title: Professional Rapid Online Chess League

abstract: The Professional Rapid Online Chess League was an online rapid chess league operated by chess.com. It was preceded by the United States Chess League, which announced in 2016 that it would be renamed, reformatted, and opened to cities from around the world, and moved to the website chess.com. It was discontinued in 2024. In its inaugural season, the PCL comprised 48 teams, whose members included some of the highest-rated chess players in the world, including the reigning world champion Magnus Carlsen, and other elite players including Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Hikaru Nakamura, and Wesley So plus over 100 other grandmasters. The 48 teams represent cities in five continents.

text:
# Professional Rapid Online Chess League

The **Professional Rapid Online Chess League** (**PRO Chess League** and abbreviated **PCL**) was an online rapid chess league operated by chess.com. It was preceded by the United States Chess League, which announced in 2016 that it would be renamed, reformatted, and opened to cities from around the world, and moved to the website chess.com. It was discontinued in 2024.

In its inaugural season, the PCL comprised 48 teams, whose members included some of the highest-rated chess players in the world, including the reigning world champion Magnus Carlsen, and other elite players including Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Hikaru Nakamura, and Wesley So plus over 100 other grandmasters. The 48 teams represent cities in five continents.

## Teams

| Country | Team | 2017
(48) | 2018
(32) | 2019
(32) | 2020
() | 2021
() | 2023
() | Total
appearances | Total
championships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ARG | Buenos Aires Krakens | QF | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| ARG | Patagonia Penguins | 9th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| ARM | Armenia Eagles |  | 1st |  | DSQ |  |  |  | 1 |
| AUS | Australia Kangaroos |  | QF |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| CAN | Montreal Chessbrahs | SF | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| CAN | Toronto Dragons | L24 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| CHN | Chengdu Pandas |  | 2nd |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| ENG | London Lions | L16 | 6th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| ENG | London Towers | L16 | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| EST | Estonia Horses |  | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| FRA | Cannes Blockbusters | L24 | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| FRA | Marseille Migraines | QF | QF |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| GER | Hamburg Swashbucklers | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| HUN | Budapest Gambit | L16 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| IND | Amaravati Yodhas | 10th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| IND | Delhi Dynamite | L16 | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| IND | Mumbai Movers | L24 | QF |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| IND | Odisha Express | 9th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| IRL | Doblin Desperados | 10th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| ISL | Reykjavik Puffins | 9th in division | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| KAZ | Shymkent Nomads | 11th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| LAT | Riga Magicians | L24 | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NED | Amsterdam Mosquitoes | L24 | 5th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NED | Apeldoorn Apres | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NGR | Abuja Rockstars | 11th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NGR | Lagos Leatherbacks | 12th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NOR | Norway Gnomes | 2nd | 5th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| NOR | Oslo Trolls |  | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| RSA | Johannesburg Koeksisters | 12th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| RUS | Gorky Stormbringers (2017)
Volga Stormbringers (2018-) | QF | 6th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| SLO | Ljubljana Direwolves | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| SLO | Ljubljana Turtles |  | 4th |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| SRB | Belgrade Sparrows | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| SWE | Stockholm Snowballs | SF | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Atlanta Kings | 10th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Carolina Cobras | 11th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Columbus Cardinals | 12th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Dallas Destiny | L24 | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Las Vegas Desert Rats | 7th in division | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Miami Champions | L16 | 6th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Minnesota Blizzard | 8th in division | QF |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Montclair Sopranos | L16 | 5th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | New Jersey Knockouts | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | New York Knights | 8th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Philadelphia Inventors | L24 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Pittsburgh Pawngrabbers | 11th in division | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Portland Rain | 12th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Rio Grande Ospreys | L24 | 7th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Saint Louis Arch Bishops | 1st | 3rd | 1st | 1st |  |  |  | 3 |
| USA | San Diego Surfers | L16 | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | San Francisco Mechanics | 10th in division |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | San Jose Hackers | L16 | 5th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Seattle Sluggers | 9th in division | 6th in division |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| USA | Webster Windmills | QF | L16 |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |

## Format

The league had a variety of formats over its history, but there were some consistent points throughout. Matches were played between teams of 4 players using the scheveningen system, pitting each team member against every player from the opposing team. Teams had a rating cap (usually 2500) to ensure balanced matchups.

Teams were split into geographical divisions (Central & Western for Europe & West/Central Asia, and Atlantic & Pacific for the Americas, East Asia & the Pacific nations)

The time control was 15+2 in the first seasons, but this changed to 10+2 for the later seasons.

## History

### 2017–present

The first season started on January 11, 2017, and ended March 26, 2017. 48 teams participated, twelve of which had previously participated in the USCL. After the end of the first season, the St. Louis Arch Bishops defeated the Norway Gnomes, thus securing their first title. Wesley So won MVP. The PCL has a total prize fund of $50,000 compared to a prize fund of $10,000 in the USCL. In its second season, Greg Shahade introduced and new qualifications to join the league and an All-Star Game.

## Championship history

PRO Chess League Champions
| Team | Year |
| --- | --- |
| St. Louis Arch Bishops (1) | 2017 |
| Armenia Eagles (1) | 2018 |
| St. Louis Arch Bishops (2) | 2019 |
| St. Louis Arch Bishops (3) | 2020 |
| Russia Wizards (1) | 2021 |
| Gotham Knights (1) | 2023 |
|

## Critic response

Supporters say the league's worldwide distribution, the prize money, and the participation of many of the world's top-rated players may create a new level of competition and awareness for the game. It is anticipated that the new formats are leading to a "rise in popularity of online and rapid chess". In addition, the PCL has the potential to dramatically change chess culture and could lead to corporate sponsorships. This change from an "individual and slow game," to a relatively quick and team format, has made the offering more viewer friendly.

In a 2017 article, Greg Shahade made a similar statement to what Eric Rosen mentioned. Shahade talked about the league featuring worldwide team competition, using the scheveningen system which gives lower rated players the chance to pull upset each week, and having the chance to "revolutionize chess".

In an article written by ESPN, Viswanathan Anand spoke about how convenient it was to play online compared to playing over-the-board.

> Here you don't get together with the team the previous night to discuss strategy, so it's far more improvised. In all leagues you play one game a day. Here you play four, so you're very alive to the evolving score.
>
> Viswanathan Anand, article by ESPN

## InfoBox

Professional Rapid Online Chess League (PRO Chess League)
| **Most recent season or competition:**
*2023* | |
| --- | --- |
| Formerly | United States Chess League |
| Sport | Chess |
| First season | 2017 |
| Commissioner | Greg Shahade |
| No. of teams | 32 |
| Country | International |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Gotham Knights (1st title) |
| Most titles | St. Louis Arch Bishops (2 titles) |
| TV partner(s) | Twitch |
| Related
competitions | Speed Chess Championship |
| Official website | www.prochessleague.com |


title: Patient derived xenograft

abstract: Patient derived xenografts (PDX) are models of cancer where the tissue or cells from a patient's tumor are implanted into an immunodeficient or humanized mouse. It is a form of xenotransplantation. PDX models are used to create an environment that allows for the continued growth of cancer after its removal from a patient. In this way, tumor growth can be monitored in the laboratory, including in response to potential therapeutic options. Cohorts of PDX models can be used to determine the therapeutic efficiency of a therapy against particular types of cancer, or a PDX model from a specific patient can be tested against a range of therapies in a 'personalized oncology' approach.

text:
# Patient derived xenograft

**Patient derived xenografts** (**PDX**) are models of cancer where the tissue or cells from a patient's tumor are implanted into an immunodeficient or humanized mouse. It is a form of xenotransplantation. PDX models are used to create an environment that allows for the continued growth of cancer after its removal from a patient. In this way, tumor growth can be monitored in the laboratory, including in response to potential therapeutic options. Cohorts of PDX models can be used to determine the therapeutic efficiency of a therapy against particular types of cancer, or a PDX model from a specific patient can be tested against a range of therapies in a 'personalized oncology' approach.

## Methods of tumor xenotransplantation

Several types of immunodeficient mice can be used to establish PDX models: athymic nude mice, severely compromised immune deficient (SCID) mice, NOD-SCID mice, and recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag2)-knockout mice. The mice used must be immunocompromised to prevent transplant rejection. The NOD-SCID mouse is considered more immunodeficient than the nude mouse, and therefore is more commonly used for PDX models because the NOD-SCID mouse does not produce natural killer cells.

When human tumors are resected, necrotic tissues are removed and the tumor can be mechanically sectioned into smaller fragments, chemically digested, or physically manipulated into a single-cell suspension. There are advantages and disadvantages in utilizing either discrete tumor fragments or single-cell suspensions. Tumor fragments retain cell-cell interactions as well as some tissue architecture of the original tumor, therefore mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, a single-cell suspension enables scientists to collect an unbiased sampling of the whole tumor, eliminating spatially segregate subclones that are otherwise inadvertently selected during analysis or tumor passaging. However, single-cell suspensions subject surviving cells to harsh chemical or mechanical forces that may sensitize cells to anoikis, taking a toll on cell viability and engraftment success.

### Heterotopic and orthotopic implantation

Unlike creating xenograft mouse models using existing cancer cell lines, there are no intermediate *in vitro* processing steps before implanting tumor fragments into a murine host to create a PDX. The tumor fragments are either implanted heterotopically or orthotopically into an immunodeficient mouse. With heterotopic implantation, the tissue or cells are implanted into an area of the mouse unrelated to the original tumor site, generally subcutaneously or in subrenal capsular sites. The advantages of this method are the direct access for implantation, and ease of monitoring the tumor growth. With orthotopic implantation, scientists transplant the patient’s tumor tissue or cells into the corresponding anatomical position in the mouse. Subcutaneous PDX models rarely produce metastasis in mice, nor do they simulate the initial tumor microenvironment, with engraftment rates of 40-60%. Subrenal capsular PDX maintains the original tumor stroma as well as the equivalent host stroma and has an engraftment rate of 95%. Ultimately, it takes about 2 to 4 months for the tumor to engraft varying by tumor type, implant location, and strain of immunodeficient mice utilized; engraftment failure should not be declared until at least 6 months. Researchers may use heterotopic implantation for the initial engraftment from the patient to the mouse, then use orthotopic implantation to implant the mouse-grown tumor into further generations of mice.

### Generations of engraftments

The first generation of mice receiving the patient's tumor fragments are commonly denoted F0. When the tumor-burden becomes too large for the F0 mouse, researchers passage the tumor over to the next generation of mice. Each generation thereafter is denoted F1, F2, F3…Fn. For drug development studies, expansion of mice after the F3 generation is often utilized after ensuring that the PDX has not genetically or histologically diverged from the patient’s tumor.

## Advantages over established cancer cell lines

Cancer cell lines are originally derived from patient tumors, but acquire the ability to proliferate within *in vitro* cell cultures. As a result of *in vitro* manipulation, cell lines that have been traditionally used in cancer research undergo genetic transformations that are not restored when cells are allowed to grow *in vivo*. Because of the cell culturing process, which includes enzymatic environments and centrifugation, cells that are better adapted to survive in culture are selected, tumor resident cells and proteins that interact with cancer cells are eliminated, and the culture becomes phenotypically homogeneous.

When implanted into immunodeficient mice, cell lines do not easily develop tumors and the result of any successfully grown tumor is a genetically divergent tumor unlike the heterogeneous patient tumor. Researchers are beginning to attribute the reason that only 5% of anti-cancer agents are approved by the Food and Drug Administration after pre-clinical testing to the lack of tumor heterogeneity and the absence of the human stromal microenvironment. Specifically, cell line-xenografts often are not predictive of the drug response in the primary tumors because cell lines do not follow pathways of drug resistance or the effects of the microenvironment on drug response found in human primary tumors.

Many PDX models have been successfully established for breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and many other cancers because there are distinctive advantages when using PDX over cell lines for drug safety and efficacy studies as well as predicting patient tumor response to certain anti-cancer agents. Since PDX can be passaged without *in vitro* processing steps, PDX models allow the propagation and expansion of patient tumors without significant genetic transformation of tumor cells over multiple murine generations. Within PDX models, patient tumor samples grow in physiologically-relevant tumor microenvironments that mimic the oxygen, nutrient, and hormone levels that are found in the patient’s primary tumor site. Furthermore, implanted tumor tissue maintains the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities found in the patient and the xenograft tissue can be excised from the patient to include the surrounding human stroma. As a result, numerous studies have found that PDX models exhibit similar responses to anti-cancer agents as seen in the actual patient who provided the tumor sample.

### Humanized xenograft models

One prominent shortcoming of PDX models is that immunodeficient mice must be used to prevent immune attacks against the xenotransplanted tumor. With the immune system incapacitated, a critical component of the known tumor microenvironment interaction is foregone, preventing immunotherapies and anti-cancer agents that target the immune system components from being studied in PDX models. Researchers are beginning to explore the use of humanized-xenograft models to enable immune studies. Humanized-xenograft models are created by co-engrafting the patient tumor fragment and peripheral blood or bone marrow cells into a NOD/SCID mouse. The co-engraftment allows for reconstitution of the murine immune system, giving insight into the interactions between xenogenic human stroma and tumor environments in cancer progression and metastasis. However, these strategies have yet to be validated for most tumor types and there remain questions over whether the reconstituted immune system will behave in the same way as it does in the patient. For example, the immune system could be 'hyper-activated' due to exposure to mouse tissues in a similar fashion to graft versus host disease. Humanized-xenograft models for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia have been created.

## Clinical relevance

### Breast cancer

The classification of genetic breast cancer subtypes, including triple-negative and HER2-positive subtypes, have allowed oncologists to use a patient’s breast cancer subtype to personalize cancer therapy schedules. Utilizing PDX triple negative breast cancer models, scientists found that aurora kinase inhibitors slows tumor growth rate and suppresses recurrence in a breast cancer subtype that has a high recurrence rate and poor survivability. Scientists have also found that breast cancer PDX models are capable of predicting the prognosis of newly diagnosed women by observing the rate of tumor engraftment to determine if the patient tumor is aggressive. Breast cancer brain metastases affect younger women disproportionally, especially those lacking estrogen-receptor (ER), progesterone-receptor, and HER2 (known as triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC). Contreras-Zarate MJ et al. developed and characterized novel heterogeneous and clinically relevant human brain metastasis breast cancer PDXs (BM-PDXs) to study mechanisms of brain metastatic colonization, with the added benefit of a slower progression rate that makes them suitable for preclinical testing of drugs in therapeutic settings.

### Colorectal cancer

Colorectal PDX models are relatively easy to establish and the models maintain genetic similarity of primary patient tumor for about 14 generations. In 2012, a study established 27 colorectal PDX models that did not diverge from their respective human tumors in histology, gene expression, or KRAS/BRAF mutation status. Due to their stability, the 27 colorectal PDX models may be able to serve as pre-clinical models in future drug studies. Drug resistance studies have been conducted using colorectal PDX models. In one study, researchers found that the models predicted patient responsiveness to cetuximab with 90% accuracy. Another study identified the amplification of ERBB2 as another mechanism of resistance, and a putative new actionable target in treatments.

### Pancreatic cancer

Researchers initially focused on using pancreatic PDX models for drug studies to improve the process to develop predictive and pharmacodynamics end points for several molecularly targeted therapies. Other studies have been conducted to explore if pancreatic PDX models can be used to guide the ongoing treatment of advance pancreatic cancer patient by screening multiple drugs to select the drug with most activity as the next line of treatment. Pancreatic PDX models have shown anti-mesothilin CAR-T cells (T-cells modified with a chimeric antigen receptor) to suppress cancer growth.

### Pediatric cancer (neuroblastoma)

Researchers have established neuroblastoma PDXs by orthotopic implantation of patient tumor explants into immunodeficient mice. The PDXs retained the genotype and phenotype of patient tumors, and exhibited substantial infiltrative growth and metastasis to distant organs including the bone marrow. The researchers cultured PDX-derived neuroblastoma cells *in vitro* and the cells retained tumorigenic and metastatic capacity *in vivo*.

### Brain cancer (Glioblastoma)

PDX models of glioblastoma (GBM) have been essential for improving our understanding of the disease both in preclinical and translational research. *In vitro* cell culture models of glioblastoma, although valuable, can not fully replicate the complexity of the disease since there is a clear lack of the brain microenvironment and clonal selection. Orthotopic PDXs of GBM can be established through intracranial injections of tumor cells using a stereotactic frame. It has been shown that PDX models of GBM can recapitulate the histopathology, phenotypic properties and genetics of the parental patient tumor, highlighting the relevance of such models for GBM research.

## Challenges with PDX model adaptation

There are several challenges that scientists face when developing or using PDX models in research. For instance, not all tumor samples will successfully engraft in an immunodeficient mouse. When engraftment does occur, clinical study protocols are difficult to standardize if engraftment rates vary. There is also a possibility that the genetic complexity of the patients tumor is reduced during the initiation of PDX models, through a process known as genomic bottlenecking. Further, it is expensive to house mice, maintain histopathological cores for frequent testing, and perform *ex vivo* passaging of tumors in mice with high tumor burdens. The scientific community is trying to tackle these challenges mutualising efforts and exchanging models and expertise to avoid duplication: academic networks have sprung in Europe and USA, and the Horizon 2020 program is funding a new Research Infrastructure providing standardised services and resources, with the goal of improving reproducibility and open access to resources and services.

With regard to using PDX in personalized medicine, there are financial challenges. In the US, the cost to develop PDX models can potentially cost a patient thousands of dollars for treatment. PDX models can also take significant time to create, which may pose a challenge to patients with advanced stages of cancer. Despite these setbacks, the PDX market is expected to grow from a market capitalization of $77.4 million in 2017 to $167.6 million in 2022 due to growing demand for personalized medicine.


title: Manuel C. Rodrigues

abstract: Manuel C. Rodrigues (1908–1991) was an early Goan poet and writer, who expressed himself in the English language. He was also an artist, as well as a trained singer and conductor. He is also known as Manoel C. Rodrigues.

text:
# Manuel C. Rodrigues

**Manuel C. Rodrigues** (1908–1991) was an early Goan poet and writer, who expressed himself in the English language. He was also an artist, as well as a trained singer and conductor. He is also known as Manoel C. Rodrigues.

## Selected works

### Verse

* **Selected Poems**, Bombay 1978. Rs 10.
* **Homeward**, G. V. Bhave, 1939.

### Short stories

* **Still-life and other stories**, *Coastal Observer*, 1984.

### Essays, etc

* 'Armando Menezes: The Lyrist, A fundamentally religious poet'. *The Goan World*, Bombay, Jan. 1939, 31.
* 'Mar-Jakin', *Goa Today*, August 1976.

## References to work

Critic and Professor at the Department of English, University of Iowa, Peter Nazareth list his work in the context of his (Nazareth's) experiences while creating an early (1983) anthology of Goan literature.

In his essay on nostalgia, the lament of the "Goan exile" and the "search of a Goan self", the late Professor Emeritus of English Literature at Washington DC, Eusebio C. Rodrigues has referred to his work, saying he (Manuel C. Rodrigues) "has two collections of poems with significant titles: *Songs in Exile* and *Homeward*."

Writing in an essay titled 'Saudades and the Goan Poetic Temper: Globalising Goan Cultural History', in the book *Goa and Portugal: History and Development*, Victor Anand Coelho, Professor of Music and Chairman of the Department of Musicology and Ethnomusicology at Boston University, writes: "...George C. Coelho probed other things within this rich corpus of poetry such as nostalgia which manifests in \[Goan\] Christian poets like Armando Menezes (1902–83), Manoel C. Rodrigues (1908–91) and Joseph Furtado (1872–1947) and the theme of exile which carries with it the theme of longing for homeland and voyage, but also takes on a political function."

## Family home and family

His two-centuries old family home is located in the coastal village turned tourist-destination of Calangute just off the Baga-Calangute Road near the Our Lady of Piety Chapel.

His brother, the much-awarded Olimpio Coleto Rodrigues, who was born in 1915, is also considered to be a world renowned Goan artist and avid collector of antique furniture and objects who "Indianised" Christian Art. According to media reports, in 1950 he was awarded the opportunity to paint a fresco just 200 yards from the Sistine Chapel within the Vatican.


title: Michael W. Bauer

abstract: Michael W. Bauer is a German political scientist specializing in the area public administration and public policy. He is a professor at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer.

text:
# Michael W. Bauer

**Michael W. Bauer** (born August 16, 1969, in Mannheim) is a German political scientist specializing in the area public administration and public policy. He is a professor at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer.

## Academic career

Michael Bauer studied social sciences, German philology, and modern German history at the Universities of Mannheim, Frankfurt am Main, Vienna, and Berlin from 1990 to 1996. In 1996 he graduated from the Humboldt-University Berlin with a Diploma in social sciences. From 1996 to 1997 he completed the masters programme for European political science and public administration at the renowned College of Europe in Bruges. From 1997 to 2000 he did his doctorate on the implementation of EU structural policy at the European University Institute in Florence under the supervision of Adrienne Héritier.

After working as a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods and as an expert in EU affairs in the Hessian Government, Bauer became assistant professor for comparative policy analysis and public administration at the University Konstanz. There, he habilitated in 2008 and obtained the venia legendi – the permission to teach at universities in Germany - for political science and public administration.

In 2009 Bauer succeeded Hellmut Wollmann to become Professor for politics and public administration at the Department of Social Sciences at the Humboldt-University Berlin. Then, in 2012, after declining offers for professorships at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, the University Konstanz, and the University Potsdam, Bauer accepted the professorship for comparative public administration and policy-analysis at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer. For his efforts in teaching and research concerning European unification, Bauer was awarded the honor of a Jean Monnet Professorship by the European Union in 2013. Michael Bauer is also visiting professor at the Universidade A Coruña, the Instituto Superior De Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa (ISCTE) of the Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, and the Turkish-German University Istanbul.

Bauer's research focuses on comparative public administration and EU policy analysis. In particular, he investigates questions regarding the EU administration, international bureaucracies, and government in multi-level systems.

Bauer also serves on the editorial board of numerous national and international professional journals, such as the International Journal of Public Administration, Public Policy and Administration, West European Politics, and der moderne staat.

## Selected Publication

* Bauer, Michael W., Christoph Knill, and Steffen Eckhard, eds. 2017. International Bureaucracy: Challenges and Lessons for Public Administration Research. London/ New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Knill, Christoph, and Michael W. Bauer, guest editors. 2016. Governance by International Public Administrations? Tools of Bureaucratic Influence and Effects on Global Public Policies. Journal of European Public Policy, Special Issue, Vol. 23, No. 7.
* Tatham, Michaël, and Michael W. Bauer. 2016. “The State, the Economy, and the Regions: Theories of Preference Formation in Times of Crisis.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26 (4): 631–46.
* Bauer, Michael W., and Jarle Trondal, eds. 2015. The Palgrave Handbook of the European Administrative System. London/ New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Bauer, Michael W., and Stefan Becker. 2014. “The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: The European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance.” Journal of European Integration 36 (3): 213–29.
* Bauer, Michael W., and Christoph Knill. 2014. “A Conceptual Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Policy Change: Measurement, Explanation and Strategies of Policy Dismantling.” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 16 (1): 28–44.
* Bauer, Michael W., Andrew Jordan, Christoffer Green-Pedersen, and Adrienne Héritier, eds. 2012. Dismantling Public Policy: Preferences, Strategies, and Effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Bauer, Michael W., guest editor. 2008. Reforming the European Commission. Special Issue, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 15, No. 5. \[also published as Bauer, Michael W., ed. 2009. Reforming the European Commission, London: Routledge\].
* Bauer, Michael W., and Christoph Knill, eds. 2007. Management Reforms in International Organizations. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
* Bauer, Michael W. 2002. “Limitations to Agency Control in EU Policy-Making. The Commission and the Poverty Programmes.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (3): 381–400.
* Schmitter, Philippe C., and Michael W. Bauer. 2001. “A (Modest) Proposal for Expanding Social Citizenship in the European Union.” Journal of European Social Policy 11 (1): 55–65.


title: Walter Robinson (bishop)

abstract: Walter Wade Robinson was an Anglican priest in the second half of the 20th century. Robinson was educated at the Cathedral Grammar School, Christchurch and Canterbury University before his ordination in 1943. He was curate of St Mary's Timaru and then of St Gabriels, Cricklewood. He then had incumbencies at Linwood and Viti Levu West. Later he was superintendent of the Indian Mission in Labasa and general secretary of the New Zealand Anglican Board of Missions. Robinson had a career as a baritone singer. In 1969 he was appointed Bishop of Dunedin; he died unexpectedly and in office.

text:
# Walter Robinson (bishop)

**Walter Wade Robinson** (10 December 1919 - 6 October 1975) was an Anglican priest in the second half of the 20th century.

Robinson was educated at the Cathedral Grammar School, Christchurch and Canterbury University before his ordination in 1943. He was curate of St Mary's Timaru and then of St Gabriels, Cricklewood. He then had incumbencies at Linwood and Viti Levu West. Later he was superintendent of the Indian Mission in Labasa and general secretary of the New Zealand Anglican Board of Missions.

Robinson had a career as a baritone singer.

In 1969 he was appointed Bishop of Dunedin; he died unexpectedly and in office.


title: Ptereleotris

abstract: Ptereleotris is a genus of dartfishes found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

text:
# Ptereleotris

***Ptereleotris*** is a genus of dartfishes found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

## Species

There are currently 20 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Ptereleotris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese zebra goby *(P. zebra)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Gobiidae |
| Genus: | *Ptereleotris*
T. N. Gill, 1863 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Eleotris microlepis*
Bleeker, 1856 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ioglossus* T. H. Bean, 1882 * *Vireosa* D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901 * *Encaeura* D. S. Jordan & C. L. Hubbs, 1925 * *Laccoeleotris* Fowler, 1935 * *Pogonoculius* Fowler, 1938 * *Gracileotris* Herre, 1953 | |


title: Tsurugamine Station

abstract: Tsurugamine Station Tsurugamine Station is a passenger railway station located in Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Sagami Railway (Sotetsu).

text:
# Tsurugamine Station

**Tsurugamine Station** (鶴ケ峰駅, *Tsurugamine-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Sagami Railway (Sotetsu).

## Lines

Tsurugamine Station is served by the Sagami Railway Main Line, and lies 8.5 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Yokohama Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks.

### Platforms

| **1** | Sotetsu Main Line | for Futamata-gawa, Yamato, Ebina and (via Izumino Line) Shōnandai |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Sotetsu Main Line | for Yokohama and Shin-Yokohama |

## History

Tsurugamine Station was opened on 25 October 1930.

## Future plans

The station facilities are planned to be transitioned to an underground structure by 2034. The results of the planning process were presented in January 2022, and it was determined that the project will cost 78 billion (2021) (US$714 million). Construction for the elevation of the 2.8 km (1.7 mi) section of the Sotetsu Main Line began in June 2022.

The goal of the project is to remove 10 level crossings from the main line.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 57,068 passengers daily.

The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

| Fiscal year | daily average |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | 53,946 |  |
| 2010 | 56,455 |  |
| 2015 | 57,367 |  |
|

## Surrounding area

* Asahi Ward Office
* Yokohama City Asahi Library
* Yokohama City Waterworks Bureau Asahi / Seya Service Center
* Asahi Civil Engineering Office
* Resource Recycling Bureau Asahi Office

Media related to Tsurugamine Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|
Tsurugamine Station
鶴ケ峰駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsurugamine Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Tsurugamine-chō 2-78, Asahi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 241-0022
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°28′30″N 139°32′58″E / 35.474895°N 139.549316°E / 35.474895; 139.549316 |
| Operated by | Sagami Railway |
| Line(s) | Sotetsu Main Line |
| Distance | 8.5 km from Yokohama |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Station code | SO09 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 25 October 1930 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2019 | 57,068 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Sotetsu Following station  Futamata-gawatowards Ebina  Main Line**Commuter Express****Rapid****Local**  Nishiyatowards Yokohama  Sōtetsu–JR Link Line**Local**  Nishiyatowards Shinjuku | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsurugamine StationLocation within Kanagawa PrefectureTsurugamine StationTsurugamine Station (Japan) | |


title: Prosoplus samoanus

abstract: Prosoplus samoanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1913.

text:
# Prosoplus samoanus

***Prosoplus samoanus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1913.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus samoanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. samoanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus samoanus***<br>Aurivillius, 1913 | |
|


title: Flatkaka

abstract: Flatkaka or flatbrauð is an Icelandic unleavened rye flatbread. Flatkaka is soft, round, thin and dark with a characteristic pattern from the pan. Traditionally, flatkaka was baked on hot stones or straight on the embers of the fire, later on small but heavy cast iron frying pans, and today, when making flatkaka at home, people sometimes bake them directly on an electric hot plate to get the desired result. There usually is a difference between home-made flatkaka and the varieties sold in stores, the latter being somewhat thicker and dryer because of added wheat flour. It is assumed that the Icelandic tradition of baking flatbread goes back to the settlement of Iceland in the 9th century. Historically, Iceland moss was sometimes used as a supplement because of a lack of grain on the island. Flatkaka is usually served cut into halves or quarters, with a topping of butter or mutton pâté, with hangikjöt, smoked salmon or even pickled herring.

text:
# Flatkaka

**Flatkaka** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈflaːtˌkʰaːka\], lit. "flat cake") or **flatbrauð** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[-ˌprœyːθ\], lit. "flat bread") is an Icelandic unleavened rye flatbread. *Flatkaka* is soft, round, thin and dark with a characteristic pattern from the pan.

Traditionally, *flatkaka* was baked on hot stones or straight on the embers of the fire, later on small but heavy cast iron frying pans, and today, when making *flatkaka* at home, people sometimes bake them directly on an electric hot plate to get the desired result. There usually is a difference between home-made *flatkaka* and the varieties sold in stores, the latter being somewhat thicker and dryer because of added wheat flour.

It is assumed that the Icelandic tradition of baking flatbread goes back to the settlement of Iceland in the 9th century. Historically, Iceland moss (*Cetraria islandica*) was sometimes used as a supplement because of a lack of grain on the island.

*Flatkaka* is usually served cut into halves or quarters, with a topping of butter or mutton pâté, with *hangikjöt*, smoked salmon or even pickled herring.

1. Arnarsdóttir, Eygló Svala (2011-01-17). "Traditional Icelandic Flatbread". *Iceland Review*. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2017-03-27.

## InfoBox

Flatkaka
| Rúgbrauð and Flatbrauð | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Flatbread |
| Place of origin | Iceland |
| Main ingredients | Rye flour |


title: Manuel Buzón

abstract: Manuel Buzón was a tango pianist, singer, leader and composer. Buzón was born in Flores, a barrio of Buenos Aires, to Spanish immigrants Manuel and Dolores Moreno. He was a performer from an early age, at the age of 10 he performed at a Club Social América event. In 1925 Buzón became a regular performer on Argentine radio. Between May 1929 and February 1930 He toured Spain playing in Barcelona, Madrid, Murcia, Alicante, Cartagena and Sevilla. Buzón resumed performing in August 1930 and returned to Argentine radio in 1931. He continued to appear on Argentine radio into the 1940s and he toured Argentina with his orchestra. Between 1942 and 1943 he made a number of recordings for Odeon Records. Buzón died on July 14, 1954, aged only 49, he is remembered as a composer that bridged the gap between old and modern tango and a musician that helped to spread the popularity of the genre in Argentina and in Europe.

text:
# Manuel Buzón

**Manuel Buzón** (December 18, 1904  July 14, 1954) was a tango pianist, singer, leader and composer.

Buzón was born in Flores, a barrio of Buenos Aires, to Spanish immigrants Manuel and Dolores Moreno. He was a performer from an early age, at the age of 10 he performed at a Club Social América event. In 1925 Buzón became a regular performer on Argentine radio. Between May 1929 and February 1930 He toured Spain playing in Barcelona, Madrid, Murcia, Alicante, Cartagena and Sevilla. Buzón resumed performing in August 1930 and returned to Argentine radio in 1931. He continued to appear on Argentine radio into the 1940s and he toured Argentina with his orchestra. Between 1942 and 1943 he made a number of recordings for Odeon Records.

Buzón died on July 14, 1954, aged only 49, he is remembered as a composer that bridged the gap between old and modern tango and a musician that helped to spread the popularity of the genre in Argentina and in Europe.


title: Michael W. Allen

abstract:
Michael W. Allen is an American software developer, educator, and author.
He is known for his work on e-learning, and led the development of the Authorware software.

text:
# Michael W. Allen

**Michael W. Allen** (born 1946) is an American software developer, educator, and author. He is known for his work on e-learning, and led the development of the Authorware software.

## Biography

Allen received a BA in psychology from Cornell College, and MA and Ph.D. from the Ohio State University in educational psychology. From 1971 to 1984 Allen worked for Control Data Corporation on its PLATO computer-based education system . He rose to be director of advanced educational systems R&D. Allen founded Authorware in 1984, incorporating it in 1985. Authorware merged with MacroMind-Paracomp in 1992 to form Macromedia, which was later bought by Adobe Systems.

Allen formed a spinoff of the professional services division of Authorware called MediaPros, which was acquired by Lifetouch, Inc. a year later.

He founded Allen Interactions, Inc. in 1993, acting as chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The company designs custom interactive e-learning applications and provides consulting and training services.

He founded Allen Learning Technologies in 2010 and serves as chairman and chief executive officer. The company announced project Zebra in 2010, a new e-learning authoring system.

He is associated with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health as an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health. He consulted on a study that used e-learning to reduce the spread of HIV.

Allen is the author of several books, most notable being Michael Allen's Guide to e-Learning, and is editor of Michael Allen's e-Learning Annual, first published in February 2008. In May 2011 the American Society for Training & Development presented him a distinguished contribution award.

Allen was a 2012 Ellis Island Medal of Honor Recipient by the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations.

## Books

* *Michael Allen's Guide to e-Learning*. Wiley. 2002. ISBN 978-0-471-20302-5.
* *Creating Successful E-Learning : A Rapid System For Getting It Right First Time, Every Time*. Pfeiffer. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7879-8300-0.
* *Designing Successful e-Learning, Michael Allen's Online Learning Library: Forget What You Know About Instructional Design and Do Something Interesting*. Pfeiffer. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7879-8299-7.
* *Successful e-Learning Interface: Making Learning Technology Polite, Effective, and Fun*. Pfeiffer. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7879-8297-3.
* *Michael Allen's 2008 e-Learning Annual*. Pfeiffer. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7879-8743-5.
* *Michael Allen's 2009 e-Learning Annual*. Pfeiffer. 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-37145-9.
* *Michael Allen's 2012 e-Learning Annual*. Pfeiffer. 2011. ISBN 978-0-470-91382-6.
* *Leaving ADDIE for SAM: An Agile Model for Developing the Best Learning Experiences*. ASTD Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-56286-711-9.

## InfoBox

| Michael W Allen | |
| --- | --- |
| Michael W. Allen in 2009 | |
| Born | 1946 (age 7778) |
| Known for | e-learning |
| Website | www.alleninteractions.com |


abstract: The 1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary was held on February 16, 1988, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1988 United States presidential election.

text:
# 1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary

The **1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary** was held on February 16, 1988, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1988 United States presidential election.

## Details

The New Hampshire primary was the second contest in the nation, held directly after the Iowa caucuses. The primary was easily won by neighboring Massachusetts governor and eventual nominee Michael Dukakis, who won all 10 counties in the Granite State, and received 8 delegates. Dick Gephardt, a representative from Missouri, finished in 2nd place with 4 delegates. Illinois senator Paul Simon finished in a close 3rd place, also receiving 4 delegates. No other candidates received delegates.

Dukakis won the crowded New Hampshire primary with just under 36% of the vote, but finished well ahead of his nearest opponent, Dick Gephardt.

## InfoBox

1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate **Michael Dukakis** Dick Gephardt Paul Simon  Home state Massachusetts Missouri Illinois  Delegate count **8** 4 4  Popular vote **44,112** 24,513 21,094  Percentage **35.9%** 19.9% 17.2%   ---  Candidate Jesse Jackson Al Gore  Home state South Carolina Tennessee  Delegate count 0 0  Popular vote 9,615 8,400  Percentage 7.8% 6.8% | |
| ---  Results by county <br>**Dukakis:**      30-40%      40-50% | |


title: Luis Segovia

abstract: Luis Geovanny Segovia Vega, known as Luis Segovia, is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Campeonato Brasileiro Série B club CRB, on loan from Botafogo and the Ecuador national team.

text:
# Luis Segovia

**Luis Geovanny Segovia Vega**, known as **Luis Segovia** (born 26 October 1997), is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Campeonato Brasileiro Série B club CRB, on loan from Botafogo and the Ecuador national team.

## Club career

Segovia made his debut for El Nacional in 2015 and went in to make 105 appearances at centre back before being signed by Independiente del Valle on 24 January 2019 for a net value of $600,000. It was to be a successful season for Segovia and the club.

Alongside midfielder Alan Franco, Segovia was the only ever present starter in Independiente del Valle's unexpected 2019 Copa Sudamericana triumph. Segovia commented that whilst in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic he would rewatch the final on YouTube for motivation.

In February 2020, Segovia played in the Recopa Sudamericana, the annual continental Super Cup that pits the previous year's champions of the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana, South America's premier club competitions, against each other. On this occasion Flamengo of Brazil triumphed on 26 February 2020 at the Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, 5–2 on aggregate, to claim their first Recopa Sudamericana title. One Segovia back header inadvertently leading to a goal from striker Gabriel Barbosa.

### International

Segovia represented Ecuador at the 2017 South American U-20 Championship and the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

He was part of the Ecuador U-23 squad that participated in the 2020 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament, where it lost all the games and failed to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics.

He made his debut for the Ecuador national team on 27 October 2021 in a friendly against Mexico.

*As of 27 October 2021*

| Ecuador | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2021 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Luis Segovia
| Segovia with the Ecuador U-20 in 2017 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Luis Geovanny Segovia Vega | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-10-26) 26 October 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Quito, Ecuador | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | CRB
(on loan from Botafogo) | | |
| Number | 3 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2009–2015 | El Nacional | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015–2019 | El Nacional | 105 | (5) |
| 2019–2022 | Independiente del Valle | 98 | (6) |
| 2023– | Botafogo | 7 | (0) |
| 2023 | RWD Molenbeek (loan) | 13 | (1) |
| 2024– | CRB (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2017 | Ecuador U20 | 10 | (0) |
| 2020 | Ecuador U23 | 3 | (0) |
| 2021– | Ecuador | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 August 2023
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 27 October 2021 | | | |


title: Wanzi station

abstract: Wanzi Station is a station on Line 7 of the Beijing Subway. It was opened on December 28, 2014 as a part of the stretch between Beijing West railway station and Jiaohuachang and is located between Beijing West railway station and Daguanying.

text:
# Wanzi station

**Wanzi Station** (simplified Chinese: 湾子站; traditional Chinese: 灣子站; pinyin: *Wānzǐ Zhàn*) is a station on Line 7 of the Beijing Subway. It was opened on December 28, 2014 as a part of the stretch between Beijing West railway station and Jiaohuachang and is located between Beijing West railway station and Daguanying.

## First and last time

* Beijing West Railway Station — Hua Zhuang
    + The first train 5:32
    + The last train 23:17
* Hua Zhuang — Beijing West Railway Station
    + The first train 5:52
    + The last train 23:36

## Station layout

The station has 2 underground side platforms.

## Exits

There are 3 exits, lettered A, C, and D. Exits A and C are accessible.

## InfoBox

| Wanzi
湾子 | |
| --- | --- |
| Westbound platform | |
| General information | |
| Location | Guang'anmen Outer Street
Xicheng District, Beijing
China |
| Coordinates | 39°53′19″N 116°19′18″E / 39.888606°N 116.321708°E / 39.888606; 116.321708 |
| Operated by | Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation Limited |
| Line(s) | Line 7 |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | December 28, 2014 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Beijing Subway Following station  Beijing West railway stationTerminus  Line 7  Daguanyingtowards Universal Resort | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  WanziLocation in central Beijing | |


title: Ptereleotris evides

abstract: Ptereleotris evides, the Blackfin dartfish or scissortail goby, is a species of dartfish native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It is a reef inhabitant and can be found at depths of from 2 to 15 metres. This species can reach a length of 14 centimetres (5.5 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Ptereleotris evides

***Ptereleotris evides***, the **Blackfin dartfish** or **scissortail goby**, is a species of dartfish native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It is a reef inhabitant and can be found at depths of from 2 to 15 metres (6.6 to 49.2 ft). This species can reach a length of 14 centimetres (5.5 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

## InfoBox

| *Ptereleotris evides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Gobiidae |
| Genus: | *Ptereleotris* |
| Species: | ***P. evides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptereleotris evides***
(D. S. Jordan & C. L. Hubbs, 1925) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Encaeura evides* D. S. Jordan & C. L. Hubbs, 1925 * *Ptereleotris dispersus* Herre, 1927 * *Vireosa sakurai* P. J. Schmidt, 1931 * *Ptereleotris microlepis sakurai* (P. J. Schmidt, 1931) * *Ptereleotris tricolor* J. L. B. Smith, 1957 | |


title: Tiempo (programme)

abstract: Tiempo is a programme of activities that provides developing countries with the information necessary to respond effectively to the issue of climate change. Tiempo provides information to help these countries participate in climate treaty negotiations, and to identify and implement appropriate emissions mitigation and adaptation measures. It also provides a forum for communication and debate both within the developing nations and between these nations and the industrialized world. Tiempo is jointly organised by the Stockholm Environment Institute and the International Institute for Environment and Development. It is sponsored by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

text:
# Tiempo (programme)

**Tiempo** is a programme of activities that provides developing countries with the information necessary to respond effectively to the issue of climate change. Tiempo provides information to help these countries participate in climate treaty negotiations, and to identify and implement appropriate emissions mitigation and adaptation measures. It also provides a forum for communication and debate both within the developing nations and between these nations and the industrialized world.

Tiempo is jointly organised by the Stockholm Environment Institute and the International Institute for Environment and Development. It is sponsored by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

## Website

The Tiempo website provides information on climate change. It consists of "The Tiempo Climate Portal", a listing of selected websites covering climate and development and related issue, and "Tiempo Climate Newswatch", a weekly on-line magazine with news, features and comment on global warming, climate change, sea-level rise and development issues.

## Printed journals

*Tiempo* is a quarterly magazine that gives news and information to practitioners and general readers on climate change issues, and provides an opportunity for developing country authors to present their ideas. It has been in continuous production since 1994. Each issue of the magazine contains a cartoon, some of which have been controversial. Tiempo is currently edited by Saleemul Huq, Hannah Reid, Sarah Granich, Mick Kelly and Johan Kuylenstierna.

*Tiempo Afrique* is a French language regional version of the Tiempo quarterly magazine for francophone West Africa. It is produced by the environment organisation ENDA-TM in Dakar, Senegal. Tiempo Afrique is currently edited by Djimingue Nanasta, Jean-Philippe Thomas and Lawrence Flint.


title: Tsurugaoka Hachimangū

abstract: Tsurugaoka Hachimangū (鶴岡八幡宮) is the most important Shinto shrine in the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The shrine is a cultural center of the city of Kamakura and serves as the venue of many of its most important festivals with two museums. For most of its history, it served both as a Hachiman shrine, and in latter years a Tendai Buddhist temple typical of Japanese Buddhist architecture. The famed Buddhist priest Nichiren Daishonin once reputedly visited the shrine to reprimand the kami Hachiman just before his execution at Shichirigahama beach. A former one thousand-year-old ginkgo tree near its entrance was uprooted by a storm on 10 March 2010. The shrine continues to serve as one of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

text:
# Tsurugaoka Hachimangū

**Tsurugaoka Hachimangū** (鶴岡八幡宮) is the most important Shinto shrine in the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The shrine is a cultural center of the city of Kamakura and serves as the venue of many of its most important festivals with two museums.

For most of its history, it served both as a Hachiman shrine, and in latter years a Tendai Buddhist temple typical of Japanese Buddhist architecture. The famed Buddhist priest Nichiren Daishonin once reputedly visited the shrine to reprimand the kami Hachiman just before his execution at Shichirigahama beach.

A former one thousand-year-old ginkgo tree near its entrance was uprooted by a storm on 10 March 2010. The shrine continues to serve as one of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

## History

This shrine was originally built in 1063 as a branch of Iwashimizu Shrine in Zaimokuza where tiny Moto Hachiman now stands and dedicated to the Emperor Ōjin, (deified with the name Hachiman, tutelary *kami* of warriors), his mother Empress Jingu and his wife Hime-gami. Minamoto no Yoritomo, the founder of the Kamakura shogunate, moved it to its present location in 1191 and invited Hachiman to reside in the new location to protect his government. The shrine caught a major fire in 14 November 1280, where several artifacts were also stolen from the inner sanctum of the shrine.

### Assassination of Minamoto no Sanetomo

One of the historical events the shrine is tied to is the assassination of Sanetomo, last of Minamoto no Yoritomo's sons.

Under heavy snow on the evening of February 12, 1219 (Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month), shōgun Minamoto no Sanetomo was coming down from Tsurugaoka Hachimangū's Senior Shrine after assisting to a ceremony celebrating his nomination to Udaijin. His nephew Kugyō, son of second shōgun Minamoto no Yoriie, came out from next to the stone stairway of the shrine, then suddenly attacked and assassinated him in the hope to become *shōgun* himself. The killer is often described as hiding behind the giant ginkgo, but no contemporary text mentions the tree, and this detail is likely an Edo-period invention first appeared in Tokugawa Mitsukuni's Shinpen Kamakurashi. For his act Kugyō was himself beheaded a few hours later, thus bringing the Seiwa Genji line of the Minamoto clan and their rule in Kamakura to a sudden end.

### Shrine and temple

Tsurugaoka Hachimangū is now just a Shinto shrine but, for the almost 700 years from its foundation until the *Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order* (神仏判然令) of 1868, its name was Tsurugaoka Hachimangū-ji (鶴岡八幡宮寺) and it was also a Buddhist temple, one of the oldest in Kamakura. The mixing of Buddhism and *kami* worship in shrine-temple complexes like Tsurugaoka called *jingū-ji* had been normal for centuries until the Meiji government decided, for political reasons, that this was to change. (According to the *honji suijaku* theory, Japanese *kami* were just local manifestations of universal buddhas, and Hachiman in particular was one of the earliest and most popular syncretic gods. Already in the 7th century, for example in Usa, Kyūshū, Hachiman was worshiped together with Miroku Bosatsu (Maitreya).)

The separation policy (*shinbutsu bunri*) was the direct cause of serious damage to important cultural assets. Because mixing the two religions was now forbidden, shrines and temples had to give away some of their treasures, thus damaging the integrity of their cultural heritage and decreasing the historical and economic value of their properties. Tsurugaoka Hachiman's giant Niō (仁王)} (the two wooden wardens usually found at the sides of a temple's entrance), being objects of Buddhist worship and therefore illegal where they were, had to be sold to Jufuku-ji, where they still are. The shrine also had to destroy Buddhism-related buildings, for example its shichidō garan (七堂伽藍) (a complete seven-building Buddhist temple compound), its *tahōtō* tower, and its *midō* (御堂, *enshrinement hall (of a buddha)*).

In important ways, Tsurugaoka Hachimangū was impoverished in 1868 as a consequence of this Meiji Era policy. The imposed, inflexible reform orthodoxy of this early Meiji period was unquestionably intended to affect Buddhism and Shinto. However, the structures and artwork of this ancient shrine-temple were not yet construed as important elements of Japan's cultural patrimony. What remains to be visited today is only a partial version of the original shrine-temple.

### Meiji-Showa periods

From 1871 through 1946, Tsurugaoka was officially designated one of the *kokuhei-chūsha* (国幣中社), meaning that it stood in the mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines.

## Layout of shrine complex

Both the shrine and the city were built with Feng Shui in mind. The present location was carefully chosen as the most propitious after consulting a diviner because it had a mountain to the north (the *Hokuzan* (北山)), a river to the east (the Namerikawa), a great road to the west (the *Kotō Kaidō* (古東街道)) and was open to the south (on Sagami Bay). Each direction was protected by a god: Genbu guarded the north, Seiryū the east, Byakko the west and Suzaku the south. The willows near the Genpei Ponds (see below) and the catalpas next to the Museum of Modern Art represent respectively Seiryū and Byakko. In spite of all the changes the shrine has gone through over the years, in this respect Yoritomo's design is still basically intact.

There is a 1.8 km straight street in the front of shrine, called "Wakamiya Ōji (若宮大路)". It is the approach (sandō (参道)) of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, there are three big Torii (Shinto gate). The Torii gate farthest from the shrine is called Ichi-no-Torii (the first torii), the one in the middle is Ni-no-Torii (the second torii) and the one in front of the shrine is San-no-Torii (the third torii).

As one enters, after San-no-Torii (the third torii) there are three small bridges, two flat ones on the sides and an arched one at the center. In the days of the shogunate there used to be only two, a normal one and another arched, made in wood and painted red. The shōgun would leave his retinue there and proceed alone on foot to the shrine. The arched bridge was called *Akabashi* (*Red Bridge*), and was reserved to him: common people had to use the flat one. The bridges span over a canal that joins two ponds popularly called *Genpei-ike* (源平池), or "Genpei ponds". The term comes from the names of the two families, the Minamoto ("Gen") and the Taira ("Pei"), that fought each other in Yoritomo's day.

The stele just after and to the left of the first *torii* explains the origin of the name:

> The Genpei Ponds
>
> The Azuma Kagami says that "In April 1182 Minamoto no Yoritomo told monk Senkō and Ōba Kageyoshi to have two ponds dug within the shrine." According to another version of the story, it was Yoritomo's wife Masako who, to pray for the prosperity of the Minamoto family, had these ponds dug, and had white lotuses planted in the east one and red ones in the west one, colors which are those of the Taira and Minamoto clans. From this derives their name.

The red of those lotuses is supposed to stand for the spilled blood of the Taira.

### Sub-shrines and infrastructures

Tsurugaoka Hachimangū includes several sub-shrines, the most important of which are the Junior Shrine (*Wakamiya* (若宮)) at the bottom, and the Senior Shrine (*Hongū* (本宮)) 61 steps above. The present Senior Shrine building was constructed in 1828 by Tokugawa Ienari, the 11th Tokugawa *shōgun* in the *Hachiman-zukuri* style. Right under the stairway there's an open pavilion called *Maiden* (舞殿) where weddings, dances and music are performed. A couple of hundred meters to the right of the Junior Shrine lies *Shirahata Jinja* (白旗神社), a National Treasure. To the left of the Senior Shrine lies *Maruyama* Inari Shrine (丸山稲荷社) with its many *torii*.

Near *Shirahata Jinja* one can also find the *Yui Wakamiya Yōhaijo* (由比若宮遥拝所), literally the "Yui Wakamiya Pray-at-a-Distance Place" (see photo). This facility, originally created for the *shōgun'*s benefit, allows one to worship at distant Yui Wakamiya (Moto Hachiman) without actually going all the way to Zaimokuza.

Right next to the *Yui Wakamiya Yōhaijo* there are two stones: pouring water on them should reveal on each the contour of a turtle. One of the islands in the Minamoto pond hosts a sub-shrine called *Hataage Benzaiten* Shrine (旗上弁財天社) dedicated to goddess Benzaiten, a Buddhist deity. For this reason, the sub-shrine was dismantled in 1868 at the time of the "Shinto and Buddhism separation" order (see below) and rebuilt in 1956.

### Wakamiya Ōji

An unusual feature of the shrine is its 1.8 km sandō (参道) (approach), which extends all the way to the ocean in Yuigahama and doubles as Wakamiya Ōji Avenue, Kamakura's main street. Built by Minamoto no Yoritomo as an imitation of Kyoto's Suzaku Ōji (朱雀大路), Wakamiya Ōji used to be much wider and flanked by both a 3 m deep canal and pine trees (see Edo period print below).

Walking from the beach toward the shrine one passes through three *torii*, or Shinto gates, called respectively *Ichi no Torii* (first gate), *Ni no Torii* (second gate) and *San no Torii* (third gate). Between the first and the second lies Geba Yotsukado (下馬四つ角) which, as the name indicates, was the place where riders had to get off their horses in deference to Hachiman and his shrine.

Some hundred meters further, between the second and third *torii*, begins the *dankazura* (段葛), a raised pathway flanked by cherry trees. The *dankazura* becomes gradually wider so that, seen from the shrine, it will look longer than it really is. The entire length of the dankazura is under the direct administration of the shrine.

### Giant ginkgo

The ginkgo tree that stood next to Tsurugaoka Hachimangū's stairway almost from its foundation and which appears in almost every old print of the shrine was completely uprooted and greatly damaged at 4:40 in the morning on March 10, 2010. According to an expert who analyzed the tree, the fall is likely due to rot. Both the tree's stump and a section of its trunk replanted nearby have produced leaves (see photo).

The tree was nicknamed *kakure-ichō* (隠れ銀杏, *hiding ginkgo*) because according to an Edo period urban legend, a now-famous assassin hid behind it before striking his victim. For details, see the article Shinpen Kamakurashi.

## Activities

Tsurugaoka Hachimangū is the center of much cultural activity and both *yabusame*, (archery from horseback), and *kyūdō* (Japanese archery) are practiced within the shrine. It also has extensive peony gardens, three coffee shops, a kindergarten, offices and a *dōjō*. Within its grounds stand two museums, the Kamakura Museum of National Treasures, owned by the City of Kamakura, and the prefectural Museum of Modern Art.

1. A *kami* is transferred to a new location through a process called kanjō.
2. Gregorian date obtained directly from the original Nengō using Nengocalc Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
3. See article Jufuku-ji
4. After 1897 when the *Law for the Preservation of Ancient Shrines and Temples* was enacted, a range of other factors would come to be considered.
5. Original Japanese text available here

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Tsurugaoka Hachimangū<br>鶴岡八幡宮 | |
| --- | --- |
| The approach to the Senior Shrine (*hongū*). | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Deity | Hachiman |
| Type | Hachiman Shrine |
| Location | |
| Location | 2-1-31 Yukinoshita, Kamakura, Kanagawa |
| Shown within Japan | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°19′29″N 139°33′21″E / 35.32472°N 139.55583°E / 35.32472; 139.55583 |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | 1063 |
| Website | |
| www.hachimangu.or.jp/index2.html | |
| Glossary of Shinto | |


title: Prosoplus seriemaculatus

abstract: Prosoplus seriemaculatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1961.

text:
# Prosoplus seriemaculatus

***Prosoplus seriemaculatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus seriemaculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. seriemaculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus seriemaculatus***<br>Breuning, 1961 | |
|


title: Five Feet High and Rising (song)

abstract: "Five Feet High and Rising" is a song written and originally recorded by Johnny Cash. The song was recorded by Cash on March 12, 1959 for his third Columbia album and released as a single on July 6, 1959, with "I Got Stripes" on the opposite side.

text:
# Five Feet High and Rising (song)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Billboard* | Spotlight winner of the week |

"**Five Feet High and Rising**" is a song written and originally recorded by Johnny Cash.

The song was recorded by Cash on March 12, 1959 for his third Columbia album and released as a single on July 6, 1959, with "I Got Stripes" (another song from the same recording session) on the opposite side.

## Content

The song is a first person account of the 1937 flood that Cash, then aged four years and 11 months, endured with his family. They had to leave their home and flee.

## Legacy

The song provided the inspiration for the name of De La Soul's debut album "Three Feet High and Rising" and is sampled in the song "The Magic Number."

## Charts

| Chart (1959) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 76 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 14 |

## InfoBox

| "Five Feet High and Rising" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Johnny Cash | |
| from the album  *Songs of Our Soil* | |
| A-side | "Five Feet High and Rising"
"I Got Stripes" |
| Released | July 1959 (1959-07) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 1:46 |
| Label | Columbia 4-41427 |
| Songwriter(s) | Johnny Cash |
| Producer(s) | Don Law |
|  | |
| Audio | |
| "Five Feet High and Rising" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: Unison is a studio album by musicians George Mraz and Zoe Rahman, released on 15 July 2013 by Cube-Metier.

text:
# Unison (George Mraz and Zoe Rahman album)

***Unison*** is a studio album by musicians George Mraz and Zoe Rahman, released on 15 July 2013 by Cube-Metier.

## Background

Music producer Paul Vlcek sought Zoe Rahman out to play with George Mraz from amongst the most talented British jazz pianists.

## Critical response

Steve Arloff of *MusicWeb International* said of *Unison*, "...this superb disc of beautiful chamber jazz because it truly represents the meeting of minds of two superlative musicians who, would you believe, met for the first time only on the afternoon of this, the third in a series of concerts held for charity."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Unison" | George Mraz | 5:04 |
| 2. | "Wisteria" | Mraz | 8:51 |
| 3. | "Three Silver Hairs" | Mraz | 5:49 |
| 4. | "Blues for Sarka" | Mraz | 6:54 |
| 5. | "April Sun" | Zoe Rahman | 7:09 |
| 6. | "Grey Falcon, Little Apple" | Traditional | 9:19 |
| 7. | "Pennyroyal" | Traditional | 6:39 |
| 8. | "Cinema Paradiso" (Love Theme) | Andrea Morricone and Ennio Morricone | 4:52 |
| Total length: | | | 54:37 |

## Personnel

Musicians

## InfoBox

| Unison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by George Mraz and Zoe Rahman | |
| Released | 13 July 2013 (2013-07-13) |
| Recorded | Greville Lodge in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 54:37 |
| Label | Cube-Metier |
| Producer | Paul Vlcek |
|  | |
| George Mraz chronology | |
| *Moravian Gems*
(2007) ***Unison***
(2013) *Together Again* | |
| Zoe Rahman chronology | |
| *Kindred Spirits*
(2012) ***Unison***
(2013) | |
|  | |


title: Michael McGrath (American politician)

abstract: Michael Alan McGrath was an American politician and businessman. He was the first openly gay Minnesota state officer.

text:
# Michael McGrath (American politician)

**Michael Alan McGrath** (October 27, 1942 – January 27, 2021) was an American politician and businessman. He was the first openly gay Minnesota state officer.

## Life and career

McGrath was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He graduated from high school in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, in 1961. He served in the United States Air Force before marrying Marsha Palmer of New Smyrna Beach, attending Daytona Beach Community College, and graduating from Stetson University in 1969 with a bachelor's degree in American Studies.

McGrath was employed by International Dairy Queen, Inc., in Bloomington, Minnesota, from 1972 to 1984, ending as a vice president. He next worked as a business consultant and taxi driver, and was active in grassroots politics before defeating the DFL incumbent in the 1986 primary and general elections for Minnesota State Treasurer. He was re-elected in 1990 and 1994 and served until 1999. He also served as president of the National Association of State Treasurers.

McGrath's longtime assistant, Carol Johnson, was elected as the final State Treasurer of Minnesota in 1998 following passage of a constitutional amendment to abolish the office on the same ballot.

Michael and Marsha McGrath raised three children before divorcing in 2002. Michael married again in 2013 following marriage equality becoming law in Minnesota.

McGrath died on January 27, 2021, at the age of 78.


title: 1985 Washington Huskies football team

abstract: The 1985 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its eleventh season under head coach Don James, the team compiled a 7–5 record, and outscored its opponents 238 to 225. Joe Kelly was selected for the Guy Flaherty Most Inspirational award. Kelly was also selected as the team's most valuable player. Kelly, Vestee Jackson, Hugh Millen, and Dennis Soldat were the team captains. Senior quarterback Millen started the first nine games, and sophomore Chris Chandler the final three.

text:
# 1985 Washington Huskies football team

1985 Pacific-10 Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 7 UCLA $ | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Arizona | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Arizona State | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Washington | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| USC | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Oregon | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Washington State | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Stanford | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Oregon State | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| California | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1985 Washington Huskies football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its eleventh season under head coach Don James, the team compiled a 7–5 record, and outscored its opponents 238 to 225. Joe Kelly was selected for the Guy Flaherty Most Inspirational award. Kelly was also selected as the team's most valuable player. Kelly, Vestee Jackson, Hugh Millen, and Dennis Soldat were the team captains.

Senior quarterback Millen started the first nine games, and sophomore Chris Chandler the final three.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 7 | No. 16 Oklahoma State* | No. 12 |  | L 17–31 | 60,320 |
| September 14 | at No. 16 BYU* |  |  | L 3–31 | 65,476 |
| September 21 | at Houston* |  |  | W 29–12 | 20,522 |
| September 28 | No. 13 UCLA |  | * Husky Stadium * Seattle, WA | W 21–14 | 60,425 |
| October 5 | at Oregon |  |  | W 19–13 | 44,383 |
| October 12 | at California |  |  | W 28–12 | 49,000 |
| October 19 | Oregon State |  | * Husky Stadium * Seattle, WA | L 20–21 | 58,771 |
| November 2 | Stanford |  | * Husky Stadium * Seattle, WA | W 34–0 | 58,625 |
| November 9 | at Arizona State |  |  | L 7–36 | 67,474 |
| November 16 | USC |  | * Husky Stadium * Seattle, WA | W 20–17 | 59,417 |
| November 23 | Washington State |  |  | L 20–21 | 59,887 |
| December 30 | vs. Colorado* |  |  | W 20–17 | 30,961 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | |

## Roster

| 1985 Washington Huskies football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  `57` Dan Agen Sr  `78` Tim Burnham Sr  QB `17` Chris Chandler So  TB `39` Tony Covington Fr  FB `30` Rick Fenney Jr  FL `7` Darryl Franklin So  OT `72` Kevin Gogan Jr  WR `1` Lonzell Hill Jr  TE `84` Rod Jones Jr  TE `82` Scott Jones So  QB `12` Hugh Millen **(C)** Sr  OT `65` Dennis Soldat **(C)** Sr  OT `68` Garth Thomas Jr  RB `22` Vince Weathersby Fr  `50` Mike Zandofsky So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DT `93` Steve Alvord Jr  LB `55` Ricky Andrews So  LB `46` Tom Erlandson So  DT `64` Andy Fuimaono Sr  DT `91` Brian Habib So  LB `56` Ron Hadley Sr  CB `24` Vestee Jackson **(C)** Sr  SS `32` Allen James Jr  LB `38` Joe Kelly **(C)** Sr  MG `97` Jim Mathews Sr  CB `12` Ron Milus Sr  FS `26` Tim Peoples Jr  LB `38` David Rill So  DT `51` Reggie Rogers Jr  LB `3` Bo Yates So  DB `31` Tony Zackery So | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  `9` Thane Cleland Jr  `18` Jeff Jaeger Jr | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

Source:

## Game summaries

### UCLA

Source:

| 1 2 3 4 Total  UCLA 7 7 0 0 14  **Washington** 0 11 10 0 **21**   * **Date:** September 28 * **Location:** Husky Stadium, Seattle * **Game attendance:** 60,801 * **Game weather:** 70 °F (21 °C) |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Oregon State

Source:

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Oregon State** 7 7 0 7 21  Washington 3 7 7 3 **20**   * **Date:** October 19 * **Location:** Husky Stadium, Seattle * **Game attendance:** 56,544 * **Game weather:** 55 °F (13 °C) |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Washington State

Source:

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Wash. State** 7 7 0 7 21  Washington 0 6 8 6 **20**   * **Date:** November 23 * **Location:** Husky Stadium, Seattle * **Game attendance:** 49,302 * **Game weather:** 25 °F (−4 °C) |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

## NFL draft

Four Huskies were selected in the 1986 NFL draft.

| Player | Position | Round | Overall | Franchise |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joe Kelly | LB |  | 11 | Cincinnati Bengals |
| Vestee Jackson | CB |  | 55 | Chicago Bears |
| Hugh Millen | QB |  | 71 | Los Angeles Rams |
| Ron Hadley | LB |  | 132 | New York Jets |

Source:

## InfoBox

| 1985 Washington Huskies football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Freedom Bowl, W 20–17 vs. Colorado | |
| Conference | Pacific-10 |
| Record | 7–5 (5–3 Pac-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Gary Pinkel (2nd season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Jim Lambright (9th season) |
| MVP | Joe Kelly |
| Captains |  |
| Home stadium | Husky Stadium |
|


title: War Revenue Act of 1898

abstract: The War Revenue Act of 1898 was legislation signed into law in the United States on June 13, 1898, which created a wide range of taxes to raise revenue for the American prosecution of the Spanish–American War. The legislation established the predecessor to the estate tax, and twice the Supreme Court of the United States issued rulings about the law.

text:
# War Revenue Act of 1898

The **War Revenue Act of 1898** was legislation signed into law in the United States on June 13, 1898, which created a wide range of taxes to raise revenue for the American prosecution of the Spanish–American War. The legislation established the predecessor to the estate tax, and twice the Supreme Court of the United States issued rulings about the law.

## History

The War Revenue Act of 1898 was introduced to fund American participation in the Spanish–American War. The people of Cuba had been seeking independence from Spain for several years, and after the destruction of the USS *Maine* (ACR-1) in Havana harbor on February 15, diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Spain dramatically worsened. President McKinley submitted a war message to Congress on April 11, and Congress enacted a joint resolution on April 19 demanding independence for Cuba and giving McKinley the authorization to declare war if Spain did not yield. McKinley signed the war resolution into law on April 20. After a series of events that included the announcement of a U.S. naval blockade of Cuba, the U.S. declared on April 25 that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had existed since April 21.

Congress recognized from the outset that additional revenues would be needed to prosecute the war. On April 25, 1898, Representative Nelson Dingley, Jr. introduced H.R. 10100 to levy these new taxes. Dingley's bill proposed issuing $500 million in bonds and raising $100 million in taxes on products as diverse as chewing gum, beer, circuses, insurance policies, pawnbrokers, theaters, toilet articles, and wine. Democrats argued that these taxes fell too heavily on the poor, and sought to amend the law.

Dingley was chair of the powerful House Committee on Ways and Means, and his committee took up the bill the day following its introduction. The committee discussed the bill on April 26 and April 27, and reported it favorably to the House floor on April 27. The same day, the House debated and passed the bill.

H.R. 10100 was reported to the United States Senate, where it was referred to the Committee on Finance. The committee reported an amended bill to the Senate floor on May 12. Democrats and so-called "Silver Republicans" (members of the Republican Party who wished to devalue the dollar by moving the country off the gold standard to the silver standard) united to create a majority on the committee which adopted amendments adding excise taxes on business and taxing bond transactions.

The Finance Committee bill met with opposition on the Senate floor. The House bill sought to raise $150 million in taxes, and to borrow another $150 million (if necessary). But the Finance Committee bill raised $200 million in taxes and another $100 million via the issuance of United States Notes and silver certificates. Another Finance Committee change taxed all corporations at the same rate, without giving an exemption to small corporations. The issuance of Notes was stripped from the bill on the floor, but the issuance of certificates remained. An effort was made to exempt small businesses from the corporate tax, but this effort also failed. A wide range of amendments were offered on the Senate floor, including an antitrust law, an income tax, repeal of the United States Treasury's ability to issue bonds, and a number of restrictions on the issuance of bonds. All these failed. However, a limitation on the amount of silver coin which could be issued by the Treasury was adopted, the estate tax was lowered to 0.75 percent, and an excise tax on imported tea were all adopted. The Senate began debating the amended bill on May 16, and approved it on June 4.

Conference committees were established by both chambers, although the date when each was established is not clear, nor is it certain when the conference report was issued to the House and Senate. The House voted on the conference report on June 9, approving it by a vote of 154 to 107. The Senate adopted the conference report on June 10 by a vote of 43 to 22.

President McKinley signed the War Revenue Act into law on June 13.

## Terms

The War Revenue Act of 1898 authorized a tax on a wide range of goods and services, including amusements, liquor, tea, and tobacco, and required tax stamps on some business transactions (such as bills of lading, manifests, and marine insurance). The act also established a one-cent per call "telephone tax", which lasted three years.

A tax on corporate gross receipts over $200,000 was also included, but applied only to sugar- and oil-refining companies. The Supreme Court had struck down a gross corporate receipts tax in *Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company*, 157 U.S. 429 (1895), because, as a direct tax, the gross receipts tax violated the Constitution's provision that direct taxes be apportioned. Opponents of the tax criticized it for not taxing partnerships, and Congress narrowed the scope of the tax to just sugar and oil companies.

The act also authorized the U.S. Treasury to issue $200 million in war bonds at 3 percent interest, provided that no more than $100 million in bonds were outstanding at any time. The government was also permitted to issue up to $100 million in bonds with a maturity of less than a year. This proved "a turning point" in the federal government's ability to create flexible financial instruments critical to maintaining the credit of the United States. There was concern that the Treasury could not find enough buyers for these bonds at such a low interest rate. But there were more than 230,000 buyers of bonds at amounts less than $500 and another 88,000 buyers of bonds at larger amounts. These bond sales and tax revenues generated budget surpluses that lasted through 1917.

Issuance of silver coinage continued until passage of the Gold Standard Act of March 14, 1900.

### The estate tax

An estate tax was included in the War Revenue Act. This was not the first estate tax enacted in the history of the United States, but its graduated nature made it the precursor to the modern federal estate tax.

The estate tax was strongly opposed, but was never removed from the War Revenue Act. The 1898 tax was levied on estates themselves, not on beneficiaries. The tax varied from 0.75 percent to 15 percent, depending on the size of the estate and the relationship between decedent and legatee. Only personal property was subject to taxation, and the first $10,000 of the estate as well as property transferred from husband to surviving wife were exempted.

## Supreme Court decisions

The U.S. Supreme Court twice ruled on the provisions of the War Revenue Act.

In *Nicol v. Ames*, 173 U.S. 509 (1899) the Supreme Court held that the War Revenue Act's tax on stocks, bonds, securities, and commodities agreements was not a property tax, but was instead a tax on the right to exchange. Thus, the tax was more in the nature of an excise tax. The court also upheld the Act's applicability to livestock sales.

In the second case, the constitutionality of the estate tax was in question. The tax was upheld by the Supreme Court in *Knowlton v. Moore*, 178 U.S. 41 (1900).

## Bibliography

* Bank, Steven A. *Anglo-American Corporate Taxation: Tracing the Common Roots of Divergent British and U.S. Approaches, 1799–2006*. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
* Garbade, Kenneth D. *Birth of a Market: The U.S. Treasury Securities Market From the Great War to the Great Depression*. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012.
* Goldstein, Joshua S. *The Real Price of War: How You Pay for the War on Terror*. New York: NYU Press, 2004.
* Jewell, Elizabeth. *U.S. Presidents Factbook*. New York: Random House Reference, 2005.
* Johnson, Barry W. and Eller, Martha Britton. "Federal Taxation of Inheritance and Wealth Transfers." In *Inheritance and Wealth in America*. Robert K. Miller, ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.
* Livington, James. *Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism, 1890–1913*. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.
* MacCartney, Paul T. *Power and Progress: American National Identity, the War of 1898, and the Rise of American Imperialism*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.
* McCulley, Richard T. *Banks and Politics During the Progressive Era*. New York: Routledge, 2012.
* Miller, Robert K. *Inheritance and Wealth in America*. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.
* New York Public Library. *Bulletin of the New York Public Library*. New York: New York Public Library, 1912.
* Pratt, Walter F. *The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921*. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina, 1999.
* Republican National Committee. *Republican Text Book for the Campaign of 1898*. Washington, D.C.: Republican National Committee, 1898.
* Shannon, Fred A. *The Farmer's Last Frontier, Agriculture: 1860–1897*. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1973.
* Swaine, Robert T. *The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819–1947*. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2007.
* Trask, David F. *The War With Spain in 1898*. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
* Weisman, Steven R. *The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln—Teddy Roosevelt—Wilson: How the Income Tax Transformed America*. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.

## InfoBox

| War Revenue Act of 1898 | |
| --- | --- |
| 55th United States Congress | |
| Congress | |
| Citation | 30 Stat. 448 |
| Enacted by | Congress |
| Enacted | June 10, 1898 |
| Signed | June 13, 1898 |
| Legislative history | |
| Bill title | H.R. 10100 |
| Introduced by | Nelson Dingley Jr.<br>(ME) |
| Introduced | April 25, 1898 |
| Summary | |
| Enacted numerous taxes and authorized Treasury bond sales to fund the Spanish–American War | |


title: Punakitere River

abstract: The Punakitere River is a river of the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is a tributary of the Taheke River, which forms the Waimā River, though it is longer than the Waimā itself. The Punakitere is polluted, especially with e-coli and phosphorus, and has its origins in several streams which flow through and to the south of Kaikohe, as well as from Mount Hikurangi. The rivers flow predominantly westward to reach the Waimā close to the small settlement of Moehau.

text:
# Punakitere River

The **Punakitere River** is a river of the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is a tributary of the Taheke River, which forms the Waimā River, though it is longer than the Waimā itself. The Punakitere is polluted, especially with e-coli and phosphorus, and has its origins in several streams which flow through and to the south of Kaikohe, as well as from Mount Hikurangi. The rivers flow predominantly westward to reach the Waimā close to the small settlement of Moehau.

"Place name detail: Punakitere River". *New Zealand Gazetteer*. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009.

35°27′S 173°39′E / 35.450°S 173.650°E / -35.450; 173.650

## InfoBox

| Punakitere River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Mount Hikurangi |
| elevation | 631 m (2,070 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Waima River |
| Length | 43 km (27 mi) |
| Basin size | 325 km2 (125 sq mi) |


title: Tiempo Perfecto

abstract: Tiempo Perfecto is the first album released by Mexican rock band, Coda. It was released in 1990.

text:
# Tiempo Perfecto

***Tiempo Perfecto*** is the first album released by Mexican rock band, Coda. It was released in 1990.

## Track listing

1. "Intro" - 0:30
2. "Girara (Hasta Caer)" - 3:36
3. "Suelto El Deseo" - 3:43
4. "Sin Dinero" - 3:20
5. "Tiempo Perfecto" - 3:44
6. "Espía" - 4:23
7. "Por Que te Fuiste" - 5:14
8. "Con O Sin Tí" - 5:18
9. "Como Un Tiro" - 1:20

## Personnel

* Salvador Aguilar - lead vocals
* Toño Ruiz - guitars
* Chucho Esquivel - drums
* Zitto Bremont - bass
* Diego Benyure - keyboards

## InfoBox

| Tiempo Perfecto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Coda | |
| Released | 1990 |
| Genre | Rock en Español |
| Length | 31:08 |
| Label | Discos Gas |
| Coda chronology | |
| ***Tiempo Perfecto***
(1990) *Enciéndelo*
(1993) | |


title: Tsurugaoka Castle

abstract: Tsurugaoka Castle is a flatland-style Japanese castle constructed in early Edo period in the city of Tsuruoka, Yamagata. It was the seat of the Sakai clan, a fudai daimyō clan who ruled over Shōnai Domain, Dewa Province in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate.

text:
# Tsurugaoka Castle

**Tsurugaoka Castle** (鶴ヶ岡城, *Tsurugaoka-jō*) is a flatland-style Japanese castle constructed in early Edo period in the city of Tsuruoka, Yamagata. It was the seat of the Sakai clan, a *fudai daimyō* clan who ruled over Shōnai Domain, Dewa Province in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate.

## Location

The castle is located in the center of Tsuruoka city in the southern portion of the Shōnai plain between the Mogami River and the Sea of Japan. The area was a major commercial center and was located in a large rice growing area, with riverine connections to inland portions of Dewa Province, and the *kitamaebune* coastal trading network. It was also junction for roads from Echigo province with the Yamagata plain and Shinjō basin.

## History

Tsurugaoka Castle was originally called Daihōji Castle, and was built the seat of the Daihōji clan in 13th century. The Daihōji were retainers of the Kamakura shogunate who came to the Shōnai region as a local governor, and became a regional warlord after the start of the Muromachi period. However, by the Sengoku period, the clan had been severely weakened by internal disputes and relocated their residence to the more secure Oura Castle in mountains five kilometers to the north. From 1570 Daihōji Yoshiyuki (1551-1583) began an aggressive campaign to recover lost territories with the assistance of the Honjō clan, who were retainers of the Uesugi. However, after the Honjō withdrew their support, he was assassinated by one of his retainers and the Daihōji territory was soon overrun by Mogami Yoshiaki. The Mogami were defeated at the Battle of Jūgorigahara in 1588 and the territory was conquered by the Uesugi; however, the Uesugi lost it back to the Mogami after the Battle of Sekigahara and the formation of the Tokugawa shogunate. Mogami Yoshiaki renovated the castle and renamed it Tsurugaoka Castle with the intent to use it as his retirement home in 1603. After his death, the Tokugawa shogunate dispossessed the Mogami clan of its holdings and transferred the Sakai clan to become *daimyo* of Shōnai.

The Sakai were descendants of Sakai Tadatsugu (1527-1596), a retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The castle was further expanded under their tenure, which lasted until the Meiji restoration of 1868.

## Structure

The defenses of Tsurugaoka Castle consisted of three concentric square-shaped enclosures surrounding clay ramparts and wet moats. As with other castles in the Tōhoku region, although the castle makes extensive use of earthworks, stone walls were only used for the inner bailey. The central area is about 200 meters square, with a complex main gate at the southeast corner. The castle never had a *tenshu*, but a two-story *yagura* in the northwest corner was a substitute. Other corners of the central enclosure were guarded by single-story *yagura*, and a large palace for the lord covered much of the central area. The second bailey is a narrow area wholly surrounding central area, with a two-story *yagura* at southeast corner and three gates. The third bailey was much larger, covering the area between two rivers east and west of the castle, and containing residences of high-ranking retainers and the han school.

After the Meiji restoration, the castle was abolished and all its buildings were demolished. The third bailey was sold and subsequently covered by the urban expansion of Tsuruoka city, but the moats and clay walls of central and secondary area have kept much of their shape, and these areas contain a Shinto shrine, the Shōnai Shrine, and park. Tsuruoka Park has been selected as one of the "100 Cherry Blossom Spots in Japan". The han school has also survived as part of the Chidō Museum, and is a National Historic Site. The castle was listed as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles in 2017.

## Bibliography

* Benesch, Oleg and Ran Zwigenberg (2019). *Japan's Castles: Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 374. ISBN 9781108481946.

* De Lange, William (2021). *An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles*. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 978-9492722300.
* Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). *Castles in Japan*. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-8048-1102-4.
* Motoo, Hinago (1986). *Japanese Castles*. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 200 pages. ISBN 0-87011-766-1.
* Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2004). *Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty*. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 112 pages. ISBN 4-7700-2954-3.
* Turnbull, Stephen (2003). *Japanese Castles 1540–1640*. Osprey Publishing. p. 64 pages. ISBN 1-84176-429-9.
* Mizoguchi, Akihiro: *Tsurugaoka-jo* in: Miura, Masayuki (Hrsg.): Shiro to jinya. Tokoku-hen. Gakken, 2006. ISBN 978-4-05-604378-5, S. 36.

Media related to Tsurugaoka Castle at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tsurugaoka Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| 鶴ヶ岡城 | |
| Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan | |
| moat of Tsurugaoka Castle | |
| Tsurugaoka CastleTsurugaoka CastleTsurugaoka CastleTsurugaoka Castle | |
| Coordinates | 38°43′43.46″N 139°49′28.39″E / 38.7287389°N 139.8245528°E / 38.7287389; 139.8245528 |
| Type | flatland-style Japanese castle |
| Site information | |
| Condition | ruins |


title: Protorthodes mulina

abstract: Protorthodes mulina is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by William Schaus in 1894. It probably has a wide range in Mexico, occurring as far south as the state of Chiapas, but is known from very few localities. In the United States it occurs from western Texas to southeastern Arizona. The length of the forewings is 13–17 mm. The ground color of the forewings is orange or yellow orange with darker orange-brown lines. Adults are on wing in May and June and again from mid-August to early November, probably in two generations.

text:
# Protorthodes mulina

***Protorthodes mulina*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by William Schaus in 1894. It probably has a wide range in Mexico, occurring as far south as the state of Chiapas, but is known from very few localities. In the United States it occurs from western Texas to southeastern Arizona.

The length of the forewings is 13–17 mm. The ground color of the forewings is orange or yellow orange with darker orange-brown lines. Adults are on wing in May and June and again from mid-August to early November, probably in two generations.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes mulina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. mulina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes mulina***<br>(Schaus, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Taeniocampa mulina* Schaus, 1894 * *Hyssia pseudochroma* Dyar, 1913 | |