title: Targhee sheep

abstract: The Targhee is an American breed of domestic sheep. It was developed in the early twentieth century at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture at Dubois, Idaho, and is named after the Targhee National Forest which surrounds it. It is a dual-purpose breed, with heavy, medium-quality wool and good meat production characteristics. It is hardy and well-suited to the ranges of the West where it was developed. It is kept mainly in Montana, Wyoming and South Dakota, and is reared primarily for wool.

text:
# Targhee sheep

The **Targhee** is an American breed of domestic sheep. It was developed in the early twentieth century at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture at Dubois, Idaho, and is named after the Targhee National Forest which surrounds it. It is a dual-purpose breed, with heavy, medium-quality wool and good meat production characteristics. It is hardy and well-suited to the ranges of the West where it was developed. It is kept mainly in Montana, Wyoming and South Dakota, and is reared primarily for wool.

## History

The Targhee is named after the Targhee National Forest, which surrounds the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in Idaho. Their ancestors were Rambouillet, Corriedale, and Lincoln sheep. Development of this breed for the Western ranges of the U.S. began as early as 1900. The flock book was closed in 1966, meaning that only the offspring of registered Targhees could be registered).

## Characteristics

Mature body weight in the rams is 200 lb (90 kg) to 300 lb (135 kg), with the ewes weighing slightly less at 125 lb (56 kg) to 200 lb (90 kg). Each ewe will average a 10 lb (4.5 kg) to 14 lb (6.3 kg) fleece; it has a fibre diameter of 21 to 25 micrometers and a spinning count of 64 to 58. The staple length of the fleece will be 3 inches (7.5 cm) to 5 inches (11 cm) with a yield of 50% to 55%.

## InfoBox

Targhee
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Standard | U.S. Targhee Sheep Association |
| Traits | |
| Wool color | white |
|  | |


title: Zenkō-ji (Gifu)

abstract: Zenkō-ji is a Buddhist temple of the Shingon sect in Mino Province. It is a branch temple of Daigo-ji in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It is also referred to as Gifu Zenkō-ji (岐阜善光寺) and Inaba Zenkō-ji (伊奈波善光寺). It is not known when the temple was built, though it assumed to have been built between 1592 and 1600 when Oda Nobunaga was living in nearby Gifu Castle. During the early Edo period, it received the name Zenkō-ji Anjō-in (善光寺安乗院) because the two temples were merged at the time.

text:
# Zenkō-ji (Gifu)

**Zenkō-ji** (善光寺, **Temple of the Benevolent Light**) is a Buddhist temple of the Shingon sect in Mino Province (modern-day Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan). It is a branch temple of Daigo-ji in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It is also referred to as **Gifu Zenkō-ji** (岐阜善光寺) and **Inaba Zenkō-ji** (伊奈波善光寺). It is not known when the temple was built, though it assumed to have been built between 1592 and 1600 when Oda Nobunaga was living in nearby Gifu Castle. During the early Edo period, it received the name Zenkō-ji Anjō-in (善光寺安乗院) because the two temples were merged at the time.

## History

In 1582, after the deaths of Takeda Shingen and Takeda Katsuyori, Nobunaga brought the temple's *gohonzon* to base of Inaba Shrine from neighboring Shinano Province. However, after Nobunaga's death during the Honnō-ji Incident that same year, Oda Nobukatsu, his son, brought the *gohonzon* (main objects of worship) to Jimoku-ji (甚目寺) in what is now Aichi Prefecture.

The *gohonzon*, however, later fell into the hands of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who brought them to a temple in Ōmi Province. They were again moved again in 1597, after Toyotomi Hideyoshi gained control of them and brought them to Hōkō-ji in Kyoto. The following year, they were returned to Shinano Province. Nobunaga's grandson, Oda Hidenobu, built Inaba Zenkōji-dō (伊奈波善光寺堂) to house the *gohonzon* and this is when they were first dedicated.

At first, the *gohonzon* were rotated between Anjō-in (安乗院), Mangan-ji (満願寺) and Zenkō-ji. However, after the forcible separation of Buddhism and Shinto (*shinbutsu bunri*) in 1868, Mangan-ji, which had been on the grounds of Inaba Shrine, was dismantled while Anjō-in became an independent temple, keeping the *gohonzon* with it.

The main hall was completely burnt to the ground as a result of the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake. The reconstructed main hall was completed in 1912.

35°25′41″N 136°46′05″E / 35.42806°N 136.76806°E / 35.42806; 136.76806

## InfoBox

| Zenkō-ji<br>善光寺 | |
| --- | --- |
| Zenkō-ji's main hall | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shingon sect |
| Location | |
| Location | 1-8 Inaba-dōri, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture |
| Country | Japan |
| Architecture | |
| Completed | late 16th century |
| Website | |
| Zenkō-ji | |


title: Ottawa oral literature and texts

abstract: Traditional Ottawa stories fall into two general categories, aasookaan 'legend, sacred story' and dbaajmowin 'narrative, story'. Stories in the aasookaan category involve mythical characters such as Nenbozh. Stories in the dbaajmowin category include traditional stories that do not necessarily involve mythical characters, with the same term also used more generally to refer to any type of story not in the aasookaan category. Published Ottawa text material includes a range of genres, including historical narratives, stories of conflict with other indigenous groups, humorous stories, and others.

text:
# Ottawa oral literature and texts

Traditional Ottawa stories fall into two general categories, aasookaan 'legend, sacred story' (plural *aasookaanag*) and *dbaajmowin* 'narrative, story' (plural *dbaajmownan*). Stories in the *aasookaan* category involve mythical characters such as Nenbozh. Stories in the *dbaajmowin* category include traditional stories that do not necessarily involve mythical characters, with the same term also used more generally to refer to any type of story not in the *aasookaan* category. Published Ottawa text material includes a range of genres, including historical narratives, stories of conflict with other indigenous groups, humorous stories, and others.

## Text

Ottawa speaker Andrew Medler dictated the following text while he was working with Leonard Bloomfield in a linguistic field methods class at the Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, held during the summer of 1938 at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Medler grew up near Saginaw, Michigan but spent most of his life at Walpole Island. The texts that Medler dictated were originally published in a linguistically oriented transcription using phonetic symbols, and have been republished in the modern orthography, with analysis.

**Love Medicine**
*Andrew Medler*

> (1) *Ngoding kiwenziinh ngii-noondwaaba a-dbaajmod wshkiniigkwen gii-ndodmaagod iw wiikwebjigan.*
> Once I heard an old man tell of how a young woman asked him for love medicine.
> (2) *Wgii-msawenmaan niw wshkinwen.*
> She was in love with a young man.
> (3) *Mii dash niw kiwenziinyan gii-ndodmawaad iw wiikwebjigan, gye go wgii-dbahmawaan.*
> So then she asked that old man for the love medicine, and she paid him for it.
> (4) *Mii dash gii-aabjitood maaba wshkiniigkwe iw mshkiki gaa-giishpnadood.*
> Then this young woman used that medicine that she had bought.
> (5) *Mii dash maaba wshkinwe gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad niw wshkiniigkwen.*
> Then this young man accordingly very much loved that young woman.
> (6) *Gye go mii gii-wiidgemaad, gye go mii wiiba gii-yaawaawaad binoojiinyan.*
> Then he married her; very soon they had children.
> (7) *Aapji go gii-zaaghidwag gye go gii-maajiishkaawag.*
> They loved each other and they fared very well.

## Analysis of text

Below is an interlinear glossing and analysis of the words in each sentence, with lines of analysis being vertically aligned on a word-by-word basis. For each sentence the first line presents the text, the second presents a morphological analysis, the third line presents a translation of the elements identified in line 2, and the fourth line presents a word-by-word translation. A more detailed morphological analysis is also available. A table of codes for grammatical elements used in interlinear glossing occurs after the glossed sentences.

In the first line the hyphen '-' is used to mark the division between a preverb and an immediately following verb, as in Sentence 1: *ngii-noondwaaba* 'I heard it,' with past tense preverb *gii-*; or a preverb followed by another preverb, as in Sentence 5, *gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad,* where the first two hyphens indicate the boundaries between preverbs, and the third hyphen indicates the boundary between a preverb and a verb. In the second line, where morphological analysis is presented, the hyphen marks the start of a suffix, as in *wshkiniigkwe-n* 'young.man' followed by Obviative suffix *-n.* Also in the second line, the marker '=' indicates the boundary between a verb and a following verb or preverb.

*Sentence 1*

| **(1)** | **Ngoding** | **kiwenziinh** | **ngii-noondwaaba** | | | | | **a-dbaajmod** | | | **wshkiniigkwen** | | **gii-ndodmaagod** | | | | **iw** | **wiikwebjigan** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | ngoding | kiwenziinh | n- | gii= | noondaw | -aa | -ba | a= | dbaajmo- | -d | wshkiniigkwe- | -n | gii= | ndodmaw- | -igw | -d | iw | wiikwebjigan |
| **(3)** | once | old.man | 1 | PAST | hear NA | DIR | PRET | PV.CNJ | tell.story | CNJ.3 | young.woman | OBV | PAST | ask NA for NI | INV | CNJ.3 | that | love.medicine |
| **(4)** | *Once* | *old man* | *I heard him* | | | | | *he says* | | | *young woman* | | *he asked the other for* | | | | *that* | *love medicine* |

*Sentence 2*

| **(1)** | **Wgii-msawenmaan** | | | | | **niw** | **wshkinwen** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | w- | gii= | msawenm- | -aa- | -n | niw | wshkinwe | -n |
| **(3)** | 3 | PAST | desire NA | DIR | OBV | that.NA.OBV | young.man | OBV |
| **(4)** | *She desired him* | | | | | *that one* | *young man* | |

*Sentence 3*

| **(1)** | **Mii** | **dash** | **niw** | **kiwenziinyan** | | **gii-dodamaagod** | | | | **iw** | **wiikwebjigan,** | **gye** | **go** | **wgii-dbahmawaan** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | mii | dash | niw | kiwenziinh | -an | gii= | dodamaw- | -igw | -d | iw | wiikwebjigan | gye | go | w- | gii= | dbahmaw- | -aa | -an |
| **(3)** | so | then | that.NA | old.man | OBV | PV.PAST | do so to NA | INV | CNJ.3 | that.NI | love.medicine | and | emphatic | 3 | PV.PAST | pay NI to NA | DIR | OBV |
| **(4)** | *So* | *then* | *that one* | *old man* | | *she asked him for it* | | | | *that* | *love medicine,* | *and* | *emphatic* | *she paid him for it* | | | | |

*Sentence 4*

| **(1)** | **Mii** | **dash** | **gii-aabjitood** | | | **maaba** | **wshkiniigkwe** | **iw** | **mshkiki** | **gaa-giishpnadood** | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | mii | dash | gii= | aabjitoo- | -d | maaba | wshkiniigkwe | iw | mshkiki | gaa= | giishpnadoo- | -d |
| **(3)** | so | then | PV.PAST | use NI | CNJ.3 | this NA | young.woman | that NI | medicine | IC.PAST | buy NI | CNJ.3 |
| **(4)** | *So* | *then* | *she used it* | | | *this* | *young woman* | *that* | *medicine* | *that she bought* | | |

*Sentence 5*

| **(1)** | **Mii** | **dash** | **maaba** | **wshkinwe** | **gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad** | | | | | | **niw** | **wshkiniigkwen** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | mii | dash | maaba | wshkinwe | gaa= | zhi= | gchi= | zaagh- | -aa | -d | niw | wshkiniigkwe- | -n |
| **(3)** | so | then | this NA | young.man | IC.PAST | thus | very | love NA | DIR | CNJ.3 | that NA | young.woman | OBV |
| **(4)** | *So* | *then* | *this one* | *young man* | *he very much loved her* | | | | | | *that one* | *young woman* | |

*Sentence 6*

| **(1)** | **Gye** | **go** | **mii** | **gii-wiidgemaad,** | | | | **gye** | **go** | **mii** | **wiiba** | **gii-yaawaawaad** | | | | | **binoojiinyan** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | gye | go | mii | gii= | wiidgem- | -aa | -d | gye | go | mii | wiiba | gii= | yaaw- | -aa | -waa | -d | binoojiinh | -an |
| **(3)** | and | emphatic | so | PAST | marry NA | DIR | CNJ.3 | and | emphatic | so | soon | PV.PAST | have NA | DIR | CNJ.PL.3 | CNJ.3 | child | OBV |
| **(4)** | *And* | *indeed* | *so* | *he married her* | | | | *and* | *indeed* | *so* | *soon* | *they had* | | | | | *children* | |

*Sentence 7*

| **(1)** | **Aapji** | **go** | **gii-zaaghidwag** | | | **gye** | **go** | **gii-maajiishkaawag** | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **(2)** | aapji | go | gii= | zaaghidi- | -wag | gye | go | gii= | maajiishkaa- | -wag |
| **(3)** | very | emphatic | PV.PAST | love.each.other | PL.NA | and | emphatic | PV.PAST | fare.well | PL.NA |
| **(4)** | *Very much* | *indeed* | *they loved each other* | | | *and* | *indeed* | *they fared very well* | | |

The following table lists codes used in the interlinear analysis of the text.

| **Code** | **Gloss** |  | **Code** | **Gloss** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *1* | First person |  | *NI* | Inanimate gender |
| *3* | Third person |  | *OBV* | Obviative form of noun |
| *CNJ* | Conjunct form of verb |  | *PAST* | Past tense preverb |
| *DIR* | Direct inflection of verb |  | *PL* | Plural |
| *IC* | Initial Change |  | *PRET* | Preterit mode |
| *INV* | Inverse form of verb |  | *PV* | Preverb element occurring before verb |
| *NA* | Animate gender |  |  |
|

* Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. *Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list.* Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Cappel, Constance. (Editor).2006. Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima. Bloomington,IN:Xlibris.
* Fox, Francis and Nora Soney with Richard Rhodes. 1988. "Chippewa-Ottawa texts." John Nichols, ed., *An Ojibwe text anthology,* 33-68. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario. ISBN 0-7714-1046-8
* McGregor, Gregor with C. F. Voegelin. 1988. "Birch Island Texts." Edited by Leonard Bloomfield and John D. Nichols. John Nichols, ed., *An Ojibwe text anthology,* 107-194. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario. ISBN 0-7714-1046-8
* Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds. 1991. *The dog's children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams.* Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba. ISBN 0-88755-148-3
* Piggott, Glyne L., ed. 1985. *Three stories from the Odawa language project.* Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba. ISSN 0711-382X
* Piggott, Glyne L., ed. 1985a. *Stories of Sam Osawamick from the Odawa language project.* Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba. ISSN 0711-382X
* Valentine, J. Randolph. 1998. *Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. 'That the young might hear': The stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield.*  London, ON: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario. ISBN 0-7714-2091-9
* Wilder, Julie, ed. 1999. *Wiigwaaskingaa / Land of birch trees: Ojibwe stories by Arthur J. McGregor.* Ojibwe editor Mary E. Wemigwans. Hobbema, AB: Blue Moon Publishing. ISBN 0-9685103-0-2


title: Path End Formation

abstract: The Path End Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.

text:
# Path End Formation

The **Path End Formation** is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.

## InfoBox

| Path End Formation | |
| --- | --- |
|
Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Burin Group |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mafic volcanics |
| Location | |
| Region | Newfoundland |
| Country | Canada |
|
Occurrence of the Path End Formation in southeastern Newfoundland | |


title: Pendleton, Cincinnati

abstract: Pendleton is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is located within the city's urban basin. The population was 1,088 as of the 2020 census. The neighborhood is sometimes referred to as the "Pendleton Art District" of Over-the-Rhine because of its small size, but Pendleton and Over-the-Rhine are officially two separate neighborhoods in District 1 of the City of Cincinnati.

text:
# Pendleton, Cincinnati

**Pendleton** is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is located within the city's urban basin. The population was 1,088 as of the 2020 census.

The neighborhood is sometimes referred to as the "Pendleton Art District" of Over-the-Rhine because of its small size, but Pendleton and Over-the-Rhine are officially two separate neighborhoods in District 1 of the City of Cincinnati.

## History

The neighborhood was named after George H. Pendleton (18251889), a U.S. Representative and Senator whose house still stands in the area.

## Geography

Pendleton is located on the east side of Over-the-Rhine, north of the Central Business District, and south of Mount Auburn. The triangle-shaped boundaries of the neighborhood are Liberty Street, Reading Road/Central Parkway, and Sycamore Street.

The neighborhood is considered part of the Over-the-Rhine Historic District by the City of Cincinnati and the Over-the-Rhine Chamber of Commerce.

## Demographics

Population of Pendleton 1860-2020
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 9,057 |  |
| 1870 | 9,885 | +9.1% |
| 1880 | 12,488 | +26.3% |
| 1890 | 8,619 | −31.0% |
| 1900 | 4,975 | −42.3% |
| 1910 | 4,200 | −15.6% |
| 1920 | 5,925 | +41.1% |
| 1930 | 5,178 | −12.6% |
| 1940 | 5,076 | −2.0% |
| 1950 | 5,591 | +10.1% |
| 1960 | 4,840 | −13.4% |
| 1970 | 1,971 | −59.3% |
| 1980 | 1,708 | −13.3% |
| 1990 | 1,206 | −29.4% |
| 2000 | 1,141 | −5.4% |
| 2010 | 900 | −21.1% |
| 2020 | 1,088 | +20.9% |
|  | | |
| Wards were utilized from 1860-1890 which have slightly different boundaries from census tracts utilized from 1900-40. | | |

As of the census of 2020, there were 1,088 people living in the neighborhood. There were 668 housing units. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 54.3% White, 39.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race, and 4.5% from two or more races. 1.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 476 households, out of which 36.6% were families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals.

20.0% of the neighborhood's population were under the age of 18, 76.1% were 18 to 64, and 3.9% were 65 years of age or older. 51.2% of the population were male and 48.8% were female.

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the neighborhood was $66,786. About 25.9% of family households were living below the poverty line. About 68.5% of adults had a bachelor's degree or higher.

39°06′37″N 84°30′31″W / 39.110307°N 84.508537°W / 39.110307; -84.508537

## InfoBox

| Pendleton | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Cincinnati | |
| Pendleton townhouses. | |
| Pendleton (red) within Cincinnati, Ohio. | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| City | Cincinnati |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,088 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 45202 |


abstract: List of AM-band radio station lists issued by the United States government is a review of the official AM-band station lists prepared by U.S. regulators.

text:
# List of AM-band radio station lists issued by the United States government

**List of AM-band radio station lists issued by the United States government** is a review of the official AM-band station lists prepared by U.S. regulators.

## Table information

In the United States, radio station regulation has been the responsibility of the following agencies:

In the list below, under the **Listed by** heading, "Zone" refers to the five regional zones established by the provisions of the Davis Amendment, which was in force from 1928 to 1936. Under the **Source** heading, "RSB" refers to the *Radio Service Bulletin*, published until June 1932 by the Department of Commerce, from July 1932 until July 1934 by the Federal Radio Commission, and thereafter by the Federal Communications Commission. The annual issues of *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the United States* were all published by the Department of Commerce.

| Date | Listed by | Source | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3/10/1922 | Owner | RSB #59 (3/1/1922), pages 13–14 | First cumulative list issued after the adoption of the 12/1/1921 regulations that formally established a "broadcast service" category |
| 3/31/1922 | Owner | RSB #60 (4/1/1922), pages 24–26 | Also 4/1/1922-4/15/1922 supplement |
| 4/30/1922 | Call letters | RSB #61 (5/1/1922), pages 19–22 | Also 5/1/1922-5/12/1922 supplement |
| 5/31/1922 | Call letters | RSB #62 (6/1/1922), pages 19–24 | Also 6/1/1922-6/15/1922 supplement |
| 6/30/1922 | City | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1922), pages 70–72 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1922), pages 73–78 |  |
| 3/1/1923 | Call letters | RSB #72 (4/2/1923), pages 14–22 | Services: **E**)ntertaiment (360 or 400 meters); **M**)arket & **W**)eather (485 meters) |
| 6/30/1923 | City | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1923), pages 68–71 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1923), pages 72–81 |  |
| 1/31/1924 | Call letters | RSB #82 (2/1/1924), pages 12–20 |  |
| 2/29/1924 | Call letters | RSB #83 (3/1/1924), pages 12–21 |  |
| 6/30/1924 | City | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1924), pages 68–71 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1924), pages 72–80 |  |
| 1/31/1925 | Call letters | RSB #94 (2/2/1925), pages 11–21 |  |
| 2/28/1925 | Frequency | RSB #95 (3/2/1925), pages 9–13 |  |
| 5/31/1925 | State/city | RSB #98 (6/1/1925), pages 13–16 |  |
| 6/30/1925 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1925), pages 55–57 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1925), pages 58–68 |  |
| 1/30/1926 | State/city | RSB #106 (1/30/1926), pages 8–10 |  |
| | Call letters | RSB #106 (1/30/1926), pages 11–20 |  |
| 6/30/1926 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1926), pages 61–63 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1926), pages 64–73 |  |
| 12/31/1926 | Call letters | RSB #117 (12/31/1926), pages 9–21 | A breakdown in regulation means listed frequencies and powers might be incorrect |
| 5/3/1927 | Call letters | RSB #121 (4/30/1927), pages 6–14 | Temporary permits issued after the formation of the Federal Radio Commission |
| 6/15/1927 | State/city | RSB #122 (5/31/1927), pages 5–10 |  |
| | Frequency | RSB #122 (5/31/1927), pages 10–15 |  |
| 6/30/1927 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1927), pages 66–71 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1927), pages 72–86 |  |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1927), pages 87–92 |  |
| 7/1/1927 | Call letters | *Annual Report of the FRC* (6/30/1927), pages 55–64 |  |
| 11/1/1927 | Frequency | *Jurisdiction of Radio Commission* (2/1928), pages 14–17 | Frequencies from 600 to 1000 kHz |
| 12/1/1927 | Frequency | *Jurisdiction of Radio Commission* (2/1928), pages 10–12 | Frequencies from 600 to 1000 kHz that are *cleared* of interference |
| | Frequency | *Jurisdiction of Radio Commission* (2/1928), pages 13–14 | Frequencies from 600 to 1000 kHz that are *uncleared* of interference |
| 1/31/1928 | Call letters | RSB #130 (1/31/1928), pages 15–29 |  |
| 2/29/1928 | State/city | RSB #131 (2/29/1928), pages 12–18 |  |
| 6/30/1928 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 76–81 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 82–96 |  |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 97–102 |  |
| 9/1/1928 | State/city | *Second Annual Report of the FRC* (6/30/1928), pages 171-191 | Includes provisional assignments for 11/11/1928 |
| 11/11/1928 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 162-166 | Major reallocation made under the provisions of the FRC's General Order 40 |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 167-171 | |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1928), pages 172-176 | |
| | Frequency | *Second Annual Report of the FRC* (6/30/1928), pages 200-214 | Includes owner, power and timesharing information |
| 1/10/1929 | Call letters | H. R. 15430 Hearings, pages 12–31 |
| 2/28/1929 | State/city | RSB #143 (2/28/1929), pages 14–24 |  |
| 6/30/1929 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1929), pages 104-109 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1929), pages 110-121 |  |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1929), pages 122-127 |  |
| 11/9/1929 | Call letters | *Third Annual Report of the FRC* (11/1/1929), pages 101-120 |  |
| 6/30/1930 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1930), pages 164-169 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1930), pages 170-183 |  |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1930), pages 184-189 |  |
| 2/2/1931 | Call letters | *Broadcasting Stations of the U.S.* (FRC), pages 1–29 |  |
| | State/city | *Broadcasting Stations of the U.S.* (FRC), pages 30–61 |  |
| | Frequency | *Broadcasting Stations of the U.S.* (FRC), pages 62–100 |  |
| 6/30/1931 | State/city | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1931), pages 186-191 |  |
| | Call letters | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1931), pages 192-207 |  |
| | Frequency | *Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.* (6/30/1931), pages 208-213 |  |
| 1/1/1932 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 1–29 | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 31–47 |  |
| | Zone/state | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 49–71 | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| 12/1/1933 | Call letters | *Preliminary Report on Communications Companies*: Appendix J | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| | Zone/state | *Preliminary Report on Communications Companies*: Appendix J | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| 1/1/1934 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 1–29 | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 31–47 |  |
| | Zone/state | *Radio Broadcast Stations in the U.S.* (FRC), pages 49–70 | Includes Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| 1/1/1935 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | Includes daytime and nighttime Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Zone/state | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 1/1/1936 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Zone/state | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | Includes daytime and nighttime Davis Amendment assigned "quota units" |
| 1/1/1937 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 1/1/1938 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | Linked site is missing the last two pages |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 1/1/1939 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 1/1/1940 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | Linked site is missing pages 96–97 |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 9/10/1940 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 1/1/1941 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 3/29/1941 | Call letters | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | Major reassignment resulting from the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) |
| | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | |
| | State/city | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) | |
| | Frequency | "United States Assignments" | *Arrangement between the United States of America, Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico, comprising recommendations of the North American Regional Radio-Engineering Meeting (supplemental to North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement \[NARBA\], Habana, 1937)* |
| 1/1/1946 | Frequency | *Radio Broadcast Stations* (FCC) |  |
| 11/15/1950 | Frequency | "Annex 3: Initial Broadcast Station List" | 1950 North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement \[NARBA\] |
| 12/31/1975 | Frequency | *Official list of notified assignments of standard broadcast stations of the U.S.* (FCC) |  |


title: Matilda Lawler

abstract: Matilda Lawler is an American actress best known for starring roles in the film Flora & Ulysses and the HBO Max miniseries Station Eleven. She has received nominations for a Gotham Award, Emmy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

text:
# Matilda Lawler

**Matilda Lawler** is an American actress best known for starring roles in the film *Flora & Ulysses* and the HBO Max miniseries *Station Eleven*. She has received nominations for a Gotham Award, Emmy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

## Early life

Lawler was born on September 8, 2008 to parents Matthew and Mara Lawler (nee Demey), who themselves are actors.

## Career

Lawler's first acting role was in a stage production of *Jack and Annie* at Hoboken Children's Theater when she was in the first grade. She made her Broadway debut in *The Ferryman* (2018).

When Lawler was nine years old, she starred in the play *The Net Will Appear*, in which she played a nine-year-old who becomes friends with a 70-year-old. The actor who played the latter character, Richard Masur, became Lawler's mentor and best friend. She tapped into their relationship for the emotions needed to portray her character in *Station Eleven*.

For her work in *Station Eleven*, *The New Yorker* called Lawler "a gifted performer." Recently she has played Betty in the Disney+ limited series The Santa Clauses.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *The Block Island Sound* | Emily |  |
| 2020 | *Good Grief* | Young Nora | Short film |
| 2021 | *Flora & Ulysses* | Flora |  |
| 2024 | *Ezra* | Ruby |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019-21 | *Evil* | Mathilda Mowbray / Brenda | Guest role - 2 episodes |
| 2021-22 | *Station Eleven* | Young Kirsten | Main role |
| 2022- | *The Santa Clauses* | Betty, Santa's Chief of Staff | Main role: season 1<br>Recurring role: season 2 |
| 2023- | *The Gilded Age* | Frances Montgomery | Recurring role - 2 episodes |

### Theatre

| Year | Title | Role | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *The Net Will Appear* | Rory | *Mile Square Theatre* |
| 2018 | *The Ferryman* | Honor Carney | *Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre* |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Association | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Gotham Awards | Outstanding Performance in a New Series | *Station Eleven* | Nominated |  |
| 2023 | Children's and Family Emmy Awards | Outstanding Younger Performer | *The Santa Clauses* | Nominated |  |
| | Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | *The Gilded Age* | Pending |  |

## InfoBox

| Matilda Lawler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2008-09-08) September 8, 2008 |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2017–present |


title: Tristachyideae

abstract: Tristachyideae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. There are around 70 species in eight genera. The tribe belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily, and its genera were previously placed in tribes Arundinelleae or Paniceae, subfamily Arundinoideae, or the now-obsolete subfamily Centothecoideae. Species in this tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

text:
# Tristachyideae

**Tristachyideae** is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. There are around 70 species in eight genera. The tribe belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily, and its genera were previously placed in tribes Arundinelleae or Paniceae, subfamily Arundinoideae, or the now-obsolete subfamily Centothecoideae. Species in this tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Tristachyideae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Loudetiopsis chrysothrix* spikelets | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Tribe: | Tristachyideae
Sánchez-Ken & L.G. Clark (2010) |
|
| Genera | |
| 8 genera, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| Trichopteryginae Jacq.-Fél. (1962, nom. inval.) | |


title: Tattoo convention

abstract: A tattoo convention is a meeting and exhibition for tattoo practitioners and enthusiasts from different shops and areas, as well as anyone who wishes to see the world of tattooing up close.

text:
# Tattoo convention

A **tattoo convention** is a meeting and exhibition for tattoo practitioners and enthusiasts from different shops and areas, as well as anyone who wishes to see the world of tattooing up close.

## History

The first world tattoo convention was held by Lyle Tuttle and Dave Yurkew on January 24–25, 1976 in Houston, Texas. Dave Yurkew, who was also President of the North American Tattoo Club went on to host another 6 consecutive World Tattoo Conventions through 1982. Lyle Tuttle was quoted as saying that this was. "The event that changed tattooing forever.”

On January 19–21, 1996, Dave Yurkew and Lyle Tuttle co-hosted the 20th anniversary of the First World Tattoo Convention in Houston, Texas, following up with the 25th anniversary on January 18–21, 2001 in Houston, hosted by Dave Yurkew and John "Big John" G. Stuckey.

The first International Tattoo Artists Association Convention was held in 1977 in Reno, and the first National Convention was held in Denver, Colorado March 23–25, 1979 at the Cosmopolitan Hotel. Speakers at this convention were: Don Ed Hardy, Terry Wrigley, Peter Tat 2 Poulos, Diane Poulos, Bob Shaw, Big Walt Kilkucki, Painless Jeff Baker, Dave Yurkew, and from Germany Horst Streckenbach and Manfred Kohrs.

Tattoo conventions range from small events sponsored by a local business that may last a day, to major international conventions spanning a weekend or the better part of a week.

They may include contests and exhibitions, booths selling tattoo-related items and even booths rented for use by tattoo artists who work during the convention. Collectors may attend conventions specifically to obtain a tattoo from a particular visiting artist.

Other events may include professional events such as workshops and meetings as well as social events.

Contests, usually restricted to registered participants, usually feature a variety of categories: black-and-gray, tribal, oriental, backpiece, women, men, and so on. Judging may be by vote or by a panel of judges.

The first tattoo convention in London, England took place in 2005.

The first tattoo convention in Germany was held in 1980 by Horst Streckenbach in Frankfurt.

## Tattoo conventions in Australia

Australia holds some of the biggest tattoo conventions in the southern hemisphere, including Tattoo Expo and Rites of Passage Tattoo Festival, both of which showcase some of the world's leading tattoo artists.

The history of tattooing may go all the way back to the convicts that were being sent to Australia, with a large portion having a singular tattoo, often an anchor or initials. Since then, tattoos have become a large part of Australian life, with one in four Australians having a tattoo, making tattoo conventions a popular destination in Australia.


abstract: The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York, that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army during the American Civil War. This list is drawn from alumni of the Military Academy who served as general officers in the Union Army. This includes William Tecumseh Sherman, Abner Doubleday, Ulysses S. Grant, George Crook, Philip Sheridan. This also includes six recipients of the Medal of Honor: Rufus Saxton, Eugene Asa Carr, John Schofield, Oliver O. Howard, Alexander S. Webb, and Adelbert Ames.

text:
# List of Union Army officers educated at the United States Military Academy

The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York, that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army during the American Civil War. This list is drawn from alumni of the Military Academy who served as general officers in the Union Army (US Army). This includes William Tecumseh Sherman (class of 1840), Abner Doubleday (class of 1842), Ulysses S. Grant (class of 1843), George Crook (class of 1852), Philip Sheridan (class of 1853). This also includes six recipients of the Medal of Honor: Rufus Saxton (class of 1849), Eugene Asa Carr (class of 1850), John Schofield (class of 1853), Oliver O. Howard (class of 1854), Alexander S. Webb (class of 1855), and Adelbert Ames (class of 1861).

## List

*Note: "Class year" refers to the class year of each alumnus, which usually is the same year the person graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.* *'ex' after the class year indicates the alumnus is a non-graduating member of that class.*

| Name Class year Notability References  Joseph Gilbert Totten 1805 Major General; War of 1812, Mexican–American War; military and lighthouse engineer; Chief of Engineers (1838–1864)   Gustavus Loomis 1811 Brigadier General; Black Hawk War, Third Seminole War; Superintendent of general recruiting during the American Civil War   Ethan A. Hitchcock 1817 Major General; grandson of Ethan Allen; commandant of cadets at the Academy (1829–1833); Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; held several assignments in the War Department during the American Civil War; writer on alchemy and Jungian psychology; collector of flute music   Richard Delafield 1818 Major General; 7th, 11th, and 13th Superintendent of the Academy (1838–1845), (1856–1861), (1861); in charge of New York Harbor defenses (1861–64); Chief of Engineers (1864–1866)   John Joseph Abercrombie 1822 Brigadier General; Black Hawk War, Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; colonel 7th U.S. Infantry, Battle of Falling Waters, commander 2nd Brigade, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, Peninsula Campaign, wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Malvern Hill, assigned to defenses of Washington, D.C., and various supply depots during the Overland Campaign, retired from active duty June 12, 1865.   David Hunter 1822 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, commander of the Union Army of the Shenandoah; emancipated slaves in three states, which was rescinded, prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, president of the military commission trying the conspirators involved with the assassination of President Lincoln.   Joseph K. Mansfield 1822 Major General; Mexican–American War; civil engineer; mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam; Fort Mansfield, a coastal artillery installation in Westerly, Rhode Island, named in his honor   George A. McCall 1822 Brigadier General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; wounded and captured at Battle of Glendale, later released in a prisoner exchange   George Wright 1822 Brigadier General; Second Seminole War, Yakima War, Mexican–American War; commander of the Department of the Pacific during the Civil War   George S. Greene 1823 Brigadier General; second cousin of General Nathanael Greene of the American Revolutionary War; railroad and aqueduct engineer, founder of American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects; defender of Culp's Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg   Lorenzo Thomas 1823 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; Adjutant General of the U.S. Army; U.S. Secretary of War; Camp Thomas was named for him   Robert Anderson 1825 Major General; Black Hawk War, Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; commander of Fort Sumter at the start of the war   Charles Ferguson Smith 1825 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Fort Donelson, injured his leg in a rowing accident and subsequently died of infection in 1862   Silas Casey 1826 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War, Pig War; Battle of Seven Pines; father of Brigadier General Thomas Lincoln Casey, Jr.   Samuel P. Heintzelman 1826 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War, Cortina Troubles; First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Second Battle of Bull Run; commander of III Corps and XXII Corps of the Army of the Potomac   Napoleon Bonaparte Buford 1827 Major General; Battle of Belmont, Battle of Island Number Ten, Siege of Corinth; brother of Major General John Buford; cousin of Confederate States Brigadier General Abraham Buford II   Philip St. George Cooke 1827 Major General; Black Hawk War, Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Williamsburg, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Battle of White Oak Swamp; father of Confederate States Brigadier General John Rogers Cooke; father-in-law of Confederate States Major General J. E. B. Stuart   James Barnes 1829 Major General; railroad engineer; Battle of Shepherdstown, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg   Ormsby M. Mitchel 1829 Major General; Great Locomotive Chase; commander of X Corps; Mitchell, Indiana, and Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, are named for him   Robert C. Buchanan 1830 Brigadier General; Black Hawk War, Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Battle of Glendale, Battle of Malvern Hill, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac and V Corps; commander of the 1st Infantry Regiment and Fort Porter   Jacob Ammen 1831 Brigadier General; Battle of Cheat Mountain, Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, First Battle of Saltville; brigade commander in the Army of the Ohio and division commander in the XXII Corps; brother of Navy Rear Admiral Daniel Ammen   Samuel Ryan Curtis 1831 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Pea Ridge, Battle of Westport; commander of the Army of the Southwest and Army of the Border; U.S. Representative from Iowa   Andrew A. Humphreys 1831 Major General; Seminole Wars; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Bristoe Campaign, Battle of Mine Run, Overland Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Sailor's Creek; division commander in the III Corps; commander of the V Corps and II Corps; Chief of Engineers (1866–1875)   Horatio P. Van Cleve 1831 Major General; Battle of Mill Springs, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Battle of Chickamauga   Erasmus D. Keyes 1832 Major General; Puget Sound War, Spokane – Coeur d'Alene – Paloos War, Battle of Four Lakes; commander of the IV Corps of the Army of the Potomac during the first half of the American Civil War, First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Malvern Hill, Gettysburg Campaign, resigned in May 1864 after being relieved of command due to retreating in combat   Randolph B. Marcy 1832 Brigadier General; Inspector General of the U.S. Army; father-in-law of New Jersey Governor and Major General George B. McClellan   James Vote Bomford 1832 Brigadier General; Chief of Ordnance (1832–1848)   Benjamin Alvord 1833 Brigadier General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; commander of the District of Oregon; father of Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, Jr.; the Alvord Desert is named after him   Rufus King 1833 Brigadier General; division commander in the Iron Brigade; U.S. Minister to the Papal States; grandson of U.S. Senator Rufus King; father of Medal of Honor recipient Rufus King, Jr. and Brigadier General Charles King   Thomas A. Morris 1834 Brigadier General, Indiana State Volunteers   Curran Pope 1834 Colonel; commanding officer of the 15th Kentucky Infantry; wounded in action at the Battle of Perryville after assuming command of the 17th Brigade, Third Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio; died November 6, 1862, of typhoid fever while recovering from his wound   Morris S. Miller 1834 Brevet Brigadier General; Seminole Wars; Mexican–American War; Aroostook War; Quartermaster of Washington, D.C., 1861–1864; Board for the Examination of Quartermasters in the Department of Arkansas and the Department of the Gulf, 1864–1865   Gabriel René Paul 1834 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars; Mexican–American War; brigade commander, I Corps, Army of the Potomac; Battle of Chancellorsville; seriously wounded and blinded in action on the first day at the Battle of Gettysburg   Cary H. Fry 1834 Brevet Lieutenant Colonel; physician; Mexican–American War; Paymaster, Washington, D.C., 1861–1863; Acting Paymaster-General, 1862; Chief Paymaster, District of Washington, D.C., 1863; Paymaster, San Francisco, 1863–1867   Seneca G. Simmons 1834 Colonel; Seminole Wars; commanding officer, 34th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry \[5th Pennsylvania Reserves\]; killed in action at the Battle of Glendale while in command of 1st Brigade, Third Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac   Joseph L. Coburn 1834 Captain; civilian employee of the Subsistence Department, Perryville, Maryland, 1861–1862; civilian employee Quartermaster Department, Chicago, Illinois, 1863–1864; reappointed captain in the U.S. Volunteers, 1864, serving at Chicago until 1865   Richard S. Smith 1834 Major; served as a teacher of drawing at the U.S. Military Academy, 1840–1855; major, 12th U.S. Infantry; commanded the regiment at the Battle of Chancellorsville; resigned May 30, 1863, to accept appointment as president of Girard College, Philadelphia   William Scott Ketchum 1834 Brevet Major General; Seminole Wars; Bleeding Kansas; served in various assignments including acting inspector general, Department of the Missouri and Department of the Mississippi, organizing Pennsylvania volunteers, Paymaster Department, and Quartermaster Department   Alexander Montgomery 1834 Major; Seminole Wars; Quartermaster at Indianapolis, 1861–1862; Quartermaster at Pittsburgh, 1862–1863; Mustering Out officer at Cleveland and Cincinnati, 1864–1865   Joseph Horace Eaton 1835 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War; artist; assistant Union Army paymaster during the American Civil War   Herman Haupt 1835 Brigadier General; Northern Virginia Campaign, Maryland Campaign, Gettysburg Campaign; commander of United States Military Railroad   John H. Martindale 1835 Major General; Battle of Malvern Hill, Bermuda Hundred Campaign, Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg; Military Governor of Washington, D.C.; Attorney General of New York; son of U.S. Representative Henry C. Martindale   George Meade 1835 Major General; civil and lighthouse engineer; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Appomattox Campaign, defeated Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, commander Army of the Potomac (1863–1865); Fort George G. Meade in Maryland, home of the National Security Agency named in his honor   Henry Morris Naglee 1835 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Seven Pines; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; commander of the VII Corps; Naglee Park in San Jose, California, is named for him   Marsena R. Patrick 1835 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Gettysburg; brigade commander in the I Corps; Military Governor of Fredericksburg, Virginia   Benjamin S. Roberts 1835 Major General; Mexican–American War, Indian Wars; Battle of Valverde, Battle of Cedar Mountain, Second Battle of Rappahannock Station, Second Battle of Bull Run; division commander in the VIII Corps and XIX Corps   Robert Allen 1836 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War; Vicksburg Campaign, Atlanta Campaign   Montgomery C. Meigs 1836 Major General; Battle of Fredericksburg; Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army   John W. Phelps 1836 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War, Utah War; Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip; commander of the 1st Vermont Infantry; candidate for President of the United States   Daniel Phineas Woodbury 1836 Brigadier General; First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Northern Virginia Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg; superintended the construction of Fort Kearny and Fort Laramie   Alexander Brydie Dyer 1837 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; commander of the Springfield Armory   William H. French 1837 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; brigade commander at Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Oak Grove, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm, Battle of Savage's Station, Battle of Glendale, Battle of Malvern Hill, division commander in Northern Virginia Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Mine Run; commander of VIII Corps and III Corps; commander of Fort McDowell and Fort McHenry   Joseph Hooker 1837 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; Battle of Williamsburg, Seven Days Battles, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga Campaign, Atlanta Campaign; commander of I Corps, V Corps, and XX Corps; commander of the Army of the Potomac; brother-in-law of U.S. Representative William S. Groesbeck   John Sedgwick 1837 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War, Utah War, Indian Wars; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Seven Pines, wounded at the Battle of Glendale and Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Salem Church, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, killed at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House; division commander in the Army of the Potomac; commander of the II Corps, IX Corps, and VI Corps   John Blair Smith Todd 1837 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; U.S. Congressional Delegate from the Dakota Territory; cousin by marriage of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate States Brigadier General Benjamin Hardin Helm; Todd County, South Dakota, and Todd County, Minnesota, are named for him   Buckner Board 1838 Colonel; Seminole Wars; colonel 2nd Kentucky Cavalry, resigned December 25, 1862   Robert S. Granger 1838 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; commander of Districts of Nashville, Middle Tennessee, and Northern Alabama   Irvin McDowell 1838 Major General; Mexican–American War; defeated at First Battle of Bull Run   Andrew Jackson Smith 1838 Major General; Mexican–American War, Indian Wars; Vicksburg Campaign, Red River Campaign, Battle of Tupelo, Battle of Nashville   Edward Canby 1839 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War, Utah War, Navajo War of 1860, Modoc War; Battle of Valverde, Battle of Glorieta Pass, Battle of Peralta, Battle of Spanish Fort, Battle of Fort Blakely; commander of Fort Defiance; commander of the Second Military District and Fifth Military District; Canby, Oregon, Canby, Minnesota, and Canby, California, are named for him   Henry Wager Halleck 1839 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth; General-in-Chief of the Union Army; Army Chief of Staff; grandson-in-law of U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; brother-in-law of Major General Schuyler Hamilton   Henry Jackson Hunt 1839 Major General; Mexican–American War, Utah War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Malvern Hill, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg, Siege of Petersburg   Edward Ord 1839 Major General; Indian Wars; Battle of Dranesville, Battle of Hatchie's Bridge, Siege of Vicksburg, Third Battle of Petersburg; commander of the XIII Corps; commander of the Army of the James; commander of the Fourth Military District   Isaac Stevens 1839 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Fort Pulaski, Battle of James Island, Second Battle of Bull Run, killed at the Battle of Chantilly; U.S. Congressional Delegate from the Washington Territory; father of Brigadier General and Medal of Honor recipient Hazard Stevens; Fort Stevens in Washington, D.C., and Fort Stevens in Oregon were named for him   George W. Getty 1840 Major General; Mexican–American War, Seminole Wars; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg Campaign, wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness, Siege of Petersburg, Valley Campaigns of 1864; division commander in the Army of the Potomac   William Hays 1840 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War, Seminole Wars; Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg; brigade commander in the II Corps; commander of the II Corps   William Tecumseh Sherman 1840 Major General; Battle of Shiloh, Vicksburg Campaign, Chattanooga Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Carolinas Campaign, led the brutal Savannah Campaign (March to the Sea) from Atlanta to Savannah that demoralized the South; Commanding General of the United States Army (1869–1883)   George Henry Thomas 1840 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Mill Springs, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Missionary Ridge, Battle of Nashville; division commander in the Army of the Ohio; commander of the Army of the Cumberland; Fort Thomas, Kentucky, is named for him   Stewart Van Vliet 1840 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War, Utah War; chief quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac, quartermaster in New York City   John Milton Brannan 1841 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Saint John's Bluff, Tullahoma Campaign, Chickamauga Campaign, Battle of Missionary Ridge, Battle of Resaca, Battle of Dallas, Battle of Kennesaw Mountain   William T. H. Brooks 1841 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; Peninsula Campaign, wounded at the Battle of Savage's Station, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg; brigade commander in the IV Corps and VI Corps; commander of the Department of the Monongahela; division commander in the XVIII Corps   Don Carlos Buell 1841 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Perryville; commander of the Army of the Ohio; first cousin of Brigadier General George P. Buell   Albion P. Howe 1841 Major General; Mexican–American War; Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg, relieved of division level command after Gettysburg, served in the honor guard that stood watch over the corpse of Abraham Lincoln, member of the military commission that tried the Lincoln conspirators   Nathaniel Lyon 1841 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War, Bloody Island Massacre; involved in early battles in Missouri, first Union general killed in the American Civil War, at the Battle of Wilson's Creek   John F. Reynolds 1841 Major General; Mexican–American War; Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, killed at the very start of the Battle of Gettysburg; brother of Rear Admiral Will Reynolds   Israel B. Richardson 1841 Major General; Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Seven Pines, Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of South Mountain, mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam; descendant of Major General Israel Putnam; Fort Richardson was named for him   Horatio Wright 1841 Major General; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Gettysburg, Mine Run Campaign, Overland Campaign, Valley Campaigns of 1864, Siege of Petersburg, Appomattox Campaign, commander of the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac (1864–1865); Chief of Engineers (1879–1884)   Darius N. Couch 1842 Brigadier General; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Williamsburg, Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Oak Grove, Battle of Malvern Hill, Maryland Campaign, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Carolinas Campaign; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; division commander in the VI Corps and XXIII Corps; commander of the II Corps; commander of the Department of the Susquehanna   Abner Doubleday 1842 Major General; Mexican–American War, Indian Wars; Peninsula Campaign, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg, Valley Campaigns of 1864; division commander in the Army of the Potomac; brigade commander in the III Corps; division commander in the I Corps; the Navy vessel SS *Abner Doubleday* was named for him; the Auburn Doubledays are named for him; Doubleday Field is named for him   John Newton 1842 Brigadier General; Utah War; coastal fortifications engineer; I Corps commander, Peninsula Campaign, Maryland Campaign, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg; Chief of Engineers (1884–1886); Commissioner of Public Works, New York City (1886–88); President, Panama Railroad Company (1888–95)   John Pope 1842 Major General; topographic engineer and surveyor; Dakota War of 1862, Apache Wars; defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run, commander of Army of the Mississippi and Army of Virginia   William Rosecrans 1842 Major General; commander Army of the Cumberland, Battle of Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, Battle of Chickamauga; U.S. Minister to Mexico (1868–1969); U.S. Representative from California (1881–1885); Register of the Treasury (1885–1893)   George Sykes 1842 Major General; Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Mine Run Campaign; battalion commander in the 14th Infantry Regiment; division commander in the V Corps; commander of the V Corps   Christopher C. Augur 1843 Major General; Mexican–American War; wounded at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, Siege of Port Hudson; division commander in the Army of the Gulf; commander of the XII Corps; commander of the Department of the Platte; Camp Augur was named for him   William B. Franklin 1843 Major General; Mexican–American War; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg Campaign, wounded at the Battle of Mansfield; great-grandson of Continental Congressional Delegate Samuel Rhoads   Ulysses S. Grant 1843 General of the Army of the United States; Mexican–American War; Siege of Vicksburg, Chattanooga Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, accepted Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House; 18th President of the United States (1869–1877)   Charles Smith Hamilton 1843 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Iuka, Second Battle of Corinth; division commander in the Army of the Potomac and the III Corps   Rufus Ingalls 1843 Major General; Mexican–American War; Peninsula Campaign, Northern Virginia Campaign, Maryland Campaign; Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army   Henry M. Judah 1843 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Buffington Island, Battle of Resaca; division commander in the XXIII Corps   John J. Peck 1843 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Williamsburg, Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Malvern Hill, Battle of Hill's Point; brigade commander in the IV Corps   Winfield Scott Hancock 1844 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, led the Army of the Potomac; Democratic Party nominee for President (1880)   Alexander Hays 1844 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Williamsburg, Battle of Seven Pines, Battle of Savage's Station, Battle of Malvern Hill, Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Harpers Ferry, Battle of Gettysburg, Bristoe Campaign, Battle of Mine Run, killed at the Battle of the Wilderness; brigade commander in the XXII Corps and II Corps; son of U.S. Representative Samuel Hays; Fort Hays was named for him   Alfred Pleasonton 1844 Major General; Peninsula Campaign, wounded at the Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Brandy Station, Battle of Byram's Ford, Battle of Marais des Cygnes; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; Internal Revenue Service Commissioner; Pleasanton, California, and Pleasanton, Kansas, are named for him   Gordon Granger 1845 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Wilson's Creek, Battle of Island Number Ten, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Chickamauga, Chattanooga Campaign, Battle of Mobile Bay, Battle of Fort Blakely; division commander in the Army of the Mississippi; commander of the Army of Kentucky; commander of the IV Corps and XIII Corps   John Porter Hatch 1845 Major General; fought in the Mexican War where he was breveted twice for bravery in battle; awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery at the Battle of South Mountain during the Maryland Campaign where he was wounded and had two mounts shot from underneath him; later served on the western frontier; retired to New York City and was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1893   Fitz John Porter 1845 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Battle of Malvern Hill, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam; division commander in the Army of the Potomac; nephew of Navy Commodore David Porter; cousin of Navy Commodore William D. Porter and Navy Admirals David Dixon Porter and David Farragut   David Allen Russell 1845 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War, Rogue River Wars, Yakima War; Seven Days Battles, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Overland Campaign, killed at the Battle of Opequon; son of U.S. Representative David Abel Russell; Fort D.A. Russell was named for him   William Farrar Smith 1845 Major General; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of White Oak Swamp, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Wauhatchie, Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg; commander of the VI Corps and XVIII Corps; U.S. Consul in Guaymas, Mexico; cousin of Vermont Governor J. Gregory Smith   Charles Pomeroy Stone 1845 Brigadier General; Lieutenant General in the Egyptian Army; Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Ball's Bluff, Siege of Petersburg; division and brigade commander in the Union Army of the Shenandoah   Thomas J. Wood 1845 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Shiloh, wounded at the Battle of Stones River, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Missionary Ridge, wounded at the Battle of Lovejoy's Station, Battle of Nashville; division commander in the Army of the Ohio and Army of the Cumberland; commander of the IV Corps   Charles Champion Gilbert 1846 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Wilson's Creek, Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Franklin; commander of the Army of Kentucky   George Henry Gordon 1846 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Antietam; brigade commander in the XII Corps; division commander in the XII Corp and XI Corps   George B. McClellan 1846 Major General; developed the McClellan Saddle; organized the Army of the Potomac after the Union forces were defeated at First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam; son George B. McClellan, Jr. served as United States Representative from New York (1895–1903) and as Mayor of New York City (1904–1909)   Innis N. Palmer 1846 Major General; Mexican–American War; Indian Wars; First Battle of Bull Run, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Wyse Fork; grandfather of Major General Innis P. Swift   Jesse L. Reno 1846 Major General; Mexican–American War; Burnside's North Carolina Expedition, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Chantilly, killed at the Battle of South Mountain; Fort Reno in Oklahoma and Fort Reno in Wyoming were named for him; Reno, Nevada, is named for him; Reno County, Kansas, is named for him   Truman Seymour 1846 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War, Third Seminole War; Battle of Fort Sumter, Battle of Beaver Dam Creek, Battle of Gaines' Mill, Battle of Glendale, Battle of Malvern Hill. Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Olustee, Battle of the Wilderness, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Sayler's Creek, Appomattox Campaign; commander of Camp Curtin; brigade commander in the VI Corps; division commander in the VI Corps; commander of Fort Warren and Fort Preble   George Stoneman 1846 Major General; Seven Days Battles, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Atlanta Campaign; commander of Fort Brown; division commander in the II Corps and III Corps; corps commander in the Army of the Ohio; Governor of California; Camp Stoneman was named for him   Samuel D. Sturgis 1846 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Wilson's Creek, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Dandridge, Battle of Fair Garden, Battle of Brice's Crossroads; division commander in the IX Corps; grandfather of Lieutenant General Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr.; the Navy vessel USS *General S. D. Sturgis* was named for him; Sturgis, South Dakota, is named for him   Romeyn B. Ayres 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Blackburn's Ford, First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Overland Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Appomattox Campaign; brigade commander in the V Corps   Ambrose Burnside 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Roanoke Island, Battle of New Bern, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Campbell's Station, Battle of Fort Sanders, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of the Crater; commander of the First Regiment Rhode Island U.S. Volunteers; commander of the I Corps and IX Corps; commander of the Army of the Potomac; commander of the Department of the Ohio; U.S. Senator from Rhode Island; Governor of Rhode Island   John G. Foster 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War; Battle of Fort Sumter, Battle of Roanoke Island, Battle of New Bern, Battle of Fort Macon, Battle of Washington, Battle of Kinston, Battle of White Hall, Battle of Goldsborough Bridge, Second Battle of Charleston Harbor, Knoxville Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea; commander of the Department of the Ohio and the Army of the Ohio   James Barnet Fry 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War; Provost Marshal General; Adjutant General of the U.S. Army   John Gibbon 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War, Seminole Wars, Great Sioux War of 1876–77, Nez Perce War; Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, wounded at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Second Battle of Fredericksburg, wounded during the Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Appomattox Court House; commander of the Iron Brigade; division commander in the I Corps and II Corps; commander of XVIII Corps and XXIV Corps; commander of the Department of the Platte; cousin of Confederate States Brigadier General J. Johnston Pettigrew; Gibbon, Minnesota, is named for him   Charles Griffin 1847 Major General; Mexican–American War; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Gaines' Mill, Battle of Malvern Hill, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Mine Run, Overland Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Five Forks; division commander in the V Corps; commander of the V Corps; Fort Griffin was named for him   Egbert Ludovicus Viele 1847 Brigadier General; Mexican–American War; served at siege of Fort Pulaski and was appointed Military Governor of Norfolk, Virginia, resigned in 1863 to engage in civil engineering; created the Viele Map of New York City; U.S. Representative from New York (1885–1887)   Orlando B. Willcox 1847 Major General; awarded the Medal of Honor in 1895 for gallantry at the First Battle of Bull Run where he was captured; later released as part of a prisoner exchange and served in the Virginia and North Carolina theaters at the end of the war   John Buford 1848 Major General; Bleeding Kansas, Utah War; Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Brandy Station, Battle of Upperville, Battle of Gettysburg, Bristoe Campaign; brigade commander in the II Corps; brother of Major General Napoleon Bonaparte Buford; cousin of Confederate States Brigadier General Abraham Buford II; Fort Buford was named for him   James Chatham Duane 1848 Brigadier General; Utah War; Battle of Harpers Ferry; Chief of Engineers (1886–1888); grandson of Continental Congressional Delegate James Duane   Absalom Baird 1849 Major General; attended Washington & Jefferson College before graduating from West Point; earned fame for actions at the Battle of Chickamauga, Third Battle of Chattanooga, and Battle of Jonesborough; received the Medal of Honor in 1896 for his actions at Jonesborough; later received the French Légion d'honneur   John Parke 1849 Major General; Battle of Fort Macon, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Vicksburg Campaign, Overland Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of the Crater, Battle of Globe Tavern, Battle of Peebles's Farm, Battle of Boydton Plank Road, Battle of Fort Stedman, Third Battle of Petersburg; division commander in the IX Corps; commander of the IX Corps and XXII Corps; commander of the Army of the Potomac; Superintendent of the United States Military Academy   Rufus Saxton 1849 Brigadier General; Battle of Harpers Ferry; recipient of the Medal of Honor   Eugene Asa Carr 1850 Major General; Indian Wars, Bleeding Kansas, Utah War; Battle of Wilson's Creek, Battle of Pea Ridge, Battle of Port Gibson, Battle of Champion Hill, Camden Expedition, Battle of Fort Blakely; division commander in the Army of the Southwest; division commander in the XIII Corps and VII Corps; recipient of the Medal of Honor   Adam J. Slemmer 1850 Brigadier General; Seminole Wars; incapacitated by wounds at Battle of Stones River   Gouverneur K. Warren 1850 Major General; commended at the battle of Little Round Top, Chief of Engineers of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War; participated in topographical and railroad explorations of the Mississippi River and trans-Mississippi West   Alvan Cullem Gillem 1851 Major General; Second Seminole War, Modoc War; Battle of Mill Springs   Charles Henry Tompkins 1851 ex Dropped out of the Academy after two years for unspecified reasons; Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for twice charging through the enemy's lines on July 1, 1861, near Fairfax, Virginia, making him the first Union officer of the Civil War to receive the Medal of Honor   George Crook 1852 Major General; Indian Wars; Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Cloyd's Mountain, Third Battle of Winchester, Battle of Fisher's Hill, Battle of Cedar Creek, Appomattox Campaign; brigade commander in the Kanawha Division; division commander in the Army of the Cumberland; commander of the VIII Corps; Fort Crook was named for him; the General Crook House is named for him; Crook, Colorado, is named for him; Crook County, Wyoming, and Crook County, Oregon, are named for him   August Kautz 1852 Major General; Mexican–American War, Rogue River War, Puget Sound War; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Fort Sanders; division commander in the XXV Corps   Alexander McDowell McCook 1852 Major General; Indian Wars; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Fort Stevens; division commander in the Army of the Ohio; commander of the I Corps and XX Corps; commander of Fort Leavenworth and the United States Army Command and General Staff College; brother of Brigadier General Robert Latimer McCook, Brigadier General Daniel McCook, Jr., and Major General and Dakota Territory Governor Edwin Stanton McCook; McCook Field was named for him and his family who were known as the "Fighting McCooks"   Henry Warner Slocum 1852 Major General; Seminole Wars; First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Gaines' Mill, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, Battle of Averasborough, Battle of Bentonville; brigade commander in the I Corps; division commander in the VI Corps; commander of the XII Corps and XX Corps; U.S. Representative from New York; Fort Slocum was named for him; the steamship PS General Slocum was named for him   David S. Stanley 1852 Major General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions organizing a counterattack at the Second Battle of Franklin, commander of the IV Corps   James B. McPherson 1853 Major General; Battle of Fort Henry, Battle of Fort Donelson, Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Vicksburg, Battle of Marietta, killed during the Battle of Atlanta; commander of the XVII Corps; Fort McPherson was named for him; the Fort McPherson National Cemetery is named for him   John Schofield 1853 Lieutenant General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions leading an attack at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Atlanta Campaign, Battle of Franklin, Battle of Nashville, Battle of Wyse Fork; commander of the Army of the Frontier, division commander in the XIV Corps; United States Secretary of War (1868–1869); Superintendent of the Academy (1876–1881); Commanding General of the United States Army (1888–1895); Military Governor of Virginia   Philip Sheridan 1853 General; Chattanooga Campaign, Overland Campaign, Valley Campaigns of 1864, used scorched earth tactics in the Shenandoah Valley and forced Lee's surrender in the Appomattox Campaign; American Indian Wars   Joshua W. Sill 1853 Major General; killed at the Battle of Stones River; brigade commander in the Army of the Ohio and Army of the Cumberland; Fort Sill is named for him   William Sooy Smith 1853 Brigadier General; colonel, 13th Ohio Infantry; promoted brigadier general for services at the Battle of Shiloh; Battle of Perryville, Vicksburg Campaign, Battle of Okolona; brigade and division commander in the Army of the Ohio; cavalry division commander in the Army of the Tennessee; chief of cavalry, Department of Tennessee and Military Division of Mississippi; resigned 15 July 1864 citing health reasons   William R. Terrill 1853 Brigadier General; Bleeding Kansas; Battle of Shiloh, killed at the Battle of Perryville; brigade commander in the Army of the Ohio   Zenas Bliss 1854 Major General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Fredericksburg; formed the first unit of Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts   Oliver O. Howard 1854 Major General; Indian Wars; First Battle of Bull Run, recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions leading an attack at the Battle of Seven Pines despite a wound which resulted in the loss of his right arm, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Chattanooga Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea; brigade commander in the II Corps; commander of the II Corps, IV Corps, and XI Corps; Superintendent of the United States Military Academy; founder of Howard University; led the campaign against Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tribe   Thomas H. Ruger 1854 Major General; Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Frankin; brigade commander in the XII Corps and XX Corps; division commander in the XII Corps; Military Governor of Georgia   Stephen H. Weed 1854 Brigadier General; Third Seminole War; Bleeding Kansas; Utah War; Battle of Antietam, killed defending Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg   William W. Averell 1855 Major General; First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Kelly's Ford, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Droop Mountain, Battle of Rutherford's Farm, Battle of Cove Mountain, Battle of Fisher's Hill; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; U.S. Consul General in British North America   David McMurtrie Gregg 1855 Major General; Seven Days Battles, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Yellow Tavern, Battle of Haw's Shop, Battle of Trevilian Station, Battle of Saint Mary's Church, Valley Campaigns of 1864, Siege of Petersburg, Second Battle of Deep Bottom, Second Battle of Ream's Station, Battle of Peebles' Farm; grandson of U.S. Senator Andrew Gregg; cousin of U.S. Representative Andrew Gregg Curtin   William Babcock Hazen 1855 Major General; Indian Wars; Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, Battle of Chickamauga, Chattanooga Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, Carolinas Campaign, Battle of Pickett's Mill; brigade commander in the Army of the Ohio and the XIV Corps; division commander in the XV Corps; Hazen Bay in Alaska is named for him   Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert 1855 Major General; wounded in the Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Tom's Brook   Alexander S. Webb 1855 Major General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg for personal bravery and leadership repulsing Pickett's Charge; president of the City College of New York (1869–1902)   Godfrey Weitzel 1855 Major General; Siege of Port Hudson, First Battle of Fort Fisher; division commander in the XIX Corps; commander of the XVIII Corps and XXV Corps   George Dashiell Bayard 1856 Brigadier General; Indian Wars; Battle of Port Republic, Battle of Cedar Mountain, killed during the Battle of Fredericksburg; cavalry commander in the Army of the Potomac; Fort Bayard was named for him; the Fort Bayard Historic District in Santa Clara, New Mexico, is named for him   James W. Forsyth 1856 Major General; Indian Wars; Jackson's Valley Campaign, Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chickamauga, Overland Campaign, Appomattox Campaign, Battle of Cedar Creek, Battle of Five Forks; son-in-law of U.S. Postmaster General William Dennison, Jr.; Forsyth, Montana, is named for him   William P. Sanders 1856 Brigadier General; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam   Henry Martyn Robert 1857 Brigadier General; Pig War; Chief of Engineers (1901); author of Robert's Rules of Order   George Crockett Strong 1857 Major General; First Battle of Bull Run, mortally wounded during the assault on Fort Wagner   Abraham Arnold 1859 Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for leading a cavalry charge against superior forces   Wesley Merritt 1860 Brigadier General; Spanish–American War; Battle of Chancellorsville, wounded at the Battle of Brandy Station, Battle of Upperville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Yellow Tavern, Battle of Opequon, Battle of Five Forks; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; division commander in the Army of the Potomac; Superintendent of the United States Military Academy; Military Governor of the Philippines   Horace Porter 1860 Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Chickamauga; United States Ambassador to France (1897–1905)   James M. Warner 1860 Brigadier General; Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Third Battle of Winchester, Battle of Fisher's Hill, Battle of Cedar Creek; commander of the 11th Vermont Infantry, brigade commander in the XXII Corps and VI Corps   James H. Wilson 1860 Major General; Spanish–American War, Boxer Rebellion; Battle of Fort Pulaski, Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, Vicksburg Campaign, Chattanooga Campaign, Overland Campaign, Valley Campaigns of 1864, Battle of Franklin, Battle of Nashville; commander of Wilson's Raid   John Moulder Wilson 1860 Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Malvern Hill despite acute illness; Superintendent of the Academy (1889–1893); Chief of Engineers (1897–1901)   Adelbert Ames 1861 (May) Major General; Spanish–American War; Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Battle of Malvern Hill, Maryland Campaign, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Gettysburg, Bermuda Hundred Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Second Battle of Fort Fisher; commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment; brigade commander in the XI Corps; recipient of the Medal of Honor; United States Senator from Mississippi (1870–1874); Governor of Mississippi (1868–1870, 1874–1876); son-in-law of U.S. Representative and Major General Benjamin Franklin Butler; father of U.S. Representative Butler Ames   Orville E. Babcock 1861 (May) Brigadier General; Battle of Vicksburg, Battle of Blue Springs, Battle of Campbell's Station, Knoxville Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Harbor   John W. Barlow 1861 (May) Brigadier General; Indian Wars; Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg, Atlanta Campaign; Chief of Engineers; Barlow Peak in Yellowstone National Park is named for him   Charles E. Hazlett 1861 (May) 1st Lieutenant, Battery D, 5th U.S. Artillery; Battery D, 4th U.S. Artillery (Antietam Campaign); killed in action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863   Guy Vernor Henry 1861 (May) Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions repulsing an enemy attack at the Battle of Cold Harbor; son Major General Guy Vernor Henry Jr. is an Academy alumnus, class of 1894; Governor of Puerto Rico (1898–1899)   Hugh Judson Kilpatrick 1861 (May) Major General; the first Union officer to be wounded during the Civil War at the Battle of Big Bethel, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Aldie, Battle of Upperville, Battle of Gettysburg, Overland Campaign, wounded at the Battle of Resaca, Sherman's March to the Sea, Battle of Monroe's Crossroads; brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac; division commander of the Army of the Cumberland and the Military Division of the Mississippi; U.S. Minister to Chile   Emory Upton 1861 (May) Major General; Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House; excelled at infantry, artillery, and cavalry; influential military theorist and reformer of United States Army organization and methods   George Armstrong Custer 1861 (June) Major General; Battle of Antietam, Battle of Chancellorsville, leader of a charge at the Battle of Gettysburg that broke the back of the Confederate resistance; Battle of the Wilderness, Siege of Petersburg; Battle of the Washita, killed in action at the Battle of the Little Bighorn   Ranald S. Mackenzie 1862 Major General; Indian Wars; wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg, Overland Campaign, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Fort Stevens, wounded at the Third Battle of Winchester, wounded at the Battle of Cedar Creek, Battle of Five Forks, Battle of Appomattox Court House, Valley Campaigns of 1864; brigade commander in the VI Corps and the Army of the James; nephew of U.S. Senator John Slidell and Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry   George Lewis Gillespie, Jr. 1862 Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for carrying dispatches under withering fire at the Battle of Cold Harbor; Chief of Engineers (1901–1904) |  |
| --- | --- |

General

**a:** *Special Collections: Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy*. West Point, New York: United States Military Academy Library. 1950.
**b:** "Civil War Generals from West Point". University of Tennessee – Knoxville. 2003. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

Inline citations


abstract: Penn Township is a township that is located in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is home to the Nursery Capital of Pennsylvania and was the site of Sunset Park, one of country music's most popular venues. The population was 5,364 at the time of the 2010 census.

text:
# Penn Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania

**Penn Township** is a township that is located in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is home to the Nursery Capital of Pennsylvania and was the site of Sunset Park, one of country music's most popular venues.

The population was 5,364 at the time of the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 9.6 square miles (25 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 537 |  |  |
| 1940 | 588 |  | 9.5% |
| 1950 | 705 |  | 19.9% |
| 1960 | 1,097 |  | 55.6% |
| 1970 | 989 |  | −9.8% |
| 1980 | 1,888 |  | 90.9% |
| 1990 | 2,257 |  | 19.5% |
| 2000 | 2,812 |  | 24.6% |
| 2010 | 5,364 |  | 90.8% |
| 2020 | 5,644 |  | 5.2% |
|  | | | |

At the time of the 2010 census, the township was 86.3% non-Hispanic White, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and 1.1% were defined as two or more races. 8.1% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

According to the 2000 census there were 2,812 people, 1,026 households, and 759 families living in the township.

The population density was 293.2 inhabitants per square mile (113.2/km2). There were 1,093 housing units at an average density of 114.0 per square mile (44.0/km2).

The racial makeup of the township was 93.24% White, 2.67% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 2.31% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 5.90% of the population.

There were 1,026 households. 31.8% had children under the age of eighteen, 64.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 23.0% of households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% were one-person households with residents who were aged sixty-five or older.

The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.13.

The age distribution was 24.6% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 5.5% of residents who were aged eighteen to twenty-four, 27.2% who were aged twenty-five to forty-four, 22.3% who were aged forty-five to sixty-four, and 20.4% who were aged sixty-five or older. The median age was forty-one years.

For every one hundred females, there were 97.6 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 95.3 males.

The median household income was $57,949 and the median family income was $68,938. Males had a median income of $46,298 compared with that of $30,880 for females.

The per capita income for the township was $26,346.

Approximately 3.0% of families and 6.2% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 11.9% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.

## Transportation

As of 2020, there were 41.18 miles (66.27 km) of public roads in Penn Township, of which 11.79 miles (18.97 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 29.39 miles (47.30 km) were maintained by the township.

U.S. Route 1 is the most prominent highway serving Penn Township. It follows the Kennett Oxford Bypass along an east–west alignment through the middle of the township. Pennsylvania Route 796 also passes through the middle of the township, following Jennersville Road along a north–south alignment.

Pennsylvania Route 896 follows Newark Road along a northwest–southeast alignment across the southwestern corner of the township.

## InfoBox

| Penn Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Church of the Brethren in Jennersville | |
| Location of Penn Township in Chester County and of Chester County in Pennsylvania | |
| Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 39°48′49″N 75°52′20″W / 39.81361°N 75.87222°W / 39.81361; -75.87222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Chester |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.65 sq mi (24.99 km2) |
| Land | 9.60 sq mi (24.86 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2) |
| Elevation | 541 ft (165 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 5,364 |
| Estimate (2016) | 5,444 |
| Density | 567.26/sq mi (219.02/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 610 |
| FIPS code | 42-029-58808 |
| Website | www.penntownship.us |


title: Type IV secretion system

abstract: The bacterial type IV secretion system, also known as the type IV secretion system or the T4SS, is a secretion protein complex found in gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and archaea. It is able to transport proteins and DNA across the cell membrane. The type IV secretion system is just one of many bacterial secretion systems. Type IV secretion systems are related to conjugation machinery which generally involve a single-step secretion system and the use of a pilus. Type IV secretion systems are used for conjugation, DNA exchange with the extracellular space, and for delivering proteins to target cells. The type IV secretion system is divided into type IVA and type IVB based on genetic ancestry. Notable instances of the type IV secretion system include the plasmid insertion into plants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the toxin delivery methods of Bordetella pertussis and Legionella pneumophila, and the F sex pilus.

text:
# Type IV secretion system

The **bacterial type IV secretion system**, also known as the **type IV secretion system** or the **T4SS**, is a secretion protein complex found in gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and archaea. It is able to transport proteins and DNA across the cell membrane. The type IV secretion system is just one of many bacterial secretion systems. Type IV secretion systems are related to conjugation machinery which generally involve a single-step secretion system and the use of a pilus. Type IV secretion systems are used for conjugation, DNA exchange with the extracellular space, and for delivering proteins to target cells. The type IV secretion system is divided into type IVA and type IVB based on genetic ancestry.

Notable instances of the type IV secretion system include the plasmid insertion into plants of *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, the toxin delivery methods of *Bordetella pertussis* (whooping cough) and *Legionella pneumophila* (Legionnaires' disease), and the F sex pilus.

## Function

The type IV secretion system is a protein complex found in prokaryotes used to transport DNA, proteins, or effector molecules from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space beyond the cell. The type IV secretion system is related to prokaryotic conjugation machinery. Type IV secretion systems are a highly versatile group, present in Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, and archaea. They usually involve a single step which utilizes a pilus, though exceptions exist.

Type IV secretion systems are highly diverse, with a variety of functions and types due to different evolutionary paths. Primarily, type IV secretion systems are grouped based on structural and genetic similarity and are only distantly related to each other. Type IVA systems are similar to the VirB/D4 system of *Agrobacterium tumefaciens.* Type IVB systems are similar to the Dot/Icm systems found in intracellular pathogens such as *Legionella pneumophila.* The “other” type systems resemble neither IVA or IVB. Types are genetically distinct and use separate sets of proteins, however, proteins between the sets have strong homologies to each other, which leads them to function similarly.

Type IV secretion systems are also classified by function into three main types. Conjugative systems: used for DNA transfer via cell to cell contact (a process called conjugation); DNA release and uptake systems: used to exchange DNA with the extracellular environment (a process called transformation); and effector systems: used to transfer proteins to target cells. Conjugative as well as DNA release and uptake systems play an important role in horizontal gene transfer, which allows prokaryotes to adapt to their environment, such as, developing antibiotic resistance. Effector systems allow for the interaction between microbes and larger organisms. The effector systems are used as a toxin delivery method by many human pathogens such as, *Helicobacter pylori* (stomach ulcers), whooping cough, and Legionnaires' disease.

## Structure

Currently, only the structure of type IVA secretion systems, which occur in gram-negative bacteria, is well described. It is composed of 12 protein subunits, VirB1 - VirB11 and VirD4, analogies of which exist in all type IVA systems. The Type IV secretion system’s components can be separated into 3 groups: the translocation channel scaffold, the ATPases, and the pilus.

The translocation channel scaffold is the portion of the machinery that creates the channel between extracellular space and the cytoplasm through the inner and outer membranes, and contains VirB6 - VirB10. The core complex of the scaffold is composed of 14 copies of VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10 which form a cylindrical channel that spans both membranes and connects the cytoplasm to the extracellular space.

A single protein, VirB10 is integral in both the inner and outer membranes. It inserts into the outer membrane using an α-helical barrel structure which helps form a channel between the two membranes. There is an opening on the cytoplasmic end of the channel which is followed by a large chamber and a second opening. The second opening requires a conformational change to allow substrate passage from the cytoplasm into the channel. Either VirB6 or VirB8 is believed to form the inner membrane pore, as they are integral proteins on the inner membrane and have direct contact with the substrate.

The ATPases consist of VirB4, VirB11, and VirD4, which drive the substrate motion through the channel and provide the system with energy. VirB11 belongs to a class of transmembrane transporters called “traffic ATPases”. VirB4 is not well characterized.

The pilus is composed of VirB2 and VirB5, with VirB2 being the major component. In *A. tumefaciens*, the pilus is 8-12 nm in diameter, and less than one μm in length. F pili, another commonly examined type of pilus, are much longer with a length of 2-20 μm.

## Mechanism

Due to the wide variety of type IV secretion systems in both origin and function, it is difficult to state much mechanistically about the group as a whole.

In general, after DNA is packaged in a conjugative system it is recruited by ATPase analogues to the VirD4 coupling protein, then translocated through the pilus. In *A. tumefaciens* specifically, the DNA passes through a characterized chain of enzymes before reaching the pilus. The DNA is recruited by VirD4, then VirB11, then to the intermembrane proteins (VirB6, and VirB8), moved to VirB9, and finally sent to the pilus (VirB2).


title: List of Bengali films of 1951

abstract: A list of films produced by the Tollywood based in Kolkata in the year 1951.

text:
# List of Bengali films of 1951

A list of films produced by the Tollywood (Bengali language film industry) based in Kolkata in the year **1951**.

## A-Z of films

| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Barjatri* | Satyen Bose | Bhanu Bandopadhyay, Anup Kumar, Haradan Bandopadhyay | Drama |  |
| *Jighansa* | Ajoy Kar | Manju Dey, Bikash Roy, Kamal Mitra | Thriller |  |
| *Nastaneer* | Pashupati Chatterjee | Sunanda Bannerjee, Uttam Kumar | Drama |  |
| *Ore Jatri* | Rajen Choudhury | Uttam Kumar, Prabha Devi, Anubha Gupta | Drama |  |
| *Sahajatri* | Agradoot | Molina Devi, Uttam Kumar | Drama |  |
|