title: Madame Sul-Te-Wan

abstract: Madame Sul-Te-Wan was the first African-American actress to sign a film contract and be a featured performer. She was an American stage, film and television actress for over 50 years. The daughter of former slaves, she began her career in entertainment touring the East Coast with various theatrical companies and moved to California to become a member of the fledgling film community. She became known as a character actress, appeared in high-profile films such as The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916), and easily navigated the transition to the sound films. In 1986, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.

text:
# Madame Sul-Te-Wan

**Madame Sul-Te-Wan** (born **Nellie Crawford**; March 7, 1873 – February 1, 1959) was the first African-American actress to sign a film contract and be a featured performer. She was an American stage, film and television actress for over 50 years. The daughter of former slaves, she began her career in entertainment touring the East Coast with various theatrical companies and moved to California to become a member of the fledgling film community. She became known as a character actress, appeared in high-profile films such as *The Birth of a Nation* (1915) and *Intolerance* (1916), and easily navigated the transition to the sound films.

In 1986, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.

## Early life

Nellie Crawford was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to former slaves Cleon De Londa and Silas Crawford. Her father left the family early in her life, and her mother became a laundress for Louisville stage actresses. Young Nellie became enchanted by watching the young actresses rehearse when she delivered laundry for her mother. When she was older she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, joined a theatrical company called Three Black Cloaks, and began billing herself as "Creole Nell." She also formed her own theatrical companies and toured the East Coast. After moving to California, Crawford began her film career in uncredited roles in director D. W. Griffith's controversial 1915 drama *Birth of a Nation.* Crawford had allegedly written Griffith a letter of introduction after hearing that Griffith was shooting a film in her Kentucky hometown. Griffith had intended that he would play a rich landowner who spits in the face of a woman who slights him. The scene was cut by the censors but Crawford was hired at $3 a day and this became the first contract for a black woman when she was hired at $25 a week. Sul-Te-Wan had managed to get the role by her extravagant dress which caught Griffith's attention.

In the early 1900s, Crawford married Robert Reed Conley. They had three sons, but Conley abandoned his family when the third boy was only three weeks old. Two of her sons, Odel and Onest Conley, became actors and appeared in several films. Some of these film featured their mother.

When Crawford began using the stage name "Madame Sul-Te-Wan" is unknown; its first appearance on a cast list is in 1931, as the character of Voodoo Sue in *Heaven on Earth*. The origin of the name is also unknown; historian Donald Bogle observed that it suggests a mixed race ancestry, which allowed her to play East Asian, American Indian, Spanish, African and Negro character roles. Bolstering this, *Jet* claimed in 1959 that her father had been "a Hindu manservant", while the 2003 *Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance* noted allegations that her father had been Native Hawaiian.

## Early film career

Following her roles for Griffith, "Madame Sul-Te-Wan" followed up in 1916 with an uncredited role in the Anita Loos-penned drama *The Children Pay* with Lillian Gish and, again uncredited, in 1917 with Gish's sister Dorothy in the Edward Morrissey-directed drama *Stage Struck*.

Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Sul-Te-Wan would establish herself as a publicly recognizable character actress. In 1918 she appeared (uncredited) in *Tarzan of the Apes* as Jane's maid, Esmerelda. She appeared uncredited, most often in "Mammy" roles, alongside such popular actors of the silent film era as Tom Mix, Leatrice Joy, Matt Moore, Mildred Harris, Harry Carey, Robert Harron, and Mae Marsh. She appeared uncredited in the 1927 James W. Horne-directed Buster Keaton comedy *College*, and, uncredited, in the 1929 Erich von Stroheim-directed drama *Queen Kelly*, starring Gloria Swanson.

Sul-Te-Wan transitioned into the talkie era with relative ease and continued to appear uncredited in high-profile films alongside such prominent film actors as Conrad Nagel, Barbara Stanwyck, Fay Wray, Richard Barthelmess, Jane Wyman, Luise Rainer, Melvyn Douglas, Lucille Ball, Veronica Lake and Claudette Colbert. However, as a black woman in the era of segregation, she was consistently limited to appearing in roles as minor characters who were usually convicts, "native women", or domestic servants, such as her uncredited role as a "Native Handmaiden" in the 1933 box-office hit *King Kong*. Despite the motion picture industry's limitations for African-American performers, Sul-Te-Wan worked consistently throughout the 1930s and 1940s.

In 1937, Sul-Te-Wan was cast in her first memorable credited appearance in the role of Tituba in the film *Maid of Salem*, a dramatic retelling of the events surrounding of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The film starred Claudette Colbert, Fred MacMurray, Gale Sondergaard, Pedro de Cordoba, and Louise Dresser and was rather financially successful. Sul-Te-Wan's performance garnered critical praise.

## Later career

On September 12, 1953, a banquet was held at the Hollywood Playground Auditorium by motion picture actors and film personalities to honor Sul-Te-Wan. Among its 200 attendees were Louise Beavers, Rex Ingram, Mae Marsh, Eugene Pallette and Maude Eburne.

In 1954 Sul-Te-Wan appeared uncredited in the Otto Preminger directed African-American themed musical drama *Carmen Jones* opposite Dorothy Dandridge, Harry Belafonte, Diahann Carroll, and Pearl Bailey as Dandridge's grandmother. The film marked a rare departure for Sul-Te-Wan from four decades of predominantly "Mammy" roles. Her pairing with Dandridge spawned the meritless misconception in some that Sul-Te-Wan was Dandridge's actual grandmother; the two women are unrelated.

At age 77, Sul-Te-Wan married for the second time, to German immigrant Anton Ebentheuer. The marriage lasted three years. During the 1950s, while in her 80s, she continued to appear onscreen in a number of well-received films, albeit now mostly in smaller bit parts and often uncredited. Her last screen appearance came in the 1958 Anthony Quinn-directed adventure film *The Buccaneer*, starring Yul Brynner and Charlton Heston.

## Death

On February 1, 1959, Madame Sul-Te-Wan died after suffering a stroke at the age of 85 at the Motion Picture Actors' Home in Woodland Hills, California. She was interred at the Pierce Brothers' Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, Los Angeles County, California.

## Legacy and honors

Sul-Te-Wan was inducted in the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1986.

## Quotes

* "We never did discover the origin of her name. No one was bold enough to ask." – Lillian Gish.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1915 | *The Cause of It All* | Mary – the Hotel Cook |  |
| 1915 | *The Birth of a Nation* | Black woman (Dr. Cameron's taunter) | Uncredited |
| 1916 | *Hoodoo Ann* | Black Cindy | Uncredited |
| 1916 | *Intolerance* | Girl at Marriage Market (Babylonian Story) | Uncredited |
| 1916 | *The Children Pay* |  | Uncredited |
| 1917 | *Stage Struck* |  | Uncredited; also known as *Stagestruck* |
| 1918 | *Old Wives for New* | Viola's Maid | Uncredited |
| 1918 | *Tarzan of the Apes* | Esmeralda (Jane's Maid) | Uncredited |
| 1918 | *Who's Your Father?* | Black Mother | Uncredited |
| 1920 | *Why Change Your Wife?* | Sally's Maid | Uncredited |
| 1922 | *Manslaughter* | Prison Inmate | Uncredited |
| 1924 | *The Lightning Rider* | Mammy |  |
| 1925 | *The Narrow Street* | Easter |  |
| 1925 | *The Golden Bed* | Boarding House Maid | Uncredited |
| 1927 | *College* | Cook | Uncredited |
| 1927 | *Uncle Tom's Cabin* | Slave at Wedding | Uncredited |
| 1929 | *Queen Kelly* | Kali Sana – Aunt's Cook | Uncredited |
| 1929 | *The Carnation Kid* | The Maid | Uncredited |
| 1930 | *Sarah and Son* | Ashmore's Maid | Uncredited |
| 1930 | *The Thoroughbred* | Sacharine | Alternative title: *Riding to Win* |
| 1931 | *The Pagan Lady* | Carla the Servant | Uncredited |
| 1931 | *Heaven on Earth* | Voodoo Sue | Alternative title: *Mississippi* |
| 1932 | *Jungle Mystery* | Native Woman in Stockade | Uncredited |
| 1933 | *Ladies They Talk About* | Prisoner Mustard | Uncredited
Alternative title: *Women in Prison* |
| 1933 | *King Kong* | Native Handmaiden | Uncredited |
| 1934 | *A Modern Hero* | Mme. Azais' Neighbor | Uncredited |
| 1934 | *Operator 13* | Slave at Medicine Show | Uncredited |
| 1934 | *Black Moon* | Ruva |  |
| 1934 | *Imitation of Life* | Black Cook | Uncredited |
| 1935 | *So Red the Rose* | Slave | Uncredited |
| 1936 | *San Francisco* | Earthquake Survivor | Uncredited |
| 1937 | *Maid of Salem* | Tituba |  |
| 1937 | *In Old Chicago* | Hattie | Credited as Madame Sultewan |
| 1938 | *Island in the Sky* | Scrubwoman | Uncredited |
| 1938 | *The Toy Wife* | Eve, a Black Servant | Uncredited
Alternative title: *Frou Frou* |
| 1938 | *The Affairs of Annabel* | Benzedrina, a Convict | Uncredited |
| 1938 | *Kentucky* | Lily |  |
| 1939 | *Tell No Tales* | Jim Alley's mother | Uncredited
Alternative title: *A Hundred to One* |
| 1939 | *Torchy Blane... Playing with Dynamite* | Ruby – Black Convict Woman | Uncredited |
| 1940 | *Safari* | Native Woman |  |
| 1940 | *Maryland* | Naomi | Uncredited |
| 1940 | *Love Thy Neighbor* | Lady McBeth | Uncredited |
| 1941 | *King of the Zombies* | Tahama, the Cook and High Priestess |  |
| 1941 | *Sullivan's Travels* | Church harmonium player | Uncredited |
| 1942 | *Mokey* | Miss Cully, old black woman | Uncredited |
| 1943 | *Revenge of the Zombies* | Mammy Beulah, the housekeeper | Alternative title: *The Corpse Vanished* |
| 1943 | *Thank Your Lucky Stars* | Bit in "Ice Cold Katie" Number | Uncredited |
| 1949 | *Mighty Joe Young* | Young family servant | Uncredited
Alternative title: *Mr. Joseph Young of Africa* |
| 1949 | *The Story of Seabiscuit* | Libby | Uncredited |
| 1954 | *Carmen Jones* | Hagar – Carmen's Grandmother | Uncredited |
| 1955 | *Medic* | Grandma Jorson | Episode: "All My Mothers, All My Fathers" |
| 1957 | *Something of Value* | Midwife | Uncredited
Alternative title: *Africa Ablaze* |
| 1957 | *Band of Angels* | Flower Vendor | Uncredited |
| 1958 | *The Buccaneer* | Good Luck Charm Vendor |  |
| 1958 | *Tarzan and the Trappers* | Witch Woman | (final film role) |
|

**Bibliography**

* *The Ghost Walks: A Chronological History of Blacks in Show Business 1865–1910* by Henry T. Sampson, Scarecrow Press (Metuchen, New Jersey, 1988)
* *Black Women in America An Historical Encyclopedia. Volumes 1 and 2.* Edited by Darlene Clark Hine. 1993, Carlson Publishing Inc., Brooklyn, New York ISBN 0-926019-61-9
* *Black Hollywood, Then and Now*, NPR, February 16, 2005

## InfoBox

| Madame Sul-Te-Wan | |
| --- | --- |
| Madame Sul-Te-Wan in 1919 | |
| Born | Nellie Crawford
(1873-03-07)March 7, 1873
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | February 1, 1959(1959-02-01) (aged 85)
Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, U.S. |
| Resting place | Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery |
| Other names | * Sul-Te-Wan * Madame Sultewan * Madame Wan |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1915–1958 |
| Spouses | *   Robert Reed Conley  (m. 1906, divorced) *   Anton Ebentheuer  (m. 1950; div. 1953) |
| Children | 3, including Onest Conley |


title: William Maitland Woods

abstract: William Maitland Woods was an Anglican clergyman and a military chaplain in Queensland, Australia.

text:
# William Maitland Woods

**William Maitland Woods** (4 January 1864 – 6 February 1927) was an Anglican clergyman and a military chaplain in Queensland, Australia.

## Early life

William Maitland Woods was born on 4 January 1864 in Mayfair, London, England, the son of Alfred Woods, master draper, and his wife Jane (née Damerel). He studied at the City of London School followed by St Mary Hall, Oxford University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1889.

## Religious life

As the first rector of Thursday Island, Woods oversaw the building of the Quetta Memorial Church. He also worked in parishes in Townsville, Cairns, and Dalby. He was rector of St Mary's Anglican Church, Kangaroo Point from 1903 to 1913. He then served at Ariah Park in New South Wales from 1913 to 1915.

While he served as a chaplain in the Queensland Land Forces in 1893, Woods is largely remembered for his services as chaplain during World War I. He transferred to the Australian Imperial Force in August 1915 and served at Gallipoli with the 2nd Brigade, then the 7th Light Horse Regiment. After evacuation to Egypt, Woods was appointed to the staff of Major General Harry Chauvel's ANZAC Mounted Division in July 1916, as Senior Chaplain. Despite his advancing age, he spent long months camped in the desert with the troops, as the campaign in defence of the Suez Canal unfolded, and the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine were retaken. Woods was remembered with affection by the men to whom he ministered as being compassionate, energetic and sure of his purpose.

## Correspondence with Canon David Garland

During his war service, Woods corresponded with fellow Anglican priest David John Garland in Brisbane. Woods wrote from various locations: Gallipoli, Lemnos, Cairo, Ma'adi, Port Said, and other Australian Light Horse camp sites in Egypt, Palestine and on the Sinai Peninsula around the Suez Canal. In the letters he described daily life and conditions in the trenches, the dust, heat and illness, and often expressed admiration for the immense bravery, physical strength and unflappably positive attitude of the Australian soldiers in his care. Many of his letters remarked on his everyday duties as chaplain, as he held services, ministered to the men and performed the unhappy task of burying the fallen. He also described the harshness and the beauty of the desert landscape, and the quiet progress of the long columns of troops as they wound through the sand seeking water or encampment.

Several of the letters from 1915 and 1916 discussed a flag from Gallipoli – the first Australian flag hoisted on the Gallipoli Peninsula after the landing, carried and hoisted by Queenslanders, and given to Woods with the wish that it "be sent to His Grace the Archbishop of Brisbane to be hung in the Cathedral Church of St John". Woods posted the flag to Garland for safekeeping. In November 1918, the Cathedral authorities clarified that the flag was not an official standard but rather taken to Gallipoli as the personal property of some Queensland soldiers.

Both men exchanged news of their families, in particular their sons, who were on active service. Wood's son, Francis Maitland Woods ("Young Mait") served much of the war alongside his father.

As an enthusiastic amateur archaeologist, Woods also wrote to Garland about objects which he and the men found – coins, relics, and most significantly, the Shellal Mosaic. Discovered by troops on 17 April 1917 during the Second Battle of Gaza, this mosaic was eventually shipped to Australia bound for the Australian War Memorial, and Woods was responsible for overseeing its excavation and transportation. In one letter, dated 27 June 1917, he described the "fearful heat" of the excavation, and the "trials and difficulties of getting it so far from Palestine" including negotiation with the Cairo Museum authorities. In other letters he commented on the various ruins and archaeological sites he saw in his travels. In keeping with his religious and historical interests, he often gave informal lectures to the troops about different aspects of the Holy Land, and reported the success of these small ventures to Garland. Because censorship often prevented Woods from revealing his precise location in his letters, he sometimes alluded to his whereabouts by drawing on his knowledge of antiquity, or using biblical references.

The wartime letters ceased in August 1917, with Garland's news that he would be joining Woods in the Middle East.

## Later life

In 1919, Woods was appointed OBE. and returned to Australia. He immediately sailed to join his wife in Fiji where she had nursed during the war, then onto Hawaii, where Woods became the Headmaster of Iolani College for a year, then rector of St Clement's Episcopal Church from 1923.

Woods died on 6 February 1927 in Queen's Hospital, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America from a cerebral tumour. He was survived by his wife, son and daughter.

## Legacy

Following Wood's death in 1926, a bell tower was erected to his memory at St Mary's Anglican Church, Kangaroo Point. The belltower is dedicated to Woods on a plaque and by inscriptions engraved on the bells.

The State Library of Queensland holds the Maitland Woods Papers, which contain around 65 letters between Woods and Garland. The last letter in the collection is from Woods to Garland, dated 19 May 1926.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article incorporates text from The Reverend William Maitland Woods – Army Chaplain A.I.F. (8 May 2014) by Robyn Hamilton published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 10 February 2016.

## Further reading

* "Maitland Woods Memorial Records, 1927–1929". *State Library of Queensland*. 1927. The papers consist of a report and balance sheet, 1929, of the Maitland Woods Memorial Committee; newspaper cuttings and correspondence relating to the erection of the Maitland Woods Memorial at St Mary's Church, Kangaroo Point.


title: Lisa Caldon

abstract: Lisa J. M. Caldon is a British professor and clinical lecturer specialising in oncology. In her 20 year career, Caldon has published some 20 papers in the field of medicine. These have appeared in some of the top medical and peer-reviewed journals in Britain and abroad, including Medical Education, the European Journal of Cancer, the British Journal of Surgery, Patient Education and Counseling, Psycho-Oncology, Future Oncology, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, and The Lancet Oncology. Caldon has worked at The University of Sheffield and with Cancer Research UK.

text:
# Lisa Caldon

**Lisa J. M. Caldon** (born 1968) is a British professor and clinical lecturer specialising in oncology. In her 20 year career, Caldon has published some 20 papers in the field of medicine. These have appeared in some of the top medical and peer-reviewed journals in Britain and abroad, including *Medical Education*, the *European Journal of Cancer*, the *British Journal of Surgery*, *Patient Education and Counseling*, *Psycho-Oncology*, *Future Oncology*, *BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making*, and *The Lancet Oncology*. Caldon has worked at The University of Sheffield and with Cancer Research UK.

## Career

From August 2002 to October 2008, Caldon worked as a clinical lecturer at Cancer Research UK, teaching others about the psychosocial aspects of cancer. Since October 2010, she has worked as a clinical lecturer and senior registrar at Sheffield University.

In 2016, Caldon collaborated with a team of medical specialists in publishing the fifth edition of *Churchill's Pocketbook of Surgery*, which was written to "deliver a concise and didactic account of the essential features of all common surgical disorders." Much of her work was in assessing breast cancer.

Caldon is a member of the Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons.

## Publications

* *Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate implant-based breast reconstruction with and without mesh (iBRA): a multicentre, prospective cohort study* (The Lancet Oncology, February 2019)
* *Efficient development and usability testing of decision support interventions for older women with breast cancer* (Patient Preference and Adherence, January 2019)
* *Understanding older women’s decision making and coping in the context of breast cancer treatment* (BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, June 2015)
* *The use of Titanium mesh (TiLOOP) in immediate breast reconstruction; low cost, low complications* (European journal of surgical oncology: the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology, June 2015)
* *The development of a decision support intervention for older women with a choice of surgery or primary endocrine therapy to treat breast cancer* (Future Oncology, January 2015)
* *The Information and decision support needs of older women (\>75 yrs) facing treatment choices for breast cancer: A qualitative study* (Psycho-Oncology, December 2014)
* *Information Needs of Older Women Faced with a Choice of Primary Endocrine Therapy or Surgery for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Literature Review* (Current Breast Cancer Reports, September 2014)
* *Theory based analysis of the effects of decision aids for surgery in early stage breast cancer: a systematic review* (with co-author Glyn Elwyn) (European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare, September 2013)
* *Increasing readiness to decide and strengthening behavioral intentions: Evaluating the impact of a web-based patient decision aid for breast cancer treatment options* (with co-author Glyn Elwyn) (Patient Education and Counseling, April 2012)
* *Why do hospital mastectomy rates vary? Differences in the decision-making experiences of women with breast cancer* (with co-author Sam Ahmedzai) (British Journal of Cancer, May 2011)
* *Clinicians' concerns about decision support interventions for patients facing breast cancer surgery options: understanding the challenge of implementing shared decision-making* (with co-author Glyn Elwyn) (Health Expectations, October 2010)
* *Consumers as researchers – innovative experiences in UK National Health Service Research* (International IJC, August 2010)
* *Changing trends in the decision-making preferences of women with early breast cancer* (British Journal of Surgery, March 2008)
* *What influences clinicians’ operative preferences for women with breast cancer? An application of the discrete choice experiment* (European Journal of Cancer, August 2007)
* *Case-mix fails to explain variation in mastectomy rates: management of screen-detected breast cancer in a UK region 1997-2003* (British Journal of Cancer, February 2005)
* *Case-mix fails to explain variation in mastectomy rates: management of screen-detected breast cancer in a UK region 1997-2003* (British Journal of Cancer, January 2005)
* *Selecting performance assessment methods* (Medical Education, November 2002)
* *Is insight important? Measuring the capacity to change* (Medical Education, November 2002)
* *Is insight important? measuring capacity to change performance.* (Medical Education, January 2002)
* *Changing patterns of surgery: The trent breast screening program 1997-2000* (European journal of cancer, September 2001)

## InfoBox

| ProfessorLisa J. M. CaldonMBChB FRCS | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1968
England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupations | * Professor * clinical lecturer * senior registrar * oncologist * surgeon |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Leicester (1987–1992)
University of Sheffield |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Cancer Research UK (2002–2008)
University of Sheffield (2010–2014) |
| Main interests | Medicine, Oncology, Psycho-oncology, Breast cancer |
|  | |


title: Trichoplites albimaculosa

abstract: Trichoplites albimaculosa is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1978. It is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Trichoplites albimaculosa

***Trichoplites albimaculosa*** is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1978. It is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplites albimaculosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Trichoplites* |
| Species: | ***T. albimaculosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichoplites albimaculosa***<br>Inoue, 1978 | |
|


title: Mirror Blue

abstract: Mirror Blue is the eighth studio album by Richard Thompson, released in 1994. The follow-up to 1991's successful Rumor and Sigh was recorded in January 1993 with Mitchell Froom once again in the producer’s chair. Despite the increase in sales for his previous two albums, Mirror Blue was held back. The delay was partly due to changes at the top at Capitol Records which saw long time Thompson fan and supporter Hale Milgrim being replaced by Gary Gersh. When the album was eventually released it did not enjoy the record company support given to Thompson’s previous releases on Capitol. Critical response to the album was centered on the production, especially the unusual treatment of the drums. Thompson: "I thought it was a sort of deconstruction of the rock rhythm section... It was a radical record – and a brave record – it was off the back of the records Mitchell had done with Suzanne Vega and Los Lobos and the couple of records [engineer] Tchad Blake had done with Tom Waits. All of which I thought were terrific records and they all had a kind of character to them – a sound that was really trying to strip away some clichés, like why have a snare drum, why the backbeat? And just looking at the song and seeing what does the song need, what’s going to work?" Despite the critical backlash and the poor sales, some of the songs on the album have become concert staples and favourites of Thompson’s fans. In particular "Beeswing" – a tale about a travelling girl and the prices that she and the young man who falls in love with her pay for the choices they make – has come to be regarded as one of Thompson’s very best compositions. He revealed in his autobiography “Beeswing: Finding My Way and Losing My Voice” that the female protagonist is based on the English folksinger Anne Briggs, whom Thompson did not know personally but had heard many stories of from their mutual close friend Sandy Denny. On March 10, 2009, "The Way That It Shows" was released as a downloadable song for the video game Rock Band 2. Guitar World placed Mirror Blue at number 40 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list.

text:
# Mirror Blue

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***Mirror Blue*** is the eighth studio album by Richard Thompson, released in 1994.

The follow-up to 1991's successful *Rumor and Sigh* was recorded in January 1993 with Mitchell Froom once again in the producer’s chair. Despite the increase in sales for his previous two albums, *Mirror Blue* was held back. The delay was partly due to changes at the top at Capitol Records which saw long time Thompson fan and supporter Hale Milgrim being replaced by Gary Gersh.

When the album was eventually released it did not enjoy the record company support given to Thompson’s previous releases on Capitol.

Critical response to the album was centered on the production, especially the unusual treatment of the drums.

Thompson: "I thought it was a sort of deconstruction of the rock rhythm section... It was a radical record – and a brave record – it was off the back of the records Mitchell had done with Suzanne Vega and Los Lobos and the couple of records \[engineer\] Tchad Blake had done with Tom Waits. All of which I thought were terrific records and they all had a kind of character to them – a sound that was really trying to strip away some clichés, like why have a snare drum, why the backbeat? And just looking at the song and seeing what does the song need, what’s going to work?"

Despite the critical backlash and the poor sales, some of the songs on the album have become concert staples and favourites of Thompson’s fans. In particular "Beeswing" – a tale about a travelling girl and the prices that she and the young man who falls in love with her pay for the choices they make – has come to be regarded as one of Thompson’s very best compositions. He revealed in his autobiography “Beeswing: Finding My Way and Losing My Voice” that the female protagonist is based on the English folksinger Anne Briggs, whom Thompson did not know personally but had heard many stories of from their mutual close friend Sandy Denny.

On March 10, 2009, "The Way That It Shows" was released as a downloadable song for the video game *Rock Band 2*.

*Guitar World* placed *Mirror Blue* at number 40 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list.

## Track listing

All songs written by Richard Thompson.

1. "For the Sake of Mary" – 4:19
2. "I Can’t Wake Up to Save my Life" – 3:11
3. "MGB-GT" – 3:35
4. "The Way That it Shows" – 6:08
5. "Easy There, Steady Now" – 4:43
6. "King of Bohemia" – 3:42
7. "Shane and Dixie" – 4:05
8. "Mingus Eyes" – 4:47
9. "I Ride in Your Slipstream" – 4:06
10. "Beeswing" – 5:30
11. "Fast Food" – 2:44
12. "Mascara Tears" – 3:36
13. "Taking my Business Elsewhere" – 4:28

## Personnel

## Further reading

* *Richard Thompson – The Biography* by Patrick Humphries. Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864752-1
* *The Great Valerio* by Dave Smith

## InfoBox

| Mirror Blue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Richard Thompson | |
| Released | January 1994 |
| Recorded | January 1993 |
| Studio | The Sound Factory, Los Angeles and RAK Studios, London |
| Genre | Folk rock, alternative rock |
| Length | 55:11 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Mitchell Froom |
| Richard Thompson chronology | |
| *Watching The Dark*
(1993) ***Mirror Blue***
(1994) *Live at Crawley*
(1995) | |


title: Random testing

abstract: Random testing is a black-box software testing technique where programs are tested by generating random, independent inputs. Results of the output are compared against software specifications to verify that the test output is pass or fail. In case of absence of specifications the exceptions of the language are used which means if an exception arises during test execution then it means there is a fault in the program, it is also used as a way to avoid biased testing.

text:
# Random testing

**Random testing** is a black-box software testing technique where programs are tested by generating random, independent inputs. Results of the output are compared against software specifications to verify that the test output is pass or fail. In case of absence of specifications the exceptions of the language are used which means if an exception arises during test execution then it means there is a fault in the program, it is also used as a way to avoid biased testing.

## History of random testing

Random testing for hardware was first examined by Melvin Breuer in 1971 and initial effort to evaluate its effectiveness was done by Pratima and Vishwani Agrawal in 1975.

In software, Duran and Ntafos had examined random testing in 1984.

The use of hypothesis testing as a theoretical basis for random testing was described by Howden in *Functional Testing and Analysis*. The book also contained the development of a simple formula for estimating the number of tests *n* that are needed to have confidence at least 1-1/*n* in a failure rate of no larger than 1/n. The formula is the lower bound *n*log*n*, which indicates the large number of failure-free tests needed to have even modest confidence in a modest failure rate bound.

## Overview

Consider the following C++ function:

```
int myAbs(int x) {
    if (x > 0) {
        return x;
    }
    else {
        return x; // bug: should be '-x'
    }
}

```

Now the random tests for this function could be {123, 36, -35, 48, 0}. Only the value '-35' triggers the bug. If there is no reference implementation to check the result, the bug still could go unnoticed. However, an assertion could be added to check the results, like:

```
void testAbs(int n) {
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
        int x = getRandomInput();
        int result = myAbs(x);
        assert(result >= 0);
    }
}

```

The reference implementation is sometimes available, e.g. when implementing a simple algorithm in a much more complex way for better performance. For example, to test an implementation of the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm, the standard "\*" operation on integers can be used:

```
int getRandomInput() {
    // …
}

void testFastMultiplication(int n) {
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
        long x = getRandomInput();
        long y = getRandomInput();
        long result = fastMultiplication(x, y);
        assert(x * y == result);
    }
}

```

While this example is limited to simple types (for which a simple random generator can be used), tools targeting object-oriented languages typically explore the program to test and find generators (constructors or methods returning objects of that type) and call them using random inputs (either themselves generated the same way or generated using a pseudo-random generator if possible). Such approaches then maintain a pool of randomly generated objects and use a probability for either reusing a generated object or creating a new one.

## On randomness

According to the seminal paper on random testing by D. Hamlet

> \[..\] the technical, mathematical meaning of "random testing" refers to an explicit lack of "system" in the choice of test data, so that there is no correlation among different tests.

## Strengths and weaknesses

Random testing is praised for the following strengths:

* It is cheap to use: it does not need to be smart about the program under test.
* It does not have any bias: unlike manual testing, it does not overlook bugs because there is misplaced trust in some code.
* It is quick to find bug candidates: it typically takes a couple of minutes to perform a testing session.
* If software is properly specified: it finds real bugs.

The following weaknesses have been described :

* It only finds basic bugs (e.g. null pointer dereferencing).
* It is only as precise as the specification and specifications are typically imprecise.
* It compares poorly with other techniques to find bugs (e.g. static program analysis).
* If different inputs are randomly selected on each test run, this can create problems for continuous integration because the same tests will pass or fail randomly.
* Some argue that it would be better to thoughtfully cover all relevant cases with manually constructed tests in a white-box fashion, than to rely on randomness.
* It may require a very large number of tests for modest levels of confidence in modest failure rates. For example, it will require 459 failure-free tests to have at least 99% confidence that the probability of failure is less than 1/100.

## Types of random testing

### With respect to the input

* Random input sequence generation (i.e. a sequence of method calls)
* Random sequence of data inputs (sometimes called stochastic testing) - e.g. a random sequence of method calls
* Random data selection from existing database

### Guided vs. unguided

* undirected random test generation - with no heuristics to guide its search
* directed random test generation - e.g. "feedback-directed random test generation" and "adaptive random testing"

## Implementations

Some tools implementing random testing:

* QuickCheck \- a famous test tool, originally developed for Haskell but ported to many other languages, that generates random sequences of API calls based on a model and verifies system properties that should hold true after each run.
* Randoop - generates sequences of methods and constructor invocations for the classes under test and creates JUnit tests from these
* Simulant - a Clojure tool that runs simulations of various agents (e.g. users with different behavioral profiles) based on a statistical model of their behavior, recording all the actions and results into a database for later exploration and verification
* AutoTest - a tool integrated to EiffelStudio testing automatically Eiffel code with contracts based on the eponymous research prototype.·
* York Extensible Testing Infrastructure (YETI) - a language agnostic tool which targets various programming languages (Java, JML, CoFoJa, .NET, C, Kermeta).
* GramTest - a grammar based random testing tool written in Java, it uses BNF notation to specify input grammars.

## Critique

> Random testing has only a specialized niche in practice, mostly because an effective oracle is seldom available, but also because of difficulties with the operational profile and with generation of pseudorandom input values.

A test oracle is an instrument for verifying whether the outcomes match the program specification or not. An operation profile is knowledge about usage patterns of the program and thus which parts are more important.

For programming languages and platforms which have contracts (e.g. Eiffel. .NET or various extensions of Java like JML, CoFoJa...) contracts act as natural oracles and the approach has been applied successfully. In particular, random testing finds more bugs than manual inspections or user reports (albeit different ones).


title: Ram Shankar Katheria

abstract: Ram Shankar Katheria, is an Indian politician and former chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes. He is a member of the 17th Lok Sabha of India representing Etawah constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He represented the Agra constituency of Uttar Pradesh previously. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a Minister of State in the Human Resource Development Ministry till 6 July 2016.

text:
# Ram Shankar Katheria

**Ram Shankar Katheria** (born 21 September 1964), is an Indian politician and former chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes. He is a member of the 17th Lok Sabha of India representing Etawah constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He represented the Agra constituency of Uttar Pradesh previously. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a Minister of State in the Human Resource Development Ministry till 6 July 2016.

## Life

Katheria was born in Nagriya Sarawa village, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh on 21 September 1964 to Sone Lal and Shanti Devi. He spent his early years at the local Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) unit, which also facilitated his education. He holds PhD from Kanpur University. He worked as a pracharak of the RSS in Agra for 13 years.

Before joining politics, he was a Professor of Hindi at the Agra University where he has taught *Dalit Chetna* (Dalit upliftment) and wrote several books on the subject.

On 17 February 2001, he married Mridula Katheri, with whom he has two sons and one daughter.

## Political career

Katheria was appointed as a National General-Secretary of the BJP in August 2014 and, in October, he was made in charge of the Chhattisgarh and Punjab states. However, in his November cabinet expansion, Narendra Modi inducted Katheria as a Minister of State in the Human Resource Development Ministry, where he served till 6 July 2016.

| # | From | To | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 2009 | 2014 | Member, 15th Lok Sabha |
| 02 | 2009 | 2014 | Member, Committee on Urban Development |
| 03 | 2009 | 2014 | Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table |
| 04 | 2009 | 2014 | Member, Committee on Petitions |
| 05 | 2009 | 2014 | Member, Consultative Committee on Rural Development |
| 06 | 2017 | 2020 | Chair, National Commission for Scheduled Castes |
|

## Controversies

Katheria has been charged with forging two of his degree mark-sheets (for BA and MA) allegedly to secure a job at the Agra University. The case is being heard in an Agra court. Katheria has also listed 20 other pending cases against him in his election affidavit.

## Publications

Katheria has written four books.

## InfoBox

| Ram Shankar Katheria | |
| --- | --- |
| Ram Shankar Katheria in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes | |
| **In office**
31 May 2017   30 May 2020 | |
| Preceded by | P. L. Punia |
| Succeeded by | Vijay Sampla |
| Minister of State for Human Resource Development | |
| **In office**
26 May 2014  5 July 2016 | |
| Prime Minister | Narendra Modi |
| Preceded by | Shashi Tharoor |
| Succeeded by | Mahendra Nath Pandey |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
23 May 2019–June 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Ashok Kumar Doharey |
| Succeeded by | Jitendra Dohre |
| Constituency | Etawah |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
16 May 2009  23 May 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Raj Babbar |
| Succeeded by | S.P. Singh Baghel |
| Constituency | Agra |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1964-09-21) 21 September 1964
Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Citizenship | India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) |
| Spouse | Mridula Katheria (m. 2001) |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence(s) | Agra and New Delhi |
| Alma mater | Kanpur University |
| Profession | Professor, Politician |
| Committees | Member of four committees |
|  | |


title: Maiestas albofasciata

abstract: Maiestas albofasciata is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to India. It was formerly placed within Recilia, but a 2009 revision moved it to Maiestas.

text:
# Maiestas albofasciata

***Maiestas albofasciata*** is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to India. It was formerly placed within *Recilia*, but a 2009 revision moved it to *Maiestas*.

## InfoBox

| *Maiestas albofasciata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Family: | Cicadellidae |
| Genus: | *Maiestas* |
| Species: | ***M. albofasciata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maiestas albofasciata***<br>(Dash & Viraktamath, 1998) | |
|


title: Francavilla d'Ete

abstract: Francavilla d'Ete is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Ancona and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno. Francavilla d'Ete borders the following municipalities: Corridonia, Fermo, Mogliano, Monte San Pietrangeli, Montegiorgio.

text:
# Francavilla d'Ete

**Francavilla d'Ete** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Ancona and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno.

Francavilla d'Ete borders the following municipalities: Corridonia, Fermo, Mogliano, Monte San Pietrangeli, Montegiorgio.

## InfoBox

| Francavilla d'Ete | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Francavilla d'Ete | |
|  | |
| Location of Francavilla d'Ete | |
| Francavilla d'EteLocation of Francavilla d'Ete in ItalyFrancavilla d'EteFrancavilla d'Ete (Marche) | |
| Coordinates: 43°11′N 13°32′E / 43.183°N 13.533°E / 43.183; 13.533 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Marche |
| Province | Fermo |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Nicolino Carolini |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.2 km2 (3.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 224 m (735 ft) |
| Population (31 March 2017) | |
| Total | 953 |
| Density | 93/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Francavillesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 63020 |
| Dialing code | 0734 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mademoiselle Has Fun

abstract: Mademoiselle Has Fun is a 1948 French comedy film directed by Jean Boyer and starring Ray Ventura, Giselle Pascal and Bernard Lancret. It was shot at the Photosonor Studios in Paris. The films sets were designed by the art director Jacques Colombier. It portrays the adventures of an American heiress in France.

text:
# Mademoiselle Has Fun

***Mademoiselle Has Fun*** (French: ***Mademoiselle s'amuse***) is a 1948 French comedy film directed by Jean Boyer and starring Ray Ventura, Giselle Pascal and Bernard Lancret. It was shot at the Photosonor Studios in Paris. The films sets were designed by the art director Jacques Colombier. It portrays the adventures of an American heiress in France.

## Synopsis

Christine a spoilt American heiress is asked by her father what she wants for his birthday and is told she wants Ray Ventura and his orchestra to perform for her. They are hired to accompany her on all her activities that day but soon grow frustrated by her whims.

## Cast

1. Rège p.140

## Bibliography

* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Mademoiselle Has Fun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jean Boyer |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Jean Darvey |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Charles Suin |
| Edited by | Franchette Mazin |
| Music by | Paul Misraki |
| Production<br>company | Hoche Productions |
| Distributed by | Les Films Corona |
| Release date | * 30 January 1948 (1948-01-30) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: William R. Bateman House

abstract: The William R. Bateman House is a historic house located at 148 Monroe Road in Quincy, Massachusetts.

text:
# William R. Bateman House

The **William R. Bateman House** is a historic house located at 148 Monroe Road in Quincy, Massachusetts.

## Description and history

The 2+12-story, wood-framed house was built in the 1890s for William Bateman, Boston-based wool dealer. The large Queen Anne style house is located in President's Hill, at that time a fashionable neighborhood for upper-class local and Boston businessmen. The house as a complex roofline and massing, and its first floor and porch are built out of fieldstone, a rare use of the material in the area.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William R. Bateman House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 148 Monroe Rd.,<br>Quincy, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°15′6″N 71°0′30.3″W / 42.25167°N 71.008417°W / 42.25167; -71.008417 |
| Built | 1890 |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| MPS | Quincy MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001359 |
| Added to NRHP | September 20, 1989 |


title: Lincoln Unitarian Chapel

abstract: The Lincoln Unitarian Chapel is an active Grade II listed Unitarian church in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It is one of the oldest active churches in the city being founded as early as 1662. The current building was built in 1725; before that the congregation met at John Disney's house. The building was a Presbyterian chapel from 1725 to 1792, a Calvinistic Methodist chapel from 1792 to 1803, a Nonconformist chapel from 1803 to 1837, and has been a Unitarian chapel since 1837.

text:
# Lincoln Unitarian Chapel

The **Lincoln Unitarian Chapel** is an active Grade II listed Unitarian church in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It is one of the oldest active churches in the city being founded as early as 1662. The current building was built in 1725; before that the congregation met at John Disney's house.

The building was a Presbyterian chapel from 1725 to 1792, a Calvinistic Methodist chapel from 1792 to 1803, a Nonconformist chapel from 1803 to 1837, and has been a Unitarian chapel since 1837.

## InfoBox

| Lincoln Unitarian Chapel | |
| --- | --- |
| Lincoln Unitarian Chapel, Lincoln | |
|  | |
| 53°13′22″N 0°32′37″W / 53.2228°N 0.5435°W / 53.2228; -0.5435 | |
| Location | High Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Unitarian |
| Website | lincolnunitarians.org.uk |
| History | |
| Status | Active |
| Founded | 1725 |
| Dedication | Unitarian Church |
| Dedicated | 1837 |
| Consecrated | 1725 |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Heritage designation | Grade II listed |
| Designated | 1973 |
| Architectural type | Gothic Revival |
| Style | Jacobean Revival |
| Completed | 1974 |


title: Vanessa Leggett

abstract: Vanessa Leggett is an American freelance journalist and lecturer who was jailed by the U.S. Justice Department for 168 days for protecting sources and research notes for an independent book about a federal murder-for-hire case. At the time, it was the longest contempt-of-court imprisonment of a journalist in United States history for protecting sources. Leggett holds the record for serving the most time for protecting source material and without providing that material to negotiate a release from prison.

text:
# Vanessa Leggett

**Vanessa Leggett** (née **Levrier**; born May 18, 1968) is an American freelance journalist and lecturer who was jailed by the U.S. Justice Department for 168 days for protecting sources and research notes for an independent book about a federal murder-for-hire case. At the time, it was the longest contempt-of-court imprisonment of a journalist in United States history for protecting sources. Leggett holds the record for serving the most time for protecting source material and without providing that material to negotiate a release from prison.

## Early life and education

Leggett, the daughter of a Houston oil trader, earned her bachelor's degree in English and a master's degree in liberal arts from the University of St. Thomas (Texas).

## Case history

In April 1997, the body of Houston, Texas, socialite Doris Angleton was discovered in her home. She died from 13 gunshot wounds to her face and chest. At the time of the death, her twin daughters and husband, Robert Angleton, a millionaire and former bookie, were at a softball game.

Leggett researched the case for five years. In 1998, during a series of jailhouse interviews of Roger Angleton, a suspect in a murder-for-hire plot, Leggett compiled notes and hours of audio tape that reportedly detailed how Roger's brother Robert hired him to murder his brother's wife Doris. The interviews occurred just before Roger's suicide in his Harris County jail cell and before Robert's trial.

On June 19, 2001, U.S. District Judge Melinda Harmon ordered Leggett to appear in court the next day with her notes and tapes for a book she was researching about the murder. The order was in response to a grand jury that had convened to investigate the possibility of filing federal murder charges against the victim's husband, Robert Angleton. Leggett, appearing in court on June 20, 2001, refused to turn over her notes, citing freedom of the press. She was then held in civil contempt of court and jailed by the U.S. Justice Department for refusing to turn over her notes. Numerous news organizations and others championed Leggett's case, advocating that the public interest requires protecting journalists in Leggett's position. *The New York Times* called Leggett's incarceration "a brazen assault on 1st Amendment values and the public interest in a free press."

Leggett appealed her case in 2001 to the United States Supreme Court. The Center for Individual Freedom filed an amicus brief in support of Leggett's petition asking the U.S. Supreme Court to hear her case. The center also contributed to her legal defense fund. In addition, the Society of Professional Journalists, through its Legal Defense Fund, paid half of Leggett's legal expenses. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case.

Leggett gave a prison interview for the Fall 2001 issue of *The News Media & The Law* and told the magazine she did not know at that point how long she would remain incarcerated.

A couple of months later she was released from federal custody, on January 4, 2002, after serving the maximum sentence, from the Houston Federal Detention Center after 168 days of incarceration on the civil contempt charge when the federal grand jury completed its term. Leggett said to reporters as she walked out of jail, "This is not so much about me. It's about the public's right to a free and independent press."

After her release, Leggett, appearing on the *Charlie Rose* show in April 2004, said, "(My sources) had taken a chance by cooperating with me and giving me information and trusting me with that information. And I felt obligated to honor that. When I realized that underlying this was an assault on the 1st Amendment, it became something much larger than just my sources or just my book. It was about protecting the free flow of information to the public."

## Career

From 1995 to 2016 Leggett taught criminology, as well literature and writing courses, at the University of Houston-Downtown, as a faculty member for the Department of English as well as for the university's Criminal Justice Training Center, where she taught Texas police recruits and lectured veteran homicide investigators.

Leggett signed a book contract in 2002 with Crown Publishing, a division of Random House, about the Angleton murder for a reported $600,000 advance.

### Criminal justice lecturer

In 2002, she headlined with journalist Bob Woodward at the 23rd Annual Washington Writers Conference held at the National Press Club. At the same event, Leggett was given the Washington Independent Writers' President's Award. In addition, the Washington Independent Writers' Legal and Educational Fund presented Leggett with a $1,000 check for her stand in support of the First Amendment.

She also lectured at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police; the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine; and the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement.

She gave the keynote address at the Institute for Ethics and Journalism's 2007 conference, which was sponsored by the Knight Foundation's Program in Journalism Ethics and Washington and Lee University's department of journalism and mass communications. In 2015, she sat on the First Amendment Advocacy panel at the National Press Club and discussed the need for stronger legal protections for journalists. And in 2016, she gave a presentation at the International Academy of Investigative Psychology's annual conference at John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

She has also given talks to the New York City Bar Association and the FBI Academy's Behavioral Science Unit.

### Awards

* The University of Oregon in 2002 awarded Leggett the Ancil Payne Award.
* Washington Independent Writers gave her the President's Award in 2002.
* The PEN American Center awarded her the 2002 PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award, with one judge stating that her case was "especially inspiring" because she "fought her battle without the backing of a newspaper or media organization." Leggett, in her acceptance remarks, said, "Having been confined to a place where civil rights are contemptuously regarded as 'legal loopholes' or antiquated nuisances, I can't tell you how good it feels to be in the company of those who not only respect the First Amendment, but actively work to defend free expression and give it life in their art."
* The Society of Professional Journalists awarded Leggett its 2002 First Amendment Award for refusing to turn over her notes to authorities.
* Leggett received the Newspaper Guild's first Herblock Freedom Award in 2002.
* The University of Arizona School of Journalism gave her the 2003 John Peter and Anna Catherine Zenger Award for Press Freedom.
* The Freedom of Information Foundation of Texas presented Leggett with its 2002 James Madison Award.

### Published works

#### Books

The FBI Academy, U.S. Department of Justice, released two books by Leggett, *The Varieties of Homicide and its Research*, published in 1999, and *The Diversity of Homicide*, co-authored by Leggett with Paul Blackman and John Jarvis, published in 2000.

#### Articles

While in custody, Leggett continued her career as a freelance writer with an article for *Newsweek*, headlined "My Principles Have Landed Me in Jail," which was published in the magazine's September 2001 edition.

She wrote a *Texas Monthly* article for its July 2002 issue titled "Doing Time" about her five-and-a-half months spent behind bars at the Federal Detention Center in Houston. The article appeared in *Texas Monthly'*s crime issue, which received the 2003 general excellence award from National Magazine Awards.

She wrote two editorial pieces for the *Houston Chronicle*, titled "Down the Slippery Slope to Newspeak" published in 2004, and "Rosenthal Deserved Jail Time" published in 2008.

In 2015, Leggett had an exclusive interview with then-accused serial killer Robert Durst, after Durst contacted her via social media and invited her to lunch, which culminated in a feature story for *Esquire* magazine titled "My Lunch with Robert Durst."

## Personal life

She is married to Doak Leggett.

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Leggett | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vanessa Levrier
(1968-05-18) May 18, 1968
Houston, Texas, United States |
| Occupation |  |
| Language | English |
| Education | Bachelor's degree
Master's degree |
| Alma mater | University of St. Thomas |
| Genre | Narrative nonfiction
True crime |
| Literary movement | Jailed for not revealing sources |
| Notable awards | President's Award
Ancil Payne Award
PEN/Newman's Own
SPJ 1st Amendment
Zenger Award
Herb Block Freedom Award |
| Spouse | Doak Leggett |


title: Treaty of Frankfurt (1539)

abstract: The Treaty of Frankfurt, also known as the Truce of Frankfurt, was a formal agreement of peace between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Protestants on 19 April 1539. The parties met at Frankfurt-on-the-Main, and the Lutherans were represented by Philip Melanchthon. The treaty stated that the emperor would not take any violent actions against the Protestants, who had formed an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League, for fifteen months starting 1 May; during this time both parties could try to resolve the differences in their confessions. As a result of this peace, the Schmalkaldic League lost the protection of France.

text:
# Treaty of Frankfurt (1539)

The **Treaty of Frankfurt**, also known as the **Truce of Frankfurt**, was a formal agreement of peace between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Protestants on 19 April 1539. The parties met at Frankfurt-on-the-Main, and the Lutherans were represented by Philip Melanchthon. The treaty stated that the emperor would not take any violent actions against the Protestants, who had formed an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League, for fifteen months starting 1 May; during this time both parties could try to resolve the differences in their confessions. As a result of this peace, the Schmalkaldic League lost the protection of France.

## Bibliography

* Armstrong, Edward (1902). *The Emperor Charles V*. Macmillan.
* Hagenbach, Karl Rudolph (1879). *History of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland*. trans. Evelina Moore.
* Smith, Henry Preserved (1920). *The Age of the Reformation*. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
* Smith, Henry Preserved (1914). *The Life and Letters of Martin Luther*. Houghton Mifflin company.


title: Miss Hickory

abstract: Miss Hickory is a 1946 novel by Carolyn Sherwin Bailey that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1947.

text:
# Miss Hickory

***Miss Hickory*** is a 1946 novel by Carolyn Sherwin Bailey that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1947.

## Plot introduction

The protagonist is Miss Hickory, a doll made from a forked twig from an apple tree and a hickory nut for her head (hence her name). She lives in a tiny doll house made of corncobs outside the home of her human owners. Her world is shaken when the family decides to spend the winter in Boston, Massachusetts, but leave her behind. Miss Hickory is aided during the long cold winter by several farm and forest animals. Prickly and a little stubborn, she slowly learns to accept help from others, and to offer some assistance herself.

## InfoBox

Miss Hickory
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Carolyn Sherwin Bailey |
| Illustrator | Ruth Chrisman Gannett |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's novel |
| Publisher | Viking Press |
| Publication date | 1946 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 124 pp |


title: Rantala

abstract: Rantala is a Finnish surname.

text:
# Rantala

**Rantala** is a Finnish surname.

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 85.7% of all known bearers of the surname *Rantala* were residents of Finland, 5.1% of the United States, 3.4% in Sweden, 1.1% of Canada and 1.1% of Estonia.

In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:628) in the following regions:

## People

* Rantala incident, 7-year-old child with Russian-Finnish dual citizenship taken by the Finnish social service to a children's shelter in 2010


title: Ram Shankar Lal

abstract: Ram Shankar Lal was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Domariyaganj, Uttar Pradesh as a member of the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Ram Shankar Lal

**Ram Shankar Lal** was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Domariyaganj, Uttar Pradesh as a member of the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Ram Shankar Lal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1957-1962 | |
| Preceded by | Keshav Dev Malviya |
| Succeeded by | Kripa Shanker |
| Constituency | Domariyaganj, Uttar Pradesh |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1902-07-01)1 July 1902
Maghar, United Provinces, British India (present-day  Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Shyam Sundari Devi |
| Source: | |


title: Maestir

abstract: Maestir is a hamlet in the community of Llanwnnen, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 59.9 miles (96.3 km) from Cardiff and 175.5 miles (282.4 km) from London. Maestir is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

text:
# Maestir

**Maestir** is a hamlet in the community of Llanwnnen, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 59.9 miles (96.3 km) from Cardiff and 175.5 miles (282.4 km) from London. Maestir is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

## InfoBox

| Maestir | |
| --- | --- |
| MaestirLocation within Ceredigion | |
| OS grid reference | SN 5537 4944 |
| Cardiff | 59.9 mi (96.4 km) |
| London | 175.5 mi (282.4 km) |
| Community |  |
| Principal area |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Lampeter |
| Postcode district | SA48 |
|  | |
| Police | Dyfed-Powys |
| Fire | Mid and West Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
|


title: Francazal murders

abstract: The Francazal murders were a series of murders perpetrated near the 101 Toulouse-Francazal Air Base by four AWOL paratroopers. Between 30 May and 18 July 1989, they murdered three women and a conservation officer, for which they were later found guilty and received varying terms of imprisonment.

text:
# Francazal murders

The **Francazal murders** (French: *Affaire des paras de Francazal*) were a series of murders perpetrated near the 101 Toulouse-Francazal Air Base by four AWOL paratroopers (Philippe Siauve, Thierry El Borgi, Thierry Jaouen and Franck Feuerstein). Between 30 May and 18 July 1989, they murdered three women and a conservation officer, for which they were later found guilty and received varying terms of imprisonment.

## Crimes

On the evening of 30 May 1989, 23-year-old Isabelle Rabou disappeared near Toulouse; she had been drinking with her friends and slept over at one's house. The next morning, her parents and friends, worried that they hadn't heard from her, went to the Toulouse police station to report her disappearance, as it was unlike her to cease contact like that. An investigation was launched, but no serious leads were uncovered. Not long after, a charred car was found in a field not far from the Francazal Air Base: after examining it, it was declared the car was Rabou's.

Wishing to investigate the base's personnel, the police turned towards the gendarmerie, since ordinary members of law enforcement were barred from entering military bases. After examining the files of every paratrooper stationed at Francazal, the gendarmes found no incriminating evidence, putting the investigation at a standstill.

Then, on the early morning of 3 July, about twenty kilometres from Toulouse, a farmer discovered Isabelle's body buried in a field. The autopsy established that she had been sexually assaulted and promptly beaten to death. Immediately afterwards, the police and gendarmes staked out the Francazal Air Base for several days and nights, but nothing out of the ordinary was observed.

On 13 July, another charred vehicle was found in a field not far from Francazal; when the police made the first inspections, they found two bodies, both belonging to young women. Like Isabelle Rabou, they had been raped and beaten to death. Their identities remained unknown for the time being, but by then, authorities were convinced that the three women had been killed by the same perpetrators, who likely worked at the base. Police and gendarmerie patrols were strengthened, and after reviewing the employee files, investigators realized that two conscripts had recently deserted: Philippe Siauve and Thierry El Borgi, both 20. Arrest warrants were promptly issued for both of them.

In the early morning of 18 July, in Saint-Romain-de-Jalionas, 62-year-old conservation officer Marcel Douzet receiving a warning that some foxes had been seen in the woods; deciding to investigate, he ventured into the forest to see what was going on. Around 9 AM, worried that her father hadn't returned yet, Douzet's daughter called in the gendarmes to help search for him.

Throughout the rest of the day, hundreds of people including local villagers, policemen and an army helicopter set out in search for Marcel. At the end of the afternoon, Douzet's rifle was discovered in a cornfield; in the early evening, his body was eventually recovered deep in the woods.

Siauve and El Borgi, both natives of Saint-Romain-de-Jalionas, were eventually spotted by police in Isère and fled. Both the police and gendarmes rushed after them - after the two fugitives locked themselves in the basement of a house, the police expressly told them to surrender, with both of them complying. They were both arrested and then taken to Crémieu.

After being questioned concerning Douzet's death, Siauve and El Borgi admitted to killing him. They claimed that they had left the previous day from the base, going to Isère to visit Philippe's mother. There, they stole a car, and in the same evening, drove to a local bar and shot at a group of North Africans, before killing two cows in the countryside. Finally, while cruising around the city, they shot at a crowd of Arabs, but failed to cause any fatalities (according to Siauve, they shot at people of Arab origin because he hated "bougnoules"). Early the next morning, they came across Marcel while he was riding his bike. Philippe hurried to engage in conversation with him, while Thierry snuck up behind Douzet and shot him. He then threw Douzet's rifle into the cornfield, before both of them moved his body into the woods.

On 20 July, the two paratroopers were extradited to Toulouse to be questioned about their involvement in the deaths of Rabou and the two girls. When they arrived, Siauve and El Borgi implicated two other accomplices, Thierry Jaoeun and Franck Feuerstein. After their arrests, both men confessed that they had indeed participated in the murders. After investigating their pasts, the authorities determined that all four of the men had tragic childhoods. Siauve's mother had abandoned him at the age of 10, while El Borgi was born as the result of a rape. Before enlisting in the army, they had committed various petty offences as teenagers.

Siauve and El Borgi said that they had killed Rabou with Jaouen's help. On the evening of 31 May, they were wandering around Toulouse, searching for a car they could steal so they could return to the camp. By chance, they spotted Isabelle driving. They took her hostage, and at night, they drove towards Francazal, stopping in a nearby field. There, they beat and took turns raping her, before strangling Rabou to death. The trio then burned the car, and moved Isabelle's corpse to another field twenty kilometres from Francazal.

Afterwards, they explained how they had killed the two teenagers on 13 July. During a leave, they had wanted to go to a nightclub, which was closed so instead they went toward Toulouse, where a fun fair was being held. It was there they came across the two girls (identified as 17-year-old Noria Boussedra and 12-year-old Luisa De Azevedo) they lured the girls into their car and took them to a field. El Borgi started hitting and beating Boussedra, refusing to rape her as she was on her period. After strangling her, Siauve started hitting De Azevedo and raping her, soon after, he strangled and stabbed her in the throat with a knife. Due to the severity of the crimes, the four paratroopers were immediately indicted for four homicides, kidnappings, rapes and torture, and were immediately imprisoned.

## Trial and convictions

The four conscripts' trial began on 15 April 1991. They appeared before the Toulouse Assizes Court, providing no explanation as to what motivated their bloody killing spree. While they expressed some regret over killing the three women, none of them expressed any remorse when it came to Douzet's murder. They were indicted on 130 charges by the juries.

All four defendants received life imprisonment, with a chance of parole after 30 years for Philippe Siuave and Thierry El Borgi, 15 for Thierry Jaouen and 13 for Franck Feuerstein.

## Chronology of incarceration

Thierry Jaouen obtained supervised parole at the end of October 2008.

## Documentaries

* *Bring in the accused*, presented by Christophe Hondelatte, in April 2009 and August 2010, "The Paras of Francazal, a bloody trip", on France 2. (in French)
* *Criminal Investigations: the magazine of various facts*, on March 2, 2011: "The case of the paras of Francazal, a murderous spree", on W9. (in French)

## Radio broadcast

* "The case of the paratroopers of Francazal" (January 20, 2014) in *L'heure du crime*, hosted by Jacques Pradel on RTL.

## InfoBox

| Francazal murders | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder x4 |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment x4 |
| Details | |
| Victims | 4 |
| Span of crimes | May  July 1989 |
| Country | France |
| State(s) | Haute-Garonne, Isère |
| Date apprehended | 18 July 1989 |
|  | |


title: William R. Merz

abstract: William Rhode Merz is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who last served as deputy chief of naval operations for operations, plans and strategy from August 6, 2021 to October 7, 2022.	He previously served as commander of U. S. Seventh Fleet from 2019 to 2021. Merz's aboard assignments include USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19), "Submarine Group Seven" and Task Force 74. As a flag officer, he was assigned to commands at naval mine destroyer ships and anti-submarine warfare command. Later, he was appointed to Task Force 77 stationed at San Diego and TF-54 in Bahrain.

text:
# William R. Merz

**William Rhode Merz** (born March 10, 1963) is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who last served as deputy chief of naval operations for operations, plans and strategy from August 6, 2021 to October 7, 2022. He previously served as commander of U. S. Seventh Fleet from 2019 to 2021.

Merz's aboard assignments include USS *Blue Ridge* (LCC-19), "Submarine Group Seven" and Task Force 74. As a flag officer, he was assigned to commands at naval mine destroyer ships and anti-submarine warfare command. Later, he was appointed to Task Force 77 stationed at San Diego and TF-54 in Bahrain.

## Education

Bill Merz was born in San Diego, California. In 1986, he graduated with merit from the United States Naval Academy, earning a Bachelor of Science Degree in Ocean Engineering. He later earned Master's Degrees from The Catholic University of America and the Naval War College. VADM Merz also completed the MIT seminar XXI program and the University of Virginia "Strategic Thinking" program.

## Career

VADM Merz served as a director during his ashore flag officer assignments, including Naval Undersea Warfare Center for a ballistic missile submarine program *(OPNAV N97)*. Later, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for warfare systems *(DCNO OPNAV N9)*. His submarine design research assignments includes commanding officer of the U.S. naval reactors, chief of staff for the Submarine Force Commander. As a submariner, Merz was assigned to USS *Haddo* in San Diego, USS *Proteus* in Guam, and USS *Boise* in Norfolk. After serving aboard, he was assigned to command the deep-submergence vehicle NR-1, *Los Angeles*-class submarine USS *Memphis* and a submarine squadron.

## Awards and decorations

| Submarine Warfare Officer Insignia | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Navy Distinguished Service Medal with award star | | | | | |
| Defense Superior Service Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster | | Legion of Merit with four award stars | | Meritorious Service Medal with three award stars | |
| Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with award star | | Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with award star | | Joint Meritorious Unit Award | |
| Navy Unit Commendation | | Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation with two bronze service stars | | Navy E Ribbon, 1st award | |
| Navy Expeditionary Medal with bronze service star | | National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star | | Southwest Asia Service Medal with bronze service star | |
| Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal | | Global War on Terrorism Service Medal | | Armed Forces Service Medal | |
| Humanitarian Service Medal | | Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon with one silver and three bronze service stars | | Navy Arctic Service Ribbon | |
| Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon with bronze service star | | Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class | | Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal | |
| Deep Submergence Insignia in gold | | | | | |
| Command at Sea insignia | | | | | |
| Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| William R. Merz | |
| --- | --- |
| Merz in 2019 | |
| Nickname(s) | Bill Merz |
| Born | (1963-03-10) March 10, 1963
San Diego, California |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1986–2022 |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
| Commands | United States Seventh Fleet |
| Awards | Navy Distinguished Service Medal (3)
Defense Superior Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit (5)
Battenberg Cup (Atlantic Fleet) |


title: Lincoln Unified School District

abstract: Lincoln Unified School District is located in Stockton, California and serves more than 9,200 students at 13 "learning centers" throughout the northwestern region of the city.

text:
# Lincoln Unified School District

**Lincoln Unified School District** is located in Stockton, California and serves more than 9,200 students at 13 "learning centers" throughout the northwestern region of the city.

## School Board

Starting with the 2014 elections, there are five trustee voting areas. Trustees serve four-year terms with a two-term limit (effective November 2000).

The Board typically meets the second and fourth Wednesdays of the month. Most regular meetings begin with a closed session of the Board directly following Call to Order. The Board resumes open session at 7:30 p.m. unless otherwise posted. Additional meetings may be called as necessary.

## Schools

The school district encompasses 13 "learning centers", the first of which, named Lincoln Elementary, a one-room country school, opened on the corner of an empty field five miles north of Stockton in 1878 and still exists today, although it has undergone a complete renovation.

The district serves more than 9,200 students with one comprehensive high school, one alternative high schools, an independent learning center (grades 9-12), one middle school (7-8), two elementary schools serving grades K-6, one charter school specializing in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, serving grades TK-8, and six elementary schools serving grades K-8.

### High schools

### Middle schools

* Sierra Middle School (7-8)

### Elementary schools

#### K-8 schools

* Brookside
* Claudia Landeen
* Colonial Heights
* Mable Barron
* Don Riggio
* Tully C. Knoles

#### K-6 schools

* John R. Williams
* Lincoln Elementary

#### Charter Schools

* John McCandless Charter School

### Other Facilities

* Independent Learning Center (9-12)

## InfoBox

| Lincoln Unified School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 2010 West Swain Road Stockton, California, 95207<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | K–12 |
| NCES District ID | 0621690 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 8,939 (2020–2021) |
| Teachers | 409.32 (FTE) |
| Staff | 381.63 (FTE) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 21.84:1 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.lusd.net |


title: Triddana

abstract: Triddana is an Argentinian Celtic power folk metal band formed in 2011, after several members departed from Skiltron. Triddana's music is a fusion of Scottish and Irish folk and powerful pure metal. The name of the band is taken from the Irish word "troideanna", which means "Fights" or "Battles". The current lineup consists of Juan José Fornés, Pablo Allen, Diego Rodríguez (bass) and Pablo Aquino (drums). The band have released four albums since their formation: three studio albums and another one consisting of acoustic versions of their own songs. Since 2016, they have toured Europe every year, thus alternating performances in Argentina and that continent.

text:
# Triddana

**Triddana** is an Argentinian Celtic power folk metal band formed in 2011, after several members departed from Skiltron. Triddana's music is a fusion of Scottish and Irish folk and powerful pure metal. The name of the band is taken from the Irish word "troideanna", which means "Fights" or "Battles". The current lineup consists of Juan José Fornés (vocals and lead guitar), Pablo Allen (bagpipe and whistles), Diego Rodríguez (bass) and Pablo Aquino (drums).

The band have released four albums since their formation: three studio albums and another one consisting of acoustic versions of their own songs. Since 2016, they have toured Europe every year, thus alternating performances in Argentina and that continent.

## History

Triddana was founded in early 2011, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Their music is usually branded as a combination of heavy metal and European Nordic "Celtic music" and/or folk, in that it combines conventional rock instruments with traditional Celtic instruments (Highland bagpipes, Irish tin whistle, etc.). This band's songwriting style is different from most bands also considered folk metal, featuring clean singing and a more melodic sound.

In early 2011 four of the six members of Skiltron announced their departure from the band, after irreconcilable differences with the remaining members. In March of that same year, the band was featured in the FM radio program "Tiempos Violentos", hosted by César Fuentes Rodriguez, where they announced Triddana, simultaneously with the release of their first song "The Beginning". During the course of the following months, they released more songs on their social networks and completed their first official EP (also titled "The Beginning"). Later that year, Ranz joined the band as a drummer. Their first live concert took place a week later in their home city of Buenos Aires, at the "Asbury Rock" venue on 10 March. After their live debut, they concentrated on the production of their first album, "Ripe for Rebellion". The album's release concert took place in Salón Reducci on 8 December 2012, which was positively reviewed by media from different parts of the world. In April 2013, the band performed at "The Roxy Live!" venue, where they presented to their audience their first official videoclip, for the song "The Beginning".

In the following years, many concerts in Buenos Aires and other parts of Argentina followed, continuing to build their reputation as a solid and visually stunning live act. Meanwhile, the band was already working on new songs for their next full-length album. During this time, Fornés took on the double role of singer and guitarist, after Valdez departed to focus on his other projects. "The Power & the Will" was released in December 2015, through the German label Power Prog, which proved a landmark for the band, both because of the worldwide release, and also because of eventual announcement of their first shows in European lands. The official videoclip for the song "When the Enemy's Close" was also released in their YouTube channel and social network accounts in this time, which featured the guest participation of the famous cosplay artist Lilia Lemoine.

In the summer of 2016, the band played their first concerts in Europe, the first of which was at the festival "Torres Rock", in the province of Jaén, in Andalucía, Spain, on 22 July. Their next performances took place in Germany. First, at the "Free & Easy Festival" at the renowned venue "Backstage", located in Munich, and later at the open air festival "Chaostraum", in Hessen.

After returning from their first European tour, the band concentrated on the production of their following album, titled "Twelve Acoustic Pieces". This release consisted of versions of songs of their first two albums, adapted into acoustic versions, with several guest musicians, special arrangements and placing more emphasis on the traditional instruments used by the band. Norbert "Norri" Drescher, drum/percussion performer of the medieval band Corvus Corax participated, providing the whole rhythm/percussion part for the track "The Wicked Wheel". Other featured instruments were: Irish Bouzouki, Lambeg drum and Harmonica. The album was announced and produced through the crowdfunding platform Indiegogo, and after the production was completed, it was released in digital format. The digital album received by the crowdfunding contributors contained an exceptional bonus track, which was a cover of Queen's celebrated song "Who Wants to Live Forever", featuring a Highland Bagpipe introduction and acoustic guitar arrangements of the original parts.

The band continued to tour Europe the following years and in particular, performing in numerous open air festivals in Germany, among which Dong Open Air and M.I.S.E. Open Air were counted. Their next full-length album, "Rising from Within", was released independently in 2018 during their European tour of that year. Furthermore, in 2019, the band re-released and promoted during touring their debut album, featuring the vocals of Juan José Fornés. Towards the end of that same year, they announced their fifth European tour during 2020, which included their confirmation for the German festival Summer Breeze Open Air.

## Musical style and influences

While the musical style of Triddana keeps great similarity to its predecessor band (somewhat understandable considering that consists of almost all its former members), there are marked differences in the composition, more aggressive, direct and lyrical; topics related to Scottish history (as William Wallace) disappear, but others remain (as critical to Catholicism) and a new component that is critical to modern society (for example, speaking of the war in several added songs).

## Members

### Current members

* Juan José Fornés – vocals (2015–present), guitars (2011–present)
* Pablo Allen – bagpipe, whistles (2011–present)
* Diego Rodríguez – bass (2014–present)
* Pablo Aquino - drums (2023-present)

### Former members

* Fernando Marty – bass (2011–2014)
* Diego Valdez – vocals (2011–2015)
* Ranz – drums (2011–2016)
* Maximiliano Valdez – drums (2016)
* Joaquín Franco – drums (2016–2022)

**Timeline**

## Discography

### EPs

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 | *The Beginning* |

### Studio albums

#### *Ripe for Rebellion* (2012)

All lyrics are written by Pablo Allen and Juan José Fornés; all music is composed by Juan José Fornés and Fernando Marty except the song "All Souls Night" written and composed by Loreena McKennitt

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Beginning" | 04:36 |
| 2. | "The Wicked Wheel (Rage On)" | 04:06 |
| 3. | "The Dead End Verse" | 04:34 |
| 4. | "Reaper's Lullaby" | 04:46 |
| 5. | "Spoke the Firefly (Fate Called)" | 04:15 |
| 6. | "All Souls Night" (Loreena McKennitt cover) | 03:57 |
| 7. | "Gone with the River" | 05:09 |
| 8. | "Paddy's Leather Breeches Set" (Instrumental) | 02:40 |
| 9. | "Born in the Dark Age" | 04:50 |
| 10. | "Men of Clay" | 03:59 |
| 11. | "Faking a War" | 04:29 |
| 12. | "Flames at Twilight" (Instrumental) | 02:40 |

#### *The Power and The Will* (2015)

All tracks are written by Triddana, except where noted. All lyrics written by Juan José Fornés and Pablo Allen. All music by Juan José Fornés.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Shouting Aloud" | 04:12 |
| 2. | "When The Enemy's Close" | 03:49 |
| 3. | "Death Blow" | 04:20 |
| 4. | "Echo Through The Days" | 03:48 |
| 5. | "Everything Returns" | 04:40 |
| 6. | "The Snake & The Pit" | 04:03 |
| 7. | "The Might in My Blood" | 04:23 |
| 8. | "Galloping Shadows" | 03:05 |
| 9. | "Becoming" | 04:11 |
| 10. | "Everlasting Lie" | 04:01 |
| 11. | "Awakening" | 03:03 |
| 12. | "The Power & The Will" | 04:56 |
| Total length: | | 48:41 |

#### *Rising From Within* (2018)

All tracks are written by Triddana, except where noted. All lyrics written by Juan José Fornés, Juan Manuel Lozano and Pablo Allen. All music by Juan José Fornés.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dare to Tame Me" | 04:38 |
| 2. | "When Horizons Blaze" | 04:30 |
| 3. | "Raging Fire" | 04:21 |
| 4. | "Stray From the Path" | 04:35 |
| 5. | "Journey to the Rim" | 04:35 |
| 6. | "The Light You Left Behind" | 04:48 |
| 7. | "Blind Hope" | 03:45 |
| 8. | "Pages in the Past" | 04:44 |
| 9. | "Stages Falling" | 04:40 |
| 10. | "Along the Crooked Road" | 03:36 |
| 11. | "Our Time's Coming" | 04:39 |
| Total length: | | 48:51 |

### Acoustic album

#### *Twelve Acoustic Pieces* (2017)

All lyrics are written by Pablo Allen and Juan José Fornés; all music is composed by Juan José Fornés

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Becoming" | 04:25 |
| 2. | "When the Enemy's Close" | 03:58 |
| 3. | "Spoke the Firefly" | 04:18 |
| 4. | "Gone with the River" | 05:12 |
| 5. | "Flames at Twilight" (instrumental) | 02:51 |
| 6. | "Echo through the Days" | 03:55 |
| 7. | "The Wicked Wheel" | 04:11 |
| 8. | "Born in the Dark Age" | 05:03 |
| 9. | "Galloping Shadows" (Instrumental) | 02:51 |
| 10. | "Shouting Aloud" | 04:16 |
| 11. | "Everlasting Lie" | 04:16 |
| 12. | "Men of Clay" | 03:57 |

## InfoBox

| Triddana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Genres | Folk metal, Celtic metal, power metal, heavy metal |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Labels | Power Prog |
|  | |
| Members | Juan José Fornés
Pablo Allen
Diego Rodríguez
Pablo Aquino |
|  | |
| Past members | Fernando Marty
Diego Valdez
Ranz
Maximiliano Valdez
Joaquín Franco |
|  | |
| Website | triddana.net |


title: Miss Helyett (1933 film)

abstract: Miss Helyett is a 1933 French comedy film directed by Hubert Bourlon and Jean Kemm and starring Josette Day, Jim Gérald and Roger Bourdin. It is based on Miss Helyett an 1891 opérette by Edmond Audran and Maxime Boucheron. A previous silent film adaptation was release in 1928. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne.

text:
# Miss Helyett (1933 film)

***Miss Helyett*** is a 1933 French comedy film directed by Hubert Bourlon and Jean Kemm and starring Josette Day, Jim Gérald and Roger Bourdin. It is based on *Miss Helyett* an 1891 opérette by Edmond Audran and Maxime Boucheron. A previous silent film adaptation was release in 1928. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne.

## Cast

1. Goble p.18

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Miss Helyett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Edited by | Henriette Wurtzer |
| Music by | Jacques Belasco |
| Production<br>company | Les Productions Cinématographiques |
| Release date | * 1933 (1933) |
| Running time | Société des Films Vega |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Rantabe

abstract: Rantabe is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Maroantsetra, which is a part of Analanjirofo Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 20,000 in 2001 commune census. Rantabe has a riverine harbour. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 82% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and vanilla, while other important agricultural products are coffee and cloves. Services provide employment for 12% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 6% of the population.

text:
# Rantabe

**Rantabe** is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Maroantsetra, which is a part of Analanjirofo Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 20,000 in 2001 commune census.

Rantabe has a riverine harbour. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 82% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and vanilla, while other important agricultural products are coffee and cloves. Services provide employment for 12% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 6% of the population.

## Roads

The town is situated at the N5, south of the mouth of the Rantabe river into the Indian Ocean.

## Nature

15°42′S 49°39′E / 15.700°S 49.650°E / -15.700; 49.650

## InfoBox

| Rantabe Rantabe | |
| --- | --- |
| Rosewood lodges at Rantabe waterline | |
| RantabeLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 15°42′S 49°39′E / 15.700°S 49.650°E / -15.700; 49.650 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Analanjirofo |
| District | Maroantsetra |
| Elevation | 17 m (56 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 20,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| Postal code | 512 |


title: Maestra (film)

abstract: Maestra is a 33-minute documentary film directed by Catherine Murphy, about the youngest women teachers of the 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign. In 1961, Cuba aimed to eradicate illiteracy in one year. It sent 250,000 volunteers across the island to teach reading and writing in rural communities for one year. 100,000 of the volunteers were under 18 and more than half of them were women. In 2004, Murphy discovered that she knew several women in Havana who had volunteered for the project; they were in their 60s. Murphy was due to return to the United States, but before doing so, she decided to record three interviews with former Literacy Campaign volunteers. From 2004 to 2010, Murphy continued to track down stories of Literacy Campaign volunteers and the families that hosted them, eventually producing and directing Maestra and founding The Literacy Project. The film is narrated in English by Pulitzer Prize–winning author Alice Walker and features Spanish-language interviews with nine of the women who taught in the Campaign. Maestra features interviews with Norma Guillard, one of the first Cuban women to call herself a feminist, and Diana Balboa, one of the first open members of Cuba's LGBT community and an international advocate for gay and lesbian rights. Both were 15 years old at the time of the campaign.

text:
# Maestra (film)

***Maestra*** is a 33-minute documentary film directed by Catherine Murphy, about the youngest women teachers of the 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign.

In 1961, Cuba aimed to eradicate illiteracy in one year. It sent 250,000 volunteers across the island to teach reading and writing in rural communities for one year. 100,000 of the volunteers were under 18 and more than half of them were women.

In 2004, Murphy discovered that she knew several women in Havana who had volunteered for the project; they were in their 60s. Murphy was due to return to the United States, but before doing so, she decided to record three interviews with former Literacy Campaign volunteers. From 2004 to 2010, Murphy continued to track down stories of Literacy Campaign volunteers and the families that hosted them, eventually producing and directing *Maestra* and founding The Literacy Project.

The film is narrated in English by Pulitzer Prize–winning author Alice Walker and features Spanish-language interviews (with English subtitles) with nine of the women who taught in the Campaign. *Maestra* features interviews with Norma Guillard, one of the first Cuban women to call herself a feminist, and Diana Balboa, one of the first open members of Cuba's LGBT community and an international advocate for gay and lesbian rights. Both were 15 years old at the time of the campaign.

## Accolades

*Maestra* premiered in the United States in April 2011 with two screenings in San Francisco, CA.

The film has won the following awards:

* Black Maria Film Festival, winner Director's Choice Award
* Ojai Film Festival, Honorable Mention

*Maestra* has screened at the following film festivals:

## Distribution

*Maestra* is distributed by Women Make Movies, a nonprofit organization founded in 1971 to address the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in media that facilitates the production, promotion, distribution, and exhibition of independent films by and about women.

## InfoBox

| Maestra | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Catherine Murphy |
| Written by | Eve Goldberg |
| Produced by | Catherine Murphy |
| Starring | Alice Walker
Diana Balboa
Norma Guillard |
| Distributed by | Women Make Movies |
| Release date | * April 6, 2011 (2011-04-06) (La Pena Cultural Center) |
| Running time | 33 minutes |
| Country | Cuba |
| Languages | English, Spanish |


title: Fourth metatarsal bone

abstract:
The fourth metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is smaller in size than the third metatarsal bone and is the third longest of the five metatarsal bones. The fourth metatarsal is analogous to the fourth metacarpal bone in the hand As the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head.
The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body or shaft of the bone. The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar and the dorsal side. These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped. The base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal. The head or anterior extremity articulates with the fourth proximal phalanx, the first bone in the fourth toe.

text:
# Fourth metatarsal bone

The **fourth metatarsal bone** is a long bone in the foot. It is smaller in size than the third metatarsal bone and is the third longest (and smallest) of the five metatarsal bones. The fourth metatarsal is analogous to the fourth metacarpal bone in the hand

As the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body or shaft of the bone. The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing). These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.

The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped. The base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal.

The head or anterior extremity articulates with the fourth proximal phalanx, the first bone in the fourth toe.

## Muscle attachments

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

The third and fourth dorsal interossei muscles attaches to the fourth metatarsal bone. The third dorsal interossei from the medial side of the bone and the fourth dorsal interossei from the lateral side. The function of the muscle is to spread the toes.

The second Plantar interossei muscle originates from the medial side of the base and shaft of the fourth metatarsal. The function of the muscle is to move the fourth toe medially and move the toes together.

The horizontal head of the adductor hallucis also originates from the lateral side of the metacarpophalangeal joint and from the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, a narrow band which runs across and connects together the heads of all the metatarsal bones.

| Muscle | Direction | Attachment |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dorsal interossei III | Origin | Medial side of the shaft |
| Dorsal interossei IV | Origin | Lateral side of the shaft |
| Plantar interossei II | Origin | Medial side of the base and shaft |
| Horizontal head of adductor hallucis | Origin | Deep transverse metatarsal ligament and the metacarpophalangeal joint |
|

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 274 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Fourth metatarsal bone | |
| --- | --- |
| The fourth metatarsal. (Left.) | |
| Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface. Fourth metatarsal bone is the yellow bone second from the right | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *os metatarsale IV* |
| FMA | 24505 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |