Although Mozeliak, manager Mike Matheny, and others stated that Rosenthal was ready for the major leagues, a lack of space on the roster saw him start the season with the Double-A affiliate Springfield Cardinals. He started the Midwest League All-Star Game. At Springfield, he started 17 games and tallied 94 IP, 83 SO, a 1.106 WHIP and a 2.78 ERA. He made his Major League debut later that season and also pitched three games for the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds. In the minor leagues, Rosenthal has appeared in 66 total games, making 48 starts, accumulating 285+13 IP, 237 hits allowed, and 98 BB for a 3.53 ERA and 1.174 WHIP. He also posted 293 SO for a ratio of 9.2 K/9.

#### Major leagues (2012–2017)

The Cardinals called up Rosenthal from Springfield for the first time on July 16, 2012, and he made his debut two days later as the 2,000th player in franchise history dating back to 1882. He was also the first to be the 2,000th player for any Major League franchise. Twice briefly sent back down to Triple-A during the season, Rosenthal returned to St. Louis on August 29 and remained the rest of the year, ending the season with seven straight scoreless appearances. He posted a 2.78 ERA while striking out 25 in 22+23 IP and holding opponents to 14 hits in 89 plate appearances with a .175 batting average against.

Rosenthal's successful rookie season carried over into the postseason, making him instrumental in the Cardinals' playoff run as they needed bullpen help. In his playoff debut against the Washington Nationals in the National League Division Series (NLDS), he struck out the side, retiring Jayson Werth, Bryce Harper, and Adam LaRoche while allowing a single to Ryan Zimmerman. Six more scoreless appearances followed as the Cardinals advanced to the National League Championship Series (NLCS). In all, Rosenthal struck out 15 of total 30 batters faced in the 2012 playoffs.

##### 2013

Rosenthal also spent the 2013 season in the bullpen. An injured ulnar collateral ligament in closer Jason Motte's elbow required Tommy John surgery to repair, forcing him to miss the entire season. Matheny reshuffled the bullpen, placing Rosenthal in the set-up role and Edward Mujica to replace Motte as the closer. However, late in the year, fatigue and ineffectiveness marred an otherwise stellar season on Mujica's part, and Matheny called upon Rosenthal to save three games late in the season. Although Matheny publicly stated that closing games would be accomplished by a committee, Rosenthal appeared most frequently to save games. For the season, Rosenthal totaled 75+13 IP, a 2.63 ERA, and 108 strikeouts for average of 12.9 K/9. Among MLB relievers who pitched at least 50 innings and started less than 20% of their appearances, Rosenthal's 12.9 K/9 ranked sixth.

That postseason, Rosenthal continued his dominance. He pitched 11+23 more scoreless innings in the NLDS against the Pittsburgh Pirates, the NLCS against the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the World Series against the Boston Red Sox, striking out 18 of the 40 batters he faced and allowing just four hits. In Game 2 of the NLCS, he entered in the ninth with fellow rookie Michael Wacha's five-hit shutout and one-run lead on the line, striking out the side to end the game. He also tallied one win and four saves. Spanning his 2012 and 2013 postseasons, Rosenthal did not allow a run in 20+13 postseason innings, allowing just six hits and striking out 33, for an average of 14.6 K/9.

Rosenthal's average fastball velocity in 2013 was 96.4 miles per hour (155.1 km/h), the sixth-highest among all MLB relievers. After the World Series, he expressed the desire to be a starting pitcher in 2014. However, with Motte still recovering from Tommy John surgery, Mozeliak announced Rosenthal would be the closer at the beginning of the next season. In response, he quipped, "They don't know it yet, but I'm still competing for a starting spot."

##### 2014

Despite a rocky start to the season, Rosenthal settled into the closer role well. He stayed in the closer role despite the return of former closer Jason Motte and a brief ninth-inning experiment with Pat Neshek. Rosenthal finished second in the NL with 45 saves. He exhibited unusual control problems, walking 42 batters in 70+13 IP, more than double the walks in 2013. In spite of the increase in walks, he allowed a 3.20 ERA and struck out 87 batters, an average of 11.1 per nine innings.

##### 2015

From May 5 to July 3, 2015, Rosenthal threw 23+23 IP scoreless innings. The streak ended against the San Diego Padres when Jedd Gyorko singled home a go-ahead run in the ninth. At the time, it was the longest of the season among relief pitchers in the National League. With a 0.70 ERA in 37 appearances and 24 of 25 saves converted through July 6, he was selected by fellow players to his first MLB All-Star Game at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati. He received more votes than any other NL reliever.

In August 2015, *Baseball America* published that National League managers and coaches rated Rosenthal the third-best reliever in the league. After saving his 40th game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on August 26, Rosenthal became the third-youngest MLB pitcher to record back-to-back 40-save seasons, and just the second Cardinals pitcher to do so. The first Cardinals pitcher to achieve this feat was Lee Smith, who registered 40 or more saves each season from 1991–93. He became the seventh reliever overall to post back-to-back seasons of 45 or more saves. In a September 28 contest against the Pirates, Rosenthal gained his 48th save, breaking the franchise single-season record, which Smith and Jason Isringhausen shared entering the season. He finished the regular season with the same save total, a 2.10 ERA, the fourth-highest pitch total among NL relievers, and an average fastball velocity of 97.6 miles per hour (157.1 km/h). Rosenthal was a co-winner of the 2015 J. G. Taylor Spink St. Louis Baseball Man of the Year Award.

##### 2016

Arbitration-eligible for the first time prior to the 2016 season, Rosenthal and the Cardinals agreed to a $5.6 million salary on January 15, 2016, a raise from $530,000. He recorded his 100th career save by striking out the side against the Chicago Cubs on April 20, becoming the fifth Cardinals pitcher to accumulate 100 saves. On two occasions, he walked the bases loaded without recording an out: on May 12 against Anaheim, and on June 3 against San Francisco, totaling 16 walks in 17 IP for the season through the June 3 game. The Cardinals removed him from the role of closer on June 25 after his ERA had risen to 5.63, with an average of 7.9 walks per nine innings. He was replaced by rookie Seung-hwan Oh. He was relegated to a setup role on the staff. Rosenthal's 2016 season ended with a career-high 4.46 ERA in 45 games.

##### 2017

Rosenthal began the 2017 season as the Cardinals' setup man with Oh as closer, but later replaced Oh as closer in July. On August 17, Rosenthal was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a right elbow problem. It was later revealed that he had sustained an injury of the ulnar collateral ligament in the right elbow, necessitating reconstructive surgery, also known as "Tommy John" surgery. The injury abbreviated Rosenthal's 2017 campaign and he was expected to miss most or all of 2018. He made 50 appearances in 2017, recording a 3.40 ERA, 11 saves, 76 strikeouts, and a career-best 14.3 K/9.

Unable to agree to a contract for 2018, the Cardinals gave Rosenthal an outright release on November 6, 2017, making him a free agent. He earned $6.4 million in 2017, and was due for a salary increase as an arbitration-eligible player.

On April 4, 2018, reports emerged that Rosenthal had signed with the Miami Marlins. However, he denied that he had signed a contract, stating that he would instead remain a free agent, continue rehabilitation, and work out for interested teams once he was fully recovered.

### Washington Nationals

On November 3, 2018, Rosenthal signed a one-year deal with a "conditional" option for the 2020 season, to join the Washington Nationals organization. Under this contract, $7 million is guaranteed and Rosenthal could earn up to $30 million over two years if he becomes the team's closer and regularly finishes games.

As of April 6, 2019, Rosenthal had an ERA of infinity for the 2019 season after walking four batters, giving up three hits, and allowing seven earned runs without retiring one batter. He was placed on the disabled list with a viral infection. At the time of the injury, Rosenthal had an ERA of 36.00 in seven appearances.

After returning from the injured list in June, Rosenthal's struggles continued. After he walked three batters without recording an out against the Atlanta Braves on June 22, 2019, the Nationals released him the following morning. He finished his tenure in Washington with a 22.74 ERA.

### Detroit Tigers

On June 29, 2019, Rosenthal signed a minor-league deal with the Detroit Tigers. On July 15, the Tigers selected Rosenthal's contract. He was designated for assignment on August 7, 2019. After clearing waivers three days later, Rosenthal elected free agency.

### New York Yankees

On August 19, 2019, Rosenthal signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He made one appearance for the Triple–A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, and allowed four runs in 13 of an inning. Rosenthal elected free agency following the season on November 4.

### Kansas City Royals

On December 7, 2019, Rosenthal signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. Rosenthal had his contract selected by the Royals on March 25, 2020. In his first 11 games as a Royal, Rosenthal carried a superb 0.87 ERA over 10+13 innings pitched over 11 games to go along with 14 strikeouts.

### San Diego Padres

On August 29, 2020, Rosenthal was traded to the San Diego Padres for Edward Olivares and Dylan Coleman. He pitched 9 games for the Padres and allowed no earned runs in 10 innings. Overall, Rosenthal finished the 2020 season with 1.90 ERA with 11 saves and 38 strikeouts in 23+23 innings between the Royals and Padres.

### Oakland Athletics

On February 18, 2021, Rosenthal signed a one-year, $11 million contract with the Oakland Athletics organization. On April 7, 2021, it was announced that Rosenthal would require thoracic outlet surgery and underwent the procedure the next day. On April 8, Rosenthal was placed on the 60-day injured list. On July 7, it was announced that Rosenthal tore a labrum in his hip that required surgery, ending his 2021 season without making an appearance for Oakland.

### Milwaukee Brewers

On July 21, 2022, Rosenthal signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract with the San Francisco Giants. Due to a hamstring injury he suffered in June, he never played in a game for the Giants organization.

On August 2, 2022, Rosenthal was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Tristan Peters. He began a rehab assignment for his hamstring injury on August 13 with the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. On August 23, Rosenthal left an appearance with a lat injury. On August 27, it was announced that Rosenthal would likely miss the remainder of the season as a result.

On the season in his three rehab games for Nashville, he posted an 18.00 ERA with two strikeouts in 2.0 innings pitched. On November 6, 2022, Rosenthal was granted free agency.

### Detroit Tigers (second stint)

On March 4, 2023, Rosenthal signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers organization that included an invitation to spring training. He made two appearances for the Triple–A Toledo Mud Hens before suffering a right elbow sprain in late April. He began a rehab assignment with the Low–A Lakeland Flying Tigers on June 9. However, five days later, it was announced that Rosenthal would undergo a UCL reconstruction revision surgery on his right elbow. On July 2, Rosenthal was released by the Tigers.

## Pitching profile

A sinking fastball that reaches the mid-90s miles per hour (MPH) and induces ground balls at a rate of over 50% was seen as a competitive advantage. However, Rosenthal also throws a straighter fastball higher in the strike zone with a regular velocity of 98 miles per hour (158 km/h) to change batters' eye level, which they have difficulty picking up. This pitch routinely touches 101 miles per hour (163 km/h).

He also throws a curveball and changeup that, according to Bleacher Report's Doug Mead, are "effective". However, according to Thomas Belmont of Baseball Instinct, the curveball is actually a slider. The pitch has sharp movement and has the potential to be a major league quality out pitch. Observed one American League scout during the 2013 World Series, "He's got one of those loose-arm deliveries that creates great life on his fastball. He has such tight spin on his slider that (Shane) Victorino and (Dustin) Pedroia looked helpless against it." Rosenthal has developed his changeup to be an average pitch since 2011 when he played his first full season of professional baseball with Quad Cities, expanding the quality of the pitch sequence which he is able to throw to major league hitters. One unusual trend about the results is that Rosenthal has consistently had a higher than league average batting average on balls in play (BABIP) — a statistic in which league average is typically about .300. In 2009, Rosenthal's BABIP was .362 and it was .334 in 2011. In 2010, it dipped to the other extreme, to .262. In his first major league season, 2013, it was .347.

## Awards and accomplishments

**Championships earned or shared**
| Title | Times | Dates | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Midwest League champion | 1 | 2011 |  |
| National League champion | 1 | 2013 |  |

Accomplishments * St. Louis Cardinals' saves record of 48 (2015)
* Third-youngest MLB pitcher with consecutive 40-save seasons (2014–15)
* Second Cardinals pitcher with consecutive 40-save seasons (2014–15)

Major league awards Minor league awards * #39 prospect rating (pre-2013), *Baseball America*
* #43 prospect rating (pre-2013), MLB.com
* The Cardinal Nation/Scout.com Cardinals Top Prospect #3 (2013)
* The Cardinal Nation/Scout.com Minor League Starting Pitcher of the Year (2012)
* Texas League mid-season & post-season All-Star (2012)
* The Cardinal Nation/Scout.com Cardinals Top Prospect #12 (2012)
* The Cardinal Nation/Scout.com 2011 Quad Cities River Bandits Starting Pitcher of the Year
* Midwest League Pitcher of the Week: August 18–24, 2011
* Midwest League All-Star (2011)

## Personal life

Rosenthal is married to the former Lindsey Bowers, whom he wed in December 2011 in Bristol, Tennessee. They have two daughters, born on September 13, 2013 and August 28, 2015. They reside in Des Peres, Missouri. Rosenthal is not Jewish, despite the last name confusing many into thinking so. Rosenthal is a Christian.

Over the 2012 offseason, Rosenthal stayed in St. Louis to work out with former Cardinals starting pitcher Chris Carpenter. Two offseasons later, he participated in a training regimen with outfielder and teammate Matt Holliday, which Holliday described as "NFL program", consisting of "sled pushing, tire flipping and some fireman carries", and each player taking turns carrying each other for about 20 meters. Rosenthal was building strength in anticipation of pitching from the bullpen in 2014, which the Cardinals already had announced would be his role for that season.

On January 13, 2016, Rosenthal paid a surprise visit to Ethan Cortez, a 10-year-old boy who was recovering from a dog bite at St. Louis Children's Hospital. Later that month, Rosenthal served as the grand marshal for the 2016 Beggin' Pets Parade, a showcase for pets in costumes, held in Soulard, a historic French neighborhood of St. Louis. Four years earlier, this parade had set the Guinness world record for "most dogs in costumed attire".

## InfoBox

| Trevor Rosenthal | |
| --- | --- |
| Rosenthal in 2019 with the Nationals | |
| Free agent | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1990-05-29) May 29, 1990<br>Lee's Summit, Missouri, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 18, 2012, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| MLB statistics <br>(through 2020 season) | |
| Win–loss record | 12–25 |
| Earned run average | 3.36 |
| Strikeouts | 490 |
| Saves | 132 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Triammatus saundersii

abstract: Triammatus saundersii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1856. It is known from Borneo.

text:
# Triammatus saundersii

***Triammatus saundersii*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1856. It is known from Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Triammatus saundersii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Triammatus saundersi (female) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Triammatus*** |
| Species: | ***T. saundersii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triammatus saundersii***<br>Chevrolat, 1856 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Triammatus saundersi* (Chevrolat) Aurivillius, 1921 | |


title: Tribal youth dormitory

abstract: Youth dormitories are a traditional institution among several tribal societies of the world including the various tribes of India, the tribes of South-East Asia, and the native Americans. Among many tribes, the youth dormitory is a now declining or defunct institution. For example, among several tribes of North-East India, the traditional dormitories became dysfunctional in the 20th century, with the advent of modern educational institutions and Christianity. However, among some tribes, such as the Nagas, it has continued to exist as a socio-cultural institution.

text:
# Tribal youth dormitory

**Youth dormitories** are a traditional institution among several tribal societies of the world including the various tribes of India, the tribes of South-East Asia, and the native Americans.

Among many tribes, the youth dormitory is a now declining or defunct institution. For example, among several tribes of North-East India, the traditional dormitories (called **morung**) became dysfunctional in the 20th century, with the advent of modern educational institutions and Christianity. However, among some tribes, such as the Nagas, it has continued to exist as a socio-cultural institution.

## Names

Different tribes have different names for their youth dormitories:

In north-east India, **morung** is a common name for the traditional tribal youth clubs or bachelors' dormitories. It is an Ahom or Assamese language word.

## Functions

Traditionally, after attaining a certain age (as young as 4-5 years among the Oraons), the tribal youth would attend the dormitory. Generally, they ceased to be a member of the organization when they married. In some cases, as in Ghotul, widowed people were admitted to the dormitory. The dormitories' affairs are usually managed by senior members, including elected office-bearers.

The functions of the youth dormitories vary from tribe to tribe, and may include:

* Teaching conjugal duties
* Teaching social duties
* Teaching clan lore
* Impart training in tribal art, music and dance
* Providing workforce for the community efforts such as shifting cultivation, house-building, elder care, and festival organization
* A sleeping place for young tribals in villages that had very small homes without much privacy
* Defence of the village (for example, among the Dimasa Kacharis)

Among some tribes, the dormitories also served as a place for courtship among young men and women. These dormitories admitted both men and women. For example, among some Gond tribes (such as Asurs and Marias) and Khonds, boys and girls sleep in the same dormitory. These functions have changed with times; for example, according to a 1966 survey, the traditional *Areju* dormitory had largely disappeared from the Ao Naga village of Waromung. In its place, there were two Church-controlled gender-specific dormitories, whose main function was to ensure segregation of unmarried boys and girls. Some tribal dormitories traditionally accept only males, and some have separate dormitories for males and females. For example, among the Mundas, the boys and girls would sleep in separate dormitories at night; in the villages that did not have a dormitory for the girls, the girls would sleep in the house of old women.

Among some of the Naga tribes, such as the Angamis, the dormitory was an insignificant institution. Among others, it was an important institution and the nominees of the dormitory (*morung*) served on the village council.

> The morung plays vital role in preparing younger generations for posts in the village council. The morung is the club, the public school, the military training centre, the hostel for boys and meeting place for village elders. It is as well the centre for the social, religious, and political activities.
>
> V. K. Anand, Nagaland in Transition

Among some tribes, the dormitories had additional special functions. For example, the Lothas used to keep their sacred stones in the dormitory. The Aos used to hang the heads of their headhunting victims and rewarded the headhunters at the dormitory during the Moatsu festival.

The activities of the dormitories varied from tribe to tribe. They included education, story-telling, singing, dancing, sex, festive celebrations, religious ceremonies, and socio-political activities. The dormitories may train the members in hunting-gathering, fishing, wood-cutting, arts and crafts, agriculture, and other jobs. Among some tribes, the members were expected to help in the village activities such as agriculture and house-building.

The dormitories were generally located near the village chief's house (as among the Oraons), in forest away from the village (as in Bastar district), in the centre of the village, or among the fields (as among the Konyaks). Typically, the dormitories were located in distinctive building structures, and were decorated with totemic emblems.

Some villages had multiple dormitories, such as for each section (*khel*) of the village among some Naga tribes. The Semas built miniature dormitories as a fertility rite.

### Bibliography

* A. S. W. Shimray (2001). *History of the Tangkhul Nagas*. Akansha. ISBN 978-81-87606-04-8.
* B. N. Bordoloi (1988). *Tribes of Assam*. Tribal Research Institute.
* Braj Bihari Kumar (2005). *Naga Identity*. Concept. ISBN 978-81-8069-192-8.
* Bhupinder Singh; Neeti Mahanti, eds. (1995). *Tribal Education in India*. Inter-India. ISBN 978-81-210-0345-2.
* Khashim Ruivah (1993). *Social Changes Among the Nagas (Tangkhul)*. Cosmo.
* Rajendra K. Sharma (2004). *Indian Society, Institutions and Change*. Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-7156-665-5.
* Rann Singh Mann (1993). *Culture and Integration of Indian Tribes*. M.D. ISBN 978-81-85880-03-7.
* Sultan Ahmed Ansari (1991). *Manipur, Tribal Demography and Socio-economic Development*. Daya. ISBN 978-81-7035-100-9.
* Tiasunep; Neingusanuo Solo (2019). "Yangpi Morung: An Expression of Ideals and Identity". In Maguni Charan Behera (ed.). *Tribal Studies in India*. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-981-329-026-6.
* Tingneichong G. Kipgen (2010). *Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur*. ISBN 9788178358031.
* V. Rami Reddy (1997). "Problems and Perspectives of Tribal Education in India". In Georg Pfeffer; Deepak Kumar Behera (eds.). *Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change*. Concept. ISBN 978-81-7022-642-0.


title: Trichopilia suavis

abstract: Trichopilia suavis is a species of orchid found from Central America to Colombia. It blossoms in spring and winter at intermediate warm temperatures. The flowers can be white, purple, green or red.

text:
# Trichopilia suavis

***Trichopilia suavis*** is a species of orchid found from Central America to Colombia. It blossoms in spring and winter at intermediate warm temperatures. The flowers can be white, purple, green or red.

## InfoBox

| *Trichopilia suavis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trichopilia suavis* illustration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Trichopilia* |
| Species: | ***T. suavis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichopilia suavis***<br>Lindl. & Paxton | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Trichoplacia

abstract: Trichoplacia is a fungal genus in the division Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Trichoplacia microscopica.

text:
# Trichoplacia

***Trichoplacia*** is a fungal genus in the division Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown (*incertae sedis*), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Trichoplacia microscopica***.

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplacia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Incertae sedis |
| Order: | Incertae sedis |
| Family: | Incertae sedis |
| Genus: | ***Trichoplacia***
A.Massal. (1853) |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Trichoplacia microscopica***
(Mont.) A.Massal. (1853) | |


title: Trichoplon

abstract: Trichoplon extremum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Trichoplon.

text:
# Trichoplon

***Trichoplon extremum*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus ***Trichoplon***.

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplon extremum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Trichoplon*** |
| Species: | ***T. extremum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichoplon extremum***<br>(Martins, 1959) | |
|


title: Trichoplusia

abstract: Trichoplusia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Trichoplusia

***Trichoplusia*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplusia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trichoplusia orichalcea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Tribe: | Argyrogrammatini |
| Genus: | *Trichoplusia*<br>McDunnough, 1944 |
|


title: Tridactylus berlandi

abstract: Tridactylus berlandi is a species of pygmy mole cricket endemic to Vietnam. The type specimen was taken from the southern region ("Cochinchine") and is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, France.

text:
# Tridactylus berlandi

***Tridactylus berlandi*** is a species of pygmy mole cricket endemic to Vietnam. The type specimen was taken from the southern region ("Cochinchine") and is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, France.

## InfoBox

| *Tridactylus berlandi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Tridactylidae |
| Genus: | *Tridactylus* |
| Species: | ***T. berlandi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tridactylus berlandi***<br>Chopard, 1920 | |
|


title: Trichura aurifera

abstract: Trichura aurifera is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

text:
# Trichura aurifera

***Trichura aurifera*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Trichura aurifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichura* |
| Species: | ***T. aurifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichura aurifera***<br>Butler, 1876 | |
|


title: Tritonoharpa brunnea

abstract: Tritonoharpa brunnea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Tritonoharpa brunnea

***Tritonoharpa brunnea*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## InfoBox

| *Tritonoharpa brunnea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Genus: | *Tritonoharpa* |
| Species: | ***T. brunnea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tritonoharpa brunnea***<br>Beu & Maxwell, 1987 | |
|


title: Tritonoharpa lanceolata

abstract: Tritonoharpa lanceolata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Tritonoharpa lanceolata

***Tritonoharpa lanceolata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## Description

These mollusks inhabit a conical spiral shell no more than 38 mm in length.

## Distribution

*Tritonoharpa lanceolat*a can be found along the coast-line of the south-eastern United States from North Carolina to Florida. It is also found along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the islands of the Caribbean Sea. They are found mostly in shallow waters near the coast usually between 1 m and 18 m in depth.

* Hemmen J. (2007). *Recent Cancellariidae*. Wiesbaden, 428pp

## InfoBox

| *Tritonoharpa lanceolata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tritonoharpa lanceolata (Menke, 1828) – Cancellariidae – Mollusc shell | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Genus: | *Tritonoharpa* |
| Species: | ***T. lanceolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tritonoharpa lanceolata***<br>(Menke, 1828) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ranella lanceolata* Menke, 1828 * *Colubraria aclinica* Tucker & Wilson, 1933 * *Colubraria leona* Mansfield, 1937 | |


title: Trinidad, Washington

abstract: Trinidad is an unincorporated community and ghost town in Grant County, Washington. The town is located between Quincy and Wenatchee atop a ridge overlooking the Columbia River. At an elevation of 928 feet (283 m), Trinidad appears on both the Babcock Ridge and West Bar United States Geological Survey maps. Trinidad was originally a railroad stop and was named by workers for the Great Northern Railway due to its geological and physical similarity to Trinidad, Colorado. Trinidad is located on the border with Douglas County, directly above the Crescent Bar Resort on the Columbia River. Though previously a ghost town, Trinidad has become a more popular location for new residential structures. The White Heron Cellars winery has been located above Trinidad since 1989.

text:
# Trinidad, Washington

**Trinidad** is an unincorporated community and ghost town in Grant County, Washington. The town is located between Quincy and Wenatchee atop a ridge overlooking the Columbia River. At an elevation of 928 feet (283 m), Trinidad appears on both the Babcock Ridge and West Bar United States Geological Survey maps.

Trinidad was originally a railroad stop and was named by workers for the Great Northern Railway due to its geological and physical similarity to Trinidad, Colorado. Trinidad is located on the border with Douglas County, directly above the Crescent Bar Resort on the Columbia River. Though previously a ghost town, Trinidad has become a more popular location for new residential structures. The White Heron Cellars winery has been located above Trinidad since 1989.

## InfoBox

| Trinidad, Washington | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community, Ghost town | |
| TrinidadTrinidad | |
| Coordinates: 47°13′47″N 120°00′02″W / 47.22972°N 120.00056°W / 47.22972; -120.00056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | Grant |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |


title: Trinidad, Pando

abstract: Trinidad is a city in Bolivia, 878 kilometres north of Sucre, the capital of Bolivia. The city is 23 kilometres away from Mentiroso Lake and Arroyo Verde Creek. Nearby settlements include: Buzeta, San Luis and Santo Domingo.

text:
# Trinidad, Pando

**Trinidad** is a city in Bolivia, 878 kilometres north of Sucre, the capital of Bolivia. The city is 23 kilometres away from Mentiroso Lake and Arroyo Verde Creek. Nearby settlements include: Buzeta, San Luis and Santo Domingo.

## Climate and geography

Because Trinidad is in the Amazon Rainforest of Bolivia, east of the Andes, there are no earthquakes in Trinidad.

1. "Weather map for Trinidad".
2. "TRINIDAD BOLIVIA Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com". *www.tageo.com*. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
3. "Earthquakes near Trinidad, Departamento de Pando, Bolivia, today: latest quakes past 30 days - complete list and interactive map". *www.volcanodiscovery.com*. Retrieved 2021-03-18.

## InfoBox

| Trinity Trinidad | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| TrinityLocation in Bolivia | |
| Coordinates: 11°10′41″S 66°30′59″W / 11.17806°S 66.51639°W / -11.17806; -66.51639 | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Department | Pando Department |
| Elevation | 176 m (577 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |


abstract: The National Petroleum Marketing Company, better known by its brand name National Petroleum (NP), is a state-owned refined petroleum distribution and marketing company owned by the government of Trinidad and Tobago. From its inception in 1972 until 1999, NP was the sole government-authorized distributor of gasoline, diesel fuel, and other consumer refined petroleum products in the island nation. The company has since expanded into lubricants, liquified petroleum gas, aviation fuel, and bunker fuel.

text:
# Trinidad & Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited

The **National Petroleum Marketing Company**, better known by its brand name **National Petroleum (NP)**, is a state-owned refined petroleum distribution and marketing company owned by the government of Trinidad and Tobago. From its inception in 1972 until 1999, NP was the sole government-authorized distributor of gasoline, diesel fuel, and other consumer refined petroleum products in the island nation. The company has since expanded into lubricants, liquified petroleum gas, aviation fuel, and bunker fuel.

## Corporate history

In 1969, the government of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) formed a joint venture, Trinidad Tesoro, with Tesoro Corporation to purchase the assets of BP Caribbean, which was shutting down its operations in the region. The Petroleum Product Act of 1969 made Trinidad Tesoro the only wholesale gasoline and diesel fuel supplier in T&T. In 1972, Trinidad Tesoro's retail filling station network was turned over to a newly created government-owned corporation, National Petroleum. The following year, NP purchased half of the assets of Esso in T&T. It acquired the marketing and distribution assets of the Trinidad and Tobago Oil Company (formerly Shell Trinidad) in August 1974, and became the sole government authorized distributor of refined petroleum in the country in 1976. It bought the assets of Texaco Trinidad in 1977, adding to its distribution network. (Tesoro's interest in the retail filling stations was purchased by the government in 1986.)

NP also marketed and distributed refined petroleum products manufactured by another state-owned corporation, Petrotrin. Due to extreme mismanagement, Petrotin was shuttered in 2018 and broken into four companies. In 1981, NP launched the National Petroleum brand of lubricants.

The national government passed new legislation in 1999 allowing a new private corporation, the United Independent Petroleum Marketing Company (Unipet), to market wholesale fuel (but required it to buy its fuel from Petronin). In 2002, Unipet began delivering its fuel to its own four filling stations.

By 2016, NP owned more than 200 consumer automotive filling stations. Nearly all its filling stations contained a Quik Shoppe convenience store. Quik Shoppes sold groceries, soft drinks, beer and wine, and snack items, and most also offered a quick-service restaurant.

By the end of 2019, NP had four main businesses: Retail sales of automotive fuel, the manufacture of lubricants, the wholesale and retail sale of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and the sale of aviation fuel and bunker fuel.

A scandal engulfed NP in January 2020 when the *Trinidad and Tobago Guardian* revealed that NP had lost more than US$500,000 investing in Black Gold, a bunker fuel distributor. According to Bernard Mitchell, NP's chief executive officer, individuals in the national government ordered NP to invest in Black Gold even though neither the officers nor owners of the company could be identified. NP's finance and legal staff opposed the investment, and NP's board of directors refused to approve the deal. The newspaper said unnamed government officials ordered it to go ahead anyway.

In October 2020, the government said it would explore the sale of NP's network of filling stations and convenience stores. Former NP executives said that 75 of the 113 filling stations were owned by NP, while the rest were franchises. The filling stations and convenience stores accounted for 70 percent of NP's annual gross revenues. The sale was widely opposed, as it would essentially strip NP of its assets.

List of NP brands

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

National Petroleum Marketing Company
| Company type | Government-owned corporation |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Refined petroleum |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Headquarters | Sea lots, City of Port of Spain,
Trinidad and Tobago |
| Products | Gasoline
Diesel fuel
Lubricants
Convenience stores
Liquefied petroleum gas
Aviation fuel
Bunker fuel |
| Website | www.np.co.tt |


title: Triopha modesta

abstract: Triopha modesta, commonly known as the modest clown dorid, is a colorful species of nudibranch sea slug. Modest clown dorids are a shellless marine, gastropod mollusk in the taxonomic family Polyceridae.

text:
# Triopha modesta

***Triopha modesta***, commonly known as the **modest clown dorid**, is a colorful species of nudibranch sea slug. Modest clown dorids are a shellless marine, gastropod mollusk in the taxonomic family Polyceridae.

## Taxonomy

Considered as valid species by Martynov et al. (2015), misidentified previously as *Triopha catalinae* Cooper, 1863 (Martynov & Korshunova, 2011)

## Range

Modest clown dorids range from the Sea of Japan to southern California.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Triopha modesta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Polyceroidea |
| Family: | Polyceridae |
| Genus: | *Triopha* |
| Species: | ***T. modesta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triopha modesta***<br>Bergh (1880) | |
|


title: Trichordestra dodii

abstract: Trichordestra dodii is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Trichordestra dodii is 10305.

text:
# Trichordestra dodii

***Trichordestra dodii*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Trichordestra dodii* is 10305.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Trichordestra dodii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Trichordestra* |
| Species: | ***T. dodii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichordestra dodii***<br>(Smith, 1904) | |
|


title: Trichordestra liquida

abstract: Trichordestra liquida is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Trichordestra liquida is 10308.

text:
# Trichordestra liquida

***Trichordestra liquida*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Trichordestra liquida* is 10308.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Trichordestra liquida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Trichordestra* |
| Species: | ***T. liquida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichordestra liquida***<br>(Grote, 1881) | |
|


title: Troika (ride)

abstract: The Troika is an amusement park ride designed and manufactured by HUSS Park Attractions in the mid-1970s. The name Troika means "group of three" in Russian, a reference to its three armed design. There are several variations on the design.

text:
# Troika (ride)

The **Troika** is an amusement park ride designed and manufactured by HUSS Park Attractions in the mid-1970s. The name Troika means "group of three" in Russian, a reference to its three armed design. There are several variations on the design.

## Design

HUSS Park Attractions designed and manufactured the first Troika ride in the mid-1970s. It is named after the Russian word meaning "group of three", a reference to its three armed design.

## Description and operation

A Troika consists of three arms radiating from a central column. At the end of each arm is a wheel-like assembly (star) holding seven gondolas, each of which seats 2 people side by side.

When the ride is activated, the central column rotates clockwise, while the Star at the end of each arm rotates counterclockwise. Hydraulic cylinders then raise the arms to an angle of 40°. The gondolas do have some capacity to rock from side to side, but this is minimal. At the end of the ride cycle, the arms are lowered, and the rotation stopped. Because it is a relatively mild thrill ride, it is a good ride for younger children or beginning riders who aren't up to riding more extreme attractions, like Huss's own Enterprise or Top Spin.

The main safety restraint is a buzz bar system, which locks into one of five positions. Huss recommends that riders be at least 42 inches tall with an adult or over 50 inches tall to ride alone.

## Variants and modern adaptions

The ride is available in both transportable and permanent forms, although due to the total weight and size of the ride (35 tons, plus an additional 27 tons for the temporary base and platform), transportable Troikas are unpopular and uncommon.

Portable versions of the Troika can be disassembled, but due to the size and weight of the machinery and platform, rack onto no fewer than three trailers.

### AirBoat

Huss now makes a modern version of the Troika, called the AirBoat. It is smaller and can only carry 24 people (with 3 pods and 4 cars per pod). It runs at about the same speed. One example that is no longer running was the Gator Bait ride at Six Flags New Orleans; this ride closed due to damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

### Scorpion

The Tivoli Scorpion is based on the same pattern as the Troika, but a much smaller gondola wheel diameter results in greater speed and centripetal force experienced by the riders (claimed to be over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph)). The Scorpion is significantly lighter than a Troika, making it more popular for operation at carnivals and fairs.

## Troika Installations

| Name | Park | Country | Manufacturer | Opened | Closed | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scorpion | Adventure Island | United Kingdom | Tivoli | 2001 | 2018 | Now operates as a travelling fair ride. |
| Troika | Adventureland | United States | HUSS | 1976 | 1983 | Leased to park by German immigrant Willy Miller. |
| Troika | Al-Rawdah Sharaco Amusement Park | Saudi Arabia | HUSS | 1988 | Closed | Park and ride presumed closed. |
| Тройка (Troika) | All-Russia Exhibition Center | Russia | HUSS | 1976 | 2016 |  |
| Тройка (Troika) | Anapa | Russia | HUSS | 2018 | Open | Originally manufactured 1974. |
| Turbo Star | Alton Towers | United Kingdom | HUSS | 1984 | 1989 |  |
| Tomahawk | Attractiepark Slagharen | Netherlands | HUSS |  | Open |  |
| Unknown | Barry Island Pleasure Park |  | HUSS |  | Closed | Now operates at Carowinds |
| Adrenaline Test Zone | Calaway Park | Canada | HUSS |  | Open |  |
| Triple Play | California's Great America | United States | HUSS | 1976 | 2004 |  |
| Do-Si-Do | Carowinds | United States | HUSS | 2017 | Open | Previously traveled with German showman Schafer between 1974 and 1976 before operating at several European parks between 2004 and 2010. Sold to Cedar Fair among other European flat rides. |
| Troika | Cedar Point | United States | HUSS | 1976 | Open |  |
| Unknown | Coney Beach Pleasure Park | Wales | HUSS |  | Closed | Now operates at Carowinds |
| Kaleidoscope | Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom | United States | HUSS | 2017 | Open |  |
| Troika | Dreamland Margate |  |  | 1983 | 1997 |  |
| Troika | Elitch Gardens Theme Park | United States | HUSS | 1995 | Open | Originally manufactured 1976. |
| Goldcurse | Familiepark Drievliet | Netherlands | HUSS |  | Open | Includes extensive theming package. Previously operated as *Turbo Star*. Serial number 26360. |
| Troika | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | HUSS |  | Closed |  |
| Troika | Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo | United States | HUSS |  | 2008 | Standing but not operating after park closed. Removed sometime between 2011 and 2015 and relocated to Santa's Village AZoosment Park. |
| Wellenreiter (Wave Rider) | Hansa-Park | Germany | HUSS | 1978 | Open |  |
| Scorpion | Horn Luna Park | Serbia | Tivoli Enterprises | 1997 | Open | Traveling version. |
| Bad Apple | Kings Dominion | United States | HUSS | 2002 | Open |  |
| Shake, Rattle & Roll | Kings Island | United States | HUSS | 1975 | Open | Serial number 26731. |
| Humla | Kongeparken | Norway |  | 1997 | Open |  |
| Diablo | La Ronde | Canada |  | 1978 | 2003 |  |
| Troika | Linnanmäki | Finland | HUSS | 1974 | 1974 | Relocated to Särkänniemi. Ride originally bought for Särkänniemi, but Särkänniemi did not open until 1975 and so the ride was rented to Linnanmäki for 1974 season. |
| Unknown | Loudoun Castle | United Kingdom | HUSS |  | Closed | Now operates at Carowinds |
| Tumble Bug | Luna Park Sydney | Australia | HUSS | 1995 | 2020 |  |
| L'aigle Noir (The Black Eagle) | OK Corral Theme Park | France | HUSS | 1970 | Open |  |
| Super Star | Palace Playland | United States |  | 1980s | Open |  |
| Tri-Star | Pleasureland Southport | United Kingdom |  | 1974 | 1983 | Built under license by English firm Bennett. Relocated to Spanish City. |
| Tri-Star | Pleasureland Southport | United Kingdom | Fairmatt | 2013 | Open |  |
| Unknown | Pleasurewood Hills | United Kingdom | HUSS |  | Closed | Now operates at Carowinds |
| Tri-Nado | Santa's Village AZoosment Park | United States | HUSS | 2015 | Open | Relocated from Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo. |
| Troika | Särkänniemi | Finland |  | 1975 | Open |  |
| Riptide Rescue | Sea World San Antonio | United States | Huss |  | Open | Airboat |
| Riptide Rescue | Seaworld San Diego | United States | Huss |  | Open | Airboat |
| Spider | Selva Magica | Mexico |  |  | Open |  |
| Warp 2000 | Six Flags AstroWorld | United States | HUSS | 1981 | 2005 | Most parts moved to Six Flags Over Texas for usage on its Troika. |
| Thrillbilly | Six Flags Darien Lake | United States | HUSS | 1979 | 1983 | Ride removed with changes in park ownership. |
| Triple Play | Six Flags Great America | United States | HUSS | 1976 | Open |  |
| Wild Flower | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | HUSS | 1975 | 1977 | Previously *Wild Rider*. |
| Gator Bait | Six Flags New Orleans | United States | HUSS |  | 2005 | AirBoat version. No longer in operation after Hurricane Katrina but still standing. |
| *Harley Quinn Spinsanity* | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | HUSS | 2006 | 2017 | Previously *Crazy Legs*. Relocated from Six Flags AstroWorld. |
| Tri-Star | Spanish City |  |  | 1984 | 1984 | Relocated from Pleasureland Southport. |
| Scorpion | Talley Amusements, Inc. (Showman) | United States | Tivoli |  | Open |  |
| Calgary Stampede | Thorpe Park | United Kingdom |  | 1993 | 2003 |  |
| Troika | Toshimaen | Japan | HUSS |  | 2020 |  |
| Mustang Runner | Worlds of Fun | United States | HUSS | 2017 | Open |  |
| Dancing Queen | Unknown - German Showman | Germany |  |  | Open | Traveling version in Germany. |


title: Trumaine McBride

abstract: Trumaine McBride is an American former professional football cornerback. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Arizona Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New York Giants. He played college football at Mississippi.

text:
# Trumaine McBride

**Trumaine McBride** (born September 24, 1985) is an American former professional football cornerback. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Arizona Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New York Giants. He played college football at Mississippi.

## Early life

McBride attended Clarksdale High School in Clarksdale, Mississippi and was a student and letterman in football. In football, he was selected All-America and to the Top 300 list by PrepStar magazine.

## Professional career

### Chicago Bears

The Chicago Bears selected McBride in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He served as one of the team's reserve cornerbacks, behind Nathan Vasher and Charles Tillman, who had both been signed to multi-year contracts over the summer. McBride received playing time during week four, after Vasher sustained a groin injury that sidelined him for much of the 2007 season. McBride earned a starting role during week seven, after he established himself as one of the most consistent members of the Bears' already injury-depleted secondary.

After suffering a knee sprain in the 2009 season opener against the Green Bay Packers, McBride was waived/injured by the Bears and subsequently placed on injured reserve.

### Arizona Cardinals

On January 22, 2010 McBride signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Cardinals.

### Jacksonville Jaguars

On April 27, 2012, McBride was released by the Jaguars.

McBride re-signed with the Jaguars on July 30, 2012 and was later released on August 31.

### New York Giants

He signed with the Giants on January 4, 2013.

On March 12, 2014, McBride was re-signed by the New York Giants.

## NFL career statistics

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
| **Bold** | Career high |

| Year | Team | Games | | Tackles | | | | | Interceptions | | | | | Fumbles | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Cmb | Solo | Ast | Sck | TFL | Int | Yds | TD | Lng | PD | FF | FR | Yds | TD |
| 2007 | CHI | **16** | 9 | **41** | **35** | **6** | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | **1** | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | CHI | **16** | 1 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2009 | CHI | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | ARI | 14 | 0 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | JAX | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2013 | NYG | 15 | **10** | 37 | 32 | 5 | 0.0 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 17 | **15** | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | NYG | 6 | 1 | 21 | 19 | 2 | **1.0** | **2** | 1 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 1 | **2** | **1** | 0 | 0 |
| 2015 | NYG | 15 | 0 | 26 | 23 | 3 | 0.0 | 1 | **3** | **84** | **1** | **63** | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | | 84 | 21 | 152 | 132 | 20 | 1.0 | 5 | 7 | 112 | 1 | 63 | 28 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Trumaine McBride
| No. 26, 23, 34, 38 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1985-09-24) September 24, 1985<br>Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Clarksdale |
| College: | Mississippi |
| NFL draft: | 2007 / round: 7 / pick: 221 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 152  Forced fumbles: 5  Pass deflections: 28  Interceptions: 7  Defensive touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Tripedalism

abstract: Tripedalism is locomotion by the use of three limbs. Real-world tripedalism is rare, in contrast to the common bipedalism of two-legged animals and quadrupedalism of four-legged animals. Bilateral symmetry seems to have become entrenched very early in evolution, appearing even before appendages like legs, fins or flippers had evolved.

text:
# Tripedalism

**Tripedalism** (from the Latin **tri** = three + **ped** = foot) is locomotion by the use of three limbs. Real-world tripedalism is rare, in contrast to the common bipedalism of two-legged animals and quadrupedalism of four-legged animals. Bilateral symmetry seems to have become entrenched very early in evolution, appearing even before appendages like legs, fins or flippers had evolved.

## In nature

It has been said that parrots (birds of the order Psittaciformes) display tripedalism during climbing gaits, which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion. Tripedal gaits were also observed by K. Hunt in primates. This is usually observed when the animal is using one limb to grasp a carried object and is thus a non-standard gait. Apart from climbing in parrots, there are no known animal behaviours where the same three extremities are routinely used to contact environmental supports, although the movement of some macropods such as kangaroos, which can alternate between resting their weight on their muscular tails and their two hind legs and hop on all three, may be an example of tripedal locomotion in animals. There are also the tripod fish. Several species of these fish rest on the ocean bottom on two rays from their two pelvic fins and one ray from their caudal fin.

## Quadrupedal amputees and mutations

There are some three-legged creatures in the world today, namely four-legged animals (such as pet dogs and cats) which have had one limb amputated. With proper medical treatment most of these injured animals can go on to live fairly normal lives, despite being artificially tripedal. There are also cases of mutations or birth abnormalities in animals (including humans) which have resulted in three legs.


title: Tripelennamine

abstract: Tripelennamine, sold under the brand name Pyribenzamine by Novartis, is a drug that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine. It can be used in the treatment of asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, and urticaria, but is now less common as it has been replaced by newer antihistamines. The drug was patented at CIBA, which merged with Geigy into Ciba-Geigy, and eventually becoming Novartis.

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# Tripelennamine

**Tripelennamine**, sold under the brand name **Pyribenzamine** by Novartis, is a drug that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine. It can be used in the treatment of asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, and urticaria, but is now less common as it has been replaced by newer antihistamines. The drug was patented at CIBA, which merged with Geigy into Ciba-Geigy, and eventually becoming Novartis.

## Medical uses

Where and when it is/was in common use, tripelennamine is used much like other mildly-anticholinergic antihistamines to treat conditions of the upper respiratory tract arising from illnesses and hay fever. It can be used alone or in combination with other agents to have the desired effect. Cough medicines of the general formula tripelennamine + codeine/dihydrocodine/hydrocodone ± expectorant ± decongestant(s) are popular where available. Among these are the Pyribenzamine cough syrups which contain codeine, with and without decongestants, listed in the 1978 *Physicians' Desk Reference*; the codeine-tripelennamine synergy is well-known and makes such mixtures more useful for their intended purposes.

## Side effects

Tripelennamine is mildly sedating. Other side effects can include irritation, dry mouth, nausea, and dizziness.

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

Tripelennamine acts primarily as an antihistamine, or H1 receptor antagonist. It has little to no anticholinergic activity, with 180-fold selectivity for the H1 receptor over the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (for comparison, diphenhydramine had 20-fold selectivity for the H1 receptor). In addition to its antihistamine properties, tripelennamine also acts as a weak serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI).

### Pharmacokinetics

The elimination half-life of tripelennamine is 4 to 6 hours. In a clinical study, the half-life of tripelennamine following intramuscular injection of 50 to 100 mg was 2.9 to 4.4 hours.

## History

Tripelennamine was patented in 1946 by Carl Djerassi and colleagues, working at CIBA in New Jersey.

## Society and culture

### Availability

Tripelennamine is no longer available in the United States.

## InfoBox

Tripelennamine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Pyribenzamine |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Multum Consumer Information |
| MedlinePlus | a601044 |
| Routes of
administration | Oral, intravenous |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * In general: ℞ (Prescription only) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic hydroxylation and glucuronidation |
| Elimination half-life | 4–6 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * *N*,*N*-dimethyl-*N*-(phenylmethyl)-*N*-pyridin-2-ylethane-1,2-diamine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.910 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H21N3 |
| Molar mass | 255.365 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CN(C)CCN(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C2=NC=CC=C2 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C16H21N3/c1-18(2)12-13-19(16-10-6-7-11-17-16)14-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-11H,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y * Key:UFLGIAIHIAPJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |


title: Trochus Island

abstract: Trochus Island is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, east of Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia. The island is located in Newcastle Bay at the mouth of Escape River and Middle River, not far from Jackey Jackey Creek and adjacent to the Apudthama National Park. The island lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Bamaga and has an approximate area of 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi).

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# Trochus Island

**Trochus Island** is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, east of Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia.

The island is located in Newcastle Bay at the mouth of Escape River and Middle River, not far from Jackey Jackey Creek and adjacent to the Apudthama National Park. The island lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Bamaga and has an approximate area of 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi).

## InfoBox

Trochus Island
| Trochus Island (left) with Turtle Head Island (centre) | |
| --- | --- |
| A map of the Torres Strait Islands showing Turtle Head Island in the south eastern waters of Torres Strait, east of the Cape York Peninsula | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Northern Australia |
| Coordinates | 10°55′19″S 142°37′48″E / 10.922°S 142.630°E / -10.922; 142.630 |
| Archipelago | Torres Strait Islands |
| Adjacent to | Torres Strait |
| Area | 2.10 km2 (0.81 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Australia** | |
| State | Queensland |
| Local government area | Shire of Torres |
| Demographics | |
| Ethnic groups | Torres Strait Islanders |


title: Trossingen Railway

abstract: The Trossingen Railway is a DC-electrified branch line in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The branch line has connected the town of Trossingen with Trossingen station, which is located on its periphery, since 1897. Trossingen station is on the Rottweil–Villingen railway. The railway is not part of the Deutsche Bahn network; instead it is owned by Stadtwerke Trossingen GmbH. This company formerly operated the railway, but since 2003, operations have been carried out by the Hohenzollerische Landesbahn (HzL). Freight operations were abandoned in 1996.

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# Trossingen Railway

The **Trossingen Railway** (*Trossinger Eisenbahn*, *TE*) is a DC-electrified branch line in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The branch line has connected the town of Trossingen with Trossingen station, which is located on its periphery, since 1897. Trossingen station (formerly called *Trossingen Staatsbahnhof*—"state station") is on the Rottweil–Villingen railway. The railway is not part of the Deutsche Bahn network; instead it is owned by *Stadtwerke Trossingen GmbH*. This company formerly operated the railway, but since 2003, operations have been carried out by the Hohenzollerische Landesbahn (HzL). Freight operations were abandoned in 1996.

## History

When the Royal Württemberg State Railways (*Königlich Württembergischen Staats-Eisenbahnen*) opened the Rottweil–Villingen railway on 26 August 1869, Trossingen was not included in the route of the line. The new line ran about four kilometres in a straight line to the north of Trossingen. Despite the economic growth as a result of increasing industrialisation, in particular in the musical instrument industry (for instance Hohner), Trossingen found itself increasingly isolated. Therefore, committed citizens of the town tried in subsequent years to improve the transport situation and when the state railway had shown no interest they ended up agreeing to establish a private company.

To this end, the *AG Elektrizitätswerk und Verbindungsbahn Trossingen* (“Trossingen Electrical Works and Connecting Railway”) was established in 1896 and the appropriate license for the new line was issued on 31 December 1897. Because a power station was built nearby in Trossingen at the same time, the projected line was to be electrified. The relatively steep slope of the track—it climbed 66 metres towards the town—also favoured electric operations. The new railway was finally opened on 14 December 1898. It was taken over by the town of Trossingen in 1908 and it has been operated ever since as a municipal utility.

The Trossinger Railway is unusual in that it does not use the 15 kV/16.7 Hz electrical system that eventually became normal in Germany. It also does not abut any other electrified railway lines.

Since the 1990s, the line has been considered in danger of being closed, but instead it was saved by being integrating into the Ringzug concept of the Schwarzwald-Baar-Heuberg planning region. Consequently, diesel-powered Regio-Shuttle railcars, operated by the HzL, took over the operation of all traffic on the Trossingen Railway in 2003. Some of the services run via Villingen-Schwenningen and Donaueschingen to Bräunlingen.

The catenary has not been needed in scheduled operations since Friday, 11 July 2003 and the electrical infrastructure is now only used in museum operations. However, two vintage railcars were temporarily restored to scheduled operations from December 2004 because the Ringzug was short of rolling stock.

## Historic vehicle park

| Type | Designation | Year built | Manufacturer | Electricals | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Railcar | T1
*Zeug Christe* | 1898 | MAN | AEG | One of the oldest operational electric railway vehicles in the world |
| Railcar | T2 | 1898 | MAN | AEG | Retired in 1961 |
| Carriage | B2 *Lias* | 1898 | MAN |  | Formerly B3, B7 from 1938, replaced in 1952 as B6 with the chassis of B5, B2 from 1968 |
| Carriage | B5 | 1900/ 1906 | Ganz / Hannoversche Waggonfabrik AG |  | 1900 built as a steam railcar, converted to a passenger carriage in 1906, in Trossingen from 1908, called a "lounge car", dismantled in 1952 with chassis going to B2 |
| Carriage | B7 | 1913 | Waggonfabrik Rastatt |  | B6 until 1952, retired in 1965, scrapped in 1967 |
| Goods wagon | G4 | 1898 | MAN |  | Whereabouts unknown |
| Locomotive | EL4 *Lina* | 1902 | AEG | AEG |  |
| Towing railcar | T3 | 1938 | Maschinenfabrik Esslingen | AEG | Called a "Sunday carriage" |
| Railcar | T5 | 1956 | Maschinenfabrik Esslingen | Siemens-Schuckertwerke |  |
| Railcar | T6 | 1968 | Waggonfabrik Rastatt | Siemens-Schuckertwerke | Displayed from 2003 to 2005 in the Familienpark Villingen-Schwenningen |

## Trossingen Stadt station

The Trossingen Stadt terminus now has only one platform track for passenger traffic. The remaining three tracks are used for the railway museum.

In addition to connecting services to trains in Trossingen Station, some Ringzug services also run directly to Villingen and Bräunlingen.

In Trossingen Stadt station there are connections to the following bus routes (as of 2014):

* 51 Trossingen – Tuttlingen ZOB (central bus station)
* 52 Trossingen – Tuningen
* 53 Trossingen – Spaichingen
* 57 Trossingen – Weigheim
* 21/22 Trossingen – Aldingen/Trossingen – Aldingen – Aixheim

## Museum

A small museum of items from the Trossinger Railway has been located in the roundhouse at Trossingen Stadt station since 5 June 2005. Most of the historic rolling stock have been housed here. The *Freundeskreis der Trossinger Eisenbahn* (Friends of the Trossinger Railway) is involved in the Museum. This was established on 7 September 2004 and its first official excursion trip ran on 1 May 2005. The T1 railcars are said to be the world's oldest operational electric railway vehicles.

### Sources

* Waldemar Kelberg (1998). *Die Trossinger Eisenbahn* (in German). Stadt-Buchverlag. ISBN 3-924191-97-2.

48°04′26″N 8°37′55″E / 48.0740°N 8.6319°E / 48.0740; 8.6319

## InfoBox

| Trossingen Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| The Trossingen Railway as part
of the Ringzug network | |
| Overview | |
| Native name | Trossinger Eisenbahn |
| Line number | 9463 |
| Locale | Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Route number | 742.1 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 3.9 km (2.4 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Minimum radius | 190 m (623.4 ft) |
| Electrification | 600 V DC |
| Operating speed | 80 km/h (49.7 mph) (maximum) |
| Maximum incline | 3.5% |
| Route map | |


title: Trust Inc.

abstract: Trust Inc. was a Canadian radio drama series on CBC Radio One and online at CBC.ca, about a Toronto based public relations firm, starring Julie Khaner as Catherine Leger, Georgina Reilly as Serena Jordan, Elias Toufexis as Ricardo Sandoval, Matt Austin Sadowski as Ben Lederman, Thomas Michael as Marshall Whitman, and Keon Mohajeri as Parvinder Singh-Donnelly. The program was designed for both conventional broadcast and as an interactive program. The online component featured character Tweets, blogs and vlogs, YouTube video, Twitter contests and fan fiction. Series guests included Colm Feore, Peter Outerbridge, Stephen McHattie and Ron White. Series writers were Matthew Edison, Anita Kapila, Thomas Michael, Hannah Moscovitch, Jason Sherman and Gregory J. Sinclair. The theme music was composed by Doug Wilde. The series was conceived, produced and directed by Gregory J. Sinclair. The series premiered for a run of 13 episodes on January 5, 2012, at 11:31 AM EST. Trust Inc. was the last radio drama series produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It ended after one season, when the CBC eliminated all original radio drama production in response to the budget cuts of 2012.

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# Trust Inc.

***Trust Inc.*** was a Canadian radio drama series on CBC Radio One and online at CBC.ca, about a Toronto based public relations firm, starring Julie Khaner as Catherine Leger, Georgina Reilly as Serena Jordan, Elias Toufexis as Ricardo Sandoval, Matt Austin Sadowski as Ben Lederman, Thomas Michael as Marshall Whitman, and Keon Mohajeri as Parvinder Singh-Donnelly. The program was designed for both conventional broadcast and as an interactive program. The online component featured character Tweets, blogs and vlogs, YouTube video, Twitter contests and fan fiction.

Series guests included Colm Feore, Peter Outerbridge, Stephen McHattie and Ron White.

Series writers were Matthew Edison, Anita Kapila, Thomas Michael, Hannah Moscovitch, Jason Sherman and Gregory J. Sinclair. The theme music was composed by Doug Wilde. The series was conceived, produced and directed by Gregory J. Sinclair.

The series premiered for a run of 13 episodes on January 5, 2012, at 11:31 AM EST. Trust Inc. was the last radio drama series produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It ended after one season, when the CBC eliminated all original radio drama production in response to the budget cuts of 2012.


title: Trust International Paper Corporation

abstract: Trust International Paper Corporation (TIPCO) is a Philippine pulp and paper company which is known for manufacturing newsprint, newsprint, printing and writing-grade paper from recycled materials.

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# Trust International Paper Corporation

**Trust International Paper Corporation** (**TIPCO**) is a Philippine pulp and paper company which is known for manufacturing newsprint, newsprint, printing and writing-grade paper from recycled materials.

## History

Trust International Paper Corporation was established in 1978 in Mabalacat, Pampanga by Elon Ting and Sylvia S. Y. Chen.

In the early 2000s, its overseas markets included Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, mainland China, Thailand, Malaysia, India and Hawaii in the United States.

American-born Filipino Mayleen Ting, the daughter of the founders, took over TIPCO's management in 2008.

TIPCO in 2014 sought government intervention in newsprint imports through safeguard measures that would impose higher duties on imported newsprint arguing the level of importation is hurting the domestic industry. The national government granted the safeguard measure but to a lesser extent than TIPCO proposed which led to the company deferring its investment plans.

In 2014, TIPCO reportedly was the largest paper company in the Philippines, having an annual production capacity of 230,000 MT for paper-based products including newsprint and writing paper.

In 2020, due to lessened global demand due caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, TIPCO suspended all of its production with plans to resume operation on late 2021.

## InfoBox

Trust International Paper Corporation
|
|  |
| Industry | Pulp and paper |
| Founded | 1978 (1978) in Mabalacat, Philippines |
| Founders | Elon Ting<br>Sylvia S. Y. Chen |
| Headquarters | Mabalacat, Pampanga, Philippines |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Newsprint, recycled paper |
| Website | www.tipco.com.ph |


title: True Light Middle School of Hong Kong

abstract: The True Light School of Hong Kong (TLMSHK) is a well-known girls' school located at Tai Hang, Hong Kong Island. The school consists of a secondary, a primary and a kindergarten section, located at the same premises. While the secondary section is a girls' school, the primary and kindergarten sections are co-educational. It is classified as a Band 1 school. The secondary section adopted cheongsam as the school uniform, an iconic fitted dress in Chinese culture.

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# True Light Middle School of Hong Kong

The **True Light School of Hong Kong** (TLMSHK) (Chinese: 香港真光中學) is a well-known girls' school located at Tai Hang, Hong Kong Island. The school consists of a secondary, a primary and a kindergarten section, located at the same premises. While the secondary section is a girls' school, the primary and kindergarten sections are co-educational. It is classified as a Band 1 school. The secondary section adopted cheongsam as the school uniform, an iconic fitted dress in Chinese culture.

## History

**True Light Seminary**, the original name of TLMSHK, was the first women's school established in Guangzhou, South China in 1872 by Ms Harriet Newell Noyes, a missionary from the American Presbyterian Church.

"Thou Art the Light of the World" was chosen as the school motto. Six students were enrolled. It was the pioneer of Chinese women's education in Southern China. The women's education that it advocates not only raised the status of women in society but also helped nurture the talents needed by the country and made a great contribution to the overall development of society.

The school's expansion was first initiated in 1878 due to a fire incident. Since then, the school opened its primary section, the Women's School and the Bible Women’s Training School. The number of students have significantly increased to 300 in 1916.

In 1917, The Women's School and the Bible Women's Training School were merged and renamed as "**True Light Middle School**". The first graduation ceremony was held for the six graduates in 1919.

In 1935, **True Light Primary School** was established in Hong Kong. The secondary section was added in the post-war period.

The school was relocated to Tai Hang Road in 1951. The **True Light Middle School of Hong Kong** has then expanded to encompass 3 sections: a kindergarten, a primary school and a secondary school with a total enrollment of approximately 2,000 students.

The iconic school foundation, was built in 1966 for aesthetic appreciation. The school's swimming pool, was constructed in 1972. The swimming pool was then upgraded as an indoor heated pool in 2013.

## Structure

**Secondary section**

* Aided
* Girls' school

There are 24 classes ranging from S.1 to S.6

| Level | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No. of classes | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 24 |

**Primary and kindergarten section**

## Motto

「爾乃世之光」 “Thou art the Light of the World” The motto of the school was derived from the Chinese translation of the biblical phrase: 'Thou art the Light of the World' (爾乃世之光) (Matthew 5:14).

* The star of Bethlehem

## Location and facilities

The school is located on 50 Tai Hang Road, Hong Kong. Together with the private primary and kindergarten sections. The entire campus occupies an area of 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft).

Facilities in the secondary school include the following:

* an all-weather sports ground, an indoor heated 25-metre (27 yd) swimming pool, an indoor gymnasium, a dancing room;
* an air-conditioned school hall, a True Light Chapel, a school history room, a conference room, three counseling rooms, a career master's room, two student activity rooms, a religious activity room, a staff resources centre;
* a library, a Readers’ Café, a K-zone (English centre), a multi-media learning centre;
* 36 classrooms, four laboratories, two computer rooms, seven special-purpose rooms;
* a music room

Source:

## Form Associations and their representative colours

* Yi Yun Association – Blue and white
* Xu Jing Association – Red and white
* Xiao Association – Green and white
* Heng Pu Association – Blue and white
* Chen Hui Association – Red and white
* Yao Association – Green and white

## Notable alumni

## Principals

|  | Name | Tenure |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Dr. Hoh Yam Tong | School Founder |
| 2. | Ms Ho Yuk Ying | 1935–1941 |
| 3. | Dr. Ho Chung Chung | 1946–1974 |
| 4. | Ms Wong Sau Ching | 1974–1979 |
| 5. | Ms Wong Chiu Yok | 1979–1989 |
| 6. | Dr. Leung Yin Ting, Teresa | 1989–2006 |
| 7. | Ms Kwan Suet Ming | 2007–2018 |
| 8. | Ms Hui Tuen Yung | 2018–Present |

## Notable faculty

## InfoBox

| True Light School of Hong Kong
香港真光中學 | |
| --- | --- |
| School badge | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 50 Tai Hang Road, Tai Hang
Hong Kong | |
| Coordinates | 22°16′33″N 114°11′39″E / 22.2759°N 114.1943°E / 22.2759; 114.1943 |
| Information | |
| Type | Kindergarten, primary school & secondary school for girls |
| Motto | 'Thou art the Light of the world' (Matthew 5:14) (爾乃世之光) |
| Established | 1947 (1947) |
| School district | Hong Kong Island |
| Principal | Hui Tuen Yung (2018–present) |
| Campus size | 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) |
| Affiliation | Protestant |
| Website | tlmshk.edu.hk |


title: Tshüvau

abstract: Tshüvau village or Tsuwao village, comprising about 141 households, comes under Patsho Administrative Circle of Noklak district, Nagaland, India. The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, that of the Patsho people there.

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# Tshüvau

**Tshüvau** village or Tsuwao village, comprising about 141 households, comes under Patsho Administrative Circle of Noklak district, Nagaland, India. The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, that of the Patsho people there.

## Agriculture

People living in Tsuwao depend on multiple skills, total workers are 572 out of which men are 283 and women are 289. Total 355 Cultivators are depended on agriculture farming out of 167 are cultivated by men and 188 are women.

## InfoBox

| Tshüvau | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| TshüvauLocation in Nagaland,India | |
| Coordinates: 26°10′58″N 94°57′15″E / 26.182838°N 94.954198°E / 26.182838; 94.954198 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Noklak |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 901 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Patsho Khiamniungan |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | NL |


title: Tsiafajavona Ankaratra

abstract: Tsiafajavona Ankaratra is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambatolampy, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 15,000 in 2001 commune census. It is situated at 12 km from Ambatolampy and 79 km from the capital Antananarivo. Only primary schooling is available. The majority 97% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 1% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and potatoes, while other important agricultural products are beans and maize. Industry and services provide both employment for 1% of the population.

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# Tsiafajavona Ankaratra

**Tsiafajavona Ankaratra** is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambatolampy, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 15,000 in 2001 commune census. It is situated at 12 km from Ambatolampy and 79 km from the capital Antananarivo.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 97% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 1% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and potatoes, while other important agricultural products are beans and maize. Industry and services provide both employment for 1% of the population.

## Mountains

The third highest peak in Madagascar, the Mount Tsiafajavona is situated in this municipality.

## Roads

The unpaved Regional Road — Rip73 leads to Ambatolampy over 12 km. It is in a good state of conservation.

19°23′S 47°21′E / 19.383°S 47.350°E / -19.383; 47.350

## InfoBox

| Tsiafajavona Ankaratra | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsiafajavona AnkaratraLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 19°23′S 47°21′E / 19.383°S 47.350°E / -19.383; 47.350 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Vakinankaratra |
| District | Ambatolampy |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jean Eric Ratsiandavana |
| Elevation | 1,603 m (5,259 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 15,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| Postal code | 104 |


title: Tsuwano Domain

abstract: Tsuwano Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now western Shimane Prefecture. It was centered around Tsuwano Castle and was ruled by the tozama daimyō Kamei clan for most of its history. A number of influential persons in the early Meiji government came from Tsuwano, including Mori Ōgai and Nishi Amane.

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# Tsuwano Domain

class=notpageimage|Location of Tsuwano CastleTsuwano Domain (Japan)

**Tsuwano Domain** (津和野藩, *Tsuwano-han*) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now western Shimane Prefecture. It was centered around Tsuwano Castle and was ruled by the *tozama daimyō* Kamei clan for most of its history. A number of influential persons in the early Meiji government came from Tsuwano, including Mori Ōgai and Nishi Amane.

## History

During the Sengoku period, the area of Tsuwano was ruled by the Yoshimi clan, who served the Ōuchi clan and subsequently the Mōri clan. Following the 1600 Battle of Sekigahara, the Tokugawa shogunate deprived the Mōri of two-thirds of their holdings, reducing the clan to the two provinces of Nagato and Suō. Western Iwami became part of the 30,000 *koku* holdings of Sakazaki Naomori, one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's generals, who established his seat at Tsuwano. Sakazaki laid the foundations of the domain by building a castle town, conducting land surveys, and making major renovations to the castle. In 1616, Sakazaka was either killed or committed *seppuku* over the "Senhime incident". He had been promised Ieyasu's daughter Senhime as his wife if he rescued her from Osaka Castle during the Siege of Osaka; however, afterwards Ieyasu gave her to Honda Takatoki instead. The incensed Sakazaka plotted to kidnap her, but the plot was discovered by the shogunate, and the Sakazaka clan was destroyed.

In 1617, the shogunate awarded the domain to Kamei Masanori with an increase in *kokudaka* to 43,000 *koku*. His descendants would continue to rule the domain until the Meiji restoration. Kamei Masanori was highly trusted by the shogunate, and there was talk of transferring Himeji Domain for a time, but he suddenly died in 1619. His son Kamei Masanori, succeeded him at a young age, resulting in a succession dispute in 1635, but under the initiative of his *karō*, Tago Masakiyo , he managed the internal strife. Since the sea route to Osaka was used by the domain for its *sankin kōtai* route to Edo, he negotiated an agreement with Hiroshima Domain which allowed Tsuwano to have its own exclave on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea to maintain a dock and warehouse. Through the middle of the Edo period, the clan's finances were prosperous, with *washi* paper being monopolized and new rice fields developed. However, in the late Edo period, natural disasters and poor harvests continued, and the finances deteriorated. Under such circumstances, the eighth *daimyō*, Kamei Norikata, founded the domain academy "Yorokan". The last *daimyō*, Kamei Koremi, carried out domain administration reforms and appointed talented personnel. He also believed in Shintoism and devoted himself to the development of *Kokugaku*. Although Tsuwano was a neighbor of Chōshū Domain, it maintained a policy of neutrality in its conflict against the shogunate. However, many retainers of Tsuwano Domain joined the *sonnō jōi* movement, and after the Meiji Restoration, many of these people joined the new Meiji government. During the Second Chōshū expedition, the high-handed behavior of the shogunate forces in the domain caused a change in policy, and after the shogunate army withdrew, he had the *metsuke* whom the shogunate lef behind to ensure his loyalty arrested and turned over to Chōshū.After that, he actively showed allegiance to the new government, and held numerous high posts, mainly with administrative affairs related to religion.

In July 1871, just prior to the abolition of the han system by imperial edict, Kamei Koremi voluntarily ordered the destruction of Tsuwano Castle, resigned from the post of imperial governor and asked that the domain be dissolved. After that, it was incorporated into Shimane Prefecture after merging with Hamada Prefecture.

## Holdings at the end of the Edo period

As with most domains in the han system, Tsuwano Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned *kokudaka*, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields, g.

## List of daimyō

| # | Name | Tenure | Courtesy title | Court Rank | *kokudaka* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sakazaki clan,** 1601-1616 (*Tozama*) | | | | | |
| 1 | Sakazaki Naomori (坂崎直盛) | 1601 - 1616 | *Tsushima-no-kami* (対馬守 | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 30,000 -\> 40,000 *koku* |
| **Kamei clan,** 1617-1871 (*Tozama*) | | | | | |
| 1 | Kamei Masanori (亀井政矩) | 1617 - 1619 | *Buzen-no-kami* (豊前守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 2 | Kamei Koremasa (亀井茲政) | 1619 - 1680 | *Buzen-no-kami* (豊前守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 3 | Kamei Korechika (亀井茲親) | 1680 - 1731 | *Oki-no-kami* (隠岐守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 4 | Kamei Koremitsu (亀井茲満) | 1731 - 1736 | *Inaba-no-kami* (因幡守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 5 | Kamei Korenobu (亀井茲延) | 1736 - 1743 | *Buzen-no-kami* (豊前守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 6 | Kamei Koretane (亀井茲胤) | 1743 - 1752 | *Shinano-no-kami* (信濃守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 7 | Kamei Norisada (亀井矩貞) | 1752 - 1783 | *Noto-no-kami* (能登守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 8 | Kamei Norikata (亀井矩賢) | 1783 - 1819 | *Oki-no-kami* (隠岐守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 9 | Kamei Korenao (亀井茲尚) | 1819 - 1830 | *Osumi-no-kami* (大隅守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 10 | Kamei Korekata (亀井茲方) | 1831 - 1839 | *Noto-no-kami* (能登守) | Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
| 11 | Kamei Koremi (亀井茲監) | 1839 - 1871 | *Oki-no-kami* (隠岐守); *Jijū* (侍従) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 45,000 *koku* |
|

## InfoBox

| Tsuwano Domain<br>津和野藩 | |
| --- | --- |
| Domain of Japan | |
| 1601–1871 | |
| Ruins of Tsuwano Castle | |
| *Mon* of the Kamei clan | |
| Capital | Tsuwano Castle |
| Area |  |
| Coordinates | 34°27′37″N 131°45′51″E / 34.46028°N 131.76417°E / 34.46028; 131.76417 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Historical era | Edo period |
|  | |
| Established | 1601 |
| Abolition of the han system | 1871 |
|  | |
| Contained within |  |
| Province | Iwami Province |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | Shimane Prefecture |


title: Tsuyako Ōno

abstract: Tsuyako Ōno was a Japanese politician who served two terms in the House of Councillors from 1996 to 2006. Her son was elected to the same legislative body in 2013. In 1996, Ōno was elected to fill her husband's seat in the Upper House, on behalf of the Liberal Democratic Party; the seat represented Gifu Prefecture. She won the 2001 election for the same district.

text:
# Tsuyako Ōno

**Tsuyako Ōno** (February 27, 1934 - January 26, 2021) was a Japanese politician who served two terms in the House of Councillors from 1996 to 2006. Her son was elected to the same legislative body in 2013.

In 1996, Ōno was elected to fill her husband's seat in the Upper House, on behalf of the Liberal Democratic Party; the seat represented Gifu Prefecture.

She won the 2001 election for the same district.


title: Trygve Wyller

abstract: Trygve Wyller is a Norwegian theologian. He was born in Stavanger. He took the cand.mag. degree in 1975, and the cand.theol. degree in 1982. He did not follow a straight academic path, as he worked as a journalist in Aftenposten from 1979 to 1983, and as a priest from 1984 to 1988. Then, he was a research fellow from 1989, and took the dr.theol. degree at the University of Oslo in 1994, on the thesis Troens tale og talen om verden. He was appointed as an associate professor at the same institution in 1996, and was promoted to professor of theology in 2002. In 2006 he was elected as the dean of the Faculty of Theology, ahead of the other candidate Halvor Moxnes. In 2009, Wyller entered the race to become rector of the University of Oslo. The rector is elected by students and faculty, and his sole opponent is Ole Petter Ottersen. On 2 April 2009, it was clear that Ottersen won the rectorial election.

text:
# Trygve Wyller

**Trygve Wyller** (born 4 June 1950) is a Norwegian theologian.

He was born in Stavanger. He took the cand.mag. degree in 1975, and the cand.theol. degree in 1982. He did not follow a straight academic path, as he worked as a journalist in *Aftenposten* from 1979 to 1983, and as a priest from 1984 to 1988. Then, he was a research fellow from 1989, and took the dr.theol. degree at the University of Oslo in 1994, on the thesis *Troens tale og talen om verden*. He was appointed as an associate professor at the same institution in 1996, and was promoted to professor of theology in 2002.

In 2006 he was elected as the dean of the Faculty of Theology, ahead of the other candidate Halvor Moxnes. In 2009, Wyller entered the race to become rector of the University of Oslo. The rector is elected by students and faculty, and his sole opponent is Ole Petter Ottersen. On 2 April 2009, it was clear that Ottersen won the rectorial election.


title: Trúc Lâm

abstract: Trúc Lâm Yên Tử (竹林安子), or simply Trúc Lâm, is a Vietnamese Thiền sect. The school was founded by Emperor Trần Nhân Tông (1258–1308) showing influence from Confucian and Taoist philosophy. Trúc Lâm's prestige later waned as Confucianism became dominant in the later imperial court. A revival was attempted by later adherents including Ngô Thì Nhậm (1746–1803) during the Tây Sơn dynasty. Nhậm attempted to harmonize the "Three teachings" of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. In modern times, Thiền sư Venerable Thích Thanh Từ has revived the Trúc Lâm Zen lineage by combining the teachings of the three early Patriarchs of the tradition: Trần Nhân Tông, Pháp Loa, and Huyền Quang. His efforts are brought forth from the principles of three Patriarchs whom he believes have minimal amounts of transition from traditional Chinese Buddhism. Thích Thanh Từ claims to be re-establishing the Trúc Lâm traditions but in his own way has modified it from its original ways. According to Thích Thanh Từ's own writings, he drew on various meditation sources in developing the new Trúc Lâm meditation method, including Lục Diệu Pháp Môn by Zhiyi (538–597), the classic Ngũ Đình Tâm Quán found in the Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) of Kumārajīva and the Tham Thiền Yếu Chỉ of master Xuyun (1840–1959) which focuses on huatou practice. Thích Thanh Từ reputation eventually grew and he became the most widely respected Vietnamese master in contemporary Vietnamese Thiền Buddhism. Thích Thanh Từ's influence has also reached the West and some of his works have been translated.

text:
# Trúc Lâm

**Trúc Lâm Yên Tử** (竹林安子), or simply **Trúc Lâm** ("Bamboo Grove"), is a Vietnamese Thiền (i.e. Zen) sect. The school was founded by Emperor Trần Nhân Tông (1258–1308) showing influence from Confucian and Taoist philosophy. Trúc Lâm's prestige later waned as Confucianism became dominant in the later imperial court.

A revival was attempted by later adherents including Ngô Thì Nhậm (1746–1803) during the Tây Sơn dynasty. Nhậm attempted to harmonize the "Three teachings" of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.

In modern times, Thiền sư Venerable Thích Thanh Từ has revived the Trúc Lâm Zen lineage by combining the teachings of the three early Patriarchs of the tradition: Trần Nhân Tông, Pháp Loa, and Huyền Quang. His efforts are brought forth from the principles of three Patriarchs whom he believes have minimal amounts of transition from traditional Chinese Buddhism. Thích Thanh Từ claims to be re-establishing the Trúc Lâm traditions but in his own way has modified it from its original ways.

According to Thích Thanh Từ's own writings, he drew on various meditation sources in developing the new Trúc Lâm meditation method, including Lục Diệu Pháp Môn (C. Liumiao famen 六妙法門, Six Dharma Gates to the Sublime) by Zhiyi (538–597), the classic Ngũ Đình Tâm Quán (The Five Methods of Calming Meditation) found in the Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) of Kumārajīva and the Tham Thiền Yếu Chỉ (Main Discourse on Meditation) of master Xuyun (1840–1959) which focuses on huatou (thoại đầu) practice.

Thích Thanh Từ reputation eventually grew and he became the most widely respected Vietnamese master in contemporary Vietnamese Thiền Buddhism. Thích Thanh Từ's influence has also reached the West and some of his works have been translated.

## InfoBox

| Trúc Lâm | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor Trần Nhân Tông was the founder of the Trúc Lâm Yên Tử school of Thiền Buddhism. | |
| Vietnamese alphabet | Trúc Lâm Yên Tử |
| Chữ Hán |  |