title: Tsuji–Trost reaction

abstract: The Tsuji–Trost reaction is a palladium-catalysed substitution reaction involving a substrate that contains a leaving group in an allylic position. The palladium catalyst first coordinates with the allyl group and then undergoes oxidative addition, forming the π-allyl complex. This allyl complex can then be attacked by a nucleophile, resulting in the substituted product. This work was first pioneered by Jirō Tsuji in 1965 and, later, adapted by Barry Trost in 1973 with the introduction of phosphine ligands. The scope of this reaction has been expanded to many different carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen-based nucleophiles, many different leaving groups, many different phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur-based ligands, and many different metals. The introduction of phosphine ligands led to improved reactivity and numerous asymmetric allylic alkylation strategies. Many of these strategies are driven by the advent of chiral ligands, which are often able to provide high enantioselectivity and high diastereoselectivity under mild conditions. This modification greatly expands the utility of this reaction for many different synthetic applications. The ability to form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds under these conditions, makes this reaction very appealing to the fields of both medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis.

text:
# Tsuji–Trost reaction

The **Tsuji–Trost reaction** (also called the **Trost allylic alkylation** or **allylic alkylation**) is a palladium-catalysed substitution reaction involving a substrate that contains a leaving group in an allylic position. The palladium catalyst first coordinates with the allyl group and then undergoes oxidative addition, forming the π-allyl complex. This allyl complex can then be attacked by a nucleophile, resulting in the substituted product.

This work was first pioneered by Jirō Tsuji in 1965 and, later, adapted by Barry Trost in 1973 with the introduction of phosphine ligands. The scope of this reaction has been expanded to many different carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen-based nucleophiles, many different leaving groups, many different phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur-based ligands, and many different metals (although palladium is still preferred). The introduction of phosphine ligands led to improved reactivity and numerous asymmetric allylic alkylation strategies. Many of these strategies are driven by the advent of chiral ligands, which are often able to provide high enantioselectivity and high diastereoselectivity under mild conditions. This modification greatly expands the utility of this reaction for many different synthetic applications. The ability to form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds under these conditions, makes this reaction very appealing to the fields of both medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis.

## History

In 1962, Smidt published work on the palladium-catalysed oxidation of alkenes to carbonyl groups. In this work, it was determined that the palladium catalyst activated the alkene for the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide. Gaining insight from this work, Tsuji hypothesized that a similar activation could take place to form carbon-carbon bonds. In 1965, Tsuji reported work that confirmed his hypothesis. By reacting an allylpalladium chloride dimer with the sodium salt of diethyl malonate, the group was able to form a mixture of monoalkylated and dialkylated product.

The scope of the reaction was expanded only gradually until Trost discovered the next big breakthrough in 1973. While attempting to synthesize acyclic sesquiterpene homologs, Trost ran into problems with the initial procedure and was not able to alkylate his substrates. These problems were overcome with the addition of triphenylphosphine to the reaction mixture.

These conditions were then tested out for other substrates and some led to "essentially instantaneous reaction at room temperature." Soon after, he developed a way to use these ligands for asymmetric synthesis. Not surprisingly, this spurred on many other investigations of this reaction and has led to the important role that this reaction now holds in synthetic chemistry.

## Mechanism

Starting with a zerovalent palladium species and a substrate containing a leaving group in the allylic position, the Tsuji–Trost reaction proceeds through the catalytic cycle outlined below.

First, the palladium coordinates to the alkene, forming a η2 π-allyl-Pd0 Π complex. The next step is oxidative addition in which the leaving group is expelled with inversion of configuration and a η3 π-allyl-PdII is created (also called ionization). The nucleophile then adds to the allyl group regenerating the η2 π-allyl-Pd0 complex. At the completion of the reaction, the palladium detaches from the alkene and can start again in the catalytic cycle.

### "Hard" versus "soft" nucleophiles

The nucleophiles used are typically generated from precursors (pronucleophiles) in situ after their deprotonation with base. These nucleophiles are then subdivided into "hard" and "soft" nucleophiles using a paradigm for describing nucleophiles that largely rests on the pKas of their conjugate acids. "Hard" nucleophiles typically have conjugate acids with pKas greater than 25, while "soft" nucleophiles typically have conjugate acids with pKas less than 25. This descriptor is important because of the impact these nucleophiles have on the stereoselectivity of the product. Stabilized or "soft" nucleophiles invert the stereochemistry of the π-allyl complex. This inversion in conjunction with the inversion in stereochemistry associated with the oxidative addition of palladium yields a net retention of stereochemistry. Unstabilized or "hard" nucleophiles, on the other hand, retain the stereochemistry of the π-allyl complex, resulting in a net inversion of stereochemistry.

This trend is explained by examining the mechanisms of nucleophilic attack. "Soft" nucleophiles attack the carbon of the allyl group, while "hard" nucleophiles attack the metal center, followed by reductive elimination.

### Phosphine ligands

Phosphine ligands, such as triphenylphosphine or the Trost ligand, have been used to greatly expand the scope of the Tsuji–Trost reaction. These ligands can modulate the properties of the palladium catalyst such as steric bulk as well as the electronic properties. Importantly, these ligands can also instill chirality to the final product, making it possible for these reactions to be carried out asymmetrically as shown below.

## Allylic asymmetric substitution

The enantioselective version of the Tsuji–Trost reaction is called the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation (Trost AAA) or simply, asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA). These reactions are often used in asymmetric synthesis. The reaction was originally developed with a palladium catalyst supported by the Trost ligand, although suitable conditions have greatly expanded since then. Enantioselectivity can be imparted to the reaction during any of the steps aside from the decomplexation of the palladium from the alkene since the stereocenter is already set at that point. Five main ways have been conceptualized to take advantage of these steps and yield enantioselective reaction conditions. These methods of enantiodiscrimination were previously reviewed by Trost:

1. Preferential ionization via enantioselective olefin complexation
2. Enantiotopic ionization of leaving groups
3. Attack at enantiotopic ends of the allyl complex
4. Enantioface exchange in the π-allyl complex
5. Differentiation of prochiral nucleophile faces

The favored method for enantiodiscrimination is largely dependent on the substrate of interest, and in some cases, the enantioselectivity may be influenced by several of these factors.

## Scope

### Nucleophiles

Many different nucleophiles have been reported to be effective for this reaction. Some of the most common nucleophiles include malonates, enolates, primary alkoxides, carboxylates, phenoxides, amines, azide, sulfonamides, imides, and sulfones.

### Leaving groups

The scope of leaving groups has also been expanded to include a number of different leaving groups, although carbonates, phenols, phosphates, halides and carboxylates are the most widely used.

### "Hard" and "soft" nucleophiles

Recent work has demonstrated that the scope of "soft" nucleophiles can be expanded to include some pronucleophiles that have much higher pKas than ~ 25. Some of these "soft" nucleophiles have pKas ranging all the way to 32, and even more basic pronucleophiles (~44) have been shown to act as soft nucleophiles with the addition of Lewis acids that help to facilitate deprotonation. The improved pKa range of "soft" nucleophiles is critical because these nucleophiles are the only ones that have been explored for enantioselective reactions until very recently (although non-enantioselective reactions of "hard" nucleophiles have been known for some time). By increasing the scope of pronucleophiles that act as "soft" nucleophiles, these substrates can also be incorporated into enantioselective reactions using previously reported and well characterized methods.

### Ligands

Building on the reactivity of the triphenylphosphine ligand, the structure of ligands used for the Tsuji–Trost reaction quickly became more complex. Today, these ligands may contain phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen or some combination of these elements, but most studies have concentrated on the mono- and diphosphine ligands. These ligands can be further classified based on the nature of their chirality, with some ligands containing central chirality on the phosphorus or carbon atoms, some containing biaryl axial chirality, and others containing planar chirality. Diphosphine ligands with central chirality emerged as an effective type of ligand (particularly for asymmetric allylic alkylation procedures) with the Trost Ligand being one such example. Phosphinooxazolines (PHOX) ligands have been employed in the AAA, particularly with carbon-based nucleophiles.

### Additional substrates

The reaction substrate has also been extended to allenes. In this specific ring expansion the AAA reaction is also accompanied by a Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement:

## Applications

### Pharmaceutical/natural products synthesis

The ability to form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds enantioselectively under mild conditions makes the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation extremely appealing for the synthesis of complex molecules.

An example of this reaction is the synthesis of an intermediate in the combined total synthesis of galantamine and morphine with 1 mol% \[pi-allylpalladium chloride dimer\], 3 mol% (*S,S*) Trost ligand, and triethylamine in dichloromethane at room temperature. These conditions result in the formation of the (−)-enantiomer of the aryl ether in 72% chemical yield and 88% enantiomeric excess.

Another Tsuji–Trost reaction was used during the initial stages of the synthesis of (−)-neothiobinupharidine. This recent work demonstrates the ability of this reaction to give highly diastereoselective (10:1) and enantioselective (97.5:2.5) products from achiral starting material with only a small amount of catalyst (1%).

### Palladium detection

Aside from the practical application of this reaction in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis, recent work has also used the Tsuji–Trost reaction to detect palladium in various systems. This detection system is based on a non-fluorescent fluorescein-derived sensor (longer-wavelength sensors have also recently been developed for other applications) that becomes fluorescent only in the presence of palladium or platinum. This palladium/platinum sensing ability is driven by the Tsuji–Trost reaction. The sensor contains an allyl group with the fluorescein functioning as the leaving group. The π-allyl complex is formed and after a nucleophile attacks, the fluorescein is released, yielding a dramatic increase in fluorescence.

This simple, high-throughput method to detect palladium by monitoring fluorescence has been shown to be useful in monitoring palladium levels in metal ores, pharmaceutical products, and even in living cells. With the ever-increasing popularity of palladium catalysis, this type of quick detection should be very useful in reducing the contamination of pharmaceutical products and preventing the pollution of the environment with palladium and platinum.


title: Proeulia chromaffinis

abstract: Proeulia chromaffinis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile.

text:
# Proeulia chromaffinis

***Proeulia chromaffinis*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Proeulia chromaffinis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Proeulia* |
| Species: | ***P. chromaffinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proeulia chromaffinis***<br>Razowski, 1995 | |
|


title: Fite-Williams-Ligon House

abstract: The Fite-Williams-Ligon House is a historic mansion in Carthage, Tennessee in the United States.

text:
# Fite-Williams-Ligon House

The **Fite-Williams-Ligon House** is a historic mansion in Carthage, Tennessee in the United States.

## Location

It is located at 212 Fite Avenue West in Carthage, a small town in Smith County, Tennessee. It sits on a bluff half a mile away from the Cumberland River.

## History

The two-storey house was built circa 1850. It was designed in the Italianate architectural style, with bricks painted in white and a gable roof. By 1877, a gabled ell and hall were added to the main building. It was remodelled circa 1920.

During the Civil War, the house was used as a hospital for the Union Army. After the war, it belonged to Robert M. King. In 1873, it was purchased by Confederate Colonel John Armenus Fite, who lived there with his wife, two daughters and a black servant. By 1905, the house was acquired by J.W. Williams, the president of the Carthage Packet Company. It was purchased by L.A. Ligon in 1919. After Ligon's death in 1947, the house was purchased by his daughter Margaret and her husband, J.T. Westmoreland. In 1996, it was purchased by their granddaughter.

## Architectural significance

It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 17, 2003.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fite-Williams-Ligon House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Fite-Williams-Ligon House in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 212 Fite Avenue West, Carthage, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 36°15′15.7″N 85°57′13.5″W / 36.254361°N 85.953750°W / 36.254361; -85.953750 |
| Area | 3.9 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | c. 1850 |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 03000663 |
| Added to NRHP | July 17, 2003 |


title: Waysiders Drumpellier

abstract: Waysiders Drumpellier is a rugby union side based in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The club was founded in 1993 by the merger of Waysiders RFC and Drumpellier RFC. They play their home games at Langloan in Coatbridge.

text:
# Waysiders Drumpellier

**Waysiders Drumpellier** is a rugby union side based in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The club was founded in 1993 by the merger of Waysiders RFC and Drumpellier RFC. They play their home games at Langloan in Coatbridge.

## History

Waysiders Drumpellier was born in 1993 for the 1993–94 season. It was a merger of two sides:- Waysiders RFC of Airdrie; and Drumpellier of Coatbridge.

The merger made Waysiders Drumpellier the rugby club with the largest school catchment area in Scotland; featuring 7 Secondary Schools and 52 Primary Schools.

The club run a 1st and 2nd XV as well as girls and boys sides. They also plan a rugby academy. The club had a women's side; it fell away, though the club is keen to re-instate this. However former Waysider Drumpellier players Tanya Griffiths, Emma Waugh, Heather Law, Lauren Miller and Jennifer Miller have all went on to represent Scotland.

The club recently secured over £108,000 in funding from the SRU and Sport Scotland for new changing rooms to allow for boys, girls, men and women. They have also received funding from Ross and Liddell's Community Bursary Scheme.

## Waysiders Drumpellier Sevens

The club runs the Waysiders Drumpellier Sevens. The tournament started in 1994. Before this Drumpellier RFC ran the Drumpellier Sevens until 1993.

## Notable former players

### Men

#### Scotland 'A'

The following former Waysiders Drumpellier players represented Scotland 'A'.

#### Glasgow Warriors

The following former Waysiders Drumpellier players represented Glasgow Warriors.

### Women

#### Scotland

The following former Waysiders Drumpellier players represented Scotland.

## Honours

* West Division 3
    + Champions: 2018-19
* McLaren HSFP Sevens

## InfoBox

Waysiders Drumpellier
| Full name | Waysiders Drumpellier Rugby Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Union | Scottish Rugby Union |
| Founded | 1993 (1993) |
| Location | Coatbridge, Scotland |
| Ground(s) | Langloan |
| League(s) | West Division Two |
| 2019–20 | West Division Three, 8th of 10 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trochila

abstract: Trochila is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae. It was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The genus contains 15 species.

text:
# Trochila

***Trochila*** is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae. It was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The genus contains 15 species.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Trochila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trochila ilicina* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Ascomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Dermateaceae |
| Genus: | ***Trochila***
Fr. (1849) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Trochila craterium*
(DC.) Fr. (1849) | |


title: Wallace Santos

abstract: Wallace Antonio de Oliveira dos Santos is a Brazilian para-athlete, who won gold in the shot put F55 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Wallace Santos

**Wallace Antonio de Oliveira dos Santos** (born 22 July 1984) is a Brazilian para-athlete, who won gold in the shot put F55 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

## InfoBox

Wallace Santos
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wallace Antonio de Oliveira dos Santos |
| Born | 22 July 1984 (1984-07-22) (age 40)<br>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Sport | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Sport | Para athletics |
| Disability class | F55 |
| Event | Shot put |
| Medal record      Para athletics  Representing  Brazil  Paralympic Games  2020 Tokyo  Shot put F55  World Championships  2023 Paris  Shot put F55  Parapan American Games  2023 Santiago Shot put F55 | |


title: Pseudodalatias

abstract: Pseudodalatias is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish which existed in England, Italy and Spain during the Triassic period. It is placed in the monotypic family Pseudodalatiidae, and contains the two species Pseudodalatias barnstonensis and Pseudodalatias henarejensis. It is disputed as to whether it represents a neoselachian, or a hybodont.

text:
# Pseudodalatias

***Pseudodalatias*** is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish which existed in England, Italy and Spain during the Triassic period. It is placed in the monotypic family **Pseudodalatiidae**, and contains the two species *Pseudodalatias barnstonensis* and *Pseudodalatias henarejensis*. It is disputed as to whether it represents a neoselachian, or a hybodont.

* A.TINTORI (1980) Teeth of the selachian genus *Pseudodalatias* Sykes, 1971 from the Norian (Upper Triassic) of Lombardy. Riv.It.Paleont.Strat., v.86(1), 19–30, Milano

## InfoBox

| *Pseudodalatias*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil of *Pseudodalatias barnstonensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Order: | Hybodontiformes |
| Family: | Pseudodalatiidae
Reif, 1978 |
| Genus: | *Pseudodalatias*
Reif, 1978 |
|
| Species | |
| * *Pseudodalatias barnstonensis* (Sykes, 1971) * *Pseudodalatias henarejensis* Botella *et al.*, 2009 | |


title: Three Forks, Montana

abstract: Three Forks is a city in Gallatin County, Montana, United States and is located within the watershed valley system of both the Missouri and Mississippi rivers drainage basins — and is historically considered the birthplace or start of the Missouri River. The population was 1,989 at the 2020 census. The city of Three Forks is named so because it lies geographically near the point, in nearby Missouri Headwaters State Park, where the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers converge to form the Missouri River — the longest single river in North America, as well as the major portion of the Missouri–Mississippi River System from the headwaters near Three Forks to its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Three Forks is part of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area of approximately 100,000 people and located thirty miles west of Bozeman.

text:
# Three Forks, Montana

**Three Forks** is a city in Gallatin County, Montana, United States and is located within the watershed valley system of both the Missouri and Mississippi rivers drainage basins — and is historically considered the birthplace or start of the Missouri River. The population was 1,989 at the 2020 census. The city of Three Forks is named so because it lies geographically near the point, in nearby Missouri Headwaters State Park, where the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers converge to form the Missouri River — the longest single river in North America, as well as the major portion of the Missouri–Mississippi River System from the headwaters near Three Forks to its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Three Forks is part of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area of approximately 100,000 people and located thirty miles west of Bozeman.

## History

The three rivers, west to east, were named by Meriwether Lewis in late July 1805 for President Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State James Madison, and Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin which was in the times the genesis of a mild controversy and eventually spawned a modern-day geographical controversyin both cases regarding length comparisons between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Today the two confluences are incorporated inside Missouri Headwaters State Park, which is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark.

The Lewis and Clark expedition visited the site on July 28, 1805. Meriwether Lewis in his journal entry wrote:

*"Both Capt. C. and myself corrisponded in opinion with rispect to the impropriety of calling either of these* \[three\] *streams the Missouri and accordingly agreed to name them after the President of the United States and the Secretaries of the Treasury and state..."*

One consequence of their decision to designate, map and name the Jeffersonthe largest as a separate tributary river, is that today the Mississippi River can arguably be called longer than the Missouri River because extensive re-channelization of the streambed for hydroelectric power projects has shortened the river while the Mississippi Delta has grown, lengthening the rival river.

Honored in Three Forks, the Indian woman Sacagawea is best known as the interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1800, she was captured by the Mennetaree tribe near the present site of Three Forks. She later returned to this area with Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery. A statue of Sacagawea now sits in a park off Main Street.

The present-day city of Three Forks was founded September 17, 1908 by John Q. Adams, a Milwaukee Road land agent. The Milwaukee (Railroad) Land Co., platted the town and held a lot sale that day. Some buildings were moved to the present city from "Old Town Three Forks", a mile to the northeast. The city became a division point on the Milwaukee Road's Rocky Mountain Division and was an important hub for the railroad during the existence of the Milwaukee in Montana (1908-1980).

Two banks for the town were chartered in 1909 and 1910; John Q. Adams financed construction of the latter one, the Three Valleys State Bank, whose building survives, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and serves as a local history museum. The town's early growth prospects foundered from the effects of economic depression, crop failures, and an earthquake that hit the town on June 27, 1925, damaging all of its brick buildings. The town's population never reached the 10,000 level that some once hoped for, and dropped to about 1,000. Some prosperity returned during and after World War II, and population has grown modestly since.

## Geography

Three Forks is located at 45°53′29″N 111°33′6″W / 45.89139°N 111.55167°W / 45.89139; -111.55167 (45.891334, -111.551532).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.50 square miles (3.88 km2), of which 1.44 square miles (3.73 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is water.

### Climate

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 674 |  |  |
| 1920 | 1,071 |  | 58.9% |
| 1930 | 884 |  | −17.5% |
| 1940 | 876 |  | −0.9% |
| 1950 | 1,114 |  | 27.2% |
| 1960 | 1,161 |  | 4.2% |
| 1970 | 1,188 |  | 2.3% |
| 1980 | 1,247 |  | 5.0% |
| 1990 | 1,203 |  | −3.5% |
| 2000 | 1,728 |  | 43.6% |
| 2010 | 1,869 |  | 8.2% |
| 2020 | 1,989 |  | 6.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,869 people, 785 households, and 524 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,297.9 inhabitants per square mile (501.1/km2). There were 850 housing units at an average density of 590.3 per square mile (227.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 785 households, of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the city was 40.8 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,728 people, 686 households, and 469 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,360.7 inhabitants per square mile (525.4/km2). There were 726 housing units at an average density of 571.7 per square mile (220.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.57% White, 1.10% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 686 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,212, and the median income for a family was $39,938. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $19,196 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,362. About 5.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

The City of Three Forks is a Mayor–council government form of government in which the City Council is chaired by an elected Mayor. These two entities form the legislative and executive branches of the government. There are six elected City Council members.

## Infrastructure

Three Forks Airport is a public use airport located 1 mile southeast of town.

## Education

The municipality is in the Three Forks Elementary School District and the Three Forks High School District. The Three Forks elementary and high school districts are both a part of Three Forks Public Schools.

Three Forks Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Three Forks High School's team name is the Wolves.

The Three Forks Community Library is a public library.

## Media

The *Three Forks Voice* is a weekly newspaper serving the area.

## Community

Area attractions such as Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park have made Three Forks and the surrounding area a hub for tourism. Three Forks is at the cross-roads of Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 287.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Three Forks, Montana
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
4. Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition 28 July 1805. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
5. "Three Forks". *Montana Place Names Companion*. Montana Historical Society. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
6. Marcia Fairhurst; Kate Hampton (January 2005). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Three Valleys State Bank / American National Bank; First Security Bank; Headwaters Historical Society; Headwaters Heritage Museum". National Park Service. Retrieved September 1, 2019. With accompanying five photos from 2004
7. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
8. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
9. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
10. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
11. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
12. "Three Forks City Government". City of Three Forks. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
13. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Gallatin County, MT" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/3). Retrieved October 4, 2024. \- Text list
14. "Directory of Montana Schools". Montana Office of Public Instruction. March 13, 2024. p. 109/317. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
15. "Three Forks Schools". Three Forks Schools. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
16. "Member Schools". Montana High School Association. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
17. "Three Forks Community Library". Three Forks Community Library. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
18. "Home page". Three Forks Voice. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Three Forks | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Three Forks and the Tobacco Root Mountains | |
| Location of Three Forks, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 45°53′29″N 111°33′6″W / 45.89139°N 111.55167°W / 45.89139; -111.55167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Gallatin |
| Government | |
| Type | Montana Incorporated City, Elected Mayor and City Council |
| Mayor | Sean Gifford |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.50 sq mi (3.88 km2) |
| Land | 1.44 sq mi (3.73 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Elevation | 4,075 ft (1,242 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,989 |
| Density | 1,382.21/sq mi (533.74/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59752 |
| Area code | 406 |
| FIPS code | 30-73975 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0777603 |
| Website | http://www.threeforksmontana.us |


title: Procopius (spider)

abstract: Procopius is a genus of African corinnid sac spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1899.

text:
# Procopius (spider)

***Procopius*** is a genus of African corinnid sac spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1899.

## Species

As of April 2019 it contains eleven species:

## InfoBox

| *Procopius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Corinnidae |
| Genus: | *Procopius*
Thorell, 1899 |
|
| Type species | |
| *P. aethiops*
Thorell, 1899 | |
| Species | |
| 11, see text | |


title: Fitzroy Harbour

abstract:
Fitzroy Harbour is a small village within the city of Ottawa in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Ottawa River at the mouth of the Carp River. A branch of the Mississippi River, known as the Snye, also empties into the Ottawa to the west of the village. Fitzroy Provincial Park is located nearby.
The village has one school located within it, St. Michael's Catholic school. Fitzroy Harbour Public School was closed in 2006. There are also two churches: St Michael's and St. Andrew's (United). St. George's (Anglican) was closed in 2022.

text:
# Fitzroy Harbour

**Fitzroy Harbour** is a small village within the city of Ottawa in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Ottawa River at the mouth of the Carp River. A branch of the Mississippi River, known as the Snye, also empties into the Ottawa to the west of the village.

Fitzroy Provincial Park is located nearby. The village has one school located within it, St. Michael's Catholic school. Fitzroy Harbour Public School was closed in 2006. There are also two churches: St Michael's (Roman Catholic) and St. Andrew's (United). St. George's (Anglican) was closed in 2022.

## History

The town was founded by Charles Shirreff in 1831. There was a waterfall known as Chats Falls on the river Ottawa River, later replaced by a hydroelectric power station and dam, currently operated by Ontario Power Generation.

By 1866, Fitzroy Harbour was a post village with a population of 200, within Fitzroy Township, on the Ottawa river, at the head of the Duchesne lake navigation, on a small bay, dotted with islands. The Chats Falls, which form eleven falls, and plunge thirty-three feet is nearby. On the south side of the river, directly opposite the village, was the Government timber slide. The community had hydroelectric power, manufacturing, three churches, built of stone: the Church of England, the Canada Presbyterian church, and the Roman Catholic church. The Fourth Division Court was held here and at Riddle's Corners, alternately. The Loyal Orange Lodge, No. 541, met at thc Orange Hall, on the first Friday in each month.

In 1974, Fitzroy Township was amalgamated with Huntley and Torbolton to form West Carleton.

In 1977, the Fitzroy Harbour Community Centre was constructed. This facility currently features a main hall and meeting rooms, two softball diamonds, soccer pitches, a playground and an outdoor rink.

In 2001, West Carleton Township became part of the new City of Ottawa.

The estimated population of the village in 2021 was 580.

## InfoBox

| Fitzroy Harbour | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Fitzroy HarbourLocation in Ottawa | |
| Coordinates: 45°28′20″N 76°11′40″W / 45.47222°N 76.19444°W / 45.47222; -76.19444 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Municipality | Ottawa |
| Established | 1831 |
| Amalgamated | 1974 (West Carleton Township) <br>2001 (City of Ottawa) |
| Government | |
| MP | Jenna Sudds |
| MPP | Karen McCrimmon |
| City Councillor | Clarke Kelly |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Postal code | K0A 1X0 |
| Area code(s) | 613, 343 |


title: Manual of arms

abstract:
A manual of arms was an instruction book for handling and using weapons in formation, whether in the field or on parade. Such manuals were especially important in the matchlock and flintlock eras, when loading and firing was a complex and lengthy process typically carried out in close order. When capitalized, the term has reference to one of several important manuals, such as the British Army manual of 1764, the manual of Frederick the Great or Von Steuben's Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, adopted by the Continental Army in 1777. The positions and evolutions contained in such manuals have become the standard for parade drill throughout most of the world. Typical examples of rules and procedures can be found in the 1764 manual. It was used by both sides at the start of the American Revolution.
  - Stance: stand straight, head right, shoulders square, stomach in, chest out, heels close, toes turned out a little.
  - Holding the weapon: on the left shoulder, forefinger and thumb to the side of the stock, the other three holding the butt.
  - Timing: each motion to be done on a count of "one, two". Such manuals contain various evolutions, such as the twelve or so steps needed to load, ready and fire, and steps for fixing bayonets, forming line, column or square. A second example is the manual used for training of US Union troops in 1861. While not always dictating the stance, specific instructions were given for drawing on command, loading, firing, cease-firing, inspecting and returning the weapons to their carrying position. During World War I, Askari troops under General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa were taught the German manual of arms. In 1964 the West German government decided to pay the survivors for their service long ago, and set up an office in Tanganyika for this purpose. Hundreds of old men arrived and asked for their money, but almost none could provide physical evidence of having served. The bankers tested each by giving him a broomstick and ordering him in German to perform the manual of arms. They all passed.

text:
# Manual of arms

A **manual of arms** was an instruction book for handling and using weapons in formation, whether in the field or on parade. Such manuals were especially important in the matchlock and flintlock eras, when loading and firing was a complex and lengthy process typically carried out in close order. When capitalized, the term has reference to one of several important manuals, such as the British Army manual of 1764, the manual of Frederick the Great or Von Steuben's *Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States*, adopted by the Continental Army in 1777. The positions and evolutions contained in such manuals have become the standard for parade drill throughout most of the world.

Typical examples of rules and procedures can be found in the 1764 manual. It was used by both sides at the start of the American Revolution.

* Stance: stand straight, head right, shoulders square, stomach in, chest out, heels close, toes turned out a little.
* Holding the weapon: on the left shoulder, forefinger and thumb to the side of the stock, the other three holding the butt.
* Timing: each motion to be done on a count of "one, two".

Such manuals contain various evolutions, such as the twelve or so steps needed to load, ready and fire, and steps for fixing bayonets, forming line (for firing), column (for bayonet charges) or square (for repelling cavalry).

A second example is the manual used for training of US Union troops in 1861. While not always dictating the stance (as reference is made to loading from horseback), specific instructions were given for drawing on command (specifically the rifle and pistol), loading, firing, cease-firing, inspecting and returning the weapons to their carrying position (slinging the carbine, or holstering the revolver).

During World War I, Askari troops under General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa were taught the German manual of arms. In 1964 the West German government decided to pay the survivors for their service long ago, and set up an office in Tanganyika for this purpose. Hundreds of old men arrived and asked for their money, but almost none could provide physical evidence of having served. The bankers tested each by giving him a broomstick and ordering him in German to perform the manual of arms. They all passed.

1. British Army manual of 1764, illustrated by Outwater's Militia Archived 2010-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
2. Worthington, T. "Manual of arms for the Sharps rifle, Colt revolver and swords (1861)". Applegate & Co. No. 43 Main Street. 1861. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
3. MILLER, Charles (1974). *Battle for the Bundu, the First World War in East Africa*. Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Division. p. 333. ISBN 0025849301.
4. FARWELL, Byron (1986). *The Great War in Africa: 1914–1918*. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 357. ISBN 9780393305647.


title: 1986–87 Scottish League Cup

abstract: The 1986–87 Scottish League Cup was the forty-first season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won by Rangers, who defeated Celtic in the Final.

text:
# 1986–87 Scottish League Cup

The **1986–87 Scottish League Cup** was the forty-first season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won by Rangers, who defeated Celtic in the Final.

## First round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albion Rovers | 3–1 | Berwick Rangers | 12 August 1986 |
| Arbroath | 2–1 | Raith Rovers | 13 August 1986 |
| Cowdenbeath | 0–1 | St Johnstone | 13 August 1986 |
| Meadowbank Thistle | 1–4 | Stirling Albion | 13 August 1986 |
| Stenhousemuir | 1–0 | Queen's Park | 13 August 1986 |
| Stranraer | 0–2 | East Stirlingshire | 13 August 1986 |
|

## Second round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | 4–0 | Alloa Athletic | 20 August 1986 |
| Albion Rovers | 2–2 | Forfar Athletic | 20 August 1986 |
| Brechin City | 0–1 | Hamilton Academical | 19 August 1986 |
| Celtic | 2–0 | Airdrieonians | 20 August 1986 |
| Clyde | 2–1 | Falkirk | 19 August 1986 |
| Clydebank | 3–0 | St Johnstone | 20 August 1986 |
| Dumbarton | 1–0 | Stirling Albion | 20 August 1986 |
| Dunfermline Ath | 0–2 | St Mirren | 20 August 1986 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 0–2 | Montrose | 19 August 1986 |
| Hibernian | 1–0 | East Stirlingshire | 20 August 1986 |
| Kilmarnock | 1–2 | Ayr United | 20 August 1986 |
| Morton | 2–5 | Dundee | 20 August 1986 |
| Motherwell | 4–0 | Arbroath | 20 August 1986 |
| Partick Thistle | 0–1 | East Fife | 20 August 1986 |
| Queen of the South | 0–1 | Dundee United | 20 August 1986 |
| Stenhousemuir | 1–4 | Rangers | 20 August 1986 |
|

## Third round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | 3–1 | Clyde | 27 August 1986 |
| Ayr United | 0–3 | Dundee United | 27 August 1986 |
| Celtic | 3–0 | Dumbarton | 27 August 1986 |
| Dundee | 4–0 | Montrose | 27 August 1986 |
| East Fife | 0–0 | Rangers | 27 August 1986 |
| Forfar Athletic | 5–1 | St Mirren | 27 August 1986 |
| Hamilton Academical | 0–1 | Hibernian | 27 August 1986 |
| Motherwell | 2–0 | Clydebank | 27 August 1986 |
|

## Quarter-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | 1–1 | Celtic | 3 September 1986 |
| Hibernian | 1–2 | Dundee United | 3 September 1986 |
| Motherwell | 2–1 | Forfar Athletic | 3 September 1986 |
| Rangers | 3–1 | Dundee | 3 September 1986 |
|

## Semi-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherwell | 2–2 | Celtic | 23 September 1986 |
| Rangers | 2–1 | Dundee United | 24 September 1986 |
|

## Final

| Rangers | 2–1 | Celtic |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Durrant  62'<br>Cooper  84' (pen.) | Report | McClair  70' |

Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 74,219Referee: David Syme

### General

* "Scottish League Cup 1986–1987 : Results". Statto. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

### Specific

## InfoBox

1986–87 Scottish League Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Scotland |
| Defending champions | Aberdeen |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Rangers |
| Runner-up | Celtic |
|  | |


title: Trochidrobia smithi

abstract: Trochidrobia smithi is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Tateidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Trochidrobia smithi

***Trochidrobia smithi*** is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Tateidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Trochidrobia smithi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Truncatelloidea |
| Family: | Tateidae |
| Genus: | *Trochidrobia* |
| Species: | ***T. smithi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochidrobia smithi***
Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989 | |
|


title: Wallace Sampson

abstract: Wallace Sampson, also known as Wally, was an American medical doctor and consumer advocate against alternative medicine and other fraud schemes. He was an authority in numerous medical fields, including oncology, hematology, and pathology. He was Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine at Stanford University. He was the former Head of Medical Oncology at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and a member of the faculty at the Skeptic's Toolbox 1998–2008.

text:
# Wallace Sampson

**Wallace Sampson** (March 29, 1930 – May 25, 2015), also known as Wally, was an American medical doctor and consumer advocate against alternative medicine and other fraud schemes. He was an authority in numerous medical fields, including oncology, hematology, and pathology. He was Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine at Stanford University. He was the former Head of Medical Oncology at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and a member of the faculty at the Skeptic's Toolbox 1998–2008.

## Scientific skepticism

Wallace Sampson was an international expert in exposing pseudoscience-based fraudulent schemes in medicine and other fields, such as alternative medicine, integrative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and chiropractic. He publicized the expression "antiscience" to refer to the basis of belief in alternative medicine in his title for a peer-reviewed paper published by the New York Academy of Sciences*"Antiscience Trends in the Rise of the 'Alternative Medicine' Movement"*. He taught the Stanford University School of Medicine *Alternative Medicine* course regarding *"unscientific medical systems and aberrant medical claims"*. The San Francisco Chronicle quotes him as saying *"We've looked into most of the practices and, biochemically or physically, their supposed effects lie somewhere between highly improbable and impossible."*

He was a founding editor of the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, former chair of the Board of Directors of the National Council against Health Fraud, former Chair of the State of California Cancer Advisory Council (advisory board on health fraud schemes), and consulted on medical fraud and other fraud schemes for the Medical Board of California, Association of State Medical Boards, California State Attorney General, US Postal Service, multiple district attorneys, and multiple insurance companies. Sampson has published numerous academic papers in various medical fields, as well as popular works including for the Saturday Evening Post. He was also a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). In April 2011 the executive council of CSI selected Sampson for inclusion in the CSI Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.

He was an editor of the scientific skepticism website Science-Based Medicine.

In a eulogy for Sampson, friend Harriet Hall wrote that she owes her own career in skepticism to Sampson. He is the person that encouraged her to write about pseudoscience topics, and learn how to evaluate claims. She had met him at the Skeptic's Toolbox where he was a part of the faculty. When he decided to step down from that lecture position she was the person who was asked to replace him. Hall reports that Sampson first became interested in writing about skepticism topics when his patients kept asking about using Laetrile to treat cancer. He researched the topic and found that it was a bogus claim.

## InfoBox

| Wallace Sampson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1930-03-29)March 29, 1930
Hollywood, California |
| Died | May 25, 2015(2015-05-25) (aged 85)
Los Altos, California |
| Nationality | American |


title: Pseudodaphnella

abstract: Pseudodaphnella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. In the past this generic name, Pseudodaphnella, has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituents among Mangilia, Clathurella, or Daphnella. This genus has a morphological close relationship to Kermia. Together they form a homogeneous complex. Both are also close to the conoidean genera Exomilus Hedley, 1918, Paramontana Laseron, 1954 and Thetidos Hedley, 1899

text:
# Pseudodaphnella

***Pseudodaphnella*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

In the past this generic name, *Pseudodaphnella*, has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituents among Mangilia, Clathurella, or Daphnella.

This genus has a morphological close relationship to *Kermia.* Together they form a homogeneous complex. Both are also close to the conoidean genera *Exomilus* Hedley, 1918, *Paramontana* Laseron, 1954 and *Thetidos* Hedley, 1899

## Description

(Original description) The species that the author includes in this group differ from the real *Clathurella* by the slightly less deep, in front as well as behind the same section, the wide aperture with a short siphonal canal and the more regular, finer or coarser grid often predominating in the spiral sculpture. The outer lip is simple, showing fine wrinkles. This section differs sharply from *Daphnella* through the deep V-line. It is also related to the European section of *Cordieria* Monteros and to the fossil group *Homotoma* Bell. The coloring is almost always a mixture of white and reddish yellow or reddish brown. As a type species the author takes *Pleurotoma philippinensis*.

(Description by Charles Hedley) The size is rather large. The colour may be various shades of brown or yellow, disposed often in dots on a white, sometimes opaque, ground. There is a small brown mucronate apex of two or three whorls, the first spirally engraved, the next with oblique lattice lines. The adult shell is netted over by elevate spirals and radials enclosing deep oblong meshes. At the points of intersection are small sharp cusps. The aperture is wide and free from tubercles or plications on the columella side, and generally without a varix. The sinus is subsutural, broad, and shallow. There is no fasciole band distinguishable.

## Distribution

Species of this genus occur in shallow waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific and Australia. The genus is associated with reef corals, and has a habit of sheltering under loose stones between tide marks.

## Species

Species within the genus *Pseudodaphnella* include:

Species brought into synonymy * *Pseudodaphnella albifuniculata* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Pseudodaphnella tincta* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Pseudodaphnella caelata* Garrett 1873: synonym of *Lienardia caelata* (Garrett, 1873)
* *Pseudodaphnella canistra* Hedley, 1922: synonym of *Kermia canistra* (Hedley, 1922)
* *Pseudodaphnella cavernosa* (Reeve, 1845): synonym of *Kermia cavernosa* (Reeve, 1845)
* *Pseudodaphnella centrosa* Pilsbry, 1904 : synonym of *Pseudodaphnella tincta* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Pseudodaphnella corrugata* Carpenter, 1865: synonym of *Pseudodaphnella nebulosa* (Pease, 1860)
* *Pseudodaphnella corrugata* Dunker, 1871 : synonym of *Pseudodaphnella tincta* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Pseudodaphnella decaryi* (Dautzenberg 1932): synonym of *Mangelia decaryi* Dautzenberg, 1932
* *Pseudodaphnella ephela* Hervier, R.P.J., 1897: synonym of *Pseudodaphnella hadfieldi* (Melvill & Standen, 1895)
* *Pseudodaphnella episema* (Melvill & Standen, 1896): synonym of *Kermia episema* (Melvill & Standen, 1896)
* *Pseudodaphnella exilis* Pease 1860 : synonym of *Paramontana exilis* (Pease, 1860)
* *Pseudodaphnella fusoides* (Reeve, 1843): synonym of *Paraclathurella gracilenta* (Reeve, 1843)
* *Pseudodaphnella granicosta* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Pseudodaphnella granicostata* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Pseudodaphnella granosa* (Dunker 1871): synonym of *Kermia granosa* (Dunker, 1871)
* *Pseudodaphnella harenula* Hedley, 1922: synonym of *Kermia harenula* (Hedley, 1922)
* *Pseudodaphnella iospira* Hervier, 1897: synonym of *Hemilienardia iospira* (Hervier, 1896)
* *Pseudodaphnella maculosa* (Pease, 1860): synonym of *Daphnella ornata* R.B. Hinds, 1844
* *Pseudodaphnella mayana* Hedley, 1922: synonym of *Paramontana mayana* (Hedley, 1922)
* *Pseudodaphnella modesta* (Angas, 1877): synonym of *Paramontana modesta* (Angas, 1877)
* *Pseudodaphnella phaedra* (Hervier, 1897): synonym of *Kermia daedalea* (Garrett, 1873)
* *Pseudodaphnella punicea* Hedley, 1922: synonym of *Paramontana punicea* (Hedley, 1922 )
* *Pseudodaphnella rufinodis* Von Martens, 1880: synonym of *Pseudodaphnella granicostata* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Pseudodaphnella rufozonata* Angas, 1877: synonym of *Paramontana rufozonata* (Angas, 1877)
* *Pseudodaphnella tessellata* (Hinds, 1843): synonym of *Kermia tessellata* (Hinds, 1843)

* Powell, A.W.B. 1966. T*he molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae, an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with list of characteristic species.* Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum. Auckland, New Zealand 5: 1–184, pls 1–23 \[

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Raphitomidae

## InfoBox

| *Pseudodaphnella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pseudodaphnella philippinensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudodaphnella*
Boettger, 1895 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pleurotoma philippinensis*
Reeve, 1843 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Qii* Chang, 1995 | |


title: Three Forks, South Dakota

abstract:
Three Forks is an unincorporated community in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. It lies at the intersection of U.S. Routes 16 and 385, just north of Hill City along Spring Creek. A small general store featuring fuel is open year-round; other businesses are open seasonally, including a campground, a motel, a miniature golf-course, and an ice-cream stand. The campground is the site of an annual Octoberfest event, and the area is heavily patronized during the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in August of each year. In recent years, considerable residential development of the immediate area has swollen its population. From Three Forks:
  - East to the Keystone Wye and Rapid City.
  - North to Sheridan Lake, Lead, and Deadwood.
  - South to Hill City and Custer. Three Forks is one of several places in the Black Hills where there are two routes indicated by highway signage directing travelers to Mount Rushmore National Memorial.

text:
# Three Forks, South Dakota

| Three Forks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Roads at<br>junction | US 16 &  US 385 |
| Construction | |
| Maintained by | South Dakota Department of Transportation |

**Three Forks** is an unincorporated community in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. It lies at the intersection of U.S. Routes 16 and 385, just north of Hill City along Spring Creek. A small general store featuring fuel is open year-round; other businesses are open seasonally, including a campground, a motel, a miniature golf-course, and an ice-cream stand. The campground is the site of an annual Octoberfest event, and the area is heavily patronized during the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in August of each year. In recent years, considerable residential development of the immediate area has swollen its population.

From Three Forks:

Three Forks is one of several places in the Black Hills where there are two routes indicated by highway signage directing travelers to Mount Rushmore National Memorial.

## InfoBox

| Three Forks, South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Place | |
| Three ForksLocation of Three Forks in South Dakota. | |
| Coordinates: 43°57′03″N 103°30′50″W / 43.95083°N 103.51389°W / 43.95083; -103.51389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Pennington |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| Area code | 605 |


title: Ludovisi (family)

abstract: The House of Ludovisi was an Italian noble family, originating from Bologna. They had close ties with the Papacy and were influential in the Papal States. Alessandro Ludovisi became a cardinal and later Pope Gregory XV. His cardinal-nephew was Ludovico Ludovisi. Beginning in 1634 with Niccolò I Ludovisi, one branch of the family ruled the Principality of Piombino. They owned the Villa Ludovisi in Rome. In 1894, they sold their art collection to the state. Alberico Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Venosa, was a winemaker at his estate Fiorano from the late 1940s to 1995.

text:
# Ludovisi (family)

The **House of Ludovisi** was an Italian noble family, originating from Bologna. They had close ties with the Papacy and were influential in the Papal States. Alessandro Ludovisi became a cardinal and later Pope Gregory XV. His cardinal-nephew was Ludovico Ludovisi.

Beginning in 1634 with Niccolò I Ludovisi, one branch of the family ruled the Principality of Piombino. They owned the Villa Ludovisi in Rome. In 1894, they sold their art collection to the state. Alberico Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Venosa, was a winemaker at his estate Fiorano from the late 1940s to 1995.

## Origins

The Ludovisi were an ancient noble family originally from Bologna. It originated from a certain Bertrando di Monterenzio, also called Bertrando di Monterenzoli (the name derived from that of a Bolognese castle), who was adopted by his maternal uncle Giovanni Ludovisi, without descendants and with whom the family would have died out. Bertrando then inherited the surname and the coat of arms of the Ludovisi, and, through his descendants, began a new dynasty. During his political career, he was a member of the Council of the Elders of Bologna from 1458 to 1465. His son, Girolamo Ludovisi, was a senator and gonfalonier of Bologna, only to be deposed by the Bentivoglio family in 1511 and murdered. Girolamo's son, Niccolò Ludovisi, was count of Samoggia and Tiola and again a senator. But it was from Ludovico Ludovisi, brother of Niccolò, and from his son, Pompeo Ludovisi, that the one who gave the real beginning to the fortunes of the dynasty was born: Alessandro Ludovisi, future Pope Gregory XV.

## Ludovisi treasures

## InfoBox

| Ludovisi | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Ludovisi family | |
| Country | Papal States
Principality of Piombino
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Founded | 15th century |
| Founder | Bertrando di Monterenzi |
| Titles |  |
| Deposition | 1700 (male line)
1733 (female line) |
| Cadet branches | Boncompagni-Ludovisi |


title: Profidia

abstract: Profidia is an extinct genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It contains only one species, Profidia nitida. It is known from Oligo-Miocene amber found near Simojovel in Chiapas, Mexico. The species was described by American entomologist Judson Linsley Gressitt in 1963, using a single specimen from the collections of the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, California.

text:
# Profidia

***Profidia*** is an extinct genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It contains only one species, ***Profidia nitida***. It is known from Oligo-Miocene amber found near Simojovel in Chiapas, Mexico.

The species was described by American entomologist Judson Linsley Gressitt in 1963, using a single specimen (UCMP 12630) from the collections of the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, California.

## InfoBox

| *Profidia*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Subfamily: | Eumolpinae |
| Tribe: | Bromiini |
| Genus: | *Profidia*
Gressitt, 1963 |
| Species: | ***P. nitida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Profidia nitida***
Gressitt, 1963 | |
|


title: Fitzroy Hemphill, 3rd Baron Hemphill

abstract: Fitzroy Hemphill, was a British baron and Liberal Party politician, the son of Charles Hare Hemphill, the first baron, and he succeeded his brother to the barony on 26 March 1918. Fitzroy was a barrister of the Middle Temple from 1899, served as a justice of the peace for County Galway. As well as politics he was a captain in 2nd battalion King's Own Scottish Borderers; a representative member of London's Territorial Force, Justice of the peace in Galway, Ireland; and 'Chevalier' of the Legion of Honour. His mother was Augusta Stanhope, the daughter of the Hon. Sir Charles Francis Stanhope, a son of Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. He married Mary Martyn on 27 February 1897, and they had one son, Martyn, who succeeded his father to the barony.

text:
# Fitzroy Hemphill, 3rd Baron Hemphill

**Fitzroy Hemphill** (21 November 18601930), was a British baron and Liberal Party politician, the son of Charles Hare Hemphill, the first baron, and he succeeded his brother to the barony on 26 March 1918. Fitzroy was a barrister of the Middle Temple from 1899, served as a justice of the peace for County Galway. As well as politics he was a captain in 2nd battalion King's Own Scottish Borderers; a representative member of London's Territorial Force, Justice of the peace in Galway, Ireland; and 'Chevalier' of the Legion of Honour.

His mother was Augusta Stanhope, the daughter of the Hon. Sir Charles Francis Stanhope, a son of Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. He married Mary Martyn on 27 February 1897, and they had one son, Martyn, who succeeded his father to the barony.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Fitzroy Hemphill, 3rd Baron Hemphill
|  | CrestA boar passant Gules charged with a chevron and a portcullis Or. EscutcheonOr on a fess Gules between two chevronels and three stars Azure as many trefoils slipped of the field. SupportersOn either side an Irish wolfhound gorged with a plain collar Or. MottoConstanter Ac Non Timide (Steadily and Fearlessly) |
| --- | --- |

### Work cited


title: Manual of Patent Office Practice

abstract: The Manual of Patent Office Practice (MOPOP) is a manual for patent agents and patent examiners, published by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). It documents the procedures and practices relative to the prosecution of patent applications under Canadian patent law for patent examiners, applicants, agents, and the public at large. The MOPOP occupies a position in Canadian patent law comparable to that occupied by the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) in United States patent law.

text:
# Manual of Patent Office Practice

The ***Manual of Patent Office Practice*** (MOPOP) is a manual for patent agents and patent examiners, published by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). It documents the procedures and practices relative to the prosecution of patent applications under Canadian patent law for patent examiners, applicants, agents, and the public at large.

The MOPOP occupies a position in Canadian patent law comparable to that occupied by the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) in United States patent law.


title: Michael F. Cohen

abstract: Michael F. Cohen is an American computer scientist and researcher in computer graphics. He is currently a Senior Fellow at Meta in their Generative AI Group. He was a senior research scientist at Microsoft Research for 21 years until he joined Facebook in 2015. In 1998, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award for his work in developing radiosity methods for realistic image synthesis. He was elected a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2007 for his "contributions to computer graphics and computer vision." In 2019, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics for “his groundbreaking work in numerous areas of research—radiosity, motion simulation & editing, light field rendering, matting & compositing, and computational photography”.

text:
# Michael F. Cohen

**Michael F. Cohen** is an American computer scientist and researcher in computer graphics. He is currently a Senior Fellow at Meta in their Generative AI Group. He was a senior research scientist at Microsoft Research for 21 years until he joined Facebook (now Meta) in 2015. In 1998, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award for his work in developing radiosity methods for realistic image synthesis. He was elected a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2007 for his "contributions to computer graphics and computer vision." In 2019, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics for “his groundbreaking work in numerous areas of research—radiosity, motion simulation & editing, light field rendering, matting & compositing, and computational photography”.

## Education

Cohen attended Beloit College for his undergraduate degree, graduating with a BA in 1976 in art and Rutgers University with a BS in civil engineering in 1983. He received his master's degree in computer graphics from Cornell University in 1985. He received his PhD in computer science in 1992 from the University of Utah.

## Scientific career

At Cornell University's Program of Computer Graphics, Cohen served as an assistant professor of architecture from 1985 to 1989. His first major research contributions were in the area of photorealistic rendering, in particular, in the study of radiosity: the use of finite elements to solve the rendering equation for environments with diffusely reflecting surfaces. His most significant results included the hemicube (1985), for computing form factors in the presence of occlusion; an experimental evaluation framework (1986), one of the first studies to quantitatively compare real and synthetic imagery; extending radiosity to non-diffuse environments (1986); integrating ray tracing with radiosity (1987); progressive refinement (1988), to make interactive rendering possible.

After completing his PhD, he joined the Computer Science faculty at Princeton University, where he continued his work on Radiosity, including wavelet radiosity (1993), a more general framework for hierarchical approaches; and “radioptimization” (1993), an inverse method to solve for lighting parameters based on user-specified objectives. All of this work culminated in a 1993 textbook with John Wallace, Radiosity and Realistic Image Synthesis.

In a very different research area, Cohen made significant contributions to motion simulation and editing, most significantly: dynamic simulation with kinematic constraints (1987), which for the first time allowed animators to combine kinematic and dynamic specifications; interactive spacetime control for animation (1992), which combined physically based and user-defined constraints for controlling motion.

In 1994, Cohen moved to Microsoft Research (MSR) where he stayed for 21 years. There he continued work on motion synthesis; motion transitions using spacetime constraints (1996), which allowed seamless and plausible transitions between motion segments for systems with many degrees of freedom such as the human body; motion interpolation (1998), a system for real-time interpolation of parameterized motions; and artist-directed inverse kinematics (2001), which allowed a user to position an articulated character at high frame rates, for real-time applications such as games.

In addition, at Microsoft Research, in his groundbreaking and most-cited work, Cohen and colleagues introduced the Lumigraph (1996), a method for capturing and representing the complete appearance—from all points of view—of either a synthetic or real-world object or scene. Building on this work, Cohen published important follow-on papers in view-based rendering (1997), which used geometric information to create views of a scene from a sparse set of images; and unstructured Lumigraph rendering (2001), which generalized light field and view-dependent texture mapping methods in a single framework.

In subsequent work, Cohen significantly advanced the state of the art in matting & compositing, with papers on image and video segmentation based on anisotropic kernel mean-shift (2004); video cutout (2004), which preserved smoothness across space and time; optimized color sampling (2005), which improved previous approaches to image matting by analyzing the confidence of foreground and background color samples; and soft scissors (2007), the first interactive tool for high-quality image matting and compositing.

Most recently, Cohen has turned his attention to computational photography, publishing numerous highly creative, landmark papers: interactive digital photomontage (2004), for combining parts of photographs in various novel ways; flash/no-flash image pairs (2004), for combining images taken with and without flash to synthesize new higher-quality results than either image alone; panoramic video textures (2005), for converting a panning video over a dynamic scene to a high-resolution continuously playing video; gaze-based photo cropping (2006); multi-viewpoint panoramas (2006), for photographing and rendering very long scenes; the Moment Camera (2007) outlining general principles for capturing subjective moments; joint bilateral upsampling (2007), for fast image enhancement using a down-sampled image; gigapixel images (2007), a means to acquire extremely high-resolution images with an ordinary camera on a specialized mount; deep photo (2008), a system for enhancing casual outdoor photos by combining them with existing digital terrain data; image deblurring (2010), to deblur images captured with camera shake; GradientShop (2010), which unified previous gradient-domain solutions under a single optimization framework; and ShadowDraw (2011), a system for guiding the freeform drawing of objects.

In 2015, Cohen moved to Facebook where he directed the Computational Photography group. His group's best known product is 3D Photos first appearing in the Facebook feed in 2018. In 2023, he moved to a new Generative AI group which has released Generative AI image creation at imagine.meta.com . Cohen is a longtime volunteer in the ACM SIGGRAPH community. He served on the SIGGRAPH Papers Committee eleven times, and as SIGGRAPH Papers Chair in 1998. Cohen also served as SIGGRAPH Awards Chair from 2013 until 2018. He was a keynote speaker at SIGGRAPH Asia 2018. Cohen also serves as an Affiliate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, and at Dartmouth College.

## InfoBox

| Michael F. Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alma mater | Beloit College
Rutgers University
Cornell University
University of Utah |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer graphics |
| Institutions | Cornell University
University of Utah
Princeton University
Microsoft Research
University of Washington
Facebook Research |
| Thesis | *Spacetime control of linked figures* (1992) |
| Doctoral advisor | Elaine Cohen |
|  | |


title: 1986 Thomas Cup group stage

text:
# 1986 Thomas Cup group stage

The 1986 Thomas Cup group stage was held at Istora Senayan in Jakarta, Indonesia, from 22 to 27 April 1986.

The group stage was first stage of the tournament where only the two highest-placing teams in each of the two groups advanced to the knockout stage.

## Draw

The original draw for the tournament was conducted on 15 March 1986. The 8 teams will be drawn into two groups each containing four teams.

### Group composition

| Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Group A | Group B |
| Denmark
Indonesia **(Host)**
South Korea
Sweden | China
England
Malaysia
Singapore |

## Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Indonesia | 3 | 3 | 0 | 28 | 7 | +21 | 482 | 329 | +153 | 3 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 2 | Denmark | 3 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 15 | +2 | 397 | 352 | +45 | | 2 |
| 3 | South Korea | 3 | 1 | 2 | 18 | 16 | +2 | 408 | 410 | 2 | 1 |  |
| 4 | Sweden | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 28 | 25 | 256 | 452 | 196 | | 0 |

Source: The Straits Times

### South Korea vs Sweden

### Indonesia vs Sweden

### South Korea vs Denmark

### Indonesia vs South Korea

### Denmark vs Sweden

### Indonesia vs Denmark

## Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | China | 3 | 3 | 0 | 29 | 2 | +27 | 456 | 220 | +236 | 3 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 2 | Malaysia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 21 | 11 | +10 | 410 | 324 | +86 | | 2 |
| 3 | England | 3 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 21 | 9 | 345 | 415 | 70 | 1 |  |
| 4 | Singapore | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 30 | 28 | 228 | 480 | 252 | | 0 |

Source: The Straits Times

### China vs Singapore

### England vs Malaysia

### China vs England

### Malaysia vs Singapore

### China vs Malaysia

### England vs Singapore


title: Try My Love (Jeremy Jordan album)

abstract: Try My Love is the debut album by American singer Jeremy Jordan, released in 1993 by Giant Records. Four singles were released, namely: "The Right Kind of Love", "Wannagirl", "Try My Love", and "My Love Is Good Enough", respectively. While the first single was the most successful on the music charts and was included in the soundtrack of the American television series Beverly Hills, 90210, the last two were part of the soundtrack of the 1993 film Airborne. Giant Records exclusively released a compilation in Japan titled Jeremy The Remix, with 10 tracks that included the three singles remixed. Commercially, the album achieved moderate success. It reached #179 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 400,000 copies worldwide. This would be the last studio album released by Jordan on a major label.

text:
# Try My Love (Jeremy Jordan album)

***Try My Love*** is the debut album by American singer Jeremy Jordan, released in 1993 by Giant Records.

Four singles were released, namely: "The Right Kind of Love", "Wannagirl", "Try My Love", and "My Love Is Good Enough", respectively.

While the first single was the most successful on the music charts and was included in the soundtrack of the American television series *Beverly Hills, 90210*, the last two were part of the soundtrack of the 1993 film *Airborne*.

Giant Records exclusively released a compilation in Japan titled *Jeremy The Remix*, with 10 tracks that included the three singles remixed.

Commercially, the album achieved moderate success. It reached #179 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 400,000 copies worldwide.

This would be the last studio album released by Jordan on a major label.

## Background

In 1990, Jordan wanted to get involved in movies and sign with a talent agency in Chicago, but was forbidden since the orphanage he lived was in Mooseheart, (near North Aurora ), forty miles away, and then in 1991, when Jordan was seventeen years old, before Thanksgiving 1991, he moved to Chicago to stay with a friend's parents. After a fight he was expelled from the house where he was living and ended up homeless, living in the subway until he met his manager Peter Schivarelli. He then signed a record deal with his record company.

## Singles

* "The Right Kind of Love": released in late 1992 as one of the lead tracks from the *Beverly Hills 90210* soundtrack, the song is the most successful single released by Jordan. A music video of the song was also released.
* "Wannagirl": released in early 1993, the song charted in USA (#28 in *Billboard* Hot 100, #11 in Mainstream Top 40, #20 Radio Songs and #24 in Rhythmic (chart)) in Canada (#42 in Top Singles) and Australia (#22 in Top Singles) A music video was released to promote the song.
* "Try My Love": released in 1993, a music video directed by Antoine Fuqua was also released. The song was included in the movie *Airborne*. The maxi-single includes the Radio edit and the Instrumental version of the song. The "Vocal Breakdown" version can be found in the remixed album *Jeremy The Remix*.
* "My Love is Good Enough": released in 1994, the single was acclaimed by *Billboard*, with Larry Flick saying: "Jordan shines on what is easily his strongest single to date". It failed to chart and no music video was made. The song was included in the 1993 movie Airborne. The maxi-single includes 4 alternative versions: "InDaSoul Radio Mix" (3:58); "M.Doc & Jere MC Street Radio Mix" (3:56), "Jamie's House Edit" (4:16), "InDaSoul Extended Instrumental" (4:59).

## *Jeremy The Remix*

Taking advantage of the good reception of the album in Japan (it reached the top 40 on the Oricon), Giant Records exclusively released a compilation in the country titled *Jeremy The Remix*, with 10 tracks that included three songs from *Try My Love* ("The Right Kind of Love", "Wannagirl", and "Try My Love") and their respective remixed versions.

Released solely in the CD format, it included several postcards, photos, and a thank-you letter for the fans.

On the Oricon Albums Chart, it peaked at number 70 and sold 6,510 copies in the country.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Matt Collar from AllMusic gave to the album 3 out of 5 stars and stated that "the album showcases Jordan's soulful if slight voice with a radio-ready, synth-heavy R&B production" and that "while the album does contain altogether too much filler, "Right Kind of Love"'s Todd Rundgren meets Andy Gibb melodic hook almost qualifies it as a classic of the decade."

## Track listing

*Try My Love* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Instrlude" | Jeremy Jordan |  | 1:26 |
| 2. | "My Love Is Good Enough" |  | Nevil | 4:56 |
| 3. | "Wannagirl" |  | Thomas | 4:29 |
| 4. | "The Right Kind of Love" |  | * Golden * Faragher | 4:33 |
| 5. | "Try My Love" | Nick Mundy | Mundy | 4:55 |
| 6. | "Do It to the Music" |  | * Al B. Sure! * West | 4:35 |
| 7. | "A Different Man" | * Dave Simmons * Emanuel Officer * John Howcott | * Donald Parks * Officer * Howcott | 4:54 |
| 8. | "Lovin' on Hold" | * Parks * Officer * Howcott | * Donald Parks * Officer * Howcott | 4:31 |
| 9. | "I Wanna Be With You" | * Darcy Touré * Parks * Officer * Howcott | * Donald Parks * Officer * Howcott | 4:36 |
| 10. | "Girl You Got It Goin' On" | * B. Wild * Rhett Lawrence * Haynes | Lawrence | 3:38 |
| 11. | "Show Me Where It Hurts" | * Laythan Armor * Nevil | Armor | 4:28 |
| 12. | "My Name Is J.J." | Al B. Sure! | Timar | 4:32 |
| 13. | "It's Alright (This Love Is for Real)" | * Golden * Nevil * Faragher | Nevil | 3:50 |

Japanese bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Wannagirl" (Streetgirl Mix) | 6:06 |
| 15. | "The Right Kind of Love" (Hip Hop Jeep Mix) | 5:45 |

Jeremy The Remix
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Right Kind of Love" (Main Mix (No Rap)) | 4:11 |
| 2. | "The Right Kind of Love" (Sex Mix) | 4:32 |
| 3. | "The Right Kind of Love" (Rock Solo) | 4:11 |
| 4. | "The Right Kind of Love" (Quiet Storm Mix) | 5:46 |
| 5. | "Wannagirl" (Preferred Pop Mix) | 4:00 |
| 6. | "Wannagirl" (A Cappella Mix) | 4:32 |
| 7. | "Wannagirl" (Streetgirl Instrumental) | 5:30 |
| 8. | "Try My Love" (Radio Edit) | 4:03 |
| 9. | "Try My Love" (Vocal Breakdown) | 4:39 |
| 10. | "Try My Love" (Instrumental) | 4:54 |

## Charts

### Try My Love

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 29 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 31 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 176 |
| US Top Heatseekers | 9 |

### Jeremy The Remix

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 70 |

## InfoBox

| Try My Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jeremy Jordan | |
| Released | April 13, 1993 (1993-04-13) |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 55:12 |
| Label | Giant |
| Producer |  |
| Jeremy Jordan chronology | |
| ***Try My Love***
(1993) *Jeremy The Remix*
(1993) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Jeremy The Remix cover | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Try My Love* | |
| 1. "The Right Kind of Love"
Released: November 5, 1992 2. "Wannagirl"
Released: April 24, 1993 3. "Try My Love"
Released: 1993 4. "My Love is Good Enough"
Released: May 12, 1994 | |
|  | |


title: Wairua River

abstract: The Wairua River is a river of Northland, New Zealand. It flows south-west from Hikurangi and joins the Mangakahia River between Titoki and Tangiteroria to form the Wairoa River, which runs past Dargaville to the Kaipara Harbour.

text:
# Wairua River

The **Wairua River** is a river of Northland, New Zealand. It flows south-west from Hikurangi and joins the Mangakahia River between Titoki and Tangiteroria to form the Wairoa River, which runs past Dargaville to the Kaipara Harbour.

"Place name detail: Wairua River". *New Zealand Gazetteer*. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009.

35°47′S 174°03′E / 35.783°S 174.050°E / -35.783; 174.050

## InfoBox

| Wairua River | |
| --- | --- |
| The rapids on the Wairua River below the Wairua Falls, 1911 | |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |


title: Pseudotolithus

abstract: Pseudotolithus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums or croakers. The species in this genus are found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Pseudotolithus

***Pseudotolithus*** is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums or croakers. The species in this genus are found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Pseudotolithus* was first proposed as a genus in 1863 by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker when he described the new species *P. brachygnathus*, *P. epipercus* and *P. typus*. *P. typus* was designated as the type species by virtue of being named *typus*. Ethelwynn Trewavas placed the eastern Atlantic Afrotropical sciaenids, *Pseudotolithus* and *Pteroscion*, in the tribe Pseudotolithini. Other workers have placed this tribe in the subfamily Pseudotolithinae alongside the tribe Miracorvini, *Miracorvina* and *Pentheroscion*. However, the 5th edition of *Fishes of the World* does not recognise tribes or subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.

## Etymology

*Pseudotolithus* prefixes *Otolithus* with *pseudo* meaning "false" due to Bleeker's perceived false resemblance between these fishes and those of that genus.

## Species

*Pseudotolithus* has the following valid species classified within it:

## Characteristics

*Pseudotolithus* croakers have a carrot-shaped swim bladder running the whole length of the body cavity with a pair of long tube-like appendages growing out of its front. These appendages branch into as many as 32 tubules. They do not have any barbels on the chin. The largest species in the genus is the law croaker (*P. senegallus*) which has a maximum published total length of 230 cm (91 in) while the smallest is the bobo croaker (*P. elongatus*) at 47 cm (19 in).

## Distribution

*Pseudotolithus* croakers are found in the Western Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in the north to Angola in the south.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotolithus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudotolithus epipercus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sciaenidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotolithus*
Bleeker, 1863 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudotolithus typus*
Bleeker, 1863 | |
| Species | |
| Several, see text | |


title: Three Nights in Tokyo

abstract: Three Nights in Tokyo is a live album by the Norwegian rock band TNT.

text:
# Three Nights in Tokyo

***Three Nights in Tokyo*** is a live album by the Norwegian rock band TNT.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Purple Mountain's Majesty" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø, Dag Stokke | 6:42 |
| 2. | "Hard to Say Goodbye" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø | 5:23 |
| 3. | "Downhill Racer" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø, Morty Black | 5:08 |
| 4. | "As Far as the Eye Can See" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø | 4:48 |
| 5. | "10,000 Lovers (In One)" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø, Diesel Dahl | 2:55 |
| 6. | "Guitar Solo" | Ronni Le Tekrø | 7:01 |
| 7. | "Indian Summer" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø | 5:37 |
| 8. | "Lionheart" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø, Del James | 8:47 |
| 9. | "Seven Seas" | TNT | 8:41 |
| 10. | "Mother Warned Me" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø, Del James | 3:09 |
| 11. | "Everyone's a Star" | Tony Harnell, Ronni Le Tekrø | 6:09 |

## Personnel

### Band

### Additional personnel

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Three Nights in Tokyo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by TNT | |
| Released | 21 December 1992 |
| Recorded | 22, 24–25 August 1992 |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal |
| Length | 64:20 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| TNT chronology | |
| *Realized Fantasies*
(1992) ***Three Nights in Tokyo***
(1992) *Till Next Time – The Best of TNT*
(1996) | |


title: Ludovikus Simanullang

abstract: Ludovikus Simanullang was an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop. Simanulang was born in Sogar in Central Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1983. He served as a bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sibolga, Indonesia from 2007 until his death. He was a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.

text:
# Ludovikus Simanullang

**Ludovikus Simanullang** OFMCap (23 April 1955  20 September 2018) was an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop.

Simanulang was born in Sogar in Central Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1983. He served as a bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sibolga, Indonesia from 2007 until his death. He was a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.

## Biography

On 2 August 1981, Simanullang took his final vows as a Capuchin. He was ordained a priest on 10 July 1983. From 1984 to 1989, he was the Church of St. Hilarius Parish pastor in the village of Tarutung Bolak, Central Tapanuli Regency, and the Teluk Dalam Nias Parish in Nias. From 1989 to 1994, he took a break from pastoral work and studied at the Pontifical University Antonianum. In 1997, Mgr. Ludovikus was elected Provincial Minister in the Capuchin Province of St. Fidelis, Sibolga, a post he occupied from 1997 to 2007.

On 14 March 2007, Simanullang was appointed to be bishop of Sibolga. On 20 May 2007, he was ordained bishop by Leopoldo Girelli, then Apostolic Nunciature to Indonesia, who served as consecrator. The principal co-consecrators were Martinus Dogma Situmorang OFMCap then bishop of Padang, and Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga OFMCap then coadjutor archbishop of Medan.

In June 2016, the diocese of Sibolga released a letter written by Simanullang the previous month urging priests not to run for public office. This was in response to a request by a priest named Rantinus Manalu, who was running and ultimately elected to office in Central Tapanuli Regency. Simanullang felt that by participating directly in government, Manalu and others had violated the canon laws of the Catholic faith.

Simanullang died on 20 September 2018, having been taken to hospital ill on 1 September 2018.

## InfoBox

| Ludovikus Simanullang
OFMCap | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Diocese of Sibolga | |
| Simanullang in 2017 | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Sibolga |
| In office | 2007–2018 |
| Predecessor | Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga |
| Successor | Fransiskus Tuaman Sinaga |
| Previous post(s) | Priest |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 10 Jul 1983 |
| Consecration | 20 May 2007 |
| Rank | Bishop |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-04-23)23 April 1955
Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Died | 20 September 2018(2018-09-20) (aged 63)
Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia |


title: Probe 16

abstract: The M-505 Adams Brothers Probe 16 is a car, designed by former Marcos cars designers Dennis and Peter Adams, in 1969 as 'an investigation into extremes of styling'. It is powered by a mid-mounted tuned Austin 1800 engine and is 34 inches in height. It has 12" wheels on the front and 15" wheels on the back. Entry is via a sliding glass roof. Only three were ever produced. The first - AB/2, license plate MJO 145H – was sold to American songwriter Jimmy Webb. The second - AB/3, license plate PWV 222H - was sold to Cream bassist Jack Bruce, who then gave it to co-band member of Bruce & Laing, Corky Laing, as a birthday gift. The third - AB/4, license plate JFB 220H - was owned originally by Robin Gibbons of England. All three cars are still in existence today with different owners.

text:
# Probe 16

The **M-505 Adams Brothers Probe 16** is a car, designed by former Marcos cars designers Dennis and Peter Adams, (Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, England) in 1969 as 'an investigation into extremes of styling'. It is powered by a mid-mounted tuned Austin 1800 engine and is 34 inches (86 cm) in height. It has 12" wheels on the front and 15" wheels on the back. Entry is via a sliding glass roof.

Only three were ever produced. The first - AB/2, license plate MJO 145H – was sold to American songwriter Jimmy Webb. The second - AB/3, license plate PWV 222H - was sold to Cream bassist Jack Bruce, who then gave it to co-band member of Bruce & Laing, Corky Laing, as a birthday gift. The third - AB/4, license plate JFB 220H - was owned originally by Robin Gibbons of England. All three cars are still in existence today with different owners.

## Film appearances

Robin Gibbons lent Stanley Kubrick his Probe 16 (AB/4) for use in filming in his 1971 film, *A Clockwork Orange*. In the film, it is referred to as "Durango 95". In the TV programme *Top Gear* (Series 5, second episode, aired 31 October 2004), the one used in the film was nominated for restoration in the "Restoration Rip-off" feature, but it was out-voted by Paddy Hopkirk's Mini for restoration. The car was subsequently restored by Club Autosport Ltd.

### Vehicle specifications

| Designers / builders | Dennis and Peter Adams, Bradford-on-Avon, UK |
| --- | --- |
| Total production | Three |
| Year | 1969 |
| Engine | 1800 CC in-line four, transversely mounted |
|  | BLMC 1800cc Mk2 bored-out |
| Carburetor | Weber DCOE 40 |
| Race tuned by | Janspeed Engineering, UK |
| Body | Fibreglass |
| Height | 34" |

## Probe series

A previous model, the Probe 15 was manufactured by the Adams Brothers. It is believed that only one of these was ever made and it is still intact in Switzerland.

A subsequent model to the Probe 16, the Probe 2001 was also manufactured from 1970 to 1972 by the Probe Motor Company and WT Nugent (Engineering Ltd).

## Chassis numbers

*Chassis AB/2* was the first Probe 16 produced. Made for, and sold to Jim Webb, this car was painted Wedgewood Blue, and had a black interior. Out of the three cars produced, it was the only one that was configured for left-hand drive. The car was featured extensively and on the cover of the UK Telegraph Magazine in October 1969. In addition to being the only left-hand drive car produced, this chassis differs from the other two in the location of the gas tank fillers, the addition of stylized cut outs in the rear fender, and the use of different tail lamps in the rear. This car was shown at the Montreal Motor Show 1969-1970. Ownership history is murky following some periods of neglect, but the chassis is now located in the United Kingdom and is slated to be restored in the near future.

*Chassis AB/3* was the second Probe 16 produced, and was originally manufactured for, and sold to rock musician Jack Bruce of the band Cream. This particular car was originally red, with a black interior and is distinguished by the large Adams Brothers badge located on the front of the car (the only one of the series with this badge installed). The car was displayed at the Earl's Court London Car Show of October 1969. Previous owners include drummer Corky Laing, professor Clyde Kwok, and Phillip Karam. Current ownership resides with Dempsey Motorsports and the car has been restored and is currently driving on the road as of May 2023.

*Chassis AB/4* was the final Probe 16 produced, originally as a demonstration model for the Adams brothers. This car was originally silver with a red interior (although documentation from the Adams brothers indicates it was originally constructed with a black interior). This chassis was sold and ended up in the Pollock Auto Showcase collection / museum for many years before being offered for sale around 1985. Following the sale of the car, it was dismantled, painted yellow, and stored. In 2004, it was featured on season five of the UK show *Top Gear* as a candidate for their "restoration ripoff" contest. The contest was quietly cancelled some years later, and the car remained unrestored until a full restoration of the car was performed by UK specialists Club Autosport.

Chassis AB/1 was converted from a Probe 15, and chassis AB/5 was used for the Probe 2001.

## InfoBox

| Probe 16 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Adams Brothers |
| Production | 1969 |
| Designer | Dennis Adams, Peter Adams |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Sports car |
| Body style | 1-door Sports car |
| Layout | MR layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1798 cc B-Series pushrod Straight-4 |
| Dimensions | |
| Height | 34 in (86 cm) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Probe 2001 |


title: Flag of Trondheim

abstract: The flag of Trondheim is one of the official symbols of the city and municipality of Trondheim in Norway. Most Norwegian municipalities have a banner of their respective coats of arms as a flag. Trondheim has no modern heraldic coat of arms, but a seal unsuitable as a banner of arms, a yellow "Trondheim rose" on a red field was chosen for the flag of Trondheim. The designer of the flag was professor Arne E. Holm, whose proposal was approved by the municipal council in 1989, and confirmed by royal order the same year.

text:
# Flag of Trondheim

The **flag of Trondheim** is one of the official symbols of the city and municipality of Trondheim in Norway.

Most Norwegian municipalities have a banner of their respective coats of arms as a flag. Trondheim has no modern heraldic coat of arms, but a seal unsuitable as a banner of arms, a yellow "Trondheim rose" on a red field was chosen for the flag of Trondheim. The designer of the flag was professor Arne E. Holm, whose proposal was approved by the municipal council in 1989, and confirmed by royal order the same year.

## Symbolism

The four-petal dog rose is the official flower of the city and its stylized form is related to the Tudor rose.

It is found as a symbol in medieval sources among other things representing St. Olav. This flower has been used as a symbol of the city at least since the 16th century. It is earliest preserved in the seal of the church chapter of Trondheim used in the 16th century. In the 17th century, it was used on a green field in the city's citizen guard banner. It has also been used as a symbol of several guilds such as the masons, bakers, goldsmiths and smiths. In the 18th century, the flower replaced the three heads in the seal of Trondheim. The idea of the rose as a symbol of Trondheim may originally have come into being because of a misinterpretation of the last syllable of the city's old name Nidaros.

## Reception

The flower has been so closely connected to Trondheim that the Norwegian heraldic authority denied other municipalities the use of it in their coats of arms.

The flag of Trondheim has been highlighted as an example of a good city flag design by Roman Mars in his radio show "99% invisible", a radio show focused on design and architecture.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Trondheim
|
|  |
|  | |
| Use | Civil flag |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 1989 |
| Design | A red field and a yellow Trondheim rose at center. |
| Designed by | Arne E. Holm |
|  | |


title: Undulambia striatalis

abstract: Undulambia striatalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. It has been recorded in the US states of Alabama, Massachusetts, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida and Maryland. Adults are on wing from March to July. The larvae probably feed on a fern species.

text:
# Undulambia striatalis

***Undulambia striatalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. It has been recorded in the US states of Alabama, Massachusetts, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida and Maryland.

Adults are on wing from March to July.

The larvae probably feed on a fern species.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia striatalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. striatalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia striatalis***<br>(Dyar, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ambia striatalis* Dyar, 1906 | |