title: White matter

abstract: White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions. White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin. However, the tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish-white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde.

text:
# White matter

**White matter** refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.

White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin. However, the tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish-white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde.

## Structure

### White matter

White matter is composed of bundles, which connect various grey matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other, and carry nerve impulses between neurons. Myelin acts as an insulator, which allows electrical signals to jump, rather than coursing through the axon, increasing the speed of transmission of all nerve signals.

The total number of long range fibers within a cerebral hemisphere is 2% of the total number of cortico-cortical fibers (across cortical areas) and is roughly the same number as those that communicate between the two hemispheres in the brain's largest white tissue structure, the corpus callosum. Schüz and Braitenberg note "As a rough rule, the number of fibres of a certain range of lengths is inversely proportional to their length."

The proportion of blood vessels in the white matter in nonelderly adults is 1.7–3.6%.

### Grey matter

The other main component of the brain is grey matter (actually pinkish tan due to blood capillaries), which is composed of neurons. The substantia nigra is a third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas. Note that white matter can sometimes appear darker than grey matter on a microscope slide because of the type of stain used. Cerebral and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, neural cell bodies, or shorter axons, which can only be found in grey matter.

### Location

White matter forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord. Aggregates of grey matter such as the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens) and brainstem nuclei (red nucleus, cranial nerve nuclei) are spread within the cerebral white matter.

The cerebellum is structured in a similar manner as the cerebrum, with a superficial mantle of cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar white matter (called the "arbor vitae") and aggregates of grey matter surrounded by deep cerebellar white matter (dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, and fastigial nucleus). The fluid-filled cerebral ventricles (lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle) are also located deep within the cerebral white matter.

### Myelinated axon length

One small study found that men have more white matter than women both in volume and in length of myelinated axons, and that volume and length reduced with age. (This study only included 36 participants.) At the age of 20, the total length of myelinated fibers in men is 176,000 km while that of a woman is 149,000 km. There is a decline in total length with age of about 10% each decade such that a man at 80 years of age has 97,200 km and a woman 82,000 km. Most of this reduction is due to the loss of thinner fibers. However, this reduction may correlate with men having larger brains than women and with brain size reducing with age.

## Function

White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons). This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers, and acts as an electrical insulation. This is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place.

Unlike grey matter, which peaks in development in a person's twenties, the white matter continues to develop, and peaks in middle age.

## Research

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common of the inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system which affect white matter. In MS lesions, the myelin sheath around the axons is deteriorated by inflammation. Alcohol use disorders are associated with a decrease in white matter volume.

Amyloid plaques in white matter may be associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Other changes that commonly occur with age include the development of leukoaraiosis, which is a rarefaction of the white matter that can be correlated with a variety of conditions, including loss of myelin pallor, axonal loss, and diminished restrictive function of the blood–brain barrier.

There is also evidence that substance abuse may damage white matter microstructure, though prolonged abstinence may in certain cases reverse such white matter changes.

White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging are linked to several adverse outcomes, such as cognitive impairment and depression. White matter hyperintensities are often found in patients with vascular dementia, particularly with small vessel/subcortical subtypes of vascular dementia.

### Volume

Smaller volumes (in terms of group averages) of white matter might be associated with larger deficits in attention, declarative memory, executive functions, intelligence, and academic achievement. However, volume change is continuous throughout one's lifetime due to neuroplasticity, and is a contributing factor rather than determinant factor of certain functional deficits due to compensating effects in other brain regions. The integrity of white matter declines due to aging. Nonetheless, regular aerobic exercise appears to either postpone the aging effect or in turn enhance the white matter integrity in the long run. Changes in white matter volume due to inflammation or injury may be a factor in the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.

## Imaging

The study of white matter has been advanced with the neuroimaging technique called diffusion tensor imaging where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scanners are used. As of 2007, more than 700 publications have been published on the subject.

A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task (e.g. juggling). The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes. Previously, many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites, which are not present in white matter. The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons. Or, gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change. A more recent DTI study by Sampaio-Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| White matter | |
| --- | --- |
| Micrograph showing white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image – lighter shade of pink) and grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (right of image – dark shade of pink). HPS stain. | |
| Human brain right dissected lateral view (anterior on the right), showing grey matter (the darker outer parts), and white matter (the inner and prominently whiter parts). | |
| Details | |
| Location | Central nervous system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *substantia alba* |
| MeSH | D066127 |
| TA98 | A14.1.00.009
A14.1.02.024
A14.1.02.201
A14.1.04.101
A14.1.05.102
A14.1.05.302
A14.1.06.201 |
| TA2 | 5366 |
| FMA | 83929 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: When Skies Are Grey...

abstract: Stardust is an album by bassist Ron Carter recorded in 2000 and originally released on the Japanese Somethin' Else label with a US release on Blue Note Records.

text:
# When Skies Are Grey...

***Stardust***  is an album by bassist Ron Carter recorded in 2000 and originally released on the Japanese Somethin' Else label with a US release on Blue Note Records.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

The AllMusic review by David R. Adler said "This beautiful, Latin-themed album by bass superpower Ron Carter almost can stand in as a Stephen Scott showcase, for the young pianist's verve and finesse are in evidence from start to finish. Carter reserves plenty of solo room (and a number of melody statements) for himself, however ... *When Skies Are Grey* contains nothing ambitious or wildly innovative -- just great, accessible music. Fans of Stephen Scott in particular can't miss with this one". On PopMatters, Simon Warner stated "Ultimately *When Skies Are Grey*, made in the shadow of Carter's wife's death, is a serious accomplishment". On All About Jazz, Michael Fortuna wrote "*When Skies Are Grey* is an impressive, unique mixture of two electrifying genres from one of jazz's most prolific bassists".

## Track listing

All compositions by Ron Carter except where noted

1. "Loose Change" – 7:08
2. "Bésame Mucho" (Consuelo Velázquez, Sunny Skylar) – 7:05
3. "Caminando" – 7:08
4. "Qué Pasa" – 5:30
5. "Corcovado" (Antônio Carlos Jobim) – 7:22
6. "Cubano Chant" (Ray Bryant) – 6:00
7. "Mi Tiempo" – 8:12

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| When Skies Are Grey... | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ron Carter | |
| Released | February 13, 2001 |
| Recorded | May 1, 2000 |
| Studio | Clinton Recording Studios, NYC |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 48:25 |
| Label | Somethin' Else
TOCJ-68049 |
| Producer | Ron Carter |
| Ron Carter chronology | |
| *Holiday In Rio*
(2000) ***When Skies Are Grey...***
(2001) *Dialogues*
(2000) | |


title: When Smokey Sings

abstract: "When Smokey Sings" is a song by English pop band ABC, released as the first single from their fourth studio album Alphabet City (1987). The lyrics and title of the song are a tribute to R&B and soul singer Smokey Robinson. In the United States, Robinson's single "One Heartbeat" and ABC's "When Smokey Sings" were ranked in the Billboard 100 pop chart simultaneously for several weeks, including the week ending 3 October 1987, in which both songs ranked in the top 10.

text:
# When Smokey Sings

"**When Smokey Sings**" is a song by English pop band ABC, released as the first single from their fourth studio album *Alphabet City* (1987). The lyrics and title of the song are a tribute to R&B and soul singer Smokey Robinson. In the United States, Robinson's single "One Heartbeat" and ABC's "When Smokey Sings" were ranked in the *Billboard* 100 pop chart simultaneously for several weeks, including the week ending 3 October 1987, in which both songs ranked in the top 10.

## Background

"When Smokey Sings" and its B-side "Chicago" also topped the *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song reached No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart and became ABC's second American top-10 hit, peaking at No. 5 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. There is a slight difference in the lyrics between the album and single version in the bridge of the song.

The album version contains references to "Luther," "Sly," "James" and "Marvin" (most likely referring to Luther Vandross, Sly Stone, James Brown and Marvin Gaye, respectively). In the single version, this is replaced by alternative lyrics, followed by a short saxophone solo.

The bassline of the song is an homage to Robinson's 1970 hit single with the Miracles "The Tears of a Clown." Robinson praised the song, saying, "Well, of course, that's a form of flattery, and I really appreciate it."

## Critical reception

Barry McIlheney of *Smash Hits* was critical of "When Smokey Sings", stating that "this isn't half as good as any of their older stuff" and that Smokey Robinson, to whom it was a tribute, "deserves a *lot* better than this".

## Track listings

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "When Smokey Sings" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by ABC | |
| from the album  *Alphabet City* | |
| B-side | "Chicago" |
| Released | 26 May 1987 (1987-05-26) |
| Studio | Marcus (London, England) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:22 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| ABC singles chronology | |
| "Ocean Blue"
(1986) "**When Smokey Sings**"
(1987) "The Night You Murdered Love"
(1987) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "When Smokey Sings" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Whitworth Community High School

abstract: Whitworth Community High School is a secondary school in the village of Whitworth, Rossendale, Lancashire. It is currently designated as "Good" by Ofsted in all categories.

text:
# Whitworth Community High School

**Whitworth Community High School** is a secondary school in the village of Whitworth, Rossendale, Lancashire. It is currently designated as "Good" by Ofsted in all categories.

## School ethos

Whitworth Community High School is a smaller high school with around 630 students on role. In their 2014 inspection report the Ofsted team found, "‘This is a school that values individuals, recognising that everyone is different but equal"

## Academic achievement

In 2017 73% of students achieved the new headline measure of at least the new GCSE grade 4 in both English and Maths, making Whitworth Community High School the most improved school in Lancashire on this measure.

## Inspection results

Whitworth Community High School is designated as ‘Good’ in all categories by Ofsted, following an inspection in December 2014.

Safeguarding was described as ‘exemplary’ by an Ofsted HMI team in December 2015.

## School leadership and staffing

Since 2024/25 the head of Whitworth Community High School has been A Oliver.

The senior leadership team comprises the head, a deputy, 4 assistant heads and the School Business Manager.

## InfoBox

| Whitworth Community High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Lancashire, OL12 8TS<br>England | |
| Coordinates | 53°23′31″N 2°06′15″W / 53.392004°N 2.104204°W / 53.392004; -2.104204 |
| Information | |
| Type | Community school |
| Motto | Climbing Higher |
| Local authority | Lancashire County Council |
| Department for Education URN | 119753 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Headteacher | A Oliver |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 11 to 16 |
| Enrolment | 626 |
| Capacity | 709 students |
| Website | http://www.wchs.co |


title: When the Enemy Is Tired

abstract: When the Enemy Is Tired is a 1968 novel by Russell Braddon.

text:
# When the Enemy Is Tired

***When the Enemy Is Tired*** is a 1968 novel by Russell Braddon.

## Plot

Colonel Anthony Russell, an officer in the Australian Army, is captured on a mission in China along with his squad of seven men. As the Chinese are excited by the possibilities of Russell defecting and broadcasting Communist propaganda, they assign Major Lim, a Chinese propaganda officer with a bitterness towards westerners – it is revealed later on that his parents were killed by a British soldier. Lim forces Russell to write his life story, in order to find out information that he will use in his efforts to brainwash him. In order to convince Russell he is serious, Lim drugs him into a sedated state, which makes Russell believe that he is witnessing the execution of his men. After it becomes clear that Russell will not broadcast and, following prompting by the Australian Government, Russell is sent back to Australia. As he leaves the plane he is intercepted by government officials and placed under arrest on suspicion of being a Communist spy. It is revealed that while he was a prisoner in China, he was subconsciously taught Russian; as a result of this, further suspicion falls on him. The book ends with the officials telling Russell to write his life story.

## Characters

Colonel Anthony Russell, the book's protagonist, was incarcerated in Changi Prison in the second world war and was prompted to join the Australian Army in the 70s after the death of his son in Vietnam.

Major Lim – Officer in the Chinese Army, he claims to have been educated in Australia.


title: White Brotherhood (disambiguation)

abstract:
White Brotherhood is an urban society in Toulouse, France, established in 1211. White Brotherhood may refer to:
  - Great White Brotherhood, belief systems akin to Theosophy and New Age, pioneered in the late eighteenth century by Karl von Eckartshausen
  - Universal White Brotherhood, a New Age-oriented religious movement founded in Bulgaria in the early 20th century by Peter Deunov
  - White Brotherhood, a branch of the Ku Klux Klan; see Wyatt Outlaw

text:
# White Brotherhood (disambiguation)

**White Brotherhood** is an urban society (or militia) in Toulouse, France, established in 1211.

**White Brotherhood** may refer to:

* Great White Brotherhood, belief systems akin to Theosophy and New Age, pioneered in the late eighteenth century by Karl von Eckartshausen
* Universal White Brotherhood, a New Age-oriented religious movement founded in Bulgaria in the early 20th century by Peter Deunov
* White Brotherhood, a branch of the Ku Klux Klan; see Wyatt Outlaw

* Marina Tsvigun, co-founder of the New Community of Enlightened Humanity, also known as the White Brotherhood


title: White Building, London

abstract: The White Building was an arts centre in London, England. It was designed by David Kohn Architects, in collaboration with Exploration Architects. It was developed in partnership with the London Legacy Development Corporation, as a key part of the arts led strategy for the legacy of the Olympic Park and surrounding area and it was occupied by Space studios from 2012 until its closure in 2017.

text:
# White Building, London

The **White Building** was an arts centre in London, England. It was designed by David Kohn Architects, in collaboration with Exploration Architects. It was developed in partnership with the London Legacy Development Corporation, as a key part of the arts led strategy for the legacy of the Olympic Park and surrounding area and it was occupied by Space studios from 2012 until its closure in 2017.

## InfoBox

| The White Building | |
| --- | --- |
| The White Building | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 51°32′34.3″N 0°1′19.33″W / 51.542861°N 0.0220361°W / 51.542861; -0.0220361 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | David Kohn |
| Architecture firm | David Kohn Architects |


title: White Buffalo Gazette

abstract: The White Buffalo Gazette (WBG) is a newsletter/zine that covered the "Obscuro Comix & Art." The WBG took the place of Steve Willis' City Limits Gazette (1991–1993) when that publication was retired. WBG was originally inspired by Bruce Chrislip's zine of the same name, as well as Clay Geerdes' Comix World newsletter. Unlike City Limits Gazette or Comix World, which were primarily networking and review publications, WBG was chiefly illustrative in nature.

text:
# White Buffalo Gazette

The ***White Buffalo Gazette*** (***WBG***) is a newsletter/zine that covered the "Obscuro Comix & Art." The *WBG* took the place of Steve Willis' *City Limits Gazette* (1991–1993) when that publication was retired. *WBG* was originally inspired by Bruce Chrislip's zine of the same name, as well as Clay Geerdes' *Comix World* newsletter. Unlike *City Limits Gazette* or *Comix World*, which were primarily networking and review publications, *WBG* was chiefly illustrative in nature.

## Publication history

*WBG* was originally published by Butler, Pennsylvania, artist Maximum Traffic, but over the years was issued on an irregular basis by others, including Edward Bolman and Cat Noel (from November 1996 through December 1998), Jeff Zenick, Delaine Derry, and Geoff Hamerlinck.

Steve Skeates also published one issue of *The White Buffalo Bootleg* (November or December 1997) while Carol Pond published *The Stick Buffalo Gazette* (January 1998).

The final issue of the *White Buffalo Gazette* was published in Spring 2014.

## Issues

The *White Buffalo Gazette* issues
| Issue | Release Date | Publisher | City of origin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1998 June | Catherine Noel | Prescott, AZ |
|  | 1998 August / September | Larned Justin | House Springs, MO |
|  | 1999 January | Jeff Zenick | Tallahassee, FL |
|  | 1999 February | Jeff Zenick | Tallahassee, FL |
|  | 1999 March | Jeff Zenick | Tallahassee, FL |
|  | 2001 January | Jeff Zenick | Tallahassee, FL |
|  | 2001 February | Larned Justin | House Springs, MO |
|  | 2001 March | Larned Justin | House Springs, MO |
|  | 2001 May | Larned Justin | House Springs, MO |
|  | 2002 April | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2002 May | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2002 June |  |  |
|  | 2002 July | Elmore Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2002 August |  |  |
|  | 2002 September | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2002 October | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2002 November |  |  |
|  | 2002 December |  |  |
|  | 2003 January | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |
|  | 2014 Spring | Buzz Buzzizyk | Butler, PA |

### Sources

* Elliott, W. E. (9 July 2014). "White Buffalo Gazette". This Just In...
* Fields, Gary (20 May 2014). "white buffalo gazette final issue!". Gary Fields Studios blog.
* Porcellino, John (9 February 2011). "A HISTORY OF THE WHITE BUFFALO GAZETTE, Pt. 1". John Porcellino.
**Related articles**:
* "Catalog by Title – W". denverzinelibrary. 21 August 2010.
* "Reading Room Index to the Comic Art Collection: "New Wave Comic Books, Strips, Etc.--Bibliography" to "New Wave Comics"". Michigan State University Libraries.

## InfoBox

*White Buffalo Gazette*
| Former editors | Max Traffic (originating editor), Ed Bolman, Jeff Zenick, Larned Justin |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Underground comix, art |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Format | 22 cm (8.7 in) |
| Publisher | Buzz Buzzizyk |
| First issue | 1994 (1994) |
| Final issue | Spring 2014 (2014) |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Butler, PA |
| Language | English |
| OCLC | 50134063 |


title: White Cross Army

abstract: The White Cross Army was an organisation set up in 1883 by philanthropist Ellice Hopkins with help from the Bishop of Durham, to promote "social purity". The recruits – all of them men – pledged to show a "chivalrous respect for womanhood", to apply ideas of purity equally to men and women, and not to indulge in foul language or indecent behaviour. It was renamed the White Cross League in 1891, and merged with the Church of England Purity Society, which had been formed by Edward White Benson.

text:
# White Cross Army

The **White Cross Army** was an organisation set up in 1883 by philanthropist Ellice Hopkins with help from the Bishop of Durham, to promote "social purity". The recruits – all of them men – pledged to show a "chivalrous respect for womanhood", to apply ideas of purity equally to men and women, and not to indulge in foul language or indecent behaviour. It was renamed the **White Cross League** in 1891, and merged with the Church of England Purity Society, which had been formed by Edward White Benson.

## Concept and structure

The organisation was Christian in ethos but, at the insistence of Hopkins and somewhat unusually for a purity association, it was non-denominational in practice. Its name was symbolic: *White* denoted purity, *Cross* referred to the campaign being for Christ, and *Army* reflected its disciplined nature. It adopted as its motto the words of Sir Galahad:

> My strength is as the strength of ten,
> Because my heart is pure

The army based its structure on that of the temperance movement. Its target audience was mostly working-class men, who were exhorted to pledge their support for its aims by speakers at mass meetings. In lectures delivered by the organisation, the pledge of *purity* was defined for married men as the practice of sexual restraint, while young and unmarried men were expected to practice chastity and renounce masturbation. As with the Church of England Purity Society, whose goals were similar but aimed at upper-class men, the Army believed that it was men who should be responsible for sexual virtue.

## Regional distribution

There were 102 affiliated branches in Britain within a year of formation, and branches in Australia, Canada, Germany, India and the United States. The British branches had attracted 2,000 pledge-takers in that time and were mostly in the industrialised regions of The Midlands and North England.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Bartley, Paula (2012), *Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in England, 1860-1914*, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-13461-071-6
* DeCosta, Benjamin Franklin (1887), *The White Cross: Its Origin and Progress*, Sanitary Publishing Company
* Hunt, Alan (April 1998), "The Great Masturbation Panic and the Discourses of Moral Regulation in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Britain", *Journal of the History of Sexuality*, **8** (4): 575–615, JSTOR 3840411, PMID 11620475
* Mumm, Susan (1998), Melnyk, Julie (ed.), *Women's Theology in Nineteenth-century Britain: Transfiguring the Faith of Their Fathers*, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-81532-793-6
* Prettejohn, Elizabeth (1999), *After the Pre-Raphaelites*, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5406-0
* Prochaska, F. K. (1980), *Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-century England*, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822627-7
* Rappaport, Helen (2001), *Encyclopedia of women social reformers*, vol. 2, ABC-CLIO

## Further reading

* Morgan, Susan (1998), *Knights of God : Ellice Hopkins and the White Cross Army, 1883–95*, vol. 34, Studies in Church History, pp. 431–445
* Knights, B. (2004), *Men from the boys: Writing on the male body*, vol. 13, Literature & History, pp. 25–42
* Moslener, Sara (2015), *Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and American Adolescence*, Oxford University Press, pp. 25–26, ISBN 9780199987764


title: Who Sleeps My Bro

abstract: Who Sleeps My Bro is a 2016 Chinese coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Zhang Qi, starring Chen Xiao, Qin Lan, Calvin Tu, Liu Ruilin and Li Xian and based on a 2001 song. It was released in China by Le Vision Pictures on April 1, 2016.

text:
# Who Sleeps My Bro

***Who Sleeps My Bro*** (pinyin: *Shuì zài wǒ shàng pù de xiōngdì*) is a 2016 Chinese coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Zhang Qi, starring Chen Xiao, Qin Lan, Calvin Tu, Liu Ruilin and Li Xian and based on a 2001 song. It was released in China by Le Vision Pictures on April 1, 2016.

## Cast

## Reception

The film grossed US$3.7 million on its opening day and US$10.53 million on its opening weekend in China. with total gross US$2,006 million

## InfoBox

| Who Sleeps My Bro | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
|  | |
| Chinese | 睡在我上铺的兄弟 |
|
|  | |
| Directed by | Stephen Zhang |
| Written by | Stephen Zhang
Chen Qi An
Zhou Ben
Su Yang |
| Produced by | Peggy Li |
| Starring | Chen Xiao
Qin Lan
Calvin Tu
Wayne Liu
Li Xian |
| Edited by | Jessie Zhang |
| Production
companies | Le Vision Pictures (Beijing)
Beijing Weiying Shidai Technology |
| Distributed by | Le Vision Pictures (Beijing) |
| Release date | * April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | China |
| Language | Mandarin |
| Box office | US$20.06 million |


title: Wiley Post Airport

abstract: Wiley Post Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located seven nautical miles (13 km) northwest of the central business district of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. The facility covers 1,143 acres and has three runways. It was named after Wiley Post, the first pilot to fly solo around the world, who died in the same 1935 crash as the namesake of the city's other major airport, Will Rogers World Airport. It is the FAA-designated reliever airport for Will Rogers World Airport and serves business and corporate air travelers and functions as a center for general aviation. In addition, the northwest Oklahoma City airport provides an environment for aviation-related industry. In the year ending July 7, 2021, Wiley Post logged 55,293 flight operations. This figure accounts for only those operations logged by the air traffic control tower, which is open daily from 7 A.M. until 10 P.M. The airport provides a base for over 300 aircraft in its leased hangars. These range from single and twin engine planes to turboprop and jet aircraft.

text:
# Wiley Post Airport

**Wiley Post Airport** (IATA: **PWA**, ICAO: **KPWA**, FAA LID: **PWA**) is a city-owned public-use airport located seven nautical miles (13 km) northwest of the central business district of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. The facility covers 1,143 acres (463 ha) and has three runways.

It was named after Wiley Post, the first pilot to fly solo around the world, who died in the same 1935 crash as the namesake of the city's other major airport, Will Rogers World Airport.

It is the FAA-designated reliever airport for Will Rogers World Airport and serves business and corporate air travelers and functions as a center for general aviation. In addition, the northwest Oklahoma City airport provides an environment for aviation-related industry.

In the year ending July 7, 2021, Wiley Post logged 55,293 flight operations. This figure accounts for only those operations logged by the air traffic control tower, which is open daily from 7 A.M. until 10 P.M.

The airport provides a base for over 300 aircraft in its leased hangars. These range from single and twin engine planes to turboprop and jet aircraft.

## Accidents

* On March 4, 2008, a Cessna Citation I operated by *Interstate Helicopters* impacted terrain 4.1 miles SW of Wiley Post Airport after takeoff because of wing structure damage caused by impact with one or more large birds (American white pelicans). All 5 occupants (2 crew, 3 passengers) were killed.

## InfoBox

| Wiley Post Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Oklahoma City |
| Operator | Oklahoma City Airport Trust |
| Serves | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,299 ft / 396 m |
| Coordinates | 35°32′03″N 097°38′49″W / 35.53417°N 97.64694°W / 35.53417; -97.64694 |
| Website | WileyPostAirport.com |
| Map | |
| **PWA**Location of airport in Oklahoma / United States**PWA****PWA** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  13/31 4,214 1,284 Concrete  17L/35R 7,199 2,194 Concrete  17R/35L 5,002 1,524 Asphalt/concrete | |
| Statistics (2021) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 7/7/2021) 55,293  Based aircraft 334 | |
| Sources: airport website and FAA | |


title: Wiley Person Mangham

abstract: Wiley Person Mangham (1838-1896) was an American publisher and editor, who was born in Russell County, Alabama and died in Richland Parish, Louisiana. The town of Mangham, Louisiana was named for him.

text:
# Wiley Person Mangham

**Wiley Person Mangham** (1838-1896) was an American publisher and editor, who was born in Russell County, Alabama and died in Richland Parish, Louisiana. The town of Mangham, Louisiana was named for him.

## Biography

Wiley P. Mangham was the founding publisher and editor for the *Richland Beacon News*, and was the first parish recorder for Richland Parish at the time of its founding in 1868. At the close of the Civil War, he came to Northeast Louisiana and in 1869, founded the *Richland Beacon*, the first weekly newspaper in the parish.

### Early life

Wiley Mangham was the youngest of 10 children born to Thomas R. Mangham and Matilda Dandridge Grant Mangham. Thomas was the first clerk of Stewart County, Georgia, at the time of its creation. He later moved to Russell County Alabama, where he found great success as a planter and land speculator. His home and property however was destroyed by Native Americans who lived near the father Mangham's new home. Thomas died in 1861. Wiley P. Mangham was educated in the Baptist High School in Jacksonville, Alabama. The Mangham family were strict Baptists in their religious beliefs.

Wiley Mangham enlisted with the Confederacy once the Civil War was underway, and was promoted to the level of drill instructor with the 25th Alabama Infantry, until he was urged to resign due to poor health.

### Marriage and moving

At the close of the war, Mangham married Caroline Frances Emaline "Fannie" Lynn and in 1866, he would come to Louisiana to visit his brother, Henry G. Mangham, who had settled near Nelson Bend, in Richland Parish.

### Family and Children

Fannie and Wiley P. Mangham would have a total of 10 children, but their family would lose the first five children to early deaths.

* Jennie L. Mangham (1866-1867) Died of illness.
* Mary A. Mangham (1869-1876) Died of illness.
* Jesse H. Mangham (1871–1871) Died of illness.
* Fannie C. Mangham (1875-1876) Died of illness.
* Wiley S. Mangham (1876-1876) Died of illness.
* Eunice T. Mangham (1877-1967)
* Nettie I. Mangham (1879-1969)
* Robert W. Mangham (1879-1965)
* Horrace A. Mangham (1882-1961)
* Hervey E. Mangham (1889-1908) Died of injury while playing baseball for the LSU Tigers Baseball team.

### Professional career

While visiting in Northeast Louisiana in 1868, he paid a visit to Monroe, where he was offered a job in the newspaper office. That same year, the new parish of Richland was created by the Louisiana State Legislature, and Mangham sensed an opportunity for potentially good business ventures. At this time, the town of Rayville was little more than a small courthouse. Mangham purchased land adjacent to the courthouse, and ordered a Washington Hand Press. On January 14, 1869, the first edition of the *Richland Beacon News* went up for sale. An annual subscription could be purchased for $3.00, but Mangham kindly requested that payment be made up front.

Mangham eventually acquired additional land throughout the parish over the next several years, and eventually he would sell a portion of his land to the railroad company which would enable a new town to be formed, 12 miles south of Rayville. The founders of that town honored Wiley P. Mangham by naming the new town after him, and this town is still known today as Mangham, Louisiana. The streets in Mangham were named after Wiley P.'s children.

## Philosophical and/or political views

Mangham was a staunch Democrat, and served as the chairman of the Democratic Executive Committee for Richland Parish at times, and remained very active politically in opposition to the reconstruction politics that followed the close of the Civil War. Mangham penned numerous editorials over the course of his being the publisher and editor of the *Richland Beacon*. Mangham and his wife were both active members of the Baptist church, and he and his wife Fannie helped start the First Baptist Church of Rayville, where the original members met at their home before a church building was constructed. Mangham also was a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias.

## Death and legacy

In 1896, Wiley P. Mangham went on an excursion to Colorado, organized by the Louisiana Press Association. While traveling, he developed pneumonia, and died soon after returning home. He was 58 years of age. Only four of his ten children were living at the time of his death. *The Richland Beacon News* printed the following description of Wiley P. Mangham in remembering his contributions to the newspaper industry in Louisiana.

> "Mr. Mangham was an able and influential journalist, and was recognized as prominent is his profession at the recent press convention, having been long known throughout the State as a man of sterling integrity and a true and loyal Democrat."

*

## References/Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Wiley Person Mangham | |
| --- | --- |
| Founding Editor and Publisher of the Richland Beacon News | |
| Born | January 1, 1838
Russell County, Alabama |
| Died | September 26, 1896
Richland Parish, Louisiana |
| Occupation(s) | Editor and Publisher |
| Spouse | Caroline Frances Emaline "Fannie" Lynn |
| Children | 10 Children (first 5 died young) |
| Parent(s) | Thomas R. Mangham and Matilda Dandridge Grant |


title: Wilby railway station

abstract: Wilby railway station was located approximately two-thirds of a mile (1.1 km) north-east of Wilby, Suffolk. It was on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway between Stradbroke and the terminus at Laxfield. It opened on 29 September 1908, and closed on 28 July 1952, 44 years after it had opened for passenger traffic.

text:
# Wilby railway station

**Wilby railway station** was located approximately two-thirds of a mile (1.1 km) north-east of Wilby, Suffolk. It was on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway between Stradbroke and the terminus at Laxfield. It opened on 29 September 1908, and closed on 28 July 1952, 44 years after it had opened for passenger traffic.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stradbroke
Line and station closed |  | Mid-Suffolk Light Railway |  | Laxfield
Line and station closed |

## InfoBox

| Wilby | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Wilby, Mid Suffolk
England |
| Coordinates | 52°18′37″N 1°18′04″E / 52.3104°N 1.3010°E / 52.3104; 1.3010 |
| Grid reference | TM251731 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Mid-Suffolk Light Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Mid-Suffolk Light Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway
Eastern Region of British Railways |
| Key dates | |
| 29 September 1908 | Station opened |
| 28 July 1952 | Station closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Willard H. Brownson

abstract: Rear-Admiral Willard Herbert Brownson, was a United States Navy officer whose career included service against pirates in Mexico and service during the Spanish–American War. He also served a term as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.

text:
# Willard H. Brownson

Rear-Admiral **Willard Herbert Brownson** (July 8, 1845 – March 16, 1935), was a United States Navy officer whose career included service against pirates in Mexico and service during the Spanish–American War. He also served a term as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.

## Early life and career

A native of Lyons, New York, Brownson graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1865. He served in the North Atlantic Squadron until 1868, when he was assigned to the Pacific Squadron. In 1870, during his tour of duty on the steam sloop-of-war USS *Mohican*, Brownson and a detachment of men fought the Battle of Boca Teacapan against the pirate ship *Forward* in Mexican waters. During the fighting, United States Marines and U.S. Navy sailors captured the enemy ship and defeated a superior force of pirates positioned at a shore battery.

In 1872, Brownson reported for duty at the Naval Academy's Department of Mathematics. Three years later, he was sent as a young lieutenant to the Asiatic Station. Brownson returned to the Naval Academy in 1878 as Assistant Commandant of Cadets. In 1881, he was ordered to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey as a lieutenant commander, where he commanded the survey ship USC&GS *George S. Blake* until 1884. After brief duty as executive officer of the steam frigate USS *Powhatan*, he was named Inspector of Hydrography for the Coast Survey.

After a return to the Naval Academy as Commandant of Cadets, Brownson served for two years on the Board of Inspection and Survey. He commanded the auxiliary cruiser USS *Yankee* during the Spanish–American War of 1898, seeing action in the Battle of Guantánamo Bay.

In 1899 Brownson achieved the rank of captain and command of the battleship USS *Alabama*, and from 1902 to 1905 was Superintendent of the Naval Academy.

Brownson was promoted to rear admiral in 1905, when he hoisted his flag on board the armored cruiser USS *West Virginia* as Commander, 4th Division, North Atlantic Fleet. He served as Commander, Special Service Squadron in Central American waters and was Commander-in-Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 15 October 1906 to 31 March 1907.

In 1907, Brownson was assigned as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, which handled the U.S. Navy's personnel matters. In July 1907, he was transferred to the retired list, but continued to serve in his post at the Bureau of Navigation until December 1907. That month, President Theodore Roosevelt decided to give command of hospital ships to U.S. Navy doctors, against the advice of Brownson, who then resigned from the Navy. A storm of protest arose from within the Navy and from the public, but Brownson's active naval career was over.

Brownson married Isabella Robinson Roberts in July 1872. Their first child, Henry was born in 1874 and died in 1876 shortly after his father left for the Asiatic Station. The following spring his daughter Harriet was born. In 1878 another son, Roswell, was born and in 1894 a second daughter, Caroline Robinson, was born. Caroline Brownson married Thomas C. Hart, later an admiral and the last Commander-in-Chief of the Asiatic Fleet. Harriet married Admiral Charles Lincoln Hussey, who as an ensign received the Navy Cross during the Spanish–American War.

Brownson died at Washington, D.C., on 16 March 1935.

## Namesakes

Two U.S. Navy destroyers have been named USS *Brownson* in Brownson's honor.

## Attribution

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command.

* *Note: The Asiatic Fleet was the First Squadron, Pacific Fleet, from 1907 to 28 January 1910, between Brownson's tour and Hubbard's tour.*

## InfoBox

| Willard H Brownson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1845-07-08)July 8, 1845
Lyons, New York, U.S. |
| Died | March 16, 1935(1935-03-16) (aged 89)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1865–1907 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars | Brownson Expedition Brazilian Naval Revolt
Spanish–American War |


title: Elinor Jackson

abstract: Elinor "Ellie" Jackson was the first wife of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. She died in childbirth a little over a year after their marriage.

text:
# Elinor Jackson

**Elinor "Ellie" Jackson** (born Eleanor Junkin) (March 6, 1825 – October 22, 1854) was the first wife of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. She died in childbirth a little over a year after their marriage.

## Youth

Elinor was the daughter of the prominent Presbyterian theologian George Junkin, who since 1848 was president of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia.

## Marriage

In 1853, Elinor met Thomas Jackson, then a professor at the Virginia Military Institute, at her father's home in Lexington. Jackson was a frequent visitor to the Junkin home; the shy young professor and the old college president were united by common interests in theology and Presbyterian doctrine, and Elinor and Jackson both taught at the Presbyterian Sunday school in Lexington. Suddenly their friendship changed to love, and they became engaged. But Elinor's older sister Margaret was very jealous of their relationship, and the engagement was broken off on her behest. It resumed again, however, with Margaret's reluctant blessing, and George Junkin married Elinor and Jackson in August 1853.

Her sister Margaret was the second wife of VMI founder John Thomas Lewis Preston, who served with Thomas Jackson on the VMI faculty, and served on Jackson's staff during the American Civil War.

## Death

The couple was extremely close, and through Elinor's influence Jackson's already strong faith deepened. In October 1854 Elinor was in labor, but the outcome was not happy. She gave birth to a stillborn baby and died herself shortly thereafter due to pregnancy complications. Jackson was devastated by grief but his faith supported him. The couple had been living with her father, and Jackson continued to live there for several years until he began courting Anna Morrison, the woman that would become his second wife.

1. Robinson 1975, p. 12 (a Junkin genealogy)
2. Coulling 1993, p. 8
3. Robertson 1997, pp. 144-149.
4. Gwynne 2014, pp. 144-146.
5. Arnold 1916, p. 205.
6. Robertson 1997, pp. 157-158.
7. Gwynne 2014, pp. 147-150.

### Sources

* Arnold, Thomas Jackson (1916). *Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson: "Stonewall" Jackson.* New York, NY: Fleming H. Revell.
* Coulling, Mary Price (1993). *Margaret Junkin Preston - A Biography.* John F. Blair.
* Gwynne, S. C (2014). *Rebel Yell*. *Scribner*.
* Junkin, David X. (1871). *The Reverend George Junkin, D.D.,LL.D. A Historical Biography.* J.B. Lippincott & Co.
* Robertson, Jr., James I. (1997). *Stonewall Jackson.* McMillan Publishing.
* Robinson, Richard D. and Elisabeth (1975). *Repassing at my side ...A Story of the Junkins.* The Southern Printing Co.

## InfoBox

| Elinor Jackson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Eleanor Junkin
(1825-03-06)March 6, 1825
Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |
| Died | October 22, 1854(1854-10-22) (aged 29)
Lexington, Virginia |
| Resting place | Oak Grove Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia |
| Spouse | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (1853–1854; her death) |
| Children | 1 stillborn |
| Parent(s) | George Junkin
Julia Rush (Miller) Junkin |
| Relatives | Margaret Junkin Preston (sister) |


title: William B. Bowling

abstract:
William Bismarck Bowling was a U.S. Representative from Alabama. Born in Iron City, Calhoun County, Alabama to William and Sarah Elston Bowling, William Bismarck Bowling attended the common schools, and graduated from the State normal school, Jacksonville, Alabama, in 1892.
He taught in the public schools of Montgomery, Alabama from 1893 to 1895 and of Columbus, Georgia from 1896 to 1899. He then moved to LaFayette, Alabama, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in LaFayette. In 1902, he moved to Dadeville, Alabama and practiced there for twelve years. He served as solicitor of the fifth judicial circuit of Alabama 1905-1920, and as member of the board of trustees of Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn. Bowling was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of J. Thomas Heflin. He was reelected to the Sixty-seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from December 14, 1920, until his resignation effective August 16, 1928, having been appointed judge for the fifth judicial circuit of Alabama, in which capacity he served until his death. He was married to the former Frances (Fannie) Steele Collins of Lafayette, Alabama. They had four children: George Randolph Bowling, Marion Elston Bowling Jenkins, Sarah Frances Bowling Frazer, and Elizabeth Jane Bowling; four grandchildren: George Randolph Bowling Jr., Susan Bowling Dudney, Jane Bowling Frazer McCurry, and William Bismarck Bowling II. Bowling died in LaFayette, Alabama, on December 27, 1946. He was interred in LaFayette Cemetery.

text:
# William B. Bowling

**William Bismarck Bowling** (September 24, 1870 – December 27, 1946) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama.

Born in Iron City, Calhoun County, Alabama to William and Sarah Elston Bowling, William Bismarck Bowling attended the common schools, and graduated from the State normal school, Jacksonville, Alabama, in 1892. He taught in the public schools of Montgomery, Alabama from 1893 to 1895 and of Columbus, Georgia from 1896 to 1899. He then moved to LaFayette, Alabama, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in LaFayette. In 1902, he moved to Dadeville, Alabama and practiced there for twelve years. He served as solicitor of the fifth judicial circuit of Alabama 1905-1920, and as member of the board of trustees of Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn.

Bowling was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of J. Thomas Heflin. He was reelected to the Sixty-seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from December 14, 1920, until his resignation effective August 16, 1928, having been appointed judge for the fifth judicial circuit of Alabama, in which capacity he served until his death.

He was married to the former Frances (Fannie) Steele Collins of Lafayette, Alabama. They had four children: George Randolph Bowling, Marion Elston Bowling Jenkins, Sarah Frances Bowling Frazer, and Elizabeth Jane Bowling; four grandchildren: George Randolph Bowling Jr., Susan Bowling Dudney, Jane Bowling Frazer McCurry, and William Bismarck Bowling II. Bowling died in LaFayette, Alabama, on December 27, 1946. He was interred in LaFayette Cemetery.

* United States Congress. "William B. Bowling (id: B000702)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| William B. Bowling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Alabama's 5th district | |
| **In office**
December 14, 1920  August 16, 1928 | |
| Preceded by | J. Thomas Heflin |
| Succeeded by | LaFayette L. Patterson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Bismarck Bowling
(1870-09-24)September 24, 1870
Iron City, Alabama |
| Died | December 27, 1946(1946-12-27) (aged 76)
LaFayette, Alabama |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: William B. Sappington House

abstract: William B. Sappington House, also known as Prairie Park, is a historic home located near Arrow Rock, Saline County, Missouri. It was built in 1843, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, square, Greek Revival style brick dwelling on a limestone foundation. It measures 60 feet wide. The front facade features a two-story front portico with Doric order and Ionic order columns. Its roof is topped by a roof deck and cupola. The house was extensively restored from 1948 to 1955. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

text:
# William B. Sappington House

**William B. Sappington House**, also known as **Prairie Park**, is a historic home located near Arrow Rock, Saline County, Missouri. It was built in 1843, and is a 2+12-story, square, Greek Revival style brick dwelling on a limestone foundation. It measures 60 feet wide. The front facade features a two-story front portico with Doric order and Ionic order columns. Its roof is topped by a roof deck and cupola. The house was extensively restored from 1948 to 1955.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William B. Sappington House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| William B. Sappington House, January 2007 | |
|  | |
| Location | 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Arrow Rock on CR TT, near Arrow Rock, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 39°2′24″N 92°59′9″W / 39.04000°N 92.98583°W / 39.04000; -92.98583 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1843 (1843) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000348 |
| Added to NRHP | January 21, 1970 |


title: William B. Ryan

abstract: William B. Ryan was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. Ryan was born in Smith County, Kansas and grew up in the Lebanon, Kansas area. He received his law degree from the University of Kansas School of Law in 1933 and practiced law in Smith Center, Kansas. He served as county attorney for Smith County, Kansas from 1934 to 1939. He moved to Norton, Kansas and continued to practice law. Ryan also served as county attorney for Norton County, Kansas. Ryan served on the Norton school board from 1941 to 1953. Ryan served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1947 to 1949 and was a Republican. Ryan served as mayor of Norton, Kansas from 1953 to 1957 and in the Kansas Senate from 1957 until his resignation in 1963. Keith Sebelius was appointed to the Kansas Senate succeeding Ryan. He then served as Kansas state district court judge from 1963 until his retirement in 1975. Ryan died at the Norton County Hospital in Norton, Kansas from a long illness.

text:
# William B. Ryan

**William B. Ryan** (December 26, 1908  November 4, 1975) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician.

Ryan was born in Smith County, Kansas and grew up in the Lebanon, Kansas area. He received his law degree from the University of Kansas School of Law in 1933 and practiced law in Smith Center, Kansas. He served as county attorney for Smith County, Kansas from 1934 to 1939. He moved to Norton, Kansas and continued to practice law. Ryan also served as county attorney for Norton County, Kansas. Ryan served on the Norton school board from 1941 to 1953. Ryan served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1947 to 1949 and was a Republican. Ryan served as mayor of Norton, Kansas from 1953 to 1957 and in the Kansas Senate from 1957 until his resignation in 1963. Keith Sebelius was appointed to the Kansas Senate succeeding Ryan. He then served as Kansas state district court judge from 1963 until his retirement in 1975. Ryan died at the Norton County Hospital in Norton, Kansas from a long illness.


title: Wild Canaries

abstract: Wild Canaries is an American black comedy mystery film directed, produced and written by Lawrence Michael Levine and starring Levine, Sophia Takal, Alia Shawkat, Annie Parisse, Jason Ritter and Kevin Corrigan. The film had its world premiere premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 8, 2014. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on February 25, 2015 courtesy of Sundance Selects.

text:
# Wild Canaries

***Wild Canaries*** is an American black comedy mystery film directed, produced and written by Lawrence Michael Levine and starring Levine, Sophia Takal, Alia Shawkat, Annie Parisse, Jason Ritter and Kevin Corrigan. The film had its world premiere premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 8, 2014. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on February 25, 2015 courtesy of Sundance Selects.

## Synopsis

Barri (Sophia Takal) and Noah (Lawrence Michael Levine) are a couple who suspect the mysterious death of their neighbor Sylvia (Marylouise Burke). With their friend Jean (Alia Shawkat), they investigate the crime and discover secrets in the apartment. Anthony (Kevin Corrigan) becomes the prime suspect.

## Cast

## Release

The film premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 8, 2014. On December 23, 2014, it was announced that Sundance Selects had acquired distribution rights for the film with a planned 2015 release. The film was released in a limited release and on video on demand beginning on February 25, 2015. The film went on to premiere at the Sarasota Film Festival on April 10, 2014, and various other film festivals throughout 2014.

## Critical reception

*Wild Canaries* received positive reviews from film critics. It holds an 85% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 67 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Justin Chang of *Variety* gave the film a positive review writing: "Far too eventful, plot-driven and frankly fun to be classified as mumblecore, 'Canaries' can only build on Levine’s audience; it could catch on with savvy indie filmgoers, particularly those with an affection for the genre being saluted." Eric Kohn of *Indiewire.com* gave the film a positive review giving the film a B writing :"Levine's bubbly murder mystery, in which the ultimate solution to the whodunit scenario matters less than the wily energy its characters bring to uncovering every piece of the puzzle."

## Controversy

A theater in Sandpoint, Idaho refused to screen the film, due to the film not receiving an MPAA rating; the owner stated that the film "contained subject matter not in keeping with the standards of the Panida and I have chosen to cancel screenings for Friday and Saturday matinee. I apologize for any inconvenience." The owner also claimed IFC Films did not make them “aware” of the content. However, cast member Sophia Takal took to her official Facebook account stating: "*Wild Canaries* has no nudity, no sex scenes. It has two scenes where a guy is smoking marijuana. It has two lesbian main characters. It's hard not to jump to the conclusion that that's why they pulled it."

## InfoBox

| Wild Canaries | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Lawrence Michael Levine |
| Written by | Lawrence Michael Levine |
| Produced by | * Lawrence Michael Levine * Sophia Takal * Kim Sherman * E. McCabe Walsh * Patrick M. Wood |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Mark Schwartzbard |
| Edited by | Sofi Marshall |
| Music by | Michael Montes |
| Production<br>company | Little Teeth Pictures |
| Distributed by | Sundance Selects |
| Release dates | * March 8, 2014 (2014-03-08) (SXSW) * February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25) (United States) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $300,000 |
| Box office | $19,777 |


title: Wild Burning

abstract: Wild Burning is a tag team composed of Japanese professional wrestlers Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori. Although Akiyama and Omori have been using the team name since 2013, their team goes back almost to the era of their debut in All Japan Pro Wrestling in the early 1990s. The name is a portmanteau of their previous stables Burning (Akiyama) and Get Wild (Omori).

text:
# Wild Burning

**Wild Burning** is a tag team composed of Japanese professional wrestlers Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori. Although Akiyama and Omori have been using the team name since 2013, their team goes back almost to the era of their debut in All Japan Pro Wrestling in the early 1990s. The name is a portmanteau of their previous stables Burning (Akiyama) and Get Wild (Omori).

## History

### First era: All Japan under Giant Baba (1993–1998)

Akiyama and Omori's first match as a team happened on 25 March 1993, defeating Masao Inoue and Satoru Asako. One year from that date, they started teaming regularly. Their first championship was earned on 29 January 1995, defeating The Fantastics in a tournament final for the vacant All Asia Tag Team Championship, a reign that would go on to 1076 days.

Despite his team with Omori, Akiyama's talent ensured that promoter Giant Baba would lead him into pushes by teaming with established stars, namely Mitsuharu Misawa and Kenta Kobashi. While holding the Asia tag team title, Akiyama would team with Misawa to win the World title on 23 May 1996. After Akiyama & Misawa dropped the title a few months later, Akiyama went back to defending the Asia tag title with Omori until they dropped it on 9 January 1998 to Johnny Smith and Wolf Hawkfield. Following this loss, Akiyama decided to focus on his team with Kobashi and the World tag team titles, while Omori briefly became a member of the Holy Demon Army team of Toshiaki Kawada and Akira Taue, until finally establishing a loyal partnership with Yoshihiro Takayama as No Fear. Despite that, they teamed on-and-off until 19 January 1999, when they teamed with Jinsei Shinzaki to beat Smith, Johnny Ace and Bart Gunn.

### Various events (1999–2012)

As Akiyama and Omori found themselves on opposite sides of the spectrum following Giant Baba's death and Mitsuharu Misawa taking control of the promotion, they could only team on and off and often in six-man matches. The last time they were part of a team happened on 12 April 2000, when Akiyama teamed up with Omori and Yoshihiro Takayama to beat Misawa, Yoshinari Ogawa and Daisuke Ikeda, until the mass exodus to Pro Wrestling NOAH happened.

On 19 February 2012, at the 2nd All Together show, they teamed for the first time in 12 years, in a brave loss to Akiyama's former partner Kobashi and Keiji Mutoh. At the time, Omori was teaming with Manabu Soya in AJPW, where he had returned in 2011.

### Reformation and name (2013–present)

Due to the split of the Wrestle-1 promotion under Mutoh, Soya abandoned Omori, and thus the stage was set for a regular re-formation of the former Asian tag team championship unit. On 28 June 2014, Wild Burning defeated Joe Doering and Suwama to win the long-elusive World Tag Team Championship. They vacated the title shortly before the 2014 World's Strongest Tag League and won the tournament, regaining the title.

Akiyama and Omori remain allied as Wild Burning but have competed against each other in singles matches, namely during the Champion Carnival 2000 and in the 2014 decision match for the vacant Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship.

## Championships and accomplishments

## InfoBox

| Wild Burning | |
| --- | --- |
| Tag team | |
| Members | Jun Akiyama
Takao Omori |
| Billed heights | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)- Omori
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)-Akiyama |
| Combined
billed weight | 220 kg (490 lb) |
| Debut | March 25, 1993 |


title: Wild Cactus

abstract: Wild Cactus is a 1993 erotic thriller film directed by Jag Mundhra and starring David Naughton, India Allen, Gary Hudson, Kathy Shower, Bubba Baker, Robert Z'Dar, and Paul Gleason. It was released direct to video on 24 March 1993.

text:
# Wild Cactus

***Wild Cactus*** is a 1993 erotic thriller film directed by Jag Mundhra and starring David Naughton, India Allen, Gary Hudson, Kathy Shower, Bubba Baker, Robert Z'Dar, and Paul Gleason. It was released direct to video on 24 March 1993.

## Plot

Philip and Alexandria are a married couple that have decided to spend their vacation at a friend's house in the Arizona desert. Their marriage has hit a rough patch due to Philip's work, which has monopolized his time and left Alexandra feeling lonely. Additionally, Alex is encouraged to cheat on her husband by a close friend, which she considers. She's further dismayed when she finds that Philip is still too busy to pay attention to her and pushes him to go to a night bar.

Once there the two quickly run into some trouble with a biker, but are saved from harm by Randall and Maggie. They give the two a ride to a trailer park, unaware that Randall is there to get revenge against his ex-girlfriend Celeste, who sent him to jail, and that Maggie is a prostitute that Randall has brought along. Randall manages to break into the trailer, which terrifies Celeste. Despite his assurances that he is not there to harm her, Randall forces Celeste to have sex with Maggie, who eventually shoots and kills her at Randall's request.

The following morning the two arrive at Alexandria and Philip's vacation home, as Randall had promised to help Philip look for plants for his job. The two men leave to look for plants, only for Randall to push Philip off a cliff. Believing the man to be dead, Randall drives off, unaware that Philip survived and has begun walking back in order to rescue his wife. Meanwhile, back at the house, Alexandria has grown increasingly suspicious that Maggie is a wanted criminal, and at one point tries to call the police, but is interrupted by Maggie. When Randall returns without Philip, Alexandria, driven by a desire to survive and a desire to have an extramarital affair with a dangerous, sexy man, tries to turn the couple against one another by having sex with them both. After having sex with Randall, and realizing she really enjoyed it, Alexandra attempts to run away with him, but to no avail.

On his way back to the house, Philip finds his way to Celeste's trailer park and discovers her naked dead body lying on her bed. Soon after, he is found by the town's Sheriff Brenner, who takes Philip back to the vacation house after hearing his story. They arrive at the house and sneak into it in an attempt to save Alexandria. Maggie, who has decided that she is no longer going to follow Randall, is accidentally shot by the sheriff, who is then killed by Randall. Randall then tries to chase after Alexandria, only for her to later turn the tables on him and shoot him. Finally safe, Philip and Alexandria embrace.

## Cast

* David Naughton as Philip Marcus
* India Allen as Alexandria 'Alex' Marcus
* Gary Hudson as Randall Murphy
* Kathy Shower as Celeste
* Bubba Baker as Drunk
* Robert Z'Dar as Officer Grady
* Paul Gleason as Sheriff Brenner
* Michelle Moffett as Maggie
* Anna Karin as Inga
* Wendy MacDonald as Abby
* Warren Sweeney as Gas Mart Clerk
* David Wells as Salesman
* Ric Stoneback as Bartender
* Faith Jones as Prison Clerk
* Jay Polan as Dean
* Carrie Chambers as Waitress

## Reception

*TV Guide* panned the film for its lack of plot and wrote "Director Jag Mundhra made one of the better direct-to-video sex thrillers, *NIGHT EYES*, in 1990, but never learned the lesson that a good script is the best aphrodisiac." Allmovie also rated the film poorly and gave it one star.

## InfoBox

| Wild Cactus | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional film poster | |
| Directed by | Jag Mundhra |
| Written by | Jag Mundhra |
| Story by | Carl Austin |
| Produced by | Alan B. Bursteen |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | James Mathers |
| Edited by | Ron Resnick |
| Music by | Larry Wolff |
| Production<br>companies | * Imperial Entertainment * Lincolnwood Motion Pictures * Metropolis Motion Pictures |
| Distributed by | Imperial Entertainment |
| Release date | * March 24, 1993 (1993-03-24) (United States) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Wilfried Urbain Elvis Endzanga

abstract: Wilfried Urbain Elvis Endzanga is a Congolese former footballer who played as a striker for Kawkab Marrakech in the GNF 1. Early in his career, Endzanga played club football for Étoile du Congo, then managed by his father, Henri. He moved abroad, helping Coton Sport FC de Garoua win its fourth Elite One title in 2003. Endzanga joined JS Kabylie in the winter 2003 transfer window, and helped the club win the 2003–04 Algerian Championnat National. As his father Henri did, Endzanga played for Republic of the Congo national football team.

text:
# Wilfried Urbain Elvis Endzanga

**Wilfried Urbain Elvis Endzanga** (born March 28, 1980, in Brazzaville, Congo) is a Congolese former footballer who played as a striker for Kawkab Marrakech in the GNF 1.

Early in his career, Endzanga played club football for Étoile du Congo, then managed by his father, Henri. He moved abroad, helping Coton Sport FC de Garoua win its fourth Elite One title in 2003. Endzanga joined JS Kabylie in the winter 2003 transfer window, and helped the club win the 2003–04 Algerian Championnat National.

As his father Henri did, Endzanga played for Republic of the Congo national football team.

## Club career

## InfoBox

Wilfried Urbain Elvis Endzanga
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1980-03-20) 20 March 1980 | | |
| Place of birth | Brazzaville, Congo | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–2001 | Étoile du Congo |  |  |
| 2002–2003 | Coton Sport FC de Garoua |  |  |
| 2003-2005 | JS Kabylie | 35 | (10) |
| 2005–2007 | USM Blida |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | KAC Marrakech |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2008 | Congo MNT | 10 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: William Amiet

abstract: William Albert Amiet was an Australian writer and barrister. Amiet was born at Murgheboluc near Geelong to farmer Edward William Amiet and Mary Ann, née Begley. He attended state school before studying at the University of Melbourne, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1911 and a Master of Arts in 1913. He settled in Queensland, organising concerts by the Young Men's Christian Association for railway workers and teaching at Maryborough Grammar School, Queensland. In 1915 he moved to Brisbane, and having acquired legal qualifications became a barrister in 1915. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 2 May 1916 and set sail for England in October, seeing active service in France from June 1917. Commissioned on 1 August 1918, he was wounded at Bellicourt in October and mentioned in despatches. After the war Amiet studied at King's College London for a short time before he returned to Brisbane on the termination of his appointment on 30 December 1919. On 17 December 1923 he married Agnes May Hurley at Mackay, where he was in a legal partnership with Vincent Macrossan. He ran unsuccessfully for Herbert as a Nationalist in the 1929 federal election. He wrote sporadically for the Mackay Daily Mercury for many years and in 1932 published Literature by Languages: A Roll Call, a survey of world literature. His later publications included A Shakespeare or Two (1935), The Practice of Literary History (1936), Courses in Literary History (1938), Scrambled Scrutinies (1949), and Metrical Diversions of a Sexagenarian (1952). Amiet's diverse interests included astronomy and Australian literature. He opposed the White Australia policy during the 1930s and gave his support to recruitment drives during World War II. An agnostic, he died in 1959 at Mater Hospital, Mackay, of cardiorenal failure. The Amiet Memorial Library in Mackay is named for him.

text:
# William Amiet

**William Albert Amiet** (3 June 1890 – 13 April 1959) was an Australian writer and barrister.

Amiet was born at Murgheboluc near Geelong to farmer Edward William Amiet and Mary Ann, *née* Begley. He attended state school before studying at the University of Melbourne, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1911 and a Master of Arts in 1913. He settled in Queensland, organising concerts by the Young Men's Christian Association for railway workers and teaching at Maryborough Grammar School, Queensland. In 1915 he moved to Brisbane, and having acquired legal qualifications became a barrister in 1915. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 2 May 1916 and set sail for England in October, seeing active service in France from June 1917. Commissioned on 1 August 1918, he was wounded at Bellicourt in October and mentioned in despatches.

After the war Amiet studied at King's College London for a short time before he returned to Brisbane on the termination of his appointment on 30 December 1919. On 17 December 1923 he married Agnes May Hurley at Mackay, where he was in a legal partnership with Vincent Macrossan. He ran unsuccessfully for Herbert as a Nationalist in the 1929 federal election. He wrote sporadically for the Mackay *Daily Mercury* for many years and in 1932 published *Literature by Languages: A Roll Call*, a survey of world literature. His later publications included *A Shakespeare or Two* (1935), *The Practice of Literary History* (1936), *Courses in Literary History* (1938), *Scrambled Scrutinies* (1949), and *Metrical Diversions of a Sexagenarian* (1952). Amiet's diverse interests included astronomy and Australian literature. He opposed the White Australia policy during the 1930s and gave his support to recruitment drives during World War II. An agnostic, he died in 1959 at Mater Hospital, Mackay, of cardiorenal failure. The Amiet Memorial Library in Mackay is named for him.


abstract: The Springdale Historic District is a national historic district that is located in the Springdale neighborhood of York in York County, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

text:
# Springdale Historic District (York, Pennsylvania)

The **Springdale Historic District** is a national historic district that is located in the Springdale neighborhood of York in York County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

## History and architectural features

This district is situated south of the York Historic District and includes 199 contributing buildings and one contributing site that are located in a residential area of York. The neighborhood was developed between 1920 and 1950, and includes notable examples of the Colonial Revival and Classical Revival styles.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Springdale Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| House in the Springdale Historic District, February 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | Bounded by S. George St., Lombardy Alley, S. Queen St., and Rathon Rd., York, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°56′58″N 76°43′04″W / 39.94944°N 76.71778°W / 39.94944; -76.71778 |
| Area | 54.6 acres (22.1 ha) |
| Architect | John A. Dempwolf; Reinhardt Dempwolf |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, et al. |
| NRHP reference No. | 01000926 |
| Added to NRHP | August 30, 2001 |


title: Motivating language theory

abstract: Motivating language theory (ML) is an academic theory within the broader field of communication. The theory was originally proposed by J. Sullivan in 1988 as a framework for studying effective communication from leaders to followers. There are three types of languages used in leader communication: direction-giving, emotion-sharing, and meaning-making. Sullivan suggests that the most effective leaders combine all three language types in their communication. ML and its effectiveness have been studied in business, education, government, religion and other fields. It has also been studied across different cultures.

text:
# Motivating language theory

**Motivating language theory** (ML) is an academic theory within the broader field of communication. The theory was originally proposed by J. Sullivan in 1988 as a framework for studying effective communication from leaders to followers. There are three types of languages used in leader communication: direction-giving, emotion-sharing, and meaning-making. Sullivan suggests that the most effective leaders combine all three language types in their communication.

ML and its effectiveness have been studied in business, education, government, religion and other fields. It has also been studied across different cultures.


title: The Late Lancashire Witches

abstract: The Late Lancashire Witches is a Caroline-era stage play and written by Thomas Heywood and Richard Brome, published in 1634. The play is a topical melodrama on the subject of the witchcraft controversy that arose in Lancashire in 1633.

text:
# The Late Lancashire Witches

***The Late Lancashire Witches*** is a Caroline-era stage play and written by Thomas Heywood and Richard Brome, published in 1634. The play is a topical melodrama on the subject of the witchcraft controversy that arose in Lancashire in 1633.

## Performance

The play was performed by the King's Men at the Globe Theatre. It was a popular success; it ran for three consecutive days in August 1634, at a time when plays were normally changed daily in a repertory system.

## Date and collaboration

It was once thought that Brome revised an old play by Heywood to make it pertinent to the situation in the early 1630s, generating a work that is roughly 90 per cent Heywood and 10 per cent Brome. Modern scholarship argues that the dramatists' extensive use of court documents shows that Heywood and Brome wrote a new play in 1633–34 to capitalise on a current public affair, producing a work that is much closer to an equal collaboration. The 1634 quarto was printed by Thomas Harper for the bookseller Benjamin Fisher, with a Prologue addressed by Heywood to the Earl of Dorset.

## Genre

*The Late Lancashire Witches* belongs to a subgenre of English Renaissance drama that exploited public interest in the scandalous subject of witchcraft. The most famous of these plays is Shakespeare's *Macbeth* (c. 1603–6), though Middleton's *The Witch* (c. 1609–16) and *The Witch of Edmonton* (1621) by Thomas Dekker, John Ford, and William Rowley, are other notable examples.

The 1633–34 prosecution was the sequel to a larger trial of the Pendle witches in 1612, the major affair of its kind in English history, which resulted in nine people from the Pendle Hill area of Lancashire being hanged at Lancaster Moor. The second episode was unresolved when the two playwrights wrote their play; the dramatists were working so close to events that they had no firm conclusion – the play's Epilogue assumes the guilt of the four women who were the prime suspects but admits that "the ripeness yet of time / Has not reveal'd" the final outcome. (In fact, Edmund Robinson, the ten-year-old boy who was the prosecutors' chief witness, later admitted subornation of perjury; King Charles I pardoned all seventeen people convicted.) The Lord Chamberlain of that time, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, may have prompted the creation of the play for political reasons.

## Plot

The play depicts an area of Lancashire within riding distance of Lancaster. Historically, this would be Pendle Hill. The action switches freely from being outdoor, or in the house of Master Generous, the house of the Seely family, the home where Mall Spencer works as a maid, at a mill, or in a barn.

There is a **Prologue**, which uses a conventional apology for not having a better subject, referring the audience to the ‘witches the fat jailor brought to town’. These convicted witches were in the Fleet Prison, awaiting a decision from the Privy Council as to whether the executions (they and others had been found guilty in court in Lancaster) should go ahead. The ‘fat jailer’ might have been Thomas Covell, in charge of the prison at Lancaster Castle.

**ACT 1**, scene I. Three gentlemen, Arthur, Shakestone and Bantam have had their hunting disrupted by inexplicable events. To them enters Whetstone, nephew of Mistress Generous, and presumptive heir to Master Generous. Whetstone has a ‘Cratyltic’ name, in reference to an adage that no whetstone is needed to put an edge on a liar’s tongue. Socially insecure (he was the illegitimate son of Mistress Generous’ sister), Whetstone is scorned by the other men, but they have all agreed to dine at Master Generous’ house. Master Generous himself enters, to invite them in. The conversation shifts to the strange inversion of all authority in the local Seely household.

Act I scene ii. Doughty is trying to reason with Old Seely about his abject submission to the will of his son Gregory. This is then demonstrated in the dialogue, with the servant of the household, Lawrence, coming in to command both his social superiors. Seely’s wife Joan is also revealed to be subjugated by her daughter Winny, then both of the women to the maidservant Parnell. Lawrence and Parnell speak in Brome’s version of the Lancashire dialect (simplified in the Egan text). Doughty comments incredulously throughout, and deduces: “Sure all the witches in the country \[we would use ‘county’ here\] have their hands in this home-spun medley”. Lawrence and Parnell agree to marry and take over as masters, with the Seely family reduced to lodgers.

**ACT 2** scene i This scene introduces the sisterhood of witches who have gleefully caused all the disruption seen in Act 1. An extraordinary song in which the witches offer their blood to feed their familiars is sung, and future mischief planned.

Act 2 Scene ii. Inside the Generous household, Generous asks the three gentlemen to be forbearing about Whetstone’s folly. Arthur flatters Generous, the men attend to various legal documents together, at last the three gentleman and Whetstone leave to go hare coursing again. Left on his own, Generous asks his servant Robin, who has entered the scene, to call his Mistress. Robin explains that he cannot, that she is out of the house, alone, on horseback. Though he is disconcerted, Generous makes a conscious effort not to become a suspicious husband, but tells Robin to refuse to let Mistress Generous have a horse next time she demands one. The next entry is a soldier, begging his way home: his dialogue with Generous is interrupted by Generous’ miller, who is leaving his employment because of nocturnal assaults on his sleep by large cats. The soldier says he used to be a miller, and he takes the job instead.

Act 2 iii is a short scene dramatizing the boy who originally spun this whole story of witches. The boy finds two stray greyhounds, as he thinks.

Act 2 iv shows the gentlemen coursing again, with their hunting disrupted this time by a quarrel largely triggered by Bantam (the name connotes a small fighting cock). Bantam flatly calls Whetstone a bastard.

Act 2 v. The boy finds that the greyhounds just will not hunt. As he whips them with a switch, the dogs metamorphose into Goody Dickieson and a devil boy. They abduct the boy together.

Act 2 vi. Robin, sent to Lancaster to buy wine by Generous in the second scene, is seen with his lover, Mall Spencer, whose magical powers are demonstrated. She swaps his grey horse to a long backed black horse, saying that they can both ride to London and back, and get wine from no less than the Mitre Tavern itself (the play has a lot of ‘product placement’).

**ACT 3** scene i. Old Seely and Joan are working in the kitchen like servants, preparing the wedding feast for their own servants Lawrence and Parnell, who are being married at the church by Parson Knitknot. The whole party from the church enter joyously, though the wedding bells have been ringing an alarm, rather than a proper peal. Like the bells, the wedding feast is then disrupted by the familiar spirits. The bridal cake turns to bran, and all the cooked meat in the elaborate feast is supernaturally switched for inedible or satirical things (dollops of cow shit, ram’s horns, etc.), finally live birds fly out of the wedding pie (kittens were also used on stage in 1634). The wedding guests nearly panic, but rally to stay in the house, and cold meat is found to make some kind of collation. The charm that he held the Seely family lifts temporarily. They aim to make a merry afternoon, with the encouraging presence of Mall Spencer, merely seen as a merry wench.

Act 3, ii. Generous and Robin are in dialogue about the extraordinary quality of the wine Robin has purchased for his master. Robin affirms he got it from the Mitre Tavern itself, but Generous is incredulous. Robin even produces a valuable document a worker at the Mitre had found, dropped by Generous. But Generous just rationalises this away, and leaves the scene. Mistress Generous enters, and demands a horse: Robin refuses, but with a magical bridle she transforms him into a mount to carry her to the meeting of the sisterhood. Act 3 iii. Back at the wedding party, dialogue reveals that Doughty, an older man, is now enamoured of Mall Spencer. Doughty is seen dancing with Mall, during which her nose is (apparently) briefly transformed into a crone’s hooked nose. Lawrence the bridegroom wants Parnell to perform some unspecified sexual act with him ahead of bedtime. Mall gives to Lawrence an enchanted ‘point’, a lace to retain the flap of his codpiece – it will render him impotent, but not knowing this, he fastens it in place. The music for the dancing turns into a cacophony of different tunes, and then the instruments are supernaturally silenced. But it is remembered that bagpipes resist magic (an effect used in the preposterous Ken Russell horror film, ‘The Lair of the White Worm’). The piper is invited in, everyone performs a drunken reel, but finally Mall and the piper vanish. Doughty now decides that the whole day has been subjected to witchcraft. The bride and groom go to bed as the act ends.

**ACT 4** scene i starts at the barn where Mistress Generous dismounts from Robin and enters to join the sisterhood, who will feast on the wedding feast spirited away in the previous act. Robin peers in, and comments on what he sees (it is of interest that he reports on just a female company assembled, and makes no testimony to the devil being present). As was historically alleged by the boy Edmund Robinson, the food descends from above when the witches tug on ropes. The boy abducted by Good Dickieson is present, his testimony is that the food is vitiated, and has, as he puts it, ‘neither salt or savour’. He escapes, and the witches find that they cannot pursue him without being witnessed, so they hastily break up their party. When Mistress Generous thinks to ride Robin back to her house, he snatches the magic bridle and rides her instead.

4 ii is the serious part of the play. Generous enters, thoughtful about his wife: her bed has not been slept in. He calls for Robin to check on his horses, and asks for the stable key. Robin knows that he will find an unknown mare in the stable (Mistress Generous transformed into a horse by the magic bridle). Generous re-enters, furious with Robin for giving free stabling to another person’s horse. Robin persuades his master that this horse is his own, and that he has stabled this mare for twenty years and more: Generous should just go the stable and take off the bridle. Generous returns, stupefied by what has happened in the stable. Mistress Generous, completely incriminated, confesses to witchcraft, and to having made a full pact with the devil. Generous, the sceptic, is confuted, and now witchcraft lore fills his mind as truth: he can now imagine that he has often slept with a succubus, left by his side while she has been out with her fellow witches. Mistress Generous expresses great contrition, and either weeps or seems to weep (a pacted witch was not supposed to be able to do this), and her husband decides to believe in her penitence, and tells Robin to keep quiet about what he has seen.

In 4 iii, we learn that the Seely family have been separated and taken into care, Arthur housing the young, Doughty the old couple. The noise of a skimmington ride is heard: Shakestone enters to expound. Discovering her husband to be impotent, Parnell has been so noisily irate that her scandalised neighbours are caricaturing them as ‘Don Skimmington’ and his shrewish wife (imagine pasteboard figures on horseback, accompanied by villagers beating on pans, etc.). Parnell enters, her sexual dissatisfaction loud and, to the mind of the gentlemen, immodest (she had prior experience of how virile Lawrence once was, but now she says she wants a divorce). The mocking skimmington parade enters, and a street brawl starts, as Parnell attacks the puppet husband, Lawrence the puppet wife. Parnell even thinks she has drawn blood (the reference is to scratching a witch, and in drawing blood, freeing yourself from the power of her charm).

Act 4 scene iv opens with dialogue between Mistress Generous and Mall Spencer about Mistress Generous’ exposure to her husband. In this dialogue we learn that all her penitence was just acting, “but once and ever / A witch, thou know’st” – a witch does not repent. Whetstone enters, and he wants to use his aunt’s powers to retaliate on the gentlemen for abusing him, Mistress Generous hastily gives him a paper with instructions. Act 4 scene v is the masque of putative fathers that gives Whetstone his moment on revenge on the gentlemen. After an evening drinking together, he asks (he being a known bastard) if they would like to see their fathers, and in the masque-like series of entries that follows, a tailor, a schoolteacher, and Robin the servant are apparently revealed as the true fathers of these self-conscious gentlemen. Whetstone’s own father is also shown, and is at least proved to have been a gallant. The gentlemen find they have no power to retaliate for this humiliation. In a final dialogue section, Mistress Generous gets Mall to summon the sisterhood together, prior to another assault on the mill.

**ACT 5** scene i This act opens with a dialogue that heads towards the resolution on the action: Doughty is now a witch-finder, with the boy as his informant, determined to purge the county of witches. The boy seems to be elaborating his story because of the attention he is getting: we have not witnessed his fight with the devil boy that he describes.

Act 5 scene ii is the assault on the mill by the witches and their familiars, the witches in the form of cats. The soldier-turned-miller fights back with his sword, and has wounded one of his assailants, he thinks.

Act 5 scene 3 has Generous and Robin in dialogue, heading for the mill. Arthur enters to confront Robin about daring to have impersonated his father (Arthur and the other gentlemen are now freed from the delusion induced at the end of Act IV). Arthur is confounded when Generous can attest that Robin was always with him. At the mill, Generous talks to the soldier, who describes the assault, and his belief that he wounded one of the cats. Generous is again confronted by proof: the cat’s severed paw has become his wife’s hand, complete with wedding ring.

In 5 iv the wounded Mistress Generous is lying in bed. Whetstone talks fatuously to her, Mall, who is present, realises that she must escape, but she is intercepted by the arrival of the men. Generous forces his wife to reveal her injury, she and Mall are delivered into ‘the hand of justice’.

In 5 v, the power of the witches has been broken by the arrests. The Seely household are all restored to their wits and proper sense of social position, Parnell very excitedly describes how she and her husband worked out how to deliver him from Mall Spencer’s incapacitating sexual charm (Brome works in a lot of bawdy, the point burning in the fire is really a description of their successful sexual congress at last). Old Seely can now recollect how he had encountered and rebuked a ‘wayward’ (weird) woman for bearing with a ‘most unseemly disobedience’ in her own son, and the retaliatory curse she passed on him for these sharp remarks: that he would soon experience the same. Master Generous arrives with his wife and Mall, Old Seely has to be warned about Mistress Generous’ witchcraft. Arthur and Doughty together take control. The accused women find that they cannot conjure up their familiars, and Doughty expounds that even a village constable (i.e., the lowest officer of the Christian state) has power over witchcraft in his staff (imagine a truncheon with the royal coat of arms). Arthur proposes that they try to take statements now, to speed up the later legal process. The various accusations are repeated, and the accused women say that they will not speak, but then Granny Johnson does, calling out loud for Mamilion her familiar, and confessing to her sexual relationship with this demonic familiar. Historically, Margaret Johnson spontaneously confessed to witchcraft, when she had not been one of the 1634 accused at all. As ‘the penitent witch’, she appears in the State Papers, and multiple copies of her confession were made. Having got what he wants from this confession, Doughty ceases to ‘dandle’ (treat with apparent kindness) this witch, and the male characters end the play with Robin leading the jeering: he expects Mall and Mistress Generous to be mounted next on a ‘horse’ with a ‘bridle’, the gallows and the halter which will hang them. Doughty addresses the constable and others “On afore, drovers, with your untoward cattle”: as men herding cattle to an abattoir.

The play ends with a shifty **Epilogue**, claiming that the action has represented no more than the accused people have done, but admitting that ‘great mercy’ may yet give the accused their lives. The action has shown the entirely fictional Mistress Generous given her chance when first incriminated, and yet returning to her practices. Thomas Potts asserted that Jennet Preston in the 1612 Pendle Hill witchcraft was “unfit to live, having once so great mercie extended to her”, and Heywood seems to be picking up this detail.

## Adaptation

Thomas Shadwell borrowed from the Heywood/Brome work for his own *The Lancashire Witches* (1681). Shadwell's play was also popular through much of the 18th century; as late as 1782, Charles Dibdin had a success with his pantomime *The Lancashire Witches, or The Distresses of Harlequin.* The Heywood/Brome and Shadwell versions were reprinted together in an 1853 volume titled *The Poetry of Witchcraft.*

## Modern editions

Laird Barber produced a modern edition of the play in 1979, under its traditional title. When Gabriel Egan produced another modern edition in 2002, he employed the title *The Witches of Lancashire,* in the judgement that this reflected the play as performed in 1634. (The second title derives from a letter dated 16 August 1634 written by Nathaniel Tomkyns, a member of the audience. The run-on title in the 1634 quarto, positioned along the tops of the pages, is also *The Witches of Lancashire*.)


title: Weather Girl

abstract: Weather Girl is a 2009 comedy film written and directed by Blayne Weaver and starring Tricia O'Kelley, Mark Harmon, Jon Cryer, and Enrico Colantoni. After a morning show personality discovers her boyfriend's infidelity, she loses it on-air, costing her her job and forcing her to move in with her younger brother. She must cope with being 35, single and working for minimum wage and has an unlikely romance with a younger man.

text:
# Weather Girl

***Weather Girl*** is a 2009 comedy film written and directed by Blayne Weaver and starring Tricia O'Kelley, Mark Harmon, Jon Cryer, and Enrico Colantoni.

After a morning show personality discovers her boyfriend's infidelity, she loses it on-air, costing her her job and forcing her to move in with her younger brother. She must cope with being 35, single and working for minimum wage and has an unlikely romance with a younger man.

## Plot

Sylvia Miller, a Seattle morning show weather television personality, after learning her boyfriend Dale Waters and anchor for their show has cheated on her with his co-anchor Sherry, shames him on air. Her live freak out includes quitting her job.

Sylvia is forced to move in with her younger brother, as she was living with Dale. She must cope with being 35, single and unemployable in her chosen profession as she's committed professional suicide.

To retrieve her things from her old place she gets Byron and Walt, who are a number of years younger, to act as her muscle. Dale and Sherry are napping when they arrive, and when she finds them she loses it, climbing on the bed and slapping him. Before she goes, Dale says he cheated because she didn't love him and she was cold.

After several unsuccessful job interviews it becomes clear that Sylvia can't get hired in broadcast journalism. Now desperate to earn money, she eventually gets a low-paying job as a waitress.

That night, Sylvia agrees to go on a date with Charles, set up by her girlfriends. Walt and Byron give them a hard time as the couple leaves the apartment. On the date, Charles comes on very strong, talking about wanting to get married, and even having chosen the names of their future children.

Arriving back at the apartment, Sylvia tells Byron that Charles was creepy. He proposes he be her rebound guy. Initially resistant, after a moment she says yes. The conditions are: it's just physical; no strings; and don't tell Walt.

The fling is the only thing making Sylvia's life tolerable. But the secret is out when Walt walks in on the two as they are getting physical. Byron fears what this discovery may do to his friendship with Walt, but Sylvia insists that it is purely physical, with no strings.

Restaurant customers constantly bug Sylvia about her TV blow up and the kitchen staff harass her in Spanish. She begins to bond with the staff when she finally shows them she knows some Spanish. Byron shows up at the restaurant, coercing her into a date, where they walk, share life stories, and seem to get closer.

On the walk, Sylvia tells Byron that her mom died when she was 14, and Walt was 10, so the siblings raised each other. They bump into her friends, whom she hasn't seen since she and Byron started hooking up. The friends bring up the age difference.

At work, Sylvia performs the Heimlich maneuver on a choking customer, a video of which goes viral. Simultaneously, Walt notices that Byron is truly interested in her as her former boss calls, proposing she come back to co-anchor with Dale.

As Sylvia considers the new job offer, Dale invites her to dinner, and says she can decide if it is just a professional meeting or also intimate. Walt admonishes her for going. Byron stops by to let her know how much he likes her, but Sylvia says she doesn't reciprocate. At the dinner, Dale says he wants her back, but she doesn't allow him to kiss her.

Just minutes before Sylvia goes on the air again, Walt appears and asks her not to be a sellout. On live TV, she reiterates that Dale is a prick, that she is not going to sell out after all, and thanks her brother for helping bring her to her senses.

In the dressing room, Byron is waiting for Sylvia. They both declare their love and kiss.

## Cast

Five actors from Two and a Half Men are in the cast. Two actors from It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia are also in the cast, as well as two more from Brothers & Sisters.

## Filming locations

## Reception

*Weather Girl* received mixed to mostly negative reviews and a critic rating of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 9 reviews.

## InfoBox

| Weather Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional film poster | |
| Directed by | Blayne Weaver |
| Written by | Blayne Weaver |
| Produced by | Tricia O'Kelley |
| Starring | Tricia O'Kelley
Mark Harmon
Jon Cryer
Patrick J. Adams
Enrico Colantoni
Marin Hinkle |
| Cinematography | Brandon Trost |
| Edited by | Abe Levy |
| Music by | Andrew Hollander |
| Production
companies | Secret Identity Productions
Steakhaus Productions |
| Distributed by | Secret Identity Productions |
| Release dates | * January 17, 2009 (2009-01-17) (Sundance) * July 10, 2009 (2009-07-10) (United States) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $22,779 (US) |