title: National Science Foundation Network

abstract: The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. The program created several nationwide backbone computer networks in support of these initiatives. It was created to link researchers to the NSF-funded supercomputing centers. Later, with additional public funding and also with private industry partnerships, the network developed into a major part of the Internet backbone. The National Science Foundation permitted only government agencies and universities to use the network until 1989 when the first commercial Internet service provider emerged. By 1991, the NSF removed access restrictions and the commercial ISP business grew rapidly.

text:
# National Science Foundation Network

| **Internet history timeline** |
| --- |
| ***Early research and development:***
***Merging the networks and creating the Internet:***
***Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:***
***Examples of Internet services:*** |

The **National Science Foundation Network** (**NSFNET**) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. The program created several nationwide backbone computer networks in support of these initiatives. It was created to link researchers to the NSF-funded supercomputing centers. Later, with additional public funding and also with private industry partnerships, the network developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.

The National Science Foundation permitted only government agencies and universities to use the network until 1989 when the first commercial Internet service provider emerged. By 1991, the NSF removed access restrictions and the commercial ISP business grew rapidly.

## History

Following the deployment of the Computer Science Network (CSNET), a network that provided Internet services to academic computer science departments, in 1981, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) aimed to create an academic research network facilitating access by researchers to the supercomputing centers funded by NSF in the United States.

In 1985, NSF began funding the creation of five new supercomputing centers:

Also in 1985, under the leadership of Dennis Jennings, the NSF established the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET). NSFNET was to be a general-purpose research network, a hub to connect the five supercomputing centers along with the NSF-funded National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to each other and to the regional research and education networks that would in turn connect campus networks. Using this three tier network architecture NSFNET would provide access between the supercomputer centers and other sites over the backbone network at no cost to the centers or to the regional networks using the open TCP/IP protocols initially deployed successfully on the ARPANET.

### 56 kbit/s backbone

The NSFNET initiated operations in 1986 using TCP/IP. Its six backbone sites were interconnected with leased 56-kbit/s links, built by a group including the University of Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), Cornell University Theory Center, University of Delaware, and Merit Network. PDP-11/73 minicomputers with routing and management software, called Fuzzballs, served as the network routers since they already implemented the TCP/IP standard.

This original 56 kbit/s backbone was overseen by the supercomputer centers themselves with the lead taken by Ed Krol at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. PDP-11/73 Fuzzball routers were configured and run by Hans-Werner Braun at the Merit Network and statistics were collected by Cornell University.

Support for NSFNET end-users was provided by the NSF Network Service Center (NNSC), located at BBN Technologies and included publishing the softbound "Internet Manager's Phonebook" which listed the contact information for every issued domain name and IP address in 1990. Incidentally, Ed Krol also authored the *Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet* to help users of the NSFNET understand its capabilities. The Hitchhiker's Guide became one of the first help manuals for the Internet.

As regional networks grew the 56 kbit/s NSFNET backbone experienced rapid increases in network traffic and became seriously congested. In June 1987 NSF issued a new solicitation to upgrade and expand NSFNET.

### 1.5 Mbit/s (T-1) backbone

As a result of a November 1987 NSF award to the Merit Network, a networking consortium by public universities in Michigan, the original 56 kbit/s network was expanded to include 13 nodes interconnected at 1.5 Mbit/s (T-1) by July 1988. Additional links were added to form a multi-path network, and a node located in Atlanta was added. Each of the backbone nodes was a router called the Nodal Switching System (NSS). The NSSes were a collection of multiple (typically nine) IBM RT PC systems connected by a Token Ring local area network. The RT PCs ran AOS, IBM's version of Berkeley UNIX, and was dedicated to a particular packet processing task.

Under its cooperative agreement with NSF the Merit Network was the lead organization in a partnership that included IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan. Merit provided overall project coordination, network design and engineering, a Network Operations Center (NOC), and information services to assist the regional networks. IBM provided equipment, software development, installation, maintenance and operations support. MCI provided the T-1 data circuits at reduced rates. The state of Michigan provided funding for facilities and personnel. Eric M. Aupperle, Merit's President, was the NSFNET Project Director, and Hans-Werner Braun was Co-Principal Investigator.

From 1987 to 1994, Merit organized a series of "Regional-Techs" meetings, where technical staff from the regional networks met to discuss operational issues of common concern with each other and the Merit engineering staff.

During this period, but separate from its support for the NSFNET backbone, NSF funded:

* the NSF Connections Program that helped colleges and universities obtain or upgrade connections to regional networks;
* regional networks to obtain or upgrade equipment and data communications circuits;
* the NNSC, and successor Network Information Services Manager (aka InterNIC) information help desks;
* the International Connections Manager (ICM), a task performed by Sprint, that encouraged connections between the NSFNET backbone and international research and education networks; and
* various ad hoc grants to organizations such as the Federation of American Research Networks (FARNET).

The NSFNET became the principal Internet backbone starting in the Summer of 1986, when MIDnet, the first NSFNET regional backbone network became operational. By 1988, in addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers, NSFNET included connectivity to the regional networks BARRNet, JVNCNet, Merit/MichNet, MIDnet, NCAR, NorthWestNet, NYSERNet, SESQUINET, SURAnet, and Westnet, which in turn connected about 170 additional networks to the NSFNET. Three new nodes were added as part of the upgrade to T-3: NEARNET in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Argone National Laboratory outside of Chicago; and SURAnet in Atlanta, Georgia. NSFNET connected to other federal government networks including the NASA Science Internet, the Energy Science Network (ESnet), and others.

Connections were also established to research and education networks in other countries starting in 1988 with Canada, France, NORDUnet (serving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), the Netherlands, and many other countries in subsequent years.

Two Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes) were established in June 1989 under the auspices of the Federal Engineering Planning Group (FEPG). FIX East, at the University of Maryland in College Park and FIX West, at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The existence of NSFNET and the FIXes allowed the ARPANET to be phased out in mid-1990.

Starting in August 1990 the NSFNET backbone supported the OSI Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) in addition to TCP/IP. However, CLNP usage remained low when compared to TCP/IP.

Traffic on the network continued its rapid growth, doubling every seven months. Projections indicated that the T-1 backbone would become overloaded sometime in 1990.

A critical routing technology, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), originated during this period of Internet history. BGP allowed routers on the NSFNET backbone to differentiate routes originally learned via multiple paths. Prior to BGP, interconnection between IP network was inherently hierarchical, and careful planning was needed to avoid routing loops. BGP turned the Internet into a meshed topology, moving away from the centric architecture which the ARPANET emphasized.

### 45 Mbit/s (T-3) backbone

During 1991, an upgraded backbone built with 45 Mbit/s (T-3) transmission circuits was deployed to interconnect 16 nodes. The routers on the upgraded backbone were IBM RS/6000 servers running AIX UNIX. Core nodes were located at MCI facilities with end nodes at the connected regional networks and supercomputing centers. Completed in November 1991, the transition from T-1 to T-3 did not go as smoothly as the previous transition from 56 kbit/s DDS to 1.5  mbit/s T-1, as it took longer than planned. As a result, there was at times serious congestion on the overloaded T-1 backbone. Following the transition to T-3, portions of the T-1 backbone were left in place to act as a backup for the new T-3 backbone.

In anticipation of the T-3 upgrade and the approaching end of the 5-year NSFNET cooperative agreement, in September 1990 Merit, IBM, and MCI formed Advanced Network and Services (ANS), a new non-profit corporation with a more broadly based Board of Directors than the Michigan-based Merit Network. Under its cooperative agreement with NSF, Merit remained ultimately responsible for the operation of NSFNET, but subcontracted much of the engineering and operations work to ANS. Both IBM and MCI made substantial new financial and other commitments to help support the new venture. Allan Weis left IBM to become ANS's first President and Managing Director. Douglas Van Houweling, former Chair of the Merit Network Board and Vice Provost for Information Technology at the University of Michigan, was Chairman of the ANS Board of Directors.

The new T-3 backbone was named ANSNet and provided the physical infrastructure used by Merit to deliver the NSFNET Backbone Service.

## Regional networks

In addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers (which operated regional networks, e.g., SDSCnet and NCSAnet), NSFNET provided connectivity to eleven regional networks and through these networks to many smaller regional and campus networks. The NSFNET regional networks were:

* BARRNet, the Bay Area Regional Research Network in Palo Alto, California;
* CERFnet, California Education and Research Federation Network in San Diego, California, serving California and Nevada;
* CICNet, the Committee on Institutional Cooperation Network via the Merit Network in Ann Arbor, Michigan and later as part of the T-3 upgrade via Argonne National Laboratory outside of Chicago, serving the Big Ten Universities and the University of Chicago in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;
* JVNCNet, the John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center Network in Princeton, New Jersey, connected the universities that made up the Consortium for Scientific Computing as well as a few New Jersey Universities. There were 1.5 Mbit/s (T-1) links to Princeton University, Rutgers University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Brown University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, The Institute for Advanced Study, Pennsylvania State University, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York University, The University of Colorado and The University of Arizona.
* Merit/MichNet in Ann Arbor, Michigan serving Michigan, formed in 1966, still in operation as of 2013;
* MIDnet in Lincoln, Nebraska the first NSFNET regional backbone to become operational in the Summer of 1986, serving Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, later acquired by Global Internet, which was acquired by Verio, Inc.;
* NEARNET, the New England Academic and Research Network in Cambridge, Massachusetts, added as part of the upgrade to T-3, serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, established in late 1988, operated by BBN under contract to MIT, BBN assumed responsibility for NEARNET on 1 July 1993;
* NorthWestNet in Seattle, Washington, serving Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington, founded in 1987; Currently being used by Ziply Fiber
* NYSERNet, New York State Education and Research Network in Ithaca, New York;
* SESQUINET, the Sesquicentennial Network in Houston, Texas, founded during the 150th anniversary of the State of Texas;
* SURAnet, the Southeastern Universities Research Association network in College Park, Maryland and later as part of the T-3 upgrade in Atlanta, Georgia serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, sold to BBN in 1994; and
* Westnet in Salt Lake City, Utah and Boulder, Colorado, serving Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

## Commercial traffic

The NSF's appropriations act authorized NSF to "foster and support the development and use of computer and other scientific and engineering methods and technologies, primarily for research and education in the sciences and engineering." This allowed NSF to support NSFNET and related networking initiatives, but only to the extent that that support was "*primarily for research and education in the sciences and engineering*." And this in turn was taken to mean that use of NSFNET for commercial purposes was *not* allowed.

### Acceptable use policy

To ensure that NSF support was used appropriately, NSF developed the *NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy* (AUP) that outlined in broad terms the uses of NSFNET that were and were not allowed. The AUP was revised several times to make it clearer and to allow the broadest possible use of NSFNET, consistent with Congress' wishes as expressed in the appropriations act.

A notable feature of the AUP is that it cites acceptable uses of the network that are not directly related to who or what type of organization is making that use. Use from for-profit organizations is acceptable when it is in support of open research and education. Additionally, some uses, such as fundraising, advertising, public relations activities, extensive personal or private use, for-profit consulting, and all illegal activities were never acceptable, even when that use is by a non-profit college, university, K-12 school, or library. While these AUP provisions seem reasonable, in some specific cases, they often proved difficult to interpret and enforce. NSF did not monitor the content of traffic that was sent over NSFNET or actively police the use of the network. Further, NSF did not require Merit or the regional networks to do so. NSF, Merit, and the regional networks did investigate possible cases of inappropriate use, when such use was brought to their attention.

An example may help to illustrate the problem. Is it acceptable for a parent to exchange e-mail with a child enrolled at a college or university, if that exchange uses the NSFNET backbone? It would be acceptable, if the subject of the e-mail was the student's instruction or a research project. Even if the subject was not instruction or research, the e-mail still might be acceptable as private or personal business as long as the use was not extensive.

The prohibition on commercial use of the NSFNET backbone meant that some organizations could not connect to the Internet via regional networks that were connected to the NSFNET backbone, while to be fully connected other organizations (or regional networks on their behalf), including some non-profit research and educational institutions, would need to obtain two connections, one to an NSFNET attached regional network and one to a non-NSFNET attached network provider. In either case the situation was confusing and inefficient. It prevented economies of scale, increased costs, or both. And this slowed the growth of the Internet and its adoption by new classes of users, something no one was happy about.

In 1988, Vint Cerf, then at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), proposed to the Federal Networking Council (FNC) and to MCI to interconnect the commercial MCI Mail system to NSFNET. MCI provided funding and FNC provided permission and in the summer of 1989, this linkage was made. In effect, the FNC permitted experimental use of the NSFNET backbone to carry commercial email traffic into and out of the NSFNET. Other email providers such as Telenet's Telemail, Tymnet's OnTyme and CompuServe also obtained permission to establish experimental gateways for the same purpose at about the same time. The interesting side effect of these links to NSFNET was that the users of the heretofore disconnected commercial email services were able to exchange email with one another via the Internet. Coincidentally, three commercial Internet service providers emerged in the same general time period: AlterNet (built by UUNET), PSINet and CERFnet.

### Commercial ISPs, ANS CO+RE, and the CIX

During the period when NSFNET was being established, Internet service providers that allowed commercial traffic began to emerge, such as Alternet, PSINet, CERFNet, and others. The commercial networks in many cases were interconnected to the NSFNET and routed traffic over the NSFNET nominally accordingly to the NSFNET acceptable use policy Additionally, these early commercial networks often directly interconnected with each other as well as, on a limited basis, with some of the regional Internet networks.

In 1991, the Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX, pronounced "kicks") was created by PSINet, UUNET and CERFnet to provide a location at which multiple networks could exchange traffic free from traffic-based settlements and restrictions imposed by an acceptable use policy.

In 1991, a new ISP, ANS CO+RE (commercial plus research), raised concerns and unique questions regarding commercial and non-commercial interoperability policies. ANS CO+RE was the for-profit subsidiary of the non-profit Advanced Network and Services (ANS) that had been created earlier by the NSFNET partners, Merit, IBM, and MCI. ANS CO+RE was created specifically to allow commercial traffic on ANSNet without jeopardizing its parent's non-profit status or violating any tax laws. The NSFNET Backbone Service and ANS CO+RE both used and shared the common ANSNet infrastructure. NSF agreed to allow ANS CO+RE to carry commercial traffic subject to several conditions:

* that the NSFNET Backbone Service was not diminished;
* that ANS CO+RE recovered at least the average cost of the commercial traffic traversing the network; and
* that any excess revenues recovered above the cost of carrying the commercial traffic would be placed into an infrastructure pool to be distributed by an allocation committee broadly representative of the networking community to enhance and extend national and regional networking infrastructure and support.

For a time ANS CO+RE refused to connect to the CIX and the CIX refused to purchase a connection to ANS CO+RE. In May 1992 Mitch Kapor and Al Weis forged an agreement where ANS would connect to the CIX as a "trial" with the ability to disconnect at a moment's notice and without the need to join the CIX as a member. This compromise resolved things for a time, but later the CIX started to block access from regional networks that had not paid the $10,000 fee to become members of the CIX.

Meanwhile, Congress passed its Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992 that formally permitted NSF to connect to commercial networks in support of research and education.

### An unfortunate state of affairs

The creation of ANS CO+RE and its initial refusal to connect to the CIX was one of the factors that lead to the controversy described later in this article. Other issues had to do with:

* differences in the cultures of the non-profit research and education community and the for-profit community with ANS trying to be a member of both camps and not being fully accepted by either;
* differences of opinion about the best approach to take to open the Internet to commercial use and to maintain and encourage a fully interconnected Internet; and
* differences of opinion about the correct type and level of involvement in Internet networking initiatives by the public and the private sectors.

For a time this state of affairs kept the networking community as a whole from fully implementing the vision for the Internet as a worldwide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks allowing any connected site to communicate with any other connected site. These issues would not be fully resolved until a new network architecture was developed and the NSFNET Backbone Service was turned off in 1995.

## Privatization and a new network architecture

The NSFNET Backbone Service was primarily used by academic and educational entities, and was a transitional network bridging the era of the ARPANET and CSNET into the modern Internet of today. With its success, the "federally-funded backbone" model gave way to a vision of commercially operated networks operating together to which the users purchased access.

On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET Backbone Service had been successfully transitioned to a new architecture and the NSFNET fiber optic backbone was decommissioned. At this point the NSFNET regional backbone networks were still central to the infrastructure of the expanding Internet, and there were still other NSFNET programs, but there was no longer a central NSFNET optical networking service.

After the transition, network traffic was carried on the NSFNET fiber optic regional backbone networks and any of several commercial backbone networks, internetMCI, PSINet, SprintLink, ANSNet, and others. Traffic between networks was exchanged at four Network Access Points or NAPs. Competitively established, and initially funded by NSF, the NAPs were located in New York (actually New Jersey), Washington, D.C., Chicago, and San Jose and run by Sprint, MFS Datanet, Ameritech, and Pacific Bell. The NAPs were the forerunners of modern Internet exchange points.

The NSFNET regional backbone networks could connect to any of their newer peer commercial backbone networks or directly to the NAPs, but in either case they would need to pay for their own connection infrastructure. NSF provided some funding for the NAPs and interim funding to help the regional networks make the transition, but did not fund the new commercial backbone networks directly.

To help ensure the stability of the Internet during and immediately after the transition from NSFNET, NSF conducted a solicitation to select a Routing Arbiter (RA) and ultimately made a joint award to the Merit Network and USC's Information Science Institute to act as the RA.

To continue its promotion of advanced networking technology the NSF conducted a solicitation to create a very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) which, like NSFNET before it, would focus on providing service to the research and education community. MCI won this award and created a 155 Mbit/s (OC3c) and later a 622 Mbit/s (OC12c) and 2.5 Gbit/s (OC48c) ATM network to carry TCP/IP traffic primarily between the supercomputing centers and their users. NSF support was available to organizations that could demonstrate a need for very high speed networking capabilities and wished to connect to the vBNS or to the Abilene Network, the high speed network operated by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID, aka Internet2).

At the February 1994 regional techs meeting in San Diego, the group revised its charter to include a broader base of network service providers, and subsequently adopted North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) as its new name. Elise Gerich and Mark Knopper were the founders of NANOG and its first coordinators, followed by Bill Norton, Craig Labovitz, and Susan Harris.

## Controversy

For much of the period from 1987 to 1995, following the opening up of the Internet through NSFNET and in particular after the creation of the for-profit ANS CO+RE in May 1991, some Internet stakeholders were concerned over the effects of privatization and the manner in which ANS, IBM, and MCI received a perceived competitive advantage in leveraging federal research money to gain ground in fields in which other companies allegedly were more competitive. *The Cook Report on the Internet*, which still exists, evolved as one of its largest critics. Other writers, such as Chetly Zarko, a University of Michigan alumnus and freelance investigative writer, offered their own critiques.

On March 12, 1992 the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, held a hearing to review the management of NSFNET. Witnesses at the hearing were asked to focus on the agreement(s) that NSF put in place for the operation of the NSFNET backbone, the foundation's plan for recompetition of those agreements, and to help the subcommittee explore whether the NSF's policies provided a level playing field for network service providers, ensured that the network was responsive to user needs, and provided for effective network management. The subcommittee heard from seven witnesses, asked them a number of questions, and received written statements from all seven as well as from three others. At the end of the hearing, speaking to the two witnesses from NSF, Dr. Nico Habermann, Assistant NSF Director for the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate (CISE), and Dr. Stephen Wolff, Director of NSF's Division of Networking & Communications Research & Infrastructure (DNCRI), Representative Boucher, Chairman of the subcommittee, said:

> … I think you should be very proud of what you have accomplished. Even those who have some constructive criticism of the way that the network is presently managed acknowledge at the outset that you have done a terrific job in accomplishing the goal of this NSFNET, and its user-ship is enormously up, its cost to the users has come down, and you certainly have our congratulations for that excellent success.

Subsequently, the subcommittee drafted legislation, becoming law on October 23, 1992, which authorized the National Science Foundation

> … to foster and support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which may be used substantially for purposes in addition to research and education in the sciences and engineering, if the additional uses will tend to increase the overall capabilities of the networks to support such research and education activities (that is to say, commercial traffic).

This legislation allowed, but did not require, NSF to repeal or modify its existing NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) which restricted network use to activities in support of research and education.

The hearing also led to a request from Rep. Boucher asking the NSF Inspector General to conduct a review of NSF's administration of NSFNET. The NSF Office of the Inspector General released its report on March 23, 1993. The report concluded by:

* stating that "\[i\]n general we were favorably impressed with the NSFNET program and staff";
* finding no serious problems with the administration, management, and use of the NSFNET Backbone Service;
* complimenting the NSFNET partners, saying that "the exchange of views among NSF, the NSFNET provider (Merit/ANS), and the users of NSFNET \[via a bulletin board system\], is truly remarkable in a program of the federal government"; and
* making 17 "recommendations to correct certain deficiencies and strengthen the upcoming re-solicitation."

## InfoBox

| National Science Foundation Network | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Data |
| Location | USA |
| Protocols | TCP/IP and OSI |
| Operator | Merit Network with IBM, MCI, the State of Michigan, and later ANS |
| Established | 1985 (1985) |
| Current status | Decommissioned April 30, 1995, superseded by the commercial Internet |
| Commercial? | No |
| Funding | National Science Foundation |
| Website | NSFNET history |


title: Mundos Opuestos (Colombian TV series)

abstract: Mundos Opuestos is a Colombian reality show that is produced and broadcast by RCN TV. It is based on the Chilean hit show of the same 18 participants, 9 of them famous, live and compete together, but are separated in two different worlds. Some will have the comfort and technology of the future life, while others will have to live like our ancestors did 100 years ago, all for the prize of $400 million Colombian pesos, about $200,000 US dollars. The premise of the competition is that participants are divided into two groups, one living "the life of the future" and other "past life". The two worlds present in the house are separated by a glass wall, allowing both groups to observe the actions of the other, the direct interaction between the two groups of participants is given in the courtyard, known as "the present." Participants of the two existing groups compete each week in various physical tests to determine which group will live in the past and which in the future and determine the participant to be eliminated from the competition.

text:
# Mundos Opuestos (Colombian TV series)

***Mundos Opuestos*** is a Colombian reality show that is produced and broadcast by RCN TV. It is based on the Chilean hit show of the same

18 participants, 9 of them famous, live and compete together, but are separated in two different worlds. Some will have the comfort and technology of the future life, while others will have to live like our ancestors did 100 years ago, all for the prize of $400 million Colombian pesos, about $200,000 US dollars.

The premise of the competition is that participants are divided into two groups, one living "the life of the future" and other "past life". The two worlds present in the house are separated by a glass wall, allowing both groups to observe the actions of the other, the direct interaction between the two groups of participants is given in the courtyard, known as "the present." Participants of the two existing groups compete each week in various physical tests to determine which group will live in the past and which in the future and determine the participant to be eliminated from the competition.

## Rules

* "*Protected for all time*" is the only participant who has immunity, and does not run the risk of being eliminated or nominated, you can move freely throughout the past, present and future, but cannot deliver goods to both the future participants of the past, and past participants of the future. It has the blue suit to differentiate it from the other participants, and is the only one who decides who will be the nominee of the council of past and future in case there is a tie.
* "*Punished for all time*": The participant was the fewest votes from the public via text messages, becoming the nominee extra.
* "*This*": The place where all participants can move, but no participant may circulate in the present before 10:00 am nor after midnight.
* "*Secret room*": It is located in the world of the future and delivers additional conveniences and surprises the competitors of the winning team and those who have beaten the "Wellness Challenge" of the week. Also, the room allows this couple can communicate via video with a family member or close.

## Contestants, teams and ranking

| Contestant | Original Team | Merged Team | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Isabel Cristina Gómez**
23, Dental student | Infinito |  | 1st Eliminated |
| **Giorgio Difeo**
32, actor | Infinito | | 2nd Eliminated |
| **Julieth Pinto**
22, footballer | Eternidad | | 3rd Eliminated |
| **Hernando Colmenares**
49, personal trainer | Infinito | | 4th Eliminated |
| **Sandra Muñoz**
34, actress & model | Infinito | | 5th Eliminated |
| **Eduardo José Beleño**
25, singer | Eternidad | | 6th Eliminated |
| **Víctor Aristizábal**
41, footballer | Eternidad | Individuales | 7th Eliminated |
| **Omar Murillo**
31, actor & media personality | Infinito | | 8th Eliminated |
| **Diana Caicedo**
25, model & Journalism student | Eternidad | | 9th Eliminated |
| **Ana María Córdoba**
26, model | Infinito | | 10th Eliminated |
| **Delmis Muñoz**
28, model, former Miss Playboy | Infinito | | 11th Eliminated |
| **Farina**
26, singer-songwriter & rapper | Infinito | | 12th Eliminated |
| **Edward Carrillo**
27, unemployed | Infinito | | 13th Eliminated |
| **Víctor Javier Torres**
29, gas station attendant | Infinito | | 14th Eliminated |
| **Abdu César**
39, engineer | Eternidad | | Semifinalists
eliminated |
| **Julián Rendón**
28, journalist | Eternidad | |
| **Daniela "Nanis" Ochoa**
23, model | Infinito | |
| **Ana Lucía Silva**
29, actress | Eternidad | |
| **Paola Tovar**
25, actress | Eternidad | | Runner-up |
| **Pipe Calderón**
29, singer | Eternidad | | Runner-up |
| **Sofía Jaramillo**
23, model & Social Comm. student | Eternidad | | **Winner** |
| **Wesley Burger**
34, adventurer & safari guide | Eternidad | | **Winner** |

## InfoBox

| *Mundos Opuestos* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Colombia |
| Original language | Spanish |
| Original release | |
| Network | RCN TV |
| Release | October 7, 2012 (2012-10-07) |
| Related | |
| *Mundos Opuestos* (Chile) | |


title: Stareater (fish)

abstract: Snaggletooths or stareaters are any of a number of small, deep-sea stomiid fish in the genus Astronesthes. They possess a bioluminescent red chin barbel that the fish use as a lure to attract small prey into striking distance. The fish have delicate skin, and mouths filled with sharp, needlelike, curved teeth.

text:
# Stareater (fish)

**Snaggletooths** or **stareaters** are any of a number of small, deep-sea stomiid fish in the genus ***Astronesthes***. They possess a bioluminescent red chin barbel that the fish use as a lure to attract small prey into striking distance.

The fish have delicate skin, and mouths filled with sharp, needlelike, curved teeth.

## Species

There are currently 48 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| Stareater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Astronesthes sp.* (2008). The soft skin on this specimen was damaged by the net in which it was collected. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Subfamily: | Astronesthinae |
| Genus: | *Astronesthes*<br>J. Richardson, 1845 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


abstract: Wachovia Building Company Contemporary Ranch House, also known as the Arthur McKimmon II House, is a historic home located in the Cameron Village neighborhood of Raleigh, North Carolina. It is located east of the Cameron Village Historic District. The house was built in 1951, and is a single-story, double-pile, Ranch-style house. It has a low pitched hipped roof and a gable-roofed breezeway joining the house to a side-gabled, single-car garage. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Wachovia Building Company Contemporary Ranch House

**Wachovia Building Company Contemporary Ranch House**, also known as the Arthur McKimmon II House, is a historic home located in the Cameron Village neighborhood of Raleigh, North Carolina. It is located east of the Cameron Village Historic District. The house was built in 1951, and is a single-story, double-pile, Ranch-style house. It has a low pitched hipped roof and a gable-roofed breezeway joining the house to a side-gabled, single-car garage.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wachovia Building Company Contemporary Ranch House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front of the house | |
|  | |
| Location | 823 Bryan St., Raleigh, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°47′42″N 78°39′16″W / 35.79500°N 78.65444°W / 35.79500; -78.65444 |
| Area | 0.34 acres (0.14 ha) |
| Built | 1951 |
| Built by | Wachovia Building Company |
| Architect | Ed Richards |
| Architectural style | Contemporary Ranch |
| MPS | Post-World War II and Modern Architecture in Raleigh, North Carolina, 1945-1965 |
| NRHP reference No. | 14001025 |
| Added to NRHP | December 10, 2014 |


title: Mat Vairo

abstract: Mat Vairo is an American actor, singer, and songwriter. Vairo began his career in 2012 on the stage portraying Melchior Gabor in the musical Spring Awakening. He has since gone on to star in multiple television series and films. Vairo made his television series regular debut in The Returned for A+E and Netflix as Simon Moran. He also regularly appeared in the second season of NBCs JJ Abrams and Eric Kripke executive produced series Revolution as Connor Bennett, the son of Sebastian Monroe. He can also be seen in the second season of Netflix and Marvel's Jessica Jones as Stirling Adams, Jessica Jones' first boyfriend. Other notable credits include Derek Ruvelle in the CW's Jane The Virgin. He is now recurring on The Bold Type as Scott Coleman.

text:
# Mat Vairo

**Mat Vairo** is an American actor, singer, and songwriter. Vairo began his career in 2012 on the stage portraying Melchior Gabor in the musical Spring Awakening. He has since gone on to star in multiple television series and films. Vairo made his television series regular debut in The Returned for A+E and Netflix as Simon Moran. He also regularly appeared in the second season of NBCs JJ Abrams and Eric Kripke executive produced series Revolution as Connor Bennett, the son of Sebastian Monroe. He can also be seen in the second season of Netflix and Marvel's Jessica Jones as Stirling Adams, Jessica Jones' first boyfriend. Other notable credits include Derek Ruvelle in the CW's Jane The Virgin. He is now recurring on The Bold Type as Scott Coleman.

## Career

Vairo played Connor Bennett on the NBC series *Revolution* in 2014. He was a series regular on the A&E television series *The Returned* in 2015, in the role of Simon Moran. His additional television credits include *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*, *Switched at Birth* and *10 Cloverfield Lane*. In 2018, Vairo appeared as Stirling Adams in the episode "AKA I Want Your Cray Cray" of *Jessica Jones*.

Vairo's theater credits include *Spring Awakening* and *Disney’s Aladdin! A Musical Spectacular*.


title: Lights from the Valley

abstract: Lights from the Valley is the seventh album by the Canadian rock band Chilliwack, released in June 1978; the album marked the recording debut of Brian MacLeod with the band, while serving as the swan song for founding Chilliwack members Glenn Miller and Ross Turney. In November 1978, Lights from the Valley was certified Platinum in Canada.

text:
# Lights from the Valley

***Lights from the Valley*** is the seventh album by the Canadian rock band Chilliwack, released in June 1978; the album marked the recording debut of Brian MacLeod with the band, while serving as the swan song for founding Chilliwack members Glenn Miller and Ross Turney. In November 1978, *Lights from the Valley* was certified Platinum (in excess of 100,000 copies sold) in Canada.

## Recording

At the time of the release of *Lights from the Valley*, Chilliwack had been recording tracks intended for the band's seventh album release over the period of a year. After rejecting two distinct sets of tracks which the band had submitted for album release, Mushroom Records had had Chilliwack - til then self-produced - collaborate with producer Marc Gilutin who co-produced a third distinct set of tracks to be issued as Chilliwack's seventh album, with the sessions co-produced by Gilutin introducing as members of Chilliwack guitarist Brian MacLeod who'd remain a member for four Chilliwack albums, and Jamie Bowers (guitar/ keyboards) who would not record again with the group. The tracks co-produced by Gilutin included two songs written by MacLeod and also two "outside songs" - the first (and it would prove only) non-original material ever to be recorded by Chilliwack since the band had been rebranded from "The Collectors" - : "Arms of Mary" and "In Love With a Look": "In Love With a Look" was a co-write by Ted Myers who'd fronted Glider a session group whose self-titled 1977 album release had been produced by Gilutin, while the 1975 original Sutherland Brothers version of "Arms of Mary" had enjoyed widespread international hit status while barely registering in North America.

The third intended version of Chilliwack's seventh album was issued in June 1978 under the title *Lights from the Valley*, a quote from "Arms of Mary" which track served as lead single: "Arms of Mary" would fail to become one of Chilliwack's most successful Canadian chart hits with a modest #49 peak, although the track would become the fourth Chilliwack single to rank on the Hot 100 in *Billboard* with its #67 peak outranking the band's three previous Hot 100 entries. A second single release: "Never Be the Same" was a low impact Canadian chart item with a peak of #59 and would not register on the *Billboard* Hot 100: in fact "Arms of Mary" would remain Chilliwack's last Hot 100 entry until 26 September 1981 when "My Girl (Gone, Gone, Gone)" debuted at #81: by its third week on the chart - that of 10 October 1981 - "My Girl..." had bested "Arms of Mary" as Chilliwack's highest ranking Hot 100 entry, "My Girl..."'s 10 October 1981 Hot 100 ranking being #60 (the eventual Hot 100 peak of "My Girl..." would be #22).

## Impact

Intended to build on the qualified success of the precedent *Dreams, Dreams, Dreams* album, *Lights from the Valley* would not in fact rise above its predecessor's success level, with Mushroom's financial problems incurred via litigation with the rock band Heart hampering the promotion of *Lights from the Valley*. In fact the turmoil inherent in the album's convoluted recording history threatened to shut down the band: veteran guitarist Howard Froese was replaced by Brian MacLeod after the first attempt at Chilliwack's seventh album was rejected - although Froese would receive "special thanks" on the released *Lights from the Valley* album, citing background vocals and acoustic guitar - , and by the time of the release of *Lights from the Valley* Glenn Miller (bass) and Ross Turney (drums) - who had worked alongside Chilliwack's lead vocalist/ guitarist Bill Henderson since the Chilliwack forerunner the Collectors - had left the group necessitating the recruitment of new members Skip Layton (drums) and Ab Bryant (bass) to perform with Henderson, Bowers and MacLeod in Chilliwack's live gigs, and only Henderson, MacLeod and Bryant would remain with Chilliwack for the group's eighth album: the 1979 release *Breakdown in Paradise*.

In 2013, all of the Chilliwack albums on Mushroom were rereleased in CD format: the CD release of *Lights from the Valley* featured as bonus tracks "Mary Lou and Me" - the B-side to the 1977 single "Fly by Night" - and also the songwriting demo of "The Hardest Things to See" an intended track for Chilliwack's seventh album.

## Critical reception

*The Globe and Mail* wrote: "Chilliwack is no longer an obscure, occassionaly \[*sic?*\] exciting Canadian rock band. It is now a full-blown vehicle for the latest in imitative California sounds."

## Track listing

1. "Never Be the Same" (Henderson) (3:30)
2. "I Wanna Be the One" (Henderson, Turney) (3:20)
3. "How Can You Hide Your Love?" (MacLeod) (3:46)
4. "(We Don't Have To) Fall in Love" (Henderson) (3:45)
5. "Lookin' for a Place" (Henderson) (4:55)
6. "Arms of Mary" (Sutherland) (3:01)
7. "Tonight" (Henderson, Turney) (3:10)
8. "She Keeps On Cryin'" (Henderson, Turney) (3:03)
9. "In Love With a Look" (Myers, Jalananda) (3:20)
10. "No Love At All" (MacLeod) (4:12)

### 2013 Bonus Tracks

1. "Mary Lou and Me" (Henderson, Turney) (3:47)
2. "The Hardest Things to See" (Henderson, Turney) (songwriting demo) (2:07)

## Personnel

Chilliwack * Bill Henderson \- guitar, vocals
* Glenn Miller - bass, vocals
* Ross Turney - drums, percussion
* Brian MacLeod \- guitars, vocals
* Jamie Bowers - guitar, keyboards

with:

* Howard Froese - acoustic guitar, backing vocals (not listed as group member/ credited as "Special thanks")
* Eddie Tuduri - drums (not listed as group member/ credited as "Special thanks")

## InfoBox

| Lights from the Valley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chilliwack | |
| Released | June 1978 |
| Studio | Mushroom Studios, Vancouver |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 36:02 |
| Label | Mushroom |
| Producer | Bill Henderson, Ross Turney, Marc Gilutin |
| Chilliwack chronology | |
| *Dreams, Dreams, Dreams*
(1977) ***Lights from the Valley***
(1978) *Breakdown in Paradise*
(1979) | |


title: Secret Combination: The Album

abstract: Secret Combination: The Album is the fourth studio album by Greek American singer Kalomira which was released at the end of May 2008 by Heaven Music. The album has 12 tracks written by Konstantinos Pantzis, Tasos Vougiatzis and Sunny X.

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# Secret Combination: The Album

***Secret Combination: The Album*** is the fourth studio album by Greek American singer Kalomira which was released at the end of May 2008 by Heaven Music. The album has 12 tracks written by Konstantinos Pantzis, Tasos Vougiatzis and Sunny X.

## Producers and collaborators

Kalomira cooperated with very popular and prestigious producers. The writers and composers who participate in the production of the album are: Κonstantinos Pantzis, Sunny X, Tasos Vougiatzis, Poseidonas Giannopoulos, Eftihia Sideri, Marc Eastmont, Nektarios Tirakis and Master Tempo who remixed the song "Secret Combination".

## Promotion

Kalomira released her fourth studio album after conquering third place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. She planned on starting full promotion of the album, but on June 2, 2008, when Kalomira was supposed to be the guest on a popular morning show in Greece, she postponed her appearance because she had to fly to New York City immediately due to her sister's pregnancy. On June 4, 2008, Rythmos FM was supposed throw a summer party where Kalomira would perform all her new songs but this was also postponed since she was out of the country.

## Dedication

The album, just like all of Kalomira's other album releases, has a *Thank-You's* page. She doesn't forget to thank anyone, but she does state that she dedicates this album to her uncle, who died recently.

## Track listing

1. "Secret Combination" - 3:03
2. "Sto Diko Mou Rythmo" (To My Rhythm) \- 3:29
3. "All That I Need" - 3:47
4. "Fall to You" - 4:41
5. "S'Agapo" (I Love You) \- 3:14
6. "Kathe Fora" (Every time) \- 3:41
7. "Money Ain't the Key" (featuring Lisa Lee) \- 4:16
8. "Iparhoun Ores" (featuring Peter\_D from Master Tempo) (There Are Times) \- 3:41
9. "Sto Eipa Hilies Fores" (I've Told You a Thousand Times) \- 3:07
10. "Vradiazi" (It's Getting Dark) \- 3:38
11. "Hot" - 3:10
12. "Secret Combination" (Master Tempo Mix) - 3:53

## Singles

"Secret Combination" was the first and only single to be released from the album. It was first released as a radio single on February 6, 2008, and then as a digital download and CD single. The song was Greece's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Greece | May 29, 2008 | Heaven | CD |
| | May 29, 2008 | Heaven | Digital download |
| Cyprus | May 29, 2008 | Heaven | CD |

## Chart performance

The album entered the Cypriot Albums Chart at number ten, making it her lowest peak there. The album entered at number 20 on the Greek charts.

### Charts

| Chart | Provider | Peak
position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Greek Albums Chart | IFPI | 13 |
|
| Cypriot Albums Chart | Musical Paradise Top 10 | 10 |

### Singles

| Single | Chart positions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Greece | Cyprus | UK | Canada | Europe | Ireland | Turkey | Sweden | Denmark |
| "Secret Combination" | 1 | 1 | 71 | 331 | 67 | 46 | 18 | 38 | 29 |

## InfoBox

| Secret Combination: The Album | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kalomira | |
| Released | May 29, 2008 |
| Recorded | 20072008 |
| Genre | R&B, pop, electropop, Modern Laïka, funk, pop rock |
| Length | 43:35 |
| Language | English, Greek |
| Label | Heaven |
| Producer | Kostas Kalimeris/Heaven |
| Kalomira chronology | |
| *I Kalomira Paei Cinema*
(2006) ***Secret Combination: The Album***
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Secret Combination: The Album* | |
| 1. "Secret Combination"
Released: February 6, 2008 2. "Sto Diko Mou Rythmo"
Released: August 22, 2008 3. "Hot"
Released: May 2009 | |
|  | |


title: Muralplast

abstract: Muralplast is a range of coatings and protective treatments applied by British specialist painting contractor Lucas and intended to be sustainable.

text:
# Muralplast

**Muralplast** is a range of coatings and protective treatments applied by British specialist painting contractor Lucas and intended to be sustainable.

## History

Muralplast was first launched in the 1960s and became known as a coatings product for exterior and interior protection and decoration. Lucas extended the range of products and re-launched the brand in July 2010.

## Products

There are four main product ranges.

* M-Guard is designed to provide extra protection from the weather, pollution, and vandalism.

* MSP or Multi Surface Paint is designed to provide a consistent finish across internal and external surfaces.

* ArmourColor is designed to provide decorative wall finishes incorporating high safety and environmental standards.

* M-Tred floor resins are designed to be durable floor finishes, formulated for buildings required to meet high health and safety standards or other special regulations.


abstract: The World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (WFLRY) was an international liberal youth organization. It had a global outreach but consisted mainly of national youth organizations from Europe. WFLRY was founded in 1947 in Cambridge, United Kingdom. In 1969 the organization was split, resulting in the separate forming of European Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (EFLRY). WFLRY was dissolved in 1978.

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# World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth

The **World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth** (**WFLRY**) was an international liberal youth organization. It had a global outreach but consisted mainly of national youth organizations from Europe.

WFLRY was founded in 1947 in Cambridge, United Kingdom. In 1969 the organization was split, resulting in the separate forming of European Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (EFLRY). WFLRY was dissolved in 1978.

## Leadership of WFLRY

| **Presidency** |  | **Secretaries General** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1947 |
| Dissolved | 1978 |
| Succeeded by | IFLRY |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |


title: Wuhe Township, Sichuan

abstract: Wuhe Township is a township under the administration of Jianyang, Sichuan, China. As of 2018, it has 13 villages under its administration.

text:
# Wuhe Township, Sichuan

**Wuhe Township** (simplified Chinese: 五合乡; traditional Chinese: 五合鄉; pinyin: *Wǔhé Xiāng*) is a township under the administration of Jianyang, Sichuan, China. As of 2018, it has 13 villages under its administration.

## InfoBox

| Wuhe Township 五合乡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Wuhe TownshipLocation in Sichuan | |
| Coordinates: 30°29′19″N 104°51′8″E / 30.48861°N 104.85222°E / 30.48861; 104.85222 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Prefecture-level city | Chengdu |
| County-level city | Jianyang |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer

abstract: The multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) is a scientific instrument on the Terra satellite launched by NASA on 18 December 1999. This device is designed to measure the intensity of solar radiation reflected by the Earth system in various directions and spectral bands; it became operational in February 2000. Data generated by this sensor have been proven useful in a variety of applications including atmospheric sciences, climatology and monitoring terrestrial processes. The MISR instrument consists of an innovative configuration of nine separate digital cameras that gather data in four different spectral bands of the solar spectrum. One camera points toward the nadir, while the others provide forward and aftward view angles at 26.1°, 45.6°, 60.0°, and 70.5°. As the instrument flies overhead, each region of the Earth's surface is successively imaged by all nine cameras in each of four wavelengths. The data gathered by MISR are useful in climatological studies concerning the disposition of the solar radiation flux in the Earth's system. MISR is specifically designed to monitor the monthly, seasonal, and long-term trends of atmospheric aerosol particle concentrations including those formed by natural sources and by human activities, upper air winds and cloud cover, type, height, as well as the characterization of land surface properties, including the structure of vegetation canopies, the distribution of land cover types, or the properties of snow and ice fields, amongst many other biogeophysical variables.

text:
# Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer

The **multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer** (**MISR**) is a scientific instrument on the Terra satellite launched by NASA on 18 December 1999. This device is designed to measure the intensity of solar radiation reflected by the Earth system (planetary surface and atmosphere) in various directions and spectral bands; it became operational in February 2000. Data generated by this sensor have been proven useful in a variety of applications including atmospheric sciences, climatology and monitoring terrestrial processes.

The MISR instrument consists of an innovative configuration of nine separate digital cameras that gather data in four different spectral bands of the solar spectrum. One camera points toward the nadir, while the others provide forward and aftward view angles at 26.1°, 45.6°, 60.0°, and 70.5°. As the instrument flies overhead, each region of the Earth's surface is successively imaged by all nine cameras in each of four wavelengths (blue, green, red, and near-infrared).

The data gathered by MISR are useful in climatological studies concerning the disposition of the solar radiation flux in the Earth's system. MISR is specifically designed to monitor the monthly, seasonal, and long-term trends of atmospheric aerosol particle concentrations including those formed by natural sources and by human activities, upper air winds and cloud cover, type, height, as well as the characterization of land surface properties, including the structure of vegetation canopies, the distribution of land cover types, or the properties of snow and ice fields, amongst many other biogeophysical variables.

* *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing* (July 2002) Special issue on MISR, Volume 40, No. 7.
* Diner, D. J., B. H. Braswell, R. Davies, N. Gobron, J. Hu, Y. Jin, R. A. Kahn, Y. Knyazikhin, N. Loeb, J.-P. Muller, A. W. Nolin, B. Pinty, C. B. Schaaf, G. Seiz, and J. Stroeve (2005) 'The value of multiangle measurements for retrieving structurally and radiatively consistent properties of clouds, aerosols, and surfaces', *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **97**, 495–518.
* *Remote Sensing of Environment* (March 2007) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Special Issue, Volume 107, Issues 1–2.


title: Murder of Goh Beng Choo

abstract: On 19 November 1980, the body of 8-year-old Goh Beng Choo was found behind a Taoist temple in Bukit Batok, Singapore.

text:
# Murder of Goh Beng Choo

On 19 November 1980, the body of 8-year-old **Goh Beng Choo** (Chinese: 吴明珠; pinyin: *Wú Míngzhū*) was found behind a Taoist temple in Bukit Batok, Singapore.

## Background

Goh Beng Choo's family lived in the now-demolished village of Jalan Petua in present-day Bukit Batok. Beng Choo, a Primary Two student of Jurong Primary School, performed well at school, and had achieved eighth position in her class that year.

## Murder

On the evening of 19 November 1980, the Goh family was celebrating Beng Choo's academic achievements when Beng Choo walked out of the house. Goh's then-ten-year-old brother Goh Leng Hai last saw her on the road in front their house as he went to buy noodles for his family. She was missing for a few hours before her body was found behind a Taoist temple in the village, about 120 metres from her home, a structure that was rarely used, mostly for celebratory events.

Goh had scratch marks on her face, neck and arms and her blouse was slightly torn. The cause of death was a ruptured liver, resulting from blows to the abdomen. Dr Ong Beng Hock, a pathologist, found bruises all over her face, body and limbs. Goh was also sexually assaulted prior to her death.

It was revealed that shortly before her death, Goh had refused an unknown man's invitation to go fishing at a nearby pond.

Despite extensive inquiries by the police's Criminal Investigation Department, the police were unable to come up with any leads in the case. In 1982, Goh's family offered a $10,000 reward for information about the case.

## Aftermath

Some time after the incident, the village of Jalan Petua was demolished and rebuilt into a Housing and Development Board estate. The Goh family's old house is at the present-day Bukit Batok Central Road, near West Mall.

In 2021, Goh's brother Goh Leng Hai reached out to Crime Library Singapore, a volunteer group dedicated to solving cold crimes and missing persons cases. Crime Library Singapore put up a post on Facebook appealing for information about the case. Several people, including several of the Goh family's old neighbours in Jalan Petua and a police officer who attended the scene of crime on the day Goh was murdered, replied to the Facebook post.

In June 2021, Goh's family met with police investigators at the Police Cantonment Complex. The police assured Goh's family that they would continue their work on the case.

In January 2022, Goh's brother and elderly parents again made a public appeal for information to help solve the case. It was mentioned that Goh's parents, who were now in their 80s, still felt very sad, especially on the Qingming Festival and on the anniversary of her death. Goh's father also keeps only one photo in his wallet; a photo of Goh.

In November 2023, the Chinese-language crime show *Inside Crime Scene* covered the murder of Goh Beng Choo on the first episode of the show's second season. The case of Huang Na, another eight-year-old girl who was similarly sexually assaulted and murdered in 2004, was also covered in the same episode.

## InfoBox

| Goh Beng Choo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Goh Beng Choo
c.1972
Singapore |
| Died | 19 November 1980 (aged 8)
Bukit Batok, Singapore |
| Cause of death | Murdered |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Known for | Murder victim |


title: Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line

abstract: The Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line is an under-construction railway in the Region of Murcia and Andalusia in Spain.

text:
# Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line

The **Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line** is an under-construction railway in the Region of Murcia and Andalusia in Spain.

## History

Murcia and Almería were once linked by rail from Lorca to Guadix via Baza, however this line closed in 1985. When the AVE high speed rail network opened in 1992, it continued to expand, with the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network reaching Alicante railway station in 2013, and Murcia del Carmen railway station in 2022.

A continuation from Murcia to Almería railway station was proposed, and construction of the new high-speed line began in 2010, but was suspended due to political disagreements. In 2017 the Spanish government announced that work would restart in 2019, to be completed by 2023. The railway's estimated completion date has since been pushed to 2026.

## Route

The line will serve as a continuation of the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network at Murcia, serving stations at Lorca and Vera before terminating in Almería. It will include two standard-gauge high-speed tracks for passenger trains with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (190 mph) and a parallel 1668 mm Iberian gauge track for freight. The trip from Murcia to Almería is expected to take 1 hour 5 minutes, and 3.5 hours to Madrid, compared to the current six hours taken using the existing Linares Baeza–Almería railway.

## InfoBox

| Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Under construction |
| Owner | Adif |
| Locale | Spain (Region of Murcia, Andalucia) |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Type | High-speed rail |
| Operator(s) | Renfe Operadora |
| History | |
| Opened | 2026 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 184 km (114 mi) |
| Number of tracks | Triple track |
| Track gauge | 2 tracks 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge, 1 track 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+2132 in) Iberian gauge |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz |
| Operating speed | max 300 km/h (190 mph) |


title: Murcielagos Island

abstract: Murcielagos Island locally known as Pulo Baliudyong is a small low-lying island in the Sulu Sea off the coast of Zamboanga del Norte in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. It measures over 500 metres (1,600 ft) across at its widest point and is situated on an oval reef about 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) in length. situated in 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) north of Quipit Point on the west side of Patauag Bay in the Zamboanga municipality of Labason. It is known for its white coral-sand beaches and rich marine resources. To its west lies an islet called Bayangan Island. The two islands are collectively known as Murcielagos Islands and are administratively part of the Labason poblacion of Antonino.

text:
# Murcielagos Island

**Murcielagos Island** locally known as *Pulo Baliudyong* is a small low-lying island in the Sulu Sea off the coast of Zamboanga del Norte in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. It measures over 500 metres (1,600 ft) across at its widest point and is situated on an oval reef about 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) in length. situated in 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) north of Quipit Point on the west side of Patauag Bay in the Zamboanga municipality of Labason. It is known for its white coral-sand beaches and rich marine resources. To its west lies an islet called *Bayangan Island*. The two islands are collectively known as Murcielagos Islands and are administratively part of the Labason poblacion of Antonino.

## Protected area

The island is a nesting ground for marine turtles and several migratory seabirds. The surrounding reefs support a rich marine fauna, including giant clams. It was declared a protected area in April 2000 known as the **Murcielagos Island Protected Landscape and Seascape**. It covers the 100-hectare (250-acre) Murcielagos Island with a buffer zone covering 151 hectares (370 acres) of surrounding municipal waters including Bayangan Island.

## InfoBox

Murcielagos Island
| Native name: Pulo sa Baliudyong | |
| --- | --- |
| Murcielagos IslandLocation within the PhilippinesMurcielagos IslandMurcielagos Island (Philippines) | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 4.8 kilometers (3.0 mi) off Zamboanga Peninsula |
| Coordinates | 8°6′55″N 122°26′47″E / 8.11528°N 122.44639°E / 8.11528; 122.44639 |
| Archipelago | Philippines |
| Adjacent to | Sulu Sea |
| Administration | |
| **Philippines** | |
| Region | Zamboanga Peninsula |
| Province | Zamboanga del Norte |
| Municipality | Labason |
| Additional information | |
|  | |


title: William Yakutumba

abstract: William Amuri Yakutumba is the leader of the National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo, an anti-government rebel coalition fighting in the Kivu conflict. Yakutumba has been involved in armed mobilization since 1996, fighting for the Mai-Mai before eventually leading his own group. Yakutumba claims to fight for democracy and against the purported invasion of Rwandophone populations in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# William Yakutumba

**William Amuri Yakutumba** (likely born 1970) is the leader of the National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo, an anti-government rebel coalition fighting in the Kivu conflict. Yakutumba has been involved in armed mobilization since 1996, fighting for the Mai-Mai before eventually leading his own group. Yakutumba claims to fight for democracy and against the purported invasion of Rwandophone populations in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Early life and education

Yakutumba was born to a Bembe family in the Lubondja sector of Fizi in the mid-1960s or 1970s. In 1990, he traveled to Lubumbashi to study history at the University of Lubumbashi. After three years at UNILU, he broke off his studies for unknown reasons. In 1996, when Laurent Kabila's AFDL invaded the country, Yakutumba returned to Fizi and joined the Mai-Mai.

## Military career

Yakutumba fought for the Mai-Mai in both the First and Second Congo Wars. Originally fighting alongside rebel forces during the first war, he ended up fighting for the new Kabila government against the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy. Yakutumba's unit was under the command of a certain Dunia Lwendama, who had been active in rebellions since the 1960s.

### Mai-Mai Réformé

At the end of the Second Congo War, many Mai-Mai leaders felt marginalized, believing they had not gained political and military representation they deserved for their role in the war. During this time, the government was attempting to demobilize Mai-Mai groups and integrate them into the national army. In 2007, the FARDC sent trucks to finish the integration of the 118th Brigade, the Mai-Mai unit under Yakutumba's command. Yakutumba and a small group of loyalist fighters fled to the Ubwari Peninsula, where they established Mai-Mai Réformé. This prompted the government to try and negotiate with Yakutumba, who stated he would integrate into the armed forces if Banyamulenge units did so first. It was at this time that Yakutumba began to refer to himself as "General".

### Mai-Mai Yakutumba

In September 2007, Yakutumba and his political deputy, Raphael Looba Undji, visited Kinshasa at the invitation of then-president Joseph Kabila. They spent around six months in the city, where they established political contacts. Following the visit, Yakutumba established the Party of Action for the Reconstruction of Congo (PARC), the political wing of his group.

During the period of 2009–2010, Yakutumba used his forces to pressure politicians and the armed forces into supporting his goals. During this time, he also feigned disarmament, which he would use to regroup and strengthen his militia more. Yakutumba also had entered a relationship with the National Forces of Liberation, a dissident Burundian rebel faction. This relationship allowed Yakutumba's forces access to more advanced training and weaponry. In 2011, he merged his political wing, the PARC, with his new armed wing, the Alleluia Armed Forces (FAAL), forming the PARC-FAAL, better known as Mai-Mai Yakutumba.

This new development caused Yakutumba to shift his rhetoric to a national scale, claiming Joseph Kabila was an agent of Rwanda. As the years went on, however, Mai-Mai Yakutumba fell out of political relevance, content with taxing roads, fishing, and gold mining in areas under the group's influence. Yakutumba, by 2014, no longer had the military prowess or political clout he had in the years before.

### National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo

In late 2016 to early 2017, Yakutumba re-emerged, leading a wide coalition of Mai-Mai groups calling itself the National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo (CNPSC). The new coalition launched two major offensives in South Kivu in 2017 and 2018, even coming close to capturing Uvira city. Yakutumba stated that he intended to overthrow the government to "chase the dictator Kabila from power". Yakutumba claims to have around 10,000 troops under his command, but analysts disagree, stating he has close to 1,000.

As of 2020, the CNPSC is engaged in fighting mainly against the Banyamulenge-led Ngumino and Twiganeho militias. In a recent video statement, Yakutumba re-affirmed the coalition's goals, as well as denounced alleged invasions of the country by Rwandophone groups.

On 19 June 2023, the European Union and United Kingdom placed sanctions on Yakutumba for his alleged role in violating international law and committing wartime sexual violence during the Kivu conflict. He was also banned from entering the European Union.

## InfoBox

| General
William Yakutumba | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | William Amuri Yakutumba |
| Born | likely 1970 (age 5354)
Lubondja, Fizi, Zaire (now DRC) |
| Allegiance | Mai-Mai (1996–2003)
Mai-Mai Réformé (2007–2011)
Mai-Mai Yakutumba (2011–present)
CNPSC (2017–present) |
| Years of service | 1996–present |
| Battles/wars | First Congo War
Second Congo War
Kivu conflict |


title: Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools

abstract: Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools (GAT) is an open-source and cross-platform Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing software package that is distributed under the GNU General Public License. It has been developed by the members of the University of Guelph Centre for Hydrogeomatics and is intended for geospatial analysis and data visualization in research and education settings. The Whitebox GAT project started as a replacement for the Terrain Analysis System (TAS), a geospatial analysis software package written by John Lindsay. The current release supports raster and vector (shapefile) data structures. There is also extensive functionality for processing laser scanner (LiDAR) data containing LAS files. Whitebox GAT is extendable. Users are able to create and add custom tools or plugins using any JVM language. The software also allows scripting using the programming languages Groovy, JavaScript, and Python.

text:
# Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools

**Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools** (**GAT**) is an open-source and cross-platform Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing software package that is distributed under the GNU General Public License. It has been developed by the members of the University of Guelph Centre for Hydrogeomatics and is intended for geospatial analysis and data visualization in research and education settings. The Whitebox GAT project started as a replacement for the Terrain Analysis System (TAS), a geospatial analysis software package written by John Lindsay. The current release supports raster and vector (shapefile) data structures. There is also extensive functionality for processing laser scanner (LiDAR) data containing LAS files.

Whitebox GAT is extendable. Users are able to create and add custom tools or plugins using any JVM language. The software also allows scripting using the programming languages Groovy, JavaScript, and Python.

## Analysis tools

Whitebox GAT contains more than 385 tools to perform spatial analysis on raster data sets. The following is an incomplete list of some of the more commonly used tools:

* *GIS tools:* Cost-distance analysis, buffer, distance operations, weighted overlays, multi-criteria evaluation, reclass, area analysis, clumping
* *Image processing tools:* k-means classification, numerous spatial filters, image mosaicing, NDVI, resampling, contrast enhancement
* *Hydrology tools:* DEM preprocessing tools, flow direction and accumulation (D8, Rho8, Dinf, and FD8 algorithms), mass flux analysis, watershed extraction
* *Terrain analysis tools:* surface derivatives (slope, aspect, and curvatures), hillshading, wetness index, relative stream power index, relative landscape position indices
* *LiDAR tools:* IDW interpolation, nearest neighbour interpolation, point density, removal of off-terrain objects (non-ground points)

## Software transparency

The Whitebox GAT project links the software's development and user communities, known as software transparency, or open-access software (considered an extension of open-source software). The philosophy of transparency in software states that the user:

1. Has the right to view the underlying workings of a tool or operation, and
2. Should be able to access this information in a way that reduces, or ideally eliminates, any barriers to viewing and interpreting it.

This concept was developed as a response to the code base of many open-source projects being so massive, and its organization so complex, that individual users often find the task of interpreting the underlying code too daunting when they are interested in a small portion of the overall code base, e.g. if the user would like to know how a particular tool or algorithm operates. Furthermore, when the software's source code is written in an unfamiliar programming language, the task of interpreting the code is made even more difficult. For some open-source projects, these characteristics can divide the development and user communities, often restricting future development to a few individuals that have been involved in the project during the earliest periods of development. The View Code button that is present on all Whitebox GAT tools is the embodiment of this software-transparency philosophy by pointing the user to the specific region of the source-code that is relevant to a particular tool, also allowing for code conversion to other programming languages. The Whitebox GAT logo is also representative of the open and transparent characteristic of the software, being a transparent glass cube, open on one face.

## InfoBox

Whitebox GAT
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | John Lindsay |
| Initial release | October 2009 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.4.0 / 27 January 2017 (2017-01-27) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | Java, Groovy, Python |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Available in | Catalan, Chinese (simplified and traditional), English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Persian, Polish, Spanish |
| Type | Geographic information system |
| License | GNU General Public License |
| Website | www.uoguelph.ca |


title: Ziya Selçuk

abstract: Ziya Selçuk is a Turkish politician and educator. He is the former Minister of National Education. He was formerly a professor of education at Gazi University.

text:
# Ziya Selçuk

**Ziya Selçuk** (born 1 May 1961) is a Turkish politician and educator. He is the former Minister of National Education. He was formerly a professor of education at Gazi University.

## Early life and education

Selçuk was born on 1 May 1961 in Emirler village in Gölbaşı, Ankara. He graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences, subsequently completing his master's degree in developmental psychology. In 1989, he completed his doctoral studies at Hacettepe University, on guidance and psychological counseling. He was promoted to associate professorship and professorship at Gazi University Faculty of Education.

## Education career

Selçuk acted as a faculty member for multiple Turkish universities, including TED University. He has acted as the chairman of the Head Council of Education and Morality between 21 March 2003 and 8 May 2008, overseeing the curriculum reform during this time. As a part of the negotiations for the accession of Turkey to the European Union, he has represented the country on the topics of science and education.

## Political career

On 10 July 2018, Selçuk became the Minister of National Education. On 5 August 2021, he announced that he would resign from the position. His resignation was approved on the following day through a decree published in *T.C. Resmî Gazete*, and he was replaced by Mahmut Özer.

## InfoBox

| Ziya Selçuk | |
| --- | --- |
| Selçuk in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Former Minister of National Education | |
| **In office**
10 July 2018  6 August 2021 | |
| President | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |
| Preceded by | İsmet Yılmaz |
| Succeeded by | Mahmut Özer |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-05-01) 1 May 1961
Emirler, Gölbaşı, Turkey |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Politician, educator |
|  | |


abstract: Zerreißet, zersprenget, zertrümmert die Gruft or Der zufriedengestellte Aeolus, BWV 205.1, BWV 205, is a secular cantata or dramma per musica by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was written for the name day of August Friedrich Müller, and was first performed on 3 August 1725. The libretto by Picander is based on Greek mythology.

text:
# Zerreißet, zersprenget, zertrümmert die Gruft, BWV 205

***Zerreißet, zersprenget, zertrümmert die Gruft*** (Destroy, burst, shatter the tomb) or ***Der zufriedengestellte Aeolus*** (The contented Aeolus), BWV 205.1, **BWV 205**, is a secular cantata or dramma per musica by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was written for the name day of August Friedrich Müller, and was first performed on 3 August 1725. The libretto by Picander is based on Greek mythology.

## History and text

The cantata was commissioned by the students of Leipzig University for the popular professor August Friedrich Müller and premiered on his name day on 3 August 1725 as a dramma per musica under the title *Der zufriedengestellte Aeolus* (The contented Aeolus).

Its libretto was written by Christian Friedrich Henrici and begins with Pallas Athene (sung by a soprano) setting up a celebration in honour of Müller. However, she fears that Aeolus (bass) could ruin the celebrations with heavy storms in August. With the help of Zephyrus (tenor), the god of mild winds, and Pomona, the goddess of fruitfulness (alto), Pallas manages to appease Aeolus, and those present grant a *vivat* in unison for the professor.

Bach wrote other works for university occasions: the cantata is one of twelve surviving *Festmusiken zu Leipziger Universitätsfeiern* (Music for festivities of the Leipzig University).

He used music from the work for an aria of his cantata *Gott, wie dein Name, so ist auch dein Ruhm*, BWV 171, composed for New Year's Day 1729.

## Scoring and structure

The cantata is scored for four solo voices – Pallas as soprano, Pomona as alto, Zephyrus as tenor, and Aeolus as bass – a four-part choir, three trumpets, timpani, two horns, two flutes, two oboes, oboe d'amore, two violins, viola, viola d'amore, viola da gamba, and basso continuo.

The piece has fifteen movements:

1. Chorus: *Zerreißet, zersprenget, zertrümmert die Gruft*
2. Recitative (bass): *Ja! ja! Die Stunden sind nunmehro nah*
3. Aria (bass): *Wie will ich lustig lachen*
4. Recitative (tenor): *Gefürcht'ter Aeolus*
5. Aria (tenor): *Frische Schatten, meine Freude*
6. Recitative (bass): *Beinahe wirst du mich bewegen*
7. Aria (alto): *Können nicht die roten Wangen*
8. Duet recitative (alto and soprano): *So willst du, grimmger Aeolus*
9. Aria (soprano): *Angenehmer Zephyrus*
10. Duet recitative (soprano and bass): *Mein Aeolus*
11. Aria (bass): *Zurücke, zurücke, geflügelten Winde*
12. Trio recitative (soprano, alto, tenor): *Was Lust!*
13. Duet aria (alto and tenor): *Zweig und Äste*
14. Recitative (soprano): *Ja, ja! ich lad euch selbst zu dieser Feier ein*
15. Chorus: *Vivat August*

## Recordings

## InfoBox

| *Zerreißet, zersprenget, zertrümmert die Gruft*<br>* BWV 205.1 * BWV 205 | |
| --- | --- |
| by Johann Sebastian Bach | |
| Aeolus, a Greek god of the wind | |
| Other name | *Der zufriedengestellte Aeolus* |
| Text | by Picander |
| Performed | 3 August 1725 (1725-08-03):  Leipzig |


# Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2022

The Zimbabwe cricket team toured Australia in August and September 2022 to play three One Day International (ODI) matches. The ODI series formed part of the inaugural 2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League. Zimbabwe last toured Australia in the 2003–04 cricket season to play two Test matches and an ODI tri-series along with India. In May 2022, Cricket Australia confirmed the fixtures for the tour, with all the matches taking place at the Riverway Stadium in Townsville.

## Background

Originally, the fixtures were scheduled to be played in June 2020, but they were moved to early August 2020 by Cricket Australia. The revised dates clashed with the inaugural season of The Hundred in England, with several Australian cricketers initially expected to take part in the tournament. However, The Hundred was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic also put Zimbabwe's tour to Australia in doubt, but on 28 May 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed the fixtures for the series. The series was put into further doubt in June, after Cricket Australia announced several cost-saving measures. On 20 June 2020, Cricket Australia's interim chief executive officer, Nick Hockley, said that getting clarity on the status of the tour was on his priority list. However, on 30 June 2020, the tour was postponed due to the pandemic.

In February 2022, Zimbabwe Cricket were looking at the possibility of playing the matches later that year, with the addition of three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches or a Test match.

## Squads

| Australia | Zimbabwe |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

Zimbabwe Cricket also named Tanaka Chivanga and John Masara as reserves. Josh Inglis was added to Australia's squad after the first ODI in place of Mitchell Marsh.

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

* Australia won the toss and elected to field.
* Cameron Green (Aus) took his first five-wicket haul in ODIs.
* World Cup Super League points: Australia 10, Zimbabwe 0.

### 2nd ODI

* Australia won the toss and elected to field.
* World Cup Super League points: Australia 10, Zimbabwe 0.

### 3rd ODI

## InfoBox

| Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2022 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | Australia | Zimbabwe |
| Dates | 28 August – 3 September 2022 | | |
| Captains | Aaron Finch | Regis Chakabva |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | Australia won the 3-match series 2–1 | | |
| Most runs | David Warner (164) | Tadiwanashe Marumani (84) |
| Most wickets | Cameron Green (8) | Ryan Burl (8) |
| Player of the series | Adam Zampa (Aus) | | |


title: Zipser Berg

abstract: The Zipser Berg is a hill in the Franconian Jura in the German state of Bavaria.

text:
# Zipser Berg

The **Zipser Berg** is a hill in the Franconian Jura in the German state of Bavaria.

## InfoBox

| Zipser Berg | |
| --- | --- |
| Zipser BergBavaria, Germany | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 552 m (1,811 ft) |
| Coordinates | 49°45′51″N 11°34′46″E / 49.76417°N 11.57944°E / 49.76417; 11.57944 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bavaria, Germany |


title: Zippyshare

abstract: Zippyshare, also capitalized ZippyShare, was a free file-sharing website.

text:
# Zippyshare

**Zippyshare**, also capitalized **ZippyShare**, was a free file-sharing website.

## Features

Zippyshare allowed users to upload an unlimited amount of files with a size of up to 500 MB each. No account registration was required to upload or download files, and there was no limitation on the number of times a file can be downloaded. However, files were deleted if 30 days passed without them receiving any downloads.

## History

Zippyshare was founded in September 2006. Zippyshare was noted by TorrentFreak to have outlived many similar websites, such as RapidShare, Hotfile, and Megaupload.

Zippyshare was listed as a notorious market by the Office of the United States Trade Representative in 2015, with the report writing that Zippyshare was "well-known for downloads and distribution of allegedly infringing music" and warning that the website had been known to install malware on users' computers. Zippyshare was also noted in the Recording Industry Association of America's report to the Office of the United States Trade Representative in 2018, with the RIAA recommending Zippyshare be listed as a notorious market in that year as well, writing particularly that while the website respected takedown notices, there was no mechanic to prevent re-uploads of infringing content.

In March 2019, access to Zippyshare was blocked for visitors in the United Kingdom, with a HTTP 403 error message displayed. No reason was given for the block, and it was unclear why Zippyshare decided to block users from the UK. Zippyshare became similarly unavailable in Germany in April 2019 and in Spain in June 2019, also with no explanation.

On March 19, 2023, the site administration wrote a post on the blog explaining that the site was going offline by the end of the month. The administration claimed that they could no longer maintain the site. They also cited decreased activity, higher energy bills and ad blockers. Zippyshare ceased operation on March 31, 2023, and now displays a message directing users to alternative services.

## Reception

Writing for TechRadar in April 2020, reviewer Mayank Sharma gave Zippyshare a 2/5 rating. Sharma wrote that the lack of an ad-free option and privacy settings for uploads, restricted Zippyshare to being useful mainly for sharing unimportant files which are too large to be attached to an email, unlike other file-sharing sites which can be used for file synchronization between various devices. Sharma also criticized the site's ads as being a "major turn-off", especially since there is no paid option to remove them, and pointed out that the site included pop-up ads.

## InfoBox

Zippyshare
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | File sharing |
| Founded | September 2006 (2006-09) |
| Dissolved | 31 March 2023 (2023-03-31) |
| Current status | Defunct |


title: Natural High (Frank Gambale album)

abstract: Natural High is an album by jazz guitarist Frank Gambale released on 7 February 2006 by Wombat Records.

text:
# Natural High (Frank Gambale album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Natural High*** is an album by jazz guitarist Frank Gambale released on 7 February 2006 by Wombat Records.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Frank Gambale

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Are All the Things" | 7:34 |
| 2. | "We'll Remember December" | 7:23 |
| 3. | "D's Living Room" | 7:08 |
| 4. | "Fortune" | 6:22 |
| 5. | "The Long and Short of It" | 7:41 |
| 6. | "Have You Met Tom Jones?" | 7:10 |
| 7. | "Principesa" | 5:50 |
| 8. | "Scottish Highlands" | 8:38 |
| 9. | "Another Challenger" | 7:26 |
| Total length: | | 65:12 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Natural High | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Frank Gambale | |
| Released | 7 February 2006 |
| Recorded | March 2005 |
| Studio | Bob's Hardware, Los Angeles, California |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 65:12 |
| Label | Wombat |
| Producer | Frank Gambale |
| Frank Gambale chronology | |
| *Raison D'être*
(2004) ***Natural High***
(2006) *Made in Australia*
(2007) | |


title: Zodarion gregua

abstract: Zodarion gregua is a spider species found in Portugal and Spain.

text:
# Zodarion gregua

***Zodarion gregua*** is a spider species found in Portugal and Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Zodarion gregua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Zodarion* |
| Species: | ***Z. gregua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zodarion gregua***<br>Bosmans, 1994 | |
|


title: Zodarion graecum

abstract: Zodarion graecum is a spider species found in Eastern Europe, Lebanon and Israel.

text:
# Zodarion graecum

***Zodarion graecum*** is a spider species found in Eastern Europe, Lebanon and Israel.

## InfoBox

| *Zodarion graecum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Zodarion* |
| Species: | ***Z. graecum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zodarion graecum***<br>(C. L. Koch, 1843) | |
|


title: Zhang Gaoyuan

abstract: Zhang Gaoyuan was a general of the Huai Army during the late Qing dynasty.

text:
# Zhang Gaoyuan

**Zhang Gaoyuan** (Chinese: 章高元; 1843–1912) was a general of the Huai Army during the late Qing dynasty.

## Biography

Zhang Gaoyuan joined the Huai Army in his early years and was Liu Mingchuan's subordinate. He had participated in the suppression of the Taiping Army and the Nian Army, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Later, he was appointed by Liu Mingchuan as the pioneer of the cavalry brigade and moved to Shandong and Anhui. In the Battle of Anqing, he was promoted to the general of the army for his merits and rewarded the "Singular Brave Baturu".

In 1874, the Japanese invaded Taiwan and landed from Langqiao (now Hengchun). Zhang Gaoyuan was ordered to enter Taiwan with the army, then withdrew to the mainland and stationed in Jiangyin. In 1884, the French army invaded Taiwan, and Zhang Gaoyuan followed Liu Ming to cross the sea to defend Taiwan. At that time, the French army had already occupied Keelung . He vowed to fight to the death, and led his troops to "Ride into the French fortress by night, and fight hand-to-hand with short-handedness. They are too sharp and deadly." In the battle against Tamsui in Keelung, Zhang Gaoyuan led his troops to achieve great success. After the war, he was promoted to the Penghu Town General Soldier and was rewarded and replaced with the "Nianchang Abatulu". In 1885, Zhang Gaoyuan went to thank the Tamsui temple gods blessing, and presented the Tamsui Su House Ye Temple with the "Wheeling Hezhuo" plaque to thank the gods bless. He also donated to build four (13 meters) square atrium stones at the Longshan Temple in Tamsui. Later, he was ordered to replace Zhang Jiabin as the general soldier of Penghu Town. He was then ordered by his superiors to open up the mountainous areas of Taiwan. In 1888, within the name of the General Soldier of Taiwan Town, the deputy general Wan Guoben participated in the crusade against the Manabang Society of the Atayal Manabang Mountain in Miaoli.

In 1887, he was transferred to the general army of Dengzhou, Shandong . In the autumn of 1892, he led the two battalions of the Songwu Army and the two battalions of the Guangwu Army with a total of four battalions of about 2,000 troops stationed in Jiao'ao . During the rubber O garrison, he presided over the construction of the rubber O guarding government offices, barracks, arsenals, forts, before the sea, Jetty, Cable and Wireless, a leading construction of Jiaozhou road, and on the Qingdao infrastructure build at the beginning made a certain contribution.

After the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, he granted eight battalions of troops to reinforce the Liaodong Peninsula, in the cover flat in Gaizhou River engaged the invading Japanese army from the south coast and while they suffered major losses, the Chinese lost Gaizhou. After the First Sino-Japanese War, he led his army back to Jiao'ao. On November 14, 1897, Germany used the Juye Religious Case as an excuse to send its Far East Fleet to invade Jiaozhou Bay. Zhang Gaoyuan was forced by the imperial court's order to ban war, and the force under his jurisdiction was insufficient, so he led his troops to the nearby Housifang Village, and later to Cangkou. On November 19, Zhang Gaoyuan was threatened by the Imperial German Army to go to the German barracks for negotiations, and was detained by the German army. On December 3, he was released. On December 17, he was ordered to lead all his troops to evacuate Jiao'ao and retreat to Yantai . In February 1898, he was removed from office.

In 1900, he served as the General Soldier of Tianjin, and soon he was transferred to General Soldier of Chongqing. Later, he was exempted from illness and lived in Nanjing.

In 1912, he died of illness in Shanghai.

## InfoBox

| Baturu
Zhang Gaoyuan
章高元 | |
| --- | --- |
| A Photograph of Zhang Gaoyuan in the 1912 lithograph "Mr. Zhang Dingchen's Xingshu" | |
| Nickname(s) | Dingchen |
| Born | 1843
Hefei, Anhui, China |
| Died | 1912 (Aged 69)
Shanghai, China |
| Allegiance | Qing dynasty |
| Branch | Imperial Chinese Army |
| Years of service | 1860's — 1898 |
| Commands | Huai Army |
| Battles/wars | Taiping Rebellion Sino-French War
First Sino-Japanese War |


title: Zmicier Zhylunovich

abstract: Zmicier Chviedarovič Žyłunovič was a Belarusian poet, writer and journalist, known under pen name Tsishka Hartny, and a political leader.

text:
# Zmicier Zhylunovich

**Zmicier Chviedarovič Žyłunovič** (Belarusian-lacinka: **Źmicier Žyłunovič**, Belarusian-Cyrillic alphabet: Зьміцер Жылуновіч, transliterated from Russian: "Dmitri Fyodorovich Zhilunovich") (October 13, 1887 – April 11, 1937) was a Belarusian poet, writer and journalist, known under pen name **Tsishka Hartny** (**Ciška Hartny**, Цішка Гартны), and a political leader.

## Life

In 1904, Zhylunovich joined the Belarusian Socialist Assembly and took part in organizing Belarusian workers. He contributed to the newspaper Nasha Niva and helped in its distribution.

In 1910 and 1911 he went to his hometown to Kapil and participated in the work of local organizations Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, in editions of pamphlets magazines.

Zhylunovich became a member of the Belarusian National Committee which organized the First All-Belarusian Congress. When a split occurred in the Belarusian Socialist Assembly in 1918, he became a member of the Bolshevik Party.

He was the first head of a Soviet government in Belarus, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia.

In 1924 he published a book "Slivers on the waves".

In 1937, during the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, he was arrested as an "enemy of the Belarusian people" and later killed himself in prison.


title: National Wetlands Inventory

abstract: The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was established by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to conduct a nationwide inventory of U.S. wetlands to provide biologists and others with information on the distribution and type of wetlands to aid in conservation efforts. To do this, the NWI developed a wetland classification system that is now the official FWS wetland classification system and the Federal standard for wetland classification. The NWI also developed techniques for mapping and recording the inventory findings. The NWI relies on trained image analysts to identify and classify wetlands and deepwater habitats from aerial imagery. NWI started mapping wetlands at a small scale. Eventually, large-scale maps became the standard product delivered by NWI. As computerized mapping and geospatial technology evolved, NWI discontinued production of paper maps in favor of distributing data via online "mapping tools" where information can be viewed and downloaded. Today, FWS serves its data via an on-line data discovery "Wetlands Mapper". GIS users can access wetlands data through an online wetland mapping service or download data for various applications. The techniques used by NWI have recently been adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee as the federal wetland mapping standard. This standard applies to all federal grants involving wetland mapping to insure the data can be added to the Wetlands Layer of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. NWI also produces national wetlands status and trends reports required by the United States Congress.

text:
# National Wetlands Inventory

The **National Wetlands Inventory** (NWI) was established by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to conduct a nationwide inventory of U.S. wetlands to provide biologists and others with information on the distribution and type of wetlands to aid in conservation efforts. To do this, the NWI developed a wetland classification system (Cowardin et al. 1979) that is now the official FWS wetland classification system and the Federal standard for wetland classification (adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee on July 29, 1996: 61 Federal Register 39465). The NWI also developed techniques for mapping and recording the inventory findings. The NWI relies on trained image analysts to identify and classify wetlands and deepwater habitats from aerial imagery. NWI started mapping wetlands at a small scale (1:250,000 map which covers an area the size of 128-1:24,000 USGS topographic maps or approximately 7,400 square miles). Eventually, large-scale (1:24K scale) maps became the standard product delivered by NWI. As computerized mapping and geospatial technology evolved, NWI discontinued production of paper maps in favor of distributing data via online "mapping tools" where information can be viewed and downloaded. Today, FWS serves its data via an on-line data discovery "Wetlands Mapper". GIS users can access wetlands data through an online wetland mapping service or download data for various applications (maps, data analyses, and reports). The techniques used by NWI have recently been adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee as the federal wetland mapping standard (FGDC Wetlands Subcommittee 2009). This standard applies to all federal grants involving wetland mapping to insure the data can be added to the Wetlands Layer of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. NWI also produces national wetlands status and trends reports required by the United States Congress.