# List of justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia

Below is a complete list of justices who have served on the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia since 1863.

## Court created by the 1863 West Virginia State Constitution

| # | Name | Party | Tenure | Residence county | Elected | Predecessor | Successor | Composition | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ralph Lazier Berkshire | Republican | Jun. 20, 1863  Dec. 31, 1866 | Monongalia | 1863 | seat created | Maxwell |
| | | | Sept. 10, 1868\*  Dec. 31, 1872 | | 1868^ | Harrison | seat abolished |
| 2 | William A. Harrison | Republican | Jun. 20, 1863  Sept. 1, 1868° | Harrison | 1863 | seat created | Berkshire |
| 3 | James H. Brown | Republican | Jun. 20, 1863  Dec. 31, 1870 | Kanawha | 1863 | seat created | Moore | 3 | 0 |
| 4 | Edwin Maxwell | Republican | Jan. 1, 1867  Dec. 31, 1872 | Harrison | 1866 | Berkshire | seat abolished | | |
| 5 | Charles P.T. Moore | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1871  Dec. 31, 1872 | Mason | 1870 | Brown | seat abolished | 2 | 1 |

## Court created by the 1872 West Virginia State Constitution

| # | Name | Party | Tenure | Residence county | Elected | Predecessor | Successor | Composition | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Charles P.T. Moore | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1873  Jun. 1, 1881° | Mason | 1872 | seat created | Patton |
| 6 | John S. Hoffman | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1873  Jun. 1, 1876° | Harrison | 1872 | seat created | Edmiston |
| 7 | James Paull | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1873  May 11, 1875 | Ohio | 1872 | seat created | Green |
| 8 | Alpheus F. Haymond | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1873  Dec. 31, 1882° | Marion | 1872 1876 | seat created | S. Woods | 4 | 0 |  |
| 9 | Thomas C. Green | Democratic | Dec. 24, 1875\*  Dec. 4, 1889 | Jefferson | 1876^ 1880 | Paull | Lucas | | |  |
| 10 | Matthew Edmiston | Democratic | Jun. 13, 1876\*  Dec. 31, 1876 | Lewis | ----- | Hoffmann | Johnson | | |
| 11 | Okey Johnson | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1877  Dec. 31, 1888 | Wood | 1876 | Edmiston | Brannon | | |
| 12 | James French Patton | Democratic | Jun. 1, 1881\*  Mar. 30, 1882 | Monroe | ----- | Moore | Snyder | | |
| 13 | Adam C. Snyder | Democratic | Jun. 1, 1882\*  Nov. 8, 1890° | Greenbrier | 1882^ 1884 | Patton | Holt | | |
| 14 | Samuel Woods | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1883\*  Dec. 31, 1888 | Barbour | 1882^ | A. Haymond | English | | |
| 15 | Henry Brannon | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1889  Dec. 31, 1900 | Lewis | 1888 | Johnson |  | | |
| | | Republican | Jan. 1, 1901  Dec. 31, 1912 | | 1900 |  | Lynch |
| 16 | John W. English | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1889  Dec. 31, 1900 | Mason | 1888 | S. Woods | Poffenbarger | 4 | 0 |
| 17 | Daniel B. Lucas | Democratic | Dec. 11, 1889\*  Dec. 31, 1892 | Jefferson | 1890^ | Green | Dent | | |
| 18 | Homer A. Holt | Democratic | Nov. 8, 1890\*  Dec. 31, 1896 | Greenbrier | 1890^ | Snyder | McWhorter | | |
| 19 | Marmaduke H. Dent | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1893  Dec. 31, 1904 | Taylor | 1892 | Lucas | Cox | | |
| 20 | Henry C. McWhorter | Republican | Jan. 1, 1897  Dec. 31, 1908 | Kanawha | 1896 | Holt | Williams | 3 | 1 |
| 21 | George Poffenbarger | Republican | Jan. 1, 1901  Dec. 31, 1922° | Mason | 1900 1912 | English | Litz | 3 | 1 |
| 22 | Warren Miller | Republican | Jan. 17, 1903\*  Dec. 31, 1904 | Jackson | ----- | seat created | Sanders | 4 | 1 |
| 23 | Frank Cox | Republican | Jan. 1, 1905  Jan. 28, 1907° | Monongalia | 1904 | Dent | Wm. Miller | 5 | 0 |
| 24 | Joseph M. Sanders | Republican | Jan. 1, 1905  Oct. 1, 1907° | Mercer | 1904 | W. Miller | Robinson | | |
| 25 | William N. Miller | Republican | Jan. 28, 1907\*  Aug. 7, 1928 | Wood | 1908^ 1916 | Cox | Maxwell | | |
| 26 | Ira E. Robinson | Republican | Oct. 15, 1907\*  Oct. 26, 1915° | Taylor | 1908^ | Sanders | Mason | | |
| 27 | L. Judson Williams | Republican | Jan. 1, 1909  Dec. 31, 1920 | Greenbrier | 1908 | McWhorter | Lively | | |
| 28 | Charles W. Lynch | Republican | Jan. 1, 1913  Dec. 31, 1921° | Harrison | 1912 | Brannon | Meredith | | |
| 29 | John W. Mason | Republican | Nov. 1, 1915\*  Dec. 31, 1916 | Marion | ----- | Robinson | Ritz | | |
| 30 | Harold A. Ritz | Republican | Jan. 1, 1917  Nov. 30, 1922° | Mercer | 1916 | Mason | Meredith | | |
| 31 | Frank Lively | Republican | Jan. 1, 1921  Dec. 31, 1932 | Kanawha | 1920 | Williams | Kenna | | |
| 32 | James A. Meredith | Republican | Jan. 2, 1922\*  Dec. 31, 1923 | Marion | ----- | Lynch | McGinnis | | |
| | | | Jan. 1, 1923\*  Nov. 4, 1924 | | | Ritz | Hatcher | 4 | 1 |
| 33 | William H. McGinnis | Democratic | | | Jan. 1, 1923  Dec. 31, 1924 | Raleigh | 1922^ | Meredith | H. Woods |
| 34 | M.O. Litz | Republican | | | Jan. 1, 1923\*  Dec. 31, 1936 | McDowell | 1924 | Poffenbarger | Fox |
| 35 | John H. Hatcher | Republican | Nov. 4, 1924  Dec. 31, 1940 | Raleigh | 1924^ 1928 | Meredith | Rose | 5 | 0 |
| 36 | Homer B. Woods | Republican | Jan. 1, 1925  Dec. 31, 1936 | Ritchie | 1924 | McGinnis | Riley | | |
| 37 | Haymond Maxwell | Republican | Aug. 21, 1928\*  Dec. 31, 1940 | Harrison | 1928 | Wm. Miller | Lovins | | |
| 38 | J. N. Kenna | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1933  Jan. 20, 1950 | Kanawha | 1932 1944 | Lively | Given | 4 | 1 |
| 39 | Fred L. Fox | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1937  Aug. 8, 1952 | Braxton | 1936 1948 | Litz | Browning | 3 | 2 |
| 40 | James B. Riley | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1937  Jun. 29, 1958 | Ohio | 1936 1948 | H. Woods | Donley | | |
| 41 | Herschel H. Rose | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1941  Jun. 17, 1945 | Marion | 1940 | Hatcher | F. Haymond | 5 | 0 |
| 42 | William T. Lovins | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1941  Jan. 11, 1957° | Cabell | 1940 1952 | Maxwell | Ducker | | |
| 43 | Frank Cruise Haymond | Democratic | Jul. 1, 1945\*  Jun. 10, 1972 | Marion | 1946^ 1952 1964 | Rose | Haden | | |
| 44 | Leslie E. Given | Democratic | Jan. 27, 1950\*  May 11, 1962 | Kanawha | 1950^ 1956 | Kenna | Caplan | | |
| 45 | Chauncey Browning Sr. | Democratic | Aug. 18, 1952\*  Jun. 24, 1971 | Logan | 1952^ 1960 | Fox | Carrigan | | |
| 46 | Henry L. Ducker | Democratic | Jan. 11, 1957\*  Nov. 4, 1958 | Cabell | ----- | Lovins | Berry | | |
| 47 | Robert T. Donley | Republican | Jul. 3, 1958\*  Nov. 4, 1958 | Monongalia | ----- | Riley | Calhoun | 4 | 1 |
| 48 | Thornton G. Berry Jr. | Democratic | Nov. 4, 1958  Dec. 31, 1976 | McDowell | 1958^ 1964 | Ducker | Thom. Miller | 5 | 0 |
| 49 | Harlan M. Calhoun | Democratic | Nov. 4, 1958  May 15, 1972° | Hardy | 1958^ 1960 | Donley | Kessel | | |
| 50 | Fred H. Caplan | Democratic | May 28, 1962\*  Dec. 31, 1980 | Harrison | 1964^ 1968 | Given | McHugh | | |
| 51 | John E. Carrigan | Republican | Jul. 13, 1971\*  Dec. 31, 1972 | Marshall | ----- | Browning | Sprouse | 4 | 1 |
| 52 | Charles H. Haden II | Republican | Jun. 21, 1972\*  Dec. 19, 1975° | Monongalia | 1972^ | F. Haymond | Wilson | 3 | 2 |
| 53 | Oliver D. Kessel | Republican | Jun. 23, 1972\*  Dec. 31, 1972 | Jackson | ----- | Calhoun | Neely | 3 | 2 |
| 54 | James Marshall Sprouse | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1973  Jun. 27, 1975° | Monroe | 1972 | Carrigan | Flowers | 4 | 1 |
| 55 | Richard Forlani Neely | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1973  Apr. 15, 1995° | Marion | 1972 1984 | Kessel | Recht | | |
| 56 | Edwin F. Flowers | Republican | Sept. 8, 1975\*  Dec. 31, 1976 | Hancock | ----- | Sprouse | Harshbarger | 3 | 2 |
| 57 | Donald R. Wilson | Republican | Jan. 26, 1976\*  Dec. 31, 1976 | Jackson | ----- | Haden | D. McGraw | | |
| 58 | Sam R. Harshbarger | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1977  Dec. 31, 1984 | Cabell | 1976^ | Flowers | Brotherton | 5 | 0 |
| 59 | Thomas B. Miller | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1977  Aug. 30, 1994° | Ohio | 1976 1988 | Berry | Cleckley | | |
| 60 | Darrell McGraw | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1977  Dec. 31, 1988 | Wyoming | 1976 | Wilson | Workman | | |
| 61 | Thomas E. McHugh | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1981  Dec. 31, 1997° | Kanawha | 1980 1992 | Caplan | McCuskey | | |
| | | | Apr. 8, 2009\*  Dec. 31, 2012 | | 2010^ | Albright | Loughry |
| 62 | W.T. Brotherton Jr. | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1985  Aug. 31, 1995° | Kanawha | 1984 | Harshbarger | Albright | 5 | 0 |
| 63 | Margaret Workman | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1989  Aug. 31, 1999° | Kanawha | 1988 | D. McGraw | Scott | | |
| | | | Jan. 1, 2009  Dec. 31, 2020 | | 2008 | Starcher | Wooton |
| 64 | Franklin Cleckley | Democratic | Sept. 6, 1994\*  Nov. 5, 1996 | Monongalia | ----- | Thom. Miller | Davis | 5 | 0 |
| 65 | Arthur M. Recht | Democratic | May 26, 1995\*  Oct. 15, 1996° | Ohio | ----- | Neely | Maynard | | |
| 66 | Joseph P. Albright | Democratic | Sept. 26, 1995\*  Dec. 31, 1996 | Wood | ----- | Brotherton | Starcher | | |
| | | | Jan. 1, 2001  March 20, 2009 | | 2000 | Scott | McHugh |
| 67 | Robin Davis | Democratic | Dec. 16, 1996  Aug. 13, 2018° | Kanawha | 1996^ 2000 2012 | Cleckley | Armstead |
| 68 | Larry Starcher | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1997  Dec. 31, 2008 | Monongalia | 1996 | Albright | Ketchum |
| 69 | Spike Maynard | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1997  Dec. 31, 2008 | Mingo | 1996 | Recht | Workman |
| 70 | John F. McCuskey | Republican | Jan. 12, 1998\*  Dec. 31, 1998 | Kanawha | ----- | McHugh | W. McGraw | 4 | 1 |
| 71 | Warren R. McGraw | Democratic | Jan. 1, 1999  Dec. 31, 2004 | Wyoming | 1998^ | McCuskey | Benjamin | 5 | 0 |
| 72 | George M. Scott | Republican | Nov. 4, 1999\*  Dec. 31, 2000 | Roane | ----- | Workman | Albright | 4 | 1 |
| 73 | Brent D. Benjamin | Republican | Jan. 1, 2005  Dec. 31, 2016 | Kanawha | 2004 | W. McGraw | Walker | 4 | 1 |
| 74 | Menis Ketchum | Democratic | Jan. 1, 2009  July 27, 2018° | Wayne | 2008 | Maynard | Jenkins | | |
| 75 | Allen Loughry | Republican | Jan. 1, 2013  Nov. 12, 2018 ° | Kanawha | 2012 | McHugh | Hutchison | **3** | **2** |
| 76 | **Beth Walker** | **Republican** | **Jan. 1, 2017**  **present** | **Monongalia** | **2016** | Benjamin | **Incumbent** | | |
| 77 | **Tim Armstead** | **Republican** | **Sept. 25, 2018\***   **present** | **Kanawha** | **2018** | Ketchum | **Incumbent** | **1** | **3** |
| 78 | Evan Jenkins | Republican | Oct. 1, 2018\*  Feb. 4, 2022 | Cabell | 2018 | Davis | Bunn | 1 | 4 |
| 79 | **John Hutchison** | **Democratic** | **Dec. 12, 2018\***  **present** | **Raleigh** | **2020** | Loughry | **Incumbent** | **2** | **3** |
| 80 | **William Wooton** | **Democratic** | **Jan. 1, 2021**  **present** | **Raleigh** | **2020** | Workman | **Incumbent** | **2** | **3** |
| 81 | **C. Haley Bunn** | **Republican** | **Apr. 27, 2022\***  **present** | **Wyoming** | ----- | Jenkins | **Incumbent** | **2** | **3** |

***** appointed -----  died in office ----- **°** resigned/retired ----- **^** elected to an unexpired term

## Succession by seat

| Year | | Seat 1 | Seat 2 | Seat 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1863 | | | | |
|  | Jun. 20 | Berkshire | Harrison | Brown |
| 1864 | | | | |
| 1865 | | | | |
| 1866 | | | | |
| 1867 | | Maxwell | | |
| 1868 | | | | |
|  | Sept. 10 | | Berkshire | |
| 1869 | | ||
| 1870 | | ||
| 1871 | | | Moore |
| 1872 | | |

| Year | | Seat 1 | Seat 2 | Seat 3 | Seat 4 | Seat 5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1873 | | Moore | Paull | Hoffmann | A.F. Haymond |  |
| 1874 | | | | | | |
| 1875 | | | | | | |
|  | Dec. 24 | | Green | | | |
| 1876 | | || | |
|  | Jun. 13 | | Edmiston || |
| 1877 | | | Johnson || |
| 1878 | | || |
| 1879 | | || |
| 1880 | | || |
| 1881 | | || |
|  | Jun. 1 | | Patton || |
| 1882 | | || |
|  | Jun. 1 | | Snyder || |
| 1883 | | | S. Woods ||
| 1884 | | ||
| 1885 | | ||
| 1886 | | ||
| 1887 | | ||
| 1888 | | ||
| 1889 | | | Brannon | English ||
|  | Dec. 11 | | | Lucas ||
| 1890 | | | ||
|  | Nov. 8 | | | Holt ||
| 1891 | | | ||
| 1892 | | | ||
| 1893 | | | | Dent ||
| 1894 | | | ||
| 1895 | | | ||
| 1896 | | | ||
| 1897 | | | | McWhorter ||
| 1898 | | | ||
| 1899 | | | ||
| 1900 | | | ||
| 1901 | | | Brannon | Poffenbarger ||
| 1902 | | | ||
| 1903 | | | ||
|  | Jan. 17 | | | W. Miller |
| 1904 | | | |
| 1905 | | | | Cox | Sanders |
| 1906 | | | |
| 1907 | | | |
|  | Jan. 28 | | | Wm. Miller |
|  | Oct. 15 | | | Robinson |
| 1908 | | | |
| 1909 | | | | Williams |
| 1910 | | | |
| 1911 | | | |
| 1912 | | | |
| 1913 | | | | Lynch |
| 1914 | | | |
| 1915 | | | |
|  | Nov. 11 | | | Mason |
| 1916 | | | |
| 1917 | | | | Ritz |
| 1918 | | | |
| 1919 | | | |
| 1920 | | | |
| 1921 | | | | Lively |
| 1922 | | | |
|  | Jan. 2 | | | Meredith |
| 1923 | | | McGinnis | Litz | Meredith |
| 1924 | | | | |
|  | Nov. 4 | | | Hatcher |
| 1925 | | | | H.B. Woods |
| 1926 | | | |
| 1927 | | | |
| 1928 | | | |
|  | Jun. 21 | | | Maxwell |
| 1929 | | | |
| 1930 | | | |
| 1931 | | | |
| 1932 | | | |
| 1933 | | | | Kenna |
| 1934 | | | |
| 1935 | | | |
| 1936 | | | |
| 1937 | | | Riley | Fox |
| 1938 | | | |
| 1939 | | | |
| 1940 | | | |
| 1941 | | | | Lovins | Rose |
| 1942 | | | |
| 1943 | | | |
| 1944 | | | |
| 1945 | | | |
|  | Jul. 1 | | | F.C. Haymond |
| 1946 | | | |
| 1947 | | | |
| 1948 | | | |
| 1949 | | | |
| 1950 | | | |
|  | Jan. 27 | | | Given |
| 1951 | | | |
| 1952 | | | |
|  | Aug. 18 | | Browning |
| 1953 | | |
| 1954 | | |
| 1955 | | |
| 1956 | | |
| 1957 | | |
|  | Jan. 11 | | Ducker |
| 1958 | | |
|  | Jul. 3 | | Donley |
|  | Nov. 4 | | Berry | Calhoun |
| 1959 | | | |
| 1960 | | | |
| 1961 | | | |
| 1962 | | | |
|  | May 28 | | | Caplan |
| 1963 | | | |
| 1964 | | | |
| 1965 | | | |
| 1966 | | | |
| 1967 | | | |
| 1968 | | | |
| 1969 | | | |
| 1970 | | | |
| 1971 | | | |
|  | Jul. 13 | | | Carrigan |
| 1972 | | | |
|  | Jun. 21 | | | Haden |
|  | Jun. 23 | | Kessel |
| 1973 | | | Neely | Sprouse |
| 1974 | | | |
| 1975 | | | |
|  | Sept. 8 | | Flowers |
| 1976 | | |
|  | Jan. 26 | | Wilson |
| 1977 | | | T. Miller | Harshbarger | D. McGraw |
| 1978 | | | | |
| 1979 | | | | |
| 1980 | | | | |
| 1981 | | | | | McHugh |
| 1982 | | | | |
| 1983 | | | | |
| 1984 | | | | |
| 1985 | | | Brotherton | |
| 1986 | | ||
| 1987 | | ||
| 1988 | | ||
| 1989 | | | Workman |
| 1990 | | |
| 1991 | | |
| 1992 | | |
| 1993 | | |
| 1994 | | |
|  | Sept. 6 | | Cleckley |
| 1995 | | |
|  | May 26 | | Recht |
|  | Sept. 26 | | Albright |
| 1996 | | |
|  | Nov. 5 | | Davis |
| 1997 | | | Maynard | Starcher |
| 1998 | | | |
|  | Jan. 12 | | | McCuskey |
| 1999 | | | | W. McGraw |
|  | Nov. 4 | | | Scott |
| 2000 | | | |
| 2001 | | | | Albright |
| 2002 | | | |
| 2003 | | | |
| 2004 | | | |
| 2005 | | | | Benjamin |
| 2006 | | | |
| 2007 | | | |
| 2008 | | | |
| 2009 | | | Ketchum | Workman |
|  | Apr. 8 | | | McHugh |
| 2010 | | | |
| 2011 | | | |
| 2012 | | | |
| 2013 | | | | Loughry |
| 2014 | | | |
| 2015 | | | |
| 2016 | | | |
| 2017 | | | | **Walker** |
| 2018 | | | |
|  | Sept. 25 | | | **Armstead** |
|  | Oct. 1 | | | Jenkins |
|  | Dec. 12 | | | **Hutchison** |
| 2019 | | | |
| 2020 | | | |
| 2021 | | | **Wooton** |
| 2022 | | |
|  | Apr. 27 | | **Bunn** |

Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia


title: FMW 12th Anniversary Show

abstract: FMW 12th Anniversary Show: Kawasaki Legend 2001 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). The event took place on May 5, 2001 at Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The event marked the return of FMW to the Kawasaki Stadium since Fall Spectacular in 1997. The event commemorated the twelfth anniversary of the promotion and was the final edition of the Anniversary Show as the promotion closed on February 15, 2002. In the main event, Tetsuhiro Kuroda and Mr. Gannosuke took on Hayabusa and The Great Sasuke in an exploding 15000 volt thunderbolt octagon cage electric bomb deathmatch, which Hayabusa won by pinning Gannosuke. In another important match of the event, Genichiro Tenryu of WAR defeated Kodo Fuyuki.

text:
# FMW 12th Anniversary Show

**FMW 12th Anniversary Show: Kawasaki Legend 2001** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). The event took place on May 5, 2001 at Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The event marked the return of FMW to the Kawasaki Stadium since Fall Spectacular in 1997. The event commemorated the twelfth anniversary of the promotion and was the final edition of the Anniversary Show as the promotion closed on February 15, 2002.

In the main event, Tetsuhiro Kuroda and Mr. Gannosuke took on Hayabusa and The Great Sasuke in an exploding 15000 volt thunderbolt octagon cage electric bomb deathmatch, which Hayabusa won by pinning Gannosuke. In another important match of the event, Genichiro Tenryu of WAR defeated Kodo Fuyuki.

## Background

### Production

On March 13, 2001, FMW held a pay-per-view event at Korakuen Hall which was headlined by a match between Tetsuhiro Kuroda and Kintaro Kanemura. The event was a failure as it drew a crowd of only 2,000 people and FMW started preparing for its 12th Anniversary Show, which marked FMW's return to the historic Kawasaki Stadium after 1997's Fall Spectacular. The event was conducted in the parking lot of the Kawasaki Stadium.

### Storylines

At Deep Throat, Tetsuhiro Kuroda defeated Mr. Gannosuke in a match which stipulated that Gannosuke must retire if he lost. Later that night, Kodo Fuyuki defeated Hayabusa to retain the WEW World Heavyweight Championship and then announced that he was taking time off due to injury and would return to FMW at 12th Anniversary Show on May 5, 2001. Tetshiro Kuroda turned heel by attacking Hayabusa and proclaiming himself the new ace of FMW. On November 28, Kuroda turned on his tag team partner Masato Tanaka during a three-way match against Jado and Gedo and the team of Kodo Fuyuki and Kintaro Kanemura, which led to a six-man tag team match pitting Fuyuki, Kanemura and Kuroda against Tanaka, Jado and Gedo, which Kuroda's team won. This led Masato Tanaka to form Complete Players with Jado and Gedo. On December 20, Fuyuki, Kanemura and Kuroda defeated Complete Players in a barbed wire match and Kuroda confronted Hayabusa after the match at ringside and Hayabusa marched to confront Kuroda but Mr. Gannosuke held him back. On January 7, 2001, Kuroda established himself as FMW's top heel when he turned on Kodo Fuyuki during a title defense of the WEW World Tag Team Championship against Masato Tanaka and Gedo on January 7, 2001. Kuroda then formed Team Kuroda with a bunch of FMW's mid-card villains. On February 6, Kuroda called out Hayabusa for a confrontation after his match and then goaded him into getting attacked by The Masked Sumo, who hit a chair on Hayabusa's injured arms until The Great Sasuke returned to FMW to make the save. On February 23, Kodo Fuyuki and The Great Sasuke defeated Kuroda and Mammoth Sasaki when Sasuke pinned Kuroda, setting up a Naked Man Deathmatch between the two on March 5, which Kuroda won. On March 13, Mr. Gannosuke helped Kuroda defeat Kintaro Kanemura to become the #1 contender for the WEW World Heavyweight Championship. On April 1, Kuroda defeated Kodo Fuyuki, with Gannosuke's help, to win the WEW World Heavyweight Championship and then Gannosuke joined Team Kuroda. Shortly after, it was announced that Kuroda and Gannosuke would take on Hayabusa and The Great Sasuke in Hayabusa's return match, an Exploding 15000 Volt Thunderbolt Octagon Cage Bomb Deathmatch at the 12th Anniversary Show. On April 15, Kuroda, Gannosuke and Mammoth Sasaki defeated GOEMON, Onryo and The Great Sasuke in a match and then Hayabusa tried to make the rescue for Sasuke but got attacked and then Gannosuke ripped off Sasuke's match and wore it to mock Hayabusa and Sasuke.

On April 1, Mammoth Sasaki defeated Kintaro Kanemura to win the WEW Hardcore Championship, setting up a rematch between the two for the title at 12th Anniversary Show.

Kodo Fuyuki had beaten FMW owner Atsushi Onita at 9th Anniversary Show on April 30, 1998 in a match stemming from their legitimate rivalry over the backstage influence in FMW, which ultimately led to Onita's departure from FMW on November 20. Fuyuki planned on reviving the rivalry and setting up a rematch between the two at 12th Anniversary Show but talks with Onita fell down and Genichiro Tenryu was roped in to replace Onita and return to FMW as a WAR representative and face Fuyuki in a match at 12th Anniversary Show to resolve the feud between Tenryu and Fuyuki which had begun in the WAR promotion during the mid-1990s.

## Event

### Preliminary matches

In the opening match, Ricky Fuji and Satoru Makita took on Tomokazu Morita and Yoshihito Sasaki. In the end, Fuji executed a *Kamikaze* and a DDT to Sasaki for the win. After the match, Morita tried to attack Fuji but Fuji countered by hitting him with a DDT.

Next, Shinjuku Shark took on the mixed martial artist Tarec Pasca. In the end, Shark hit a moonsault for the win.

Next, the team of Flying Kid Ichihara, Hisakatsu Oya, Survival Tobita and Tomomi Tanimoto took on Azusa Kudo, Kaoruko Arai, Naohiko Yamazaki and Saitama Gorilla in an eight-person tag team match. Oya hit an enzuigiri and two consecutive backdrop suplexes to Yamazaki, allowing Tanimoto to pin Yamazaki for the win.

Next, Ricky Banderas defended the IWA World Heavyweight Championship against Chocoball Mukai. In the end, Banderas hit a brainbuster and a diving crossbody on Mukai to win the match and retain the title.

Next, the team of Emi Motokawa and Kyoko Inoue took on Ayako Hamada and AKINO. In the end, Hamada hit a *Hama-chan Cutter* to Motokawa for the win.

In the following match, Mammoth Sasaki defended the WEW Hardcore Championship against Kintaro Kanemura. In the end, Kanemura hit a German suplex, a *Baku Yama Special* and a double underhook powerbomb to Sasaki to win the title.

Later, GOEMON and Onryo defended the WEW World Tag Team Championship against the team of Super Crazy and Super Nova. In the end, GOEMON delivered a diving senton to Nova to retain the titles.

In the penultimate match, Kodo Fuyuki took on Genichiro Tenryu in a match in which Ashura Hara served as the special guest referee for the match. In the end, Tenryu hit a series of lariats to Fuyuki for the win.

### Main event match

The main event was an Exploding 15000 Volt Thunderbolt Octagon Cage Bomb Deathmatch pitting the WEW World Heavyweight Champion Tetsuhiro Kuroda and Mr. Gannosuke against Hayabusa and The Great Sasuke. In the end, Hayabusa hit a *H Thunder* to Gannosuke for the win.

## Reception

The event received negative reviews from Stuart of Puroresu Central, who considered it a "disappointing show". He compared it to be better than the previous year's event. He appreciated the AKINO/Hamada vs. Motokawa/Inoue joshi tag team match as the best match of the show while criticized Tenryu/Fuyuki and the main event for not living "up to their potential", with "For a regular FMW PPV, where you have to lower the standards, this show would have been good, but this was their big event."

The show drew a crowd of 10,500, the biggest crowd for the company since 1997's Fall Spectacular due to its return to Kawasaki Stadium as they were holding their shows at smaller venues where they could not draw much crowds.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ricky Fuji and Makita defeated Morita and Yoshihito Sasaki | Tag team match | 4:59 |
| 2 | Shinjuku Shark defeated Tarek Pasca | Singles match | 4:47 |
| 3 | Flying Kid Ichihara, Hisakatsu Oya, Survival Tobita and Tomomi Tanimoto defeated Azusa Kudo, Kaoruko Arai, Naohiko Yamazaki and Saitama Gorilla | Intergender tag team match | 5:18 |
| 4 | Ricky Banderas (c) defeated Chocoball Mukai | Singles match for the IWA World Heavyweight Championship | 7:59 |
| 5 | AKINO and Ayako Hamada defeated Emi Motokawa and Kyoko Inoue | Tag team match | 7:51 |
| 6 | Kintaro Kanemura defeated Mammoth Sasaki (c) | Singles match for the WEW Hardcore Championship | 7:57 |
| 7 | GOEMON and Onryo defeated Super Crazy and Super Nova | Tag team match for the vacant WEW World Tag Team Championship | 11:38 |
| 8 | Genichiro Tenryu (with Koki Kitahara and Nobukazu Hirai) defeated Kodo Fuyuki | Singles match with Ashura Hara as the special guest referee | 13:33 |
| 9 | Hayabusa and The Great Sasuke defeated Tetsuhiro Kuroda and Mr. Gannosuke | Exploding 15000 Volt Thunderbolt Octagon Cage Bomb Deathmatch | 20:07 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| FMW 12th Anniversary Show: Kawasaki Legend 2001 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kawasaki Stadium | |
| Promotion | Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling |
| Date | May 5, 2001 |
| City | Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan |
| Venue | Kawasaki Stadium |
| Attendance | 10,500 |
| Pay-per-view chronology | |
| **Previous**
Fighting Creation 2001: Day 3 **Next**
Neo 2001: Day 1 | |
| FMW Anniversary Show chronology | |
| **Previous**
11th Anniversary **Next**
*Last* | |


title: 1872 in animation

abstract: Events in 1872 in animation.

text:
# 1872 in animation

Events in **1872 in animation**.

## Events

* **November 9-10**: The photographer James Wallace Black produces images of the Great Boston Fire of 1872, which he would later publish in a photographic album titled *Ruins of the Great Fire in Boston, November 1872*. By the late 1870s, Black's business largely consisted of magic lantern slide production. His images of the Boston Fire circulated in the form of lantern slides.
* **Specific date unknown**: In 1872, Leland Stanford, a businessman, race-horse owner, and former governor of California hired the photographer Eadweard Muybridge for a portfolio depicting his mansion and other possessions, including his race-horse Occident. Stanford also wanted a proper picture of the horse at full speed. He was frustrated that the existing depictions and descriptions seemed incorrect. The human eye could not fully break down the action at the quick gaits of the trot and gallop. Up until this time, most artists painted horses at a trot with one foot always on the ground; and at a full gallop with the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear, and all feet off the ground. There are stories that Stanford had made a $25,000 bet on his theories about horse locomotion, but no evidence has been found of such a wager. However, it has been estimated that Stanford spent a total of $50,000 over the next several years to fund his investigations on animal locomotion. Stanford would initially fund Muybridge's experiments with chronophotography, an important step in the development of motion pictures.

## Births

### April

### August

* **August 17**: Joaquín Xaudaró, Spanish cartoonist, caricaturist, illustrator, and animator, (co-founder of the *Sociedad Española de Dibujos Animados* (*SEDA*), collaborated with K-Hito in the production on an animated film), (d. 1933).

### November

## Sources

* Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography, Volume 1. CRC Press, 2008.
* Slethaug, Gordon E. (2014). *Adaptation Theory and Criticism: Postmodern Literature and Cinema in the USA*. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-6235-6028-7.

## InfoBox

| **Years in animation:** | 1869 1870 1871 **1872** 1873 1874 1875 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1840s 1850s 1860s **1870s** 1880s 1890s 1900s |
| **Years:** | 1869 1870 1871 **1872** 1873 1874 1875 |


title: Phaio geminiguttata

abstract: Phaio geminiguttata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1911. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Phaio geminiguttata

***Phaio geminiguttata*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1911. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Phaio geminiguttata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Phaio* |
| Species: | ***P. geminiguttata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaio geminiguttata***<br>Dognin, 1911 | |
|


title: Piotr Kosiba

abstract: Piotr Kosiba – in religious Alojzy – was a Polish Roman Catholic professed religious and member from the Order of Friars Minor; he was often dubbed the "Holy Almoner" or the "Apostle of Goodness and the Poor. He was born to poor farmers and worked straight after his education as a shoemaker due to being unable to afford further education; he was likewise unable to pursue his dream of becoming a priest due to wanting to work to support his siblings. He joined the Franciscans as a religious brother instead in 1878 and worked as their cobbler and beekeeper while ministering to poor children and going around asking for alms for them. His apostolate continued in World War I when he would bring gifts to those affected. Kosiba's process for beatification launched in the 1960s and he became titled as a Servant of God. He had a large number of devotees following his death which included the Bishop Karol Józef Wojtyła and the Archbishop of Kraków Franciszek Macharski. He became titled as Venerable in mid-2017 after Pope Francis acknowledged the fact that the late religious had lived a life of heroic virtue.

text:
# Piotr Kosiba

**Piotr Kosiba** (29 June 1855 – 4 January 1939) – in religious **Alojzy** – was a Polish Roman Catholic professed religious and member from the Order of Friars Minor; he was often dubbed the "Holy Almoner" or the "Apostle of Goodness and the Poor. He was born to poor farmers and worked straight after his education as a shoemaker due to being unable to afford further education; he was likewise unable to pursue his dream of becoming a priest due to wanting to work to support his siblings. He joined the Franciscans as a religious brother instead in 1878 and worked as their cobbler and beekeeper while ministering to poor children and going around asking for alms for them. His apostolate continued in World War I when he would bring gifts to those affected.

Kosiba's process for beatification launched in the 1960s and he became titled as a Servant of God. He had a large number of devotees following his death which included the Bishop (and future pope) Karol Józef Wojtyła and the Archbishop of Kraków Franciszek Macharski. He became titled as Venerable in mid-2017 after Pope Francis acknowledged the fact that the late religious had lived a life of heroic virtue.

## Life

Piotr Kosiba was born on 29 June 1855 in Libusza in his parents' log home as the second of three children to the poor farmers Jan Kosiba and Agnieszka (who were married on 29 January 1849). His paternal grandparents were Maciej Kosiba and Katarzyna Przybyłowicz and his maternal grandparents were Valentin and Anna (who died from cholera in 1845). He received his baptism just hours after his birth in the wooden church of the Blessed Virgin from its parish priest Alojzy Haas (his godparents were his neighbors Józef Sroka and Marianna Piotrowska). His siblings (in order) were his brother Jacob and his sister Ludwika (born on 18 December 1857). His mother died on 21 December 1857 when he was a toddler just before Christmas after giving birth to Ludwika. His father – who was managing seven acres of land – remarried to Apolonia Kosibow and had seven more children with three of them having died in their infancies.

His maternal aunt was Tekla. Her daughter (and Kosiba's cousin) Agata married Walenty in 1872 and the couple had twelve children. Maciej – one of those children – became a blacksmith and emigrated to the United States in 1905. Two of Maciej's siblings married relatives of Jan Kosiba's mother Katarzyna Przybyłowicz.

He did his schooling in his hometown from 1862 until 1866 and his father then asked him to continue his studies in order to prepare him for work. Kosiba decided to learn cobbling as his trade since his poor financial condition did not allow for him to pursue further education. He had felt called to the religious life since his childhood (during that time he served also as an altar server at his local parish church) and set himself on becoming a priest. But his poor financial state prompted him to seek a trade that would best support his siblings. He earned a certificate that certified him as a shoemaker in Biecz around 1874 and then worked at a shoe warehouse in Tarnów from 1876 until 1878 in order to support his siblings. It was in Biecz that he first met friars from the Order of Friars Minor and after visiting their Wieliczka convent decided to join their ranks as a professed religious rather than as an ordained priest. He liked talking to the friars after his first meeting with them and often participated in their Masses when he was not working. He entered the Franciscans in 1878 and arrived at their convent for admittance on 7 March; he had to wait for his time as a postulant to begin though was vested in the Franciscan habit on 21 June 1878 and received his religious name of "Alojzy". This latter name was a cause for Kosiba's satisfaction since he was noted in life for having a strong devotion to Aloysius Gonzaga and also to Peter the Apostle. He was first stationed in Jarosław but was soon transferred back to Wieliczka on 5 August 1878 (to prepare for beginning his Franciscan formation) where he was made the order's shoemaker and repairman for the monks' belts. Kosiba began his novitiate period on 22 September 1879 and made his initial profession on 22 September 1880 at 11:30am. He later made his solemn religious profession on 14 May 1855 into the hands of the Provincial priest Joachim Maciejczyk.

Kosiba did much for poor children whom he made the focus for his religious apostolate. Their concerns were his own and he made it a practice to provide for their spiritual and material needs. His colleague Brother Blazej Ranosz wrote in 1965 that Kosiba was "a monk without a reproach" and that "he loved the children" and "valued and loved the poor". He was also noted for his gentleness with all people and for his kind disposition that was demonstrated with the children more so. His collection and distribution of funds to the poor made him a popular figure but made him sometimes a figure of ridicule among some of his colleagues. He sometimes used a horse-drawn cart to go around for alms or would walk on foot. He also helped children facing hunger in the southern and eastern parts of Kraków during World War I when he would tend to those that the conflict affected while providing them with food. He also would provide them with medicine with the help of a pharmacist from Wieliczka. He would bring them gifts such as crosses and rosaries or pictures during the Christmas season. There was one tale said that a frustrated grandmother once poured hot soup on him as she chased him off her land after he had asked her for a small donation for the poor. He lived in a small cell and slept on bare boards on the floor. He would write using a goose feather and he wore a patched old habit. He also served for a brief period as his order's beekeeper at some stage. Kosiba was known for his humble and modest disposition and so modest was he in temperament that he could never look at women in the face when speaking to or with them.

Just after Christmas in 1938 he set off for a trip to Niegowić eight miles off but had to return due to feeling unwell. Upon his return he said to his colleagues: "I will die" in the knowledge that he was unwell. He learnt the following morning from his doctor Roman Wojtaszek that he had contracted pneumonia. This was exacerbated after he became depressed learning about the death of a new priest on 30 December 1938. Kosiba met with the Provincial on 2 January 1939 and the latter joked that Kosiba had to prepare and help him serve the Mass. But to his surprise the ill Kosiba got out of bed and began preparing for the service despite his grave condition. He felt faint and ill on 2 January and was confined to bed while on 3 January suffered from vomiting bouts and had a high fever. He began wearing a Carmelite scapular around his neck and asked that the image of the Blessed Mother be hanged near his bed so that he could look at it. Kosiba died with a small sigh at 8:00pm on 4 January 1939 after having confessed and receiving the Eucharist not long before. His remains were interred in an oak coffin in a grave he selected for himself in Wieliczka. His remains were exhumed twice in 1977 and 1998 before being relocated to a newer grave. Bishop Karol Józef Wojtyła (future pope) visited his grave and cell on 9 October 1961 and again later as a cardinal on 23 April 1970. The Archbishop of Kraków Franciszek Macharski also had a devotion to him and during his tenure as archbishop supported Kosiba's beatification cause.

## Beatification process

The beatification process launched in the Kraków archdiocese in an informative process that Bishop Karol Józef Wojtyła inaugurated on 13 May 1963 (therefore naming Kosiba as a Servant of God) and which he later closed on 10 May 1966. The cause remained dormant until 4 June 2004 when the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the informative process and then later receiving the official Positio dossier in 2007 for evaluation.

Nine theologians consulting the C.C.S. issued their approval for the cause on 14 June 2017 as did the C.C.S. cardinal and bishop members themselves later on 4 July 2017. Kosiba became titled as Venerable on 7 July 2017 after Pope Francis signed a decree that acknowledged the fact that the late religious had practiced heroic virtue throughout his life to a sufficient degree.

The current postulator for this cause is Giovangiuseppe Califano.

The director Andrej Baranski oversaw production of a Polish film based on Kosiba's life in 2007 entitled *Braciszek*.

## InfoBox

| Venerable
Piotr Kosiba
O.F.M. | |
| --- | --- |
| Kosiba circa 1930 | |
| Born | 29 June 1855
Libusza, Biecz, Gorlice County, Congress Poland |
| Died | 4 January 1939(1939-01-04) (aged 83)
Wieliczka, Second Polish Republic |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Attributes | Franciscan habit |


title: Vukosavci

abstract: Vukosavci is a village in the municipality of Aranđelovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 411 people.

text:
# Vukosavci

**Vukosavci** (Serbian Cyrillic: Вукосавци) is a village in the municipality of Aranđelovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 411 people.

44°15′N 20°32′E / 44.250°N 20.533°E / 44.250; 20.533

## InfoBox

| Vukosavci | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vukosavci | |
| Coordinates: 44°15′N 20°32′E / 44.250°N 20.533°E / 44.250; 20.533 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Šumadija |
| Municipality | Aranđelovac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 411 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


# List of people who converted to paganism

The following notable people converted to paganism from a different religion or no religion. This article addresses only past voluntary professions of faith by the individuals listed, and is not intended to address ethnic, cultural, or other considerations. Certain people listed here may be lapsed or former converts, or their current religious identity may be ambiguous, uncertain or disputed. Such cases are noted in their list entries.

## List of notable converts to paganism

### From atheism or agnosticism

#### Agnostic

### From Christianity

#### Eastern/Oriential Orthodoxy

#### Protestantism

#### Roman Catholicism

#### Nontrinitarian/Restoration

#### New Christian Movements

### From Judaism

### From Samaritanism


title: Turán's brick factory problem

abstract: In the mathematics of graph drawing, Turán's brick factory problem asks for the minimum number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph. The problem is named after Pál Turán, who formulated it while being forced to work in a brick factory during World War II. A drawing method found by Kazimierz Zarankiewicz has been conjectured to give the correct answer for every complete bipartite graph, and the statement that this is true has come to be known as the Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture. The conjecture remains open, with only some special cases solved.

text:
# Turán's brick factory problem

Unsolved problem in mathematics: Can any complete bipartite graph be drawn with fewer crossings than the number given by Zarankiewicz? (more unsolved problems in mathematics)

In the mathematics of graph drawing, **Turán's brick factory problem** asks for the minimum number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph. The problem is named after Pál Turán, who formulated it while being forced to work in a brick factory during World War II.

A drawing method found by Kazimierz Zarankiewicz has been conjectured to give the correct answer for every complete bipartite graph, and the statement that this is true has come to be known as the **Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture**. The conjecture remains open, with only some special cases solved.

## Origin and formulation

During World War II, Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán was forced to work in a brick factory, pushing wagon loads of bricks from kilns to storage sites. The factory had tracks from each kiln to each storage site, and the wagons were harder to push at the points where tracks crossed each other. Turán was inspired by this situation to ask how the factory might be redesigned to minimize the number of crossings between these tracks.

Mathematically, this problem can be formalized as asking for a graph drawing of a complete bipartite graph, whose vertices represent kilns and storage sites, and whose edges represent the tracks from each kiln to each storage site. The graph should be drawn in the plane with each vertex as a point, each edge as a curve connecting its two endpoints, and no vertex placed on an edge that it is not incident to. A crossing is counted whenever two edges that are disjoint in the graph have a nonempty intersection in the plane. The question is then, what is the minimum number of crossings in such a drawing?

Turán's formulation of this problem is often recognized as one of the first studies of the crossing numbers of graphs. (Another independent formulation of the same concept occurred in sociology, in methods for drawing sociograms, and a much older puzzle, the three utilities problem, can be seen as a special case of the brick factory problem with three kilns and three storage facilities.) Crossing numbers have since gained greater importance, as a central object of study in graph drawing and as an important tool in VLSI design and discrete geometry.

## Upper bound

Both Zarankiewicz and Kazimierz Urbanik saw Turán speak about the brick factory problem in different talks in Poland in 1952, and independently published attempted solutions of the problem, with equivalent formulas for the number of crossings. As both of them showed, it is always possible to draw the complete bipartite graph Km,n (a graph with m vertices on one side, n vertices on the other side, and mn edges connecting the two sides) with a number of crossings equal to

$$\operatorname {cr} (K\_{m,n})\leq {\biggl \lfloor }{\frac {n}{2}{\biggr \rfloor }{\biggl \lfloor }{\frac {n-1}{2}{\biggr \rfloor }{\biggl \lfloor }{\frac {m}{2}{\biggr \rfloor }{\biggl \lfloor }{\frac {m-1}{2}{\biggr \rfloor }.}}}}$$

The construction is simple: place m vertices on the x-axis of the plane, avoiding the origin, with equal or nearly-equal numbers of points to the left and right of the y-axis. Similarly, place n vertices on the y-axis of the plane, avoiding the origin, with equal or nearly-equal numbers of points above and below the x-axis. Then, connect every point on the x-axis by a straight line segment to every point on the y-axis.

However, their proofs that this formula is optimal, that is, that there can be no drawings with fewer crossings, were erroneous. The gap was not discovered until eleven years after publication, nearly simultaneously by Gerhard Ringel and Paul Kainen. Nevertheless, it is conjectured that Zarankiewicz's and Urbanik's formula is optimal. This has come to be known as the Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture. Although some special cases of it are known to be true, the general case remains open.

## Lower bounds

Since *Km,n* and *Kn,m* are isomorphic, it is enough to consider the case where *m ≤ n*. In addition, for *m* ≤ 2 Zarankiewicz's construction gives no crossings, which of course cannot be bested. So the only nontrivial cases are those for which m and n are both ≥ 3.

Zarankiewicz's attempted proof of the conjecture, although invalid for the general case of *K**m*,*n*, works for the case *m* = 3. It has since been extended to other small values of m, and the Zarankiewicz conjecture is known to be true for the complete bipartite graphs Km,n with *m* ≤ 6. The conjecture is also known to be true for *K*7,7, *K*7,8, and *K*7,9. If a counterexample exists, that is, a graph Km,n requiring fewer crossings than the Zarankiewicz bound, then in the smallest counterexample both m and n must be odd.

For each fixed choice of m, the truth of the conjecture for all Km,n can be verified by testing only a finite number of choices of n. More generally, it has been proven that every complete bipartite graph requires a number of crossings that is (for sufficiently large graphs) at least 83% of the number given by the Zarankiewicz bound. Closing the gap between this lower bound and the upper bound remains an open problem.

## Rectilinear crossing numbers

If edges are required to be drawn as straight line segments, rather than arbitrary curves, then some graphs need more crossings than they would when drawn with curved edges. However, the upper bound established by Zarankiewicz for the crossing numbers of complete bipartite graphs can be achieved using only straight edges. Therefore, if the Zarankiewicz conjecture is correct, then the complete bipartite graphs have rectilinear crossing numbers equal to their crossing numbers.


title: The Bronc Stomper

abstract: The Bronc Stomper is a 1928 American silent Western film directed by Leo D. Maloney and starring Eugenia Gilbert, Ben Corbett and Tom London.

text:
# The Bronc Stomper

***The Bronc Stomper*** is a 1928 American silent Western film directed by Leo D. Maloney and starring Eugenia Gilbert, Ben Corbett and Tom London.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Bronc Stomper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Leo D. Maloney |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Leo D. Maloney |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Edward A. Kull |
| Edited by | Joseph Kane |
| Production
company | Leo Maloney Productions |
| Distributed by | Pathé Exchange |
| Release date | * February 26, 1928 (1928-02-26) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


abstract: Invasive species in the Everglades are exotic plants and animals that are not native to the area and have aggressively adapted to conditions in wilderness areas in southern Florida. The Everglades are a massive watershed in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida that drains overflow from the vast shallow Lake Okeechobee that is in turn fed by the Kissimmee River. The overflow forms a very shallow river about 60 miles (100 km) wide and 100 miles (160 km) long that travels about half a mile per day. The network of ecosystems created by the Everglades are surrounded by urban areas to the east in the South Florida metropolitan area, to the west by Naples and Fort Myers, and to the south by Florida Bay, a marine environment that receives fresh water from and is maintained by the Everglades. As it is surrounded on three sides and close to a major transportation and shipping center, it is particularly vulnerable to the importation of exotic species. In the 20th century, Florida experienced a population surge unparalleled in the U.S., accompanied by rapid urban expansion made possible by draining portions of the Everglades. Flood control became a priority and the Central & South Florida Flood Control Project, from 1947 to 1971, constructed over 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals and flood control structures in South Florida. The widespread building created new habitats and disturbed established plant and animal communities. Many of the new residents or tourists in Florida were responsible for introducing plant species to the area by accident, or deliberately to improve landscaping. Many animals have been introduced similarly, and have either escaped or been released to proliferate on their own. Several terms are used to identify non-native species: exotic, invader, immigrant, colonist, introduced, nonindigenous, and naturalized. "Naturalized" usually refers to species that have adapted to a region over a long period of time, while "invasive" refers to particularly destructive or aggressive species. Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the United States—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world. Many of the biological controls like weather, disease, and consumers that naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originated, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Concerns over the quality of the Everglades were raised in the beginning of the 20th century, and by 2000 a federally funded initiative was enacted that gave Everglades restoration the distinction of being the largest planned environmental rehabilitation in history. Exotic species control falls under the management of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million a year, but 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km⁲) of land in South Florida remains infested.

text:
# List of invasive species in the Everglades

A tree island in the Everglades covered by Old World climbing fern.Everglades National Park staff photographed this image of an American alligator and Burmese python locked in a struggle.

Invasive species in the Everglades are exotic plants and animals that are not native to the area and have aggressively adapted to conditions in wilderness areas in southern Florida. The Everglades are a massive watershed in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida that drains overflow from the vast shallow Lake Okeechobee that is in turn fed by the Kissimmee River. The overflow forms a very shallow river about 60 miles (100 km) wide and 100 miles (160 km) long that travels about half a mile per day. The network of ecosystems created by the Everglades are surrounded by urban areas to the east in the South Florida metropolitan area, to the west by Naples and Fort Myers, and to the south by Florida Bay, a marine environment that receives fresh water from and is maintained by the Everglades. As it is surrounded on three sides and close to a major transportation and shipping center, it is particularly vulnerable to the importation of exotic species.

In the 20th century, Florida experienced a population surge unparalleled in the U.S., accompanied by rapid urban expansion made possible by draining portions of the Everglades. Flood control became a priority and the Central & South Florida Flood Control Project, from 1947 to 1971, constructed over 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals and flood control structures in South Florida. The widespread building created new habitats and disturbed established plant and animal communities. Many of the new residents or tourists in Florida were responsible for introducing plant species to the area by accident, or deliberately to improve landscaping. Many animals have been introduced similarly, and have either escaped or been released to proliferate on their own. Several terms are used to identify non-native species: exotic, invader, immigrant, colonist, introduced, nonindigenous, and naturalized. "Naturalized" usually refers to species that have adapted to a region over a long period of time, while "invasive" refers to particularly destructive or aggressive species.

Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the United States—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world. Many of the biological controls like weather, disease, and consumers that naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originated, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Concerns over the quality of the Everglades were raised in the beginning of the 20th century, and by 2000 a federally funded initiative was enacted that gave Everglades restoration the distinction of being the largest planned environmental rehabilitation in history. Exotic species control falls under the management of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million a year, but 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km2) of land in South Florida remains infested.

## Plant species

As the fields of ecology and environmental studies develop, exotic species attract more attention and their effects become more apparent. Mid-20th century biology texts about invading species reflected more complacency than alarm, as contemporary wisdom about them assumed the host environment would be largely immune. Everglades biologist Thomas Lodge writes that in the 1960s, evidence of non-native plant and animal life in South Florida was present but not particularly "worthy of notice." Over the past decades, however, the number of exotic species and their spread has increased dramatically.

The Everglades hosts 1,301 species of native flora that are tropical or subtropical in nature, which arrived on the Florida peninsula about 5,000 years ago. Winds, water, and birds carried most of the tropical flora. The subtropical species spread from more northern locations. As of 2010 1,392 additional non-native plant species have been identified and established themselves in South Florida. A variety of avenues are available for species to be brought by humans deliberately or by accident: agricultural experiments, in shipping containers, or attached to vehicles. South Florida is a transportation hub for shipping and traffic between the U.S. and the Caribbean and Central and South America. In 1990, 333 million plants were brought into Miami International Airport. Both the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences (IFAS) experiment with plants in laboratories throughout Florida.

State, local, and federal government agencies spend millions of dollars to rid South Florida of invasive species and prevent more from entering the region. Plants that are imported to Florida are subject to classification as "Restricted" or "Prohibited", but a new designation is being considered "Not Authorized Pending Plant Risk Analysis", to allow scientists to assess what damage exotic plants may cause to the South Florida environment. A nonprofit organization named The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council lists exotic species as belonging in Category I: "altering native plant communities by displacing native species, changing community structures or ecological functions, or hybridizing with natives"; and Category II: "increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I". More than 100 species have been placed in Category I, but a few have been singled out for the potential to cause the most destruction based on how rapidly they reproduce, their displacement of native flora by crowding, shading, or fire, excellent adaptations to conditions in the Everglades, and the potential to spread (or evidence that they have spread) into remote areas of the Everglades.

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Purpose of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Melaleuca quinquenervia***
 | Melaleuca, paperbark, tea tree, cajeput, punk tree, white bottlebrush tree | Australia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands / 1906 | Landscaping, drainage |
| | Melaleuca tree seeds were scattered by aircraft in order to drain flooded portions of the Everglades. They were considered excellent landscaping trees as late as 1970 and planted along canals to stabilize soil or act as windbreaks. They grow significantly taller than where they originate, very densely—not allowing wading birds with large wingspans to fly between them—and very rapidly. They are very tolerant of fire and flooded conditions. One tree is capable of producing 20 million seeds year-round. Authorities are attempting to limit the spread of melaleuca by quarantining stands of trees, felling established ones, and applying herbicide. They are also releasing the melaleuca psyllid (*Boreioglycaspis melaleucae*), and the melaleuca snout weevil (*Oxyops vitiosa*) that can kill seedlings, that has resulted in the reduction of 85 percent of melaleuca growth in some places over the past 10 years, allowing four times the plant diversity in these locations. Melaleuca control is considered a major accomplishment by the South Florida Water Management District: between 1993 and 2008, the estimated acreage of melaleuca has decreased from 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) to 273,000 acres (1,100 km2) | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Lygodium microphyllum***
 | Old World climbing fern
 | Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia / Observed already established in 1958 | Unknown purpose |
| | The Old World climbing fern has taken over tree islands in the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in the northern Everglades, completely blanketing some of them, and crowding smaller vegetation by shading native seedlings and overwhelming trees. There is also evidence that it fatally traps medium- and large-sized animals such as deer and turtles. While fire may burn some of the Old World climbing fern, portions of burning fern may break loose and spread fires more quickly. "Fire ladders" are created when ferns grow into the forest canopy, above the line that cypress and other trees naturally tolerate fire damage. The thick rachis fern mats may also trap animals attempting to flee fires. There is no definitive plan to rid ecologically sensitive areas in South Florida of this exotic plant, although herbicides and controlled fires are being explored. Biological agents such as brown lygodium moth (*Neomusotima conspurcatalis*) and leaf-gall mite (*Floracarus perrepae*), that feed on and destroy parts of the climbing ferns, were released in 2008, and their overall effects are under evaluation. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Schinus terebinthifolius***
 | Brazilian pepper, Florida holly, Christmas berry, pepper tree | Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay / 1840s | Landscaping |
| | Brazilian pepper was marketed as a southern alternative to holly. Birds and small mammals have spread its seeds by eating the red berries and expelling them from their digestive tracts, allowing the plants to establish in very remote areas that are difficult to reach and hamper control efforts. The shrub is very successful in highly disturbed areas such as farmland, canals, under powerlines, and natural areas following hurricanes. Its dense structure allows it to form concentrated thickets that displace native vegetation, including some endangered plants, and at its densest keeps wading birds from their migratory feeding locations. It is a particular danger to pine rockland ecosystems, which are very rare outside of Everglades National Park. Brazilian pepper is physically removed with large landmoving equipment and the largest plants treated with herbicides. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Casuarina equisetifolia***, ***Casuarina glauca***, ***Casuarina cunninghamiana***
 | Australian pine, beefwood, ironwood, she-oak, horsetail tree | Australia, South Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia / Late 19th century | Landscaping |
| | Three species of tree are considered collectively to be Australian pines. They were planted as windbreaks along canals and agricultural fields, and as shade trees in the middle of the 20th century. They are salt tolerant and grow well in beach areas, displacing native vegetation that prevents coastal erosion, particularly following disturbances like tropical storms. The native habitat of the endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow (*Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis*) is directly threatened by the Australian pine. Native seedlings are discouraged by the shade given by Australian pines and furthermore smothered by the dense litter shed by the trees. The Australian pine's shallow roots can disrupt beach nesting animals such as sea turtles and American crocodiles (*Crocodylus acutus*). Herbicides are effective in removing Australian pines. Fire has also proven effective but is not easily controlled. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Colubrina asiatica***
 | Latherleaf, Asiatic or common colubrina, hoop with, Asian snakeroot | Brought to Jamaica from Asian traders in the 1850s / Naturalized in South Florida by 1933 | Medicinal supplies |
| | Latherleaf grows in dense mats that crowd and shade native vegetation, threatening several endangered plants. It has successfully spread to every protected area in the Florida Keys, and is well entrenched in remote areas of Everglades National Park where it threatens coastal hardwood forests and mangrove islands. Although it grows easily, it does not spread prolifically. Latherleaf is controlled by removing the established plants physically and checking periodically for young shoots. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Eichhornia crassipes***
 | Water hyacinth, water orchid | Amazon basin / 1884–1890 | Waterscaping |
| | Water hyacinths are free-floating and have been a particular problem in northern Florida waterways, but since they began to grow in the Everglades, their rapid reproduction (they can double their population every six to 18 days and will increase the coverage of surface water by 25 percent a month if gone unchecked) has impeded the controlled release of water by blocking canals and water control devices. They negatively affect water quality and can crowd other types of natural aquatic vegetation. They are mostly limited to man-made structures like canals, and herbicides have proven to be the most efficient method of controlling water hyacinths. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Pistia stratiotes***
 | Water lettuce, water cabbage | Africa or South America / In Florida by 1774 | Possibly accidental |
| | Water lettuce is similar to water hyacinths in that it is also free-floating, reproduces rapidly, blocks canals and water control devices, and can form mats that block sunlight and oxygen to plants and animals under water. Authorities use the same methods to eradicate water lettuce as they do water hyacinths. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Neyraudia reynaudiana***
 | Burma reed, silk reed, cane grass, false reed | Southern Asia / 1916 | Escaped from USDA test gardens |
| | Burma reed is a grass with large, dry plume-like flowerets that invades the pine rockland ecosystem—one of the most endangered habitats in the state—feeding fires. While pine rocklands are maintained by fire, Burma reed can reach 12 feet (3.7 m) tall and burns so hot and high—flames can reach 30 feet (9.1 m)—that it can eradicate the native *Pinus elliottii* var. *densa* or slash pine. It spreads prolifically; one plant can produce 120,000 seeds. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Hydrilla verticillata***
 | Hydrilla, water thyme, Florida elodea, waterweed | Sri Lanka / 1950s | Possibly spread from aquariums, found on every continent except Antarctica |
| | Like the other water plants, hydrilla reproduces rapidly. Although it is not free floating, it grows quickly to the water surface, and if it breaks apart it can form new plants from fragments. It clogs open waterways, blocks sunlight, lowers dissolved oxygen, and otherwise changes water chemistry. Hydrilla also harms fisheries and zooplankton populations. The Kissimmee Chain of Lakes, including Kissimmee, Hatchineha, and Tohopekaliga, have been severely infested with hydrilla. It is managed by being physically removed, and taking all pieces of plants from waterways is integral to avoiding future infestations. The efficacy of herbicides is dependent upon a variety of factors, but their application is credited with, if not eliminating hydrilla in the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes, at least keeping it to a manageable and acceptable presence. Sometimes hydrilla is treated by the release of grass carp (*Ctenopharyngodon idella*) that eat it. Carp, however, may also eat native vegetation, so they are released only where their impact would not be detrimental. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Dioscorea bulbifera***
 | Air potato, potato yam, air yam | Asia: introduced during slave trade / In Florida by 1905 | Escaped from USDA test gardens, landscaping |
| | The air potato is an aggressively growing vine that exhibits tubers on the outside rather than underground, which can promote its rapid growth when they fall to the ground. It successfully grows in dryer conditions in South Florida, such as hardwood hammocks and pine rocklands, often completely covering native vegetation well into the canopy region, and is particularly successful after disturbances such as hurricanes, overtaking regions before native plants have an opportunity to grow back. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Cupaniopsis anacardioides***
 | Carrotwood, beach tamarind, green-leaved tamarind, tuckeroo tree | Australia / 1960s | Landscaping |
| | Carrotwood grows easily in many South Florida habitats, including coastal dunes, beaches, marshes, pine rocklands, hammocks, mangrove forests, and cypress swamps. It is spread by birds eating the seeds and dropping them throughout the region. Little is known about carrotwood trees, but for their ability to adapt to multiple types of habitats and conditions pervasive in South Florida, they are listed as an invasive plant with potential for destruction. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Rhodomyrtus tomentosa***
 | Downy rose myrtle, downy myrtle, hill gooseberry, hill guava | Asia / Established by 1924 | Landscaping |
| | Downy rose myrtle was recently added to priority invasive species lists for its tendency to overtake pine rockland ecosystems. Typically pine rocklands consist of slash pines towering over saw palmetto (*Serenoa repens*) understory shrubs and small herbs. It is a system that is maintained by regular fires. Rose myrtle, however, has been noted throughout South Florida, for taking over the role of saw palmetto, and its spread is exacerbated by fire. They are furthermore showing resistance to previously effective herbicides. | | |

## Animal species

Although the general effects of invasive animals is not as profound as plants, they are more noticeable in many instances and a constant reminder of the many exotic species in the region. A wildlife biologist and several construction workers near Homestead Air Force Base witnessed a scene where several iguanas sunning themselves in a canal were attacked by a spectacled caiman, to the surprise of all.

About 12,500 species of insects are native to Florida, most of which naturally flew into the region from the Caribbean or Southeastern United States. An additional 1,000 have been identified as exotic. Insects create about $1 billion of damage to structures and agriculture in Florida each year. The tide of arriving insects is nearly impossible to control with the volume of goods and shipments coming into South Florida. Imported citrus is a major avenue for damaging insects. Twenty-one species have been imported and released to act as biological control agents: to impede the growth of invasive plants or counter the effects of other insects. Others, such as the Madagascan hissing cockroach (*Gromphadorhina portentosa*) and European cricket (*Acheta domesticus*) are sold as pets or fishing bait, and are then released into backyards. Similarly, aquatic invertebrates such as mussels, clams, snails, and melania find their ways into local waters from the bottoms of ships or in bilge holds. The aquarium trade also supplies enthusiasts with exotic species which are dumped or escape into waterways.

Excluding insects and other arthropods, 192 exotic animal species have established themselves in Florida as of 2009. More than 50 species of fish have been introduced. Early recorded species were the pike killifish (*Belonesox belizanus*) and oscar (*Astronotus ocellatus*). The extensive network of canals throughout South Florida allows many species to disperse more readily than they would under natural conditions as many regions in the Everglades go dry each year or experience extended drought periods. The overall impact of exotic fishes on the native populations and habitats is largely unknown.

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) initiated a task force to concentrate on identifying the most invasive animals. The agency created a list of "Reptiles of Concern" for the Burmese python, African rock python (*Python sebae*), amethystine python (*Simalia amethystinus*), reticulated python (*Malayopython reticulatus*), green anaconda (*Eunectes murinus*), and Nile monitor. Florida also began requiring owners to pay a permit fee of $100 a year and place microchips on the animals. These predators are included on the list for their formidable size and aggressive natures; animals that were in the Everglades before the list was created, however, are breeding in the wild. Burmese Pythons have become of particular concern as they are starting to adapt to new environment, they easily hide, and in recent years, the population of other species is declining, particularly in the Everglades. To combat the number of exotic snakes in the U.S., and specifically in South Florida, the U.S. Department of the Interior added four species of snakes—the Burmese python, both subspecies of the African rock python (northern and southern), and the yellow anaconda (*Eunectes notaeus*)—to Lacey Act provisions, making their import into the U.S. illegal, in 2012.

Exotic birds do not attract the same amount of attention. They too have been brought to Florida as part of the pet trade and escape, get released by dealers attempting to avoid quarantine restrictions, or escape from damaged cages and artificial habitats during tropical storms. Typically, however, most nonindigenous birds live closer to populated areas; some populations of birds establish themselves but decline for unapparent reasons.

More than 50 species of exotic mammals have been recorded in South Florida, at least 19 of which are self-sustaining. Colonies of feral mammals are established in or around the Everglades, including dogs, pigs, and cats. Wild animals native to other parts of the U.S. have also been established, including nine-banded armadillos (*Dasypus novemcinctus*), coyotes (*Canis latrans*), and jaguarundi (*Herpailurus yaguarondi*).

Florida has enacted laws to prohibit the release of exotic animals into the wild. To dissuade people from dumping animals, local authorities have begun holding "Nonnative Amnesty Days" in several Florida locations where pet owners who are no longer willing or able to take care of non-traditional pets such as snakes, lizards, amphibians, birds, and mammals—excluding dogs, cats, and ferrets—can deposit animals without being prosecuted for illegal dumping of exotic species. The FWC has furthermore allowed hunters permits to capture Reptiles of Concern in a specific hunting season in wildlife management areas, euthanize the animals immediately and sell the meat and hides.

### Invertebrates

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Method of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Paratachardina lobata lobata*** ***Paratachardina pseudolobata***
 | Lobate lac scale | India, Sri Lanka / 1999 | Unknown |
| | Lobate lac scale insects infest at least 94 species of native trees in Florida, particularly the wax myrtle (*Myrica cerifera*), cocoplum (*Chrysobalanus icaco*), and buttonwood (*Conocarpus erectus*). Severe infestations can kill trees and shrubs, and dense infestations have been found in hardwood hammocks which are defined by the diversity of trees. The infestations are recent and long-term effects in protected and threatened areas are under study as of 2005. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Metamasius callizona***
 | Bromeliad beetle, evil weevil, Mexican weevil | Mexico and Central America / 1989 | Possibly imported with *Tillandsia* bromeliads |
| | This member of the *Dryophthoridae* family causes specific damage to bromeliads, which are ecosystems unto themselves as the water they hold feeds a host of smaller amphibians and insects. Fifteen species of bromeliads grow naturally throughout the Everglades, and they are also used as ornamental landscaping in residential areas. The bromeliad beetle moved from its initial point of infestation to 12 counties within a decade by being transported by people and subsequently dispersing themselves. They have become established in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, and Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park. Adults lay eggs in bromeliad stems and larvae pupate in the stems, possibly causing the plants to detach from their host trees. Adults also feed on the leaves of bromeliads. Not all species of bromeliads are affected by the beetle, but 10 are, particularly *Tillandsia utriculata* and *Tillandsia fasciculata*, that have been devastated and listed as endangered species because of the infestation. Insecticides are not preferred because they may kill native insects that are natural components of the microsystems associated with bromeliads. Authorities have released *Lixadmontia franki*, a fly that may control the bromeliad beetle. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Pomacea insularum***
 | Island apple snail | South America / 2000s | Dumped from aquariums |
| | Island apple snails are very similar in habit and appearance to the indigenous Florida apple snail (*Pomacea paludosa*), but it has few predators in the Everglades. It eats macrophytes on such a great scale that it can alter water ecology and cause algal blooms. It grows larger than *Pomacea paludosa*—some have reported measuring the size of tennis balls—and uses the same regions for eating and laying eggs. Their eggs have been found on the same plant stalks as the Florida apple snails' causing Everglades biologists concern: *Pomacea paludosa* is the primary food the endangered Everglades snail kite (*Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus*), that has a beak specifically used for the size of the indigenous *Pomacea paludosa* and may not be able to eat island apple snails. Adult island apple snails and egg colonies are physically removed, but they are a recent infestation and studies are ongoing to determine how far they have spread and the best ways to eradicate them. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Corbicula fluminea***
 | Asiatic clam | China / In Florida by 1961 | Possible importation of food for Asian laborers in British Columbia |
| | Asiatic clams have been in North America for decades, but only recently in South Florida—specifically in Lake Okeechobee. They can reproduce very rapidly and live successfully in low-quality water. Large beds of clams can displace food and nesting sources for native aquatic animals, and their leftover shells can accumulate on lake and river floors. Black crappie (*Pomoxis nigromaculatus*) feed on *Chironomidae* that are unable to burrow and establish their own populations due to overabundance of Asiatic clams. The clams furthermore proliferate around water control devices, canal locks, pipes, mesh dividers, and other man-made structures that release water through South Florida. They have, however, proven to be sufficient food sources for ducks and efficiently clean water in eutrophic lakes. | | |

### Fish

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Method of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus*** ***Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus***
 | Sailfin, suckermouth catfish, plecostomus | South America / 1950s | Dumped from aquariums |
| | Suckermouth catfishes are efficient aquarium cleaners that eat benthic algae and weeds. They prefer slow-moving water, canals, lakes, and ponds. In the wild, they can grow considerably larger than their aquarium counterparts and create large burrows into canal and lake beds, which compromise the integrity of shorelines. Their browsing on algae and weeds competes with much smaller native fishes, and birds that attempt to eat them can be harmed by the spiny dorsal fins; 20 strangled brown pelicans were found to have attempted to swallow suckermouth catfishes whole. A study of *P. multiradiatus* from 1997 to 2008 concluded that the fish had not had any major detrimental effects on the principal native fishes in southeast Florida canals. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Clarias batrachus***
 | Walking catfish | Thailand / 1960s | Escaped or released from stocks |
| | Walking catfish can survive out of water for days as long as they remain moist, and can survive in hypoxic water, or water with low dissolved oxygen levels, by breathing air. They are aggressive feeders that browse on smaller native fishes, and fish and crustacean eggs when food is plentiful. When parts of the Everglades go dry seasonally, walking catfish will eat anything they find. They have been recorded migrating to and depleting fish stocks, prompting aquaculture farmers to fence fish pools to keep them out. They furthermore carry enteric septicemia and can pass it to native and stocked fishes. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Cichlasoma urophthalmus***
 | Mayan cichlid | Mexico, Central America / 1983 | Dumped from aquariums |
| | Mayan cichlids are one of 17 species of *Cichlidae* that are found in the waters in and around the Everglades. They rapidly expanded from two sites near mangrove islands in Florida Bay to being present across the Everglades south of the Tamiami Trail, in marine and brackish water, including freshwater habitats thought to be devoid of exotic species. Their successful establishment led to their being a sport fishing attraction as they can grow quite large in Florida and respond well to fishing lures and nets. They eat a variety of grasses and smaller fishes, invertebrates, and eggs, including those of the Florida apple snail, the primary food of the endangered Everglades snail kite. They are in turn food for wading birds such as snowy egrets (*Egretta thula*). | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Oreochromis aureus***
 | Blue tilapia, Israeli tilapia | Africa, Middle East / 1961 | Escaped from stocks for aquatic plant control |
| | Blue tilapia have spread throughout Florida, in both freshwater and brackish environments, and have established a presence in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park. They create large nest craters in shallow waters about 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, visibly altering native plant communities and impeding the spawning of native fishes. | | |

### Reptiles

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Method of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Python bivittatus***
 | Burmese python | Southeast Asia / 1979 | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | Perhaps no other invasive species has attracted as much media attention as Burmese pythons in Florida, particularly after spectacular photographs and eyewitness accounts of struggles between native alligators and these snakes were released. Burmese pythons have voracious appetites and have been found to eat animals ranging in size from wrens to white-tailed deer. A study published in 2011 found some mammal populations have dropped over 90 percent in areas populated by pythons. Burmese pythons share the top of the food chain in the Everglades with alligators and prey on 39 endangered species and 41 additional rare species. They continue to be sold as pets; around 6,000 pythons were imported into Miami from 2003 to 2005. They are removed immediately from Everglades National Park; as of 2007, national park staff report extracting a total of 600 pythons. Another 300 were captured in 2008 alone. A park biologist estimated that between 5,000 and 180,000 Burmese pythons live in wilderness areas in South Florida. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Eunectes murinus***
 | Green anaconda | South America / 2000 | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | The green anaconda was first introduced in the Everglades in 2000, and its population has continued to grow. It is believed that they arrived in Florida when someone released their pet into the wild. In the wild, the anaconda will feed on species such as fish, birds, turtles and mammals. There is no known predator of the green anaconda in the Everglades. They can grow up to 20 feet in lengths and h weigh hundreds of pounds. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Gekko gecko***
 | Tokay gecko | Southeast Asia / 1965 | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | The Tokay Gecko was first introduced in the Everglades around 1965, in an attempt to exterminate cockroaches. However, in the wild, the gecko will eat lizards, frogs, birds, and other native species. They are nocturnal and territorial. A female can lay a pair of eggs every four to five months. The tokay gecko can become up to one foot in length and live up to 10 years. Florida wildlife officials have called the gecko a mild threat to native species, although there is no large effort to eradicate them. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Anolis equestris***
 | Knight anole | Cuba / 1952 | Unknown |
| | The knight anole was first introduced in the Everglades around 1952. It is unknown how the anole first arrived in Florida, though it likely was initially brought as a pet or hitchhiked on a boat. In the wild, the gecko will eat native species such as frogs, bugs, fruit, and birds. They have been known to displace the *Anolis carolinensis* or green anole, a native species to the Everglades. A female can lay up to 4 clutches of 2 eggs annually. The knight anole can become up to 20 inches in length and live up to 16 years (average life span of 8 years). Knight anoles are a member of the iguana family. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Iguana iguana***
 | Green iguana | Central America / 1960s | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | Iguanas have expanded rapidly in the Everglades by eating native vegetation and reproducing very efficiently in urban areas following disturbances accompanied by new plant growth. Following Hurricane Andrew in 1992, there was a significant increase in sightings of iguanas near residential areas. They are drawn to areas near water and build burrows by digging horizontally into inclines. They often live in colonies and their digging worsens erosion near canals, levees, and other man-made structures, leading to canal and levee instability. Although they are primarily herbivores, they have also preyed upon tree snails, which can be native only to single tree islands or have very limited ranges, including *Orthalicus reses* and *Liguus fasciatus* which are threatened and rare species. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Varanus niloticus***
 | Nile monitor | Africa / 1990 | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | Nile monitors have established themselves in a region surrounding Cape Coral—including a bird sanctuary at J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge on Sanibel Island—as pets that have been released or escaped. Between 2000 and 2004, 60,000 monitors were imported in South Florida. They are excellent swimmers and can run quickly and climb. They have an affinity for eating eggs and pose a specific danger to ground-burrowing animals such as burrowing owls (*Athene cunicularia*), sea turtles, gopher tortoises (*Gopherus polyphemus*), and gopher frogs (*Lithobates capito*). They are opportunistic eaters that prey on a variety of crustaceans, fish, lizards, small mammals, and human garbage. Several native egg-laying species such as brown pelicans (*Pelecanus occidentalis*), American crocodiles (*Crocodylus acutus*), and diamondback terrapins (*Malaclemys terrapin*) are particularly at risk for predation by Nile monitors. | | |
| **Argentine black and white tegu** | Argentine tegu | Argentine / 2013 | Imported by/through pet trade |

### Birds

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Method of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Myiopsitta monachus***
 | Monk parakeet, Quaker parrot | South America / Established by 1969 | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | Between 1968 and 1972, more than 64,000 monk parakeets were brought to the U.S. They are considered agricultural pests in South America and killed by the thousands. They are included in invasive species lists in Florida for their abilities to rapidly populate an area for an apparent consistent amount of time. They live in large colonies numbering in the hundreds. They are urban pests because their large communal nests form balls of twigs on power lines. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Cairina moschata***
 | Muscovy duck | South or Central America / 1960s | Imported by/through pet trade |
| | The Muscovy duck was first introduced in the 1960s. It was initially introduced in the wild by purposeful release and escape from pet owners. They are native to South, Central, and some parts of North America, but not Florida. In the wild, the duck will eat seeds, insects, plants, grasses, and aquatic plants. They are aggressive and tend to breed around farms or lakes. The duck has white and red colored feathers. They are known to spread diseases to native species and breed with native birds. Due to this, it is illegal to release the bird in the state or Florida. | | |

### Mammals

| Scientific name | Common name(s) | Origin / Year(s) introduced | Method of introduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Sus scrofa***
 | Wild boar, feral pig | Europe / Introduced with European settlers in the 16th century | Food for people |
| | Wild pigs are voracious opportunistic eaters, consuming significant amounts of native vegetation, and they prey on smaller animals. They carry 45 infectious diseases or parasites, such as pseudorabies, eastern equine encephalitis, and brucellosis, which can be spread to other mammals. They have spread trichinosis to the critically endangered Florida panther (*Puma concolor coryi*). They in turn serve as food for panthers, alligators, and Florida black bears (*Ursus americanus floridanus*). | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Felis catus***
 | Domestic / feral cat | North Africa and Southern Europe / Introduced with European settlers in the 16th century | Companions for people |
| | Domesticated free-ranging and feral cats are the primary cause of bird deaths in the U.S. Although cats may be regularly fed, they have an instinct to hunt and are responsible for decreasing numbers of beach mice (*Peromyscus polionotus*), cotton mice (*Peromyscus gossypinus*), the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (*Sylvilagus palustris hefneri*), the Florida scrub jay (*Aphelocoma coerulescens*), ground-nesting birds and sea turtle hatchlings. They may carry diseases that can be spread to bobcats and the Florida panther, including feline leukemia, feline panleukopenia, and rabies. Cats reproduce prodigiously; there are an estimated 5.3 million free-ranging cats in Florida. Most live in feral colonies or are closely associated with residential areas. In similar sized territories, cats potentially outnumber bobcats 640:1. Authorities address feral cats by urging pet owners to keep cats indoors, or trapping-neutering-and returning (TNR) them to their territories to live out their lives and die naturally. | | |
|  | | | |
| ***Rattus rattus***
 | Black rat, roof rat, house rat, ship rat | Europe / Introduced with European settlers in the 16th century | Inhabitants of settlers' ships |
| | Black rats were possibly the first introduced mammals to Florida, followed by pigs. There are a few feral rat species in South Florida, including brown rats (*Rattus norvegicus*), but black rats are considerably more populous than any other species of rat. All exotic rats compete with native mice and rodents for food and shelter, but the black rat is noted for significantly affecting the endangered Key Largo woodrat (*Neotoma floridana smalli*). | | |

## Footnotes


title: Palaeoctonus

abstract: Palaeoctonus is an extinct genus of archosaur known only from isolated teeth. The name is derived from Greek. The genus is believed to have flourished during the Upper (Late) Triassic period.

text:
# Palaeoctonus

***Palaeoctonus*** is an extinct genus of archosaur (possibly phytosaur) known only from isolated teeth. The name is derived from Greek (*palaios* meaning "ancient", -*ktonos* meaning "killer"). The genus is believed to have flourished during the Upper (Late) Triassic period.

## InfoBox

| *Palaeoctonus*
Temporal range: Late Triassic, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Archosauromorpha |
| *Clade*: | Archosauriformes |
| Order: | Phytosauria (?) |
| Genus: | *Palaeoctonus*
Cope, 1877 |
|
| Species | |
| * *P. appalachianus* * *P. aulacodus* * *P. cyphodon* * *P. dumblianus* * *P. orthodon* | |


abstract: The 1903 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 20, 1903, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

text:
# 1903 United States Senate election in New York

The **1903 United States Senate election in New York** was held on January 20, 1903, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

## Background

Republican Thomas C. Platt had been re-elected to this seat in 1897, and his term would expire on March 3, 1903.

At the State election in November 1902, 28 Republicans and 22 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1903-1904) in the State Senate; and 89 Republicans and 61 Democrats were elected for the session of 1903 to the Assembly. State Senator Patrick F. Trainor who had been re-elected, died on December 25, 1902, and his successor Peter J. Dooling was elected only after the senatorial election, on January 27. The 126th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 23, 1903, at Albany, New York.

## Candidates

### Republican caucus

The Republican caucus met on January 19. 25 State senators and 84 assemblymen attended, and State Senator William W. Armstrong presided. The caucus re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Thomas C. Platt almost unanimously. A single vote was cast for U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root by Assemblyman William A. Denison of Jefferson County. Besides Denison voting against Platt, a small number of anti-Platt men did not attend the caucus. Boss Platt had forced the nomination of Attorney General John C. Davies to the New York Supreme Court in the 5th District, against the local Republican organization's wishes who accused Davies of incompetence. Davies was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Watson M. Rogers although the 5th District was heavily Republican. Thus boss Platt's power began to wane.

**1903 Republican caucus for United States Senator result**
| Office | Candidate | First ballot |
| --- | --- | --- |
| U.S. Senator (Class 3) | **Thomas C. Platt** | **108** |
|  | Elihu Root | 1 |
|

### Democratic caucus

The Democratic caucus met also on January 19. All 62 State legislators attended, and Assemblyman Charles W. Hinson, of Erie County, presided. They nominated John B. Stanchfield unanimously. Stanchfield had been Mayor of Elmira, and was defeated when running for Governor of New York in 1900 by Republican Benjamin B. Odell Jr.

## Result

Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected. Three Republican anti-Platt men, State Senators Edgar T. Brackett (28th D.), Elon R. Brown and Nathaniel A. Elsberg (15th D.), voted for Elihu Root.

**1903 United States Senator election result**
| Office | House | Republican | | Democrat | | Republican | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| U.S. Senator (Class 3) | State Senate
(50 members) | **Thomas C. Platt** | **25** | John B. Stanchfield | 21 | Elihu Root | 3 |
|  | State Assembly
(150 members) | **Thomas C. Platt** | **86** | John B. Stanchfield | 57 |  |  |
|

Note: The votes were cast on January 20, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 21 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

## Aftermath

Platt remained in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1909, when he retired. In January 1909, Elihu Root was chosen by the Republicans to succeed Platt.

1. *DOOLING ELECTED SENATOR* in NYT on January 28, 1903

## Sources

## InfoBox

1903 United States Senate election in New York
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  Majority vote of each house needed to win | |
| Nominee **Thomas C. Platt** John B. Stanchfield Elihu Root  Party Republican Democratic Republican  Senate **25** 21 3  Percentage **51.02%** 42.86% 6.12%  House **86** 57   Percentage **60.14%** 39.86% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
Thomas C. Platt
Republican **Elected Senator**
Thomas C. Platt
Republican | |


title: Phil Mooney

abstract: Philip Mooney is an Australian-born professional rugby union coach and former player. He coached Japanese team Panasonic Wild Knights in 2012, winning the Top League title that season, and prior to that was head coach of the Queensland Reds in the Super 14 competition.

text:
# Phil Mooney

**Philip Mooney** is an Australian-born professional rugby union coach and former player. He coached Japanese team Panasonic Wild Knights in 2012, winning the Top League title that season, and prior to that was head coach of the Queensland Reds in the Super 14 competition.

## Early life

Born in Brisbane on 19 January 1965 and is the son of former Australian rugby hooker Paul Mooney. Phil Mooney was an accomplished fly-half at junior level and premier level. Mooney attended Brisbane Grammar School and played in the First XV at number 10 for three years. He was selected in Queensland schoolboys and played in the Brisbane under 19 team and later the Brisbane opens team.

## Playing career

He played over 100 premier games for Brisbane rugby club Wests between 1986 and 1994. He was part of the Australian Club Championship winning side in 1986 against Parramatta (22-12). His team were also runners up in the World Club Championship in France that same year.

Mooney was an accomplished cricketer playing three years in Brisbane Grammar School First XI (one year as captain). His cricket career lead him towards 8 years in First Class Cricket for Western Suburbs Cricket Club in Brisbane. However, it was his rugby career that directed him to becoming a professional coach. From 1986 to 1994 he played Premier grade in the position of fly-half. In 1995 he coached Colts One (now called Premier Colts), and coached Premiership winning Colts One for Wests in 1997 and 1998.

## Coaching career

In 1999 he became assistant coach of the Wests Premier team with Damien Reidy and in 2000 and 2001 coached Premier level with David Nucifora. In 2002 he coached Premier level with Angus Baker. His professional career took off in 2003 with acceptance to the High Performance Program at the Queensland Academy of Sport.

In 2006 Mooney coached the Australian Under 19 team winning the Junior World Cup against New Zealand (17-13) in the UAE. This is the only Junior World Cup title (U19s, U20s U21s) won by Australia since the tournaments started in 2004. Mooney's 2006 team included players Will Genia, Quade Cooper, Anthony Fainga'a, Saia Fainga'a, Digby Ioane, Christian Lealiifano and Lachlan Turner.

He became assistant coach to Eddie Jones at the Queensland Reds in 2007 and took over as Head Coach of the Reds in 2008. He came into the role to rebuild the team after a 92-3 thrashing by the Bulls. He recruited many of the young players from his world cup winning junior side. At the end of 2009 he was sacked by the QRU as playmaker Berrick Barnes defected to the NSW Waratahs. Mooney claimed the new young players were the future and his time in the role of rebuilding the team was cut short.

At the end of 2009 he worked for rugby league team the Brisbane Broncos as a specialist skills coach. He then was appointed Head Coach of Otago for the National Provincial Championship for 2010 and 2011.

In 2012 he returned to Brisbane and coached Wests Premier team. In 2013 he moved to Japan and coached the Panasonic Wild Knights and won the Top League and also the All-Japan Rugby Football Championship. The feat of winning both titles had only been done twice before. In 2014 Mooney was assistant coach at Panasonic with Robbie Deans and again won another Top League title. Mooney returned to Brisbane in 2015 and accepted the role of Director of Rugby at the prestigious Brisbane Grammar School.

## InfoBox

Phil Mooney
| Birth name | Philip Mooney |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1965-01-19) 19 January 1965 |
| Place of birth | Brisbane |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1985–1995 Wests Rugby   ()  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  2000–2002, 12 Wests Rugby  2007–2009 Queensland Reds  2010–2011 Otago  2013 Panasonic Wild Knights | |


title: Pine nut oil

abstract: Pine nut oil, also called pine seed oil or cedar nut oil, is a vegetable oil, extracted from the edible seeds of several species of pine. While the oil produced from the seeds of more common European and American pine varieties is mostly used for culinary purposes, Siberian pines, as well as Korean pines yield the seeds with the highest content of pinolenic acid, as well as antioxidants associated with medicinal uses.

text:
# Pine nut oil

**Pine nut oil**, also called *pine seed oil* or *cedar nut oil*, is a vegetable oil, extracted from the edible seeds of several species of pine. While the oil produced from the seeds of more common European and American pine varieties is mostly used for culinary purposes, Siberian pines (growing in Russia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan), as well as Korean pines (growing mostly in North Korea) yield the seeds with the highest content of pinolenic acid, as well as antioxidants associated with medicinal uses.

## Culinary uses

Pine nut oil has a relatively low smoke point, and is therefore not generally used during cooking. Rather, it is added to foods for "finishing", to add flavor. Pine nut oil is also a useful bread preservative when a small amount is added to the dough.

## Triglyceride composition

One analysis of the triglyceride composition of Siberian pine nut oil showed the following composition:

| Fatty acid | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Linoleic acid | 49.0% ± 2.3 |
| Oleic acid | 23.8% ± 2.1 |
| Pinolenic acid | 17.1% ± 2.0 |
| Palmitic acid | 6.3% ± 2.2 |
| Stearic acid | 2.5% ± 0.1 |