title: Mohammad Usman (Balochistan politician)

abstract: Mohammad Usman is a Pakistani politician who was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013.

text:
# Mohammad Usman (Balochistan politician)

**Mohammad Usman** is a Pakistani politician who was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013.

## Political career

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-269 (Khuzdar) as an independent candidate in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 17,609 votes and defeated Molana Qamar ud Din. In the same election, he ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan from Constituency PB-33 (Khuzdar-I) as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. He received 399 votes and lost the seat to Sanaullah Khan Zehri.

## InfoBox

| Mohammad Usman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan | |
| **In office**<br>2008–2013 | |
| Constituency | NA-269 (Khuzdar) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
|  | |


title: Wallace Samuel Bird

abstract: Wallace Samuel Bird was a Canadian businessman and the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick since Canadian Confederation. Born in Marysville, New Brunswick, the son of Charles Bird, he started working with his father in the construction industry after finishing high school. During World War II, he worked with the Saint John Drydock and Shipbuilding Company converting ships to be used in the war. After the war, he started working for Mussens Limited, a Canadian construction equipment firm where he would become Executive Vice-president. In 1968, he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick and served until his death in 1971. In 1941, he married Phyllis Mildred Bailey. They had four children: Richard, David, Nancy, and Michael.

text:
# Wallace Samuel Bird

**Wallace Samuel Bird** (December 7, 1917  October 2, 1971) was a Canadian businessman and the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick since Canadian Confederation.

Born in Marysville, New Brunswick, the son of Charles Bird, he started working with his father in the construction industry after finishing high school. During World War II, he worked with the Saint John Drydock and Shipbuilding Company converting ships to be used in the war. After the war, he started working for Mussens Limited, a Canadian construction equipment firm where he would become Executive Vice-president. In 1968, he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick and served until his death in 1971.

In 1941, he married Phyllis Mildred Bailey. They had four children: Richard, David, Nancy, and Michael.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableWallace Samuel Bird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 23rd Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick | |
| **In office**
January 31, 1968  October 2, 1971 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | Roland Michener |
| Premier | Louis Robichaud
Richard Hatfield |
| Preceded by | John B. McNair |
| Succeeded by | Hédard Robichaud |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1917-12-07)December 7, 1917
Marysville, New Brunswick, Canada |
| Died | October 2, 1971(1971-10-02) (aged 53) |
|  | |


title: Wallace S. Murray

abstract: Wallace Smith Murray (1887–1965) was a Career Foreign Service Officer from Ohio who served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary To Iran.

text:
# Wallace S. Murray

**Wallace Smith Murray** (1887–1965) was a Career Foreign Service Officer from Ohio who served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary To Iran (appointed February 20, 1945; Presentation of Credentials: June 5, 1945; Termination of Mission: Left post on April 18, 1946).

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Wallace Smith Murray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Iran | |
| **In office**
February 20, 1945  April 18, 1946 | |
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Leland B. Morris |
| Succeeded by | George V. Allen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 10, 1887
Bardstown, Kentucky |
| Died | April 26, 1965 |
| Resting place | Springfield, Ohio |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Frances R. Wilde |
| Parents | * John P. Murray (father) * Maude Cook (mother) |
| Education |  |
| Alma mater |  |
| Profession | Diplomat |
| American Legation, Teheran, Persia | Charge d’affaire, 1922 |
| U.S. Department of State | Foreign Service Officer, 1925 |
| Division of Near Eastern Affairs | Assistant Chief, 1927 |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1917-1920 |
| 42nd Rainbow Division | France, 1917-1919 |
| Adjutant to Military Governor | Ahrweiler, Germany, 1919 |
| Secretary of Legation | Budapest, Hungary, 1920 |
|  | |


title: Wallace Samuel Gourley

abstract: Wallace Samuel Gourley was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Wallace Samuel Gourley

**Wallace Samuel Gourley** (August 4, 1904 – September 23, 1976) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born in Wellsville, Ohio, Gourley received a Bachelor of Laws from Ohio State University Moritz College of Law in 1929. He was in private practice in Washington, Pennsylvania from 1929 to 1936. He was an Investigator for the Retail Credit Company (now Equifax) in Washington, Pennsylvania from 1929 to 1936. He was first assistant district attorney of Washington County, Pennsylvania from 1936 to 1944. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1941 to 1945.

## Federal judicial service

On November 2, 1945, Gourley was nominated by President Harry S. Truman to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, vacated by Judge Frederic Palen Schoonmaker. Gourley was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 20, 1945, and received his commission on November 29, 1945. He served as Chief Judge from 1951 to 1969 and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1968 to 1970, assuming senior status on August 4, 1969. Gourley served in that capacity until his death on September 23, 1976.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Wallace Samuel Gourley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
August 4, 1969  September 23, 1976 | |
| Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
1951–1969 | |
| Preceded by | Nelson McVicar |
| Succeeded by | Rabe Ferguson Marsh Jr. |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
November 29, 1945  August 4, 1969 | |
| Appointed by | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Frederic Palen Schoonmaker |
| Succeeded by | Hubert Irving Teitelbaum |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Wallace Samuel Gourley
(1904-08-04)August 4, 1904
Wellsville, Ohio |
| Died | September 23, 1976(1976-09-23) (aged 72) |
| Education | Ohio State University Moritz College of Law (LL.B.) |
|  | |


title: Wally Milne

abstract: Wallace Charles Milne was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Milne later served in the Australian Army during World War II.

text:
# Wally Milne

**Wallace Charles Milne** (13 December 1910 – 31 July 1990) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Milne later served in the Australian Army during World War II.

## InfoBox

| Wally Milne | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Wallace Charles Milne | | |
| Date of birth | (1910-12-13)13 December 1910 | | |
| Place of birth | Essendon, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 31 July 1990(1990-07-31) (aged 79) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1933–35 | Essendon | 22 (11) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1935. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Walk-around

abstract: In aviation, an outside check or walk around is the air crew inspecting certain elements of an aircraft prior to boarding for security, safety, and operational reasons. The pilot primarily inspects outside parts of the aircraft they will steer, e.g. control surfaces, tires and possible leaks from fuel or oil.

text:
# Walk-around

In aviation, an **outside check** or **walk around** is the air crew inspecting certain elements of an aircraft prior to boarding for security, safety, and operational reasons.

The pilot primarily inspects outside parts of the aircraft they will steer, e.g. control surfaces, tires and possible leaks from fuel or oil.

## Preflight Inspection

The preflight inspection is a thorough and systematic means by which a pilot determines if an aircraft is airworthy and in condition for safe operation. POHs and owner/information manuals contain a section devoted to a systematic method of performing a preflight inspection.


title: Walnut Creek (Raccoon River tributary)

abstract: Walnut Creek is a stream in Polk and Dallas counties, in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is a tributary of the Raccoon River.

text:
# Walnut Creek (Raccoon River tributary)

**Walnut Creek** is a stream in Polk and Dallas counties, in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is a tributary of the Raccoon River.

## Location and activities

Walnut Creek is an easily perceivable stream that is beside the Des Moines River and alongside 63rd Street. There are parks and trails by the creek with activities that include birdwatching, biking, art, and swimming. The water is the main source of drinkable water for the metro area and it is located above the Des Moines Water Works.

## Environment

To solve concerns relating to the environment, a Watershed Management Authority was started to manage the creek and the watershed. The Walnut Creek Watershed Management Authority manages 53,000 acres (21,000 ha) in Dallas and Polk counties. The watershed authority has studied "nitrate, phosphorus, sediment, and pathogens" in the area. In July 2019, a fish kill was discovered along 2 miles (3.2 km) of the bottom of Walnut Creek and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources worked to investigate the cause after it was reported many times.

A 1979 environment impact report stated that flooding is common for Walnut Creek with high and brief peaks. A report was created in 1975 to determine how to protect Des Moines, Iowa, and West Des Moines, Iowa, from flooding by Raccoon River, Walnut Creek, and Jordan Creek. A major flood happened in 1973 and on May 10, 1986, the creek flooded and caused $6,300,000 in damage in Clive, Iowa. In 1986, a flood protection project was formed.

## Naming

Walnut Creek was named for the black walnut trees which once lined the creek before early settlers cleared them.

41°34′04″N 93°40′34″W / 41.56778°N 93.67611°W / 41.56778; -93.67611


title: Walnut Creek (South River tributary)

abstract: Walnut Creek is a 30-mile-long (48 km) tributary of the South River in the U.S. state of Georgia. It originates in the city of Hampton in Henry County and flows into South River, which is a branch of the Ocmulgee River.

text:
# Walnut Creek (South River tributary)

**Walnut Creek** is a 30-mile-long (48 km) tributary of the South River in the U.S. state of Georgia. It originates in the city of Hampton in Henry County and flows into South River, which is a branch of the Ocmulgee River.

## Modifications

Walnut Creek is dammed to provide a water source for the city of McDonough in Henry County. The name of the resulting body of water is called Fargason Reservoir.

## Crossings

The crossings over Walnut Creek are listed in descending order from the creek's source to its mouth at the South River. All crossings are located in Henry County.

| Name | Carries |
| --- | --- |
| Culvert | Conkle Road |
| Culvert | Babbs Mill Road |
| Jonesboro Road bridge | Jonesboro Road |
| Culvert | Chambers Road |
| Culvert | Mt. Olive Road |
| Culvert | I-75 |
| Kendra Drive bridge | Kendra Drive |
| Foster Drive bridge | Foster Drive |
| Oak Grove Road bridge | Oak Grove Road |
| Dailey Mill Road bridge | Dailey Mill Road |
| Culvert | Norfolk Southern Railway |
| US 23/GA 42 bridge | US 23 / SR 42 |
| GA 155 bridge | SR 155 |
| Elliot Road bridge | Elliot Road |
| Airline Road bridge | Airline Road |
| GA 20 bridge | SR 20 (Conyers Road) |
| Turner Drive bridge | Turner Drive |
| North Ola Road bridge | North Ola Road |

33°25′36″N 84°16′44″W / 33.4267798°N 84.2788113°W / 33.4267798; -84.2788113

## InfoBox

| Walnut Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Georgia |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | South River |


title: Walter Butler Wilkinson

abstract: Walter Butler Wilkinson was a political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in 1781, the son of Richard Norton Wilkinson. He studied law, was called to the bar, and settled in Cornwall. In 1804, he was elected to represent Glengarry and Prescott in the 4th Parliament of Upper Canada. He died in 1807 while still in office.

text:
# Walter Butler Wilkinson

**Walter Butler Wilkinson** (1781 – September 1807) was a political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in 1781, the son of Richard Norton Wilkinson. He studied law, was called to the bar, and settled in Cornwall. In 1804, he was elected to represent Glengarry and Prescott in the 4th Parliament of Upper Canada. He died in 1807 while still in office.

* *Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841*, J.K. Johnson (1989)


title: Wanzhou Railway Bridge

abstract: The Yiwan Railway Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge is an arch bridge in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China. The bridge was completed in 2005 and carries the Yichang−Wanzhou Railway across the Yangtze River. The bridge spans 360 metres (1,180 ft) making it one of the longest arch bridges in the world.

text:
# Wanzhou Railway Bridge

The **Yiwan Railway Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge** is an arch bridge in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China. The bridge was completed in 2005 and carries the Yichang−Wanzhou Railway across the Yangtze River. The bridge spans 360 metres (1,180 ft) making it one of the longest arch bridges in the world.

## InfoBox

| Yiwan Railway Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge<br>宜万铁路万州长江大桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°46′11″N 108°25′00″E / 30.769778°N 108.416528°E / 30.769778; 108.416528 |
| Carries | Yichang−Wanzhou Railway |
| Crosses | Yangtze River |
| Locale | Wanzhou, Chongqing, China |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Arch Bridge |
| Material | Steel |
| Total length | 1,106 metres (3,629 ft) |
| Longest span | 360 metres (1,180 ft) |
| History | |
| Construction start | 3 December 2002 |
| Opened | 2005 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Waly Diantang, Mauritania

abstract:
Waly Diantang is a village and rural commune in the Gorgol Region in southern Mauritania, near the Senegal River. It is also spelled Wali Diantang and is often referred to as just Waly. Waly Diantang was the legendary founder of the town. It is a medium size town where the people speak Fula. The economy is based on wetland sorghum cultivation. The people used to fish in the river called the Mayel, but now it is dry. Kolongal Walo is the agricultural area near the Mayel River. In addition, Oumar Bocar Camara from Wali Diantang remembers these Mayel River shores: Tufnde Mayel, Tufnde Gambol,
Tufnde Kone,
Tufnde Toulel,
Tufnde Lassimayel These are places where the Walian, Toulelian, Sinthiane Padalal, Bedinkian, Barkewi, and the Barkatou people would catch fish. They would use mbakaledje, doligngadji, diawly, and dingues, which are types of fish trap and other equipment for catching fish.

text:
# Waly Diantang, Mauritania

**Waly Diantang** is a village and rural commune in the Gorgol Region in southern Mauritania, near the Senegal River. It is also spelled Wali Diantang and is often referred to as just Waly (or Wali). Waly Diantang was the legendary founder of the town.

It is a medium size town where the people speak Fula. The economy is based on wetland sorghum cultivation (samé walo).

The people used to fish in the river called the Mayel, but now it is dry. Kolongal Walo is the agricultural area near the Mayel River. In addition, Oumar Bocar Camara from Wali Diantang remembers these Mayel River shores (river access points):

Tufnde Mayel, Tufnde Gambol, Tufnde Kone, Tufnde Toulel, Tufnde Lassimayel (river end)

These are places where the Walian, Toulelian, Sinthiane Padalal, Bedinkian, Barkewi, and the Barkatou people would catch fish. They would use *mbakaledje*, *doligngadji*, *diawly*, and *dingues*, which are types of fish trap and other equipment for catching fish.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Waly Diantang WaliWali | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune de waly Diantang | |
| Waly | |
| Nickname: Wali | |
| Waly DiantangLocation in Mauritania | |
| Coordinates: 15°20′N 12°52′W / 15.333°N 12.867°W / 15.333; -12.867 | |
| Country | Mauritania |
| Region | Gorgol |
| Department | Maghama |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Oumar Gorbal Sy |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 12,026 |
| Ethnicities | Fula |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Wang Zhongcheng

abstract: Wang Zhongcheng was a Chinese surgeon, and author of many literature which greatly popularized cerebral angiography and microneurosurgery techniques in mainland China. Wang was a native of Yantai. He began as a general surgeon, but soon turned to neurosurgery. He served as President of Xuwu Hospital, Director of the Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and President of Beijing Tiantan Hospital. He performed more than 10,000 operations over his career. He was selected as an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1994, and was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award of 2008.

text:
# Wang Zhongcheng

**Wang Zhongcheng** (simplified Chinese: 王忠诚; traditional Chinese: 王忠誠; Wade–Giles: *Wang Chung-ch'eng*; December 20, 1925 – September 30, 2012) was a Chinese surgeon, and author of many literature which greatly popularized cerebral angiography and microneurosurgery techniques in mainland China.

Wang was a native of Yantai. He began as a general surgeon, but soon turned to neurosurgery. He served as President of Xuwu Hospital, Director of the Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and President of Beijing Tiantan Hospital. He performed more than 10,000 operations over his career.

He was selected as an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1994, and was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award of 2008.

1. "王忠诚院士逝世". *cpc.people.com.cn*. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
2. *Zhongcheng Neurosurgery*. Hubei Science and Technology Press. 2015. ISBN 978-7535272409.
3. "Pioneer of Chinese Neurosurgery: Wang Zhongcheng". ChineseCulture.org. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
4. "Wang Zhongcheng". *www.hlhl.org.cn*. Retrieved 2019-03-15.

## InfoBox

| Wang Zhongcheng | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-12-20)December 20, 1925
Yantai, Shandong, China |
| Died | September 30, 2012(2012-09-30) (aged 86)
Beijing, China |
| Education | Peiping Medical College |
| **Medical career** | |
| Institutions | General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University
Beijing Tongren Hospital
Xuanwu Hospital
Beijing Neurosurgical Institute
Beijing Tiantan Hospital
Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Tsinghua University |
| Sub-specialties | Neurosurgery |
|  | |


title: Wang Zhonggao

abstract: Wang Zhonggao was a Chinese vascular surgeon who was a professor at Capital Medical University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Wang Zhonggao

**Wang Zhonggao** (Chinese: 汪忠镐; 28 July 1937 – 3 November 2023) was a Chinese vascular surgeon who was a professor at Capital Medical University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

## Biography

Wang was born in Xiaoshan County (now Xiaoshan District), Zhejiang, on 28 July 1937. He attended the Zhejiang Provincial Xiaoshan High School.

After graduating from Shanghai First Medical College (now Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University) in 1961, he was despatched to Peking Union Medical College Hospital, where he worked under Prof. Zeng Xianjiu. In 1979, he became a visiting scholar at Duke University and the University of North Carolina. He returned to China in 1981. He joined the Jiusan Society in 1982. In 1986, he was transferred to Beijing Cardiopulmonary Vascular Center - Anzhen Hospital, he remained in the hospital until 1992, when he was transferred again to the 8th Clinical College of Peking University \- Institute of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital of Posts and Telecommunications. In 2000, he was hired by the Vascular Research Institute of the 1st Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and in January 2004 moved to the Institute of Vascular Surgery of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University.

On 3 November 2023, he died from an illness in Beijing, at the age of 86.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Wang Zhonggao | |
| --- | --- |
| 汪忠镐 | |
| Born | (1937-07-28)28 July 1937
Xiaoshan County, Zhejiang, China |
| Died | 3 November 2023(2023-11-03) (aged 86)
Beijing, China |
| Alma mater | Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Vascular surgery |
| Institutions | Capital Medical University |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wāng Zhōnggǎo | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Warząchewka Polska

abstract: Warząchewka Polska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włocławek, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Włocławek and 59 km (37 mi) south-east of Toruń.

text:
# Warząchewka Polska

**Warząchewka Polska** \[vaʐɔ̃ˈxɛfka ˈpɔlska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włocławek, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Włocławek and 59 km (37 mi) south-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Warząchewka Polska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Warząchewka Polska | |
| Coordinates: 52°36′N 19°6′E / 52.600°N 19.100°E / 52.600; 19.100 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Włocławek |


title: Wang Wenjuan

abstract: Wang Wenjuan was a noted performer in Yue opera. She was well known for playing the title role Lin Daiyu in the 1962 film of Dream of the Red Chamber, an adaptation of a work by Cao Xueqin.

text:
# Wang Wenjuan

**Wang Wenjuan** (Chinese: 王文娟; pinyin: *Wáng Wénjuān*; 19 December 1926 – 6 August 2021) was a noted performer in Yue opera. She was well known for playing the title role Lin Daiyu in the 1962 film of *Dream of the Red Chamber*, an adaptation of a work by Cao Xueqin.

## Biography

Wang Wenjuan was born in Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province. In 1947, she and Lu Jinhua founded a yueju troupe called Shaozhuang Troupe (Chinese: 少壮越剧团) in Shanghai. In 1961, she married Sun Daolin who was a famous Chinese director. She died on 6 August 2021 in Huadong Hospital, Shanghai.

1. “林妹妹”王文娟：我的梦想我的忧虑
2. Fan Meijing (23 April 2006). "Grand dame of Yueju". *Shanghai Daily*.
3. 孙道临和王文娟的艺术姻缘
4. 永远的“林妹妹”走了！著名越剧表演艺术家王文娟今离世

## InfoBox

| Wang Wenjuan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-12-19)19 December 1926
Sheng County, Zhejiang, China |
| Died | 6 August 2021(2021-08-06) (aged 94)
Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China |
| Occupation | Yue opera performer |
| Known for | Young *dan* roles |
| Style | Wang school (founder) |
| Spouse | Sun Daolin (m. 19612007) |
| Children | 1 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wáng Wénjuān | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wang Wenhua (writer)

abstract: Wang Wenhua, also known as Tom Wang, is a contemporary Taiwanese novelist and columnist. He graduated from the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at National Taiwan University, and obtained an MBA from Stanford University. He is the author of Protein Girls and 61 vs 57. Wang Wenhua has a background in marketing and his novels chronicle the lives of yuppies in Taipei.

text:
# Wang Wenhua (writer)

**Wang Wenhua** (Chinese: 王文華; born on 17 December 1967), also known as **Tom Wang**, is a contemporary Taiwanese novelist and columnist. He graduated from the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at National Taiwan University, and obtained an MBA from Stanford University. He is the author of *Protein Girls* (Chinese: 蛋白質女孩) and *61 vs 57*. Wang Wenhua has a background in marketing and his novels chronicle the lives of yuppies in Taipei.


abstract: Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Marcus Square, College Street and Simla neighbourhoods in North Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Marcus Square, College Street and Simla neighbourhoods in North Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 39 is bordered on the north by Muktaram Babu Street; on the east by Bidhan Sarani; on the south by Mahatma Gandhi Road; and on the west by Chittaranjan Avenue.

The ward is served by Jorasanko police station of Kolkata Police.

Taltala Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division of Kolkata Police, i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 21,296, of which 12,165 (57%) were males and 9,131 (43%) were females. Population below 6 years was 2,082. The total number of literates in Ward No. 39 was 14,078 (73.27% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Ward No. 39 | Sudeb Das | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2010 |  | Md. Jasimuddin | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2015 |  | Md.Jasimuddin | All India Trinamool Congress |  |

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 39 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 39 | |
| Ward No. 39Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°34′47″N 88°21′46″E / 22.579667°N 88.362861°E / 22.579667; 88.362861 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhoods | Marcus Square, College Street, Simla |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Uttar |
| Assembly constituency | Jorasanko |
| Borough | 4 |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-Council |
| Body | KMC |
| Councillor | Md. Jasimuddin |
| Political Party | AITC |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 21,296 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 007 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


abstract: Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 8, covering parts of Ballygunge and Gariahat neighbourhoods in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 8, covering parts of Ballygunge (Lake Terrace-Keyatala) and Gariahat (Hindustan Park) neighbourhoods in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 86 is bordered on the north by Hazra Road; on the east by Leela Roy Sarani and Gariahat Road; on the south by Dr. Meghnad Saha Sarani (Southern Avenue); and on the west by Garcha 1st Lane, Dover Terrace connecting Garcha 1st Lane, Dover Lane, Ramani Chatterjee Road and Lake West Road.

The ward is served by Lake and Gariahat police stations of Kolkata Police.

Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 19,195, of which 9,724 (51%) were males and 9,471 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,051. The total number of literates in Ward No. 86 was 16,259 (89.61% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

It forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Rashbehari (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Dipti Mukherjee | All India Trinamool Congress |  |
| 2010 | Durga Prasad Mukherjee | All India Trinamool Congress |  |
| 2015 | Tishta Biswas (Das) | Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 2021 | Saurav Basu | All India Trinamool Congress |  |

Kolkata/South travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 86 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 86 | |
| Ward No. 86Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°31′08″N 88°21′52″E / 22.518917°N 88.364306°E / 22.518917; 88.364306 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhoods | Ballygunge (Lake Terrace-Keyatala,Hindustan Park) |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Dakshin |
| Assembly constituency | Rashbehari |
| Borough | 8 |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 19,195 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 029 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


title: Wattzon

abstract: WattzOn provides utility bill data to energy and credit markets. They offer three products. Link Energy transfers data from utilities to a consumer app. Link Prime transfers utility bill payment history to credit bureaus. Snap is a machine learning system optimized for data extraction from utility bills. WattzOn is a privately held SaaS company that helps users in the U.S. learn how to save energy, in collaboration with cities and other business partners, through personalized plans, products and rebate information, and tips for habit changes. WattzOn provides nationwide capture of residential utility data, and they claim that a typical user saves nearly $240 per year in energy, and that their water programs save an average of 9,000 gallons per year. WattzOn’s partners use its software platform to acquire customer utility data, and increase customer uptake of products and services, including solar. WattzOn was founded in 2007 and has offices in Mountain View and San Francisco, CA, where it is part of OtherLab, a group of companies co-founded by Saul Griffith.

text:
# Wattzon

WattzOn provides utility bill data to energy and credit markets. They offer three products. Link Energy transfers data from utilities to a consumer app. Link Prime transfers utility bill payment history to credit bureaus. Snap is a machine learning system optimized for data extraction from utility bills.

WattzOn is a privately held SaaS ("Software as a Service") company that helps users in the U.S. learn how to save energy, in collaboration with cities and other business partners, through personalized plans, products and rebate information, and tips for habit changes. WattzOn provides nationwide capture of residential utility data, and they claim that a typical user saves nearly $240 per year in energy, and that their water programs save an average of 9,000 gallons per year.

WattzOn’s partners use its software platform to acquire customer utility data, and increase customer uptake of products and services, including solar.

WattzOn was founded in 2007 and has offices in Mountain View and San Francisco, CA, where it is part of OtherLab, a group of companies co-founded by Saul Griffith.

## History

WattzOn was started as a free web-based online tool by Saul Griffith, Raffi Krikorian, and Jim McBride. The original offering allowed users to calculate their total energy footprint by estimating their direct and indirect power consumption with the stated goal of educating users about energy efficiency and conservation. Unlike most carbon calculators, WattzOn has always measured energy consumption, and not the by-products (CO2, or CO2-equivalent emissions).

The original idea behind WattzOn was first spoken about by Saul Griffith and Jim McBride in a presentation entitled "The Game Plan: A solution framework for the climate challenge," delivered at O'Reilly's Foo Camp and later detailed at length in Griffith's Long Now talk entitled *Climate Change Recalculated*. From there, Raffi Krikorian spearheaded the effort to create an online tool that anybody could use to measure his or her level of energy efficiency. That website became WattzOn.com.

In 2011 WattzOn combined with EnnovationZ Inc, a company founded by Martha Amram and Steven Ashby. Since then Martha has led WattzOn.

WattzOn was the recipient of a grant from the Department of Energy to bring consumers insights from smart meters. In partnership with Balfour Beatty, WattzOn served military families, and helped them save an average of 18% on their utility bill at 12 locations.

## Presentation at The White House

In 2012, WattzOn CEO Dr. Martha Amram presented at the White House Energy Data Palooza. In 2013 Dr. Amram presented at a Green Button event organized by the White House and the Department of Energy.

## WattzOn in The Media

WattzOn has garnered media coverage from a number of blogs and media outlets such as Business Week, Wired magazine, and Lifehacker.com.

## Business Model

WattzOn uses a SaaS license model.

## InfoBox

WattzOn
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Software |
| Founded | Mountain View, California (2010) |
| Founders | Martha Amram
Saul Griffith
Raffi Krikorian
Jim McBride
Steven Ashby |
| Headquarters | Mountain View, California, U.S.
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Area served | Nationwide |
| Key people | Martha Amram (CEO)
Jon Enberg (VP Partnerships)
Sandra Carrico (Sr. Data Scientist) |
| Products | Consumer Energy Engagement Platform
Utility Data Connections (Nationwide) |
| Number of employees | ~14 (August 2015) |
| Website | http://www.wattzon.com/ |


title: Watu Wote

abstract: Watu Wote: All of Us, or simply Watu Wote is a 2017 Kenyan-German, live-action short film directed by Katja Benrath, as her graduation project at Hamburg Media School. The film is based on a December 2015 bus attack by Al-Shabaab in Mandera, Kenya. The film received critical acclaim, winning a Student Academy Award for Narrative, and received an Academy Award nomination for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 90th Academy Awards. Production faced difficulties when the crew's camera was stolen before filming had begun.

text:
# Watu Wote

***Watu Wote: All of Us***, or simply ***Watu Wote*** is a 2017 Kenyan-German, live-action short film directed by Katja Benrath, as her graduation project at Hamburg Media School. The film is based on a December 2015 bus attack by Al-Shabaab in Mandera, Kenya. The film received critical acclaim, winning a Student Academy Award for Narrative, and received an Academy Award nomination for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 90th Academy Awards. Production faced difficulties when the crew's camera was stolen before filming had begun.

## Plot

Jua, a Christian living in Kenya, boards a chartered bus to visit a relative and is uncomfortable being surrounded by Muslim passengers. The bus is stopped by the violent terrorist group Al-Shabaab, whose members demand that the Muslims identify the Christian passengers.

## Cast

* Barkhad Abdirahman as Abdirashid Adan
* Faysal Ahmed as Hassan Yaqub Ali (Al-Shabaab Leader)
* Mahad Ahmed as Passenger
* Abdiwali Farrah as Salah Farah
* Charles Karumi as Issa Osman
* Alex Khayo as GSU officer
* Gerald Langiri as GSU officer
* Justin Mirichii as James Ouma
* Saada Mohammed as Astuhr
* Douglas Muigai as GSU officer
* Adelyne Wairimu as Jua

## Reception

### Critical reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10.

### Awards and nominations

## InfoBox

| Watu Wote | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Katja Benrath |
| Written by | Julia Drache |
| Produced by | Tobias Rosen |
| Cinematography | Felix Striegel |
| Edited by | Julia Drache |
| Music by | Florian Hirschmann
Elisabeth Kaplan |
| Production
company | Hamburg Media School |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Countries | Germany
Kenya |
| Languages | Swahili
Somali |


title: Watubela archipelago

abstract: Watubela is an archipelago in the Maluku Islands, east of Ceram and north of Kai Islands, southeast of the Gorong archipelago, and southwest of the Bomberai Peninsula of Papua, Indonesia. It includes the islands of Watubela itself, Kesui and Teor. The total land area is 60.99 km⁲, of which Watubela and Kesui together cover 37.58 km⁲ and Teor covers 23.41 km⁲. The islands now form two separate districts (kecamatan) within the East Seram Regency of Maluku. Kesui Watubela District includes Watubela and Kesui Islands, with a number of smaller islands; it had 9,623 inhabitants as at mid 2022. Teor District consists of the island of the same name, together with Bama Island to its south, linked by an attenuated natural causeway; it had 3,303 inhabitants as at mid 2022. The English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described the islands, which he called the Matabello Islands, in chapter 25 of his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.

text:
# Watubela archipelago

**Watubela** is an archipelago in the Maluku Islands, east of Ceram and north of Kai Islands, southeast of the Gorong archipelago, and southwest of the Bomberai Peninsula of Papua, Indonesia. It includes the islands of Watubela itself, Kesui (also called *Kasiui*) and Teor (also called *Tio'or*). The total land area is 60.99 km2, of which Watubela and Kesui together cover 37.58 km2 and Teor covers 23.41 km2.

The islands now form two separate districts (*kecamatan*) within the East Seram Regency of Maluku. **Kesui Watubela District** (also called Wakate District) includes Watubela and Kesui Islands, with a number of smaller islands; it had 9,623 inhabitants as at mid 2022. **Teor District** consists of the island of the same name, together with Bama Island to its south, linked by an attenuated natural causeway; it had 3,303 inhabitants as at mid 2022.

The English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described the islands, which he called the **Matabello Islands**, in chapter 25 of his 1869 book *The Malay Archipelago*.

4°35′44″S 131°41′55″E / 4.59556°S 131.69861°E / -4.59556; 131.69861

## InfoBox

Watubela archipelago
| Watubela archipelago in the east of Maluku Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Watubela archipelago (red) in eastern Indonesia | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Southeast Asia |
| Archipelago | Maluku Islands |
| Major islands | Watubela, Kesui, Teor, Bam, Uta |
| Administration | |
| **Indonesia** | |
| Province | Maluku |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone |  |


title: Washington Banian

abstract: Washington Banian is a Papua New Guinean Olympic boxer. He represented his country in the light-flyweight division at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He lost his first bout against Scotty Olson.

text:
# Washington Banian

**Washington Banian** is a Papua New Guinean Olympic boxer. He represented his country in the light-flyweight division at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He lost his first bout against Scotty Olson.

## 1988 Olympic results

Below is the record of Washington Banian, a light flyweight boxer from Papua New Guinea who competed at the 1988 Seoul Olympics:

* Round of 64: bye
* Round of 32: lost to Scotty Olson (Canada) referee stopped contest in the first round

## InfoBox

Washington Banian
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Papua New Guinean |
| Born | (1963-05-19) 19 May 1963<br>Papua New Guinea |
| Height | 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 48 kg (106 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Papua New Guinea |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: Washington Bar Association

abstract: The Washington Bar Association (WBA) is a voluntary bar association located in the Washington, District of Columbia area, whose members are predominantly African-American attorneys. The Washington Bar Association was founded in 1925 by a group of prominent African-American attorneys, including Charles Hamilton Houston, George E.C. Hayes, and J. Franklin Wilson. The WBA was created simultaneously with the National Bar Association, and is an affiliate chapter of the NBA. The WBA works to advance Houstonian jurisprudence, defined as "Social change through application of laws governing equal rights, due process, and other legal principles." The organization serves to protect and advance the interests of its members and of all African-Americans as they navigate a social and judicial system in which disparate treatment of minorities continues to occur. In 1975, the WBA established the tradition of awarding the Houston Medallion of Merit to individuals who have demonstrated a commitment to Charles Hamilton Houston's ideals and jurisprudence. This award is presented at the WBA's annual Law Day Gala.

text:
# Washington Bar Association

The **Washington Bar Association** (**WBA**) is a voluntary bar association located in the Washington, District of Columbia area, whose members are predominantly African-American attorneys.

The Washington Bar Association was founded in 1925 by a group of prominent African-American attorneys, including Charles Hamilton Houston, George E.C. Hayes, and J. Franklin Wilson.

The WBA was created simultaneously with the National Bar Association, and is an affiliate chapter of the NBA.

The WBA works to advance Houstonian jurisprudence, defined as "Social change through application of laws governing equal rights, due process, and other legal principles."

The organization serves to protect and advance the interests of its members and of all African-Americans as they navigate a social and judicial system in which disparate treatment of minorities continues to occur.

In 1975, the WBA established the tradition of awarding the Houston Medallion of Merit to individuals who have demonstrated a commitment to Charles Hamilton Houston's ideals and jurisprudence. This award is presented at the WBA's annual Law Day Gala.


title: Watagan Mountains

abstract: The Watagan Mountains or Watagans or Wattagan Mountains, is a mountain range which is part of the Great Dividing Range that’s located in the hinterlands of the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The range is situated between the Upper Hunter River catchment and the Tuggerah Lakes with close proximity to Lake Macquarie. The Watagans are a popular tourist location and are close to regional centres like Newcastle and Gosford. The highest point is Mount Warrawolong which rises to 641 metres (2,103 ft) above sea level. The Watagans are covered with tall eucalyptus forest and rainforest. There are several camping areas and four wheel drive roads. Visitors should be careful as some areas can be quite steep and remote, with risky areas of near wilderness.

text:
# Watagan Mountains

The **Watagan Mountains** or **Watagans** or **Wattagan Mountains**, is a mountain range which is part of the Great Dividing Range that’s located in the hinterlands of the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The range is situated between the Upper Hunter River catchment and the Tuggerah Lakes with close proximity to Lake Macquarie. The Watagans are a popular tourist location and are close to regional centres like Newcastle and Gosford.

The highest point is Mount Warrawolong which rises to 641 metres (2,103 ft) above sea level.

The Watagans are covered with tall eucalyptus forest and rainforest. There are several camping areas and four wheel drive roads. Visitors should be careful as some areas can be quite steep and remote, with risky areas of near wilderness.

## InfoBox

| Watagan Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| Watagans or Wattagan Mountains | |
| Mount Warrawolong as viewed from Wattagan Creek Road, Laguna | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Mount Warrawolong, Upper Hunter region |
| Elevation | 641 m (2,103 ft)
AHD |
| Coordinates | 33°02′S 151°15′E / 33.033°S 151.250°E / -33.033; 151.250 |
| Geography | |
| Watagan MountainsLocation in New South Wales | |
| Location | Hunter
Central Coast |
| Country | Australia |
| State | New South Wales |
| Range coordinates | 31°42′S 151°42′E / 31.700°S 151.700°E / -31.700; 151.700 |
| Topo map | Morisset |


title: Water chlorination

abstract: Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.

text:
# Water chlorination

**Water chlorination** is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.

## History

In a paper published in 1894, it was formally proposed to add chlorine to water to render it "germ-free". Two other authorities endorsed this proposal and published it in many other papers in 1895. Early attempts at implementing water chlorination at a water treatment plant were made in 1893 in Hamburg, Germany. In 1897 the town of Maidstone, England was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine.

Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply caused a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England. Alexander Cruickshank Houston used chlorination of the water to stop the epidemic. His installation fed a concentrated solution of so-called "chlorinated lime" (a mixture of calcium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride) to the water being treated. This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but contained chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). The chlorination of the water supply helped stop the epidemic and as a precaution, the chlorination was continued until 1911 when a new water supply was commissioned.

The first continuous use of chlorine in the United States for disinfection took place in 1908 at Boonton Reservoir (on the Rockaway River), which served as the supply for Jersey City, New Jersey. Chlorination was achieved by controlled additions of dilute solutions of chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) at doses of 0.2 to 0.35 ppm. The treatment process was conceived by John L. Leal, and the chlorination plant was designed by George Warren Fuller. Over the next few years, chlorine disinfection using chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) was rapidly implemented in drinking water systems around the world.

The technique of purification of drinking water by use of compressed liquefied chlorine gas was developed by a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, Vincent B. Nesfield, in 1903. According to his own account, "It occurred to me that chlorine gas might be found satisfactory ... if suitable means could be found for using it.... The next important question was how to render the gas portable. This might be accomplished in two ways: by liquefying it, and storing it in lead-lined iron vessels, having a jet with a very fine capillary canal, and fitted with a tap or a screw cap. The tap is turned on, and the cylinder placed in the amount of water required. The chlorine bubbles out, and in ten to fifteen minutes the water is absolutely safe. This method would be of use on a large scale, as for service water carts."

Major Carl Rogers Darnall, Professor of Chemistry at the Army Medical School, gave the first practical demonstration of this in 1910. This work became the basis for present day systems of municipal water *purification*. Shortly after Darnall's demonstration, Major William J. L. Lyster of the Army Medical Department used a solution of calcium hypochlorite in a linen bag to treat water.

For many decades, Lyster's method remained the standard for U.S. ground forces in the field and in camps, implemented in the form of the familiar Lyster Bag (also spelled Lister Bag). The canvas "bag, water, sterilizing" was a common component of field kitchens, issued one per 100 persons, of a standard 36-gallon capacity that hung from an often-improvised tripod in the field. In use from World War I through the Vietnam War, it has been replaced by reverse osmosis systems that produce potable water by pressure straining local water through microscopic-level filters: the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (1980) and the Tactical Water Purification System (2007) for large-scale production, and the Light Water Purifier unit for smaller-scale needs that includes ultrafiltration technology to produce potable water from any source and uses automated backwash cycles every 15 minutes to simplify cleaning operations.

Chlorine gas was first used on a continuing basis to disinfect the water supply at the Belmont filter plant, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by using a machine invented by Charles Frederick Wallace who dubbed it the Chlorinator. It was manufactured by the Wallace & Tiernan company beginning in 1913. By 1941, disinfection of U.S. drinking water by chlorine gas had largely replaced the use of chloride of lime.

## Biochemistry

As a halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks. The microscopic agents of many diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery killed countless people annually before disinfection methods were employed routinely.

By far most chlorine is manufactured from table salt (NaCl) by electrolysis in the chlor-alkali process. The resulting gas at atmospheric pressures is liquified at high pressure. The liquefied gas is transported and used as such.

As a strong oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules. Chlorine and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid are not charged and therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface of pathogens. It is able to disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell wall and react with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them nonfunctional. Microorganisms then either die or are no longer able to multiply.

### Principles

When dissolved in water, chlorine converts to an equilibrium mixture of chlorine, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydrochloric acid (HCl):

Cl2 \+ H2O  HOCl + HCl

In acidic solution, the major species are Cl
2 and HOCl, whereas in alkaline solution, effectively only ClO (hypochlorite ion) is present. Very small concentrations of ClO2, ClO3, ClO4 are also found.

### Shock chlorination

Shock chlorination is a process used in many swimming pools, water wells, springs, and other water sources to reduce the bacterial and algal residue in the water. Shock chlorination is performed by mixing a large amount of hypochlorite into the water. The hypochlorite can be in the form of a powder or a liquid such as chlorine bleach (solution of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite in water). Water that is being shock chlorinated should not be swum in or drunk until the sodium hypochlorite count in the water goes down to three parts per million (PPM) or until the calcium hypochlorite count goes down to 0.2 to 0.35 PPM.

As an alternative to shock chlorination, some swimming pools are chlorinated by use of a chlorine-generating filter that electrolyzes common salt. Pools chlorinated by this method generally have lower levels of chlorine than directly chlorinated pools. Such pools are called saltwater pools.

## Drawbacks

Disinfection by chlorination can be problematic in some circumstances. Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the water supply to produce compounds known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Trihalomethanes are the main disinfectant by-products created from chlorination. Their effects depend strictly on the duration of their exposure to the chemicals and the amount ingested into the body. In high doses, bromoform mainly slows down regular brain activity, which is manifested by symptoms such as sleepiness or sedation. Chronic exposure of both bromoform and dibromochloromethane can cause liver and kidney cancer, as well as heart disease, unconsciousness, or death in high doses. Due to the potential carcinogenicity of these compounds, drinking water regulations across the developed world require regular monitoring of the concentration of these compounds in the distribution systems of municipal water systems. The World Health Organization has stated that "the risks to health from these by-products are extremely small in comparison with the risks associated with inadequate disinfection".

There are also other concerns regarding chlorine, including its volatile nature which causes it to disappear too quickly from the water system, and organoleptic concerns such as taste and odor.

## Dechlorinator

A **dechlorinator** is a chemical additive that removes chlorine or chloramine from water. Where tap water is chlorinated, it should be dechlorinated before use in an aquarium, since chlorine can harm aquatic life in the same way it kills micro-organisms. Chlorine will kill fish and cause damage to an aquarium's biological filter. Chemicals that serve this function are reducing agents which reduce chlorine species to chloride, which is harmless to life.

Some compounds employed in commercial dechlorinators are sodium thiosulfate, sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate, and sodium hydroxymethane sulfinic acid.


title: Watchdog (TV programme)

abstract: Watchdog is a British consumer investigative journalism programme that was broadcast on BBC One from 14 July 1985 to 17 October 2019. The programme focused on investigating complaints and concerns made by viewers and consumers over problematic experiences with traders, retailers and other companies around the UK, over customer services, products, security, and possible fraudulent/criminal behaviour. Since it first began, the programme had achieved great success in changing the awareness consumers have of their purchasing rights, as well as pushing forward for changes in company policies and consumer laws, and in some cases helping to close down businesses whose practices have left many people dissatisfied and out of pocket. The show's longstanding slogan was "the programme you cannot afford to miss". In the course of its history, Watchdog would spawn a number of spin-off shows, and be presented by a variety of hosts. It started as a feature on Nationwide in 1980 before it became a standalone series in 1985. After 35 years, and with more than a thousand episodes aired, the BBC announced in February 2020 that Watchdog would be discontinued as a standalone series, becoming a segment on The One Show to be presented by Matt Allwright and Nikki Fox on Wednesdays at 19:00.

text:
# Watchdog (TV programme)

***Watchdog*** is a British consumer investigative journalism programme that was broadcast on BBC One from 14 July 1985 to 17 October 2019. The programme focused on investigating complaints and concerns made by viewers and consumers over problematic experiences with traders, retailers and other companies around the UK, over customer services, products, security, and possible fraudulent/criminal behaviour. Since it first began, the programme had achieved great success in changing the awareness consumers have of their purchasing rights, as well as pushing forward for changes in company policies and consumer laws, and in some cases helping to close down businesses whose practices have left many people dissatisfied and out of pocket. The show's longstanding slogan was "the programme you cannot afford to miss".

In the course of its history, *Watchdog* would spawn a number of spin-off shows, and be presented by a variety of hosts. It started as a feature on *Nationwide* in 1980 before it became a standalone series in 1985. After 35 years, and with more than a thousand episodes aired, the BBC announced in February 2020 that *Watchdog* would be discontinued as a standalone series, becoming a segment on *The One Show* to be presented by Matt Allwright and Nikki Fox on Wednesdays at 19:00.

## History

*Watchdog* was first shown on 8 September 1980, as a pre-recorded weekly feature for BBC1's news magazine programme *Nationwide*, with Hugh Scully, best known for presenting the *Antiques Roadshow*, being its first host. After *Nationwide* ended in 1983, Scully continued hosting the feature on *Sixty Minutes* until the show's final episode in 1984. A year later, the BBC decided to make a stand-alone version of the feature, with its first episode aired on 14 July 1985. The programme's first series was aired weekly on Sunday evenings, and presented by Nick Ross and Lynn Faulds Wood. The following year, the programme was rescheduled to become part of the BBC's new daytime service. It was broadcast each weekday for fifteen minutes at 8.40am, with Ross replaced by Faulds Wood's husband, John Stapleton. The programme's new schedule was considered by Michael Grade, the BBC1 Programme Controller in 1986, as helpful to defying the laws of "television gravity" by boosting viewer figures for the launch of BBC Daytime. In autumn 1987, the BBC reverted the programme back to being a weekly programme on Sunday evenings, but with the addition of repeats being shown the following day during the daytime.

A year later, in 1988, the programme received another rescheduling that saw it broadcast on Mondays during both daytime and peak time slots, but with a significant change in focus on its format. Unlike previous years, *Watchdog* began to employ a more forceful approach in consumer investigations, including investigating big businesses and conducting more investigative journalism. Changing their approach with their investigations led to the programme achieving many multimillion-pound product recalls by companies, the recovery of £19 million in overpaid fuel surcharges on package holidays, while also regularly featuring major name companies who had let down customers. By January 1989, peak time audiences of the show averaged around 6 million, leading the BBC to drop daytime broadcasts as a direct result. Both Faulds Wood and Stapleton remained with the programme into the early 90s until the former was diagnosed with advanced bowel cancer; after she was treated and had recovered from the condition, both Faulds Wood and Stapleton left the programme, to conduct a series of journalistic investigations for ITV's *World in Action*.

For the 1993 series, the BBC decided upon assigning Anne Robinson as the new host of *Watchdog*. This decision had a change in style brought about by Robinson's style of presenting, including her approach to interviews with notable figures from within the companies featured in investigations on the programme. For her first series, she was teamed up with Simon Walton and Alice Beer, the latter having been an assistant producer until she was brought on as a co-presenter, assigned with being a link between the consumers (on the phone in earlier years, and e-mail in later years) and the main presenter. Walton left after the first series, while Beer remained until 1999, whereupon she was replaced by Charlotte Hudson, who remained until 2001. Because of her workload requiring her to be present with hosting the British and American versions of *The Weakest Link*, Robinson also left the programme that same year. Following Robinson's departure, the BBC replaced her with Nicky Campbell as the programme's main presenter, with Paul Heiney joining a year later as a regular co-presenter of his team; additional co-presenters in the team were changed during Campbell's tenure, and included Ashley Blake, Saima Mohsin, Nick Lawrence, and Dan Penteado. Between 2001 and 2004, Campbell was joined by Kate Gerbeau as the other main presenter of the programme, while between 2005 and 2009, he was joined by Julia Bradbury, who was temporarily replaced during her last series in 2009 by Anita Rani between 6 February and 20 April; Rani was retained as a reporter following this, taking the place of Mohsin.

On 10 May 2009, the BBC announced plans to relaunch the format for *Watchdog*, which included bringing back Anne Robinson to host the programme, and extending the length of episodes from thirty minutes to one hour. In order to make this extension, the decision was made to incorporate the format of another consumer show, *Rogue Traders*, as a multi-part segment of the same name, with Matt Allwright becoming a part of the presenting team alongside Robinson and Anita Rani. His co-presenter, Dan Penteado, was retained, but worked mainly within the films for the new segment. The new series of *Watchdog* under this new format, began airing on 10 September 2009. In 2010, Rani left the programme, leading to her being replaced by Chris Hollins. In July 2012, Dan Penteado was sacked from the programme, after it was uncovered that he had fraudulently claimed £25,000 in benefits during his work as a co-presenter, to which he was later found guilty of benefit fraud at Bournemouth Magistrates' Court and jailed for 12 weeks. On 12 November 2012, the BBC launched a daytime companion show, entitled *Watchdog Daily*, for weekday mornings, which ran for 4 weeks. In March 2014, the BBC launched another daytime companion show called *Watchdog Test House*, which was presented by Sophie Raworth, with former host Faulds Wood assisting as a reporter.

On 10 September 2015, after having spent a total of 15 years presenting the programme, Robinson left the programme to focus on her commitments to assisting with the production of BBC's *Britain's Spending Secrets*. Her departure led to Raworth replacing her as the new host, with Michelle Ackerley joining alongside her, Collins and Allright. On 22 June 2016, Hollins announced his decision to step down as co-host, whereupon after his departure, Allright was reassigned as one of the main presenters alongside Raworth, while Ackerly was demoted to being a co-presenter, with Nikki Fox and Steph McGovern being added to the lineup, with the show being moved to Dock10 studios, MediaCityUK. In 2017, Raworth and Ackerly left the programme, leading to McGovern joining Allright as a main presenter. The show was also given a more permanent studio at Dock10 for the 2017 series.

On 21 February 2020, the BBC announced that *Watchdog* will cease to be broadcast as a standalone series, but will be aired instead as a feature in *The One Show*. The segment on *The One Show* will be presented by Matt Allwright and Nikki Fox.

## Format

*Watchdog* primarily consists of films involving journalistic investigations into consumer complaints, brought to the attention of the programme's research team by viewers and customers, in which the general basis of the investigation is to look into issues, concerns and complaints made about businesses and companies in regards to products/services offered, the quality of customer care, and other concerns/issues/problems that have arisen of late. Films usually consist of one or two major components - tests conducted by the research team, into various aspects such as quality, value for money, safety and hygiene, and so forth; and interviews with some of the consumers who contacted the programme, in regards to their experience with the company/business connected to the investigation that the interviewee had dealings with, what concerns and worries they have about a product/service they purchased and their overall general opinion of the business.

The film is usually presented to viewers by either one of *Watchdog*'s current presenters, or a reporter for the programme, who gives out a general overlay of the matter being investigated, and conducts interviews with the consumers that were affected. Towards the end of the film, a response from the businesses/companies involved (if provided) is often given, which can include their views on the programme's findings, if any issues raised have been dealt with, and if the consumers featured on the programme have had their complaints dealt with. If the programme puts forward their findings to any regulatory bodies connected to the product/service offered, including Trading Standards, they will also read out a response from them, including any consumer advice regarding the issues featured in the film.

In some investigations, hidden cameras are used to record specific areas of the investigation, that are done in secret by the research team; an example of this is when researchers pose as customers, go to different branches of a business under investigation, and secretly record a conversation between themselves and a number of employees they randomly approach, mainly on answers given in regards to consumer inquires they make (i.e. "What is the cooling down period for returning an item if we aren't satisfied?"). In a number of investigations where multiple companies/businesses are being investigated on the same aspects under investigation, researchers will usually conduct secret testing on multiple branches used by each business/company being investigated, to which their findings in regards to concerns and/or failings on anything (such as hygiene, safety, and customer service for example), are revealed during the film, including a comparison between the branches visited and how they match up to findings made in the other branches.

In some cases, company representatives are invited to discuss the consumer problems that were investigated by *Watchdog*, although a number frequently turn down the offer. However, many companies use the opportunity to voice their own opinions and thoughts on the subject of the investigation, some of whom also take advantage of the situation to offer full apologies and refunds to affected customers. From the start of 2000, company interviewees invited to take part in the programme are commonly given advice by media advisers before they are filmed.

## Presenters

| Duration | Lead presenter(s) | Co-presenter(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1980–84 | Hugh Scully |  |
| 1985–86 | Nick Ross and Lynn Faulds Wood | |
| 1986–93 | Lynn Faulds Wood and John Stapleton | |
| 1993–94 | Anne Robinson | Alice Beer and Simon Walton |
| 1994–99 | | Alice Beer |
| 1999–2001 | | Charlotte Hudson |
| 2001–02 | Nicky Campbell and Kate Gerbeau |  |
| 2002–04 | | Paul Heiney and Ashley Blake |
| 2004–05 | | Paul Heiney and Saima Mohsin |
| 2005–08 | Nicky Campbell and Julia Bradbury | Paul Heiney and Nick Lawrence |
| 2008–09 | Nicky Campbell
Julia Bradbury (episodes 1–16 and 26–30)
Anita Rani (episodes 17–25) | Paul Heiney and Dan Penteado |
| 2009–10 | Anne Robinson | Anita Rani, Matt Allwright and Dan Penteado |
| 2010–12 | | Chris Hollins, Matt Allwright and Dan Penteado |
| 2012–15 | | Chris Hollins and Matt Allwright |
| 2015 | | Sophie Raworth and Michelle Ackerley |
| 2016 | Sophie Raworth and Matt Allwright | Michelle Ackerley, Steph McGovern and Nikki Fox |
| 2017–19 | Matt Allwright and Steph McGovern | Nikki Fox |

## Notable investigations

### Fitted plugs

In the late 1980s, *Watchdog* investigations showed that numerous accidents were caused when the electrical plugs on new electrical appliances were incorrectly wired. At the time, all new electrical goods were sold with bare wires and customers were expected to fit plugs themselves. These investigations led to a British law forcing all manufacturers selling electrical products in the UK to supply them with fitted plugs.

### Hoover free flights

In 1992 and 1993, The Hoover Company introduced a "free flights" offer whereby any customer spending over £100 would receive two free flights to New York City, a cost of ~£600, at a time before the rise of budget airlines. Due to an overwhelming response, many people did not receive their tickets and were denied the opportunity to take their free flights. After hundreds of complaints to *Watchdog*, an investigation by reporter Simon Walton revealed that the company in charge of processing applications was trying to deny customers their free flights in an effort to stem the rising costs. This quickly became headline news and Hoover were forced to give all customers the flights, costing them an estimated £40 million and the jobs of all the board members.

### Auction World.tv

Television sales channel Auction World.tv failed to deliver goods or offer refunds to over 27,000 customers in the early 2000s, and were fined £450,000 by the regulatory body OFCOM. Investigations by *Watchdog* forced refunds and the closure of the channel, and traced the owner to Cyprus, where he refused to answer questions.

### The Accident Group

This company was exposed by *Watchdog* after secret filming revealed it was encouraging members of the public to make bogus claims for personal injury compensation. As a result, The Accident Group went out of business, sacking its staff by sending them text messages.

### Direct Kitchens, Kitchens and Maple Industries

Direct Kitchens, Kitchens and Maple Industries are all companies that are or have been based at Maple Mill, in Oldham, Greater Manchester and headed by controversial entrepreneur Vance Miller. The companies have been investigated by *Watchdog* on several occasions. Miller, who has a string of convictions in several countries, has been branded by the media as the "Kitchen Gangster", became the first person in Britain to be handed a 'Stop Now' order by the Office of Fair Trading after consistently supplying kitchens which were not sold as advertised.

### Clarks Shoes

Clarks Shoes were exposed by *Watchdog* in successive programmes in November 2018 after receiving large numbers of complaints from viewers about shoes which had been put away brand new but were subsequently found to be falling apart because of the poor quality of the materials used in their manufacture.

## Transmissions

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 14 July 1985 | 6 October 1985 | 13 |
| **2** | 15 November 1987 | 23 May 1988 | 24 |
| **3** | 3 October 1988 | 10 April 1989 | 24 |
| **4** | 4 September 1989 | 18 December 1989 | 16 |
| **5** | 1 October 1990 | 4 February 1991 | 17 |
| **6** | 30 September 1991 | 13 April 1992 | 24 |
| **7** | 7 September 1992 | 5 April 1993 | 28 |
| **8** | 6 September 1993 | 23 May 1994 | 35 |
| **9** | 5 September 1994 | 1 May 1995 | 32 |
| **10** | 4 September 1995 | 25 March 1996 | 28 |
| **11** | 5 September 1996 | 27 March 1997 | 29 |
| **12** | 4 September 1997 | 9 April 1998 | 40 |
| **13** | 10 September 1998 | 8 April 1999 | 29 |
| **14** | 9 September 1999 | 4 May 2000 | 34 |
| **15** | 5 October 2000 | 26 April 2001 | 29 |
| **16** | 13 September 2001 | 9 April 2002 | 29 |
| **17** | 3 September 2002 | 6 May 2003 | 30 |
| **18** | 2 September 2003 | 27 April 2004 | 30 |
| **19** | 7 September 2004 | 12 April 2005 | 30 |
| **20** | 6 September 2005 | 9 May 2006 | 34 |
| **21** | 3 October 2006 | 2 May 2007 | 29 |
| **22** | 3 October 2007 | 12 May 2008 | 30 |
| **23** | 13 October 2008 | 18 May 2009 | 30 |
| **24** | 10 September 2009 | 12 November 2009 | 10 |
| **25** | 6 May 2010 | 10 June 2010 | 10 |
| **26** | 9 September 2010 | 25 November 2010 | 10 |
| **27** | 7 April 2011 | 26 May 2011 | 8 |
| **28** | 1 September 2011 | 20 October 2011 | 8 |
| **29** | 15 March 2012 | 3 May 2012 | 8 |
| **30** | 12 September 2012 | 31 October 2012 | 8 |
| **31** | 1 May 2013 | 19 June 2013 | 8 |
| **32** | 18 September 2013 | 6 November 2013 | 8 |
| **33** | 14 May 2014 | 2 July 2014 | 7 |
| **34** | 16 October 2014 | 4 December 2014 | 8 |
| **35** | 7 May 2015 | 25 June 2015 | 6 |
| **36** | 8 October 2015 | 3 December 2015 | 6 |
| **37** | 2 November 2016 | 21 December 2016 | 6 |
| **38** | 28 June 2017 | 2 August 2017 | 6 |
| **39** | 18 April 2018 | 23 May 2018 | 6 |
| **40** | 31 October 2018 | 5 December 2018 | 6 |
| **41** | 1 May 2019 | 5 June 2019 | 6 |
| **42** | 12 September 2019 | 17 October 2019 | 6 |

### Spin-offs

* *Watchdog Healthcheck* – 1995 to 2002, about health matters

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes | Main host |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 15 May 1995 | 3 July 1995 | 8 | Judith Hann |
| **2** | 15 April 1996 | 17 June 1996 | | |
| **3** | 24 April 1997 | 19 June 1997 | | Alice Beer |
| **4** | 5 January 1998 | 9 February 1998 | | 6 |
| **5** | 20 July 1998 | 24 August 1998 | | 4 |
| **6** | 4 January 1999 | 29 March 1999 | | 12 |
| **7** | 19 July 1999 | 14 February 2000 | |
| **8** | 26 June 2000 | 21 August 2000 | 9 | Gaby Roslin |
| **9** | 8 January 2001 | 19 February 2001 | 7 | |
| **10** | 4 June 2001 | 16 July 2001 | | Kate Gerbeau |
| **11** | 7 January 2002 | 25 February 2002 | 8 | Gaby Roslin |

* *Weekend Watchdog* – 1997 to 2001, presented by Robinson (Allwright and Hudson for the final series)

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 25 April 1997 | 13 June 1997 | 8 |
| **2** | 5 September 1997 | 19 December 1997 | 17 |
| **3** | 13 March 1998 | 5 June 1998 | 13 |
| **4** | 11 September 1998 | 18 December 1998 | 14 |
| **5** | 19 March 1999 | 4 June 1999 | 11 |
| **6** | 10 September 1999 | 17 December 1999 | 14 |
| **7** | 17 March 2000 | 14 July 2000 | 15 |
| **8** | 6 October 2000 | 26 January 2001 | 14 |
| **9** | 23 March 2001 | 15 June 2001 | 12 |

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 10 July 1995 | | 1 |
| **1** | 24 June 1996 | 20 August 1996 | 7 |
| **2** | 26 June 1997 | 28 August 1997 | 10 |
| **3** | 16 July 1998 | 27 August 1998 | 6 |
| **4** | 16 July 1999 | 3 September 1999 | 8 |
| **5** | 5 July 2000 | 4 October 2000 | 12 |

* *Face Value* – about the fashion industry, presented by Alice Beer

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 6 January 1997 | 10 February 1997 | 6 |
| **2** | 3 June 1999 | 9 July 1999 | |

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 15 January 1998 | | 1 |
| **1** | 28 May 1998 | 15 July 1998 | 5 |
|

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 16 April 1998 | 21 May 1998 | 6 |
| **2** | 22 April 1999 | 27 May 1999 | |

* *Watchdog: Are You Being Served?* – 15 April 1999, presented by Alice Beer
* *Watchdog Daily* – live and interactive series in which Sophie Raworth takes on the big household-names, getting results and showing viewers how they can fight back

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 12 November 2012 | 7 December 2012 | 20 |
|

### Specials

* *How To Save £1000* (15 January 2015) – BBC One
* *Pension Special* (5 November 2015) – BBC Red Button

## InfoBox

| *Watchdog* | |
| --- | --- |
| The title card used in 2017, featuring the addition of "Live", referring to episodes being broadcast live when aired. | |
| Genre | Investigative journalism |
| Directed by | Jaco Smith
Mark Harrison
Keir MacKenzie |
| Presented by | Matt Allwright
Nikki Fox
Steph McGovern
(See full list) |
| Theme music composer | Music 4 |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 41 (inc. daytime) |
| No. of episodes | 1,084 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Lisa Ausden |
| Producers | Helen Collins
Michelle Cox
Emma Jay |
| Production locations | BBC Television Centre (1980–2012)
The Hospital Club (2013—15)
Broadcasting House (2016)
dock10 studios (2017–19) |
| Editor | Jeff Anderson |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC One |
| Release | 14 July 1985 (1985-07-14)
17 October 2019 (2019-10-17) |
| Related | |
| *Rogue Traders*
*Watchdog Test House* | |


title: Wawa Travellers

abstract: The Wawa Travellers were a Junior "B" team based out of Wawa, Ontario. They played in the North of Superior Junior B Hockey League.

text:
# Wawa Travellers

The **Wawa Travellers** were a Junior "B" team based out of Wawa, Ontario. They played in the North of Superior Junior B Hockey League.

## History

The Travellers played in all eight of the NSHL's seasons. After a slow start, the team moved through the standings and in their final two seasons they topped the league, winning the league championship, in both 2002-03 and 2003-04. Despite two championships, the Travellers finished their story in 2004 with a 4-straight-losses to the Thunder Bay Northern Hawks of Thunder Bay Junior B Hockey League in the Northern Ontario Regional Junior B Hockey Championship.

After the 2003-04 season, the Thessalon Flyers and Aguasabon River Rats left the NSHL. With only the Travellers and the Marathon Renegades left in the league, it folded.

The Marathon Renegades joined the Superior International Junior Hockey League in 2006-07. Wawa has been trying to join the SIJHL since 2005, but has been left on the outside looking in until they can find adequate financial backing.

## Season-by-season results

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **OTL** | **GF** | **GA** | **P** | **Results** | **Playoffs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996-97 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NSHL |  |
| 1997-98 | 28 | 9 | 17 | 2 | - | 123 | 167 | 20 | 5th NSHL | DNQ |
| 1998-99\* | 23 | 3 | 18 | 2 | - | 116 | 174 | 8 | 5th NSHL | DNQ |
| 1999-00 | 24 | 10 | 14 | 0 | - | 151 | 155 | 20 | 3rd NSHL |  |
| 2000-01 | 24 | 12 | 12 | - | 0 | 121 | 133 | 24 | 3rd NSHL |  |
| 2001-02 | 24 | 15 | 6 | - | 3 | 132 | 90 | 33 | 2nd NSHL |  |
| 2002-03 | 24 | 13 | 9 | - | 2 | 127 | 121 | 28 | 1st NSHL | Won League |
| 2003-04 | 24 | 14 | 9 | - | 1 | 116 | 101 | 29 | 2nd NSHL | Won League |

*(\*) There are no complete stats available for this season.*

## InfoBox

| Wawa Travellers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Wawa, Ontario |
| League | North of Superior Junior B Hockey League |
| Operated | 1996 (1996)-2004 |
| Home arena | Michipicoten Memorial Centre |
| Colours | Red, Blue, and White |


title: Wawa of Mataram

abstract: Sri Maharaja Rakai Pangkaja Dyah Wawa Sri Wijayalokanamottungga, better known in Indonesia as Dyah Wawa, was a ruler of the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java, Indonesia. What is known of him is mainly thanks to an inscription engraved on the Minto Stone. Wawa's son-in-law and successor, Mpu Sindok, moved the court of Mataram from Central Java to East Java in 929. The latter could have buried the former at Belahan Temple near Pasuruan in East Java.

text:
# Wawa of Mataram

**Sri Maharaja Rakai Pangkaja Dyah Wawa Sri Wijayalokanamottungga**, better known in Indonesia as **Dyah Wawa**, was a ruler of the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java, Indonesia (r. 924–929).

What is known of him is mainly thanks to an inscription engraved on the Minto Stone.

Wawa's son-in-law and successor, Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947), moved the court of Mataram from Central Java to East Java in 929. The latter could have buried the former at Belahan Temple near Pasuruan in East Java.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Wawa of Mataram | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Mataram | |
| Reign | 924 – 929 |
| Predecessor | Rakai Layang Dyah Tulodong |
| Successor | Rakai Hino Dyah Siṇḍok |
|  | |
| Born | Dyah Wawa |
| Issue | Dyah Kbi |
| Regnal name  Sri Maharaja Rakai Pangkaja Dyah Wawa Sri Wijayalokanamotungga | |
| House | Sanjaya |
| Religion | Shivaist Hinduism |


title: Viviana Chávez

abstract: Viviana Chávez is an Argentinean marathon runner. She finished 125th at the 2016 Olympics. She took up long-distance running in 2010.

text:
# Viviana Chávez

**Viviana Chávez** (born 28 May 1987) is an Argentinean marathon runner. She finished 125th at the 2016 Olympics. She took up long-distance running in 2010.

## InfoBox

Viviana Chávez
| Chávez at the 2016 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1987-05-28) 28 May 1987<br>San Juan, Argentina |
| Height | 164 cm (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 52 kg (115 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event | Marathon |
| Club | FILA |
| Coached by | Dario Nunez |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 2:38:27 (2016) |


title: Salutes Bessie Smith

abstract: Salutes Bessie Smith is the second album by American pianist Amina Claudine Myers, recorded in 1980 for the Leo label.

text:
# Salutes Bessie Smith

***Salutes Bessie Smith*** is the second album by American pianist Amina Claudine Myers, recorded in 1980 for the Leo label.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos stated: "Vocal perfection and landmark recording for this keyboardist and singer. Desert island music".

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Amina Claudine Myers except as indicated* 1. "Wasted Life Blues" (Bessie Smith) - 6:58
2. "Dirty No-Gooder's Blues" (Smith) - 4:13
3. "Jailhouse Blues" (Smith) - 6:43
4. "It Makes My Love Come Down" (Smith) - 3:50
5. "The Blues \[Straight to You\]" - 7:10
6. "African Blues" - 14:44

* Recorded at Big Apple Recording Studios in New York City on June 19 & 22, 1980

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Salutes Bessie Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Amina Claudine Myers | |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | June 19 & 22, 1980 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 43:38 |
| Label | Leo |
| Producer | Leo Feigin |
| Amina Claudine Myers chronology | |
| *Song for Mother E*
(1979) ***Salutes Bessie Smith***
(1980) *The Circle of Time*
(1983) | |


title: Nando Bruno

abstract: Nando Bruno was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 84 films between 1938 and 1961. He was born in Rome, Italy and he died there.

text:
# Nando Bruno

**Nando Bruno** (6 October 1895  10 April 1963) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 84 films between 1938 and 1961. He was born in Rome, Italy and he died there.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Nando Bruno | |
| --- | --- |
| Nando Bruno in *How I Lost the War* (1948) | |
| Born | Fernando Bruno
(1895-10-06)6 October 1895
Rome, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 10 April 1963(1963-04-10) (aged 67)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1938-1961 |