title: Surface chemistry of paper

abstract: The surface chemistry of paper is responsible for many important paper properties, such as gloss, waterproofing, and printability. Many components are used in the paper-making process that affect the surface.

text:
# Surface chemistry of paper

The **surface chemistry of paper** is responsible for many important paper properties, such as gloss, waterproofing, and printability. Many components are used in the paper-making process that affect the surface.

## Pigment and dispersion medium

Coating components are subject to particle-particle, particle-solvent, and particle-polymer interactions. Van der Waals forces, electrostatic repulsions, and steric stabilization are the reasons for these interactions. Importantly, the characteristics of adhesion and cohesion between the components form the base coating structure. Calcium carbonate and kaolin are commonly used pigments. Pigments support a structure of fine porosity and form a light scattering surface. The surface charge of the pigment plays an important role in dispersion consistency. The surface charge of calcium carbonate is negative and not dependent on pH, however it can decompose under acidic conditions. Kaolin has negatively charged faces while the charge of its laterals depend on pH, being positive in acidic conditions and negative in basic conditions with an isoelectric point at 7.5. The equation for determining the isoelectric point is as follows:

$$pI={{pKa}+{pKb} \over 2}$$

In the papermaking process, the pigment dispersions are generally kept at a pH above 8.0.

## Pigments, binders, and co-binders

Binders promote the binding of pigment particles between themselves and the coating layer of the paper. Binders are spherical particles less than 1 µm in diameterr. Common binders are styrene maleic anhydride copolymer or styrene-acrylate copolymer. The surface chemical composition is differentiated by the adsorption of acrylic acid or an anionic surfactant, both of which are used for stabilization of the dispersion in water. Co-binders, or thickeners, are generally water-soluble polymers that influence the paper's color viscosity, water retention, sizing, and gloss. Some common examples are carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cationic and anionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), modified starch, and dextrin.

## Sizing

In sizing, the strength and printability of paper is increased. Sizing also improves the hydrophilic character, liquid spreading, and affinity for ink. Starch is the most common sizing agent. Cationic starch and hydrophilic agents are also applied, including alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and alkyl ketene dimers (AKD).

Cationic starch increases strength because it binds to the anionic paper fibers. The amount added is usually between ten and thirty pounds per ton. When starch exceeds the amount the fibers can bind to, it causes foaming in the production process as well as decreased retention and drainage.

## Surface modification

### Plasma surface modification

Surface modification makes paper hydrophobic and oleophilic. This combination allows ink oil to penetrate the paper, but prevents dampening water absorption, which increases papers printability.

Three different plasma-solid interactions are used: etching/ablation, plasma activation, and plasma coating. Etching or ablation is when material is removed from the surface of the solid. Plasma activation is where species in the plasma like ions, electrons, or radicals are used to chemically or physically modify the surface. Lastly, plasma coating is where material is coated to the surface in the form of a thin film. Plasma coating can be used to add hydrocarbons to surfaces which can make a surface non-polar or hydrophobic. The specific type of plasma coating used to add hydrocarbons is called plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process or PCVD.

### Contact angle

An ideal hydrophobic surface would have a contact angle of 180 degrees to water. This means that the hydrocarbons lie flat against the surface creating a thin layer and preventing dampening water absorption. However, in practice it is fine or even preferred to have a low level of dampening water absorption because of a phenomenon that occurs when water settles at the surface of paper. This phenomenon is when ink is unable to transfer to the paper because of the water layer at the surface. The contact angle value for hydrocarbons on a rough pigment-coated paper can be found to be approximately 110° through a contact angle meter.

The Young's equation can be used to calculate the surface energy of a liquid on paper. Young's equation is:

$$\gamma \_{\mathrm {SL} }+\gamma \_{\mathrm {LG} }\cos {\theta \_{\mathrm {c} }=\gamma \_{\mathrm {SG} }\\,}$$

where $\gamma \_{\mathrm {SL} }$ is the interfacial tension between the solid and the liquid, $\gamma \_{\mathrm {LG} }$ is the interfacial tension between the liquid and the vapor, and $\gamma \_{\mathrm {SG} }$ is the interfacial tension between the solid and the vapor.

An ideal oleophilic surface would have a contact angle of 0° with oil, therefore allowing the ink to transfer to the paper and be absorbed. The hydrocarbon plasma coating provides an oleophilic surface to the paper by lowering the contact angle of the paper with the oil in the ink. The hydrocarbon plasma coating increases the non-polar interactions while decreasing polar interactions which allow paper to absorb ink while preventing dampening water absorption.

## Applications

Printing quality is highly influenced by the various treatments and methods used in creating paper and enhancing the paper surface. Consumers are most concerned with the paper-ink interactions which vary for certain types of paper due to different chemical properties of the surface. Inkjet paper is the most commercially used type of paper. Filter paper is another key type of paper whose surface chemistry affects its various forms and uses. The ability of adhesives to bond to a paper surface is also affected by the surface chemistry.

### Inkjet printing paper

Co-styrene-maleic anhydride and co-styrene acrylate are common binders associated with a cationic starch pigment in Inkjet printing paper. Table 1 shows their surface tension under given conditions.

| Compound | Monomer Proportion | pH | Surface Tension (mN/m) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cationic Starch | - | 5.0 | 32.9 |
| Co-styrene-maleic anhydride | 3:1 | 7.6 | 38.51 |
| Co-styrene acrylate | 3:4 | 4.3 | 49.99 |

There have been several studies that have focused on how the paper printing quality is dependent on the concentration of these binders and ink pigment. Data from the experiments are congruent and stated in Table 2 as the corrected contact angle of water, the corrected contact angle of black ink, and the total surface energy.

| Sample | Sizing Formulation (% w/w) | Contact Angle of Water (˚) | Contact Angle of Black Ink (˚) | Total Surface Energy (mN/m) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | no surface treatment | 103.1 | 81.7 | 39.5 |
| 2 | 100% cationic starch | 39.2 | 36.1 | 51.25 |
| 3 | 80% cationic starch/ 20% co-styrene-maleic anhydride | 80.5 | 65.2 | 38.39 |
| 4 | 80% cationic starch/ 20% co-styrene acrylate | 60.2 | 60.5 | 42.39 |

The contact angle measurement has proven to be a very useful tool to evaluate the influence of the sizing formulation on the printing properties. Surface free energy has also shown to be very valuable in explaining the differences in sample behavior.

### Filter paper

Various composite coatings were analyzed on filter paper in an experiment done by Wang et al. The ability to separate homogenous liquid solutions based on varying surface tensions has great practical use. Creating superhydrophobic and superoleophilic filter paper was achieved by treating the surface of commercially available filter paper with hydrophobic silica nanoparticles and polystyrene solution in toluene. Oil and water were successfully separated through the use of the filter paper created with an efficiency greater than 96%. In a homogenous solution the filter paper was also successful in separating the liquids through differentiating for surface tensions. Although with a lower efficiency, aqueous ethanol was also extracted from the solution when tested on the filter paper.


title: Swedish mutation

abstract: The Swedish mutation, or familial Alzheimer's disease genetic mutation, is one of the most well known genetic variations that causes early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.

text:
# Swedish mutation

The **Swedish mutation**, or **familial Alzheimer's disease genetic mutation**, is one of the most well known genetic variations that causes early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.

## History

The mutation was found in 1992 in Florida by Dr. Michael Mullan and Dr. Fiona Crawford working on DNA samples supplied by a group of Swedish researchers led by Dr Lars Lannfelt.

The genetic error causes Alzheimer's disease to develop in the early 50s for the family members who inherit it. On average, about half of the children of someone who carries the mutation will inherit it. The mutation is extremely rare – it has only ever been found in two Swedish families and has never been found in the general population in any other countries.

The mutation had important consequences for Alzheimer's disease research. The mutation occurs in the gene which encodes amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is proteolysed into beta amyloid. Beta amyloid is one of the peptides which accumulate in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. A great debate had existed between Alzheimer's disease researchers about the relevance of amyloid prior to the 1990s – many scientists believed amyloid was a tombstone of the disease and was not critical to the development of the disease. However, because the only difference between the family members who developed Alzheimer's disease and those that did not in these families was the inheritance of the mutation in the amyloid gene, this suggested that the amyloid protein itself could cause the disease. The idea that amyloid could cause the disease influenced scientific research until this day. Many experimental treatments are directed towards lowering amyloid levels in the brain. The other main effect the discovery of the Swedish mutation had was to provide one transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transgenic mice (e.g. Tg2576) were made which overproduce human APP with the Swedish mutation. As a consequence, the mice can develop amyloid plaques at around 13 months old.

It is thought that the Swedish mutation causes early-onset Alzheimer's disease by beta-secretase cleavage within the secretory pathway.

The Swedish mutation mice are used to study the effects of amyloid plaques and to develop potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease.


title: Sussex Slipcote

abstract: Sussex Slipcote is a fresh cheese made from ewe's milk by the High Weald Dairy in West Sussex, England. The cheese is usually round in shape with a very soft texture. There are two different explanations given for the meaning of "slipcote". High Weald Dairy explains that "‘Slipcote’ is an old English word meaning little (slip) piece of cottage (cote) cheese." Another explanation is that "slipcote" describes the cheese's tendency to slip out of its rind while maturing. Sussex Slipcote has been made in England since the Middle Ages, as described in Law's Grocers' Manual. The cheese won a Bronze award in the British Cheese Awards in 2008.

text:
# Sussex Slipcote

**Sussex Slipcote** is a fresh cheese made from ewe's milk by the High Weald Dairy in West Sussex, England. The cheese is usually round in shape with a very soft texture. There are two different explanations given for the meaning of "slipcote". High Weald Dairy explains that "‘Slipcote’ is an old English word meaning little (slip) piece of cottage (cote) cheese." Another explanation is that "slipcote" describes the cheese's tendency to slip out of its rind while maturing. Sussex Slipcote has been made in England since the Middle Ages, as described in *Law's Grocers' Manual*. The cheese won a Bronze award in the British Cheese Awards in 2008.


title: Sutton in Ashfield Urban District

abstract: Sutton in Ashfield was an Urban District in Nottinghamshire, England from 1894 to 1974. It was created under the Local Government Act 1894. It was enlarged in 1935 when the Huthwaite urban district and the civil parishes of Fulwood, Skegby and Teversal were transferred to the district. The district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 and combined with the Kirkby in Ashfield Urban District, Hucknall Urban District and part of Basford Rural District to form the new Ashfield district.

text:
# Sutton in Ashfield Urban District

**Sutton in Ashfield** was an Urban District in Nottinghamshire, England from 1894 to 1974. It was created under the Local Government Act 1894.

It was enlarged in 1935 when the Huthwaite urban district and the civil parishes of Fulwood, Skegby and Teversal were transferred to the district.

The district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 and combined with the Kirkby in Ashfield Urban District, Hucknall Urban District and part of Basford Rural District to form the new Ashfield district.

## InfoBox

| Sutton in Ashfield | |
| --- | --- |
|
Sutton in Ashfield Urban District shown within Nottinghamshire in 1970.
 | |
| Area |  |
| 1911 | 4,879 acres (19.74 km2) |
| 1961 | 10,507 acres (42.52 km2) |
|  | |
| Population |  |
| 1911 | 21,708 |
| 1961 | 40,441 |
|  | |
| History |  |
| Created | 1894 |
| Abolished | 1974 |
| Succeeded by | Ashfield |
|  | |
| Status | Urban District |
| Government | Sutton in Ashfield Urban District Council |
| HQ | Sutton-in-Ashfield |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Winners (Australian TV series)

abstract: Winners is an Australian children's television anthology series conceived and produced for the ACTF by its founding director, Patricia Edgar. It first screened on Network 10 in 1985 as part of the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal's newly implemented C classified drama quota. It featured eight self-contained telemovies and stories. Patricia Edgar was confident that Winners would be a landmark in the development of quality children's television and that it would go on to set the standard nationally and internationally for future children's productions. More Winners is the second season of the series, first screened on ABC in 1990. It featured six self-contained telemovies and stories. At the forefront of the creators' minds when making the shows was the importance of Australian children having access to a rich and diverse choice of programs that reflected their own society and were appropriate to their particular stage of development. The different episodes dealt with themes of aspirations, friendship, competition, conflict, jealousy, family, lifestyles, independence, decision making, and personal growth. The series had a general theme of young people winning over their circumstances, accepting challenges, gaining confidence, making their own decisions, coming to terms with life, and growing up. Winners broke new ground for television and for the classroom. Each telemovie was accompanied by a novel, written by the scriptwriter, along with teaching materials to assist classroom teachers. The series was screened in 82 countries around the world and won awards that drew attention to the Australian children's production industry.

text:
# Winners (Australian TV series)

***Winners*** is an Australian children's television anthology series conceived and produced for the ACTF by its founding director, Patricia Edgar. It first screened on Network 10 in 1985 as part of the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal's newly implemented C classified drama quota. It featured eight self-contained telemovies and stories. Patricia Edgar was confident that *Winners* would be a landmark in the development of quality children's television and that it would go on to set the standard nationally and internationally for future children's productions. ***More Winners*** is the second season of the series, first screened on ABC in 1990. It featured six self-contained telemovies and stories.

At the forefront of the creators' minds when making the shows was the importance of Australian children having access to a rich and diverse choice of programs that reflected their own society and were appropriate to their particular stage of development. The different episodes dealt with themes of aspirations, friendship, competition, conflict, jealousy, family, lifestyles, independence, decision making, and personal growth. The series had a general theme of young people winning over their circumstances, accepting challenges, gaining confidence, making their own decisions, coming to terms with life, and growing up.

*Winners* broke new ground for television and for the classroom. Each telemovie was accompanied by a novel, written by the scriptwriter, along with teaching materials to assist classroom teachers. The series was screened in 82 countries around the world and won awards that drew attention to the Australian children's production industry.

## Background

In the 1980s, Australian adolescents were a much-neglected television audience. Despite their television viewing increasing at the time, there were few programs that catered to their particular needs and interests, such as relationships, problems, and joys.

Patricia Edgar, director of the ACTF, in association with the Victorian Department of Youth, Sport and Recreation, commissioned a major research project to develop a format, characters, and series concept for a serial aimed specifically at Australian teenagers.

Researchers conducted preliminary work in 1983 on case studies and recent survey data with assistance from the Institute of Family Studies. The foundation wanted to provide a realistic representation of Australian life in the telemovies and to move away from stereotypes. The writers then undertook extensive interviews with police social workers, youth workers, government departments, educators, parents, and naturally, many young people in the projected age range. Don Edgar, foundation director of the Australian Institute of Family Studies, briefed writers on the nature of real Australian families and what actually went on in Australian homes in the mid-1980s.

*Winners* attracted not only Australia's best writers, producers, and directors at the time, but also one of the nation's leading business identities, Robert Holmes à Court, who provided a worldwide distribution guarantee for the series and agreed to invest in the show.

The show was designed as an anthology that challenged contemporary social issues. It incorporated comedy, science fiction, historical drama, adventure, fantasy, and social realism. It showcased the struggles young children have in growing up and learning to make their own decisions. The series asked parents to consider the pressures on their children as well as those on themselves. Each of the eight films was written about and for children in Australia and raised issues important to children: parents and family life, friendship, independence, authority, peer-group pressure, education, employment, recreation, and the threat of nuclear war.

*More Winners* was designed as a series of six hour-long tales aimed primarily at the 9-13 age group.

## Episodes

### *Winners* (1985–1986)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Room to Move" | John Duigan | John Duigan |
| This episode focuses on Carol and Angie, two schoolgirls who lead different lifestyles but who gradually develop a friendship. It deals with themes of parental neglect, student overwork, dedication, and being true to one's aspirations. | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Just Friends" | Michael Pattinson | Jan Sardi |
| This episode focuses on Susan Foster, a new girl in town. She encounters a gang at a skate park and ends up joining them. This leads to her becoming reluctantly involved in mischief. Susan doesn't get the attention or guidance she needs at home. After a string of events, the gang ends up rejecting her, but Susan has learned to make her own judgments and decisions by this point. | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Quest Beyond Time" | Stephen Wallace | Tony Morphett |
| Mike is the protagonist of this tale, which blends reality and fantasy. He loves hang gliding and one day, while up in the air, he finds himself travelling one thousand years into the future. Here he discovers a post-apocalyptic land inhabited by people afflicted with radiation sickness. The episode deals with the dangers of nuclear war and its aftermath. | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "The Paper Boy" | Paul Cox | Bob Ellis |
| This is the story of 11-year-old Joe. It is set in 1932, and he is his family's sole means of financial support, working day and night. The episode looks at aspects of Communism. | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "The Other Facts of Life" | Esben Storm | Morris Gleitzman |
| Ben understands many things, like how two thirds of the world's population are starving, how the globe can be on the brink of complete nuclear annihilation, and even how governments can torture and murder their citizens. What he doesn't understand is how people are able to carry on living happily when there is all this injustice and potential disaster going on in the world. The episode follows Ben's search for answers, his attempts to create awareness and change through direct action, and his eventual concerns for the welfare of his family. | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "Top Kid" | Carl Schultz | Bob Ellis |
| This story is set in 1947 and follows a 10-year-old boy who is bullied by his classmates for his scholastic aptitude and the praise he receives from teachers. The episode deals with themes of success, jealousy, adaptability, disappointment, and dealing with moral dilemmas. | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "On Loan" | Geoffrey Bennett | Anne Brooksbank |
| This story follows Lindy, a thirteen-year-old girl of Vietnamese origins living with her Australian adoptive parents. One day, Lindy receives a letter from her biological father, who wants to come meet her. Lindy and her adoptive family are plunged into emotional turmoil. The episode deals with themes of cultural difference, belonging, and identity. | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "Tarflowers" | William Fitzwater | Terry Larsen |
| This is a story that combines fantasy and reality. It centres on Kev, a boy with special needs who loves flowers, particularly an imaginary kind called tarflowers. He draws flower murals wherever he can. The episode deals with themes of imagination, care for people with special needs, acceptance of those who are different, and beauty as seen through the eyes of unique children. | | | | | |

### *More Winners* (1990)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | 1 | "Boy Soldiers" | Mark Joffe | Cliff Green |
| "Boy Soldiers" is a historical drama based in part on events that occurred in Australia from 1911 to 1915, when all boys between the ages of 14 and 17 had to undergo compulsory military training. The story follows Will Barnes, one of 30,000 boys who failed to obey the introduced law and were prosecuted. | | | | | |
| 10 | 2 | "His Master's Ghost" | Steve Jodrell | Roger Simpson |
| This is a tongue-in-cheek horror telemovie set in the fictional Monstalvat, a Gothic mansion where a music camp brings a group of children together. One of them, Flea, becomes fascinated when he hears of a ghost living in the house. | | | | | |
| 11 | 3 | "Mr Edmund" | George Whaley | Steve J. Spears |
| Mr Edmund is a poor guest staying at Cherry William's mother's boarding house. He dreams that he will sing at the Sydney Opera House one day. Cherry, a 12-year-old girl, befriends Mr Edmund. She also has a dream, that one day she will be a lawyer. Cherry's mother tries to convince them both that their dreams are foolish. | | | | | |
| 12 | 4 | "Second Childhood" | Mario Andreacchio | Morris Gleitzman |
| Annie, Mark, and their friends believe they are actually different people. Annie is convinced she is the reincarnation of the racehorse Phar Lap, and Mark believes he was previously Henry Ford. A school assignment requires them to research the life of a prominent historical figure, and for a while, the children revel in their newfound identities. However, they soon discover that their past selves were collectively responsible for a number of current world problems. In response, the group sets out on a daring mission to rectify what they've previously done. | | | | | |
| 13 | 5 | "The Big Wish" | Esben Storm | Steve J. Spears |
| Faeries in the Enchanted Realm are in trouble. A rule in the Charter of the Grand Master states that Faeries must grant seven wishes to humans every hundred years, or lose their magic powers. It has been nearly one hundred years since the last wishes were granted, but the world has changed much since then, and people no longer believe in Faeries. Except for Christopher. | | | | | |
| 14 | 6 | "The Journey" | Ken Cameron | Jane Oehr, Ken Cameron |
| "The Journey" is a tale of adventure and magic set in 1850. It follows Ada, the daughter of a wealthy prospector, and Agnes, whose mother is a witch. After her father dies, Ada must travel south to find her inheritance. Agnes is ordered by her mother to kill Ada and obtain the treasure instead. However, Agnes is not able to kill Ada and the two girls grow close. | | | | | |

## Production

### *Winners*

Work on the scripts for *Winners* commenced in 1983 and included the input of writers such as Anne Brooksbank, John Duigan, Bob Ellis, Morris Gleitzman, Cliff Green, Tom Hegarty, Terry Larsen, Tony Morphett, Maurice Murphy, Jan Sardi, and Roger Simpson. Series script editing was done by Roger Le Mesurier and Sandra Levy. The supervising production manager was Geoff Pollock. Scripting was completed in October 1983 and went into pre-production in May 1984.

As an eight-part anthology series of one television-hour dramas, six episodes were produced in Sydney and two in Melbourne. Episodes commenced production at different times between July 1984 and January 1985, with answer prints of all eight episodes being delivered by 31 March 1985. The series was successfully completed within its budgeted cost of $3.82 million and delivered to the distributor on time and in accordance with its distribution agreement. To assist in marketing and to make the series available to as wide a viewing audience as possible, a decision was made during production to have the series captioned for the hard-of-hearing.

### *More Winners*

The story concepts for *More Winners* were commissioned in March 1985. The second installment of the show involved such writers as Morris Gleitzman, Roger Simpson, Steve Spears, Mac Gudgeon, Paul Cox, Michael Cove, Ken Cameron, and Jane Oehr. Sandra Levy was the script consultant. Directors attached to the project included Esben Storm, Ken Cameron, Mario Andreacchio, and Michael Pattinson. Production began in early 1990, and the show was launched in June by then-prime minister, Bob Hawke. The foundation produced study kits to accompany the series, and tie-in novels were published as well.

## Reception, accolades, and legacy

### Selected awards and nominations

### Winners

| Year | Nominated Work | Award Event | Category | Result | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | "The Other Facts of Life" and "Quest Beyond Time" | 11th International Kinderfilm Festival, Frankfurt | Selection for final screening | Chosen |  |
| 1986 | "The Other Facts of Life" and "Top Kid" | Banff World Television Festival, Canada | Children's program | Award finalist |  |
| 1985 | "The Other Facts of Life" | AWGIE Awards, Sydney | Children–Original Work | Winner |  |
| 1986 | "Top Kid" | Australian Teachers of Media (ATOM) Awards, Melbourne | General Award–Narrative | Winner |  |
| 1986 | "On Loan" | Australian Teachers of Media (ATOM) Awards, Melbourne | Children's Award–Social Issues | Special commendation |  |
| 1986 | "On Loan" | Australian Teachers of Media (ATOM) Awards, Melbourne | General Award–Social Issues | Winner |  |
| 1986 | Quang Chinh Dinh in "On Loan" | St Kilda Film Festival, Melbourne | Acting | Certificate of merit |  |
| 1986 | "On Loan" | United Nations Association Media Peace Awards, Sydney | - | Citation |  |
| 1986 | "Top Kid" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Live Action | First prize |  |
| 1986 | "The Paper Boy" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Live Action | Honourable mention |  |
| 1986 | "The Other Facts of Life" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Cinematic Impact | Special jury prize |  |
| 1986 | "Just Friends" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Most Popular Video – voted by the children's audience | First prize |  |
| 1986 | - | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | A special award was created by the jury as a result of the response to "Winners" at the festival that recognised the ACTF's outstanding achievements in producing top-quality films for children | - |  |
| 1986 | "Top Kid" | Penguin Awards, Melbourne | Best Children's Drama | Winner |  |

### More Winners

| Year | Nominated Work | Award Event | Category | Result | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | Cliff Green, writer of "Boy Soldiers" | AWGIE Awards, Melbourne | Children's Award | Winner |  |
| 1990 | "Boy Soldiers" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Liv Ullman Peace Prize | Winner |  |
| 1990 | "The Big Wish" | Chicago International Festival of Children's Films, United States | Festival Award for Outstanding Humour | Winner |  |
| 1991 | "The Big Wish" | ATOM Awards | Children's Award–Narrative Section | Winner |  |
| 1991 | "Boy Soldiers" | ATOM Awards | General Award–Narrative Section | Highly commended |  |
| 1991 | "The Big Wish" | Banff World Television Festival, Canada | Selection for screening in children's program category | Selected |  |
| 1991 | "The Big Wish" | AFI Awards, melbourne | Best Children's Television Drama | Nominated |  |
| 1991 | "Mr Edmund" | AFI Awards, melbourne | Best Children's Television Drama | Nominated |  |
| 1991 | Cameron Nugent in "The Big Wish" | AFI Awards, Melbourne | Top Television Actor Award | Nominated |  |
| 1991 | Steve J. Spears in "The Big Wish" | AFI Awards, Melbourne | Best Screenplay in a Television Drama | Nominated |  |
| 1991 | Esben Storm in "The Big Wish" | AFI Awards, Melbourne | Cameraquip Award for Best Achievement in Direction in a Television Drama | Nominated |  |
| 1991 | "Boy Soldiers" | International Emmy Awards, New York | Children's and Young People's Section | Finalist |  |
| 1993 | *More Winners* series | CableAce Awards, Los Angeles, United States | Best International Children's Series | Nominated |  |
| 1994 | "Boy Soldiers" | Moscow International Festival of Film and Television for Children and Youth, Russia | - | Finalist |

### Reviews

Both *Winners* and *More Winners* received praise from a variety of publications, including Perth's *West Australian*, who called *Winners* "...everything children's television should be". West Australia's *Wanneroo Times* called it "...some of the finest television yet seen in this country", and Melbourne's *Herald TV Extra* wrote, "Winners proves that learning and being entertained can go hand-in-hand." Other outlets that praised the series included Perth's *Weekend News* and *Sunday Times*, Mildura's *Sunraysia Daily*, *The Canberra Times*, the *Sydney Morning Herald*, and Launceston's *Sunday Examiner*. *More Winners* was greeted with reviews such as "If you think quality Australian children's programming is a thing of the past—don't just think again, think *More Winners*", from Adelaide's *The News* and "The joy of this series so far has been its desire to have children put in situations where they stretch themselves creatively, intellectually and imaginatively", published in the *Sydney Morning Herald*. Other positive reviews came from Melbourne's *The Sun*, Perth's *Daily News*, and a variety of others.

## Screenings and sales

### Selected screenings

* Melbourne International Film Festival: "The Big Wish", "His Master's Ghost", and "Boy Soldiers" were screened as part of the Children's and Youth Section of the Melbourne International Film Festival in 1990.
* 9th International Film festival for Young Australians: "Second Childhood" was screened at the festival, held in Adelaide in August 1990.
* Film Fest DC: "The Big Wish" was screened in Washington, D.C., in May 1991.
* Harbourfront Festival: "The Big Wish" was shown at this Toronto-based festival in May 1991.
* Beijing TV-International Children's Festival: "Boy Soldiers" and "Mr Edmund" was shown at this event in China in May 1991.
* Banff World Television Festival: "The Big Wish" was selected for screening at this Canadian event in June 1991.
* Cinemagic: "The Big Wish", "His Master's Ghost", "The Journey", "Second Childhood", and "Mr Edmund" were screened as part of a special 'Australian Weekend' at this Irish/Northern Irish children's film festival in December 1991.
* International Kinderfilmfestival: "The Big Wish" was screened as part of a Retrospective of Australian Children's Films 1927–1990 at this German festival in November 1991.

### Sales

#### National

In 1985, *Winners* was sold to Network 10.

In 1996, Disney Channel Australia acquired pay television rights to both *Winners* and *More Winners*.

#### International

In 1986, *Winners* was sold to *WonderWorks*, an award-winning American children's television show. The first episode, "On Loan", aired in March 1996.

Over the years, a variety of nations and territories have acquired rights to the shows, including Japan's NHK, Canada's Knowledge Network, Showtime, Italy's Telepiù, the Netherlands' Kindernet, Panama's FETV, the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, Iran's Farabi Cinema Foundation and Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, Mexico's Canal Once, Television Nationale du Burkina Faso, and Israeli Educational Television. Other nations who acquired the series include France, Argentina, the UK, Belgium, Ireland, Thailand, Switzerland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, the Cook Islands, Bophuthatswana, Singapore, Czechia, and Indonesia.

## Publishing, marketing, and merchandise

### Novels

The screenwriters for the series agreed to adapt their screenplays into novels, which were published through McPhee Gribble in Melbourne and distributed through Penguin Books. This was the first time books based on an Australian children's television series were made available in Australia.

### Study kits / school video packs

To enhance the series for educational purposes and to promote discussion on wider issues surrounding each episode, a comprehensive study guide was prepared for teachers and parents. The resources were prepared to enable teachers and students to get the most benefit from the series. The study guides were made available to all primary and secondary schools in the metropolitan areas of Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane at such times that coincided with the network screening of the series, state by state. Copies of the guide were also made available in other areas throughout Australia, as and when regional networks purchased the series.

The school video packs contained a VHS video cassette of one episode, the novel, and a study kit packaged in a specially prepared video box. The marketing campaign directed teachers and school librarians and included seminars, direct mail, advertisements in relevant teacher and student journals, and other promotional activities.

In 1990, CBS/FOX Video released new school packs containing a *More Winners* video, a tie-in novel, and an accompanying study kit.


title: XXL (magazine)

abstract: XXL is an American hip hop magazine, published by Townsquare Media, founded in 1997.

text:
# XXL (magazine)

***XXL*** is an American hip hop magazine, published by Townsquare Media, founded in 1997.

## History

In August 1997, Harris Publications released the first issue of *XXL*. It featured rappers Jay-Z and Master P on a double cover. In December 2006, *XXL* took over the struggling hip-hop producer and DJ magazine *Scratch* (another publication owned by Harris Publications), re-branding it as *XXL Presents Scratch Magazine*. However *Scratch* shut down less than a year later in September 2007.

Other titles with limited runs have been launched under the *XXL* brand, including *Hip-Hop Soul*, *Eye Candy* and *Shade 45*. *XXL* has released many other special projects including tour programs, mixtapes and exclusive DVDs. *XXL* also maintains a popular website, which provides daily hip hop news, original content and content from the magazine.

In 2014, Townsquare Media acquired *XXL*, *King* and *Antenna* from Harris Publications.

On October 14, 2014, Townsquare announced it would continue print publication of *XXL*. In December 2014 the company reported that the magazine would be published on a quarterly basis. Later it was changed from a quarterly basis to a monthly basis.

### Past editors

The magazine's past editors include Reginald C. Dennis (formerly of *The Source*), Sheena Lester (former editor-in-chief of *RapPages* and *Vibe* music editor), Elliott Wilson (formerly of The Beat-Down Newspaper, *ego trip* and *The Source*, currently locked in at #7 slot on The Source's Digital 30 list.) and Datwon Thomas (former editor-in-chief of *King)*.

In May 2009, Datwon Thomas resigned from *XXL* and executive editor Vanessa Satten, who had been with *XXL* since 1998, was named the new Editor-in-Chief.

### Special releases

The magazine commissioned *A Great Day in Hip Hop,* which is a black-and-white photograph of over 200 hip hop artists and producers in Harlem, New York, taken by photographer Gordon Parks on September 29, 1998. It was commissioned by the magazine as a homage to Art Kane's *A Great Day in Harlem*, photographed in 1958.

In August 2005, Eminem and *XXL* teamed up to release a special issue titled *XXL Presents Shade 45*, designed to simultaneously give maximum exposure to his radio station Shade 45, the station's associated radio DJs, the Shady Records label as a whole, and G-Unit Records' artists. *XXL* executive publisher Jonathan Rheingold stated that typically magazines based around particular artists were not favorable, but "since Shade 45 is a truly authentic and uncensored rap radio channel, the marriage with the *XXL* brand made sense," feeling that it would interest rap fans.

In November 2008, *XXL* released *XXL Raps Volume 1*, which included music from 50 Cent, G-Unit, Common, Jim Jones, & Fabolous.

In September 2006, *XXL* put a special 90-minute DVD called *XXL DVD Magazine Vol. 1*, which featured exclusive interviews and content with big-name rappers such as 50 Cent, Ice Cube, Fat Joe, Paul Wall, & Mike Jones.

On August 20, 2013, *XXL* marked its sixteenth anniversary by releasing its 150th issue, which featured the first solo cover on the magazine from Drake, along with rappers such as Kendrick Lamar and B.o.B reviewing classic albums.

## Annual Freshman Class list

Beginning in 2007 (skipping 2008), *XXL* releases its annual "Freshman Class" list. The issue features 10-12 artists-to-watch, all appearing on the cover of the magazine. The list has a history of showcasing unknown/underground rappers, as well as artists considered to be on the rise. The list creates significant marketing buzz among listeners and artists alike, and is credited for giving many artists their first taste of fame.

The 10th spot winners are highlighted in **bold**.

| Year | Freshmen |
| --- | --- |
| 2007 | Saigon, Plies, Rich Boy, Gorilla Zoe, Joell Ortiz, Lupe Fiasco, Lil Boosie, Crooked I, Papoose and Young Dro. |
| 2009 | Wale, B.o.B, Charles Hamilton, Asher Roth, Cory Gunz, Blu, Mickey Factz, Ace Hood, Currensy and Kid Cudi. |
| 2010 | J. Cole, Pill, Nipsey Hussle, Freddie Gibbs, Big Sean, Wiz Khalifa, OJ da Juiceman, Jay Rock, Fashawn and Donnis. |
| 2011 | Meek Mill, Big K.R.I.T., Cyhi the Prynce, Lil Twist, Yelawolf, Fred the Godson, Mac Miller, YG, Lil B, Kendrick Lamar and Diggy Simmons. |
| 2012 | Future, Kid Ink, Danny Brown, French Montana, Macklemore, Don Trip, Machine Gun Kelly, Hopsin, **Iggy Azalea** and Roscoe Dash. |
| 2013 | Schoolboy Q, Trinidad James, Joey Bada$$, Ab-Soul, Logic, Action Bronson, Kirko Bangz, Travis Scott, **Dizzy Wright**, Angel Haze and Chief Keef. |
| 2014 | Chance the Rapper, Rich Homie Quan, Isaiah Rashad, Ty Dolla Sign, Lil Durk, Kevin Gates, Troy Ave, Vic Mensa, Jon Connor, Lil Bibby, **Jarren Benton** and August Alsina. |
| 2015 | Fetty Wap, Dej Loaf, Raury, **Kidd Kidd**, OG Maco, Shy Glizzy, K Camp, Vince Staples, Tink and GoldLink. |
| 2016 | Lil Uzi Vert, **Lil Yachty**, Kodak Black, Denzel Curry, G Herbo, Dave East, Lil Dicky, Anderson .Paak, Desiigner and 21 Savage. |
| 2017 | Kamaiyah, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, PnB Rock, Playboi Carti, Aminé, Kap G, Kyle, Ugly God, MadeinTYO and **XXXTentacion**. |
| 2018 | Ski Mask the Slump God, Lil Pump, Smokepurpp, JID, Stefflon Don, BlocBoy JB, YBN Nahmir, Wifisfuneral and Trippie Redd. |
| 2019 | Comethazine, Tierra Whack, DaBaby, Lil Mosey, Roddy Ricch, Cordae, YK Osiris, Rico Nasty, Gunna, **Blueface** and Megan Thee Stallion. |
| 2020 | Polo G, Chika, NLE Choppa, Jack Harlow, Lil Keed, Lil Tjay, Fivio Foreign, Calboy, Rod Wave, Baby Keem, **24kGoldn** and Latto. |
| 2021 | 42 Dugg, Flo Milli, Morray, Pooh Shiesty, Lakeyah, Coi Leray, Toosii, Blxst, **DDG**, Rubi Rose and Iann Dior. |
| 2022 | Nardo Wick, SoFaygo, Babyface Ray, Big Scarr, Big30, Kali, KenTheMan, Cochise, KayCyy, Doechii, Saucy Santana and **BabyTron**. |
| 2023 | Finesse2tymes, Lola Brooke, Rob49, Fridayy, GloRilla, 2Rare, SleazyWorld Go, Central Cee, Real Boston Richey, Luh Tyler, TiaCorine and **DC the Don**. |
| 2024 | BigXthaPlug, That Mexican OT, Lay Bankz, BossMan Dlow, Rich Amiri, ScarLip, Hunxho, 4Batz, Maiya the Don, Cash Cobain and **Skilla Baby**. |

### Notes

### Additions to the list

Occasionally, the Freshman Class list may contain extra additions to include more rappers. The 2011, 2013, 2019, 2021 and 2024 Freshman Class lists, for example, had 11 rappers. In the case for the 2013 list, *XXL* added an honorary extra spot for Chicago rapper Chief Keef due to the artist being in a six-day jail stint and therefore being unable to attend the photo shoot in New York City. In 2014, 2020, 2022 and 2023, the Freshman Class lists included 12 rappers.

### Artists that declined the cover

For most Freshman covers, after the list has been announced, an artist will come out and say that they were offered a spot on the cover by *XXL* but chose to decline it. Other times, *XXL* themselves will reveal someone that they asked to be on the cover and were directly told by the artist that they were not interested. Below is a list of rappers who have declined the offer of being an *XXL* Freshman, and the various reasons why they declined.

| Year | Artist(s) | Reason | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Drake | Respectfully declined and felt they were chosen too late in their respective careers. |  |
| | Nicki Minaj | | |
| 2011 | Vado | Respectfully declined and felt he was chosen too late in his career. | |
| | Tyler, the Creator | Respectfully declined. | |
| 2012 | ASAP Rocky | Respectfully declined. Schedule was too slim due to touring. | |
| 2014 | Young Thug | *XXL* claims he never showed up to the photoshoot. | |
| 2015 | ILoveMakonnen | Not responsive to *XXL*. | |
| | PartyNextDoor | | |
| 2016 | Tory Lanez | Declined as he believed he was chosen too late in his respective career. |  |
| | Post Malone | Stated he was tired and was not up to flying to New York for the photoshoot. *XXL* editor-in-chief Vanessa Satten claimed Post's publicist stated that Post did not want to be boxed in as a hip hop artist. |  |
| 2017 | Young M.A | Felt beyond the list. She asked to have a solo cover but they disagreed and said that she needed more attention to her name before that could happen. |  |
| | YFN Lucci | YFN Lucci initially refused to play music for *XXL*. He later changed his mind days before the shoot but it was too late. | |
| | Cardi B | *XXL* was not sure if Cardi had a better television career or rap career at the time and felt she was leaning more towards television. | |
| | Famous Dex | *XXL* stood away from adding Famous Dex after there was evidence shown that he beat up his girlfriend. They further spoke on XXXTentacion's addition to the 2017 list (as it was controversial), saying that although he was accused of beating up his ex-girlfriend, the incident was not caught on camera, XXXTentacion had not been found guilty, and that he was arguably having a major influence on his generation. |  |
| 2018 | Lil Skies | On Instagram Live, he explained that he respectfully declined due to *XXL* apparently telling him that he would be the 10th Spot Freshman before the voting process even began. Although he respected some decisions made on the 2018 list, he claims that the list was mostly rigged. |  |
| | Rich the Kid | He "happily declined" after hearing that the reason *XXL* asked him to be on it was because Lil Skies declined the offer. |  |
| 2019 | Juice Wrld | Respectfully declined. |  |
| | Benny the Butcher | He was asked by Jay-Z to not accept because Jay thought declining would be for the better. |  |
| 2020 | Pop Smoke | Pop Smoke agreed to be on the cover but he died before he could attend the shoot. *XXL* originally planned to add him on the cover to honor him, but Pop Smoke's team asked them not to do so. Although *XXL* was not able to add him on the cover, they were able to add an unreleased interview to honor him in the issue. |  |
| | Don Toliver | Don Toliver only wanted to be on the cover and did not want to take part in other aspects of the list, such as the freestyles and cyphers. |  |
| | Lil Tecca | Respectfully declined. |  |
| 2021 | $not | Respectfully declined because he felt like other artists needed it more. |  |
| | Kenny Mason | Respectfully declined. |  |
| 2022 | Ken Carson | Declined the list because Destroy Lonely could not be added. |  |
| | Yeat | Respectfully declined. |  |
| 2023 | Ice Spice | Schedule was too slim. |  |

## Notes

1. Pronounced "double X L".
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## InfoBox

*XXL*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founders | * Aidan James Michael Luna * O'Neal Anthony Josiah * Xzander B. |
| Staff writers | Ayabulela Tshofela |
| Categories | Music magazine |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Townsquare Media |
| Founded | 1997 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | New York City |
| Language | English |
| Website | xxlmag.com |
| ISSN | 1093-0647 |


title: Nei Tituaabine

abstract: Nei Tituaabine, is a red-haired maiden with eyes bright as lighting in Micronesian mythology, specifically in Kiribati. Her appearance in mythology is heralded by a flash of lightning. She fell in love with the giant, red-haired chief, Auriaria, but they had no children. After her death, three trees grew from her grave: a coconut from her head, a pandanus from her heels, and an almond from her navel. She became a tree goddess.

text:
# Nei Tituaabine

**Nei Tituaabine**, is a red-haired maiden with eyes bright as lighting in Micronesian mythology, specifically in Kiribati. Her appearance in mythology is heralded by a flash of lightning.

She fell in love with the giant, red-haired chief, Auriaria, but they had no children. After her death, three trees grew from her grave: a coconut from her head, a pandanus from her heels, and an almond from her navel. She became a tree goddess.


title: Sheelah

abstract: Sheelah is a Swedish girl group originally launched in 2006 with members Frida Karlsson, Emma Lewin and Emilie Rosén and later Sara Li in 2009 as a replacement for Frida when she left Caracola. As of 2014, Caracola was relaunched with members Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson. They sing in harmonies as well as in chorus, and the style of their music varies between schlager pop and Ibiza-style trance, but a dance element is usually present. The name was changed from Caracola to Sheelah in 2009, after a disagreement with their earlier record label, who had the rights to the name Caracola. Singer Sara Li left the group in 2010 to focus on her solo career. Sheelah disbanded in 2011. In January 2014, Caracola was relaunched with Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson. Caracola attained a number of Top 10 singles in Sweden, with "Överallt" (2006), "Sommarnatt" (2006), "Glömmer bort mig" (2006), "Mango Nights" (2007) and "Smiling in Love" (2008). On 23 February 2008, they participated in the third semi-final of Melodifestivalen 2008 with the song "Smiling in Love". After finishing within the top half of their semi-final but not within the top-quarter, they got through to the round called 'Andra Chansen' on 8 March, but lost in a head-to-head vote against Ola's "Love in Stereo". Nonetheless, "Smiling in Love" went on to become one of their greatest hits in the Swedish singles chart, spending significantly more weeks on the Swedish singles chart than any other hit of theirs to date, outlasting nearly all of the Melodifestivalen entries that reached the final of the competition, and notably spending twice as many weeks in the Swedish Top 25 as Ola's song, which managed only seven, of which one in the Top 10. Caracola have released albums in both Swedish and English, but these have been less successful than their singles so far, their first "Caracola" (2006) peaking at No. 34 and spending just two weeks on the Swedish album chart, their second "Love Alive" (2007) peaking at No. 43 in its sole week on the chart, and their third "This is Caracola" (2008) peaking at No. 24 though enjoying a total of nine weeks in the Top 50 albums chart. At the beginning of 2009, Frida left Caracola for unknown reasons and was replaced by Sara Li. Later in 2009, after issues with their record label, they stopped as Caracola and left the label, leaving them unable to use their old Caracola name anymore. They changed their name to Sheelah and began working on their new album with an edgier pop/dance sound. They continued to tour around Sweden as Sheelah, performing a mixture of Caracola songs and covers. Sometime during 2010, Sara Li left Sheelah to focus on her solo career and Sheelah continued as a duo with Emma and Emelie. Later in 2010, Sheelah released their new song called "Psycho". In 2011, they returned with a new single called "The Last Time", with a promotional music video being shot and uploaded on YouTube. Sadly, in fall 2011, Emma decided to leave Sheelah to pursue a solo career. She has not been replaced yet and nothing has been heard from Sheelah since Emma's departure, leaving fans to believe Sheelah is either on break or disbanded. As of 2012, Emma Lewin is now a solo artist under her own name. She released her first song online with a music video called "No Excuses", which has a dance/pop sound close to their Sheelah material. She is currently in the recording process of her debut album. In January 2014, it was revealed that Caracola would be relaunched with three new members, Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson. The group began touring around Sweden, performing Caracola hits like "Smiling In Love", "Mango Nights" and "Sommernatt" and also a mixture of cover songs. Caracola also started recording a new single, due for a release in 2014, however, activities with the new line-up stopped in April 2014 and updates on their official pages stopped as well. Recently, their Twitter account @caracolaofficial was taken offline. Their Facebook banner also removed the photo of the new line-up and replaced it with a photo of the Caracola logo. In 2015, it has been confirmed with members of the recent line-up that they are no longer in Caracola, however, a member hinted that Caracola itself hasn't ended. It is unknown if the label has any further plans for Caracola, as no official word from the label about their activities have been announced.

text:
# Sheelah

**Sheelah** (formerly known as **Caracola**) is a Swedish girl group originally launched in 2006 with members Frida Karlsson, Emma Lewin and Emilie Rosén and later Sara Li in 2009 as a replacement for Frida when she left Caracola. As of 2014, Caracola was relaunched with members Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson. They sing in harmonies as well as in chorus, and the style of their music varies between schlager pop and Ibiza-style trance, but a dance element is usually present. The name was changed from Caracola to Sheelah in 2009, after a disagreement with their earlier record label, who had the rights to the name Caracola. Singer Sara Li left the group in 2010 to focus on her solo career.

Sheelah disbanded in 2011. In January 2014, Caracola was relaunched with Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson.

Caracola attained a number of Top 10 singles in Sweden, with "Överallt" (2006), "Sommarnatt" (2006), "Glömmer bort mig" (2006), "Mango Nights" (2007) and "Smiling in Love" (2008).

On 23 February 2008, they participated in the third semi-final of Melodifestivalen 2008 with the song "Smiling in Love". After finishing within the top half of their semi-final but not within the top-quarter, they got through to the round called 'Andra Chansen' ('Second Chance') on 8 March, but lost in a head-to-head vote against Ola's "Love in Stereo". Nonetheless, "Smiling in Love" went on to become one of their greatest hits in the Swedish singles chart, spending significantly more weeks on the Swedish singles chart than any other hit of theirs to date, outlasting nearly all of the Melodifestivalen entries that reached the final of the competition, and notably spending twice as many weeks in the Swedish Top 25 as Ola's song, which managed only seven, of which one in the Top 10.

Caracola have released albums in both Swedish and English, but these have been less successful than their singles so far, their first "Caracola" (2006) peaking at No. 34 and spending just two weeks on the Swedish album chart, their second "Love Alive" (2007) peaking at No. 43 in its sole week on the chart, and their third "This is Caracola" (2008) peaking at No. 24 though enjoying a total of nine weeks in the Top 50 albums chart.

At the beginning of 2009, Frida left Caracola for unknown reasons and was replaced by Sara Li. Later in 2009, after issues with their record label, they stopped as Caracola and left the label, leaving them unable to use their old Caracola name anymore. They changed their name to Sheelah and began working on their new album with an edgier pop/dance sound. They continued to tour around Sweden as Sheelah, performing a mixture of Caracola songs and covers. Sometime during 2010, Sara Li left Sheelah to focus on her solo career and Sheelah continued as a duo with Emma and Emelie.

Later in 2010, Sheelah released their new song called "Psycho". In 2011, they returned with a new single called "The Last Time", with a promotional music video being shot and uploaded on YouTube. Sadly, in fall 2011, Emma decided to leave Sheelah to pursue a solo career. She has not been replaced yet and nothing has been heard from Sheelah since Emma's departure, leaving fans to believe Sheelah is either on break or disbanded.

As of 2012, Emma Lewin is now a solo artist under her own name. She released her first song online with a music video called "No Excuses", which has a dance/pop sound close to their Sheelah material. She is currently in the recording process of her debut album.

In January 2014, it was revealed that Caracola would be relaunched with three new members, Vendela Hollström, Ebba Knutsson and Sannah Johansson. The group began touring around Sweden, performing Caracola hits like "Smiling In Love", "Mango Nights" and "Sommernatt" and also a mixture of cover songs. Caracola also started recording a new single, due for a release in 2014, however, activities with the new line-up stopped in April 2014 and updates on their official pages stopped as well.

Recently, their Twitter account @caracolaofficial was taken offline. Their Facebook banner also removed the photo of the new line-up and replaced it with a photo of the Caracola logo. In 2015, it has been confirmed with members of the recent line-up that they are no longer in Caracola, however, a member hinted that Caracola itself hasn't ended. It is unknown if the label has any further plans for Caracola, as no official word from the label about their activities have been announced.

## Discography

* *Caracola* (2006)
* *Love Alive* (2007)
* *This Is Caracola* (2008)

*
*

## InfoBox

| Sheelah | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheelah in 2008; from left to right: Frida Karlsson, Emelie Rosén and Emma Lewin | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Caracola (2005–2009) |
| Origin | Sweden |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | * 2005–2009 * 2014–present |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: Listed buildings in Fisherwick

text:
# Listed buildings in Fisherwick

Fisherwick is a civil parish in the district of Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. The parish contains seven listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish is entirely rural, without any significant settlements. The listed buildings consist of three farmhouses and associated structures, a bridge over the River Tame, two bridges over the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, and the gate piers on the drive of a house that has been demolished.

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elford Bridge West
52°41′12″N 1°43′07″W / 52.68654°N 1.71853°W / 52.68654; -1.71853 (Elford Bridge West) |  | 16th century | The bridge carries a road across the former course of the River Tame. It is in red brick and stone, and consists of seven semicircular arches, the middle arch the largest. The bridge contains a parapet band, a plain parapet, and cutwaters rising to form buttresses, those flanking the middle arch becoming refuges. |
| Tamhorn Park Farmhouse
52°39′45″N 1°44′01″W / 52.66243°N 1.73354°W / 52.66243; -1.73354 (Tamhorn Park Farmhouse) |  | Early 18th century | The farmhouse was extended to the rear in the 19th century. It is in red brick with hipped tile roofs. The main block has two storeys and an attic on a sandstone plinth, and a continuous storey band, five bays, and a central doorway with a rectangular fanlight. The windows are sashes with segmental heads, and there are three gabled dormers with hipped roofs. The rear wing and extension have two storeys, a double eaves band, three bays, and casement windows with segmental heads. |
| Woodhouse Farmhouse and wall
52°41′13″N 1°44′53″W / 52.68682°N 1.74815°W / 52.68682; -1.74815 (Woodhouse Farmhouse) |  | Early 18th century | A red brick farmhouse with a storey band and a tile roof, two storeys and an attic, four bays, and a rear wing. The windows are casements with segmental heads. Attached to each end of the house is a wall dating from the late 18th century that encloses a former garden to the south and west. |
| Fisherwick Hall Farmhouse, coach house and stable block
52°41′09″N 1°44′38″W / 52.68594°N 1.74385°W / 52.68594; -1.74385 (Fisherwick Hall Farmhouse) |  | c. 1770 | The buildings, which were designed by Capability Brown, are in red brick on a stone plinth, with sill bands, an eaves cornice, and slate roofs. They have two storeys, and form roughly a Z-shaped plan. The farmhouse has six bays, the middle two bays projecting under a pediment. The windows are sashes with keystones, and the door and windows in the middle two bays are set in semicircular arches. The coach house has nine bays, the middle bay projecting under a pediment. In the centre is a carriage entrance in a semicircular-headed arch containing a lunette, and the outer bays contain semicircular carriage arches. The stable range has ten bays, blocked semicircular arches in the ground floor, and square loft openings above. |
| Tamhorn Farm Bridge
52°39′54″N 1°44′12″W / 52.66513°N 1.73674°W / 52.66513; -1.73674 (Tamhorn Farm Bridge) |  | 1780s | An accommodation bridge over the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, it is in lime-washed brick, and consists of a single segmental arch. The bridge has a plain stone coped parapet and square end piers. |
| Tamhorn House Bridge
52°39′43″N 1°44′06″W / 52.66190°N 1.73497°W / 52.66190; -1.73497 (Tamhorn House Bridge) |  | 1780s | An accommodation bridge over the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, it is in lime-washed red brick with blue brick copings. It consists of a single segmental arch with a plain parapet. |
| Pair of gate piers at N.G.R. SK 17400827
52°40′13″N 1°44′40″W / 52.67029°N 1.74448°W / 52.67029; -1.74448 (Pair of gate piers at N.G.R. SK 17400827) |  | Early 19th century | The gate piers flank the entrance to the drive of the former Fisherwick Hall, now demolished. They are in stone with a square plan, and have round-headed niches on the front and rear. Each pier has a moulded cornice, a frieze with carved coronets, and pilaster strips on the inner sides. |
|

### Citations

### Sources

* Historic England, "Elford Bridge West, Fisherwick (1038905)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, "Tamhorn Park Farmhouse, Fisherwick (1180228)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, "Woodhouse Farmhouse and attached garden wall, Fisherwick (1038906)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, "Fisherwick Hall Farmhouse and attached former coach house and stable block, Fisherwick (1295020)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, "Birmingham and Fazeley Canal Tamhorn Farm Bridge, Fisherwick (1374243)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, "Tamhorn House Canal Bridge, Fisherwick (1466433)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 November 2019
* Historic England, "Pair of gate piers at N.G.R. SK 17400827, Fisherwick (1180258)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 31 July 2019
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 31 July 2019


title: 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade

abstract: The 195th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army raised during the Great War. The brigade was part of the Territorial Force and created as a 2nd Line of the 156th Brigade and part of the 65th Division, itself formed as a 2nd Line of the 52nd (Lowland) Division. The brigade was initially composed of four battalions of the Cameronians.

text:
# 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade

The **195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade** was an infantry brigade of the British Army raised during the Great War. The brigade was part of the Territorial Force and created as a 2nd Line of the 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade and part of the 65th (2nd Lowland) Division, itself formed as a 2nd Line of the 52nd (Lowland) Division. The brigade was initially composed of four battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).

## Origin

The units and formations of the Territorial Force were mobilised on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914. Almost immediately, they were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form them into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. The large numbers of volunteers coming forward were assigned to these 2nd Line units for training. Later, the Home Service men were separated into provisional units, while the 2nd Line continued to train drafts for the 1st Line serving overseas.

## Order of battle

The brigade's initial organisation was as follows:

### Reorganisation

In November 1915 the units of 65th (2nd L) Division were reorganised into composite battalions and numbered sequentially. At this time 195th Bde was composed as follows:

### Later war

In January 1916 the composite battalions returned to their original regiments:

* 2/4th Bn Royal Scots – *disbanded August 1917*
* 2/9th Bn Royal Scots – *disbanded March 1918*
* 2/5th Bn Scottish Rifles – *disbanded May 1918*
* 2/6th Bn Scottish Rifles – *disbanded May 1918*
* 217th Graduated Bn, Training Reserve – *joined July 1917; became 51st (Graduated) Bn, King's (Liverpool Regiment) October 1917; to 68th Division March 1918*

## Service

The brigade was formed in January 1915, but progressive training of the 2nd Line units was hampered by the need to provide frequent reinforcement drafts to the 1st Line, by the lack of up-to-date arms and equipment, and the reorganisation when Home Service men were drafted to separate units. By August 195, 65th (2nd L) Division had concentrated round Bridge of Allan, with 195th Bde at Cambusbarron, where it remained until March 1916. In that month the division moved to Essex, where it joined Southern Army (Home Forces), with 195th Bde at Billericay, later at Witham and Terling.

Early in 1917 the division was sent to Ireland to relieve 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which had been based there since the Easter Rising of 1916. 195th Brigade was dispersed to Fermoy, Tralee, Limerick, Moore Park and Kilworth.

65th (2nd Lowland) Division and its brigades were disbanded on 18 March 1918.

## Commanders

The following officers commanded the brigade:

* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,* London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
* Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail

## InfoBox

| 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1915-1918 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Territorial Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 65th (2nd Lowland) Division |
| Engagements | World War I |


title: Milorad Krivokapić (handballer)

abstract: Milorad Krivokapić is a Serbian-Hungarian handball player for Hungarian club Ceglédi KKSE.

text:
# Milorad Krivokapić (handballer)

**Milorad Krivokapić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Милорад Кривокапић; born 30 July 1980) is a Serbian-Hungarian handball player for Hungarian club Ceglédi KKSE.

## Career

Krivokapić started out at Jugović and helped the club win the EHF Challenge Cup in the 2000–01 season. He later moved abroad to Hungary and signed with Dunaferr in 2002. Three years later, Krivokapić switched to fellow Hungarian club Pick Szeged. He helped them win the national championship in the 2006–07 season. In 2010, Krivokapić moved to Slovenia and joined Koper. He would also spend three years in Israel, from 2014 to 2017, playing for Maccabi Rishon LeZion, Hapoel Rishon LeZion and Hapoel Ashdod.

At international level, Krivokapić represented Serbia and Montenegro in three major tournaments. He later switched allegiance to Hungary, making his major debut at the 2010 European Men's Handball Championship.

## Personal life

Krivokapić is the younger brother of fellow handball player Marko Krivokapić.

## Honours

Jugović Pick Szeged Koper

## InfoBox

| Milorad Krivokapić | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Milorad Krivokapić | | |
| Born | (1980-07-30) 30 July 1980
Senta, SR Serbia,
SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Nationality | Serbian / Hungarian | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Playing position | Right back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Ceglédi KKSE | | |
| Number | 13 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1996–2002 | Jugović | | |
| 2002–2005 | Dunaferr | | |
| 2005–2010 | Pick Szeged | | |
| 2010–2013 | Koper | | |
| 2013 | Al Rayyan | | |
| 2013–2014 | Tatabánya | | |
| 2014–2015 | Maccabi Rishon LeZion | | |
| 2015–2016 | Hapoel Rishon LeZion | | |
| 2016–2017 | Hapoel Ashdod | | |
| 2017–2018 | Székelyudvarhelyi KC | | |
| 2018–2019 | Gyöngyösi KK | | |
| 2019– | Ceglédi KKSE | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
| 2004–2006 | Serbia and Montenegro |
| 2010–2013 | Hungary |


title: Özeren, Çine

abstract: Özeren is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çine, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 95 (2022).

text:
# Özeren, Çine

**Özeren** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çine, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 95 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Özeren | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| ÖzerenLocation in TurkeyÖzerenÖzeren (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 37°42′N 27°59′E / 37.700°N 27.983°E / 37.700; 27.983 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Aydın |
| District | Çine |
| Population (2022) | 95 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Neozealandia

abstract: Neozealandia is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975.

text:
# Neozealandia

**Neozealandia** is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975.

## Concept

Neozealandia consists primarily of the major islands of New Zealand, including North Island and South Island, as well as Chatham Island. The southernmost areas of Neozealandia overlap with the Insulantarctica province, which includes the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands.

Both New Zealand and the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands are remnants of a submerged subcontinent known as Zealandia, which gradually submerged itself beneath the sea after breaking off from the Gondwanan land masses of Antarctica and Australia. Due to isolation, the entire Zealandia archipelago has remained virtually free of mammals (except for bats and a few others) and invasive alien species. Since only very few mammals and other alien species have actually colonized the islands of the Neozealandia province over the millions of years, the flora and fauna on most of the islands, including those of New Zealand itself, have remained almost exactly the same as they were when the original Gondwana supercontinent existed.

A couple of tuatara species survive in small numbers on small islets adjacent to New Zealand. Also, New Zealand has vestiges of ancient temperate rain forests with plant species, such as giant club mosses, tree ferns and *Nothofagus* trees, dating from the time when the Zealandia subcontinent split off from Gondwana. New Zealand grasslands are dominated by vast spreadings of tussock grass fed upon by the native ground parrots. Most of New Zealand's few mammals are like those frequenting Antarctic shores.


title: Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Award for Music

abstract: Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Award for Music is a prestigious music award given annually by the Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Society and approved by the Nagaland Board of School Education (NBSE). The award is named after the late Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou for his tremendous contribution to the growth of music in Nagaland. It was instituted in 2009 and is an annual recognition given to the HSLC subject topper in Music under NBSE. This award carries a citation and cash money of ₹15,000. Cash money was revised to ₹25,000 in 2020.

text:
# Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Award for Music

**Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Award for Music** is a prestigious music award given annually by the Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Society and approved by the Nagaland Board of School Education (NBSE). The award is named after the late Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou for his tremendous contribution to the growth of music in Nagaland. It was instituted in 2009 and is an annual recognition given to the HSLC subject topper in Music under NBSE. This award carries a citation and cash money of 15,000 (Fifteen thousand Indian Rupees). Cash money was revised to 25,000 (Twenty Five thousand Indian Rupees) in 2020.

## Award recipients

| Name | School | Percentage | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Sesino Savino | Northfield School, Kohima | 92% | 2009 |
| Tingneineng Vaiphei | Pilgrim School, Dimapur | 93% | 2010 |
| Zekope-ü Sekhamo | G. Rio School, Kohima | 94% | 2011 |
| Angel Ngüllie | Pilgrim School, Dimapur | 98% | 2012 |
| Bozio Nienü | Baptist High, Kohima | 98% | 2013 |
| Kezekevinuo Lydia Üsou | Christian Higher Secondary School, Dimapur | 100% | 2014 |
| Neizelhounuo Süokhrie | Northfield School, Kohima | 97% | 2015† |
| Petenei Tacü | The Vineyard School, Kohima | | |
| Vivikali K. Yeptho | Immanuel Higher Secondary School, Zünheboto | | |
| Atounuo Rütsa | Christian Higher Secondary School, Dimapur | | |
| Pelelhounuo Kuotsü | Christian Higher Secondary School, Dimapur | | |
| Emtili Aier | Northfield School, Kohima | 99% | 2016 |
| Neingusalie Yano | Northfield School, Kohima | 100% | 2017 |
| Mengubeinuo Solo | Northfield School, Kohima | 95% | 2018† |
| Lhuvi Khate | Holy Cross Hr. Sec. School, Dimapur | | |
| Thuisemla Shanglai | Patkai Hr. Sec. School, Chümoukedima | | |
| Zhapusenuo Zuyie | Baptist High, Kohima | 98% | 2019 |
| Ketuseno Meyase | Northfield School, Kohima | 99% | 2020 |
| Yimlimongla Pongen | The Vineyard School, Kohima | 99% | 2021 |

*Multiple subject toppers in that year. All recipients are awarded 15,000 (revised to 25,000 in 2020) along with citation and memento.*

## InfoBox

| Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Award for Music | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Awarded to HSLC subject topper in Music under NBSE. |
| Sponsored by | Rev. Dr. Neiliezhü Üsou Memorial Society |
| Reward(s) | 25,000 (Twenty Five thousand INR) |
| First awarded | 2009 |
| Last awarded | 2021 |
| Highlights | |
| Total awarded | 19 |
| First winner | Sesino Savino |
| Last winner(s) | Yimlimongla Pongen |


title: Óscar Álvarez (footballer, born 1902)

abstract: Óscar Álvarez González was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Real Oviedo. He later worked as a manager. He was also a member of the Spanish football squad that competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.

text:
# Óscar Álvarez (footballer, born 1902)

**Óscar Álvarez González** (1 May 1902 – 11 June 1972) was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Real Oviedo. He later worked as a manager. He was also a member of the Spanish football squad that competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.

## Club career

Born in Oviedo, Óscar started his football career in his hometown club Stadium Ovetense, where he began playing as a goalkeeper by chance, replacing a teammate who had been injured during a match, and he soon demonstrates great qualities that made him stand out between the posts. In 1926, he was one of the main promoters of the merger between Stadium and the neighboring club Deportivo Oviedo, which resulted in the birth of Real Oviedo.

Óscar was named the club's first-ever captain and he defended the Real Oviedo shirt from the first day of its existence until the Spanish Civil War interrupted football competitions in 1936. During this period, he recovered in 1930 from a broken collarbone that threatened the end of his football career. In total, he played 198 official matches; 103 in the League, 3 in promotion matches, 30 in the Copa del Rey, and 62 in the Regional Championship.

At the end of the war he was imprisoned and later released for having clearly positioned himself in favor of the republic.

## International career

Being a Real Oviedo player, Óscar was eligible to play for the Asturias team, being one of the eleven footballers that played in the team's first-ever game on 4 June 1922, in a friendly against St Mirren F.C., which ended in a 3–7 loss. The regional Asturian team then played seven official games between 1922 and 1926 in the Prince of Asturias Cup, winning the 1922–23 edition, largely thanks to Óscar's heroic performances in the semifinals, keeping a clean-sheet in a 1–1 win over Catalonia, which was mostly made-up of players of the so-called golden generation of FC Barcelona, such as Ricardo Zamora, Vicente Martínez, and Josep Samitier. In the final on 25 February 1923, he started in a 3–1 victory over Galicia at Coia.

Óscar was a member of the Spanish football squad that competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. In total, he was called up for the national team 11 times, 9 being a Stadium player and 2 as an Oviedo player, but he was unable to make his debut because of the great competition that there was for the goalkeeping position, where mainly Ricardo Zamora blocked his way.

## Managerial career

Óscar began his managerial career at the helm of Racing de Ferrol, which he coached in 1940–41. In July 1941, he took charge of Real Oviedo, replacing Cristóbal Martí to become the club's 10th coach, a position that he held for only a year until 1942, when he was replaced by Manuel Meana. After another one-season stint at Real Avilés CF (1943–44), he gave up from coaching, but eventually returned following a 7-year hiatus to take charge of another Asturian team in the Segunda Division, Caudal Deportivo, and this time he lasted two seasons. He then returned to Real Avilés in 1954, and then to Real Oviedo in July 1955, but left in October after only three months at the helm of the club. His last season as coach was in 1957–58 with CP La Felguera.

## Honours

Asturias XI

## InfoBox

Óscar Álvarez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Óscar Álvarez González | | |
| Date of birth | (1902-05-01)1 May 1902 | | |
| Place of birth | Oviedo, Asturias, Spain | | |
| Date of death | 11 June 1972(1972-06-11) (aged 70) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1924–1926 | Stadium Ovetense |  |  |
| 1927–1936 | Real Oviedo |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1922–1923 | Asturias | 7 | (0) |
| 1924 | Spain | 0 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1940–1941 | Racing de Ferrol | | |
| 1941–1942 | Real Oviedo | | |
| 1943–1944 | Real Avilés CF | | |
| 1951–1953 | Caudal Deportivo | | |
| 1954–1955 | Real Avilés CF | | |
| 1955–1956 | Real Oviedo | | |
| 1957–1958 | CP La Felguera | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Óskar Jónasson

abstract: Óskar Jónasson is an Icelandic film director and screenwriter. His film Remote Control was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. His most recent film Reykjavík-Rotterdam won four Edda Awards including Director of the Year and Best Screenplay.

text:
# Óskar Jónasson

**Óskar Jónasson** (born 30 June 1963) is an Icelandic film director and screenwriter. His film *Remote Control* was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. His most recent film *Reykjavík-Rotterdam* won four Edda Awards including Director of the Year and Best Screenplay.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Óskar Jónasson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-06-30) 30 June 1963<br>Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, screenwriter |
| Awards | Edda Award for Best Director |


title: Ćesim

abstract: Ćesim is a village in the municipalities of Konjic and Nevesinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Ćesim

**Ćesim** (Cyrillic: Ћесим) is a village in the municipalities of Konjic and Nevesinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 5, all Serbs in the Nevesinje municipality.

## InfoBox

| Ćesim Ћесим | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ćesim | |
| Coordinates: 43°29′N 18°03′E / 43.483°N 18.050°E / 43.483; 18.050 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska |
| Canton | Herzegovina-Neretva |
| Municipality | Konjic
Nevesinje |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.22 km2 (3.56 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 5 |
| Density | 0.54/km2 (1.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nepal Engineering Council

abstract: Nepal Engineering Council (NEC) is an autonomous government body formed on 11 March 1999 under The Nepal Engineering Council Act. The council was established in order to mobilize the engineering profession in a systematic and scientific manner by making it effective, as well as to make provision for, among other matters, the registration of the names of engineers as per their qualifications. The council used to register engineers based on academic certificates until 2022. An amendment bill was registered in the parliament in June 2019 and was passed in August 2022 which makes mandatory to take exams from the council to get license. As of 2022, there are 37 engineering field for which license are issued.

text:
# Nepal Engineering Council

**Nepal Engineering Council** (NEC) is an autonomous government body formed on 11 March 1999 under The Nepal Engineering Council Act. The council was established in order to mobilize the engineering profession in a systematic and scientific manner by making it effective, as well as to make provision for, among other matters, the registration of the names of engineers as per their qualifications.

The council used to register engineers based on academic certificates until 2022. An amendment bill was registered in the parliament in June 2019 and was passed in August 2022 which makes mandatory to take exams from the council to get license. As of 2022, there are 37 engineering field for which license are issued.

## Councilors

Nepal Engineering Council has 21 Councilors as follows:

1. Chairman appointed by the government of Nepal
2. Vice Chairman appointed by the government of Nepal
3. Seven engineers(from each province) with minimum of 3 ladies appointed by the government of Nepal
4. President of Nepal Engineers Association
5. Five engineers elected from Nepal Engineering Association
6. One representative from Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
7. One campus chief from various engineering colleges
8. Registrar
9. Two members(Minimum 1 lady) elected by the council
10. One teacher from any engineering certified university to be nominated by Government of Nepal

## Jurisdiction of Council

* Licensing (Registration) of Engineers
* Accreditation of certificates of academic qualifications
* Recognition of the academic institutions
* Professional code of conduct

## Registration Category

The council has provision to register Engineers in three categories:

1. General Engineer ( Category - A )
2. Professional Engineer ( Category - B )
3. Foreign Engineer ( Category - C )

## InfoBox

Nepal Engineering Council
| नेपाल ईन्जिनियरिङ परिषद | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Formation | March 11, 1999 (1999-03-11) |
| Founder | His Majesty's Government of Nepal |
| Type | Government |
| Purpose | Regulation of engineering practice in Nepal |
| Headquarters | Minbhawan, Kathmandu |
| Coordinates | 27°41′15″N 85°20′25″E / 27.6875209°N 85.3403958°E / 27.6875209; 85.3403958 |
| Website | https://nec.gov.np/ |


title: × Arctodupontia

abstract: × Arctodupontia is a nothogenus of Arctic and Subarctic plants in the grass family. The only known nothospecies is × Arctodupontia scleroclada, found in the colder regions of Eurasia and North America. It is believed to have originated as a hybrid of two other arctic grasses: Arctophila fulva × Dupontia fisheri.

text:
# × Arctodupontia

**× *Arctodupontia*** is a nothogenus of Arctic and Subarctic plants in the grass family. The only known nothospecies is **× *Arctodupontia scleroclada***, found in the colder regions of Eurasia and North America (Nunavut, Svalbard, Magadan, northern European Russia). It is believed to have originated as a hybrid of two other arctic grasses: *Arctophila fulva × Dupontia fisheri*.

## InfoBox

| *× Arctodupontia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Supertribe: | Poodae |
| Tribe: | Poeae |
| Genus: | *× Arctodupontia*
Tzvelev |
| Species: | ***× A. scleroclada*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***× Arctodupontia scleroclada***
(Rupr.) Tzvelev | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dupontia × scleroclada* (Rupr.) Rupr. * *Poa × scleroclada* Rupr. | |


title: × Astrolista

abstract: × Astrolista is a nothogenus of naturally occurring inter-generic hybrids in the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa.

text:
# × Astrolista

**× *Astrolista*** (from *Astroloba* and *Tulista*) is a nothogenus of naturally occurring inter-generic hybrids in the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa.

## Species

The nothogenus only contains one species **× *Astrolista bicarinata***, which is a commonly occurring and extremely variable natural hybrid between *Tulista pumila* and *Astroloba corrugata* that occurs where their natural distribution ranges overlap in the far western corner of the Little Karoo, South Africa.

Media related to × Astrolista at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to × Astrolista at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *× Astrolista* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ×*Astrolista bicarinata* in cultivation | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *× Astrolista*
Molteno & Figueiredo 2017 |
| Species: | ***× A. bicarinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***× Astrolista bicarinata***
(Haw.) Molteno & Figueiredo | |
|


title: × Bakerara

abstract: × Bakerara, abbreviated Bak. in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus for intergeneric hybrids between the orchid genera Brassia, Miltonia, Oncidium and Odontoglossum.

text:
# × Bakerara

**× *Bakerara***, abbreviated **Bak.** in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus for intergeneric hybrids between the orchid genera *Brassia*, *Miltonia*, *Oncidium* and *Odontoglossum* (Brs. x Milt. x Odm. x Onc.).

## InfoBox

| × *Bakerara* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Cymbidieae |
| Subtribe: | Oncidiinae |
| Genus: | **× *Bakerara***<br>hort. |
|


title: Neoregelia doeringiana

abstract: Neoregelia doeringiana is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia doeringiana

***Neoregelia doeringiana*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia doeringiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. doeringiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia doeringiana***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: Neoregelia guttata

abstract: Neoregelia guttata is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia guttata

***Neoregelia guttata*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia guttata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. guttata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia guttata***<br>Leme | |
|