title: Ravenloft (module)

abstract: Ravenloft is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) fantasy role-playing game. The American game publishing company TSR, Inc. released it as a standalone adventure booklet in 1983 for use with the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game. It was written by Tracy and Laura Hickman, and includes art by Clyde Caldwell with maps by David Sutherland III. The plot of Ravenloft focuses on the villain Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire who pines for his lost love. Various story elements, including Strahd's motivation and the locations of magical weapons, are randomly determined by drawing cards. The player characters attempt to defeat Strahd and, if successful, the adventure ends. The Hickmans began work on Ravenloft in the late 1970s, intent on creating a frightening portrait of a vampire in a setting that combined Gothic horror with the D&D game system. They play-tested the adventure with a group of players each Halloween for five years before it was published. Strahd has since appeared in a number of D&D accessories and novels. The module has inspired numerous revisions and adaptations, including a campaign setting of the same name and a sequel. In 1999, on the 25th anniversary of Dungeons & Dragons, two commemorative versions of Ravenloft were released. Ravenloft has won one award, been included on two "best of" lists, and was generally well received by critics of its era. In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid, and it appeared second in Dungeon magazine's list of the top 30 D&D adventures. Several reviewers liked the included maps, and White Dwarf magazine gave it 8 out of 10 overall. A Dragon magazine review praised the module, but felt that the D&D elements detracted from the Gothic horror atmosphere. In 2016, Wizards of the Coast published Curse of Strahd, an adaptation of the original Ravenloft module for the 5th edition of Dungeons & Dragons.

text:
# Ravenloft (module)

***Ravenloft*** is an adventure module for the *Dungeons & Dragons* (*D&D*) fantasy role-playing game. The American game publishing company TSR, Inc. released it as a standalone adventure booklet in 1983 for use with the first edition *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* game. It was written by Tracy and Laura Hickman, and includes art by Clyde Caldwell with maps by David Sutherland III. The plot of *Ravenloft* focuses on the villain Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire who pines for his lost love. Various story elements, including Strahd's motivation and the locations of magical weapons, are randomly determined by drawing cards. The player characters attempt to defeat Strahd and, if successful, the adventure ends.

The Hickmans began work on *Ravenloft* in the late 1970s, intent on creating a frightening portrait of a vampire in a setting that combined Gothic horror with the *D&D* game system. They play-tested the adventure with a group of players each Halloween for five years before it was published. Strahd has since appeared in a number of *D&D* accessories and novels. The module has inspired numerous revisions and adaptations, including a campaign setting of the same name and a sequel. In 1999, on the 25th anniversary of *Dungeons & Dragons*, two commemorative versions of *Ravenloft* were released.

*Ravenloft* has won one award, been included on two "best of" lists, and was generally well received by critics of its era. In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid, and it appeared second in *Dungeon* magazine's list of the top 30 *D&D* adventures. Several reviewers liked the included maps, and *White Dwarf* magazine gave it 8 out of 10 overall. A *Dragon* magazine review praised the module, but felt that the *D&D* elements detracted from the Gothic horror atmosphere. In 2016, Wizards of the Coast published *Curse of Strahd*, an adaptation of the original *Ravenloft* module for the 5th edition of *Dungeons & Dragons.*

## Plot

The story involves a party of player characters (PCs) who travel to the land of Barovia, a small nation surrounded by a deadly magical fog. The master of nearby Castle Ravenloft, Count Strahd von Zarovich, tyrannically rules the country, and a prologue explains that the residents must barricade their doors each night to avoid attacks by Strahd and his minions. The Burgomaster's mansion is the focus of these attacks, and, for reasons that are not initially explained, Strahd is after the Burgomaster's adopted daughter, Ireena Kolyana.

Before play begins, the Dungeon Master (or DM, the player who organizes and directs the game play) randomly draws five cards from a deck of six. Two of these cards determine the locations of two magical weapons useful in defeating Strahd: the Holy Symbol and the Sunsword. The next two cards determine the locations of Strahd and the *Tome of Strahd*, a book that details Strahd's long-ago unrequited love. In this work, it is revealed that Strahd had fallen in love with a young girl, who in turn loved his younger brother. Strahd blamed his age for the rejection, and made a pact with evil powers to live forever. He then slew his brother, but the young girl killed herself in response, and Strahd found that he had become a vampire. All possible locations are inside Castle Ravenloft.

The fifth and final card selected determines Strahd's motivation. There are four possible motivations for Strahd. He may want to replace one of the PCs and attempt to turn the character into a vampire and take on that character's form. He may desire the love of Ireena, whose appearance matches that of his lost love, Tatyana. Using mind control, Strahd will try to force a PC to attack Ireena and gain her love by "saving" her from the situation he created. Strahd may also want to create an evil magic item, or destroy the Sunsword. If, during play, the party's fortune is told at the gypsy camp in Barovia, the random elements are altered to match the cards drawn by the gypsy.

As the party journeys through Barovia and the castle, the game play is guided using 12 maps with corresponding sections in the book's body guide. Example maps and sections include the Lands of Barovia, the Court of the Count, five entries for each level of the Spires of Ravenloft, and the Dungeons and Catacombs. Each location contains treasure and adversaries, including zombies, wolves, ghouls, ghosts, and other creatures. The main objective of the game is to destroy Count Strahd. The DM is instructed to play the vampire intelligently, and to keep him alive as long as possible, making him flee when necessary. In an optional epilogue, Ireena is reunited with her lover. They leave the "mortal world" as Ireena says, "Through these many centuries we have played out the tragedy of our lives."

## Publication background

Tracy and Laura Hickman, designers of *Ravenloft*

Tracy Hickman and Laura Curtis married in 1977. Soon after, while living in Provo, Utah, they wrote the adventures *Pharaoh* and *Ravenloft*. When they began work on *Ravenloft*, they felt the vampire archetype had become overused, trite, and mundane, and decided to create a frightening version of the creature for the module. *Ravenloft* was inspired by Bram Stoker's *Dracula* and advertised as "a classic gothic story." They play-tested it with a group of players every Halloween for five years before it was published in 1983 by TSR. The plot combined elements of the horror genre with *Dungeons & Dragons* conventions for the first time. At the time of *Ravenloft'*s release, each *Dungeons & Dragons* module was marked with an alphanumeric code indicating the series to which it belonged. *Ravenloft* was labeled I6: the sixth in a series of intermediate-level modules for the first edition of *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* (*AD&D*). It consisted of a 32-page book, with separate maps that detailed locations in the adventure scenario.

Tracy Hickman once ran the adventure as a Dungeon Master. According to him, the experience was like an old scary movie, with "the obligatory castle high on the craggy cliff with the wolves howling in the woods. Sure enough, the vampire was up there in the castle. To most of the players it seemed like a straight forward task: find the vampire and kill him." One player discovered Strahd's backstory and was so affected by it that when it came time to kill the vampire at the end of the adventure, despite having a sword capable of dispatching Strahd, he refused, and his companions were forced to complete the task. Afterwards, Hickman asked him why. "He deserved to die better than that," his friend said, to which Hickman replied "Yes \[...\] But that is how it is with people who fall from greatness. He chose his end when he first chose to kill his brother. How could it be any different?".

According to a Wizards of the Coast article, Strahd has become one of the most infamous and well-known villains in the *Dungeons & Dragons* game, and he has appeared in a number of novels and rulebooks since his debut in *Ravenloft*. In an introduction to an online edition of *Ravenloft II*, author John D. Rateliff described Strahd as a then-unusual fusion of a monster with the abilities of a player character class; that is, a vampire magic-user. This design enables him to combine his own powers with the surrounding environment, making him a difficult opponent to defeat.

To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the *Dungeons & Dragons* game in 1999, two additional versions of the *Ravenloft* module were released. The first was a reprinting of the original adventure made available in the *Dungeons & Dragons Silver Anniversary Collector's Edition* boxed set, with slight modifications to make it distinguishable from the original (for collecting purposes). The second was the silver anniversary edition of *Ravenloft* that was adapted for use with the second edition *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* (Wizards of the Coast periodically alters the rules of Dungeons & Dragons and releases a new version).

### *Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill*

*Ravenloft's* success led to a sequel in 1986 titled *Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill*. Although Tracy Hickman was credited in *Ravenloft II*, he had left TSR before the module was completed. The writing was done by David "Zeb" Cook, Jeff Grubb, Harold Johnson, and Douglas Niles, following the Hickmans' outline. Each writer pursued a different section of the module in order to meet the deadline. Clyde Caldwell, who had done all of the art for the original *Ravenloft* module, provided the cover, but interior art was done by Jeff Easley. The adventure is designed for first edition *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* characters of levels 8–10. The adventure was 48 pages, and included a large color map and an outer folder. It shared structural elements with the original, including variable NPC goals and variable locations for key objects, so that *Gryphon Hill* plays differently each time. The module's plot features an artifact known as *The Apparatus* that switches a monster's personality with that of an ordinary townsperson; player characters, therefore, are uncertain about the true identity of the people they meet. The module also introduces Azalin the lich, who later became a major character in the Ravenloft campaign setting. This module is playable alone, or as a sequel to the original *Ravenloft*. The module describes the town of Mordentshire, as well as some haunted moors, and a manor house, all of which are mapped in perspective like the original module.

### Adaptations

In 1986, *Ravenloft* was adapted into the gamebook *Master of Ravenloft*, #6 in the *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks* series. In the book, the reader plays the role of Jeren Sureblade, a paladin, who must defeat Count Strahd von Zarovich to save a young girl from becoming one of the undead. The gamebook was written by Jean Blashfield, with cover art by Clyde Caldwell and interior art by Gary Williams.

*Ravenloft* inspired a campaign setting of the same name, published in 1990. The *Ravenloft: Realm of Terror* boxed set was published as part of the second edition of *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* and, according to its back cover, it is "rooted in the Gothic tradition" and contains "tips for adding fear to your games". The setting of the module was expanded; Ravenloft is now a demiplane (an alternate dimension). The boxed set's version of Strahd is similar to character in the original adventure, but his abilities were increased and his background explained in more detail. The campaign setting has produced a number of spin-offs, and this new version of Strahd was used as a major character in a number of novels.

The original *Ravenloft* module has been revised and expanded multiple times. In 1993, TSR published *House of Strahd* (module code RM4). It was updated to include rules from the second edition of *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons*. The module credits the original work by the Hickmans, but was revised by Bruce Nesmith, who along with Andria Hayday created the *Ravenloft* campaign setting. Nesmith introduced new monsters, made further developments on Strahd's tactics, and added a Time-Track Table to help the Dungeon Master plan for the sunset. In October 2006, Wizards of the Coast released an updated and expanded version of the original module for *Dungeons & Dragons* version 3.5 as a 226-page hardcover book entitled *Expedition to Castle Ravenloft*. It was based on the original module, and not the *Ravenloft* material made in the intervening years. *Expedition to Castle Ravenloft* is designed to be played as a mini-campaign lasting about 20 game sessions, much longer than the original module, although it contains options for running long 8-session or short 4-session adventures. The book also includes suggestions for incorporating the adventure into an existing generic setting, Forgotten Realms, Eberron or d20 Modern campaign. Wizards of the Coast released the board game *Castle Ravenloft* in 2010 as part of the "Adventure System" series of board games using a simplified 4th edition rule set. In 2016, Wizards of the Coast published *Curse of Strahd*, an adaptation of the original Ravenloft module for the 5th edition of *Dungeons & Dragons*, which was generally well received, earning the 2016 ENnie Awards for Best Adventure and Best Art/Cover and runner up for Product of the Year.

## Reception

*Ravenloft* won one award, and was included on two "best of" lists. In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid. The book *Dungeon Master For Dummies* chose the module as one of the ten best classic adventures, saying it is "perhaps our favorite *D&D* adventure of all time", *Ravenloft* "takes the Dracula legend and gives it a *D&D* spin", and praised the detailed yet concise plot and isometric maps. The book also claims that Ravenloft "inspired game designers and Dungeon Masters to take the art of adventure to the next level."

In 2004, on the 30th anniversary of the *Dungeons & Dragons* game, *Dungeon* magazine ranked the module as the second greatest *Dungeons & Dragons* adventure of all time—behind *Queen of the Spiders*. The editor of *Dungeon* praised the placement of treasure, and Strahd's motivation was described as "a brilliant way to let fate drive the plot and evoke the mystery and mystique of Barovia". Bill Slavicsek, director of Wizards of the Coast's RPGs and Miniatures department, noted that it was the first adventure to "mix tone, story, and dungeon crawl" in a module, and game designer Andy Collins agreed. Clark Peterson, president of Necromancer Games, singled out the maps and Strahd for praise, saying the vampire is "perhaps one of the best villains of all time". Author John Rateliff also applauded the maps and the randomization, as well as Strahd's duality as a vampire/magic-user. The catacombs, where player characters were teleported away and replaced with undead wights, was singled out at as the adventure's "defining moment" by the magazine's editors.

Reviews for *Ravenloft* were generally positive. Rick Swan reviewed the adventure in *The Space Gamer* No. 72. He commented that there was "so much gothic atmosphere in *Ravenloft* that if it had any more, it'd flap its pages and fly away", and stated that the bulk of the adventure involving a search of Castle Ravenloft was "not too interesting" with encounters few and far between, and that the mechanic of using a regular deck of cards to simulate a gypsy fortune teller was "silly and the results are too arbitrary" but concluded that "*Ravenloft* is such a refreshing change that even with its problems, it's recommended." In the July 1984 issue of *White Dwarf* magazine, the module was given 8 out of 10 overall, with the reviewer mentioning its presentation as a positive, and its complexity as a negative. It was likened to a Hammer horror production and praised as enjoyable, although the reviewer said the game's puns were tedious and detracted from the spooky atmosphere. *White Dwarf* reviewer Dave Morris said it "should be a lot of fun – 'light, relief' of a nerve-wracking and deadly sort" and concluded that *Ravenloft* is "full of clever touches", and "features some first-class illustration and graphics". In a review for the January 1984 issue of *Dragon* magazine (published by a subsidiary of TSR), game designer Ken Rolston argued that, despite its design innovations, *Ravenloft* was still in essence a dungeon-style adventure. Rolston praised the randomization, the maps, and the player text (which is read aloud to the players by the DM). He said the player text "consistently develops an atmosphere of darkness and decay." Despite this, Rolston felt that the adventure has trouble in developing a frightening tone. He singles out its use of common monsters in *D&D*, an abundance of traps, and frequent combat interludes as elements that detract from the adventure's spookiness by interrupting the module's flow. Ultimately, he felt that in "AD&D terms it is a masterpiece", but not a work of "Gothic horror". In a Polygon article from 2021, Charlie Hall wrote that the original *Ravenloft* "has been criticized as derivative–and for reinforcing harmful stereotypes," but that it had an interesting conflicted villain. Tracy Hickman stated in 1998, "I still believe the original Ravenloft modules were perhaps the best that ever had my name on them."

Scott Taylor for *Black Gate* in 2014 listed *Ravnloft* by Clyde Caldwell as #7 in The Top 10 TSR Cover Paintings of All Time.

## InfoBox

*Ravenloft*
| The cover of the original *Ravenloft* module, with art by Clyde Caldwell. The artwork depicts villain Strahd von Zarovich atop Castle Ravenloft. | |
| --- | --- |
| Code | I6 |
| TSR product code | 9075 |
| Rules required | *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* 1st edition |
| Character levels | 5–7 |
| Campaign setting | Generic *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* |
| Authors | Tracy & Laura Hickman |
| First published | 1983 |
| Linked modules | |
| I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, **I6**, I7, I8, I9, **I10**, I11, I12, I13, I14 | |


title: Rapture: The Second Coming

abstract: Rapture: The Second Coming is a role-playing game published by Quintessential Mercy Studio in 1995, with a second edition by Holistic Design in 2002.

text:
# Rapture: The Second Coming

***Rapture: The Second Coming*** is a role-playing game published by Quintessential Mercy Studio in 1995, with a second edition by Holistic Design in 2002.

## Description

*Rapture: The Second Coming* is a post-apocalyptic religious role-playing game.

## Publication history

*Rapture: The Second Coming* was written by William Spencer-Hale and published by Quintessential Mercy Studio in 1995.

Andrew Greenberg produced the new d20 edition of *Rapture: The Second Coming* for Holistic Design in 2002.

## Reception

## Reviews


title: Ubrzeż

abstract: Ubrzeż is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łapanów, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Łapanów, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Bochnia, and 36 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Ubrzeż

**Ubrzeż** \[ˈubʐɛʂ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łapanów, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Łapanów, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Bochnia, and 36 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Ubrzeż | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ubrzeż | |
| Coordinates: 49°52′N 20°20′E / 49.867°N 20.333°E / 49.867; 20.333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Bochnia |
| Gmina | Łapanów |


title: Francisco, Indiana

abstract: Francisco is the fifth largest town and seventh largest community in Gibson County, Indiana, United States. A town in Center Township, the population was 469 at the 2010 census and was founded in 1851. Local tradition says the town was named for its first settler, a Spanish laborer working on the Wabash and Erie Canal who built a shack in the area. It is part of the Evansville, Indiana, Metropolitan Area.

text:
# Francisco, Indiana

**Francisco** is the fifth largest town and seventh largest community in Gibson County, Indiana, United States. A town in Center Township, the population was 469 at the 2010 census and was founded in 1851. Local tradition says the town was named for its first settler, a Spanish laborer working on the Wabash and Erie Canal who built a shack in the area. It is part of the Evansville, Indiana, Metropolitan Area.

## Geography

Francisco is located at 38°20′0″N 87°26′50″W / 38.33333°N 87.44722°W / 38.33333; -87.44722 (38.333360, -87.447314).

According to the 2010 census, Francisco has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.29 km2), all land.

Francisco is located on State Highway 64 between Princeton and Oakland City.

As of the census of 2010, there were 469 people, 189 households, and 119 families residing in the town. The population density was 938.0 inhabitants per square mile (362.2/km2). There were 226 housing units at an average density of 452.0 per square mile (174.5/km2). The racial make-up of the town was 97.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 189 households, of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.0% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.18.

The median age in the town was 39.6 years. 25.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 26% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 407 |  |  |
| 1920 | 614 |  | 50.9% |
| 1930 | 728 |  | 18.6% |
| 1940 | 611 |  | −16.1% |
| 1950 | 606 |  | −0.8% |
| 1960 | 565 |  | −6.8% |
| 1970 | 621 |  | 9.9% |
| 1980 | 612 |  | −1.4% |
| 1990 | 560 |  | −8.5% |
| 2000 | 543 |  | −3.0% |
| 2010 | 469 |  | −13.6% |
| 2020 | 545 |  | 16.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 543 people, 233 households, and 150 families residing in the town. The population density was 995.5 inhabitants per square mile (384.4/km2). There were 249 housing units at an average density of 456.5 per square mile (176.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.26% White, 0.55% African American and 0.18% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.

There were 233 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,499. About 10.6% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

## History

The town was platted and laid out on the east side of the Wabash and Erie Canal by John Perkins in 1851. Francisco was incorporated in 1907 and the Francisco State Bank chartered a year later. Its heyday was in the mid-1850s during use of the ill-fated canal to ship goods and produce south to Evansville. Mills, grain warehouses and packing establishments thrived during the decade. Remnants of the old canal are still visible just south of Highway 64 and west of town.

## Town Hall

Francisco Town Hall is located at 203 West Main St/SR64 with the Fire Department.

Meetings are held the second Tuesday of every month. Wastewater meetings begin at 5:30p followed by Water & Town Business.

## Highways and rail lines

State Road 64

Interstate 69
(Located 2 miles east of town)

Norfolk Southern Railway

## Schools

Francisco Elementary School is part of the East Gibson School Corp.. F.E.S. is located on SR 64/Main St. in Francisco Indiana. The home of the Mighty Owls is grades K-6.

At least 3 schools have stood on these grounds, with the prior 2 falling to fire. The Last Francisco High School Burnt in the 1970s after being hit by lightning. The Lions Club pictured in the Gallery at the bottom of this page was built to serve as grades 5-8 during construction of a new school. Also used for classroom space was the Methodist, Baptist and Nazarene churches.

A small one-room school house once stood near the intersection of Green and School Streets and is why today the current school is not even located on the same side of town as School Street.

## Other points of interest

**Wabash & Erie Canal**

Francisco was a town built on the East Banks of the Wabash and Erie Canal. The Manmade Canal ran from Lake Erie in Ohio to the Ohio River at Evansville. Francisco was home to many Rowdy Irishmen who came to help build the canal. The Heyday for the Wabash & Erie Canal was mid-1850s and the canal was closed to traffic around 1870.

A large outbreak of cholera broke out among canal workers near Francisco around 1852; as many as 100 workers died and many more fled from the area. Those who stayed and survived were assigned the task of burying the dead. Many were buried along the banks in long trenches, while others were burnt in piles on the floor of small shanties along the canal.

Drinking establishments or Doggeries were popular among canal workers and in that day were very prominent around Francisco. Whiskey was supplied by "Jigger Bosses" to workers four times a day and caused many fights among the Irish and Americans. The Irish were generally assigned to digging with shovels, while Americans built culverts and bridges.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Francisco, Indiana
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
6. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
7. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
8. Peattie, Elia Wilkinson (1897). *History of Gibson County, Indiana*. Cook & McDowell Publications. p. 14.
9. Stormont, Gil R. (1914). *History of Gibson County, Indiana: Her People, Industries and Institutions*. B.F. Bowen. pp. 364.
10. Tartt's History of Gibson County, p. 207

## InfoBox

| Francisco, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Nickname: "Frisco" | |
| Location of Francisco in Gibson County, Indiana. | |
| Coordinates: 38°19′58″N 87°26′53″W / 38.33278°N 87.44806°W / 38.33278; -87.44806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Gibson |
| Township | Center |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.62 sq mi (1.60 km2) |
| Land | 0.61 sq mi (1.58 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 449 ft (137 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 545 |
| Density | 893.44/sq mi (344.80/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 47649 |
| Area code(s) | 812, 930 |
| FIPS code | 18-25306 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396948 |


title: William Thompson Badger

abstract: William Thompson Badger was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. Born in Manitoba he was the son of William Badger and Maggie Thompson, in 1908 he married Anna Isabelle McKerlie. His political career began in 1914 when he served as mayor of Outlook, Saskatchewan. He then represented Rosetown in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1917 to 1921 as a Conservative MPP until he was defeated by John Andrew Wilson.

text:
# William Thompson Badger

**William Thompson Badger** (May 2, 1884  August 6, 1926) was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. Born in Manitoba he was the son of William Badger and Maggie Thompson, in 1908 he married Anna Isabelle McKerlie.

His political career began in 1914 when he served as mayor of Outlook, Saskatchewan. He then represented Rosetown in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1917 to 1921 as a Conservative MPP until he was defeated by John Andrew Wilson.


title: Lipsko Lake

abstract: Lipsko Lake is an artificial lake of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Livno.

text:
# Lipsko Lake

**Lipsko Lake** is an artificial lake of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Livno.

## Hydropower and irrigation system

At 20,3 kilometers the Bistrica finally reaches Lipsko Lake, near village of Lipa, which is first and smaller of two artificial reservoirs in hydroelectric power plant system Buško Blato \- HPP "Orlovac", other being Buško Blato reservoir. In this system Lipsko Lake is a compensation basin and serves for regulation of an outflow of water toward intake facility at penstock station "Lipa" at the foot of Kamešnica mountain, and across the border into Croatia where hydroelectric power plant "HE Orlovac" is situated. Lipsko Lake is connected with much larger reservoir of Buško Blato, whose head can rise above head of Lipsko Lake up to several meters, via the reversible canal of "Lipsko-Buško" where it stores an excess waters from Livanjsko Polje and the Bistrica, especially during flooding season and high precipitation periods. For transfer of these waters over the barrage "Podgradina", at village Podgradina, into Buško Blato reservoir, system uses reversible pumping station "Buško Blato", built at the point where canal reaches barrage.

## InfoBox

| Lipsko Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Lipsko LakeLocation in Western Bosnia | |
| Location | Livanjsko Polje near Lipa (Livno) |
| Coordinates | 43°45′10″N 16°55′02″E / 43.752800°N 16.917354°E / 43.752800; 16.917354 |
| Type | Compensation basin for HPP "Orlovac" |
| Catchment area | Livanjsko Polje/Bistrica (Livanjsko Polje)/Cetina |
| Basin countries | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia |
|  | |
| Surface area | 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) |
| Water volume | 1 million cubic metres (810 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface elevation | 716 m (2,349 ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Livno |
|  | |


title: Vecko-Journalen

abstract: Vecko-Journalen was a weekly magazine published under various titles from 1910 to 2002.

text:
# Vecko-Journalen

***Vecko-Journalen*** (Swedish: *Weekly Record*) was a weekly magazine published under various titles from 1910 to 2002.

## History and profile

*Vecko-Journalen* was founded by Erik Åkerlund in 1910. The same year he also established the publishing company Åhlén & Åkerlunds. The company was acquired by the Bonnier Group in 1929. The magazine was based in Stockholm and was published on a weekly basis. Among many others, Börge Bengtsson served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine.

*Vecko-Journalen* frequently featured life of Carl Emil Pettersson, a Swedish adventurer, in the 1930s. It was one of the Swedish publications which contained news materials provided by the Swedish Intelligence Agency during World War II.

It was published weekly from 1910 to 1963 when it merged with the magazine *Idun* and took the double-barrelled name *Idun-Veckojournalen*. The merged magazine continued to be published weekly until 1980, when falling circulation figures forced it to a monthly cycle, and it was renamed *Månadsjournalen* (Swedish: *Monthly Record*). It ceased publication in 2002.

## InfoBox

*Vecko-Journalen*
| Former editors | Börge Bengtsson |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Weekly |
| Publisher | Åhlén & Åkerlunds |
| Founder | Erik Åkerlund |
| Founded | 1910 (1910) |
| Final issue | 1963 |
| Country | Sweden |
| Based in | Stockholm |
| Language | Swedish |


title: Troika (driving)

abstract: A troika is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. The middle horse is usually harnessed in a horse collar and shaft bow; the side horses are usually in breastcollar harness. The troika is traditionally driven so that the middle horse trots and the side horses canter; the right-hand horse will be on the right lead and the left-hand horse on the left lead. The troika is often claimed to be the world's only harness combination with different gaits of the horses. The term "troika" is sometimes used to refer to any three-horse team harnessed abreast, regardless of harness style or what horse-drawn vehicle is used. At full speed a troika can reach 45–50 kilometres per hour (28–31 mph), which was a very high land speed for vehicles in the 17th–19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with a fast ride. The troika was developed in Russia during the 17th century, first being used for speedy mail delivery, and then becoming common by the late 18th century. It was used for travelling in stages, where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads over long distances. Prior to this time, only groups of three or more people could use three horses, and a single person or two people had the right to only drive a single horse or a pair. During the Russian Empire, the upper classes would use a troika driven by a livery-clad postilion. Decorated troikas were popular in major religious celebrations and weddings. The troika was a part of both urban and rural culture. The horses usually driven in a troika were generally plain and rather small; for example the Vyatka horse was not taller than 14.1 hands. However, the wealthy preferred to use the elegant Orlov Trotter. The first troika competitions were held in the Moscow hippodrome in 1840. The troika was also exhibited at the 1911 Festival of Empire in London.

text:
# Troika (driving)

A **troika** (Russian: тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. The middle horse is usually harnessed in a horse collar and shaft bow; the side horses are usually in breastcollar harness. The troika is traditionally driven so that the middle horse trots and the side horses canter; the right-hand horse will be on the right lead and the left-hand horse on the left lead. The troika is often claimed to be the world's only harness combination with different gaits of the horses.

The term "troika" is sometimes used to refer to any three-horse team harnessed abreast, regardless of harness style or what horse-drawn vehicle is used.

At full speed a troika can reach 45–50 kilometres per hour (28–31 mph), which was a very high land speed for vehicles in the 17th–19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with a fast ride.

The troika was developed in Russia during the 17th century, first being used for speedy mail delivery, and then becoming common by the late 18th century. It was used for travelling in stages, where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads over long distances. Prior to this time, only groups of three or more people could use three horses, and a single person or two people had the right to only drive a single horse or a pair.

During the Russian Empire, the upper classes would use a troika driven by a livery-clad postilion. Decorated troikas were popular in major religious celebrations and weddings.

The troika was a part of both urban and rural culture. The horses usually driven in a troika were generally plain and rather small; for example the Vyatka horse was not taller than 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). However, the wealthy preferred to use the elegant Orlov Trotter.

The first troika competitions were held in the Moscow hippodrome in 1840. The troika was also exhibited at the 1911 Festival of Empire in London.

## Cultural icon

The troika has become a cultural icon of Russia, especially after it was featured in a scene of Nikolay Gogol's novel *Dead Souls*, where a character marvels at a troika speeding through the vast expanses of Russia (*Oh troika, winged troika, tell me who invented you?*). The person carried by Gogol's troika – Chichikov, the protagonist of the novel – is a fraudster buying "dead souls" (ownership of dead serfs whose deaths had not yet been registered by population censuses) with the intent of taking out a loan against them. The irony of the iconic Russian troika being the bearer of a swindler has been discussed in Vasily Shukshin's short story *Started Skidding* (*"Забуксовал"*).

The 1934 Russian film *Lieutenant Kijé* portrays a wild ride on a troika, accompanied by music by Sergei Prokofiev. Prokofiev later expanded his score into the *Lieutenant Kijé* orchestral suite; the "Troika" movement in particular has been reused in many popular works.


title: Mitja Gasparini

abstract: Mitja Gasparini is a former Slovenian volleyball player. With the Slovenia national team, he was the runner-up at the 2015 and 2019 editions of the European Championship.

text:
# Mitja Gasparini

**Mitja Gasparini** (born 26 June 1984) is a former Slovenian volleyball player. With the Slovenia national team, he was the runner-up at the 2015 and 2019 editions of the European Championship.

## Sporting achievements

### Club

* **National championships**

### Individual awards

* **2014:** Italian Championship – Best Server
* **2015:** Italian Championship – Best Server

## InfoBox

| Mitja Gasparini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Born | (1984-06-26) 26 June 1984
Izola, Yugoslavia |
| Height | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 93 kg (205 lb) |
| Spike | 360 cm (142 in) |
| Block | 333 cm (131 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Opposite |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2005–2009
2009–2010
2010–2011
2011–2012
2012–2013
2013–2015
2015–2016
2016–2019
2019–2020
2020–2022
2022–2023 ACH Volley
Iraklis Thessaloniki
Jastrzębski Węgiel
BluVolley Verona
Cheonan Hyundai Skywalkers
BluVolley Verona
Paris Volley
Incheon Korean Air Jumbos
Wolf Dogs Nagoya
Calcit Kamnik
Foolad Sirjan | |
| National team | |
| 2004–2023  Slovenia | |
| Honours      Men's volleyball  Representing  Slovenia  FIVB Challenger Cup  2019 Slovenia   CEV European Championship  2015 Bulgaria/Italy   2019 France/Slovenia/Belgium/Netherlands   European League  2015 Poland   2011 Slovakia | |


title: Ranjan Gunatilleke

abstract: Frederick Ranjan Manilal de Silva Goonetilleke, or Ranjan Goonetilleke, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played one One Day International (ODI) in the 1979 Cricket World Cup. In September 2018, he was one of 49 former Sri Lankan cricketers honoured for their services before Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

text:
# Ranjan Gunatilleke

**Frederick Ranjan Manilal de Silva Goonetilleke** (born 15 August 1951), or **Ranjan Goonetilleke**, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played one One Day International (ODI) in the 1979 Cricket World Cup. In September 2018, he was one of 49 former Sri Lankan cricketers honoured for their services before Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

## InfoBox

Ranjan Goonetilleke
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Frederick Ranjan Manilal de Silva Goonetilleke |
| Born | 15 August 1951 (1951-08-15) (age 73)<br>Colombo, Sri Lanka |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only ODI (cap 18) | 16 June 1979 v India |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI  Matches 1  Runs scored   Batting average   100s/50s   Top score   Balls bowled 54  Wickets 0  Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 0/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 1 May 2016 | |


title: Rate contract

abstract: A Rate Contract or a Rate Agreement is a procurement cost reduction strategy aimed at standardizing procurement prices for commonly procured, homogenous and price varying inputs.

text:
# Rate contract

A **Rate Contract** or a **Rate Agreement** (RC in short) is a procurement cost reduction strategy aimed at standardizing procurement prices for commonly procured, homogenous and price varying inputs.

## Timing

A rate contract is usually attempted when a global sourcing effort is not feasible, due to financial or operational constraints. A rate contract is also typically established in inputs where the number of suppliers is large (where it is not a monopoly or an oligopoly).

## Level

Rate contracts can be arranged at various levels by a large firm - in specific geography markets or at a national level or at a global level (if suppliers exist at differing scales) and in specific sub-categories, or in a range of sub-categories, or for a category, or for a related categories. The rate contract can also be established for a year or for multiple-years. The level of the rate contract agreed depends on:

1. The level of standardization of the input
2. The predictability of procurement spend
3. The nature of the supplier market
4. The pricing power of the procurer as against the supplier.

## Process of setup

The process of setting up a rate contract in a category follows a set of standard steps:-

1. Procurement spend analysis: Identification of cumulative spend, identification of key suppliers and their share of business, identification of average price of procurement, spend growth projections
2. Market analysis: Study of the nature of the market, exhaustive identification of suppliers and their capabilities, study of supplier cost structures. One of the primary objectives of this step is the identification and introduction of new suppliers
3. *Supplier Interactions*: Selection of a fit-list of suppliers, invitation to suppliers for discussions, supplier discussions and interactions, RFQ to selected suppliers
4. *Receipt of Quotes* from suppliers
5. *Selection of a fit list* of suppliers
6. Agreement on the points of the rate contract and *finalization of the rate contract*

Post the setup of a rate contract, a definitive *monitoring mechanism* must be set up. Such a monitoring mechanism needs to be done centrally by the organization and involves - monitoring of offtake by supplier, monitoring of non-RC offtake and monitoring of supplies and periodic quality audits. Without the setup of a monitoring mechanism, much of the effectiveness and purpose for a setup might be lost.

## Special Types

A *frame agreement* is a special type of rate agreement entered with a set of suppliers, with a specific subset (may be just one) chosen as preferred. Frame agreements possess similar clauses as standard rate agreements with a few additional (optional) points such as

* decreasing prices over time
* quality control obligations for the supplier
* minimum or maximum offtakes during the validity period
* provisions for vendor-managed inventory

The UNHCR procures a large percentage of its requirements under frame agreements.


title: Ubu (album)

abstract: Ubu is the debut album of Japanese musician Yojiro Noda, vocalist for the rock band Radwimps, under the solo name Illion. It was released on February 25, 2013, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with releases in Japan and continental Europe following in March 2013.

text:
# Ubu (album)

***Ubu*** (stylised as **UBU**) is the debut album of Japanese musician Yojiro Noda, vocalist for the rock band Radwimps, under the solo name Illion. It was released on February 25, 2013, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with releases in Japan and continental Europe following in March 2013.

## Background

Noda first announced his solo project in November 2012, and was interviewed at English interview with music website NME. Noda wanted to perform music globally, however decided a solo project was better to do it with, as performing outside Japan was not a goal of the band.

## Promotion

Noda released a live performance music video for "Brain Drain" on December 23, shot at Abbey Road Studios. It was first shown across 11 advertising screens in Shibuya, Tokyo, at 8:23pm, and a slightly different version was released to YouTube at the same time. It was released for a limited time of 48 hours, and was taken down on December 25, 2012. The song was released to iTunes on January 16, 2013.

The second track released from the album was "Mahoroba," which received a music video directed by Tetsuya Nagato. It was uploaded to YouTube on February 6, 2013, and was also released to iTunes on the same day. Illion was taught by artist Daito Manabe how to contort and twitch his face, and was first asked to collaborate with Noda in 2009.

There were three planned live performances to promote the album. Noda first performed live as Illion at the O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on March 17, 2013. He also performed at the Indra Musikclub in Hamburg, Germany, on March 19. Noda planned to perform at the Tokyo Rocks rock festival in Tokyo on May 12, however the festival was cancelled due to changes in the festival's administration.

On April 12, 2013, a music video for the song "Beehive" was released. It features a live-action/animated sequence directed and drawn by Sojiro Kamatani.

## Conception and writing

The album features 10 English songs, and four songs sung in Japanese: "Aiwaguma," "Gasshow," "Hiruno Hoshi" and "Mahoroba." Noda sung most of the songs on the album in English, because he feels that English is better to work with sonically.

*Mahoroba* is a reference to a traditional Japanese far-off utopian land.

"Finger Print" features lyrics about Noda putting fingers down throat, which Noda describes as not based around an eating disorder, but something he does when he becomes scared of losing happiness.

## Critical reception

*Skream* magazine reviewer Sayako Oki gave the album a very positive review calling it "impressive" and "overflowing with musical genius." Tomoo Yamaguchi of *Skream* in a track-by-track review praised many of the songs' dynamic melodies, as well as the alternative folk sound. He felt that many songs on the album had either a folk sound, such as "Aiwaguma," "Mahoroba," "Un & Do," "Gasshow" and "Inemuri," but noted each song sounded different, such as the traditional feel of "Aiwaguma," the English folk sound of "Un & Do," and the country/Irish sound of "Especially." He felt "Brain Drain" and "Lynch" were classically influenced, and that "Finger Print" was influenced by 1990s American alternative rock. Yamaguchi praised the rhythmic nature of many of the tracks, as well as the strong guitar sound of many songs. He described the songs with Japanese lyrics as literary, with an old Japanese feel.

The album was chosen for an editor's choice review at OKMusic, where it was praised for its complex musical arrangements, the editor feeling they "expressed \[Noda's\] personality landscape three-dimensionally," and that the album physically moved them.

## Commercial reception

The album debuted at number 67 on Oricon's albums chart, due to 1,800 copies of the United Kingdom pre-release being sold in Japan. During the official week of release, it peaked at number 7 with 17,900 copies sold. The album spent one further week in the top 30. The album underperformed compared with Radwimps 2011 album, *Zettai Zetsumei*, which sold eight times *Ubu'*s sales.

Two songs charted from the album on *Billboard'*s Japan Hot 100 singles chart. "Brain Drain" reached number 30 during its pre-release in January 2013, and "Mahoroba" reached number 27 during album promotions in mid March, 2013.

As of April 2013, the album or its singles have not charted outside Japan.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Yojiro Noda

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Brain Drain" | 4:27 |
| 2. | "Aiwaguma" | 3:46 |
| 3. | "Planetarian" | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Mahoroba" | 4:44 |
| 5. | "Beehive" | 3:56 |
| 6. | "Dance" | 4:14 |
| 7. | "γ" (Gamma) | 3:24 |
| 8. | "Finger Print" | 2:53 |
| 9. | "Lynch" | 3:55 |
| 10. | "Un&Do" | 3:19 |
| 11. | "Gasshow" (Chorus) | 3:04 |
| 12. | "Inemuri" (Dozing Off) | 1:07 |
| 13. | "Especially" | 2:43 |
| 14. | "Birdie" | 4:03 |
| Total length: | | 49:45 |

Japan bonus track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15. | "Hiruno Hoshi" (Daytime Star) | 3:52 |
| Total length: | | 53:37 |

## Personnel

Personnel details were sourced from *Ubu'*s liner notes booklet.

**Managerial**

**Performance credits**

**Visuals and imagery**

**Technical and production**

## Chart rankings

| Charts
(2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Oricon* weekly albums | 7 |
| *Oricon* monthly albums | 14 |

### Reported sales

| Chart | Amount |
| --- | --- |
| *Oricon* physical sales | 36,000 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Distributing Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | February 25, 2013 | CD, digital download | Warner Brothers Records UK |
| Ireland | | | Warner Music Ireland |
| Japan | March 6, 2013 | | Warner Music Japan |
| | March 23, 2013 | | Rental CD |
| Austria | March 29, 2013 | CD, digital download | Warner Music Central Europe |
| France | | | Warner Music France |
| Germany | | | Warner Music Germany |
| Poland | | | Warner Music Central Europe |
| Switzerland | | |
| United Kingdom | July 1, 2013 | Vinyl | Warner Brothers Records UK |
| Germany | July 5, 2013 | | Warner Music Germany |
| Japan | July 9, 2013 | | Warner Music Japan |

## InfoBox

| Ubu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Illion | |
| Released | February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 49:24 |
| Language | English, Japanese |
| Label | Warner |
| Producer | Yojiro Noda |
| Illion chronology | |
| ***Ubu***
(2013) *P.Y.L*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Ubu* | |
| 1. "Brain Drain"
Released: January 16, 2013 2. "Mahoroba"
Released: February 6, 2013 | |
|  | |


title: U.S. Renditions

abstract: U.S. Renditions was a Special Projects Division of Books Nippan and one of the pioneers of anime home video distribution in North America. The division was founded in February 1987 by Kevin Seymour, David Keith Riddick, Sho Nagata and Satoshi Komatsu. Robert Napton later joined the division and became a key figure in its productions. After producing two music projects for the Robotech television series, U.S. Renditions produced the very first subtitled direct-to-home anime video for the American anime market. In March 1990, they began a release of a subtitled version of Gunbuster, followed in the same month by Dangaioh. They also released such subtitled hits as Appleseed and Black Magic M-66, and even began dubbing anime in 1992, the year their release of Dangaioh was completed. Their first dubbing projects included Macross II, Giant Robo and Fight! Iczer-One. These video projects were a joint venture with L.A. Hero, which was headed by Ken Iyadomi. U.S. Renditions also worked with U.S. Manga Corps on a select number of titles. The company also had a label called Dark Image Entertainment, which was geared for mature audiences. Titles under Dark Image Entertainment included Ambassador Magma, Devilman and Guyver: Out of Control. U.S. Renditions had a deal with Manga Entertainment's UK Division to distribute selected anime titles and have them dubbed in-house, before Island Records established Manga's North American operations via its acquisition of L.A. Hero in 1994. When Books Nippan ceased operations in the mid-1990s, U.S. Renditions was dissolved. Books Nippan's animation division was later acquired by Digital Manga. Kevin Seymour went on to become a successful anime English voice director and co-founded Animaze. Robert Napton became the director of Bandai U.S.A.'s manga division. Ken Iyadomi went on to produce/co-produce domestic releases by Manga Entertainment and Bandai Entertainment. Although some of their releases have seen re-release through Bandai Visual USA, Manga Entertainment and Media Blasters, other titles such as the original uncut subtitled version of Dangaioh, Ambassador Magma and Guyver: Out of Control were never re-released and have remained out of print on home video.

text:
# U.S. Renditions

**U.S. Renditions** was a Special Projects Division of Books Nippan (which was the American branch of Nippon Shuppan Hanbai) and one of the pioneers of anime home video distribution in North America. The division was founded in February 1987 by Kevin Seymour, David Keith Riddick, Sho Nagata and Satoshi Komatsu. Robert Napton later joined the division and became a key figure in its productions.

After producing two music projects for the *Robotech* television series, U.S. Renditions produced the very first subtitled direct-to-home anime video for the American anime market. In March 1990, they began a release of a subtitled version of *Gunbuster*, followed in the same month by *Dangaioh*. They also released such subtitled hits as *Appleseed* and *Black Magic M-66*, and even began dubbing anime in 1992, the year their release of *Dangaioh* was completed. Their first dubbing projects included *Macross II*, *Giant Robo* and *Fight! Iczer-One*. These video projects were a joint venture with L.A. Hero, which was headed by Ken Iyadomi. U.S. Renditions also worked with U.S. Manga Corps on a select number of titles.

The company also had a label called Dark Image Entertainment, which was geared for mature audiences. Titles under Dark Image Entertainment included *Ambassador Magma*, *Devilman* and *Guyver: Out of Control*.

U.S. Renditions had a deal with Manga Entertainment's UK Division to distribute selected anime titles and have them dubbed in-house, before Island Records established Manga's North American operations via its acquisition of L.A. Hero in 1994.

When Books Nippan ceased operations in the mid-1990s, U.S. Renditions was dissolved. Books Nippan's animation division was later acquired by Digital Manga. Kevin Seymour went on to become a successful anime English voice director and co-founded Animaze. Robert Napton became the director of Bandai U.S.A.'s manga division. Ken Iyadomi went on to produce/co-produce domestic releases by Manga Entertainment and Bandai Entertainment. Although some of their releases have seen re-release through Bandai Visual USA (which subsequently merged with Bandai Entertainment), Manga Entertainment and Media Blasters, other titles such as the original uncut subtitled version of *Dangaioh*, *Ambassador Magma* and *Guyver: Out of Control* were never re-released and have remained out of print on home video.

## Releases

U.S. Renditions releases
| Year | Title | Medium | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | *Robotech: BGM Collection, Volume 1* | Music LP |  |
| 1989 | *Robotech: Perfect Collection* | Music LP |  |
| 1990 | *Dangaioh* | OVA series | 3 eps.; later released by Manga Entertainment |
| 1990 | *Gunbuster* | OVA series | 6 eps.; later released by Bandai Visual and Discotek Media |
| 1991 | *Black Magic M-66* | OVA series | 1 ep.; later released by Manga Entertainment and Sentai Filmworks |
| 1992 | *Kabuto the Golden Eye Monster*, AKA *Raven Tengu Kabuto* | OVA series | 1 ep. |
| 1992–1993 | *Macross II: Lovers Again* | OVA series | 6 eps.; later released by Manga Entertainment; currently on Kickstarter by AnimEigo |
| 1992 | *The Guyver: Bio-Booster Armor* | OVA series | 12 eps. |
| 1993 | *Guyver: Out of Control* | OVA series | 1 ep. |
| 1993 | *Outlanders* | OVA series | 1 ep.; later released by Central Park Media |
| 1994 | *Giant Robo: The Day the Earth Stood Still* | OVA series | 7 eps.; later released by Media Blasters and Discotek Media |
|  | *Ambassador Magma* | OVA series | 13 eps. |
|  | *Appleseed* | OVA series | 1 ep.; later released by Manga Entertainment and Discotek Media |
|  | *Devilman* | OVA series | 2 eps.; later released by Discotek Media |
|  | *Dragon Century* | OVA series | 2 eps. |
|  | *Fight! Iczer One* | OVA series | 3 eps.; later released by Media Blasters |
|  | *Super Dimension Century Orguss* | TV series | 17/35 eps.; later released by ImaginAsian and Discotek Media |
| † = Released under the imprint Dark Image Entertainment. | | | |

## InfoBox

U.S. Renditions
| Founded | February 1987 |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct | mid-1990s |
| Fate | Defunct |
| Headquarters | Carson, California, USA |
| Key people | Robert Napton
David Keith Riddick
Kevin Seymour |
| Products | Anime |
| Parent | Books Nippan |


title: Pental (company)

abstract:
Pental Limited is an Australian manufacturer of household chemicals and cleaning products, and a publicly listed company on the Australian Stock Exchange. Formerly known as Symex, it manufactures, imports, distributes and exports many brands including:
  - AIM Toothpaste
  - Country Life Soap
  - Huggie Fabric Softener
  - Janola
  - Jiffy Firelighters
  - Little Lucifer Firelighters
  - Lux Pure Soap Flakes
  - Martha Gardener Country Homestead Wool Mix
  - Softly laundry care
  - Sunlight bar soap and dishwashing liquid
  - Velvet soap bar soap and dishwashing liquid
  - White King household bleach
  - Procell ANZ
  - Duracell

text:
# Pental (company)

**Pental Limited** is an Australian manufacturer of household chemicals and cleaning products, and a publicly listed company on the Australian Stock Exchange.

Formerly known as **Symex**, it manufactures, imports, distributes and exports many brands including:

## InfoBox

Pental
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1958 (1958) |
| Headquarters | Victoria, Australia |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Website | pental.com.au |


title: Lipson

abstract: Lipson is a ward in the city of Plymouth, England. It is an area with mixed terraced housing, some subdivided into bedsits and flats and a public open-space called 'Freedom Fields', a Civil War battle site where the townsfolk of nearby Plymouth resisted substantial Cavalier raiding parties and enabled the town to sustain the royalist siege. Freedom Fields existed before the Civil War and acquired its name after the defeat there of a French invasion force two hundred years earlier. The park was the inspiration behind the title of local folk singer-songwriter Seth Lakeman's third album and currently has a small cafe, numerous benches and flower-beds. Formerly the site of Plymouth's biggest hospital, the borough prison, and fire and ambulance stations, it now retains only the (rebuilt) fire station. Much of the housing stock consists of Victorian and Edwardian terraces with a few larger detached and semi-detached housing around the Queen's Gate/ Queen's Road area. Due in part to its proximity to the city's university and the size of some of the older properties, some of the housing towards Greenbank has been subdivided into homes of multiple occupancy and flats. Social housing can be found to the north-east along Lipstone Crescent. Because of its hilly position, much of the area offers panoramic views in most directions, not least south across Plymouth Sound. Plymouth's main retail shopping centre, Plymouth University, and Plymouth Railway Station are all within reasonable walking distance. Shopping in Lipson is limited to a handful of takeaways and small grocery shops. Currently, as of 2021, there is a small Tesco outlet near Lipson Vale. Lipson has a few schools, including Lipson Co-operative Academy. Public transport is provided by Plymouth Citybus in the form of three bus routes. 8/9 and 20/21 via Lipson Vale and 23/24 via the Queens Road Triangle and the Mount Gould estate and hospital.

text:
# Lipson

**Lipson** is a ward in the city of Plymouth, England. It is an area with mixed terraced housing, some subdivided into bedsits and flats and a public open-space called 'Freedom Fields', a Civil War battle site where the townsfolk of nearby Plymouth resisted substantial Cavalier raiding parties and enabled the town to sustain the royalist siege. Freedom Fields existed before the Civil War and acquired its name after the defeat there of a French invasion force two hundred years earlier. The park was the inspiration behind the title of local folk singer-songwriter Seth Lakeman's third album and currently has a small cafe, numerous benches and flower-beds.

Formerly the site of Plymouth's biggest hospital (Freedom Fields Hospital), the borough prison, and fire and ambulance stations, it now retains only the (rebuilt) fire station.

Much of the housing stock consists of Victorian and Edwardian terraces with a few larger detached and semi-detached housing around the Queen's Gate/ Queen's Road area. Due in part to its proximity to the city's university and the size of some of the older properties, some of the housing towards Greenbank has been subdivided into homes of multiple occupancy and flats. Social housing can be found to the north-east along Lipstone Crescent.

Because of its hilly position, much of the area offers panoramic views in most directions, not least south across Plymouth Sound. Plymouth's main retail shopping centre, Plymouth University, and Plymouth Railway Station are all within reasonable walking distance. Shopping in Lipson is limited to a handful of takeaways and small grocery shops. Currently, as of 2021, there is a small Tesco outlet near Lipson Vale.

Lipson has a few schools, including Lipson Co-operative Academy.

Public transport is provided by Plymouth Citybus in the form of three bus routes. 8/9 and 20/21 via Lipson Vale and 23/24 via the Queens Road Triangle and the Mount Gould estate and hospital.

## InfoBox

| Lipson | |
| --- | --- |
| Terraces in Lipson Vale | |
| LipsonLocation within the United Kingdom | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
|


title: Vehicle registration plates of Laos

abstract: Vehicle registration plates of Laos started in 1950. The current version started in 2001. Colour in the background varies for each type of vehicle. Ordinary ones are using black on orange.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Laos

**Vehicle registration plates of Laos** started in 1950. The current version started in 2001. Colour in the background varies for each type of vehicle. Ordinary ones are using black on orange.

## Format

Vehicle registration plates of Laos Format contains name of the province that this car register at the top of the sign. Below is a registration licenses. On the two Lao serial letters, first letter from ກ, ຂ, ຄ, ນ, ມ, ຣ, ລ, ວ, ຫ, ອ and ຮ is register for normal passenger car; ຈ, ຍ, ດ, ຕ and ທ is for a motorbike; ສ is for tricycle such as tuk-tuk; ບ is for heavy truck. The second letter and a number are a register format. This format have used since 2001.

## Vehicle types

| Vehicle types | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Type | Example | Meaning |
| Private |  | ນະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈັນ (ກຳແພງນະຄອນ) = Vientiane Prefecture |
| Government |  |  |
| Private Company |  |  |
| Company (1% paid tax) |  |  |
| Temporary |  | ໝົດກຳນົດ = Expire |
| Diplomatic |  |  |
|


title: True (TRU album)

abstract: True is the third studio album released by rap group, TRU. The album was released on July 25, 1995 for No Limit Records and features production from Al "Baby Jesus" Eaton, Kenneth Darnell Franklin, Percy Robert Miller, and Raymond Emile Poole. Producer's Daryl Lee Anderson, Craig Stephen Lawson (Craig), Larry Dodson, Mark Ogleton (CMT), Shon Adams (E-A-Ski), and Vyshonne Miller are also featured on individual tracks. This was the group's first major released after two independent albums and it managed to make it to #25 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #14 on the Top Heatseekers.

text:
# True (TRU album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***True*** is the third studio album released by rap group, TRU. The album was released on July 25, 1995 for No Limit Records and features production from Al "Baby Jesus" Eaton, Kenneth Darnell Franklin, Percy Robert Miller (Master P), and Raymond Emile Poole (Mo B. Dick). Producer's Daryl Lee Anderson (DJ Daryl), Craig Stephen Lawson (Craig), Larry Dodson (Larry D), Mark Ogleton (CMT), Shon Adams (E-A-Ski), and Vyshonne Miller (Silkk the Shocker) are also featured on individual tracks. This was the group's first major released after two independent albums and it managed to make it to #25 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #14 on the Top Heatseekers.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | 1:01 |
| 2. | "Last Dance" (C-Murder & Master P featuring Mia X) | 4:31 |
| 3. | "That's How We Break Bread" (Master P & King George Featuring C-Bo) | 3:28 |
| 4. | "Mobbin Through My Hood" (Master P, Silkk The Shocker, C-Murder, Big Ed & King George) | 3:36 |
| 5. | "Living That Life" (Master P & Silkk The Shocker featuring Carmen Taylor) | 4:40 |
| 6. | "Another Day, Another Dollar" (Master P & Silkk The Shocker) | 4:00 |
| 7. | "Watch Your Ass" (Skit) | 1:06 |
| 8. | "Walk Like A Killer" (Master P, Silkk The Shocker & King George) | 4:58 |
| 9. | "Commercial" (Skit) | 0:51 |
| 10. | "Anything Goes" (Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Big Ed & King George) | 3:21 |
| 11. | "I'm Bout' It, Bout It" (Master P featuring Mia X) | 5:30 |
| 12. | "Fuck Them Hoes" (Master P & Silkk The Shocker featuring Mia X) | 4:44 |
| 13. | "Ain't No Glock-Produced by Larry D. Henderson" (C-Murder & Master P) | 2:49 |
| 14. | "Rev Do Wrong" (Skit) | 1:48 |
| 15. | "TRU Playaz" (Master P & Silkk The Shocker, Big Ed & King George featuring Mr. Serv-On) | 4:41 |
| 16. | "Would You Take a Bullet for Your Homie?-Co-Produced by Larry D. Henderson" (Master P, Silkk The Shocker & Big Ed) | 4:49 |
| 17. | "3 Strikes" (Master P & King George featuring Tobin Casten) | 2:53 |
| 18. | "Keep It Jumping" (Master P & Big Ed) | 4:17 |
| 19. | "Keep It All Good-Produced by Larry D. Henderson" (Master P & Silkk The Shocker) | 5:56 |
| 20. | "Shouts Out" | 4:50 |

## InfoBox

| True | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by TRU | |
| Released | July 25, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1994–1995 |
| Genre | Gangsta rap, G-funk |
| Length | 73:49 |
| Label | No Limit Records, Priority Records |
| Producer | Al "Baby Jesus" Eaton, Kenneth Darnell Franklin, Percy Robert Miller (Master P), Raymond Emile Poole (Mo B. Dick), Daryl Lee Anderson (DJ Daryl), Craig Stephen Lawson (Craig), Larry Dodson (Larry D), Mark Ogleton (CMT), Shon Adams (E-A-Ski), Vyshonne Miller (Silkk the Shocker) |
| TRU chronology | |
| *Who's da Killer?*
(1993) ***True***
(1995) *Tru 2 da Game*
(1997) | |


title: Mitja Kosovelj

abstract: Mitja Kosovelj is a Slovenian male mountain runner, twice world champion at the World Long Distance Mountain Running Championships.

text:
# Mitja Kosovelj

**Mitja Kosovelj** (born 16 August 1984) is a Slovenian male mountain runner, twice world champion at the World Long Distance Mountain Running Championships (2011, 2013).

## Biography

Mitja Kosovelj won Dolomites SkyRace in 2016.

## InfoBox

Mitja Kosovelj
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Born | (1984-08-16) 16 August 1984<br>Slovenia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Sport |  |
| Event | Long-distance running |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | * Half marathon: 1:04:04 (2014) |
| Medal record      Mountain running   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  World LD Championships (individual) 2 1 2  World LD Championships (team) 0 1 0  Total 2 2 2 | |


title: Rawhiti Cave

abstract: Rawhiti Cave, also known as Manson Cave, is a single large limestone cave in the hillside of the Dry Creek Valley 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of Tākaka on the South Island of New Zealand. It is referred to as Manson Cave in the NZ Topo Map, after owners in the early 20th century, however the cave is known as Rawhiti Cave locally, and on DoC information panels and in brochures. The cave's entrance is one of the largest cave entrances in New Zealand with an opening of about 40 metres (130 ft) wide and up to 20 metres (66 ft) tall. The ceiling is densely covered in stalactites which become increasingly finer deeper down into the cave. A short walking track leads halfway down into the cavernous opening to a viewing platform.

text:
# Rawhiti Cave

**Rawhiti Cave**, also known as **Manson Cave**, is a single large limestone cave in the hillside of the Dry Creek Valley 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of Tākaka on the South Island of New Zealand. It is referred to as Manson Cave in the NZ Topo Map, after owners in the early 20th century, however the cave is known as Rawhiti Cave locally, and on DoC information panels and in brochures.

The cave's entrance is one of the largest cave entrances in New Zealand with an opening of about 40 metres (130 ft) wide and up to 20 metres (66 ft) tall. The ceiling is densely covered in stalactites which become increasingly finer deeper down into the cave. A short walking track leads halfway down into the cavernous opening to a viewing platform.

## Flora

The diverse twilight-zone flora near the entrance of Rawhiti Cave makes this cave nationally significant. Over long periods of time, plant growth on the cave formations causes them to grow towards the sunlight as more calcium carbonate is deposited regularly on top of the plant growth. This phenomenon, called phytokarst, is most evident on the larger stalactites near the cave entrance, which are strongly curved outwards due to the heavy moss and fern growth on their sunlit sides.

Apart from the short walking track to the viewing platform, the cave is undeveloped and in its natural state. Delicate ferns and mosses grow on the cave's sloping floor, and phytokarst stalagmites also grow towards the light, similarly following the growth pattern of the plant life that helps form and shape them.

During winter months, sunlight reaches the back wall of the cavern, creating viable conditions for some species of algae to survive at the lower limit of light availability for photosynthesis. These algae cover the rear walls in a range of red hues.

## History and tourism

Rawhiti Cave was originally formed some one million years ago, before Dry River cut the valley deeper to its present position. The original cave roof has collapsed long ago, forming a massive self-supporting dome leading down to a steep-sided pit formed of loose debris.

In the early 1900s, Darcy Manson, son of the landowner, cut a track to the cave and took people there on tours until the late 1920s. He named the cave *Rawhiti*, Māori for "sunrise", due to the winter sun shining right to the back of the cave. From 1955 to 2000, the cave was owned by the Baird family, who provided daily tours on demand. In 2000, the cave's ownership changed to Heritage New Zealand, and the Baird Reserve area is now managed by the Department of Conservation NZ, its 150 hectares (370 acres) split into the adjacent Dry River Scenic Reserve and Rawhiti Caves Scenic Reserve.

The track to Rawhiti Cave starts at an informal car park on private farm land and leads into the Dry River valley for 30 minutes, followed by a 30-minute uphill zigzag track to the cave entrance. The viewing platform inside the cave entrance includes information panels and is still well enough lit that no torches are needed. This is one of very few such caves that is open free of charge to the general public, hence visitors are urged to stick to the path to avoid damaging the fragile environment inside the cave.

40°53′07″S 172°51′59″E / 40.8853°S 172.86649°E / -40.8853; 172.86649


title: Malaysia Federal Route 80

abstract: Federal Route 80, or Jalan Sepakat, is the main federal road in Perlis, Malaysia.

text:
# Malaysia Federal Route 80

**Federal Route 80**, or **Jalan Sepakat**, is the main federal road in Perlis, Malaysia.

## Route background

The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 80 starts at Kuala Sanglang.

## Features

At most sections, the Federal Route 80 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Perlis, Malaysia.

| Location | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kuala Sanglang | 0.00 | R152 Jalan Pesisir Pantai Perlis — Kampung Sungai Padang, Kampung Sungai Bahar | Southern terminus |
| Kampung Rama |  | R177 Jalan Sungai Bahru-Kampung Rama — Kampung Sungai Bahru, Simpang Empat |  |
| Kampung Simpang Sanglang |  | R163 Jalan Padang Keria — Kampung Padang Keria |  |
| Kampung Kepala Batas Pauh | 4.90 | FT 7 Malaysia Federal Route 7Kangar, Kuala Perlis, Padang Besar, Alor Setar, Alor Janggus | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Federal Route 80 | |
| --- | --- |
| Jalan Sepakat | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 4.99 km (3.10 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| Northeast end | Kampung Kepala Batas Pauh |
| Major intersections | FT 7 Federal Route 7 |
| Southwest end | Kuala Sanglang |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Malaysia |
| Primary
destinations | Kampung Simpang Sanglang |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Mahbubeler, Bandırma

abstract: Mahbubeler is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bandırma, Balıkesir province in Turkey. Its population is 132 (2022).

text:
# Mahbubeler, Bandırma

**Mahbubeler** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bandırma, Balıkesir province in Turkey. Its population is 132 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Mahbubeler | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| MahbubelerLocation in TurkeyMahbubelerMahbubeler (Marmara) | |
| Coordinates: 40°17′36″N 28°07′15″E / 40.29333°N 28.12083°E / 40.29333; 28.12083 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Balıkesir |
| District | Bandırma |
| Population (2022) | 132 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Pentalenene synthase

abstract:
The enzyme pentalenene synthase catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate ⇌ pentalenene + diphosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase. This enzyme is also called pentalenene synthetase.

text:
# Pentalenene synthase

The enzyme **pentalenene synthase** (EC 4.2.3.7) catalyzes the chemical reaction

(2*E*,6*E*)-farnesyl diphosphate $\rightleftharpoons $ pentalenene + diphosphate

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **(2*E*,6*E*)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, pentalenene-forming)**. This enzyme is also called **pentalenene synthetase**.

* Cane DE (1983). "Cell-free studies of monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis". *Biochem. Soc. Trans*. **11** (5): 510–5. PMID 6642060.
* Cane DE, Tillman AM (1983). "Pentalenene biosynthesis and the enzymic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate". *J. Am. Chem. Soc*. **105**: 122–124. doi:10.1021/ja00339a026.
* Cane, DE, Hubbard BR; Sohng, JK; Lamberson, CR; Rudnicki, SM; Wu, Z; Lloyd, MD; Oliver, JS; Hubbard, BR (1994). "Pentalenene synthase. Purification, molecular cloning, sequencing, and high-level expression in Escherichia coli of a terpenoid cyclase from Streptomyces UC5319". *Biochemistry*. **33** (19): 5846–57. doi:10.1021/bi00185a024. PMID 8180213.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

| pentalenene synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 4.2.3.7 |
| CAS no. | 90597-46-9 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


abstract: William Thompson House is an early 19th-century log cabin in Cypress Valley, near Camden, Tennessee, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The William Thompson House is one of the few structures remaining from the early settlement period in Benton County. It was built by William Thompson in 1816 or 1819 and typifies the double-pen dogtrot cabin style. It is built from timbers that were squared by hand using an adze and dovetailed together at the corners of the building. There are two main rooms on either side of an open passageway, each served by a free-standing chimney at the end of the building. A loft extends across the entire length of the building, under the gable roof.

text:
# William Thompson House (Camden, Tennessee)

**William Thompson House** is an early 19th-century log cabin in Cypress Valley, near Camden, Tennessee, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The William Thompson House is one of the few structures remaining from the early settlement period in Benton County. It was built by William Thompson in 1816 or 1819 and typifies the double-pen dogtrot cabin style. It is built from timbers that were squared by hand using an adze and dovetailed together at the corners of the building. There are two main rooms on either side of an open passageway (the "dogtrot"), each served by a free-standing chimney at the end of the building. A loft extends across the entire length of the building, under the gable roof.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William Thompson House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Camden, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 36°2′24″N 88°5′37″W / 36.04000°N 88.09361°W / 36.04000; -88.09361 |
| Built | 1816 |
| Architectural style | Double-pen Dog-trot |
| NRHP reference No. | 76001763 |
| Added to NRHP | May 6, 1976 |


title: Lisa Saffer

abstract: Lisa Saffer is a soprano singer of opera, particularly Bach, Handel and modern works. She also teaches voice at the New England Conservatory.

text:
# Lisa Saffer

**Lisa Saffer** (born June 3, 1960) is a soprano singer of opera, particularly Bach, Handel and modern works. She also teaches voice at the New England Conservatory.

## Early life and education

Saffer originates from Madison, Wisconsin, USA. She was awarded a bachelor's degree from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and a Master of Music, with Artist Diploma from the New England Conservatory.

## Voice

Saffer is a soprano. Her voice has been described as "Her silvery, brainy vocalism was world-class throughout and in the last celebratory aria, she brought the house down, rocketing off coloratura with flourish and showing off a splendid high C." (*The Boston Globe*, when she performed Cleopatra in Handel's *Giulio Cesare*).

## Career

Her career has led to acclaim for her interpretation of contemporary scores and as well as Bach, Handel and other baroque music. She has performed in the US and worldwide. Notable performances of modern works have been with the Royal Philharmonic (2002) and English National Opera (2005) as Lulu in Berg's eponymous opera, recorded in 2005 and the role of Marie in Zimmermann's *Die Soldaten* with the English National Opera, Opéra Bastille and New York City Opera. Her performances of classical works have included Handel's *Messiah* with the Philadelphia Orchestra, and Mendelssohn's *A Midsummer Night's Dream* with the New York Philharmonic.

Her performances have been recorded by several organisations including Harmonia Mundi, Warner Classics, New World Records and Chandos Records.

In 2010 she joined the New England Conservatory and teaches voice.

## Awards

In May 2003 she received the Singer Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society in recognition of her performance in live classical music in the UK. She has been awarded the Anna Case Mackay Memorial Award, one of the annual Outstanding Apprentice Awards from the Santa Fe Opera, U.S.A and has been nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for outstanding achievement in Opera for her performance with the English National Opera as Lulu in Berg's eponymous opera. She is a recipient of a National Music Theater Institute grant.

## InfoBox

| Lisa Saffer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1960-06-03) June 3, 1960 |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | soprano; opera singer |


title: Marlow Bridge

abstract: Marlow Bridge is a road traffic and foot bridge over the River Thames in England between the town of Marlow, Buckinghamshire and the village of Bisham in Berkshire. It crosses the Thames just upstream of Marlow Lock, on the reach to Temple Lock. The bridge is a Grade I listed building.

text:
# Marlow Bridge

**Marlow Bridge** is a road traffic and foot bridge over the River Thames in England between the town of Marlow, Buckinghamshire and the village of Bisham in Berkshire. It crosses the Thames just upstream of Marlow Lock, on the reach to Temple Lock. The bridge is a Grade I listed building.

## History

There has been a bridge on the site since the reign of King Edward III which was stated in around 1530 to have been of timber, though an original crossing to the Knights Templar of Bisham may date from 1309. In 1642 this bridge was partly destroyed by a Parliamentarian army. In 1789 a new timber bridge was built by public subscription with a contribution from the Thames Navigation Commission to increase the headroom underneath. The current suspension bridge was designed by William Tierney Clark and was built between 1829 and 1832, replacing a wooden bridge further downstream which collapsed in 1828. The Széchenyi Chain Bridge, spanning the River Danube in Budapest, was also designed by William Tierney Clark and it is a larger scale version of Marlow bridge.

In 1965, the bridge was restored. It has a 3 tonne weight restriction and is used only by foot and local road traffic. Other traffic is carried by the Marlow By-pass Bridge. On 24 September 2016, a 37-tonne Lithuanian haulage lorry attempted to pass over the bridge, requiring it to be closed for two months to allow Buckinghamshire County Council to undertake a series of stress tests on the suspension bridge hangers and pins, together with ultrasound and magnetic particle tests. No significant damage to the bridge was found, and it was reopened on Friday 25 November following restoration of sections exposed for weld testing with three coats of paint, removal of scaffolding surrounding the bridge's two towers, and reinstatement of timber work removed for inspection.

Media related to Marlow Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Marlow Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Marlow Bridge, from All Saints' parish churchyard | |
| Coordinates | 51°34′01″N 0°46′23″W / 51.567°N 0.773°W / 51.567; -0.773 |
| Crosses | River Thames |
| Locale | Marlow |
| Maintained by | Buckinghamshire County Council |
| Heritage status | Grade I listed structure |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Suspension |
| Height | 12 feet 8 inches (3.86 m) |
| Longest span | 235 feet (72 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | William Tierney Clark |
| Opened | 1832 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Troopers Three

abstract: Troopers Three is a 1930 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and B. Reeves Eason and produced and distributed by Tiffany Studios.

text:
# Troopers Three

***Troopers Three*** is a 1930 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and B. Reeves Eason and produced and distributed by Tiffany Studios.

## Plot

Eddie Haskins (Lease), a wisecracking young man, teams up with two ham-acrobats known as 'Bugs & Sunny' (Karns and Summerville). When they are all kicked out of a vaudeville theater in California, they enlist in the U. S. Cavalry.

Eddie falls in love with Dorothy Clark (Gulliver), the daughter of a sergeant and, following a moonlight tryst, they are discovered by Sergeant Hank Darby (London) who himself is in love with Dorothy. They have a fist-fight in which Eddie comes out second best.

When Darby is reprimanded for fighting with an enlisted man, the troopers incorrectly think that Eddie squealed on him, and they punish him with a conspiracy of silence. Dorothy also rejects him. Eddie has a problem. Maybe a fire will break out in the stables and he can rescue Sergeant Darby.

## Cast

## Preservation status

The film exists in a 25-minute truncated version.

## InfoBox

| Troopers Three | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | Norman Taurog
B. Reeves Eason |
| Written by | Jack Natteford (scenario) |
| Story by | Arthur Guy Empey |
| Produced by | Arthur Guy Empey |
| Starring | Rex Lease
Roscoe Karns |
| Cinematography | Benjamin H. Kline
Ernest Miller
Jackson Rose |
| Edited by | Clarence Kolster |
| Distributed by | Tiffany Pictures |
| Release date | * February 23, 1930 (1930-02-23) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Missouri Hyperloop

abstract: The Missouri Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation route in the U.S. state of Missouri. The hyperloop would connect the cities of St. Louis, Columbia, and Kansas City, complementing the busy Interstate 70. Cross-state travel between Missouri's two largest cities would be reduced from four hours to under 30 minutes. In 2017, the Missouri Hyperloop Coalition was formed as a partnership between Virgin Hyperloop One, the University of Missouri, and engineering firm Black & Veatch. The coalition released a report that concluded such a hyperloop was feasible, the first such study in the United States. It touts benefits including annual savings of $500 million, fast and cheap travel for over 5 million people in Missouri's two largest metropolitan areas, and connecting technology and research centers including the University of Missouri. In 2019, Missouri Governor Mike Parson announced the formation of a Blue Ribbon panel to examine the details of funding and construction, including a potential 10–15-mile (16–24 km) test track. The corridor has been described as an ideal location because of its relative flatness, population density, and preexisting infrastructure. Virgin Hyperloop CEO Jay Walder referred to Missouri as a "model process" for planning hyperloops. In June 2019, Virgin Hyperloop One announced a partnership with the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts of Washington University in St. Louis to further investigate different proposals for the Missouri Hyperloop. In October 2020, West Virginia was announced as the location for the test track, though this was never constructed. In December 2023, Hyperloop One announced it was shutting down after failing to obtain any contracts to build a working system.

text:
# Missouri Hyperloop

The **Missouri Hyperloop** is a proposed high-speed transportation route in the U.S. state of Missouri. The hyperloop would connect the cities of St. Louis, Columbia, and Kansas City, complementing the busy Interstate 70. Cross-state travel between Missouri's two largest cities would be reduced from four hours to under 30 minutes.

In 2017, the Missouri Hyperloop Coalition was formed as a partnership between Virgin Hyperloop One, the University of Missouri, and engineering firm Black & Veatch. The coalition released a report that concluded such a hyperloop was feasible, the first such study in the United States. It touts benefits including annual savings of $500 million, fast and cheap travel for over 5 million people in Missouri's two largest metropolitan areas, and connecting technology and research centers including the University of Missouri.

In 2019, Missouri Governor Mike Parson announced the formation of a Blue Ribbon panel to examine the details of funding and construction, including a potential 10–15-mile (16–24 km) test track. The corridor has been described as an ideal location because of its relative flatness, population density, and preexisting infrastructure. Virgin Hyperloop CEO Jay Walder referred to Missouri as a "model process" for planning hyperloops.

In June 2019, Virgin Hyperloop One announced a partnership with the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts of Washington University in St. Louis to further investigate different proposals for the Missouri Hyperloop.

In October 2020, West Virginia was announced as the location for the test track, though this was never constructed. In December 2023, Hyperloop One announced it was shutting down after failing to obtain any contracts to build a working system.


title: Rawi Hage

abstract: Rawi Hage is a Lebanese-Canadian journalist, novelist, and photographer based in Montreal, Quebec, in Canada.

text:
# Rawi Hage

**Rawi Hage** (Arabic: راوي الحاج, romanized: Rāwī Ḥāj; born 1964) is a Lebanese-Canadian journalist, novelist, and photographer based in Montreal, Quebec, in Canada.

## Personal life

Hage is the common-law partner of novelist Madeleine Thien.

## Writing

Hage has published journalism and fiction in Canadian and American magazines, and in the *PEN America Journal*. His debut novel, *De Niro's Game* (2006), won the 2008 International Dublin Literary Award, and was shortlisted for the 2006 Scotiabank Giller Prize and the 2006 Governor General's Award for English fiction. Commenting on their selection, the Dublin Literary Award judges remarked that "its originality, its power, its lyricism, as well as its humane appeal all mark *De Niro's Game* as the work of a major literary talent and make Rawi Hage a truly deserving winner." *De Niro's Game* was also awarded two Quebec awards, the Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction and the McAuslan First Book Prize. De Niro's Game was translated into Arabic by Ruhi Tu'mah in 2008 as مصائر الغبار

His second novel, *Cockroach*, was published in 2008 and was also shortlisted for the Giller Prize, the Governor General's Award and the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. He was the winner of the Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction in 2008 and 2012 for his books *Cockroach* and *Carnival*, respectively.

In August 2013, he was named Vancouver Public Library's ninth writer in residence.

His 2018 novel *Beirut Hellfire Society* was named as a longlisted nominee for the Giller Prize, and a shortlisted finalist for both the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize and the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction.

In 2019 he won the Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award from the Writers' Trust of Canada.

His 2022 novel *Stray Dogs* earned him his fourth Giller Prize nomination.

## Awards and honours

In addition to the awards listed below, Sophie Voillot's translation of *De Niro's Game* was shortlisted for the 2008 Cole Foundation Prize for Translation.

Awards for Hage's writing
| Year | Title | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *De Niro's Game* | Governor General's Award for English-language fiction | Shortlist |  |
| | | McAuslan First Book Prize | **Winner** |  |
| | | Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize | Finalist |  |
| | | Scotiabank Giller Prize | Shortlist |  |
| | | Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction | **Winner** |  |
| 2008 | *Cockroach* | Governor General's Award for English-language fiction | Shortlist |  |
| | | Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction | **Winner** |  |
| | | Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize | Shortlist |  |
| | *De Niro's Game* | International Dublin Literary Award | **Winner** |  |
| 2009 | *Parfum de poussière* | Le Combat des livres | **Winner** |  |
| 2012 | *Carnival* | Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction | **Winner** |  |
| | | Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize | Shortlist |  |
| 2018 | *Beirut Hellfire Society* | Governor General's Award for English-language fiction | Shortlist |  |
| | | Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction | Shortlist |  |
| | | Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize | Shortlist |  |
| | | Scotiabank Giller Prize | Longlist |  |
| 2022 | *Stray Dogs* | Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction | Shortlist |  |
| | | Scotiabank Giller Prize | Shortlist |  |

## Bibliography

* Media related to Rawi Hage at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to Rawi Hage at Wikiquote

## InfoBox

| Rawi Hage | |
| --- | --- |
| Hage at the 2009 Brooklyn Book Festival | |
| Born | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Occupation | Journalist, novelist, photographer |
| Nationality | Lebanese, Canadian |
| Notable works | *De Niro's Game*, *Cockroach* |
| Partner | Madeleine Thien |


title: Rathausgasse

abstract: The Rathausgasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the Zähringerstadt which was built during the foundation of the city in 1191. It runs from the transverse Kreuzgasse, where the name changes to Postgasse to Kornhausplatz. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.

text:
# Rathausgasse

The **Rathausgasse** is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the Zähringerstadt which was built during the foundation of the city in 1191. It runs from the transverse *Kreuzgasse*, where the name changes to Postgasse to Kornhausplatz. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.

## History

Starting in 1300, the street that would become Rathausgasse and Postgasse was known as *Hormansgasse* or *Hormatsgasse*. The Horman family, the origin of the name, lived in Bern from 1224 to 1326. Since 1619 the upper section (now Rathausgasse) was known as *Metzgergasse* (Butcher's Lane), while the lower section was first called Postgasse in 1798. From 1880 until 1975 Rathausgasse was the name of just the northern section of Kreuzgasse. The upper section of what would become Rathausgasse 82 and 84 were known before the 19th century as *Nägeligässli* and in the 19th century as *Statthaltergässli*. Since 1898 those two houses became part of the Metzgergasse. Then, on 1 November 1971, Metzgergasse was renamed to Rathausgasse.

46°56′54.52″N 7°26′59.85″E / 46.9484778°N 7.4499583°E / 46.9484778; 7.4499583

## InfoBox

Rathausgasse
| Old City of Bern with Rathausgasse highlighted | |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 300 m (980 ft) |
| Location | Old City of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| Postal code | 3011 |
| Coordinates | 46°56′54.52″N 7°26′59.85″E / 46.9484778°N 7.4499583°E / 46.9484778; 7.4499583 |


title: Mahel of Hereford

abstract: Mahel of Hereford was a holder of the feudal lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny in the Welsh Marches in the mid 12th century.

text:
# Mahel of Hereford

**Mahel of Hereford** was a holder of the feudal lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny in the Welsh Marches in the mid 12th century.

## Lineage

Mahel of Hereford was a younger son of Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford and his wife Sibyl of Neufmarche, daughter of Bernard de Neufmarche, Lord of Brecon.

His brothers were Walter and William of Hereford.

## Offices

Mahel held the posts of King's Constable in the region and succeeded to the lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny in 1163. In 1163 or 1164 he attended the Council of Clarendon.

He died about 1164, without issue, and is buried at Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire.


title: Maharajaswaas

abstract: Maharajawas is a village in Alwar district in Rajasthan state in India. The literal meaning of the name is "Residence of Great King". It is nearly 10 km from Behror.

text:
# Maharajaswaas

**Maharajawas** is a village in Alwar district in Rajasthan state in India. The literal meaning of the name is "Residence of Great King". It is nearly 10 km from Behror.

## InfoBox

| Maharajawas | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Alwar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-RJ |
| Vehicle registration | RJ-02 |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |


title: Frances McGovern

abstract: Frances McGovern was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives and the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio. She was born in Akron, Ohio and lived there all of her life. She was a lawyer by trade, working in both private practice and in the legal department of Ohio Edison. After retirement, she wrote two books, Written on the Hills, which dealt with the geographical history of Akron, and Fun, Cheap, and Easy, where she told about her life in politics.

text:
# Frances McGovern

**Frances McGovern** (April 18, 1927 – February 6, 2004) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives and the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio. She was born in Akron, Ohio and lived there all of her life. She was a lawyer by trade, working in both private practice and in the legal department of Ohio Edison (now FirstEnergy). After retirement, she wrote two books, *Written on the Hills*, which dealt with the geographical history of Akron, and *Fun, Cheap, and Easy*, where she told about her life in politics.