title: Naval Base Woodlark Island

abstract: Naval Base Woodlark Island was a United States Navy base built during World War II on Woodlark Island on Papua New Guinea. The US Navy built a PT boat base, boat repair depot, and harbor facilities at the city of Guasopa to support the Pacific War in 1943. The Harbor facilities was also built to support the US Navy in building the Narewa Airfield on the island. The base was part of the New Guinea campaign.

text:
# Naval Base Woodlark Island

**Naval Base Woodlark Island** was a United States Navy base built during World War II on Woodlark Island on Papua New Guinea. The US Navy built a PT boat base, boat repair depot, and harbor facilities at the city of Guasopa to support the Pacific War in 1943. The Harbor facilities was also built to support the US Navy in building the **Narewa Airfield** on the island. The base was part of the New Guinea campaign.

## History

On June 21, 1943, American forces came ashore on southern New Georgia, and then on June 30, landed on Woodlark Island as part of Operation Chronicle. Guasopa Bay lacked a usable dock so the landing were done with LST landing ships. Landing with the United States Army and United States Marine Corps at Guasopa was the US Navy's Seabee 60th Construction Battalion, and the 20th Construction. The 500 men with the 60th Construction Battalion started work on the airfield and its facilities. The 200 men with the 20th Construction Battalion started work on the harbor, barracks, mess halls, roads, water plant and other services.

At Guasopa Bay Harbor a pontoon pier was built. The PT boat base, and boat repair depot was completed. A sawmill was built to supply lumber for the harbor and airfield needs. A coral quarry was built to build roads, walkways and runways.

Airfield construction started on July 2, after 12 days a 3,000-foot fighter plane runway was completed. On September 15, the runway was lengthened to 6,500-feet and bombers began use of the runway. The airfield was called Narewa Airfield, but also called **Woodlark Island Airfield** and **Guasopa Airfield**. After the war, the airfield became Guasopa Airport.

Japan had airbases close enough that there were some bombings at Guasopa during construction. The bombings caused minor damage and no casualties to the construction crews.

All construction was completed on November 1, 1943, and most of the Seabees departed Naval Base Woodlark Island. A maintenance crew of 309 men with the 60th Battalion stayed at Naval Base Woodlark Island until March 1944.

Naval Base Woodlark Island Feet Post Office, FPO# is 528 SF Woodlark Island.

## InfoBox

Naval Base Woodlark Island
| Naval Base Woodlark Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Naval Base Woodlark IslandNaval Base Woodlark Island
(Papua New Guinea) | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Milne Bay Province |
| Coordinates | 9°13′31″S 152°56′31″E / 9.225285°S 152.941932°E / -9.225285; 152.941932 |
| Administration | |
| **Papua New Guinea** | |
| Naval Base | United States Navy
(1943-1945) |


title: Stefan Pittl

abstract: Stefan Pittl is an Austrian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing EHC Kundl in the lower Austrian league. He joined Kundl after six seasons for HC TWK Innsbruck of the Erste Bank Hockey League. Pittl began his career with Innsbruck for three seasons before moving to EC Red Bull Salzburg in 2004. He won the Austrian Championship in 2007 with Salzburg. He signed for Graz 99ers in 2007. In 2009 he returned to Innsbruck for a second spell.

text:
# Stefan Pittl

**Stefan Pittl** (born June 2, 1984) is an Austrian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing EHC Kundl in the lower Austrian league. He joined Kundl after six seasons for HC TWK Innsbruck of the Erste Bank Hockey League.

Pittl began his career with Innsbruck for three seasons before moving to EC Red Bull Salzburg in 2004. He won the Austrian Championship in 2007 with Salzburg. He signed for Graz 99ers in 2007. In 2009 he returned to Innsbruck for a second spell.

## InfoBox

| Stefan Pittl | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1984-06-02) June 2, 1984
Innsbruck, AUT | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 192 lb (87 kg; 13 st 10 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Aut.4 team
Former teams | *EHC Kundl*
HC TWK Innsbruck
EC Red Bull Salzburg
Graz 99ers | | |
| Playing career | 2000present | | |


title: Wachovia LPGA Classic

abstract:
The Wachovia LPGA Classic was an annual women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour that took place at the Berkleigh Country Club in Kutztown, Pennsylvania from 1996 through 2004. Betsy King, LPGA Tour player and native of nearby Reading, served as the tournament host.
Tournament names through the years:
  - 1996–1997: CoreStates Betsy King Classic
  - 1998–2002: First Union Betsy King Classic
  - 2003–2004: Wachovia LPGA Classic Hosted by Betsy King

text:
# Wachovia LPGA Classic

The **Wachovia LPGA Classic** was an annual women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour that took place at the Berkleigh Country Club in Kutztown, Pennsylvania from 1996 through 2004. Betsy King, LPGA Tour player and native of nearby Reading, served as the tournament host. Tournament names through the years:

* 1996–1997: **CoreStates Betsy King Classic**
* 1998–2002: **First Union Betsy King Classic**
* 2003–2004: **Wachovia LPGA Classic Hosted by Betsy King**

## Winners

| Year | Dates | Champion | Country | Score | Purse ($) | Winner's
share ($) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Aug 26–29 | Lorena Ochoa | Mexico | 269 (−19) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
| 2003 | Aug 21–24 | Candie Kung | Taiwan | 274 (−14) | 1,200,000 | 180,000 |
| 2002 | Aug 22–25 | Se Ri Pak | South Korea | 267 (−21) | 1,200,000 | 180,000 |
| 2001 | Aug 23–26 | Heather Daly-Donofrio | United States | 273 (−15) | 800,000 | 120,000 |
| 20001 | Sep 8–10 | Michele Redman | United States | 202 (−14) | 800,000 | 120,000 |
| 1999 | Oct 7–10 | Mi Hyun Kim | South Korea | 280 (−8) | 725,000 | 108,750 |
| 1998 | Sep 24–27 | Rachel Hetherington | Australia | 274 (−14) | 650,000 | 97,500 |
| 1997 | Oct 2–5 | Annika Sörenstam | Sweden | 274 (−14) | 600,000 | 90,000 |
| 1996 | Oct 10–13 | Annika Sörenstam | Sweden | 270 (−18) | 600,000 | 90,000 |

154-hole tournament

## Tournament record

| Year | Player | Score | Round |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Tina Barrett | 63 (−9) | 1st round |
| 2002 | Se Ri Pak | 63 (−9) | 4th round |


title: Matrikkelutkastet av 1950

abstract: The Land Register Draft of 1950 is a listing containing rural real estate within Norway. Matrikkelutkastet does not contain data for municipalities, but rather contains listings of Norwegian main farms (matrikkelgårder). The farms are sorted by county and municipality or township. Because Matrikkelutkastet contains the names of owners, the archive also can be useful for the individual and family researchers. The Norwegian Finance Department compiled approximately 85,000 lists of rural real estate in Norway, organized by consecutive, increasing official farm number (gårdsnummer) within each municipality. The database forms a part of the digital Norwegian National Archives. The entire catalogue has been converted by the National Documentation Project of Norway into an electronic text with SGML mark up. The transfer from the manual to the electronic system was completed in 1993. The database is in the Norwegian language. The land register formed a part of the Norwegian State Name Consultancy Service effort to standardize place names throughout Norway. Responsible for this project section rested with the Department of Scandinavian Studies and Comparative Literature University of Oslo. Matrikkelutkastet av 1950 was never completed, lacking information from the county of Finnmark, which is the reason it is referred to as a draft.

text:
# Matrikkelutkastet av 1950

The **Land Register Draft of 1950** (*Matrikkelutkastet av 1950*) is a listing containing rural real estate within Norway. Matrikkelutkastet does not contain data for municipalities, but rather contains listings of Norwegian main farms (*matrikkelgårder*). The farms are sorted by county and municipality or township. Because Matrikkelutkastet contains the names of owners, the archive also can be useful for the individual and family researchers.

The Norwegian Finance Department compiled approximately 85,000 lists of rural real estate in Norway, organized by consecutive, increasing official farm number (*gårdsnummer*) within each municipality. The database forms a part of the digital Norwegian National Archives. The entire catalogue has been converted by the National Documentation Project of Norway into an electronic text with SGML mark up. The transfer from the manual to the electronic system was completed in 1993. The database is in the Norwegian language.

The land register formed a part of the Norwegian State Name Consultancy Service effort to standardize place names throughout Norway. Responsible for this project section rested with the Department of Scandinavian Studies and Comparative Literature University of Oslo. Matrikkelutkastet av 1950 was never completed, lacking information from the county of Finnmark, which is the reason it is referred to as a draft.


abstract: Liberty Township is a township in Dickinson County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 405. Liberty Township was organized in 1873.

text:
# Liberty Township, Dickinson County, Kansas

**Liberty Township** is a township in Dickinson County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 405.

Liberty Township was organized in 1873.

## Geography

Liberty Township covers an area of 43.89 square miles (113.7 km2) and contains one incorporated settlement, Woodbine, and one unincorporated settlement, Lyona. It contains three cemeteries: Lyona, Riffel, and Woodbine.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Liberty Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Dickinson County | |
| Coordinates: 38°49′35″N 096°58′21″W / 38.82639°N 96.97250°W / 38.82639; -96.97250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Dickinson |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.89 sq mi (113.67 km2) |
| Land | 43.84 sq mi (113.55 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2)  0.11% |
| Elevation | 1,286 ft (392 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 405 |
| Density | 9.2/sq mi (3.6/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0476861 |


abstract: Securitization in international relations and national politics is the process of state actors transforming subjects from regular political issues into matters of "security": thus enabling extraordinary means to be used in the name of security. Issues that become securitized do not necessarily represent issues that are essential to the objective survival of a state, but rather represent issues where someone was successful in constructing an issue into an existential problem. Securitization theorists assert that successfully securitized subjects receive disproportionate amounts of attention and resources compared to unsuccessfully securitized subjects causing more human damage. A common example used by theorists is how terrorism is a top priority in security discussions, even though people are much more likely to be killed by automobiles or preventable diseases than from terrorism. Securitization studies aims to understand "who securitizes, on what issues (threats), for whom, why, with what results, and not least, under what conditions."

text:
# Securitization (international relations)

**Securitization** in international relations and national politics is the process of state actors transforming subjects from regular political issues into matters of "security": thus enabling extraordinary means to be used in the name of security. Issues that become securitized do not necessarily represent issues that are essential to the objective survival of a state, but rather represent issues where someone was successful in constructing an issue into an existential problem.

Securitization theorists assert that successfully securitized subjects receive disproportionate amounts of attention and resources compared to unsuccessfully securitized subjects causing more human damage. A common example used by theorists is how terrorism is a top priority in security discussions, even though people are much more likely to be killed by automobiles or preventable diseases than from terrorism. Securitization studies aims to understand "who securitizes (securitizing actor), on what issues (threats), for whom (referent object), why, with what results, and not least, under what conditions."

## Origin

Within international relations, the concept is connected with the Copenhagen School and is seen as a synthesis of constructivist and classical political realism in its approach. The term was coined by Ole Wæver in 1993, but seems to have become commonplace, at least within constructivist studies of international relations.

## Definition

Securitization begins with a speech act concerning a particular threat, by an authoritative national leader, institution, or party. The speech act attempts to shift the threat from normal politics into a security concern, thereby legitimating extraordinary measures to contain the threat.

Securitization is a process-oriented conception of security, which stands in contrast to materialist approaches of classical security studies. Classical approaches of security focus on the material dispositions of the threat including distribution of power, military capabilities, and polarity, whereas securitization examines how a certain issue is transformed by an actor into a matter of security in order to allow for the use of extraordinary measures.

Moreover, the securitization act, to be successful, must be accepted by the audience, regardless of the subject matter being a real threat. As Thierry Braspenning-Balzacq puts it: "securitization is a rule-governed practice, the success of which does not necessarily depend on the existence of a real threat, but on the discursive ability to effectively endow a development with such a specific complexion". The audience may take several forms including technical, bureaucratic, public, and policymaking, and different audiences can perform different functions by accepting a securitization, as has been explored by Roe.

## As a process

All securitization acts involve four components:

* A securitizing actor/agent: an entity that makes the securitizing move/statement;
* An existential threat: an object (or ideal) that has been identified as potentially harmful;
* A referent object: an object (or ideal) that is being threatened and needs to be protected;
* An audience: the target of the securitization act that needs to be persuaded and accept the issue as a security threat.

That a given subject is securitized does not necessarily mean that the subject is of objective essence for the survival of a given state, but means merely that someone has successfully constructed something as an existential problem. However, Uriel Abulof argues that empirical studies on securitization have been "insufficiently attentive to societies engulfed in profound existential uncertainty about their own survival." Taking Israel's "demographic demon" as a case in point, Abulof suggests that such societies are immersed in "deep securitization", whereby "widespread public discourses explicitly frame threats as probable, protracted, and endangering the very existence of the nation/state." Principally, anyone can succeed in constructing something as a security problem through speech acts. The ability to effectively securitize a given subject is, however, highly dependent on both the status of a given actor and whether similar issues are generally perceived to be security threats.

## Effects on society

Securitization theorists argue that a subject that has been successfully securitized will receive disproportionate attention and resources in comparison with subjects that have not been securitized, even when these other subjects actually cause more harm.

> traffic incidents cause on average 150,000 fatalities a year in 56 states ... people tend to accept this as a mere fact and do not securitize this by demanding extraordinary measures. It is dealt with as a concern for ordinary politics and legal regulations. There is a tendency to individualize the casualties ... Terrorist attacks caused in the years 1994 to 2004 worldwide average 5,312 fatalities per year. That is less than 5% of the numbers of persons killed annually in traffic accidents in UNECE countries alone. Nevertheless, it is a top priority in security discourses.

If a subject is successfully securitized, then it is possible to legitimize extraordinary means to solve a perceived problem. This could include declaring a state of emergency or martial law, mobilizing the military or attacking another country. Furthermore, if something is successfully labelled as a security problem, then the subject can be considered to be an illegitimate subject for political or academic debate. According to an overview of the field by Roe, securitization theorists tend to treat securitization as a negative process that undermines democratic processes and diminishes necessary scrutiny that would otherwise be focused on political elites.

## Affected sectors

In *Security: A New Framework for Analysis*, Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde work with five political sectors in which a securitization could take place:

However, a securitization could easily involve more than one of these sectors. In the case of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, one could say that the conflict was securitized militarily; weapons of mass destruction was one reason for the invasion. However, the war was also securitized as a societal problem; human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq was mentioned in the public rationale.

Another example for securitized sectors are immigration and refugee issues. Concerns of terrorist infiltration are regularly cited as grounds for the tight control of borders. As it is easier to securitize an issue following the September 11 attacks, this concern for safety and security has taken attention away from the economic factors that have always been at play in international migration. In addition, in migrants' countries of origin, diaspora, emigration, and citizenship issues can be securitized.

## As a tactic

Since securitized subjects can receive a disproportionate amount of attention and resources compared to unsuccessfully securitized subjects, some political strategists suggest that existing public policy issues can find more clout and attention among the public if advocates on these subjects succeed in securitizing them.

For example, theorists suggest that advocates of space exploration could achieve more success by convincing state actors of the merits of their proposals around the rubric of security rather than science: that space exploration could be framed around how it protects humanity from looming existential threats such as meteorites, rather than around how it helps advance scientific knowledge.

The existential threat of climate change is another example of an issue that is beginning to become securitized, for example by the trend to declare a climate change emergency. Though as of 2020, in the opinion of Anatol Lieven, the threat of global warming has not been securitized anywhere near as much as it needs to in order to trigger the substantial changes in government policy needed to give the world a chance to hit the IPCC 1.5 °C target. Lieven argues that securitisation would be especially helpful with climate change as it would enable more military experts to speak out on the subject, with military officers being the one type of expert that conservatives tend to widely respect. On the other hand, in a paper published by the Transnational Institute Nick Buxton argues that "framing the climate crisis as a security issue is deeply problematic as it ultimately reinforces a militarised approach to climate change that is likely to deepen the injustices for those most affected by the unfolding crisis. The danger of security solutions is that, by definition, they seek to secure what exists–an unjust status quo."

## Criticism

Liberal scholars such as Daniel Deudney have criticised securitization as being too liable to unleash the emotive power of nationalism in unhelpful ways. Even professors who advocate securitization for issues such as climate change, such as Anatol Lieven, agree that securitizing an issue can cause an overreaction by state actors, for example with the war on terror and even more so with the "war" on drugs and crime. In a 2009 report, public policy analyst Ben Hayes warns that the true beneficiaries from securitization are not general populations, but corporations: He argues that the arms and security companies lobby for a securitised agenda in the corridors of power in Brussels and Washington and subsequently win contracts to implement militarised security policies. Regarding the securitization of migration, researcher Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto warns of the adverse effects for forcibly displaced persons: "In this context of securitisation of border regions, population movement is understood and treated as a suspicious activity that needs to be controlled, monitored and registered, while the migration of often forcibly displaced people and refugees is seen as a security threat that must be intercepted."

In his book *The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression*, A. Dirk Moses argues that securitization, not racism, is at the root of most genocides and similar atrocities.


title: Thongsouk Saysangkhi

abstract: Thongsouk Saysangkhi was a political prisoner and a former Vice Minister of Science and Technology in the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, a communist political party that has governed Laos since 1975. Born in 1938 in Pakse, Saysangkhi earned a secondary education degree in mathematics in 1960, attended a public works engineering school in Laos, and then studied law and economic science in Paris from 1964 to 1965. After returning, he became chief of the Communication and Transport Service of the Royal Government of Laos (RLG). At the same time, however, he is said to have "participated in the revolution" on behalf of the opposition Lao People's Revolutionary Party, which was then locked in a civil war with the RLG. It is believed that he worked as an "underground" activist, opposing the RLG from within its ranks. Just before the LPRP came to power, he became the RLG's Director General of Public Works. After the LPRP assumed power in 1975 and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), he worked as the Director for Materials and Equipment in the Ministry of Public Works and Transport until 1981, when he was appointed to be Director General of the LPDR Representation at the Vietnamese port of Da Nang. In 1982, he returned to Laos to become Acting Minister of Equipment in the LPDR cabinet. He remained in this post until 1985, when he became Vice Minister of Communications, Transportation and Post. In 1990, a few months before his resignation from the LPRP and arrest, he became Vice Minister of Science and Technology, a post which he also resigned along with his party membership. Near the end of summer in 1990, he was arrested after resigning from the Government and the party and calling for political and economic change. Also arrested with him were Latsami Khamphoui and Feng Sakchittapong. All three were held without trial for two years, before being sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. In his resignation letter to Kaysone Phomvihan, then the general secretary of the party's central executive committee and head of state, Thongsouk Saysangkhi said, "I oppose the dictatorial power of personal cliques, which are precisely what the Party and the State apparat are; and I am demanding the holding of free elections, the putting into practice of popular liberties and democracy, and the existence of democratic institutions opposed to the maintenance of a system of communist feudalism and Politburo dynastism.... The history of humankind has now confirmed that a single-party system relying exclusively on coercion and deception is incapable of ever bringing prosperity and happiness to our people." According to Amnesty International, Thongsouk Saysangkhi is believed to have either died in Xam Khe prison around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Vientiane, or in Forced Labour Camp No 7 in Houaphanh Province in February 1998. Amnesty says it was alerted to the poor prison conditions and Thongsouk Saysangkhi's poor state of health, but was told by Lao authorities that all three were well.

text:
# Thongsouk Saysangkhi

**Thongsouk Saysangkhi** (sometimes transliterated as **Thongsouk Saysangkhy**; 4 July 1938 – February 1998) was a political prisoner and a former Vice Minister of Science and Technology in the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, a communist political party that has governed Laos since 1975.

Born in 1938 in Pakse (then a part of the French protectorate of Laos within French Indochina), Saysangkhi earned a secondary education degree in mathematics in 1960, attended a public works engineering school in Laos, and then studied law and economic science in Paris from 1964 to 1965. After returning, he became chief of the Communication and Transport Service of the Royal Government of Laos (RLG). At the same time, however, he is said to have "participated in the revolution" on behalf of the opposition Lao People's Revolutionary Party, which was then locked in a civil war with the RLG. It is believed that he worked as an "underground" activist, opposing the RLG from within its ranks. Just before the LPRP came to power, he became the RLG's Director General of Public Works. After the LPRP assumed power in 1975 and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), he worked as the Director for Materials and Equipment in the Ministry of Public Works and Transport until 1981, when he was appointed to be Director General of the LPDR Representation at the Vietnamese port of Da Nang. In 1982, he returned to Laos to become Acting Minister of Equipment in the LPDR cabinet. He remained in this post until 1985, when he became Vice Minister of Communications, Transportation and Post. In 1990, a few months before his resignation from the LPRP and arrest, he became Vice Minister of Science and Technology, a post which he also resigned along with his party membership.

Near the end of summer in 1990, he was arrested after resigning from the Government and the party and calling for political and economic change. Also arrested with him were Latsami Khamphoui (born 28 May 1940 in Pakse) and Feng Sakchittapong (born 2 August 1940 in Khong District). All three were held without trial for two years, before being sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment.

In his resignation letter to Kaysone Phomvihan, then the general secretary of the party's central executive committee and head of state, Thongsouk Saysangkhi said, "I oppose the dictatorial power of personal cliques, which are precisely what the Party and the State apparat are; and I am demanding the holding of free elections, the putting into practice of popular liberties and democracy, and the existence of democratic institutions opposed to the maintenance of a system of communist feudalism and Politburo dynastism. ... The history of humankind has now confirmed that a single-party system relying exclusively on coercion and deception is incapable of ever bringing prosperity and happiness to our people."

According to Amnesty International, Thongsouk Saysangkhi is believed to have either died in Xam Khe prison around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Vientiane, or in Forced Labour Camp No 7 in Houaphanh Province in February 1998. Amnesty says it was alerted to the poor prison conditions and Thongsouk Saysangkhi's poor state of health, but was told by Lao authorities that all three were well.


title: Thraco-Cimmerian

abstract: Thraco-Cimmerian is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians. It refers to 8th to 7th century BC cultures that are linked in Eastern, Southeast and Central Europe in the area north and west of the Black Sea.

text:
# Thraco-Cimmerian

**Thraco-Cimmerian** is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians. It refers to 8th to 7th century BC cultures that are linked in Eastern, Southeast and Central Europe in the area north and west of the Black Sea.

* "Thrako-Kimmerer, thrako-kimmerischer Formenkreis" in: Hoops (ed.) Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 16, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, 517–519.
* Ioannis K. Xydopoulos, "The Cimmerians: their origins, movements and their difficulties" in: Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Alexandru Avram, James Hargrave (eds.), *The Danubian Lands between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas (7th Century BC – 10th Century AD)*, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Belgrade – 17–21 September 2013*, Archaeopress Archaeology (2015), 119123.*
* Dorin Sârbu, "Un Fenomen Arheologic Controversat de la Începutul Epocii Fierului dintre Gurile Dunării și Volga: 'Cultura Cimmerianã'" ("A controversial archeological phenomenon of the early Iron Age between the mouths of the Danube and the Volga: the Cimmerian Culture"), *Romanian Journal of Archaeology* (2000) ((in Romanian) online version (with bibliography); English abstract)


title: Thraco-Macedonian

abstract:
Thraco-Macedonian is a conventional name in the study of ancient history to describe the political geography of Macedonia (region) in antiquity. It may refer to:
  - Thraco-Macedonian coins or Thraco-Macedonian standard. Ancient Greek coins of Thracian tribes in Macedonia (region), like those of Bergaios and Derrones. The earliest coins date in the 6th century BC from the mine district of Pangaion Hills. In style and types they bear a resemblance to another series of coins conjecturally assigned to Thasos. Thraco-Macedonian may also include types of coins from Greek city-states in Macedonia (region). Later when the whole region was annexed to the Macedonian kingdom, some coins of cities and tribes continued to be minted and circulated. So an appropriate and clarifying term for coins minted by the kingdom is 'Macedonian royal coinage'.
  - Thraco-Macedonian region. Usually it comprises the geographical region of East Macedonia, modern Serres, Kavala, Drama and Blagoevgrad provinces (ancient regions of Bisaltia, Odomantike, Sintike, Edonis and Maedike. However, it may also include ancient regions of central Macedonia, also known as Thrace in antiquity ; Chalcidice, Mygdonia and Pieria. As an example, even the Late Roman era writer Stephanus places Methone of Pieria and Torone of Chalcidice, in Thrace.

text:
# Thraco-Macedonian

**Thraco-Macedonian** is a conventional name in the study of ancient history to describe the political geography of Macedonia (region) in antiquity. It may refer to:

* **Thraco-Macedonian coins** or Thraco-Macedonian standard. Ancient Greek coins of Thracian tribes (or tribes who have been labelled as Thracian) in Macedonia (region), like those of Bergaios and Derrones. The earliest coins date in the 6th century BC from the mine district of Pangaion Hills. In style and types they bear a resemblance to another series of coins conjecturally assigned to Thasos. Thraco-Macedonian may also include types of coins from Greek city-states in Macedonia (region). Later when the whole region was annexed to the Macedonian kingdom, some coins of cities and tribes continued to be minted and circulated. So an appropriate and clarifying term for coins minted by the kingdom is 'Macedonian royal coinage'.
* **Thraco-Macedonian region**. Usually it comprises the geographical region of East Macedonia, modern Serres, Kavala, Drama and Blagoevgrad provinces (ancient regions of Bisaltia, Odomantike, Sintike, Edonis and Maedike. However, it may also include ancient regions of central Macedonia, also known as Thrace in antiquity (between Homeric geography and 4th century BC); Chalcidice, Mygdonia and Pieria. As an example, even the Late Roman era writer Stephanus places Methone of Pieria and Torone of Chalcidice, in Thrace.

* Greece in the making, 1200-479 BC By Robin Osborne
* Coins of the Ancient Thracians by Yordanka Yurokova
* Agoranomia: studies in money and exchange presented to John H. Kroll By John H. Kroll, Peter G. Van Alfen


title: Thomas Fielding Johnson

abstract: Thomas Fielding Johnson was a prominent Victorian businessman and philanthropist in Leicester, England. Among his many acts of public spiritedness and generosity was the donation in 1919 of a 37 acres (15 ha) site and buildings for the establishment of Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland University College which finally became the University of Leicester.

text:
# Thomas Fielding Johnson

**Thomas Fielding Johnson** (24 December 1828 – 18 March 1921) was a prominent Victorian businessman and philanthropist in Leicester, England. Among his many acts of public spiritedness and generosity was the donation in 1919 of a 37 acres (15 ha) site and buildings for the establishment of Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland University College which finally became the University of Leicester.

## Family life

Fielding Johnson was born at Nether Langwith, Nottinghamshire, the third of eight children born to John Goode Johnson (1798–1872) and Eliza Fielding (1803–1878). His very early years were spent at the family home, The Old Mill House in Langwith, but he soon followed his elder brother to study at the Nonconformist Proprietary School in Leicester (the building now occupied by the New Walk Museum & Art Gallery) and moved into the Leicester home of his uncle (his mother's brother) and aunt, Joseph and Martha Fielding.

His aunt and uncle had no children of their own and Fielding Johnson was adopted by them in 1840 aged twelve. This sort of arrangement was not uncommon among the Victorian middle-classes and allowed the wealth earned by successful parents to be passed down the generations and retained within families. Previously known simply as Thomas Johnson, from then on he adopted the surname that he is now known by; Fielding Johnson.

In 1855 Fielding Johnson married Julia Christiana Stone, the daughter of Samuel Stone and Mary Chamberlain. As the first Town Clerk to the New Corporation of Leicester (an office equivalent to Chief Executive in the modern City Council and which he held between 1836 and 1872), Fielding Johnson's father-in-law was a prominent member of Leicester's growing professional middle-class. He was a partner in the legal firm of Stone, Paget and Billson and left a legacy to future generations of lawyers in the form of his 'Stone's Justices' Manual', a definitive legal text which is still available today. The marriage ended after only four years as a result of Christiana's premature death in 1859. It produced two sons; Thomas Fielding Johnson Junior (1856–1931) and Joseph (1857) who died aged only six months.

Fielding Johnson remarried in 1863. His second wife came from his existing social circle and was Agnes Paget, second daughter of Alfred Paget and Eliza Smith. Alfred Paget was also a partner in the firm of Stone, Paget and Billson and belonged to a local family with a landowning background whose younger members were prominent in Leicester's professions. This second marriage - which appears to have been a very happy one- lasted until Agnes died in 1917. It produced a daughter Agnes Mabel (1864–1942) and a son, Harold Paget (1865–1877) who contracted measles while a boarder at Rugby School and died, aged only twelve.

From 1869 until his death, the family lived at "Brookfield", a large Victorian house standing in its own miniature 'estate' and modelled on the seats of the local gentry. Situated in open countryside along the London Road and just beyond the borough boundary, it was one of the first houses to be built in what later became the residential suburb of Stoneygate. The house and grounds were given to the new Diocese of Leicester by Thomas Fielding Johnson Junior in the 1920s and became the home of Bishop Bardsley, Leicester's first bishop since the ninth century. Brookfield was used by the Red Cross during the second world war, later as the Charles Frears Nursing and Midwifery campus of De Montfort University and since May 2013 has been part of the University of Leicester.

Johnson died on 18 March 1921.

## Business

Fielding Johnson's adoptive father Joseph was a freeman of the borough, a member of the new corporation (from 1835), an alderman and (between 1846 and 1847) Borough Mayor. He was a well-known figure in early Victorian Leicester who was, by the time his nephew arrived, the owner of a successfully established worsted spinning business in West Bond Street. He made Thomas a partner in 1852 and on his uncle's death in the same year, Thomas assumed control aged 24 years.

Fielding Johnson appears to have been a talented but careful businessman who recognised that his best hopes for sustainable success lay in developing an effective business model in one factory and then duplicating it in others. It appears to have worked (during his own lifetime, at least). Throughout the 1914–18 war the Fielding & Johnson Company supplied more yarn to the Government for army purposes than any other firm in England.

### Innovation

The Fielding & Johnson Company was one of the first in Leicester to use steam engines in its factories. The factory in Bond Street spun wool sourced in England and later New Zealand and in 1861 two steam engines named 'Juno' and 'Jupiter' were installed to operate new 'Brookhouse' knitting frames. These two engines were not replaced until the 1940s. In 1862 the firm bought a second factory in Leicester, Abbey Mills, and in 1885 a third, Anker Mill in Nuneaton. The two engines in this latter (named 'Annie' and 'Elizabeth') were modelled on James Watt's original steam engine and ran night and day between 1890 and 1938 with only three stoppages of more than a week.

The company continued to innovate long after Thomas's death. In 1957 Anker Mill was the first premises in England into which the "New Bradford" system of worsted weaving, drawing and spinning was introduced. This revolutionary new system combined the old labour-intensive system of drawing, spinning, twisting and winding using large numbers of machines into a single system where only three operations were needed. This allowed more wool to be produced on the same floor area and was thus much more efficient.

## Voluntary and social work

While he appears to have had little interest in national politics, Fielding Johnson was very active in local politics and social affairs. He was a town councillor between 1861 and 1870 and was also made a Justice of the Peace for the Borough in 1873 and for the County in 1888. Remarkably for a man in his position, he also found time to be a prison visitor.

Like many of the City's emerging middle-class, Fielding Johnson was a religious nonconformist and like John Biggs he attended the Great Meeting Hall in Bond Street (where his marriage to Christiana took place).

Humane in his outlook and a Liberal by conviction, he was nonetheless a firm believer in maintaining law and order and volunteered as a Special Constable during the Chartist riots that followed the 1848 French Revolution.

Fielding Johnson was also ready to take up arms when necessary and was one of the first twelve members of the Leicester Volunteer Rifle Corps. Formed in 1859 and later absorbed into the Territorial Army, they were a reaction to the perceived threat of an invasion from France led by belligerent army officers during the unstable reign of Emperor Napoleon III.

He was a trustee of the Sutton Charity, established by Leicester businessman Benjamin Sutton in 1858 to provide support for patients requiring convalescence after hospital treatment and thus unable to work. He was also a member of the Board of Governors of Leicester Infirmary (later the Leicester Royal Infirmary) for thirty years, spending most of it as vice-chairman and the years between 1898 and 1902 as chairman.

On 10 June 1919 Thomas Fielding Johnson was introduced to King George V and Queen Mary during their visit to Leicester as 'the Grand Old Man'. In recognition of his great contribution to the city and its people, he was presented with the honorary Freedom of the City on 30 September 1919 aged 91 years old. A silver casket containing the document is in the possession of Leicester Museum. A memorial tablet commemorating his gift to Leicester University can be seen in the building that bears his name while a bell at Leicester Cathedral was named in honour of his son, Thomas Fielding Johnson Junior.

Notes Bibliography * Halford, Elizabeth (1984). *The Grand Old Man: Before and After*. Merlin Books. ISBN 0-86303-182-X. Biography written by Fielding Johnson's great granddaughter.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Thomas Fielding Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Fielding Johnson, c.1900 | |
| Born | Thomas Johnson
(1828-12-24)24 December 1828
Nether Langwith, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Died | 18 March 1921(1921-03-18) (aged 92)
Leicester, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Nonconformist Proprietary School, Leicester |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman and philanthropist |
| Years active | 1852–1921 |
| Spouse(s) | Julia Christiana Stone  (m. 18551859)
Agnes Paget (m. 18631917) |
| Children | * Thomas Jr. (1856–1931) * Joseph (1857) * Agnes Mabel (1864–1942) * Harold Paget (1865–1877) |
| Parent(s) | John Goode Johnson (1798–1872)
Eliza Fielding (1803–1878) |
| Relatives | William Spurrett Fielding-Johnson (grandson) |


title: Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth

abstract: Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth was an English peer, courtier, administrator and military commander during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. His reputation suffered through the surrender of Calais in 1558, which occurred under his command.

text:
# Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth

**Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth** (1525  13 January 1584) was an English peer, courtier, administrator and military commander during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. His reputation suffered through the surrender of Calais in 1558, which occurred under his command.

## Career

The eldest son of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth and Margaret Fortescue, of Nettlestead, Suffolk, Thomas studied at St John's College, Cambridge. He served with distinction under his relative the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547, for which he was knighted at Roxburgh in August 1547. He sat as MP for Suffolk from 1547 to 1553: his father died in 1551, leaving him heir to his title, during the third prorogation, and he was replaced by Sir Thomas Cornwallis before the end of the parliament. He was one of the peers who found Somerset Not Guilty of treason, but Guilty on a capital charge of felony, in 1551.

Having signed the Letters Patent for the Limitation of the Crown, intended to favour the succession of Lady Jane Grey, on 21 June 1553, Wentworth was (according to Raphael Holinshed) among the first of the nobility to rally to the cause of Queen Mary while Queen Jane was being proclaimed in London. It is suggested that his support for Queen Mary arose from a conviction that her title to the Crown was rightful, rather than from a desire to restore Roman Catholicism. In mid-August 1553 he was empanelled to deliberate on the guilt of the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquess of Northampton and the Earl of Warwick, and then upon Sir Ambrose Dudley, Sir John Gates, Sir Henry Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer. Having given satisfaction by assisting in their condemnation, four days later Wentworth made his first appearance as a sworn member of the Privy Council at Richmond.

He was not required to sit in judgement upon Jane Grey in November 1553, but in December Mary appointed him Lord Deputy of Calais. Wentworth was the last Englishman to hold this post, for on 7 January 1558 he was compelled to surrender Calais to Francis, Duke of Guise, his representations as to the defenceless condition of the fortress having been disregarded by the Privy Council some years earlier. He was suspected of collusion with the enemy for his ineptitude and indecision during the final crisis, and was indicted for treason. (In fact his passive behaviour was probably owing to his certainty that the cause was hopeless.) His behaviour was unfavourably compared to the gallant defence of Guisnes, yet Guisnes also surrendered after a few days.

Wentworth was deprived of his manors at Stepney and Hackney at this time. He remained in France as a prisoner of war for more than a year, a delay which may have spared him the stigma for the loss of Calais. During that time Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, and although he was held in the Tower of London on his return to England, he was acquitted of treason in April 1559, and his manors were soon restored to him. Henry Machyn recorded his relief at the acquittal. In 1561, as Wentworth was rehabilitated, John Day published an English translation of Heinrich Bullinger's collection of *One Hundred Sermons on the Apocalypse*, and dedicated the work to him (as Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk) with a lengthy Epistle dated from Ipswich. Wentworth's religious views were tolerant.

At Ipswich on 30 December 1569, he made his declaration of obedience to the Act of Parliament for the Uniformity of Common Prayer. In 1572 he was among the Lords who sat in judgement at the trial for High Treason of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, convicted and condemned him.

In March 1562/63, two of Wentworth's brothers, James and John, died in the loss of the Queen's ship *Greyhound*. Wentworth married twice, on both occasions to his kinswomen of other branches of the Wentworth family. The first wife was Mary Wentworth, daughter of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield, and she died without children at Calais. The second wife, whom he probably married in 1555 or 1556, was Anne, daughter of Henry Wentworth, Esquire, of Mountnessing, Essex. Having become the mother of Wentworth's children, Dame Anne died on 2 September 1571 and was buried in Stepney church. Sir Thomas died intestate on 13 January 1584, and was probably buried near her.

## Children

Wentworth appears as a minor character in the novel *The Two Dianas* by Alexandre Dumas.

## Sources


title: Thomas Wentworth Pym

abstract: Revd Canon Thomas Wentworth Pym DSO was a prominent Church of England clergyman, theologian, and a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

text:
# Thomas Wentworth Pym

Revd Canon **Thomas Wentworth Pym** DSO (1885  1945) was a prominent Church of England clergyman, theologian, and a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

## Biography

The son of Rt Revd Walter Ruthven Pym, Bishop of Bombay, Thomas Wentworth Pym was born on 10 August 1885. He was educated at Bedford School, between 1895 and 1904, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was appointed as Chaplain. He served during the First World War, between 1914 and 1918, as Assistant Chaplain-General to the Third Army. He was appointed as an Honorary Chaplain to King George V in 1922, as a Canon of Southwark Cathedral in 1925, as a Canon of Bristol Cathedral in 1929, and elected as Chaplain and Fellow in Theology at Balliol College, Oxford in 1932.

He was married to the classicist and educator Dora Pym. The grandfather of BBC journalist Hugh Pym and father of author Christopher Pym, Revd Canon Thomas Wentworth Pym was invested as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in 1917. He died on 20 July 1945, three days after his brother, Leslie Pym MP.

## Publications

* *Papers from Picardy*, 1917
* *Psychology and the Christian Life*, 1921
* *Mark's Account of Jesus*, 1921
* *More Psychology and the Christian Life*, 1925
* *Spiritual Direction*, 1928
* *The Place of Sex in Life*, 1928
* *A Parson's Dilemmas*, 1930
* *Sharing*, 1933
* *Conduct*, 1933
* *Our Personal Ministry*, 1938
* *Sex and Sense*, 1938

## InfoBox

| Revd Canon Thomas Wentworth Pym | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 10 August 1885 |
| Died | 20 July 1945(1945-07-20) (aged 59) |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | Clergyman and theologian |


title: Through the Devil Softly

abstract: Through the Devil Softly is the second studio album from Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Recorded between 2007 and 2009 in Northern California and Ireland, the album was released by Nettwerk on 28 September 2009 - eight years after the release of their previous studio album, Bavarian Fruit Bread. The set won critical acclaim for its dark and complex production, with the band employing unorthodox techniques such as sudden and abrupt time signature shifts, coupled with frequent use of "irrational" measure lengths. The production also utilized the use of intricate musical arrangements, with several songs on the album, such as "Sets the Blaze", "Thinking Like That", "Trouble" and "Blue Bird", featuring no discernible choruses. A cover of the Syd Barrett track "Golden Hair", from his 1970 album The Madcap Laughs, was released with the March 2010 issue of Mojo magazine. Originally an acoustic song set to the words of James Joyce's poem "Lean Out of the Window", the track was radically altered and rearranged into a psychedelic rock piece, extending the original's duration from under two-minutes to over 6:30. On August 10, 2010, the song was released as a non-album single, backed with "Suddenly Beside You." The track served as the closing encore for every Warm Inventions show since its release.

text:
# Through the Devil Softly

***Through the Devil Softly*** is the second studio album from Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Recorded between 2007 and 2009 in Northern California and Ireland, the album was released by Nettwerk on 28 September 2009 (see 2009 in music) - eight years after the release of their previous studio album, *Bavarian Fruit Bread*.

The set won critical acclaim for its dark and complex production, with the band employing unorthodox techniques such as sudden and abrupt time signature shifts, coupled with frequent use of "irrational" measure lengths. The production also utilized the use of intricate musical arrangements, with several songs on the album, such as "Sets the Blaze", "Thinking Like That", "Trouble" and "Blue Bird", featuring no discernible choruses.

A cover of the Syd Barrett track "Golden Hair", from his 1970 album *The Madcap Laughs*, was released with the March 2010 issue of Mojo magazine. Originally an acoustic song set to the words of James Joyce's poem "Lean Out of the Window", the track was radically altered and rearranged into a psychedelic rock piece, extending the original's duration from under two-minutes to over 6:30. On August 10, 2010, the song was released as a non-album single, backed with "Suddenly Beside You." The track served as the closing encore for every Warm Inventions show since its release.

## Production

### Background

After the release of *Bavarian Fruit Bread* in 2001, Sandoval performed both lead and background vocals on projects by numerous other artists, most notably lead vocals on "Killing Smile" and "Help Yourself" on the 2002 album *Scorpio Rising* by Death In Vegas and the "Hope Sandoval Version" of Air's "Cherry Blossom Girl" in 2004. Sandoval also contributed backing vocals to the track "Angels' Share" on the 2004 *self-titled* album by Vetiver. As well as these, the vocals found on the album version of Mazzy Star's "Fade Into You" were used to create a new remix of the song by Richard X. The song, which also features Jarvis Cocker from the band Pulp, was re-titled "Into You" and released on his 2003 album *Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1*.

On November 3, 2003, Sandoval and Colm Ó Cíosóig performed live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall as part of the 60th birthday celebration held for folk musician Bert Jansch. The duo were joined on stage by Mazzy Star co-founder David Roback. Until their reformation in 2010, this was the only occasion since Mazzy Star's European tour of 2000 that Sandoval and Roback were known to have shared a stage together. Meanwhile, Sandoval and Jansch recorded together on two separate occasions prior to this event. Jansch performed guitar on two tracks found on *Bavarian Fruit Bread*, "Butterfly Mornings" and "Charlotte", while Sandoval had contributed lead vocals and wrote lyrics to the track "All This Remains" on Jansch's 2002 album *Edge Of A Dream*.

Following this, Sandoval and Roback — as well as Ó Cíosóig and his former My Bloody Valentine band-mate Kevin Shields — appeared on the 2005 debut album *I Killed My Best Friend* by Le Volume Courbe, performing instrumentation for the tracks "Harmony" and "Papillon de Nuit."

Later in 2005, Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig relocated to the Bay Area of San Francisco with the intention of taking an extended hiatus from recording and touring. In an interview with the San Francisco Examiner in 2009 she stated, "\[...\] we had a blast. We didn’t want to go at all, we thought we’d be miserable. But we ended up having so much fun there. We moved into a really amazing new house and we had parties, parties every weekend, with old friends popping in all the time. For some reason, everybody wanted to hang out with us."

### Recording

Sometime in 2007, the pair moved to Berkeley to officially begin work on a follow-up to *Bavarian Fruit Bread*. By the middle of 2008, an album's worth of material had been recorded but Sandoval later remarked that, at that point, the album was "missing certain ingredients ... but we had time to really think about it because Colm went back out on tour with Kevin \[Shields, of My Bloody Valentine\]." Ó Cíosóig concluded, "\[...\] like when you're making a meal, and you taste it and there's that one ingredient that's not there. And when you finally add that extra ingredient, it makes it whole. So me going on tour gave us time to really digest it and add all the right things." In May 2008, Ó Cíosóig rejoined My Bloody Valentine for a 4-month long reunion tour, where he performed at festivals throughout Europe, Japan and New York, followed by several dates at smaller venues throughout the U.S. and Canada. Following this tour, Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig resumed recording together in the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland, where they were joined in studio for the first time by Dirt Blue Gene, a band that would later act as their touring band and with whom the majority of the album would be re-recorded. Final recording sessions took place in Sonoma County.

## Release and promotion

After almost 3 years of complete public inactivity from Sandoval, the track "Wild Roses" was released without prior notice or advertisement on the Air France compilation *In The Air* on June 29, 2008. This compilation was initially released in a limited capacity as a promotional CD, while a more general release was later given to the compilation digitally on sites such as iTunes and Amazon. Over a year passed before the album's first official single, "Blanchard", was released as a one-track digital download on August 4, 2009. Almost immediately following the announcement that the second Hope Sandoval & The Warm Inventions record would be released by Nettwerk, album track "Trouble" was released as a free-download on their website.

The release of the album was promoted in the U.S. with a 23-date tour running from September 18 to October 22, which was followed by a shorter 9-date tour of Europe running from October 29 to November 8. Following this, rumours of an impending follow-up album quickly started to circulate on the internet after confirmation from a source that the band had entered a studio on November 25 to record new material. The Japanese edition of the album was released on January 20, 2010, by Imperial Records, in co-operation with Nettwerk. This edition contains an unreleased bonus track, "The Buffalo."

Hope Sandoval's vocal contribution to Massive Attack's *Heligoland* album, "Paradise Circus," was released globally on February 8, 2010, while an X-rated film vignette, directed by Toby Dye and featuring one-time pornographic actress Georgina Spelvin, was released to promote the single. Elsewhere, Hope Sandoval & The Warm Invention's cover of the Syd Barrett track "Golden Hair" was released with the March 2010 issue of Mojo magazine. It was announced that the track would be released as the b-side to "Trouble," a single to be released later in both digital and 7" vinyl formats. A music video for "Trouble" was released on Q magazine's website at the beginning of April, where it was also named "Track of the Day." However, on August 10, 2010, "Golden Hair" was released as a stand-alone single with its own exclusive b-side — "Suddenly Beside You" — and was released solely as a digital download on 7Digital.

The group began the second leg of tour dates on May 6 with 6 dates in Ireland and the U.K. — including a date at the All Tomorrow's Parties Festival in Minehead, Somerset, curated by The Simpsons creator Matt Groening — followed by a date at the San Miguel Primavera Sound Festival in Barcelona and a further 4 dates in Australia which took them to Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. From August 6–14, the group performed at various festivals throughout Europe, including the Big Chill Festival held at Eastnor Castle in the U.K., the Dranouter Festival in Belgium, the Paradiso Festival in the Netherlands, the Vega Festival in Denmark and the La Route du Rock Festival in Saint-Malo, France. The group also performed September 5 at Kutsher's Country Club in Monticello, New York as part of the Jim Jarmusch-curated All Tomorrow's Parties Festival. The final confirmed date of this current tour took place on September 7 at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| BBC Music | (favorable) |
| Drowned In Sound |  |
| The Guardian |  |
| NME |  |
| Pitchfork Media | (6.7/10) |
| PopMatters |  |
| The Quietus | (favorable) |
| Rolling Stone |  |
| Uncut |  |

Initial critical response to *Through the Devil Softly* was generally positive. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 70 out of 100, based on 23 reviews.

Tim Sendra of AllMusic opined that the album "\[sounds\] like it was recorded at 2:00 a.m. in the middle of the kind of dream you never want to wake up from," and commented that Sandoval's voice "is exactly as beguiling and bewitching as ever." He also noted that "while this album doesn't exactly scream Top 40 or boast massive sing-along choruses, tracks like "For the Rest of Your Life," "Trouble," and "Fall Aside" have more of a sense of melody and forward motion \[than the first Warm Inventions record\], and "There's a Willow" comes magically close to a straightforward Mazzy Star-like gem," before summarising that "there is a depth of sound on the record that makes it seem like a deeply felt work of art. It sounds like it was worth the wait for Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig and it's a welcome return for fans of her music, and also for fans of late-night, melancholy balladry that will break your heart and ease you gently into dreams," giving the album a 3.5/5 rating.

Mark Powell of Drowned In Sound summarised his review by stating, "it doesn’t do this record a disservice to say that - from the broody amethyst tones of the cover art, right down to the final scrapes of mournful cello on "Sets The Blaze", or the old-time wireless crackle of pointedly Lynchian closer "Satellite" - Through the Devil Softly is an album whose drowsy currents you'll want to bob far away on, with no immediate concern over getting back," before giving the album an 8/10 rating. Album closer "Satellite" was also highlighted by NME magazine's Emily Mackey, who commented that the track "sounds like Billie Holiday's final radio transmission to troubled earthlings from her home beyond the stars, the gentlest, most desultory of strums and glances of keys backing Hope's vocal," before giving the album a 7/10 rating.

In one of the most negative reviews available online, Spin's Spencer Kornhaber commented that "a close listen reveals fine details, like the waterlogged, Eastern-tinged strumming of "Fall Aside" or the ghostly harmonies of "Blanchard," but to most listeners, though, Through the Devil Softly will simply function as a collection of breathily perfect lullabies," before awarding the album a 3/5 rating.

Joe Tangari from Pitchfork Media noted that "you get the sense of her \[Sandoval\] wandering through some abandoned, former gold-rush town, singing quietly to herself as the tumbleweeds bounce by." Tangari later commented, "one of the most interesting textures is found on "For the Rest of Your Life", which sounds constructed on a loop of an echoing, muted pick slide on the E string of a guitar. As the song fades after the verses it sounds as if it's wandering off into a void. That void is never far away on this record. Even at its warmest, there are ghosts in the air and cobwebs in the corners." Album closer "Satellite" was again highlighted, with Tangari commenting that Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig "take that distance to an extreme on muffled closer "Satellite," which is filtered to sound as if it's creaking out of the speakers after traveling for light years on the back of a radio wave. It opens and closes with the sound of waves on a beach. It's a pretty end for a pretty record, one that will put Mazzy Star fans in a comfortably familiar place and will probably just feel comfortable to everyone else. There's no real stand-out track - no "Fade Into You" for this decade - but it's a good listen while it lasts, a thing of slow, sad grace," awarding the album a 6.7/10 rating.

## Accolades

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blanchard" | Hope Sandoval | 5:02 |
| 2. | "Wild Roses" | Sandoval, Colm Ó Cíosóig, Alan Browne | 3:40 |
| 3. | "For the Rest of Your Life" | Sandoval | 5:39 |
| 4. | "Lady Jessica and Sam" | Sandoval | 4:30 |
| 5. | "Sets the Blaze" | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig | 2:31 |
| 6. | "Thinking Like That" | Sandoval, Charles Cullen | 4:45 |
| 7. | "There's a Willow" | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig, Cullen | 5:07 |
| 8. | "Trouble" | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig, Cullen, Browne, Dave Brennan | 5:25 |
| 9. | "Fall Aside" | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig | 4:47 |
| 10. | "Blue Bird" | Sandoval | 5:12 |
| 11. | "Satellite" | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig | 4:58 |
| 12. | "The Buffalo" (Japanese Bonus Track) | Sandoval, Ó Cíosóig | 2:48 |
| Total length: | | | 54:17 |

## Personnel

* Hope Sandoval — vocals, instrumentation, recording, producing, mixing, photography
* Colm Ó'Cíosóig — backing vocals, instrumentation, recording, producing, mixing
* Paul McQuillan — guitar
* Ji Young Moon — cello
* Suki Ewers — keyboards
* Sylvia Gomez — backing vocals
* **With Dirt Blue Gene**:
    + Charles Cullen — guitar, slide guitar
    + Dave Brennan — guitar
    + Alan Browne — bass
    + Mick Whelan — piano
    + Nigel Cullen — drums
* **Technical Personnel**:
    + Jim Putnam — mixing ("Wild Roses," "Lady Jessica and Sam" and "There's A Willow")
    + Dave Trumfio — mixing ("Trouble")
    + Mark Chaleki — mastering

## Sales and charts

The album debuted at number 160 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 chart, selling 3,423 copies its first week.

| Chart (2009) | Position
 |
| --- | --- |
| French Album Chart | 69 |
| U.S. Billboard 200 | 160 |
| Billboard Top Heatseekers | 6 |
| Billboard Digital Album | 102 |
| Billboard Alternative Album | 41 |
| Billboard Alternative New Artist Album | 1 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | September 28, 2009 | Nettwerk Records | CD | 5-037703-084827 |
| United States | September 29, 2009 | Nettwerk Records | CD | 0-6700-30848-2-6 |
| Australia | September 30, 2009 | Shock Records | CD | 30848-2 |
| Japan | January 20, 2010 | Imperial Records | CD | TECI-24584 |
|

## InfoBox

| Through the Devil Softly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hope Sandoval & The Warm Inventions | |
| Released | September 28, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2007–2009 in Northern California and County Wicklow, Ireland |
| Genre | Alternative rock, psychedelic, folk |
| Length | 51:29 |
| Label | Nettwerk |
| Producer | Hope Sandoval, Colm Ó Cíosóig |
| Hope Sandoval & The Warm Inventions chronology | |
| *Bavarian Fruit Bread*
(2001) ***Through the Devil Softly***
(2009) *Until the Hunter*
(2016) | |


title: Through the Darkest Hour

abstract: Through the Darkest Hour is the third album by American doom metal band Solitude Aeturnus. It was re-released as a double-CD with Downfall.

text:
# Through the Darkest Hour

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Through the Darkest Hour*** is the third album by American doom metal band Solitude Aeturnus. It was re-released as a double-CD with *Downfall*.

## Track listing

1. "Falling" (4:08)
2. "Haunting the Obscure" (5:31)
3. "The 8th Day: Mourning" (6:07)
4. "The 9th Day: Awakening" (5:03)
5. "Pain" (7:06)
6. "Pawns of Anger" (6:36)
7. "Eternal (Dreams Part II)" (7:51)
8. "Perfect Insanity" (6:15)
9. "Shattered My Spirits" (8:27)

## Credits

* Robert Lowe – vocals, keyboards
* Edgar Rivera – guitars
* John Perez – guitars
* Lyle Steadham – bass
* John Covington – drums

Production * Produced by Solitude Aeturnus & Paul Johnston
* Recorded May 1994 at Rhythm Studios in Bidford on Avon, Warwickshire, England
* Engineered by Paul "Gov'ner" Johnston
* Mastered at Monsterdisc in Chicago
* Cover art by Leilah Wendell
* Photography by Stu Taylor
* Layout and design by IQ Talent

## InfoBox

| Through the Darkest Hour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Solitude Aeturnus | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Recorded | May 1994 |
| Studio | Rhythm Studios, England |
| Genre | Epic doom metal |
| Label | Pavement |
| Producer | Paul Johnston & Solitude Aeturnus |
| Solitude Aeturnus chronology | |
| *Beyond the Crimson Horizon*
(1992) ***Through the Darkest Hour***
(1994) *Downfall*
(1996) | |


title: Thomas Winship

abstract: Thomas Winship was an American journalist who served as editor of The Boston Globe from 1965 until 1984.

text:
# Thomas Winship

**Thomas Winship** (July 1, 1920 – March 14, 2002) was an American journalist who served as editor of *The Boston Globe* from 1965 until 1984.

## Biography

Winship was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and soon after moved to Sudbury. He graduated from Belmont Hill School in 1938. He made the first ascent of Alaska's Mount Bertha in 1940. He graduated from Harvard in 1942, where he founded the ski club. Winship's paternal grandfather, Albert Edward Winship, was an editor of the *Journal of Education*. His father, Laurence L. Winship, joined *The Boston Globe* in 1912, became managing editor in 1937, and was named editor in 1955. The younger Winship succeeded his father as editor in 1965, and held the position until retiring in 1984.

Winship helped raise the *Globe* to the highest ranks and guided it to 12 Pulitzer Prizes as a result of the *Globe's* opposition to the Vietnam War and coverage of school desegregation in the 1970s. The Pulitzers won under his leadership, beginning in 1966, were the first in *Globe* history.

After his retirement, Winship was the first senior fellow at the Gannett Center for Media Studies (now the Freedom Forum) and the founding chairman of the Center for Foreign Journalists. At the time of his death, Winship was being treated for lymphoma at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He was survived by his wife, Elizabeth Coolidge Winship (author of the syndicated "Ask Beth" advice column), sister Joanna Crawford, sons Laurence and Benjamin, daughters Margaret and Joanna, and eight grandchildren.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Winship | |
| --- | --- |
| Winship in 1968 | |
| Born | (1920-07-01)July 1, 1920
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | March 14, 2002(2002-03-14) (aged 81)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Education | Belmont Hill School |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, editor |
| Employer | *The Boston Globe* |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Coolidge Winship |
| Children | 4 |
| Father | Laurence L. Winship |
| Awards | Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award (1984) |


title: Thorsten Nordenfelt

abstract: Thorsten Nordenfelt, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist.

text:
# Thorsten Nordenfelt

**Thorsten Nordenfelt** (1 March 1842 – 8 February 1920), was a Swedish inventor and industrialist.

## Career

Nordenfelt was born in Örby outside Kinna, Sweden, the son of a colonel. The surname was and is often spelled Nordenfeldt, though Thorsten and his brothers always spelled it Nordenfelt, and the 1881 Census shows it as Nordenfelt. The family home in that year was Leinster Lodge on the Uxbridge Road, Paddington in west London.

Thorsten worked for a Swedish company in London from 1862 to 1866 and migrated to England in 1867 when he married Emma Stansfeld Grundy.

Thorsten Nordenfelt and his brother-in-law started a small business to trade Swedish steel for British rails in 1867. Later on he founded *Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company, ltd* to develop a machine-gun designed by Helge Palmcrantz that would be referred to as the Nordenfelt gun. His company also designed a range of anti-torpedoboat guns in calibres from 37 to 57 mm, that were produced in Erith, Kent, Stockholm and Spain. Under pressure from Rothschild and Vickers his company merged with Maxim's in 1888 to form The Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company.

After a personal bankruptcy Nordenfelt was forced out of the Nordenfelt-Maxim company in 1890 and left England for France, where his new company, Société Nordenfelt, designed the eccentric screw breech used on the French 75. Legal action followed (*Nordenfelt v Maxim, Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co Ltd*) over a non-compete clause Nordenfelt had signed.

In 1903 he returned to Sweden and retired.

In 1902 a public house named after Thorsten Nordenfelt was built at 181 Erith Road, Erith just along from the Gun and Carriage works of Vickers, Sons and Maxim (previously Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company) . Named 'The Nordenfelt Tavern' it was built to the design of Jonathan G. Ensor (1852/3-19??), architect for brewer Watney Combe & Reid

## Submarines

Discussions between Thorsten Nordenfelt and the English reverend George Garrett led to the production of a series of steam-powered submarines. The first was the *Nordenfelt I*, a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre long vessel similar to Garret's ill-fated *Resurgam* (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo and a 25.4 mm machine gun. It was manufactured by Bolinders in Stockholm in 1884–1885. Like the *Resurgam*, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by the Greek Government and was delivered to Piraeus harbor in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901.

Nordenfelt then built the *Nordenfelt II* (*Abdül Hamid*) in 1886 and *Nordenfelt III* (*Abdül Mecid*) in 1887, a pair of 30-metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the Ottoman Navy. *Abdül Hamid* became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water. Nordenfelt's efforts culminated in 1887 with the *Nordenfelt IV* which had twin motors and twin torpedoes. It was sold to the Russians, but proved unstable and ran aground off Jutland; it was scrapped when the Russians refused to pay for it.

*Abdülhamid* and *Abdülmecid* were in Istanbul in 1914. The submarines were briefly considered for use in harbour defence but it was found that their hulls were too badly corroded.

## Bibliography

* Ahlberg, Lars; Caruana, J. (1991). "Question 1/90". *Warship International*. **XXVIII** (2): 190–192. ISSN 0043-0374.

## InfoBox

| Thorsten Nordenfelt | |
| --- | --- |
| Thorsten Nordenfelt in 1894 | |
| Born | Thorsten Nordenfelt
(1842-03-01)1 March 1842
Örby, Sweden, |
| Died | 8 February 1920(1920-02-08) (aged 77)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Occupation | Inventor |
| Spouse | Emma Stansfeld Grundy |


title: Thorsten Nehrbauer

abstract: Thorsten Nehrbauer is a German former football player. He later became a manager.

text:
# Thorsten Nehrbauer

**Thorsten Nehrbauer** (born 12 January 1978 in Bonn) is a German former football player. He later became a manager.

## InfoBox

Thorsten Nehrbauer
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1978-01-12) 12 January 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Bonn, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–1989 | Bonner SC | | |
| 1989–1997 | Bayer Leverkusen | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1997–1998 | Bayer Leverkusen | 0 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 25 | (1) |
| 1999–2001 | Mainz 05 | 35 | (1) |
| 2001–2003 | Hannover 96 | 21 | (1) |
| 2003–2007 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | 106 | (3) |
| 2007–2009 | Kickers Emden | 50 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Bonner SC | 9 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | TSV Germania Windeck | 45 | (3) |
| Total |  | **291** | **(9)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–1999 | Germany U-21 | 13 | (2) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2016–2019 | 1. FC Kaan-Marienborn | | |
| 2019–2020 | Bonner SC | | |
| 2021– | 1. FC Kaan-Marienborn | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Threefin velvetfish

abstract: The threefin velvetfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a velvetfish belonging to the family Aploactinidae. This species is found the western Pacific Ocean where it has been found on reefs. This species grows to a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in) TL. This species is the only known member of its genus.

text:
# Threefin velvetfish

The **threefin velvetfish** (***Neoaploactis tridorsalis***) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a velvetfish belonging to the family Aploactinidae. This species is found the western Pacific Ocean where it has been found on reefs. This species grows to a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in) TL. This species is the only known member of its genus.

## Taxonomy

The threefin velvetfish was first formally described in 1991 by the ichthyologists William N. Eschmeyer and Gerald R. Allen with the type locality given as One Tree Island off Queensland, Australia. When they described this new species Eschmeyer and Allen classified it in the new monotypic genus *Neoaploactis*. This taxon is classified within the family Aploactinidae in the suborder Scorpaenoidei within the order Scorpaeniformes, although this family is also treated as a subfamily of the stonefish family Synanceiidae within the Scorpaenoidei, which in turn is treated as a superfamily within the order Perciformes. The name of the genus, *Neoaploactis* prefixed the type genus of this family, *Aploactis* with *neo*, meaning "new", a reference to the un usual form of this taxon in comparison to other velvetfishes. The specific name *tridorsalis*, means "three dorsals" and is a reference to the three dorsal fins shown by this species.

## Description

The threefin velvetfish has two divergent spines on the lacrimal bone and has 5 blunt spines on the margin of the preoperculum, the lower ones being smaller than the upper. The dorsal fin has its origin over the middle of the eye. The first dorsal fin has four spines separated by scales from the second dorsal fin which has a deep notch between the 7th and 8th spines, creating the impression that there are three separate dorsal fins. The scales are very modified, with a robust spine-like flange or a shelf-like projection in their centre set at right angles to the body and supported by an elongated rhomboid base within the skin. There are a total of 12 spines and 9 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin has 2 spines and 8 soft rays. The maximum published total length of this species is 5 cm (2.0 in). The overall colour is dark to pale grey or pale brown, mottled with irregular white spots and blotches particularly on the fins. There is a pale band to the rear of the eyes, and they sometimes have an orange head.

## Distribution and habitat

The threefin velvetfish is found in the western Pacific Ocean. It has been recorded from Rottnest Island and Shark Bay on the western coast of Western Australia, Point Dover in the Great Australian Bight of Western Australia, from Townsville to One Tree Island in the Capricorn Group of the southern Great Barrier Reef off Queensland and from Victor Harbor to Spencer Gulf in South Australia. It has also been reported from the new Guinea, the Solomon Islands and the Chesterfield Islands of New Caledonia. It can be found at depths between 3 and 30 m (9.8 and 98.4 ft) in areas of sand and rubble in the vicinity of reefs, typically at depths of less than 5 m (16 ft).

## InfoBox

| Threefin velvetfish | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Aploactinidae |
| Genus: | *Neoaploactis*
Eschmeyer & G. R. Allen, 1978 |
| Species: | ***N. tridorsalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoaploactis tridorsalis***
Eschmeyer & G. R. Allen, 1978 | |
|


title: Thyatira vicina

abstract: Thyatira vicina is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in Java and Bali in Indonesia.

text:
# Thyatira vicina

***Thyatira vicina*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in Java and Bali in Indonesia.

## Subspecies

* *Thyatira vicina vicina* (Java)
* *Thyatira vicina baliensis* Werny, 1966 (Bali)

## InfoBox

| *Thyatira vicina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Thyatira* |
| Species: | ***T. vicina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thyatira vicina***<br>Guenée, 1852 | |
|


title: Thyatirina

abstract: Thyatirina is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by George Hampson in 1910. Its only species, Thyatirina achatina, was first described by Weymer in 1896. It is found in Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Malawi.

text:
# Thyatirina

***Thyatirina*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by George Hampson in 1910. Its only species, ***Thyatirina achatina***, was first described by Weymer in 1896. It is found in Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Malawi.

## InfoBox

| *Thyatirina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Thyatirina***
Hampson, 1910 |
| Species: | ***T. achatina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thyatirina achatina***
(Weymer, 1896) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thyatira achatina* Weymer, 1896 | |


title: Three Day Moon

abstract: Three Day Moon is an album by American jazz bassist Barre Phillips recorded in March 1978 and released on ECM later that year. The quartet features guitarist Terje Rypdal, Dieter Feichtner on synthesizer and percussionist Trilok Gurtu.

text:
# Three Day Moon

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***Three Day Moon*** is an album by American jazz bassist Barre Phillips recorded in March 1978 and released on ECM later that year. The quartet features guitarist Terje Rypdal, Dieter Feichtner on synthesizer and percussionist Trilok Gurtu.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Barre Phillips

Side I
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A-i-a" | 9:41 |
| 2. | "Ms. P." | 4:59 |
| 3. | "La folle" | 5:18 |

Side II
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Brd" | 8:38 |
| 2. | "Ingul-Buz" | 3:58 |
| 3. | "S.C.&W." | 9:27 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Three Day Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Barre Phillips | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Recorded | March 1978 |
| Studio | Talent Studio
Oslo, Norway |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | ECM 1124 ST |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Barre Phillips chronology | |
| *Mountainscapes*
(1976) ***Three Day Moon***
(1978) *Journal Violone II*
(1979) | |


title: Tigerbomb

abstract: Tigerbomb is an EP by the indie rock band Guided by Voices. It was released in 1995 on Matador Records. The first two tracks are professionally recorded versions of songs from the Alien Lanes LP. The music video for the track "My Valuable Hunting Knife" used the version from this EP. The band's "best of" compilation, Human Amusements at Hourly Rates, uses the original Alien Lanes version of "My Valuable Hunting Knife" but the re-recorded version of "Game of Pricks". The entire EP can be found in the Hardcore UFOs box set.

text:
# Tigerbomb

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Tigerbomb*** is an EP by the indie rock band Guided by Voices. It was released in 1995 on Matador Records.

The first two tracks are professionally recorded versions of songs from the *Alien Lanes* LP (the original LP versions were recorded on four-track cassette). The music video for the track "My Valuable Hunting Knife" used the version from this EP. The band's "best of" compilation, *Human Amusements at Hourly Rates*, uses the original *Alien Lanes* version of "My Valuable Hunting Knife" but the re-recorded version of "Game of Pricks".

The entire EP can be found in the *Hardcore UFOs* box set (disc 2, tracks 3-8).

## Track listing

All songs written by Robert Pollard except where noted.

### Side A

1. "My Valuable Hunting Knife" (7" Version) – 2:28
2. "Game of Pricks" (7" Version) – 2:18
3. "Mice Feel Nice (in My Room)" (Doug Gillard, R. Pollard) – 2:20

### Side B

1.
2. "Not Good for the Mechanism" – 2:00
3. "Kiss Only the Important Ones" – 1:28
4. "Dodging Invisible Rays" (Tobin Sprout) – 2:37

* This EP at the Guided by Voices Database (or GBVDB)

## InfoBox

| Tigerbomb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Guided by Voices | |
| Released | November 14, 1995 (1995-11-14) |
| Genre | Rock and roll, indie rock, lo-fi |
| Length | 13:11 |
| Label | Matador Records |
| Guided by Voices EP chronology | |
| *I Am a Scientist*
(1994) ***Tigerbomb***
(1995) *Sunfish Holy Breakfast*
(1996) | |


title: Three Emperors Dinner

abstract: The Dîner des trois empereurs or Three Emperors Dinner was a banquet held at Café Anglais in Paris, France on 7 June 1867. It consisted of 16 courses with eight wines served over eight hours.

text:
# Three Emperors Dinner

The ***Dîner des trois empereurs*** or **Three Emperors Dinner** was a banquet held at Café Anglais in Paris, France on 7 June 1867. It consisted of 16 courses with eight wines served over eight hours.

## Overview

The Three Emperors Dinner was prepared by chef Adolphe Dugléré at the request of King William I of Prussia who frequented the cafe during the Exposition Universelle. He requested a meal to be remembered and at which no expense was to be spared for himself and his guests, Tsar Alexander II of Russia, plus his son the tsarevitch (who later became Tsar Alexander III), and Otto von Bismarck.

The name "Three Emperors Dinner" is something of a misnomer and apparently was applied retrospectively (apparently in analogy to the Battle of the Three Emperors), as only Alexander II bore the title of Emperor at the time. Wilhelm I would not be proclaimed Kaiser (emperor) until 1871, whereas Alexander III would only ascend the Imperial Russian throne in 1881 after his father's assassination.

The cellar master, Claudius Burdel, was instructed to accompany the dishes with the greatest wines in the world, including a Roederer champagne in a special lead glass bottle, so Tsar Alexander could admire the bubbles and golden colour.

The banquet consisted of 16 courses with eight wines served over eight hours. The cost of the meal was 400 francs per person (over 9,000 in 2024 prices). The high price of the wines served contributed to the high price of the meal.

At 1 o'clock in the morning, Tsar Alexander is reported to have complained that the meal had not contained foie gras. Burdel explained that it was not the custom in French cuisine to eat foie gras in June. The tsar was satisfied with the answer. Each emperor was sent a terrine of foie gras as a gift the following October.

The table used for the banquet and a copy of the menu is on display at La Tour d'Argent restaurant in Paris.

The menu included the following, among the 16 courses:

***Potage impératrice*** consists of a chicken stock thickened with tapioca and finished with egg yolks and cream, to which poached rounds of chicken forcemeat, cockscombs, cocks' kidneys and green peas are added.
***Potage fontanges*** is a purée of fresh peas diluted with consommé with the addition of a *chiffonade* of sorrel and sprigs of chervil.
***Soufflé à la reine*** is a chicken soufflé with truffles
***Sauce vénitienne*** is a sauce of white wine, tarragon vinegar, shallots and chervil, mounted with butter and finished with chopped chervil and tarragon.
***Selle de mouton purée Bretonne*** is saddle of mutton with a purée of broad beans bound with Breton sauce.
***Poulet à la portugaise*** is whole chicken roasted with a covering of adobo paste consisting of tomato, red bell pepper, garlic, origanum, paprika, cayenne pepper, brown sugar, lemon juice, white wine, chicken stock and olive oil, stuffed with tomato flavoured rice.
***Pâté chaud de cailles*** is warm pâté of quail.
***Homard à la parisienne*** is lobster cooked in court bouillon, cut into slices and glazed with aspic, with a garnish of tomatoes stuffed with a macédoine of vegetables, dressed with a mixture of mayonnaise and aspic and garnished with sliced truffle.
***Canetons à la rouennaise*** is a dish of roast duckling stuffed with forcemeat. The legs and breasts are removed, the legs are grilled and the breasts are thinly sliced and arranged around the stuffing. The remaining carcass is pressed in a poultry press to extract all the juices and is added to a Rouennaise sauce, which is poured over the sliced duck. (This dish is today the speciality of the house at *La Tour d'Argent*.)
***Ortolans sur canapés***, ortolans (now a protected species) on toast.
***Aubergines à l'espagnole*** is a dish of aubergine shells filled with chopped aubergine, tomato and ham and a gruyère gratin.
***Cassolette princesse***, (a.k.a. ***Cassolette argenteuil***), A cassolette with a border of duchesse potatoes and an asparagus filling in cream sauce.
***Bombe glacée*** is an ice cream dessert.

– Source:

## Re-creation

Australian chef Shannon Bennett attempted to recreate the banquet in 2002. It took six months to plan and required some changes due to key ingredients and wines no longer being available. Even using the nearest modern equivalent ingredients and wines, the cost of the meal was 7,500 per person. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast the documentary *Three Emperors Dinner* about the original banquet and the modern recreation in 2003.


title: Tijuana Cultural Center

abstract: The Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT) is a cultural center in the Zona Río district of Tijuana, Mexico. The center opened 20 October 1982, and accommodates more than a million visitors per year. Nowadays this iconic Tijuana institution has different programs for all ages, from classes for early stimulation for kids around 2 months and 2 years old, plastic arts and artisan workshops for children from 5 to 15 years old, and concerts, conferences, movies, documentaries, exhibitions, and services designed to entertain while educating different age groups at the same time.

text:
# Tijuana Cultural Center

The **Tijuana Cultural Center** (**CECUT**) is a cultural center in the Zona Río district of Tijuana, Mexico. The center opened 20 October 1982, and accommodates more than a million visitors per year.

Nowadays this iconic Tijuana institution has different programs for all ages, from classes for early stimulation for kids around 2 months and 2 years old, plastic arts and artisan workshops for children from 5 to 15 years old, and concerts, conferences, movies, documentaries, exhibitions, and services designed to entertain while educating different age groups at the same time.

## Attractions and facilities

The centerpiece of the complex is an OMNIMAX cinema designed by architects Pedro Ramirez Vazques and Manuel Rossen Morrison. It is the only IMAX cinema in Tijuana, and has come to be popularly known as *La Bola* ("The Ball"). The cinema, which uses a 360-degree projector to surround viewers with a panoramic image, has 308 seats.

The OMNIMAX cinema has been part of the cultural center since the complex first opened in 1982. In October of that year, it premiered the film *El pueblo del sol*, which was made especially for the cinema's opening. The film presents images from the most representative regions of Mexico, and got very good reviews. It was the cinema's only film for 13 years. Today, the center offers a daily selection of films; it premieres about four films per year.

The center encompasses a large esplanade that accommodates up to 6,000 people. The esplanade is a venue for performances, festivals, and expos. There is also a large bookshop that also sells handicrafts and design items.

The permanent exhibition, Museo de las Californias, ("Museum of The Californias"), which houses over 200 pieces and demonstrates the history of the Baja Peninsula and the current U.S. state of California from the prehistoric period until the first half of the 20th century.

Outside there is the pre-Hispanic style garden called Jardin Caracol ("Snail Garden"), that contains sculptures from the different regions of the mesoamerican cultures that inhabited south Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish Army.

There is a small café in the garden.

A theatre has a room for around a thousand visitors and it is mostly used for private concerts and plays. There are also lecture rooms, video room, café, and a bookshop. There are several spaces for temporary small exhibits.

In September 2008, on the eve of its 26th anniversary, CECUT opened El Cubo ("The Cube)"), so named because of the contrast between the nickname of the OMNIMAX cinema "The Ball". Since then it has been the home for exhibitions from other countries such as those of Buda Guanyin, Gabriel Figueroa, Alice Rahon, Venus en Tijuana, Proyecto Civico, and Animated Painting among others.

The Cubo Bistro restaurant offers French cuisine organized by celebrity chef Javier Plascencia, considered the greatest contributor to the development of Baja Med cuisine.

## History and impact

The center opened in 1982 with the mission to promote cultural tourism from the US. The building was constructed by the architects Pedro Ramírez Vázquez and Manuel Rosen Morrison. The CECUT first opened as part of the National Fund for Social Activities then in 1983 it was part of the Ministry of Tourism. Later that year CECUT was joined into the Ministry of Public Education. Finally, in 1986 the CECUT gained its own independence, and was able to plan its own budget. In 1988 they changed their actions guiding themselves towards a comprehensive national cultural policy.

CECUT is a 2.1-kilometre (1.3 mi) walk from the east port of entry from San Ysidro to Mexico.

1. "The Hottest Restaurants in Tijuana Right Now". 16 June 2017.
2. Historia http://www.cecut.gob.mx/acerca.php

32°31′48″N 117°01′26″W / 32.53000°N 117.02389°W / 32.53000; -117.02389

## InfoBox

Tijuana Cultural Center
| Centro Cultural Tijuana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Established | 20 October 1982 (1982-10-20) |
| Location | Tijuana, Mexico |
| Coordinates | 32°31′48″N 117°01′26″W / 32.53000°N 117.02389°W / 32.53000; -117.02389 |
| Type | Cultural center |
| Collections | Museo de las Californias |
| Website | www.cecut.gob.mx |


title: Throne of Chaos

abstract: Throne of Chaos (TOC) were a heavy metal band from Espoo, Finland, active from 1996 to 2005. Their early sound, as recorded on their debut album Menace and Prayer, has been described as melodic death metal, having musical characteristics reminiscent of fellow Finns Children of Bodom. For their second album, Pervertigo, the band migrated to a sound more heavily influenced by thrash and progressive metal. For their final album, the progressive-leaning Loss Angeles, released on InsideOut Music, the band shortened their name from Throne of Chaos to TOC. Taneli Kiljunen originally performed all vocals before damaging his throat and being unable to sing for an extended period. Because of this, Pervertigo was performed with the help of two session vocalists: Pasi Nykänen, also of Warmen, and Niklas Isfeldt, vocalist with Dream Evil, and Pure X. For Loss Angeles, Tuomas Nieminen was added to the band with Taneli offering occasional bursts of harsh vocals. The band, unable to make commercial headway, broke up in August 2005.

text:
# Throne of Chaos

**Throne of Chaos (TOC)** were a heavy metal band from Espoo, Finland, active from 1996 to 2005.

Their early sound, as recorded on their debut album *Menace and Prayer*, has been described as melodic death metal, having musical characteristics reminiscent of fellow Finns Children of Bodom.

For their second album, *Pervertigo*, the band migrated to a sound more heavily influenced by thrash and progressive metal. For their final album, the progressive-leaning *Loss Angeles*, released on InsideOut Music, the band shortened their name from Throne of Chaos to TOC.

Taneli Kiljunen originally performed all vocals before damaging his throat and being unable to sing for an extended period. Because of this, *Pervertigo* was performed with the help of two session vocalists: Pasi Nykänen, also of Warmen, and Niklas Isfeldt, vocalist with Dream Evil, and Pure X. For *Loss Angeles*, Tuomas Nieminen was added to the band with Taneli offering occasional bursts of harsh vocals.

The band, unable to make commercial headway, broke up in August 2005.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Menace and Prayer* (2000)
* *Pervertigo* (2002)
* *Loss Angeles* (2003)

### Singles, EPs & demos

* *Equilibrium* (Demo, 1996)
* *Fata Morgana* (EP, 1997)
* *Truth and Tragedy* (Single, 2002)

## InfoBox

| Throne of Chaos | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Espoo, Finland |
| Genres | Progressive metal, melodic death metal (early) |
| Years active | 1996 (1996)–2005 (2005) |
| Labels | InsideOut Music |
|  | |
| Website | www.tocrocks.com |


title: Thế Sơn

abstract: Thế Sơn is a Vietnamese language pop singer from southern Vietnam, and is a long-time member of the long running Vietnamese diaspora variety show Paris by Night. He performed in Paris By Night from July 1994 until July 2014 and Asia Music Corporation from 2014 until 2018. Thế Sơn's father was an officer in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and was imprisoned by the communists after the fall of Saigon. Thế Sơn took up singing to support his family and formed a duet with Thủy Tiên. He attended Marie Curie High School and La San Taberd High School, now renamed as Trần Đại Nghĩa High School. Thế Sơn completed a university degree in music (singing) at the Saigon Conservatory of Music and moved to the United States, now residing in Southern California. He is known for singing songs from the 1940s to the 1970s.

text:
# Thế Sơn

**Thế Sơn** (born 10 October 1965) is a Vietnamese language pop singer from southern Vietnam, and is a long-time member of the long running Vietnamese diaspora variety show *Paris by Night*. He performed in Paris By Night from July 1994 until July 2014 and Asia Music Corporation from 2014 until 2018.

Thế Sơn's father was an officer in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and was imprisoned by the communists after the fall of Saigon. Thế Sơn took up singing to support his family and formed a duet with Thủy Tiên. He attended Marie Curie High School and La San Taberd High School (Trường Trung học La San Taberd), now renamed as Trần Đại Nghĩa High School. Thế Sơn completed a university degree in music (singing) at the Saigon Conservatory of Music and moved to the United States, now residing in Southern California. He is known for singing songs from the 1940s to the 1970s.

## InfoBox

| Thế Sơn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-10-10) October 10, 1965<br>Saigon, South Vietnam |
| Occupation | Singer |