title: Linby

abstract: Linby is a small village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, England. The nearest town is Hucknall which is immediately to the south-west. The village grew up around the mills on the River Leen, from which Linby's name is derived. Small streams known as Linby Docks run on both sides of the main street. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 232, increasing to 676 at the 2021 census.

text:
# Linby

**Linby** is a small village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, England. The nearest town is Hucknall which is immediately to the south-west. The village grew up around the mills on the River Leen, from which Linby's name is derived. Small streams known as Linby Docks run on both sides of the main street. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 232, increasing to 676 at the 2021 census.

## History

In the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72) John Marius Wilson described Linby:

> LINBY, or LINDEBY, a village and a parish in Basford district, Notts. The village stands adjacent to the Nottingham and Mansfield railway, near the river Leen, 9¼ miles N by W of Nottingham; has a station on the railway, and a post office under Nottingham; and has Likewise two ancient crosses, which were supposed to mark an entrance-boundary of Sherwood forest.—The parish comprises 1,190 acres. Real property, £2,147; of which £25 are in quarries. Pop. in 1851, 310; in 1861, 257. Houses, 53. The property is not divided. The manor belongs to A. F. W. Montagu, Esq. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Lincoln. Value, £280. I Patron, A. F. W. Montagu, Esq. The church was re.cently restored, has a tower, and contains monuments of the Chaworths.

The local parish church is dedicated to St. Michael and is a Grade II\* listed building. Containing a number of features which date to the 13th century, the church has been extended several times, including restorations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

There are two crosses in the village. The "Top Cross", a Grade II listed structure, is dated to the 14th century and was restored in the late 19th century. The "Bottom Cross" is inscribed with the date 1663, and may have been dedicated to the restoration of King Charles II.

Linby won Nottinghamshire's "best kept village" award in 2013.

## Administration

From 1894 to 1974 the village was part of Basford Rural District. It was then transferred to Gedling Borough. However, a small part of the parish had been transferred to Hucknall Urban District Council in 1935.

Linby is included in the Hidden Valleys area of Nottinghamshire.

## Transport

The Linby Trail is a 2 km stretch of the National Cycle Route starting at the village and finishing at nearby Newstead Village.

Three railway lines once passed through Linby, with stations on two of them. The first was the Midland Railway (later part of the LMS) line from Nottingham to Mansfield and Worksop, closed to passengers on 12 October 1964 though partly retained as a freight route serving collieries at Annesley. In the 1990s this line was reopened to passengers in stages, the section through Linby in 1993, but Linby station did not reopen with it.

The second line was the Great Northern Railway (later part of the LNER) route serving many of the same places as the Midland. It closed to passengers on 14 September 1931 but remained in use for freight until 25 March 1968. The Linby station on this line had closed long before, on 1 July 1916.

The third line was the Great Central Railway (also later part of the LNER), the last main line ever built from the north of England to London, opened on 15 March 1899. The stretch through Linby (which crossed over both the other lines), closed completely on 5 September 1966, but there had never been a Linby station on this line.

## Sports

The village has a football team, Linby Colliery F.C.

## InfoBox

| Linby | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| Top Cross, Linby | |
| Parish map | |
| LinbyLocation within Nottinghamshire | |
| Area | 1.43 sq mi (3.7 km2) |
| Population | 676 (2021) |
| Density | 473/sq mi (183/km2) |
| OS grid reference | SK 535510 |
| London | 115 mi (185 km) SSE |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | NOTTINGHAM |
| Postcode district | NG15 |
| Dialling code | 0115 |
|  | |
| Police | Nottinghamshire |
| Fire | Nottinghamshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | https://linby.org.uk |
|


title: 1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team

abstract: The 1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1931 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 5–4–1 record, finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 110 to 104. Glenn Thistlethwaite was in his fifth and final year as Wisconsin's head coach. Guard Greg Kabat was selected by the Associated Press (AP) and Central Press (CP) as a third-team player on the 1931 College Football All-America Team, and by the AP and the Big Ten team captains as a first-team player on the 1931 All-Big Ten Conference football team. Tackle Harold Smith was selected as the team's most valuable player. Smith was also the team captain. The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium, which had a capacity of 38,293. During the 1931 season, the average attendance at home games was 15,068.

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# 1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team

1931 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 10 Purdue \+ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Michigan \+ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 4 Northwestern \+ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Ohio State | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Minnesota | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Indiana | 1 |  | 4 |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Chicago | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Iowa | 0 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Illinois | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from Dickinson System | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1931 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 5–4–1 record (3–3 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 110 to 104. Glenn Thistlethwaite was in his fifth and final year as Wisconsin's head coach.

Guard Greg Kabat was selected by the Associated Press (AP) and Central Press (CP) as a third-team player on the 1931 College Football All-America Team, and by the AP and the Big Ten team captains as a first-team player on the 1931 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

Tackle Harold Smith was selected as the team's most valuable player. Smith was also the team captain.

The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium, which had a capacity of 38,293. During the 1931 season, the average attendance at home games was 15,068.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 3 | Bradley* |  | W 33–6 | 21,000 |  |
| October 3 | North Dakota Agricultural* | * Camp Randall Stadium * Madison, WI | W 12–7 | 21,000 |  |
| October 10 | Auburn* | * Camp Randall Stadium * Madison, WI | T 7–7 |  |  |
| October 17 | Purdue | * Camp Randall Stadium * Madison, WI | W 21–14 | 30,000 |  |
| October 24 | at Penn* |  | L 13–27 | 65,000 |  |
| October 31 | at Minnesota |  | L 0–14 | 52,000 |  |
| November 7 | at Illinois |  | W 7–6 |  |  |
| November 14 | Ohio State | * Camp Randall Stadium * Madison, WI | L 0–6 | 35,000 |  |
| November 21 | at Chicago |  | W 12–7 |  |  |
| November 28 | at Michigan |  | L 0–16 | 9,190 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1931 Wisconsin Badgers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 5–4–1 (3–3 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| MVP | Harold Smith |
| Captain | Harold Smith |
| Home stadium | Camp Randall Stadium |
|


title: The Rat (1918 film)

abstract: The Rat is a 1918 German silent crime film directed by Harry Piel and Joe May and starring Heinrich Schroth, Olga Engl and Käthe Haack. It was part of the series of Joe Deebs detective films. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin.

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# The Rat (1918 film)

***The Rat*** (German: ***Die Ratte***) is a 1918 German silent crime film directed by Harry Piel and Joe May and starring Heinrich Schroth, Olga Engl and Käthe Haack. It was part of the series of Joe Deebs detective films.

It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. *The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema*. Berghahn Books, 2009.

## InfoBox

| The Rat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Joe May |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Max Lutze |
| Production<br>company | May-Film |
| Distributed by | UFA |
| Release date | * 11 October 1918 (1918-10-11) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages |  |


title: Old Bridge High School

abstract: Old Bridge High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Old Bridge Township in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Old Bridge Township Public Schools. The school is located on County Route 516 in Old Bridge Township, however, it is assigned a Matawan mailing address. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1970. Through partnerships with Fairleigh Dickinson University and Middlesex County College, students can take college courses for credit in both high school and college. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,707 students and 192.5 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 14.1:1. There were 386 students eligible for free lunch and 122 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Based on 2021-22 data from the New Jersey Department of Education, it was the fifth-largest high school in the state and one of 29 schools with more than 2,000 students. The school operates from 7:35 A.M. to 2:06 P.M. and runs on a 6-period schedule using block scheduling.

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# Old Bridge High School

**Old Bridge High School** (formed from combining the former Cedar Ridge and Madison Central high schools) is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Old Bridge Township in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Old Bridge Township Public Schools. The school is located on County Route 516 in Old Bridge Township, however, it is assigned a Matawan mailing address. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1970.

Through partnerships with Fairleigh Dickinson University and Middlesex County College, students can take college courses for credit in both high school and college.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,707 students and 192.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.1:1. There were 386 students (14.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 122 (4.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Based on 2021-22 data from the New Jersey Department of Education, it was the fifth-largest high school in the state and one of 29 schools with more than 2,000 students.

The school operates from 7:35 A.M. to 2:06 P.M. and runs on a 6-period schedule using block scheduling.

## History

Old Bridge High School opened in September 1994. It was formed from the merger of Cedar Ridge High School and Madison Central High School, which were the two existing public high schools in Old Bridge Township. By the 1980s, the enrollment in the two predecessor schools had been little more than half the combined peak of 4,000 that had been reached in the 1970s. The district estimated that the combination of the two schools into a single facility would save $600,000 per year (equivalent to $800,000 in 2023) after up-front costs of the merger estimated at $400,000. OBHS was originally set up as a two campus system having an East Campus at the former Cedar Ridge site containing Grades 9 and 10 and a West Campus at the former Madison Central site containing Grades 11 and 12. The entire high school is now located at the former Cedar Ridge High School (East Campus) and Carl Sandburg Middle School Building after an addition was added in 2004. The former Middle School building houses the Grade Nine Center.

Dr. James Hickey was hired in 2003 and he oversaw a $26.8 million high school construction project that was completed in September 2005. The school developed a stricter but better learning environment as shown through student achievement and standardized test scores which have exceeded state standards. Out-of-school suspensions dropped more than 55% and student tardiness dropped by more than 60%, while scores on state exams rose more than 20% in mathematics and more than 10% in language arts literacy. For his work in transforming Old Bridge High School, Dr. Hickey was recognized as the New Jersey Principal of the Year in 2009. He was also recognized by the New Jersey State Board of Education. The district Superintendent of Schools also publicly recognized Dr. Hickey for his work in transforming OBHS.

In 2010, Old Bridge High School became part of the Confucius Classroom following the implementation of a comprehensive Chinese program at the high school. Delegations from the school went to China in 2009 and 2010.

In 2011 according to the New Jersey School Report Card, Old Bridge High School made Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) under the No Child Left Behind Act by meeting 40 out of 40 indicators, a first for Old Bridge High School.

## Awards, recognition and rankings

The school was the 158th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 178th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 162nd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 211th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 197th of 316 schools in the magazine's 2006 rankings.

Schooldigger.com ranked the school 169th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 45 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (81.0%) and language arts literacy (93.6%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

## Athletics

The Old Bridge High School Knights compete in the Greater Middlesex Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools located in the Middlesex County area and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. With 2,082 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in Division 5C of the Big Central Football Conference, which includes 60 public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Middlesex, Somerset, Union and Warren counties, which are broken down into 10 divisions by size and location. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 1,333 to 2,324 students. Old Bridge High School is known primarily for its cross country and track programs, while its bowling, wrestling, and volleyball programs have also been successful.

The ice hockey team won the Handchen Cup in 1998 and the Dowd Cup in 2006. The 1998 team won the Handchen Cup with a 5–4 win against Toms River High School East in the championship game played at South Mountain Arena.

The boys cross country running team won the Group IV state championship in 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2015. The girls cross country running team won the Group IV state championship in 2001.

The wrestling team won the Central Jersey Group IV state sectional championships in 2001 and 2002

In 2001, the Knights football team, went on to play at High Point Solutions Stadium in the Central Jersey Group IV title game, losing to an undefeated J.P. Stevens High School team 14–7. In 2015, the Knights football team made a second appearance in the Central Jersey Group V title game, falling to an undefeated South Brunswick High School by a score of 42–0 in the tournament final. In 2018, Old Bridge and East Brunswick High School played their 25th and final Thanksgiving Day game, with Old Bridge winning 22 of the 25 games in the series. The two schools will continue to have a "Battle of Route 18" rivalry game that will be played as part of the regular schedule.

The boys' track team won the Group IV indoor relay state championship in 2002 and 2010.

The boys track team won the Group IV spring / outdoor track state championship in 2005, 2006 and 2016.

The boys track team won the indoor track Group IV state championship in 2008 and 2016.

In 2008, the girls' softball team went to win the Red Division title for the second year in succession, the GMC Championship, and the Central Jersey Group IV sectional championship with a 2–1 win against Hunterdon Central Regional High School.

In 2010, the boys' soccer team had the most successful soccer year in school history when they went on to play in the Central Jersey Group IV title game, losing to Freehold Township High School by a score of 1–0 in the final.

In the fall of 2012, the girls' soccer team completed the most successful soccer year in school history when they made the finals in the Central Jersey Group IV title game, losing to Montgomery.

The boys volleyball team won the overall state championship in 2018 (defeating Southern Regional High School in the final match of the tournament) and 2019 (vs. Fair Lawn High School). In 2018, the team won the school's first Tournament of Champions title in any sport with a win in the finals against Southern Regional. The team repeated as state champion in 2019 with a win in three sets in the finals against Fair Lawn High School. In June 2022, the team lost the first set and came back to win 2–1 against Southern to earn their fourth consecutive ToC title.

## *The Challenge*

The school has been featured on the News 12/Cablevision (now MSG Varsity) game show *The Challenge* in which schools compete in a single-elimination trivia competition in order to advance toward a $10,000 prize. Their first year of competition was in 2008 when they defeated Nutley High School in the first round. In 2009, in their first round, they defeated Clifton High School at 315–240. In Round 2, they beat Leonia High School with a score of 320–240 before suffering a crushing defeat by St. Joseph's High School in Round 3 by a score of 420–240.

Old Bridge High School was again chosen to compete on *The Challenge* in 2010–11a. Their first competition against Eastern Christian High School aired on MSG Varsity on February 3, 2011, with Old Bridge winning 290–240. Their second competition against Randolph High School aired on April 21, 2011, with Old Bridge again winning 395–290. Their next episode against Manalapan High School aired on May 19, 2011.

## Marching Knights

The Old Bridge Marching Knights, also known as the OBHSMK, has been recognized as a competitive marching band for the past several years and has gained high ranks in more-than-one marching band circuits. In 2005, the OBHSMK gained a Silver-medal finalist position in the Tournament of Bands' Group III 2005 Atlantic Coast Championship with their show *Wild Knights*. Their show *Metamorphosis* was ranked fourth place in the same competition in 2006 with a score of 95.00, making them a Gold-medal finalist.

OBHSMK transferred from TOB to USSBA in 2007.

Eventually, they were ranked fourth in the 2009 season in their USSBA circuit, with *The Dark Knight*. In the 2010 season, the Marching Knights placed sixth in group IV with the theme *Requiem for a Knightmare*. Recently in the 2011 season with the show *In Motion* the Marching Knights ranked sixth in group III and tied for Best Music. The Marching Knights were six-tenths of a point away from first place. In their 2012 season titled 'Into the Inferno,' the Marching Knights were undefeated in group III open. They placed first at Nationals in Metlife Stadium with a 96.375.

The Old Bridge Marching Knights participated at the D-Day Anniversary Parade in Normandy, France in June 2015 as one of five American bands participating in the ceremonies marking the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings. The band performed in the annual parade in Sainte-Mère-Église.

After winning the USBands Group 3 Open state championship, the band traveled to Honolulu, Hawaii, in December 2018 to represent the state and the USS *New Jersey* in the Pearl Harbor anniversary parade.

## Administration

The school's principal is Vincent Sasso. Core members of the school's administration are the school's four vice principals.

## Notable alumni

Notable alumni of Old Bridge High School and its predecessors include:

## InfoBox

| Old Bridge High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 4209 Route 516
Old Bridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey 07747
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°24′24″N 74°16′20″W / 40.4067789°N 74.2721247°W / 40.4067789; -74.2721247 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Motto | As Knights, we recognize the importance of lifelong learning, show respect for each other, and take pride in ourselves. |
| Established | September 5, 1994 (1994-09-05) |
| School district | Old Bridge Township Public Schools |
| NCES School ID | 340927003496 |
| Principal | Vincent Sasso |
| Faculty | 192.5 FTEs |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 2,707 (as of 2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.1:1 |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Purple
black and
white |
| Athletics conference | Greater Middlesex Conference (general)
Big Central Football Conference (football) |
| Mascot | Sir Obie The Knight |
| Team name | Knights |
| Rival | East Brunswick High School |
| Accreditation | Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools |
| Newspaper | *Knight Life* |
| Yearbook | *Excalibur* |
| Website | www.oldbridgeadmin.org/o/obhs |


title: St. Mary's Church, School and Convent

abstract: St. Mary's Church, School and Convent is a historic Roman Catholic church complex off United States Route 212 in Zell, South Dakota.

text:
# St. Mary's Church, School and Convent

**St. Mary's Church, School and Convent** is a historic Roman Catholic church complex off United States Route 212 in Zell, South Dakota.

## Description

It consists of four buildings and a cemetery, located on 7 acres (2.8 ha) just south of Zell in Hand County. All four buildings (a church, convent, and two rectory houses) are wood-frame structures built between 1883 and 1910. The oldest building, the three-story convent school, was built in 1883, and is the mother site of the Benedictine Sisters in the state. It has a fire shoot attached to one of the upper floors to allowed escape in case of a fire. Most of the children spoke German and were taught English. The convent school served the community until 1963, when upgrades to comply with the fire code became cost prohibitive.

The church was designed by Joseph Schwartz, one of the first architects to live and work in the state, and was built in Victorian Gothic Revival style in 1905. The site is privately owned.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## History

In 1874, five sisters from the monastery of Maria-Rickenbach in Switzerland, led by Mother Gertrud Leupi, came to Maryville, Missouri where Father Adelhelm Odermatt O.S.B. was engaged in parish work. Mother Gertrud established Sacred Heart Convent there. In 1883, Bishop Martin Marty, apostolic vicar of the Dakota Territory, asked the sisters for assistance in ministering to the people. The Maryville congregation moved to Zell, South Dakota and opened a school for children of the parish.

## Benedictine Sisters of Yankton

In 1889, St. Joseph's Convent was established in Yankton where the sisters had purchased an empty school building next door to the Bishop's residence.

In 1897, at the request of Bishop Thomas O'Gorman of Sioux Falls, the sisters opened Sacred Heart Hospital, which in 1998 became affiliated with the Presentation Health System. In 1938, at the request of Abbot Leonard Schwinn of Holy Cross Abbey in Cañon City, Colorado, the sisters took over management of the Fremont County Doctors' Hospital. In 1942 it was renamed Saint Thomas More Hospital. In 1994, the Benedictine Sisters turned St. Thomas More Hospital over to the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio.

In 2009, Mother Jerome Schmitt, OSB, (18991983) prioress of Sacred Heart Monastery and the founder and first president of Mount Marty College was named to the South Dakota Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Mary's Church, School and Convent | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Zell, South Dakota |
| Area | 7 acres (2.8 ha) |
| Built | 1910 (1910) |
| Architect | Stolte, Herman E.; Schwartz, Joseph |
| NRHP reference No. | 82003928 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1982 |


title: Nematopoa

abstract: Nematopoa is a genus of African plants in the grass family. The only known species is Nematopoa longipes, native to Zambia and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Nematopoa

***Nematopoa*** is a genus of African plants in the grass family. The only known species is ***Nematopoa longipes***, native to Zambia and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Nematopoa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Chloridoideae |
| Tribe: | Triraphideae |
| Genus: | *Nematopoa*
C.E.Hubb. |
| Species: | ***N. longipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nematopoa longipes***
(Stapf & C.E.Hubb.) C.E.Hubb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Triraphis longipes* Stapf & C.E.Hubb. * *Crinipes longipes* (Stapf & C.E.Hubb.) C.E.Hubb. | |


title: USS Richard Vaux

abstract: USS Richard Vaux (1864), a 120-ton canal boat, was purchased by the Union Navy at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 16 July 1864, for use as part of the "stone fleet" of obstructions in the waterways of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Richard Vaux was laden with stone, and sent via Baltimore, Maryland, to the James River to be sunk on the bar at Trent's Reach, Virginia, to protect Union troops from Confederate attack by water.

text:
# USS Richard Vaux

**USS *Richard Vaux* (1864)**, a 120-ton canal boat, was purchased by the Union Navy at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 16 July 1864, for use as part of the "stone fleet" of obstructions in the waterways of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

*Richard Vaux* was laden with stone, and sent via Baltimore, Maryland, to the James River to be sunk on the bar at Trent's Reach, Virginia, to protect Union troops from Confederate attack by water.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*


title: Water pollution in India

text:
# Water pollution in India

## River Water Pollution Definition

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater) by harmful substances or pathogens, making them unfit for human use or harmful to aquatic life. This contamination can occur from various sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and improper disposal of waste. The presence of pollutants in water can have serious environmental, health, and economic consequences.

Canals, rivers and lakes in India often serve as dumping grounds for sewage, solid and liquid wastes. These are sources of water pollution, as illustrated in Tamil Nadu (above) and West Bengal (below).

Water pollution is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of **water pollution in India** is untreated sewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small-scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted due to industries, untreated sewage and solid wastes. Although the average annual precipitation in India is about 4000 billion cubic metres, only about 1122 billion cubic metres of water resources are available for utilization due to lack of infrastructure. Much of this water is unsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumers, its industry and its agriculture.

## Causes of pollution

### Untreated sewage

There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.

The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates into the soil or evaporates. The uncollected waste accumulates in the urban areas causing unhygienic conditions and releasing pollutants that leach into surface and groundwater.

Sewage discharged from cities, towns and some villages is the predominant cause of water pollution in India. Investment is needed to bridge the gap between the sewage India generates and its treatment capacity of sewage per day. Major cities of India produce 38,354 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, but the urban sewage treatment capacity is only 11,786 MLD. A large number of Indian rivers are severely polluted as a result of discharge of domestic sewage.

The scientific analysis of water samples from 1995 to 2008 indicates that the organic and bacterial contamination is severe in water bodies of India. This is mainly due to discharge of domestic waste water in untreated form, mostly from the urban centres of India.

### Agricultural Run-off and Industrial Wastewater

Pesticides are a major contaminant of water bodies in developing countries. Many pesticides have been banned all over the world due to their environmental damage such as Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Aldrin and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), but are still commonly used as a cheap and easily available alternative to other pesticides in India. India has used over 350,000 million tonnes of DDT since 1985, even though DDT was banned in 1989. The introduction of agrochemicals like HCH and DDT into water bodies can cause bioaccumulation, since these chemicals are resistant to degradation. These chemicals are a part of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which are potential carcinogens and mutagens. The levels of POPs found in several Indian rivers are well above the WHO permissible limit.

The wastewater from many industries in India is discarded in rivers. From 2016 to 2017, it is estimated that 7.17 million tonnes of hazardous waste was produced by industrial plants. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported that as of 2016, there were 746 industries directly depositing wastewater into the Ganga, which is the largest river in India. This wastewater contains heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, zinc, and arsenic, which negatively affect both aquatic life as well as human health. Bioaccumulation of these metals can cause several adverse effects on health such as impaired cognitive function, gastrointestinal damage, or renal damage.

### Other problems

A joint study by PRIMER and the Punjab Pollution Control Board in 2008, revealed that in villages along the Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan and heptachlor pesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap water. Plus the water had high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticide. The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium.

Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves solid waste and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.

## Quality of water resources

### Quality Monitoring

The Central Pollution Control Board, a Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India entity, has established a National Water Quality Monitoring Network comprising 1,429 monitoring stations in 28 states and 6 in Union Territories on various rivers and water bodies across the country. This effort monitors water quality year round. The monitoring network covers 293 rivers, 94 lakes, 9 tanks, 41 ponds, 8 creeks, 23 canals, 18 drains and 411 wells distributed across India. Water samples are routinely analysed for 28 parameters including dissolved oxygen, bacteriological and other internationally established parameters for water quality. Additionally 9 trace metals parameters and 28 pesticide residues are analysed. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations.

### Organic matter

In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/L BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically unsafe, polluted water.

The levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In rural parts of India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.

### Coliform levels

Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha and Godavari, are amongst the other most coliform polluted water bodies in India. For context, coliform must be below 104 MPN/100 mL, preferably absent from water for it to be considered safe for general human use, and for irrigation where coliform may cause disease outbreak from contaminated-water in agriculture.

In 2006, 47 percent of water quality monitoring reported coliform concentrations above 500 MPN/100 mL. During 2008, 33 percent of all water quality monitoring stations reported a total coliform levels exceeding those levels, suggesting recent effort to add pollution control infrastructure and upgrade treatment plants in India, may be reversing the water pollution trend.

Treatment of domestic sewage and subsequent utilization of treated sewage for irrigation can prevent pollution of water bodies, reduce the demand for fresh water in the irrigation sector and become a resource for irrigation. Since 2005, Indian wastewater treatment plant market has been growing annually at the rate of 10 to 12 percent. The United States is the largest supplier of treatment equipment and supplies to India, with 40 percent market share of new installation. At that rate of expansion, and assuming the government of India continues on its path of reform, major investments in sewage treatment plants and electricity infrastructure development, it was estimated India will nearly triple its water treatment capacity by 2015, and treatment capacity supply will match India's daily sewage water treatment requirements by about 2020.

## Effects of water pollution in India

Water pollution in India has several detrimental effects on both the environment and public health. Some of the key effects include:

1. **Health Impacts**: Contaminated water is a significant cause of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. These diseases lead to illness, hospitalization, and even death among the population exposed to polluted water sources.
2. **Environmental Degradation**: Pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals harm aquatic ecosystems. They disrupt the balance of ecosystems, leading to the decline of fish and other aquatic organisms, loss of biodiversity, and degradation of habitats.
3. **Drinking Water Contamination**: Groundwater contamination due to industrial discharge and agricultural runoff affects millions who depend on groundwater for drinking. High levels of contaminants such as arsenic and fluoride have been reported in many parts of India, causing severe health problems.
4. **Impact on Agriculture**: Agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers contaminates water sources and affects soil fertility. This leads to reduced crop yields and impacts food security.
5. **Economic Costs**: The economic impact of water pollution in India includes costs associated with healthcare, loss of livelihoods (especially for fishing communities), and expenses for water treatment and purification.

## Solutions

Water conservation in India is gaining pace. The Ganga rejuvenation efforts by the union government, the Yamuna clean-up are some of the government initiated efforts. The Chennai River Restoration trust's efforts to clean the Cooum, Adyar rivers in Chennai and civil society efforts spearheaded by organizations like Environmentalist Foundation of India (E.F.I) to clean lakes and ponds in the country are seen as significant development towards water conservation.

### Sewage Treatment

There is a huge gap between the sewage generated in India and the sewage treatment capacity of the country. The central government has largely left it up to the state governments to manage wastewater treatments, which has led to huge disparity in the management of wastewater amongst the several states. However, approximately 815 sewage treatment plants (STPs) are under development or have been planned in the last six years. This has increased the percentage of urban sewage treated from 37% in 2015 to 50% in 2021. There has also been an effort to encourage the reuse or recycling of treated wastewater in agriculture or industrial purposes to reduce the strain on groundwater resources.

Other technologies to treat municipal wastewater have also been explored. Natural wetlands have shown to be a good alternative to STPs to remove 76-78% of organic waste, 77-97% of nutrients, and 99.5-99.9% of microbes from wastewater. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) have been adopted in some parts of India and have also shown to be an economically feasible alternative to STPs, considering the cost of installing and maintaining an STP is high. The quality of the effluent discharged by the plants was found to be within the permissible limits of the CPCB.

### Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Industrial wastewater is highly unregulated in India. However, several initiatives have been taken by the government to prevent industrial pollution of water resources. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a water treatment process to eliminate liquid waste from industries that release very polluted wastewater, such as the fertiliser sector and distilleries. ZLD has been encouraged by the government and since implemented at some large industrial plants like Unilever and P&G, but installation costs and failure to process large amounts of dissolved solids in wastewater are a huge deterrent for industrial plants to adopt this technology.

## Specific rivers

### The Ganges

More than 500 million people live along the \[Ganges\] River. An estimated 2,000,000 persons ritually bath daily in the river, which is considered holy by Hindus. Ganges river pollution is a major health risk.

NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the "National River" of India. The chair includes the Prime Minister of India and Chief ministers of states through which the Ganges flows.

### The Yamuna

By an estimate by 2012, Delhi's sacred Yamuna river contained 7,500 coliform bacteria per 100cc of water. A number of NGOs, pressure groups, eco-clubs, as well as citizens' movements, have been active in their task to clean the river.

Even though India revised its National Water Policy in 2002 to encourage community participation and decentralize water management, the country's complex bureaucracy ensures that it remains a "mere statement of intent." Responsibility for managing water issues is fragmented among a dozen different ministries and departments without any coordination. The government bureaucracy and state-run project department has failed to solve the problem, despite having spent many years and $140 million on this project.

### Other


title: 1924 World Figure Skating Championships

abstract: The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion. Men's and pairs' competitions took place from February 26 to 27 in Manchester, United Kingdom. Ladies' competitions took place from February 16 to 17 in Oslo, Norway.

text:
# 1924 World Figure Skating Championships

The **World Figure Skating Championships** is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion. Men's and pairs' competitions took place from February 26 to 27 in Manchester, United Kingdom. Ladies' competitions took place from February 16 to 17 in Oslo, Norway.

## Medal table

*   Host nations (Norway, Great Britain)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Austria | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Germany | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Great Britain* | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | United States | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |

## Results

### Men

| Rank | Name | Places |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Gillis Grafström | 5 |
| **2** | Willy Böckl | 10 |
| **3** | Ernst Oppacher | 22 |
| 4 | John Page | 23 |
| 5 | Ludwig Wrede | 23 |
| 6 | Otto Preißecker | 26 |
| 7 | Martin Stixrud | 31 |

Judges:

### Ladies

| Rank | Name | Places |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Herma Plank-Szabo | 5 |
| **2** | Ellen Brockhöft | 12 |
| **3** | Beatrix Loughran | 16 |
| 4 | Gisela Reichmann | 12 |
| 5 | Sonja Henie | 22 |
| 6 | Klara Johansen | 28 |
| 7 | Ragnvi Torslow | 35 |

Judges:

* Josef Fellner
* Fritz Hellmund
* Reidar Lund
* M. Mikkelsen
* Thor B. Poulsen

### Pairs

| Rank | Name | Places |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Helene Engelmann / Alfred Berger | 5 |
| **2** | Ethel Muckelt / John Page | 10 |
| **3** | Elna Henrikson / Kaj af Ekström | 15 |

Judges:

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 1924 World Figure Skating Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Type: | ISU Championship |
| Season: | 1924 |
| Location: | Manchester, UK (men and pairs)
Oslo, Norway (ladies) |
| Champions | |
| Men's singles:
Gillis Grafström | |
| Ladies' singles:
Herma Plank-Szabo | |
| Pairs:
Helene Engelmann / Alfred Berger | |
|  | |
| Previous:
1923 World Championships | |
| Next:
1925 World Championships | |


title: Nuts! (book)

abstract: Nuts!: Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success is a 1996 non-fiction book about the American low-cost airline Southwest Airlines by Kevin and Jacquelyn Freiburg, published by Bard Press.

text:
# Nuts! (book)

***Nuts!: Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success*** is a 1996 non-fiction book about the American low-cost airline Southwest Airlines by Kevin and Jacquelyn Freiburg, published by Bard Press.

## Background

The Freiburgs, a husband and wife couple, were working on a PhD about leadership when they first became involved with Southwest. They operate a consulting company together in San Diego.

## Contents

The book lists positive aspects of the company operations and culture at Southwest. Publishers Weekly wrote that "The Freibergs state up front that their work is not an exposé and make no apologies for presenting a very positive and optimistic view."

The chapters are "A Legend Takes Off," "Basics Gone Nuts", "Doing the Extra Special Exceptionally Well", and "The Legend Lives On." The first describes the company's beginning. The second describes Southwest's management philosophy, known as "NUTS". The third describes the Corporate Culture and putting the interests of employees ahead of those of customers, and the fourth is about the management style from the executives. Each chapter has a "Success in a Nutshell" section summarizing what Bellinda Wise of Nassau Community College describes as "the eccentric elements of Southwest's corporate culture." Wise adds that the Freiburgs "emphasize" the "caring character of the company" "to the point of sounding corny."

## Reception

James Routhnie of EasyGroup, owner of British budget airline EasyJet, stated that the company founder Stelios Haji-Ioannou had referred to the book as his "bible" and personally gave him a copy. Routhnie wrote that the book helped him learn about job satisfaction.

John Nirenberg of the University of Phoenix wrote that the book "is the story not of one person or a small group of insiders" but instead "the story of what is possible when people are engaged in their work and their organization." He described the book " as a fascinating account" as the opposite of *Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great* by Albert J. Dunlap. Nirenberg stated that the book "equally leaves the reader with a skeptical view of the cozy claims" of the company's benevolence; and that it "hardly created a ripple upon its release."

Publishers Weekly stated that "some critical analysis would have made for a more worthwhile presentation" although the rise of Southwest is "worthy of study".

Lamar Muse, first president and CEO of Southwest (1971-1978), said in his own book that any similarity between the "real story" and the "convoluted tales" told in *Nuts!* was "purely coincidental".

* Nirenberg, John (April 1997). "Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great / NUTS!: Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success". *International Journal of Organization Analysis*. **5** (2): 212–216.
* Sander, Wayne (March 1999). "NUTS! Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success". *Quality Progress*. **32** (3): 111–112.

### Notes

## InfoBox

Nuts!: Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Authors | Kevin Freiburg<br>Jacquelyn Freiburg |
| Subject | Southwest Airlines |
| Published | Bard Press (1996) |
| Media type | Non-fiction book |
| ISBN | 9780767901840 |


title: The Spaceship

abstract: The Spaceship is a science fiction comedy set in the year 2104 and onwards that premiered on BBC Radio 7 over the course of five days during the last week of June 2005. It was written by Paul Barnhill and Neil Warhurst and was directed by Sally Avens. A second series of The Spaceship began broadcasting on 25 February 2008, with the first series repeated again in the week prior to broadcast. In this series the Really Invincible was upgraded to version 3.2.8. In the year 2104 a fleet of research cruisers were launched into space. Their mission: to seek out new life. With every moment on board preserved by wall-to-wall monitoring and transmitted over time back to Earth, we’ve been allowed access to one of these ships: The Really Invincible III, Macclesfield Division. What you are about to hear took place, live, four years ago, seventy thousand light years from home.

text:
# The Spaceship

***The Spaceship*** is a science fiction comedy set in the year 2104 and onwards that premiered on BBC Radio 7 over the course of five days during the last week of June 2005. It was written by Paul Barnhill and Neil Warhurst and was directed by Sally Avens.

A second series of *The Spaceship* began broadcasting on 25 February 2008, with the first series repeated again in the week prior to broadcast. In this series the *Really Invincible* was upgraded to version 3.2.8.

*In the year 2104 a fleet of research cruisers were launched into space. Their mission: to seek out new life. With every moment on board preserved by wall-to-wall monitoring and transmitted over time back to Earth, we’ve been allowed access to one of these ships: The Really Invincible III, Macclesfield Division. What you are about to hear took place, live, four years ago, seventy thousand light years from home.*

## Characters

* **Captain Gordon "Flashdance" Taylor** (James Fleet) – Gordon is captain of *The Really Invincible III* and has a tendency to throw cheese and wine parties at a moments notice.
* **Melissa Paterson** (Emily Joyce) – Despite being the ship's security officer, Melissa never wears the regulation uniform.
* **Karen Trex** (Rosie Cavaliero) – Ship's Communications Officer, Feng Shui expert, and all-round nice person.
* **Stuart Jackson** (Paul Barnhill) – Stuart is the ship's engineer and newest member after the last engineer was accidentally ejected into space.
* **Clive 55** (Neil Warhurst) – As one of 137 clones, all called Clive, created in a lab just outside Warrington, he is the ship's Chief Medical Scientist.
* **Narrator** (Nick Bolton) – Guide to events on board *The Really Invincible III*.
* **E3007 Series II Yakamoto** – The ship's robot that has been malfunctioning since launch and is locked in a perpetual loop of swing music. Its only current use is that of an iron for the crew's clothes.

## Episode guide

### *The Spaceship*

* Episode 3002: ***Lost*** – The crew is responsible for taking care of the princess of the Urg.
* Episode 3003: ***Indestructible*** – Why does *The Indestructible III* explode for no reason?
* Episode 3004: ***Monster*** – Who or what is in the hold of *The Really Invincible III*.
* Episode 3005: ***Dirty*** – Clive 55’s experiment with dark matter goes awry.
* Episode 3205: ***Enemies*** – The crew prepare to meet the Duhwop-eye.

### *The Spaceship II* (Second Series)

* Episode 1: ***Hole*** – While dealing with the unpleasant consequences of the first ever incident of travel through a black hole, the crew faces a race of call-centre operative plants.
* Episode 2: ***Manhood*** – Scientist Clive 55 reconstructs a dead space pirate and before long he's running the ship.
* Episode 3: ***Rude*** – The crew have some space tourists on board, but it turns into a holiday from hell.
* Episode 4: ***Sick*** – The crew contract a mystery virus which makes them age at an alarming rate.
* Episode 5: ***The End*** – The End: The crew find themselves at the end of the universe.

## InfoBox

*The Spaceship*
| Genre | Radio comedy
Radio drama |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Language(s) | English |
| Home station | BBC Radio 7 |
| Starring | James Fleet
Emily Joyce
Rosie Cavaliero
Paul Barnhill
Neil Warhurst
Nick Bolton |
| Written by | Paul Barnhill
Neil Warhurst |
| Directed by | Sally Avens |
| Original release | June 2005 (2005-06) |


title: Okayama Domain

abstract: Okayama Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now eastern Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It controlled all of Bizen Province and a small portion of Bitchū Province was centered around Okayama Castle, and was ruled throughout its history by a branch of the Ikeda clan. Okayama Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and is now part of Okayama Prefecture. Okayama Domain had two sub-domains, Kamogata Domain (鴨方藩) and Ikusaka Domain (生坂藩). In addition, six of the clans who served as hereditary karō of the domain had kokudaka equivalents to that of daimyō.

text:
# Okayama Domain

class=notpageimage|Location of Okayama CastleOkayama Domain (Japan)

**Okayama Domain** (岡山藩, *Okayama-han*) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now eastern Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It controlled all of Bizen Province and a small portion of Bitchū Province was centered around Okayama Castle, and was ruled throughout its history by a branch of the Ikeda clan. Okayama Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and is now part of Okayama Prefecture. Okayama Domain had two sub-domains, **Kamogata Domain** (鴨方藩) and **Ikusaka Domain** (生坂藩). In addition, six of the clans who served as hereditary *karō* of the domain had *kokudaka* equivalents to that of *daimyō*.

## History

During the Sengoku period, Okayama was held by Ukita Hideie. However, as he sided with the Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he was dispossessed by the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu and his domains given to Kobayakawa Hideaki. Kobayakawa Hideaki died without heir in 1602. In 1603, Ikeda Tadatsugu, the second son of Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain was awarded Okayama with a *kokudaka* of 280,000 *koku*. This was increased in 1613 with an additional 100,000 *koku*. However, he died in 1615 without heir and the domain was transferred to his younger brother, Ikeda Tadao castellan of Yura Castle on Awaji Island, albeit with a reduction from 380,000 to 315.000 *koku*. After Ikeda Tadao's death in 1632, his heir, Ikeda Mitsunaka was regarded by the Tokugawa shogunate as being too young to be entrusted with the critically-important Okayama Castle, with its strategic location on the San'yōdō highway and reassigned him to Tottori Domain. Okayama went to his cousin, Ikeda Mitsumasa, formerly of Tottori Domain. His descendants would continue to rule Okayama until the Meiji restoration.

In 1644, Ikeda Mitsumasa was authorized to construct the Tamaigū Tōshō-gū, which was the first Tōshōgū authorized to be constructed outside of territories under direct control of the Tokugawa clan. The reason why the Ikeda clan was given such preferential treatment was because Tokuhime, the daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, had married Ikeda Terumasa and thus both Tadatsugu and Tadao were Ieyasu's grandsons. Ikeda Mitsumasa along with Tokugawa Mitsukuni and Hoshina Masayuki is regarded as one of the three great *daimyō* of the early Edo Period. In 1669, he opened the Okayama Domain Han School, the first han school to be constructed in Japan. He also opened the Shizutani School in 1670, the oldest school for commoners. He was also active in land reclamation and flood control civil engineering projects throughout his domain. In 1700, his son Ikeda Tsurumasa completed the Kōraku-en, one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan, along with Kenroku-en and Kairaku-en. In the Bakumatsu period, Ikeda Shigemasa, the 9th *daimyō*, was the ninth son of Tokugawa Nariaki and thus the younger brother of the last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu. He was a strong proponent of the *Kōbu gattai* policy of uniting the shogunate with the Imperial family; however, he was forced into retirement at the start of the Boshin War. In the immediate aftermath of the Meiji restoration, the domain was involved in the Kobe Incident of 1868, a major crisis in Franco–Japanese relations, and the first major international affairs challenge for the fledgling Meiji government. In 1871, with the abolition of the han system, the domain became part of Okayama Prefecture. then Ikeda clan was ennobled with the *kazoku* peerage title of marquis in 1884.

## Holdings at the end of the Edo period

As with most domains in the han system, Tottori Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned *kokudaka*, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields, g.

* Bizen Province (entire province)
    + 108 villages in Shōtō District
    + 94 villages in Akasaka District
    + 62 villages in Mino District
    + 91 villages in Kojima District
    + 79 villages in Oku District
    + 89 villages in Wake District
    + 64 villages in Iwanashi District
    + 93 villages in Tsudaka District

* Bitchū Province
    + 18 villages in Kuboya District
    + 11 villages in Asakuchi District
    + 3 villages in Kaya District
    + 9 villages in Katō District

## List of daimyō

| # | Name | Tenure | Courtesy title | Court Rank | *kokudaka* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Kobayakawa clan,** 1600-1602 (*Tozama*) | | | | | |
| 1 | Kobayakawa Hideaki (小早川秀秋) | 1600 - 1602 | *Gon-chūnagon* (権中納言) | Third Rank (従三位) | 510,000 *koku* |
| **Ikeda clan,** 1603-1632 (*Tozama*, but equivalent to *Shinpan*) | | | | | |
| 1 | Ikeda Tadatsugu (池田忠継) | 1603 - 1615 | *Saemon-no-kami* (左衛門督); Jijū (侍従) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 280,000 -\> 380,000 *koku* |
| 2 | Ikeda Tadakatsu (池田忠雄) | 1615 - 1632 | *Kunai-shōyū* (宮内少輔) | Upper 4th Rank, Lower Grade (正四位下) | 380,000 -\> 315,000 *koku* |
| **Ikeda clan,** 1632-1871 (*Tozama*) | | | | | |
| 1 | Ikeda Mitsumasa (池田光政) | 1632 - 1672 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 2 | Ikeda Tsunemasa (池田綱政) | 1672 - 1714 | *Sakon'e-no-shōshō* (左近衛少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 3 | Ikeda Tsugumasa (池田継政) | 1714 - 1752 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 4 | Ikeda Munemasa (池田宗政) | 1752 - 1764 | *Iyo-no-kami* (伊予守); *Jijū* (侍従) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 5 | Ikeda Harumasa (池田治政) | 1764 - 1794 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 6 | Ikeda Narimasa (池田斉政) | 1794 - 1829 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 7 | Ikeda Naritoshi (池田斉敏) | 1829 - 1842 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 8 | Ikeda Yoshimasa (池田慶政) | 1842 - 1863 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将) | Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 9 | Ikeda Mochimasa (池田茂政) | 1863 - 1868 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将), *Jijū* (侍従) | Junior 4th Rank, Upper Grade (従四位上) | 315,000 *koku* |
| 10 | Ikeda Akimasa (池田章政) | 1868 - 1871 | *Sakon'e-gon-shōshō* (左近衛権少将), *Jijū* (侍従) | Junior 4th Rank, Upper Grade (従四位上) | 315,000 *koku* |
|
|

## Kamogata Domain

In 1672, Ikeda Mitsumasa gave 25,000 *koku* of new rice lands in Asakuchi and Kuboya Districts, Bitchū Province, to his second son, Ikeda Masamoto, and established a cadet branch of the clan. A *jin'ya* was established in what is now then Kamagata neighborhood of the city of Asakuchi, Okayama; however, its nominal *daimyō* lived within the *jōkamachi* of Okayama. The domain existed primarily as "insurance" to prevent attainder of the parent domain should the ruling *daimyō* die without a successor. Throughout its history, it was known as **Okayama Shinden Domain** (岡山新田藩), becoming "Kamogata Domain" only after the Meiji restoration.

## Ikusaka Domain

In 1672, Ikeda Mitsumasa gave 15,000 *koku* of new rice lands in Kuboya District, Bitchū Province, to his third son, Ikeda Terutoshi, and established a cadet branch of the clan. It existed as a "paper domain" throughout most of the Edo period with its revenues coming from the treasury of the parent domain, and its nominal *daimyō* lived within the *jōkamachi* of Okayama. Domain administration was non-existent, with officials dispatched from Okayama Domain in charge of domain affairs. The domain existed primarily as "insurance" to prevent attainder of the parent domain should the ruling *daimyō* die without a successor. Throughout its history, it was known as **Okayama Shinden Domain** (岡山新田藩), becoming "Ikusaka Domain" only after the Meiji restoration.

## Genealogy (simplified; Ikeda clan – Okayama)

* Ikeda Tsuneoki (1536–1584)
    + Terumasa, 1st *daimyō* of Himeji (1565–1613)
        - Toshitaka, 2nd *daimyō* of Himeji (1584–1616)
            * **I. Mitsumasa, 1st *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation. cr. 1632)** (1609–1682; r. 1632–1672)
                + **II. Tsunamasa, 2nd *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1638–1714; r. 1672–1714)
                    - **III. Tsugumasa, 3rd *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1702–1776; r. 1714–1752)
                        * **IV. Munemasa, 4th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1727–1764; r. 1752–1764)
                            + **V. Harumasa, 5th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1750–1819; r. 1764–1794)
                                - **VI. Narimasa, 6th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1773–1833; r. 1794–1829)
                            + Sagara Nagahiro, 12th *daimyō* of Hitoyoshi (1752–1813)
                                - Sagara Yorinori, 13th *daimyō* of Hitoyoshi (1774–1856)
                                    * Sagara Yoriyuki, 14th *daimyō* of Hitoyoshi (1798–1850)
                                        + **X. Akimasa, 10th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation) 1st Marquess** (1836–1903; r. 1868–1869, Governor of Okayama: 1869–1871, Marquess: 1884)
                                            - **Norimasa, 13th family head and 2nd Marquess** (1865–1909; 11th family head and 2nd Marquess: 1903–1909)
                                                * **Tadamasa, 14th family head and 3rd Marquess** (1895–1920; 12th family head and 3rd Marquess: 1909–1920).
                                                * **Nobumasa, 15th family head and 4th Marquess** (1904–1988; 13th family head and 4th Marquess: 1920–1947, 13th family head: 1947–1988)
                                                    + **Takamasa, 16th family head** (1926–2012; 14th family head: 1988–2012). m. Princess Atsuko of the Imperial House of Japan (b. 1931). No issue; the family became extinct after his death.
        - **I. Tadatsugu, 1st *daimyō* of Okayama (1st creation. cr. 1603)** (1599–1615; r. 1603–1615)
        - **II. Tadakatsu, 2nd *daimyō* of Okayama (1st creation)** (1602–1632; r. 1615–1632)
            * **III. Mitsunaka, 3rd *daimyō* of Okayama (1st creation), 1st *daimyō* of Tottori (3rd creation)** (1630–1693; r. 1632)
                + Nakazumi, 1st *daimyō* of Tottori-Shinden (1650–1722)
                    - Yoshiyasu, 3rd *daimyō* of Tottori (3rd creation) (1687–1739)
                        * Muneyasu, 4th *daimyō* of Tottori (3rd creation) (1717–1747)
                            + Shigenobu, 5th *daimyō* of Tottori (3rd creation) (1746–1783)
                                - Harumichi, 6th *daimyō* of Tottori (3rd creation) (1768–1798)
                                    * Iyohime Chikako (1792–1824) m. Shimazu Narioki, 10th *daimyō* of Satsuma (1791–1859)
                                        + **VII. Naritoshi, 7th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1811–1842; r. 1829–1842)
    + Motosuke (1559–1584)
        - Yoshiyuki (1577–1618)
            * Yoshinari (1605–1676)
                + Yoshitaka (1641–1696)
                    - Yoshimichi (1681–1743)
                        * Masamichi, 3rd *daimyō* of Kamogata (1714–1792)
                            + Masanao, 5th *daimyō* of Kamogata (1746–1818)
                                - Masami, 6th *daimyō* of Kamogata (1772–1819)
                                    * Masayoshi, 8th *daimyō* of Kamogata (1811–1847)
                                        + Utako (1830–1877) m.  **VIII. Yoshimasa, 8th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1823–1893; r. 1842–1863. Son of the 5th *daimyō* of Nakatsu.)
                                            - Hisako (1848-1868) m. **IX. Mochimasa, 9th *daimyō* of Okayama (2nd creation)** (1839–1899; r. 1863–1868. Son of Tokugawa Nariaki, *daimyō* of Mito.)

## InfoBox

| Okayama Domain<br>岡山藩 | |
| --- | --- |
| Domain of Japan | |
| 1600–1871 | |
| Okayama Castle | |
| *Mon* of the Ikeda clan | |
| Capital | Okayama Castle |
| Area |  |
| Coordinates | 34°39′54.65″N 133°56′9.79″E / 34.6651806°N 133.9360528°E / 34.6651806; 133.9360528 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Historical era | Edo period |
|  | |
| Established | 1600 |
| Abolition of the han system | 1871 |
|  | |
| Contained within |  |
| Province | Bizen and part of Bitchū |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | Okayama Prefecture |


abstract: St. Matthew's Episcopal Church is located in Kenosha, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and religious significance in 1979. The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee.

text:
# St. Matthew's Episcopal Church (Kenosha, Wisconsin)

**St. Matthew's Episcopal Church** is located in Kenosha, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and religious significance in 1979. The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee.

## History

Completed in 1879, St. Matthew's is the oldest church in Kenosha. The congregation was founded on April 17, 1840, by Jackson Kemper, the first missionary bishop of the US Episcopal Church. A frame chapel was built in 1841 to serve the Yankee settlers of Kenosha. The church attempted to expand in the 1850s, but lost the money they raised in the Panic of 1857. In 1871, the church purchased the lost where the modern St. Matthew's was built. It was situated near Library Park, the center of the Kenosha residential community. St. Matthew's was designed by A. H. Ellwood, an Aurora, Illinois, architect who specialized in public buildings and churches. The church was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979. On November 29, 1988, it became a contributing property of the Library Park Historic District.

## Architecture

The church was built with limestone from Joliet, Illinois and Racine, Wisconsin. Exterior ashlar is rusticated while trim around architectural features is dressed. The nave features a steeply gabled roof with stone copings as caps. Stained glass windows are grouped in pairs between buttresses. A square tower emerges from the southeast corner with buttresses on each corner. The tower has a clock and trimmed wooden louvers below a castellated parapet. The apse is on the north end of the building and a sacristy wing on the west. The original slate roof was replaced by a similar roof in 1974. A pipe organ by Ernest M. Skinner was added in 1926. In 1987, the large windows on the south facade of the church were replaced with contemporary stained glass windows.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Matthew's Episcopal Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| St. Matthew's Episcopal Church | |
|  | |
| Location | 5900 7th Ave., Kenosha, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 42°34′55″N 87°49′8″W / 42.58194°N 87.81889°W / 42.58194; -87.81889 |
| Area | 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) |
| Built | 1872-1879 |
| Architect | A. H. Ellwood |
| Part of | Library Park Historic District (ID88002657) |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000090 |
| Added to NRHP | June 6, 1979 |


title: Neocollyris buchardi

abstract: Neocollyris buchardi is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 2008.

text:
# Neocollyris buchardi

***Neocollyris buchardi*** is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 2008.

## InfoBox

| *Neocollyris buchardi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Collyridini |
| Genus: | *Neocollyris* |
| Species: | ***N. buchardi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocollyris buchardi***<br>(Naviaux, 2008) | |
|


title: USS Richey

abstract: USS Richey (DE-385) was an Edsall-class destroyer escort built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys.

text:
# USS Richey

**USS *Richey* (DE-385)** was an Edsall-class destroyer escort built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys.

## Namesake

Joseph Lee Richey was born on 8 June 1920 in Barnard, Missouri. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 28 October 1940 and was commissioned Ensign on 26 August 1941. Following training at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, that led to his designation as a naval aviator, he was assigned to Observation Squadron (VO) 2 on board the battleship USS *California*. He was killed 7 December 1941 during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

## Construction and commissioning

She was laid down 19 April 1943 by Brown Shipbuilding Co., Houston, Texas; launched 30 June 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Joseph Lee Richey; and commissioned 30 October 1943.

## World War II North Atlantic operations

Following shakedown off Bermuda USS Richey (DE-385) commenced convoy escort duty in the Atlantic. From January to July 1944, she escorted convoys from New York and Norfolk, Virginia, to Casablanca, Morocco; Oran, Algeria; and Bizerte, Tunisia. From September to October, she guarded convoys from New York to Belfast and Londonderry, Northern Ireland. From January 1945 to late May she escorted convoys between the United States, France, and Great Britain. That April, *Richey* rescued 32 men from two tankers that had collided and caught fire, SS Nasbulk and SS St. Mihiel.

## Transferred to the North Pacific Theatre

Following arrival in New York in May and overhaul, she proceeded via Cuba and the Panama Canal to the Pacific where she reported in July to the North Pacific Fleet at Adak, Alaska. In September she occupied the Japanese naval base at Ominato, northern Honshū, Japan. After a return to Adak, she sailed via Okinawa to Taku, China to assist the occupation forces.

## Post-War decommissioning

In March 1950 she entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Loaned to the U.S. Coast Guard 1 April 1952, she was subsequently returned and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet in June 1954, where she remained until struck from the Navy list 30 June 1968, and sunk as a target.

## InfoBox

| USS *Richey* (DE-385) c. 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | Joseph Lee Richey |
| Builder | Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas |
| Laid down | 19 April 1943 |
| Launched | 30 June 1943 |
| Commissioned | 30 October 1943 |
| Decommissioned | January 1947 |
| Stricken | 30 June 1968 |
| Fate | Sunk as target off California, July 1969 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Edsall*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | * 1,253 tons standard * 1,590 tons full load |
| Length | 306 feet (93.27 m) |
| Beam | 36.58 feet (11.15 m) |
| Draft | 10.42 full load feet (3.18 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 21 knots (39 km/h) |
| Range | * 9,100 nmi. at 12 knots * (17,000 km at 22 km/h) |
| Complement | 8 officers, 201 enlisted |
| Armament |  |