abstract: The men's 50 metre rifle three positions team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 7 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range. The rifle 3 positions consists of the kneeling, prone, and standing positions, fired in that order, with 3×40 shots. The caliber was.22 Long Rifle (5.6 mm). Chinese team with Cai Yalin, Qiu Jian and Yao Ye won the gold medal after setting a new Asian record with 3472 points. The previous record was 3461 set seven years ago in Jakarta. The host team South Korea finished second only two points behind China and won the silver medal. Kazakhstan team won the bronze medal with the score of 3452, twelve points more than fourth placed team Kyrgyzstan. there were eleven teams in the competition with Uzbekistan, Malaysia, Thailand, Mongolia, India and Oman finished fifth to eleventh in that order.

text:
# Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions team

The men's 50 metre rifle three positions team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 7 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

The rifle 3 positions consists of the kneeling, prone, and standing positions, fired in that order, with 3×40 shots. The caliber was .22 Long Rifle (5.6 mm).

Chinese team with Cai Yalin, Qiu Jian and Yao Ye won the gold medal after setting a new Asian record with 3472 points. The previous record was 3461 set seven years ago in Jakarta.

The host team South Korea (Cha Young-chul, Nam Hyung-jin and Park Bong-duk) finished second only two points behind China and won the silver medal.

Kazakhstan team (Sergey Belyayev, Vitaliy Dovgun and Yuriy Melsitov) won the bronze medal with the score of 3452, twelve points more than fourth placed team Kyrgyzstan. there were eleven teams in the competition with Uzbekistan, Malaysia, Thailand, Mongolia, India and Oman finished fifth to eleventh in that order.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monday, 7 October 2002 | 09:00 | Final |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows.

| **World Record** | Belarus | **3499** | Brno, Czech Republic | 5 August 1993 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Asian Record** | China | **3461** | Jakarta, Indonesia | 10 October 1995 |
| **Games Record** | South Korea | **3459** | Beijing, China | 29 September 1990 |

## Results

| Rank | Team | Prone | | | | Standing | | | | Kneeling | | | | Total | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | |
|  | China (CHN) | 298 | 297 | 295 | 296 | 285 | 283 | 286 | 285 | 289 | 290 | 289 | 279 | **3472** | **AR** |
|  | Cai Yalin | 100 | 99 | 96 | 99 | 97 | 93 | 94 | 96 | 94 | 96 | 98 | 93 | 1155 |  |
|  | Qiu Jian | 99 | 99 | 100 | 98 | 93 | 94 | 96 | 94 | 99 | 97 | 96 | 92 | 1157 |  |
|  | Yao Ye | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 95 | 94 | 1160 |  |
|  | South Korea (KOR) | 294 | 297 | 297 | 294 | 289 | 275 | 286 | 281 | 293 | 287 | 289 | 288 | **3470** |  |
|  | Cha Young-chul | 98 | 98 | 99 | 97 | 94 | 89 | 97 | 94 | 98 | 96 | 97 | 94 | 1151 |  |
|  | Nam Hyung-jin | 98 | 99 | 100 | 98 | 97 | 92 | 95 | 92 | 99 | 96 | 97 | 96 | 1159 |  |
|  | Park Bong-duk | 98 | 100 | 98 | 99 | 98 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 98 | 1160 |  |
|  | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 293 | 295 | 295 | 295 | 271 | 283 | 281 | 276 | 293 | 294 | 283 | 293 | **3452** |  |
|  | Sergey Belyayev | 98 | 98 | 99 | 98 | 88 | 94 | 91 | 90 | 97 | 96 | 93 | 99 | 1141 |  |
|  | Vitaliy Dovgun | 98 | 98 | 97 | 98 | 94 | 95 | 97 | 92 | 100 | 99 | 94 | 97 | 1159 |  |
|  | Yuriy Melsitov | 97 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 89 | 94 | 93 | 94 | 96 | 99 | 96 | 97 | 1152 |  |
| 4 | Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) | 297 | 296 | 292 | 295 | 280 | 277 | 284 | 281 | 282 | 288 | 276 | 292 | **3440** |  |
|  | Aleksandr Babchenko | 100 | 98 | 96 | 99 | 93 | 91 | 95 | 93 | 95 | 99 | 95 | 97 | 1151 |  |
|  | Tachir Ismailov | 99 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 95 | 94 | 96 | 93 | 96 | 92 | 89 | 97 | 1147 |  |
|  | Yuri Lomov | 98 | 100 | 97 | 97 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 95 | 91 | 97 | 92 | 98 | 1142 |  |
| 5 | Uzbekistan (UZB) | 291 | 294 | 296 | 294 | 278 | 283 | 277 | 282 | 287 | 286 | 287 | 282 | **3437** |  |
|  | Sergey Kharitonov | 98 | 99 | 97 | 98 | 91 | 92 | 88 | 88 | 94 | 97 | 97 | 93 | 1132 |  |
|  | Ivan Shakhov | 96 | 96 | 99 | 98 | 95 | 96 | 92 | 97 | 97 | 93 | 95 | 92 | 1146 |  |
|  | Vyacheslav Skoromnov | 97 | 99 | 100 | 98 | 92 | 95 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 97 | 1159 |  |
| 6 | Japan (JPN) | 293 | 297 | 296 | 293 | 283 | 280 | 274 | 277 | 286 | 283 | 285 | 276 | **3423** |  |
|  | Naoki Isobe | 97 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 92 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 93 | 92 | 95 | 90 | 1139 |  |
|  | Toshikazu Yamashita | 98 | 99 | 100 | 97 | 96 | 91 | 85 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 96 | 95 | 1146 |  |
|  | Masaru Yanagida | 98 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 88 | 96 | 93 | 94 | 91 | 1138 |  |
| 7 | Malaysia (MAS) | 292 | 291 | 289 | 296 | 284 | 277 | 273 | 280 | 285 | 284 | 284 | 285 | **3420** |  |
|  | Sabki Mohd Din | 99 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 94 | 91 | 91 | 94 | 95 | 91 | 92 | 95 | 1135 |  |
|  | Mohd Hameleay Mutalib | 96 | 96 | 95 | 98 | 96 | 93 | 88 | 94 | 96 | 98 | 96 | 93 | 1139 |  |
|  | Emran Zakaria | 97 | 98 | 96 | 100 | 94 | 93 | 94 | 92 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 1146 |  |
| 8 | Thailand (THA) | 289 | 293 | 291 | 294 | 281 | 287 | 276 | 278 | 271 | 282 | 286 | 283 | **3411** |  |
|  | Nutchavapong Kuntawong | 98 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 91 | 93 | 89 | 93 | 87 | 91 | 93 | 94 | 1122 |  |
|  | Tevarit Majchacheep | 96 | 99 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 98 | 93 | 94 | 92 | 94 | 100 | 96 | 1149 |  |
|  | Varavut Majchacheep | 95 | 97 | 98 | 100 | 94 | 96 | 94 | 91 | 92 | 97 | 93 | 93 | 1140 |  |
| 9 | Mongolia (MGL) | 294 | 296 | 290 | 292 | 288 | 279 | 273 | 275 | 279 | 285 | 273 | 284 | **3408** |  |
|  | Nergüin Enkhbaatar | 98 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 97 | 90 | 92 | 94 | 92 | 95 | 88 | 95 | 1137 |  |
|  | Olzodyn Enkhsaikhan | 97 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 92 | 91 | 89 | 92 | 93 | 90 | 95 | 1128 |  |
|  | Tsedevdorjiin Mönkh-Erdene | 99 | 99 | 94 | 97 | 94 | 97 | 90 | 92 | 95 | 97 | 95 | 94 | 1143 |  |
| 10 | India (IND) | 290 | 291 | 287 | 291 | 281 | 286 | 277 | 271 | 283 | 287 | 287 | 275 | **3406** |  |
|  | Thambukthira Palangappa | 96 | 95 | 96 | 94 | 92 | 95 | 94 | 90 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 92 | 1132 |  |
|  | Subbaiah Airira Pemmaiah | 99 | 100 | 97 | 99 | 94 | 95 | 91 | 92 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 88 | 1142 |  |
|  | Charan Singh | 95 | 96 | 94 | 98 | 95 | 96 | 92 | 89 | 93 | 95 | 94 | 95 | 1132 |  |
| 11 | Oman (OMA) | 290 | 294 | 292 | 293 | 263 | 277 | 277 | 276 | 286 | 287 | 279 | 281 | **3395** |  |
|  | Dadallah Al-Bulushi | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 89 | 91 | 88 | 93 | 97 | 97 | 93 | 91 | 1133 |  |
|  | Mohammed Al-Hanai | 96 | 97 | 95 | 97 | 85 | 90 | 94 | 88 | 95 | 94 | 90 | 92 | 1113 |  |
|  | Hilal Al-Rashidi | 96 | 99 | 98 | 97 | 89 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 96 | 96 | 98 | 1149 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 50 metre rifle 3 positions team <br>at the 2002 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Changwon International Shooting Range |
| Dates | 7 October |
| Competitors | 33 from 11 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Ulpian's life table

abstract: Ulpian's life table is an ancient Roman annuities table. It is known through a passage, originating from the jurist Aemilius Macer, preserved in edited form in Justinian's Digest. The table appears to provide a rough outline of ancient Roman life expectancy. Although it is not clear what population the table refers to, or how its data was gathered, Richard Duncan-Jones has suggested that it refers to slaves and ex-slaves, who were often the object of testamentary maintenance grants. Aemilius Macer probably lived in the 230s AD. He records the table in his systematic commentary on the lex Julia de vicesima hereditatium, an Augustan law of 6 AD that put a 5 percent tax on inheritances. Despite its many numbers, the fragment does not appear to be afflicted by any serious textual corruption.

text:
# Ulpian's life table

**Ulpian's life table** is an ancient Roman annuities table. It is known through a passage, originating from the jurist Aemilius Macer, preserved in edited form in Justinian's *Digest*. The table appears to provide a rough outline of ancient Roman life expectancy. Although it is not clear what population the table refers to, or how its data was gathered, Richard Duncan-Jones has suggested that it refers to slaves and ex-slaves, who were often the object of testamentary maintenance grants.

Aemilius Macer probably lived in the 230s AD. He records the table in his systematic commentary on the *lex Julia de vicesima hereditatium*, an Augustan law of 6 AD that put a 5 percent tax on inheritances. Despite its many numbers, the fragment does not appear to be afflicted by any serious textual corruption.

## Table

Macer's text provides two figures: a *forma*, or schedule, presented by Ulpian (d. 223), and a customary (*solitum est*) schedule that antedates Ulpian's. The *forma* is described as a means of calculating tax for *alimenta* and usufructs. The age of the legatee is checked against the table; the figure recorded on the table is multiplied by annuity's annual value. Five percent of this last figure is what is owed in tax. Ulpian's life table gives figures broadly consistent with the Coale–Demeny Model West life table: female life expectancy at birth is 22.5 years, male life expectancy is 20.4. Its mortality figures are thus higher than those of most models, though the statistical flaws in the evidence itself has encouraged interpretative caution.

Although, among moderns, "life expectancy" tends to mean "the average number of years lived after age *x*", the table figures probably represent median life expectancy (i.e., the number of years elapsed before half the selected population is dead). After childhood, the two figures are quite close, but childhood mortality causes the figures for the first years of life to diverge. The figures given are too high to represent the predicted market value of the annuity at a conservative rate of return on capital (assuming the annual rate of 4%, the present value of an annuity for a person with a lifespan of sixty years would be approximately twenty-three times the annual value of the annuity, compared to 30 given in the table for the first group). The table therefore most likely represents the rate at which the annual tax payment on the annuity was staggered: a 5% tax was paid on each annual payment received by the legatee until the tax office had received the figure produced by the table. If the legatee died before the median age, leaving part of the tax unpaid, the tax would either be forgiven (out of sympathy for the family so bereaved) or added on to the tax fees of the legatee's heir.

| **Ulpian's life table and the customary life table** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Annuitant's present age (*x*)** | **Corresponding figure** | |
| | **Ulpian** | **Customary** |
| 019 | 30 | 30 |
| 2024 | 28 | |
| 2529 | 25 | |
| 3034 | 22 | (60-*x*) |
| 3539 | 20 | |
| 4049 | (60-*x*-1) | |
| 5054 | 9 | |
| 5559 | 7 | |
| 60 | 5 | 0 (?) |
| After Frier, "Roman life expectancy", 217, table 1. | | | | | | |

Frier states that the table does not plausibly represent life expectancy either in early childhood, between forty and fifty, or after sixty. This may be because these ages were difficult for the creators of the table to handle, or because they may have been easily ignored; children do not often receive annuities, for example. Despite these errors, the table corresponds well to other observed populations with abnormally high mortality rates (such as postwar Mauritius), and to *a priori* constructions of plausible Roman age structures. The picture the table presents is appalling: a society with one of the highest mortality rates on record, with a predicted life expectancy at birth of between 19 and 23.

Keith Hopkins called the table not "demographically possible". Richard P. Saller concluded that the table "includes too many schematic and unrealistic elements" to persuade him that it was "based on good data using appropriate demographic techniques". Richard Duncan-Jones observes that the corresponding figure for Mauritius – a male life expectancy at birth of 32.25 – far exceeded the table figure of 21.11, as did all the corresponding readings from the Princeton South model life table. The implied reproduction rate under the table is accordingly very high, and perhaps higher than any rate observed in modern history.

Duncan-Jones suggests that the subjects of Ulpian's table were largely slaves or ex-slaves. Ulpian's life table was produced to assess the value of bequests of maintenance annuities in money or in kind, and specifically for maintenance grants, which ceased on the death of the recipient. The beneficiaries of life annuities were typically members of the decedent's household, which meant slaves or ex-slaves. Pliny the Younger's will, for example, supported 100 of his freedmen. If Ulpian's table is empirical, it would reflect life expectancy of this population, to which it would have been applied. As such, its figures may be relatively plausible, if very crude.

## Text and translation

*Digest* 35.2.68, tr. S. P. Scott

### Ancient sources

* *Digest*.

* Scott, S.P., trans. *The Digest or Pandects* in *The Civil Law*. 17 vols. Cincinnati: Central Trust Company, 1932. Online at the Constitution Society. Accessed 31 August 2009.

### Modern sources

* Duncan-Jones, Richard. *Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy*, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
* Frier, Bruce W. "Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian's Evidence", *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology* 86 (1982), 21351.
* Frier, Bruce W. "Demography", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., *The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70192*, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 82754.
* Hopkins, Keith. "On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population", *Population Studies* 20:2 (1966), 24564.
* Saller, Richard P. "Men's Age at Marriage and its Consequences in the Roman Family", *Classical Philology* 82:1 (1987), 21–34.


title: Tomashovka

abstract: Tomashovka, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 3700 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 150–250 hectares hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

text:
# Tomashovka

**Tomashovka**, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 3700 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 150–250 hectares (370–620 acres) hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.


title: Villa Caro

abstract: Villa Caro is a Colombian municipality and town located in the department of Norte de Santander.

text:
# Villa Caro

**Villa Caro** is a Colombian municipality and town located in the department of Norte de Santander.

7°55′01″N 72°58′35″W / 7.91694°N 72.9764°W / 7.91694; -72.9764

## InfoBox

| Villa Caro | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Villa Caro in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Norte de Santander Department |
| Area | |
| Municipality and town | 402 km2 (155 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,600 m (5,200 ft) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Municipality and town | 5,192 |
| Urban | 1,961 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |


title: The Buccaneers of Shadaki

abstract: The Buccaneers of Shadaki is the twenty second book of the award-winning Lone Wolf book series.

text:
# The Buccaneers of Shadaki

***The Buccaneers of Shadaki*** is the twenty second book of the award-winning Lone Wolf book series.

## Plot

This is the second half of Lone Wolf's apprentice’s voyage to the Isle of Lorn to return the Moonstone to its proper place among the Shianti.

The book is notable for retracing, in a sense, the steps of the protagonist Grey Star in The World of Lone Wolf series. Major characters and events from that series, such as Grey Star, Agarash the Damned, Shasarak the Wytch-King and Mother Magri, are referenced in passing, and a number of important locations such as the city of Shadaki and the Inn of the Laughing Moon in Suhn make cameo appearances.

## InfoBox

The Buccaneers of Shadaki
| British cover, original release | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Joe Dever |
| Illustrator | Brian Williams |
| Cover artist | Brian Williams |
| Language | English |
| Series | Lone Wolf |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | Red Fox |
| Publication date | 1994 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Preceded by | *Voyage of the Moonstone* |
| Followed by | *Mydnight's Hero* |


title: Ospenke

abstract: The Ospenke is a left tributary of the Söse near Osterode in the Harz Mountains of central Germany in the state of Lower Saxony.

text:
# Ospenke

The **Ospenke** is a left tributary of the Söse near Osterode in the Harz Mountains of central Germany in the state of Lower Saxony.

## Course

The Ospenke rises between the valleys of the Apenke and Eipenke, runs parallel to the latter and empties from the left into the Söse in the suburb of Scheerenberg.

1. Google Earth

## InfoBox

| Ospenke | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | east of Osterode |
| coordinates | 51°43′23″N 10°18′32″E / 51.7230667°N 10.308775°E / 51.7230667; 10.308775 |
| elevation | ca. 390 m above sea level (NN) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | east of Osterode into the Söse |
| coordinates | 51°43′47″N 10°17′32″E / 51.7296972°N 10.2922361°E / 51.7296972; 10.2922361 |
| elevation | ca. 260 m above sea level (NN) |
| Length | 1.5 km (0.93 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | SöseRhumeLeineAllerWeserNorth Sea |


title: Texas State Highway 242

abstract: State Highway 242 is a Texas state highway connecting The Woodlands and Patton Village in southeast Texas.

text:
# Texas State Highway 242

**State Highway 242** (**SH 242**) is a Texas state highway connecting The Woodlands and Patton Village in southeast Texas.

## Route description

SH 242 begins at FM 1488 in The Woodlands. The highway, also known locally as College Park Drive, curves to the southeast and passes to the south of W. G. Jones State Forest. It then turns to the east and crosses I-45 in the southern outskirts of Conroe. East of I-45, the highway is also known locally as Needham Road until its intersection with Lexington Drive, where Needham Road turns north towards the San Jacinto River. The route continues to the east, crossing FM 1314 and FM 1485, before reaching its eastern terminus at I-69 / US 59 in Patton Village.

## History

**SH 242** was originally designated on December 22, 1936 as a route from SH 6 at or near Hempstead to SH 38 (now SH 6) at or near Sugar Land. This route was deleted on September 26, 1939, as it became part of SH 6. SH 242 was designated between I-45 and US 59 (now dual-signed as I-69/US 59) on May 22, 1985. The westward extension to FM 1488 was designated on May 29, 1986.

A pair of flyover ramps connecting SH 242 westbound to southbound I-45 and northbound I-45 to westbound SH 242 were constructed in 2015 by the Montgomery County Transportation Program (MCTP). The flyovers were both tolled, utilizing solely electronic toll collection and were opened to the public on May 11, 2015, initially toll-free. Between July 6, 2015, and May 28, 2019, the flyovers were tolled, with the Montgomery County Toll Road Authority (MCTRA) owning and maintaining the ramps while the Harris County Toll Road Authority (HCTRA) collected the toll fees. After a unanimous vote by the Montgomery County Commissioners Court, the tolls on the flyovers were lifted, with ownership and maintenance being transferred to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Another flyover ramp from northbound I-45 to eastbound SH 242 is scheduled for bidding beginning in August 2024, with construction commencing by the end of the year. This project will have an estimated cost of $19.1 Million. Long term plans also include a three-level diamond interchange with an overpass for SH 242 through movements over I-45.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Montgomery County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Woodlands | 0.0 | 0.0 | FM 1488 Magnolia, Conroe | Western terminus |
| Conroe | 4.4 | 7.1 | I-45 Houston, Dallas | I-45 exit 79 southbound; 79A & 79B northbound. |
| | 4.7 | 7.6 | South Trade Center Parkway | Interchange |
|  | 10.5 | 16.9 | FM 1314 Conroe, Porter | Interchange |
|  | 15.2 | 24.5 | FM 1485 New Caney |  |
| Patton Village | 21.6 | 34.8 | I-69 / US 59 Houston, Cleveland | I-69/US 59 exit 161; eastern terminus. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Highway 242 | |
| --- | --- |
| SH 242, highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 21.633 mi (34.815 km) |
| Existed | 1985–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | FM 1488 in The Woodlands |
| Major intersections | I-45 in Conroe |
| East end | I-69 / US 59 in Patton Village |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | Montgomery |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SH 241   SH 243 | |


title: The Three Stooges Meet Hercules

abstract: The Three Stooges Meet Hercules is a 1962 American comedy fantasy film directed by Edward Bernds. It is the third feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita. Released by Columbia Pictures, The Three Stooges Meet Hercules was directed by long-time Stooges director Edward Bernds. It was the most financially successful of the Stooges' feature films.

text:
# The Three Stooges Meet Hercules

***The Three Stooges Meet Hercules*** is a 1962 American comedy fantasy film directed by Edward Bernds. It is the third feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita (dubbed "Curly Joe"). Released by Columbia Pictures, *The Three Stooges Meet Hercules* was directed by long-time Stooges director Edward Bernds. It was the most financially successful of the Stooges' feature films.

## Plot

The Stooges find themselves embroiled in an unexpected journey through time when they assist their neighbor, Schuyler Davis, in constructing a time machine. Transported to Ithaca in ancient Greece during the reign of King Odius, the Stooges and their companions become entangled in a series of misadventures. Initially mistaken for gods due to their arrival coinciding with the imprisonment of Ulysses, they must navigate the amorous advances of the lecherous king while attempting to rectify the historical disruption they have caused.

Following a daring escape and a perilous shipwreck, the group, armed with Curly Joe's soporific concoction, successfully vanquishes a Siamese Cyclops. Their exploits then take an unexpected turn as they showcase Schuyler's newly acquired strength, forged through laborious rowing in a galley, at a local gladiatorial arena. This remarkable feat propels Schuyler into the role of Hercules, culminating in encounters with the genuine Hercules and subsequent collaboration to rescue Diane Quigley, Schuyler's disaffected girlfriend, from Odius's clutches.

Their exploits culminate in a chariot chase and a strategic maneuver to restore the proper course of history by depositing King Odius in the Wild West. Upon their return to the present day, they find their employer, Dimsal, inexplicably trapped in a pillory.

## Cast

## Production notes

*The Three Stooges Meet Hercules* was filmed over 13 days on June 6–22, 1961. The film marked the return of director Edward Bernds, who had worked with Stooges during the Shemp Howard era through 1952 and was recruited to help revive several proven routines from the past. Bernds later commented, "The team wasn't the same. They were older and I had to remind myself to be careful with them. I didn't want them to have a heart attack in the middle of a scene. If they had to run up a flight of stairs, I'd cut to something and jump to them at the top of the stairs." Bernds also commented on working with new third Stooge, Joe DeRita: "\[Joe DeRita\] wasn't quite the typical Stooge, he wasn't quite as willing to be hurt as Curly was or even Shemp. And Moe was very considerate of him and Joe DeRita was a little temperamental and didn't like to be hurt. Moe took pains to make sure that Joe wasn't hurt the way Larry was, for instance, or the way Shemp used to be. He didn't get slapped as much. We had to use doubles more for Joe DeRita than we did Shemp or Curly."

### Injury

Larry Fine sustained an injury that landed him in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center when filming a scene that involved climbing aboard a parked chariot. The 300-pound DeRita lost his grip and fell directly on top of Fine, knocking him unconscious. Fine was rushed to the hospital and quickly discharged when deemed fit enough to return to work. It was during Fine's brief hospital stay that he was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, which he controlled by resisting foods containing sugar for the remainder of his life (Fine died in January 1975).

## Reception

Moe Howard expressed his fondness for the film in 1973, stating "Of course *Hercules* I liked very much. Especially when we were in the slave ship. We had a great special effects team on that."

## InfoBox

| The Three Stooges Meet Hercules | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Edward Bernds |
| Screenplay by | Elwood Ullman |
| Story by | Norman Maurer |
| Produced by | Norman Maurer |
| Starring | Moe Howard
Larry Fine
Joe DeRita
Vicki Trickett
Quinn Redeker
George N. Neise
Samson Burke
Emil Sitka
Hal Smith
Marlin McKeever
Mike McKeever |
| Cinematography | Scotty Welbourne |
| Edited by | Edwin H. Bryant |
| Music by | Paul Dunlap |
| Production
company | Normandy Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * January 26, 1962 (1962-01-26) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $420,000 |
| Box office | $2 million or $1,175,000 (US/Canada) |


title: Vikarabad district

abstract: Vikarabad district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Vikarabad is the headquarters of the district..The district shares boundaries with Sangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, and Ranga Reddy districts and the state boundary of Karnataka.

text:
# Vikarabad district

**Vikarabad district** is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Vikarabad is the headquarters of the district..The district shares boundaries with Sangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, and Ranga Reddy districts and the state boundary of Karnataka.

## Geography

The district is spread over an area of 3,386.00 square kilometres (1,307.34 sq mi). This district is bounded by Sangareddy district in the north, Ranga Reddy district in the east, Mahbubnagar district in the south and Karnataka in the west.

## Demographics

| Religion in Vikarabad district (2011) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  |  | |
| Hinduism | |  | 85.63% | |
| Islam | |  | 13.12% | |
| Christianity | |  | 0.58% | |
| Other or not stated | |  | 0.67% | |

As of 2011 Census of India, the district has a population of 927,140. Vikarabad had a sex ratio of 1001 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 57.91%. 114901 (12.39%) were under 6 years of age. 124,969 (13.48%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 179,730 (19.39%) and 94,623 (10.21%) of the population respectively.

Languages of Vikarabad district (2011)

Telugu (75.23%)  Urdu (12.90%)  Lambadi (9.97%)  Others (1.90%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 75.23% of the population spoke Telugu, 12.90% Urdu and 9.97% Lambadi as their first language.

## Administrative divisions

The district will have two revenue divisions of Tandur and Vikarabad. It is sub-divided into 20 mandals. Narayana Reddy Garu I.A.S. is the present collector of the district.

### Mandals

| S.No. | Vikarabad revenue division | S.No. | Tandur revenue division |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Marpalle | 13 | Peddemul |
| 2 | Mominpet | 14 | Yelal |
| 3 | Nawabpet | 15 | Kodangal |
| 4 | Vikarabad | 16 | Bommaraspet |
| 5 | Pudur | 17 | Basheerabad |
| 6 | Kulkacherla | 18 | Doulthabad |
| 7 | Doma | 19 | Tandur |
| 8 | Pargi |  |  |
| 9 | Dharur |  |  |
| 10 | Kotepally |  |  |
| 11 | Bantwaram |  |  |
| 12 | Chowdapur |  |  |

## Villages

## InfoBox

| Vikarabad district | |
| --- | --- |
| District of Telangana | |
| Top: Anantha Padmanabha Swamy Temple
Bottom: Ananatagiri Hills | |
| Location in Telangana | |
| **Vikarabad district** | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Headquarters | Vikarabad |
| Mandalas | 20 |
| Government | |
| District collector | NARAYANA REDDY |
| Parliamentary constituencies | Chevella, Mahbubnagar |
| Assembly constituencies | Vikarabad, Tandur Parigi, Kodangal |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,386.00 km2 (1,307.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 927,140 |
| Density | 270/km2 (710/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TG–34 |
| Website | vikarabad.telangana.gov.in |


title: Villa Cyrnos

abstract: Villa Cyrnos is a Belle Époque-style villa in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the Côte d'Azur in Southern France. It was designed by Hans-Georg Tersling, one of the most productive architects of the period on the French Riviera.

text:
# Villa Cyrnos

**Villa Cyrnos** is a Belle Époque-style villa in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the Côte d'Azur in Southern France. It was designed by Hans-Georg Tersling, one of the most productive architects of the period on the French Riviera.

## History

The villa, named after the ancient Greek for Corsica, was built in 1892 for Eugénie de Montijo, wife of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French and the last Empress consort of the French. The former Empress wanted her own palace instead of staying with her friend Elisabeth, known as "Sisi", Empress of Austria. Elisabeth became a regular guest at the villa. Queen Victoria was another of Eugénie's friends and visited the villa annually.

In 1920, the villa was inherited by Marie-Laetitia Bonaparte who, during her widowhood, maintained a scandalous relationship with Norberto Fischer, a military man twenty years her junior. As the sole heir in her will, he inherited the house in 1926 and lived there—since his 1928 marriage, with opera singer Vina Bovy—until his death in 1950. In 1960 Bovy sold the house.

## Villa Cypris

It is adjacent to Villa Cypris.

Media related to Villa Cyrnos at Wikimedia Commons

43°45′09″N 7°28′34″E / 43.75250°N 7.47611°E / 43.75250; 7.47611


title: Villa La Florida

abstract: Villa La Florida is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is located in the Quilmes Partido in the south of the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration.

text:
# Villa La Florida

**Villa La Florida** is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is located in the Quilmes Partido in the south of the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration.

* Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

| Villa La Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Villa La FloridaLocation in Greater Buenos Aires | |
| Coordinates: 34°43′S 58°17′W / 34.717°S 58.283°W / -34.717; -58.283 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Buenos Aires |
| Partido | Quilmes |
| Founded | 1926 |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Population (2001 census \[INDEC\]) | |
| Total | 31,268 |
| CPA Base | 1881 |
| Area code | +54 11 |


title: Violetta Napierska

abstract: Violetta Napierska was a film actress. Most of her acting career she worked in German silent films, often with Béla Lugosi, Lee Parry and director Richard Eichberg. She was born in Germany in 1890, and died in Italy in 1968. The band Darling Violetta took their name from the salutation allegedly used by Béla Lugosi in his letters to Violetta Napierska.

text:
# Violetta Napierska

**Violetta Napierska** (sometimes *Violette Napierska*) was a film actress. Most of her acting career she worked in German silent films, often with Béla Lugosi (with whom she had a romantic relationship for a time), Lee Parry and director Richard Eichberg. She was born in Germany in 1890, and died in Italy in 1968 (at age 78).

The band Darling Violetta took their name from the salutation allegedly used by Béla Lugosi in his letters to Violetta Napierska.

## Filmography

| original title | English title | year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *La Vena d'Oro* |  | 1955 |
| *Coeur de gueux* |  | 1936 |
| *Cuor di vagabondo* |  | 1936 |
| *La coqueluche de ces dames* |  | 1935 |
| *Le p'tit Parigot* |  | 1926 |
| *Der Mitternachtszug* |  | 1923 |
| *Die graue Macht* |  | 1923 |
| *Ihre Hoheit die Tänzerin* (later retitled *The Ordeal of Eva Grunwald*) |  | 1922 |
| *Der Verfluchte* |  | 1921 |
| *Die Macht des Blutes - 2. In der Schlinge des Inders* |  | 1921 |
| *Die Macht des Blutes - 1. Der Tod in Venedig* |  | 1921 |
| *Die Kette der Schuld* |  | 1921 |
| *Sträflingsketten - 2. Das Geständnis vor dem Tod* |  | 1920 |
| *Staatsanwalt Briands Abenteuer - 2. Dem Wellengrab entronnen* |  | 1920 |
| *Staatsanwalt Briands Abenteuer - 1. Die ungültige Ehe* |  | 1920 |
| *Der Tanz auf dem Vulkan - 2. Der Tod des Großfürsten* | *Dance on the Volcano II*
*Daughter of the Night* (USA) | 1920 |
| *Der Tanz auf dem Vulkan - 1. Sybil Young* | *Dance on the Volcano I*
*Daughter of the Night* (USA) | 1920 |
| *Hypnosis* (aka *Slave of a Foreign Will*) | *Hypnosis* | 1920 |
| *Der Fluch der Menschheit, 2. Teil - Im Rausche der Milliarden* | *In the Ecstasy of Billions* | 1920 |
| *Der Fluch der Menschheit, 1. Teil - Die Tochter der Arbeit* | *The Curse of Man* | 1920 |
| *Die Abenteuer der Marquise von Königsmarck* |  | 1919 |
| *Jettatore* |  | 1919 |
| *Nonne und Tänzerin* |  | 1919 |
| *Sünden der Eltern* | *Sins of the Parents* | 1919 |

## InfoBox

| Violetta Napierska | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1890
Germany |
| Died | 1968 (in Italy) |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Violetta Parisini

abstract: Violetta Parisini is an Austrian pop singer and songwriter. Parisini completed her studies in philosophy and theater studies. She started DJing and singing in clubs in the mid-2000s, mainly in Austria and Germany and took part in various productions. She was featured in Mieze Medusa & Tenderboy song "Nicht meine Revolution" that won the Protestsong contest in 2007. After several EPs, she released her solo album on 28 May 2010 titled Giving You My Heart to Mend in collaboration with musician and Florian Cojocaru. The same year, she was nominated for Best Pop / Rock artists during the Amadeus Austrian Music Awards 2010 nominations and for the FM4 Awards. She also was featured in The24seven's "Stand Still" in 2009 Struboskop's release "Don't Stop Robot" in 2010. She was the opening act for Joe Cocker's tour in Austria and Germany, accompanied by a band that included Florian Cojocaru on guitar, Pohn Alex on drums, and Parisini on piano. In 2011, she was a vocalist at the singer at the Slow Club Revisited, a band project, in which Wolfgang Schlögl and Thomas Rabitsch continued the idea of their earlier group known as The Slow Club, that had stopped after the death of the project's singer Hansi Lang. This was followed by the album Open Secrets in 2012.

text:
# Violetta Parisini

**Violetta Parisini** (born Vienna, Austria in 1980) is an Austrian pop singer and songwriter.

Parisini completed her studies in philosophy and theater studies. She started DJing and singing in clubs in the mid-2000s, mainly in Austria and Germany and took part in various productions. She was featured in Mieze Medusa & Tenderboy song "Nicht meine Revolution" that won the Protestsong contest in 2007. After several EPs, she released her solo album on 28 May 2010 titled *Giving You My Heart to Mend* in collaboration with musician and Florian Cojocaru. The same year, she was nominated for Best Pop / Rock artists during the Amadeus Austrian Music Awards 2010 nominations and for the FM4 Awards. She also was featured in The24seven's "Stand Still" in 2009 Struboskop's release "Don't Stop Robot" in 2010.

She was the opening act for Joe Cocker's tour in Austria and Germany, accompanied by a band that included Florian Cojocaru on guitar, Pohn Alex on drums, and Parisini on piano. In 2011, she was a vocalist at the singer at the Slow Club Revisited, a band project, in which Wolfgang Schlögl and Thomas Rabitsch continued the idea of their earlier group known as The Slow Club, that had stopped after the death of the project's singer Hansi Lang. This was followed by the album *Open Secrets* in 2012.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT<br> |
| 2010 | *Giving You my Heart to Mend* | 52 |
| 2012 | *Open Secrets* | 23 |
|

### EPs

* 2010: *Stop*
* 2010: *Faces & People*
* 2010: *The Blackest Coffee*
* 2010: *On You*
* 2011: *Auf den Dächern: Violetta Parisini (live on tape.tv)* (download album)


title: Villa Rufolo

abstract: Villa Rufolo is a villa within the historic center of Ravello, a town in the province of Salerno, southern Italy, which overlooks the front of the cathedral square. The initial layout dates from the 13th century, with extensive remodeling in the 19th century.

text:
# Villa Rufolo

**Villa Rufolo** is a *villa* within the historic center of Ravello, a town in the province of Salerno, southern Italy, which overlooks the front of the cathedral square. The initial layout dates from the 13th century, with extensive remodeling in the 19th century.

## History

Originally belonging to the powerful and wealthy Rufolo family who excelled in commerce (a Landolfo Rufolo has been immortalized by Boccaccio in the *Decameron*), it then passed by inheritance to other owners such as the Confalone, Muscettola and d'Afflitto.

Around the middle of the nineteenth century it was sold to the Scotsman Francis Neville Reid who took care of a general restoration, resulting in today's layout.

The villa is entered through an opening in the arched entrance tower, and after a short street a clearing is dominated by the Torre Maggiore: the latter facing the bell tower of the cathedral in Ravello, overlooking the terraces (upper and lower) as well as overlooking the Amalfi Coast and the Gulf of Salerno with flower gardens that are in bloom most of the year.

Of particular interest among the rooms of the villa is a large courtyard elevated like a cloister and some rooms forming a small museum.

The German opera composer Richard Wagner visited the villa in 1880. He was so overcome by the beauty of the location that he imagined the setting as the garden of Klingsor in the second act of Parsifal. In commemoration, every year the lower garden of Villa Rufolo hosts a Wagnerian concert.

40°38′39″N 14°36′39″E / 40.6442°N 14.6108°E / 40.6442; 14.6108


title: Violette Malan

abstract: Violette Malan is a Canadian editor and fantasy writer. She has a PhD in 18th-century English literature, and has worked as a teacher and a book reviewer.

text:
# Violette Malan

**Violette Malan** is a Canadian editor and fantasy writer. She has a PhD in 18th-century English literature, and has worked as a teacher and a book reviewer.

## Selected works

* *Dead In The Water* (editor with Therese Greenwood), 2006, Napoleon Publishing, ISBN 1-894917-37-5

The Mirror Prince series 1. *The Mirror Prince*, 2006, DAW Books, ISBN 0-7564-0339-1
2. *Shadowlands* , 2012, DAW, ISBN 978-0-7564-0740-7

Dhulyn and Parno series 1. *The Sleeping God*, 2007, DAW, ISBN 978-0-7564-0446-8
2. *The Soldier King*, 2008, DAW, ISBN 978-0-7564-0516-8
3. *The Storm Witch*, 2009, DAW, ISBN 978-0-7564-0574-8
4. *Path of the Sun*, 2010, DAW, ISBN 978-0-7564-0638-7

## InfoBox

| Violette Malan | |
| --- | --- |
| Malan at the 2012 Fan Expo Canada | |


title: Villieläin

abstract: Villieläin are a symphonic / power metal band from Tampere, Finland. They formed in 2006 and released a demo the same year. On August 19, 2009 they released their first studio album named Julma Satu, and went on indefinite hiatus soon afterwards.

text:
# Villieläin

**Villieläin** are a symphonic / power metal band from Tampere, Finland. They formed in 2006 and released a demo the same year. On August 19, 2009 they released their first studio album named *Julma Satu*, and went on indefinite hiatus soon afterwards.

## Background

The band was formed in 2006 by Emilia "Nemilia" Rantasalo, Jani Hölli, Timo Niemistö, Janne Juutinen and Dimitri Martinov, with the name of the band meaning *Wild Animal*. The group's lyrics centered around the idea of ”He who makes a beast of himself, gets rid of the pain of being a man”. Their music was inspired by the original gloomy fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and their lyrics also contained references to these stories. They incorporated female coloratura vocals, heavy metal riffs and industrial sounding keyboards into their songs. They toured regularly but were not signed to a record label until 2008, when they were signed to Universal Music. Another change was made in 2008. Janne Juutinen was replaced by Mikael Hakamies as the band's drummer.

Their first single "Kaiverrettu Hiekkaan" ("Engraved in Sand") was widely played on Finnish mainstream radio stations and was a download only release. It featured on the *Soundi 2009* compilation album. Their second single, "Voittamaton" ("Invincible") was released on May 12, 2009 and entered the Finnish top 20 singles charts at position 12, on the week beginning at August 2, 2009. The third single "Kuoleman Suudelma" ("Kiss of Death"), was released in August 2009.

### *Julma Satu*

The band's debut album, *Julma Satu* (*Cruel Fairytale*) was a mixture of heavy power metal, industrial sounds and acoustic influences. It was released on August 19, 2009 and reached #27 on the Finnish top 40 album charts, where it stayed for one week. Many Finnish musicians were involved in the songwriting and production of the album, including Manzana vocalist Piritta "Lumous" Vartola, Entwine drummer Aksu Hanttu and former Soulrelic vocalist Raymond Pohjola.

The album's booklet details the fairytale story of the characters as portrayed by the members, saying that they were a group of "outcasts, gathered together by a mystic shaman in order to avenge the evils done to them by humanity" and tells of a world where people live in past emotions, leaving the world with no future and a feeling of time standing still.

### Reception

Reception to the album was mixed to negative, with the group being criticized for "creating music that does not take itself seriously", sounding like "a cheap Nightwish copy and "a low cost version of Spinal Tap". Petri Klemetti remarked that "although putting fairy tale style lyrics to the sounds of metal is an original idea, it doesn't work because the music is too terrifying for children, but yet too childish for adults and therefore does not appeal to any specific target audience". The overall mixing of the album has been criticized as being "bland, dull, tasteless and colourless", although Aksu Hanttu has been commended for his involvement. However others are of the view that the overall production of the album is "a fresh extract of sounds previously demonstrated by Poisonblack" and an example of "fantastic modern heavy rock". Since 2013, however the band are steadily gaining popularity and exposure through social media and music discussion sites such as Last.fm.

### Eurovision 2010

Villieläin was one of the 30 entries taking part in SMS voting, which ran from 1st till 15 October 2009. Only three performers proceeded to the live selection phase. The band were entry 30 and entered the song "Ei Minua" ("Not Me") for selection as a song choice for Finland in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Oslo, Norway. The song received a large number of votes and thus finished in the top 10 of the web voting. However, since it did not finish in the top three, the band were eliminated from the competition.

### Indefinite Hiatus (2011-present)

In October 2009, the band’s official website was suddenly taken down, and the group's Metal Archives page listed them as having split-up.

In 2013, Nemilia gave an interview where she said that the group had "taken a break" and were working on their own projects, as they were disheartened with how low the album sales were (and also due to financial difficulties). Holli now plays keyboards for several other groups, Niemistö is now playing guitar in the progressive metal group Anthriel, and Martinov and Hakamies are working on private projects. Nemilia runs the company "Altissimo", where she offers vocal performances at various events. She also performs concerts with pianist Matthew Carter, and is taking singing lessons with opera singer and professor Seppo Ruohonen. When asked if there was any chance of the band reuniting, Rantasalo replied that there could be a possibility, but there were no plans for the foreseeable future.

As of 2014 Dimmu is playing bass in a Melodic Hard Rock band called *Randy Royal Machine.*, Tinke is recording a new album with Anthriel and is in a band with Teräsbetoni vocalist Jarkko Ahola called *Cosmic Spell*. Jani Hölli plays keyboards in the rock group Waltari.

It was speculated that Nemilia would be the new vocalist for symphonic metal group Amberian Dawn, but Capri Virkkunen was chosen instead.

## Members

### Last Known Line-up

### Former members

### Guest musicians

### Songwriters and collaborators

* Piritta "Lumous" Vartola (Manzana)
* Aksu Hanttu (Entwine)
* Tommy Suomala (Soulrelic)
* Raymond Pohjola (Soulrelic)
* Anna-Eerika Guzejev (Dean)
* Petri Alanko

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Demos and singles

* "Demo" (2006)
* "Kaiverrettu Hiekkaan" ("Engraved in Sand") (2008) - single
* "Voittamaton" ("Invincible") (2009) - single
* "Kuoleman Suudelma" ("Kiss of Death") (2009) - single
* "Ei Minua" ("Not Me") (2009) - unreleased commercially

## InfoBox

| Villieläin | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tampere, Finland |
| Genres | Symphonic / Power metal |
| Years active | 2006-2011 (Indefinite hiatus) |
| Labels | Universal Music Group |
|  | |
| Members | Emilia Rantasalo
Jani Hölli
Timo Niemistö
Dimitri Martinov
Mikael Hakamies |
|  | |
| Past members | Janne Juutinen |


title: Virtual human (disambiguation)

abstract:
A virtual human is a real or fictional human being rendered by software. Virtual human may also refer to:
  - Visible Human Project, an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body
  - Virtual Physiological Human, a methodological and technological framework
  - Virtual body, a state of being when inhabiting virtual reality or a virtual environment
  - Virtual actor, a creation or re-creation of a human being in image and voice using computer-generated imagery and sound

text:
# Virtual human (disambiguation)

A **virtual human** is a real or fictional human being rendered by software.

**Virtual human** may also refer to:

* Visible Human Project, an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body
* Virtual Physiological Human, a methodological and technological framework
* Virtual body, a state of being when inhabiting virtual reality or a virtual environment
* Virtual actor, a creation or re-creation of a human being in image and voice using computer-generated imagery and sound


title: Villasanta Parco railway station

abstract: Villasanta Parco railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Monza–Molteno railway, it serves the municipality of Villasanta in Lombardy. The train services are operated by Trenord. The original name was La Santa-Villa San Fiorano. Until 11 December 2022 it was called "Villasanta".

text:
# Villasanta Parco railway station

**Villasanta Parco railway station** is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Monza–Molteno railway, it serves the municipality of Villasanta in Lombardy. The train services are operated by Trenord. The original name was *La Santa-Villa San Fiorano*.

Until 11 December 2022 it was called "Villasanta".

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):

* Milan Metropolitan services (*S7*) Milan - Molteno - Lecco

| Preceding station | Milan suburban railway service | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Buttafavatowards Lecco |  | Trenord
S7 |  | Monza Sobborghitowards Milano Porta Garibaldi |

1. "Servizio Ferroviario Suburbano". *Muoversi in Lombardia*. Regione Lombardia. April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
2. "Orario del 1917".
3. Trenord

## InfoBox

| Villasanta Parco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Villasanta, Monza, Lombardy
Italy |
| Coordinates | 45°36′12″N 09°18′18″E / 45.60333°N 9.30500°E / 45.60333; 9.30500 |
| Operated by | Rete Ferroviaria Italiana |
| Line(s) | Monza–Molteno |
| Distance | 3.911 km (2.430 mi)
from Monza |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Train operators | Trenord |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | STIBM: Mi5 |
| Classification | Bronze |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Villasanta ParcoLocation in LombardyVillasanta ParcoLocation in Northern ItalyVillasanta ParcoLocation in Italy | |


title: Villasbuenas

abstract: Villasbuenas is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 208 inhabitants.

text:
# Villasbuenas

**Villasbuenas** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 208 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Villasbuenas | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| VillasbuenasLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°3′44″N 6°35′45″W / 41.06222°N 6.59583°W / 41.06222; -6.59583 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Vitigudino |
| Subcomarca | La Ramajería |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Afrodisio Martín Calderon (People's Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 40 km2 (20 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 733 m (2,405 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 191 |
| Density | 4.8/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37256 |


title: Breakup

abstract: A relationship breakup, breakup, or break-up is the ending of a relationship. The act is commonly termed "dumping [someone]" in slang when it is initiated by one partner. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a breakup is typically called a separation or divorce. When a couple engaged to be married breaks up, it is typically called a "broken engagement". People commonly think of breakups in a romantic aspect, however, there are also non-romantic and platonic breakups, and this type of relationship dissolution is usually caused by failure to maintain a friendship. Susie Orbach (1992) has argued that the dissolution of dating and cohabiting relationships can be as painful as or more painful than divorce because these nonmarital relationships are less socially recognized. Kamiar-K. Rueckert argues with the works of Donald Winnicott that the ability to be alone is an essentially healthy sign of emotional development and maturity. Once a child has obtained closeness and attachment by their early caregivers, they are able to develop autonomy and identity. If children have not introjected the good and protective qualities of their parents, they will fear separation and break-ups.

text:
# Breakup

A **relationship breakup**, **breakup**, or **break-up** is the ending of a relationship. The act is commonly termed "dumping \[someone\]" in slang when it is initiated by one partner. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a breakup is typically called a separation or divorce. When a couple engaged to be married breaks up, it is typically called a "broken engagement". People commonly think of breakups in a romantic aspect, however, there are also non-romantic and platonic breakups, and this type of relationship dissolution is usually caused by failure to maintain a friendship.

Susie Orbach (1992) has argued that the dissolution of dating and cohabiting relationships can be as painful as or more painful than divorce because these nonmarital relationships are less socially recognized.

Kamiar-K. Rueckert argues with the works of Donald Winnicott that the ability to be alone is an essentially healthy sign of emotional development and maturity. Once a child has obtained closeness and attachment by their early caregivers, they are able to develop autonomy and identity. If children have not introjected the good and protective qualities of their parents, they will fear separation and break-ups.

## Models

Several psychological models have been proposed to explain the process of a relationship breakup, many suggesting that relationship dissolution occurs in stages.

Mark L. Knapp, a foundational scholar on the subject of interpersonal relationships, created a model called Knapp's relational development model. He describes two separate phases of relationships, coming together and coming apart.

The coming together phase is meant to be long-term, beginning in the initiation phase and becoming deeper with time and intimacy. In the coming apart phase, differentiating begins. This is when the individuals began noticing differences that may seem unnegotiable or place pressure on the relationship. This leads to circumscribing where the individuals begin to pull apart, set boundaries, and have their own independent lives. This may cause issues to arise. At this point, the relationship reaches stagnation where the couple stays together for other reasons rather than their will to do so. Examples include children. The next stage is avoidance in which the individuals try to stay away from each other as much as possible. They, then, reach termination, where the relationship is over and they go their separate ways.

### Stages leading to a breakup

L. Lee proposes that there are five stages ultimately leading up to a breakup.

1. Dissatisfaction: one or both partners grow dissatisfied with relationship
2. Exposure: both partners mutually become aware of problems in relationship
3. Negotiation: both partners attempt to negotiate solutions to problems
4. Resolution and transformation: both partners apply outcome of their negotiation
5. Termination: proposed resolution fails to rectify issues and no further solutions are accepted or applied

### Cycle of a breakup

Steve Duck outlines a six-stage cycle of relationship breakup:

1. Dissatisfaction with relationship
2. Social withdrawal
3. Discussion of reasons for discontentment
4. Going public
5. Tidying up of memories
6. Recreating sense of social value

### Factors that predict a breakup before marriage

Hill, Rubin and Peplau identify five factors that predict breakup before marriage:

1. Unequal involvement in the relationship
2. Age difference
3. Different educational aspirations
4. Difference in intelligence
5. Difference in physical attractiveness

### Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution

Gottman and Levenson (1994) outline the Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution, in which four negative nonverbal behaviors lead to the breakdown of a marriage/relationship:

1. Criticism
2. Defensiveness
3. Contempt
4. Stonewalling
5. Suspicious

## Uncoupling theory

In 1976, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an "uncoupling theory", where there exists a "turning point" in the dynamics of relationship breakup – 'a precise moment when they "knew the relationship was over," when "everything went dead inside"' – followed by a transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, even for years.

Vaughan considered that the process of breakup was asymmetrical for initiator and respondent: the former 'has begun mourning the loss of the relationship and has undertaken something tantamount to a rehearsal, mentally and, to varying degrees, experientially, of a life apart from the partner'. The latter then has to play catch-up: 'to make their own transition out of the relationship, partners must redefine initiator and relationship negatively, legitimating the dissolution'.

As a result, for Vaughan 'getting out of a relationship includes a redefinition of self at several levels: in the private thoughts of the individual, between partners, and in the larger social context in which the relationship exists'. She considered that 'uncoupling is complete when the partners have defined themselves and are defined by others as separate and independent of each other – when being partners is no longer a major source of identity'.

## Conscious uncoupling

Katherine Woodward Thomas, a licensed marriage and family therapist, originated the term "conscious uncoupling" in 2009. Thomas began teaching this new approach to divorce to students throughout the world.

The term received popularization by Gwyneth Paltrow, who used the phrase to describe her divorce with Chris Martin. Paltrow had her doctors Dr. Sherry Sami, and Habib Sadeghi and his wife explain the Conscious Uncoupling when she first made the news of her divorce public. A "conscious uncoupling is the ability to understand that every irritation and argument \[within a marriage\] was a signal to look inside ourselves and identify a negative internal object that needed healing," Habib Sadeghi explained. "From this perspective, there are no bad guys, just two people, it's about people as individuals, not just the relationship".

## Consequences

Depending on the individual, breakups can be stressful, unpleasant, and traumatic events. Both parties could feel a large number of negative effects as a result of the relationship's dissolution, and these events often gain the reputation for being some of the worst events in people's lives. These could include psychological distress symptoms, grief reactions, an overall decline in psychological well-being, and potential stalking behaviors. Individuals often work hard to keep their relationships intact because of how significantly distressing and problematic these negative effects can be, even in the face of potential complications in their relationship, for as long as they can bear it.

### Negative effects

#### Psychological distress symptoms

Individuals who had just recently experienced the dissolution of a romantic relationship reported several symptoms of acute psychological distress. These included flashback and intrusive memories associated with their partner, often triggered by important dates associated with either the relationship or the breakup. These intrusive distress symptoms manifested in various ways for both the individual who initiated the breakup and their partner, such as being reminded of certain aspects of their behavior or their preferences.

Another set of psychological distress symptoms that were reported by individuals who had experienced a romantic relationship breakup fell under the category of avoidance behavior. Being without their partner causes their self-concept to shift as they struggle through emotional distress. This involves an active attempt at denying or ignoring the circumstances of the current situation, or those that led to the dissolution of the relationship. In relation to this, individuals also noted feeling numb and uninterested with the world around them because of the breakup.

The combination of this desire to engage in avoidance behaviors and the intrusive memories that may naturally come up cause individuals to feel significant emotional swings and outbursts in the form of irritation, anger, and startle responses. Individuals were noted as being far more paranoid, suspicious, and jealous, often tied towards a desire to know information about their ex-partner.

Overall, these psychological distress symptoms come together to result in a significantly lower level of self-esteem among individuals who have just undergone the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Additionally, individuals undergo a significant redefinition of their self-concept, as they attempt to understand who they are without their ex-partner. This compounds upon the psychological distress symptoms that they feel from the loss of the relationship and is the most significant negative effect that people undergoing a breakup experience.

#### Grief reactions

A natural effect of the loss of a relationship that an individual had hoped to keep is grief, because the desire to keep relationships intact despite problems and complications is a natural human desire. This results in individuals undergoing a breakup displaying grief reactions that include symptoms like sleeplessness, depression, and suicidal thoughts. This tendency to express grief and depression is so prevalent that researchers point to it being a significant contributor to the first onset of major depressive disorder in young adults.

The extent of these grief reactions is not limited to the time frame immediately following the dissolution of the romantic relationship. Even some time after the breakup, people who are asked to recall depressing or negative events in their lives commonly make reference to traumatic events of this nature. This negative effect can be attributed to the severity of the grief reaction that people who suffer through a breakup display, making a significant mark in their lives that they are unlikely to forget.

#### Decline in psychological well-being

In addition to these specific negative effects, individuals who are suffering through a breakup report a general decline in their psychological well-being. The general negative emotion that they feel often triggers other behaviors and habits that are either detrimental to their mental health or signify poor mental health conditions. These include:

* increased alcohol use
* weight loss
* worsening physical health
* admissions to psychiatric services
* increased criminal behavior
* increased risk of suicide
* negative emotions and feelings (such as guilt, anger, or rejection)

#### Stalking behaviors

A behavior that has been noticed following some breakups is the prevalence of stalking as one partner attempts to maintain contact with the other, however unwanted it may be. This type of behavior exists on a scale that stretches from an amicable breakup with no unwanted harassment behaviors all the way to stalking behaviors that are threatening and distressful to the partner. This behavior stems from an unhappiness with the circumstances following the dissolution of the relationship, as well as a misguided belief that the stalking behavior may result in the reforming of the relationship. There is no clear definition of stalking behavior that differentiate it from socially acceptable activities; they become more sinister when they are unwanted and form a persistent pattern.

### Positive effects

Evidence shows that even in the direst of situations, there is a chance for positive emotions and growth. Breakups are no different, giving victims opportunities for stress-related growth, improving their performance in future relationships, and providing feelings of relief and freedom. Jessica Kansky and Joseph P. Allen conducted a study that followed 160 20 to 25-year-olds, or emerging adults, and observed their romantic and close friend relationships. There were a significant number of findings, but one finding was that the experience of a break-up did prove positive in the long run for several individuals, especially if they knew the reason(s) the relationship ended.

Individuals that are placed under stressful situations are often faced with an opportunity for growth and development as a result of this stress. Without this push to improve, individuals are often pushed towards complacency and refuse to make the necessary efforts to progress through life. Different ways in which people have exhibited growth following a stressful life event include improvements to the way a person views themselves, the way they connect with other people around them, or their overall approach to life. Research shows that breakups are highly representative of this type of stressful situation, as individuals experience them several times throughout their lives and have been known to self-report instances of growth because of the experience.

#### Improved future relationships

Another positive outcome that has been observed to follow breakup has to do with the lessons that people may have learned from going through the painful experience. The stress-related growth that a person is forced to experience following a breakup causes improvements to their overall character, self-image, and ability to interact with others. These improvements have the potential to improve the quality of future romantic relationships with other people. This is due to the increased level of maturity displayed by the individual as well as, to a lesser extent, insight into certain things that they must avoid in a relationship to ensure better relationships in the future.

#### Feelings of relief and freedom

While this may not necessarily be a universal positive consequence that affects all people going through a breakup, there is significant evidence towards certain individuals experiencing feelings of relief, freedom, and happiness following the end of a relationship. There is a high likelihood that these individuals were the one who initiated the breakup in the first place, but research has shown that there have been cases where individuals that have been victims of a breakup recognize that their past relationship was sub-optimal, which allows them to display the same emotions of relief, freedom, and happiness.

### Mitigating factors

While individuals that have experienced a breakup are likely to experience a number of different positive and negative effects once the relationship has run its course, different people can expect these to manifest in varying degrees. This is because there are several mitigating factors that can either minimize or amplify the extent to which one feels the consequences of a breakup. The list of potential factors that have been shown to moderate the effects that an individual might feel are categorized and listed below:

* Relationship quality
    + Duration of relationship – longer relationships are more likely to be more painful after the breakup
    + Admission of love for ex-partner – relationships that report to be filled with love may exacerbate the consequences that victims feel following a breakup
    + Satisfaction levels of both parties – relationships that report both parties feeling satisfied are more likely to suffer during breakups
    + Level of investment in maintaining the relationship – high levels of relationship investment translate to a much larger loss caused by the dissolution of the romantic relationship
    + Proportion of positive and negative relationship memories – individuals that had a high number of positive relationship memories were less negatively affected by the breakup when compared to those that would constantly dredge up negative memories of their ex-partner
* Romantic situation following breakup
    + Ease of finding an alternative partner – being able to find a new partner immediately following a breakup allowed the individual to better weather the negative emotions and problems associated with the dissolution of a romantic relationship
    + Willingness to begin a new relationship – an openness to the formation of a new relationship was shown to translate to a lower level of victimization and negative consequences after a breakup
* Circumstances of the breakup
    + Initiator of the dissolution of the relationship – while both the initiator and the victim were shown to experience consequences following the breakup, the former displayed less of these symptoms and in some cases experienced positive effects because the relationship ended
    + Certainty of the reasons for the breakup – being unsure about the initiator's reasons for breaking up caused higher levels of anxiety and other stress symptoms in the victim, while achieving closure was an important step for most individuals seeking to move on from a breakup
* Characteristics of the participants
    + Hardiness – individuals that displayed above average levels of hardiness were unfazed by the dissolution of their romantic relationship and were less likely to be bothered by its consequences
* Attachment styles can play a big role in why a breakup occurs in the first place. Attachment styles define the expectations an individual has when in a relationship based on the relationship they had with their caregivers during childhood. The four attachment styles are Avoidant Attachment ( which is characterized by avoiding communication and withdrawing), Anxious / Ambivalent Attachment ( which is characterized by fear that a partner will not reciprocate the same love that the individual gives), Fearful Avoidant (Disorganized) Attachment (which is characterized by a fear of relationships and attempts to avoid them even while craving love and intimacy), and Secure Attachment (which is the style that is characterized by strong, healthy relationships). These attachment styles can affect the behavior of one partner towards another and different attachment styles can clash. For instance, if one partner has an avoidant attachment and dates someone with a secure attachment style, the two partners may clash due to a lack of communication and several misunderstandings as these attachment styles come with expectations that are acted out in behavior that can eventually lead to a breakup.
    + Self-esteem levels – high levels of self-esteem allow people to be less stressed during the dissolution of a relationship and alleviate the most severe negative consequences
    + Mental health – individuals that display lower levels of mental health and substance abuse have reported magnified consequence levels when going through the breakup process
    + Self-complexity – people that exhibit a complex self-image, which references an ability to perceive oneself as more than just who they are in their romantic relationship, are less likely to be debilitated by the consequences of a breakup
    + Sex – several studies observed that females on average exhibited larger negative symptoms during the breakup process
* Implementation of coping strategies
    + Distancing – avoiding the problem has been observed to translate to negative coping outcomes and a worsening of the consequences reported by the victim, while a willingness to confront the matter and engage in problem-solving has shown overall mitigative effects to breakup consequences
    + Benefit-finding – the willingness to objectively assess the relationship, as well as an ability to find benefits that resulted from its ending allowed victims to display less stress symptoms during the breakup
    + Perceived social support – individuals that felt like people in their social group were on their side and would support them during this stressful time reported being less affected by the breakup and loss of a romantic relationship

## Online breakups

The technologically advanced society that currently exists means that much of people's lives are online. People can date online via dating apps or using social media platforms such as Instagram or Facebook. Many relationships have been able to manifest from mediated communication and last a similar amount of time as relationships that were started in person. Others, however, have not been as long-lived. The presence of social media and technology also plays a part in relationships that began and exist in person, as well. There has been much controversy about the stress that online dating places on relationships. The constant and wide range of accessibility provided by technology and internet access can lead to a plethora of issues that may result in break-ups. An example of this is that those already in a relationship can have multiple partners that are also dating using online platforms that have no knowledge of each other due to the unlimited access they have to meet people from all over the world. Once a partner discovers the infidelity, this could result in a breakup. Online dating may also prohibit choices that could save a relationship. To further elaborate, many times in relationships, space is necessary to collect thoughts and feelings after an argument, however, the usage of social media allows access to one's partner at all times. This constant accessibility may result in disruption of both space and boundaries necessary for a healthy relationship.

## LGBTQ relationship dissolutions

While public opinion has become more accepting of different forms of relationships, including those that are not heterosexual, LGBTQ couples often face adversity when it comes to maintaining their relationships due to societal-based homophobia. According to researchers Lahti and Kolehmainen, studies have shown that LGBTQ couples tend to feel pressured by society to maintain long, monogamous, and healthy relationships. They may struggle in silence and refuse to seek help or end a relationship when it may be in their best interest mentally and emotionally because of this pressure. Their studies also indicate that most counseling services, or other means of salvaging a relationship, have heteronormative assumptions. This makes it difficult for LGBTQ couples to find help for their relationships that caters to the issues they struggle with personally.

Other unique issues arise out of LGBTQ relationship dissolutions when children are involved. According to researchers Goldberg and Allen, LGBTQ separations involving children can become legally confusing. In lesbian relationships, there are two mothers, so the question arises of who would receive full custody of the child(ren). Many times, the court system favors the birth mother, however, in lesbian relationships, one mother could carry the egg of another, so it becomes challenging to determine who the child(ren) biologically belongs to. In gay male relationship dissolutions, this also causes confusion as the majority of gay male parents adopted their children. Due to the heteronormative society that currently exists, LGBTQ couples often deal with challenges post-break-up.

There is a lack of research on LGBTQ relationship dissolutions as these relationships are fairly recent to acceptance and legality in history.


title: Visconti Rocca (Castell'Arquato)

abstract: The Visconti Rocca of Castell'Arquato is a Rocca in the medieval town of Castell'Arquato, Emilia Romagna, Northern Italy. It was erected on the site of a previous fortification by Luchino Visconti in the 14th century after his family acquired Castell'Arquato.

text:
# Visconti Rocca (Castell'Arquato)

The **Visconti Rocca of Castell'Arquato** is a Rocca in the medieval town of Castell'Arquato, Emilia Romagna, Northern Italy. It was erected on the site of a previous fortification by Luchino Visconti in the 14th century after his family acquired Castell'Arquato.

## History

A fortress probably existed in Castell'Arquato already in the 8th century as a belonging of the bishop of Piacenza. In the following centuries, its owner changed several times. It belonged to the imperial authority, the local Commune, and the Piacenza Commune. At the beginning of the 14th century, it was under the lordship of Alberto Scoto. In 1316, Galeazzo I Visconti took control of Piacenza's territory and, therefore, also of Castell'Arquato. He lost Piacenza in 1322, when, after the uprising promoted by Obizzo Landi and supported by the Church, Castell'Arquato was handed over again to the Piacenza Commune.

Later, the Visconti returned to Castell'Arquato with Azzone, who built the town walls. One of its doors towards the valley (the 'Porta di Sasso') still exists today. Luchino Visconti probably initiated the Rocca in 1342 and completed it in 1347.

## Description

The Rocca has an L-shape, a plan unique in the Piacenza area. It consists of two separate parts. A rectangular is on the lower level of the steeply sloping ground. A smaller and higher enclosure is placed perpendicular to the first.

The two enclosures have quadrangular towers at each corner, oriented along the four cardinal points. The keep, 35 metres (115 ft) tall, is the only tower completed with four walls and interior rooms on its floors, while the others lack a wall on the side internal to the Rocca. The keep faces the Castell'Arquato civic square, surrounded on two different sides by the apses of the romanesque collegiate and the Palazzo del Podestà.

## Sources

* IAT Ufficio Informazioni e Accoglienza Turistica (2017). *Castell’Arquato. Guida alla visita* (in Italian). Piacenza: Edizioni Tip. Le. Co. ISBN 9788886806817. OCLC 1046002180.
* Perogalli, Carlo (1972). *Castelli e rocche di Emilia e Romagna* (in Italian). Milan: Görlich Editore. ISBN 9788840256597. OCLC 964222739.

## InfoBox

| Visconti Rocca (Castell'Arquato) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Rocca Viscontea di Castell'Arquato* | |
| Castell’Arquato, Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy | |
| View of Castell'Arquato with the Visconti Rocca on the left | |
| Visconti Rocca (Castell'Arquato) | |
| Coordinates | 44°51′01″N 9°52′03″E / 44.85028°N 9.86750°E / 44.85028; 9.86750 |
| Type | Rocca |
| Height | 35 metres (115 ft) (main tower) |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Castell'Arquato municipality |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Built | 14th century |
| Built by | Luchino Visconti |
| Materials | Bricks |


title: Vita Smeralda

abstract: Vita Smeralda is a 2006 Italian comedy film directed by Jerry Calà.

text:
# Vita Smeralda

***Vita Smeralda*** (lit.'Emerald life', as a pun on Costa Smeralda) is a 2006 Italian comedy film directed by Jerry Calà.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vita Smeralda | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jerry Calà |
| Written by | * Jerry Calà * Gino Capone |
| Produced by | Claudio Saraceni |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Marco Pieroni |
| Edited by | Patrizio Marone |
| Music by | Angelo Talocci |
| Release date | * 14 July 2006 (2006-07-14) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Vintry

abstract: Vintry is one of the 25 wards of the City of London. Located within it is the City end of Southwark Bridge and, adjacent to that, the hall of the Worshipful Company of Vintners, the City livery company for the wine trade. The ward's boundary is formed by Cannon Street to the north, College Hill and Cousin Lane to the east, the River Thames to the south, and its western edge follows an unusual line along part of Little Trinity Lane, Lambeth Hill and Distaff Lane. The Christopher Wren-designed church St James Garlickhythe is within Vintry ward, near Mansion House tube station. In medieval times, French wine and garlic were landed at the nearby Garlickhythe. This circumstance led to the church being part of the route for English pilgrims travelling to the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, which is sacred to the memory of St James the Great. The ward contained Whittington's Longhouse, a 128-seat public toilet gifted by Dick Whittington.

text:
# Vintry

**Vintry** is one of the 25 wards of the City of London. Located within it is the City end of Southwark Bridge and, adjacent to that, the hall of the Worshipful Company of Vintners, the City livery company for the wine trade.

The ward's boundary is formed by Cannon Street to the north, College Hill and Cousin Lane to the east, the River Thames to the south, and its western edge follows an unusual line along part of Little Trinity Lane, Lambeth Hill and Distaff Lane.

The Christopher Wren-designed church St James Garlickhythe is within Vintry ward, near Mansion House tube station. In medieval times, French wine and garlic were landed at the nearby *Garlickhythe* ('garlic dock'). This circumstance led to the church being part of the route for English pilgrims travelling to the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, which is sacred to the memory of St James the Great.

The ward contained Whittington's Longhouse, a 128-seat public toilet gifted by Dick Whittington.

## Politics

Vintry is one of 25 wards in the City of London, each electing an alderman to the Court of Aldermen and commoners (the City equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation.

Only electors who are freemen of the City are eligible to stand for election.

## Former churches

John Stow's *A Survay of London* lists four churches in Vintry ward:

> 14. In the Vintrie ward 4.
> S. Michael Paternoſter in the Royall ſometime a colledge.
> S. Thomas Apoſtles.
> S. Martin in the Vintrie.
> S. Iames at Garlicke Hith.

## InfoBox

| Ward of Vintry | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within the City | |
| Ward of VintryLocation within Greater London | |
| OS grid reference | TQ319812 |
| Sui generis |  |
| Administrative area | Greater London |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | EC4 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
|  | |
| Police | City of London |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| London Assembly |  |
|


title: Vladimir Sidorkin

abstract: Vladimir Sidorkin is an Estonian former swimmer, who specialized in both long and short course freestyle events. He represented his nation Estonia in middle-distance freestyle swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has currently owned a short-course Estonian record in the 100 m freestyle (47.99), set at the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Rijeka, Croatia. Sidorkin competed for Estonia in the men's 200 m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He led the field with a solid 1:52.12 to register under the FINA B-cut (1:52.53) by about four tenths of a second at the Estonian Invitational Championships three months earlier in Tartu. Sidorkin put up a marvelous swim in heat two with a monstrous 1:51.27 to blast both a 26-year-old Estonian record and a sub-1:52 threshold for the runner-up spot, falling behind the winner Bryan Tay of Singapore by almost a full second. Sidorkin's record-breaking feat was not enough to put him through to the semifinals, finishing forty-fifth overall out of 58 swimmers in the prelims. A graduate of accounting and business administration at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri, Sidorkin was a varsity member of the Drury Panthers swimming and diving team under head coach Brian Reynolds. While swimming for the Panthers, Sidorkin helped his college teammates claim their ninth consecutive title in the men's freestyle relay at the 2013 NCAA Division II Swimming Championships.

text:
# Vladimir Sidorkin

**Vladimir Sidorkin** (born 9 May 1986) is an Estonian former swimmer, who specialized in both long and short course freestyle events. He represented his nation Estonia in middle-distance freestyle swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has currently owned a short-course Estonian record in the 100 m freestyle (47.99), set at the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Rijeka, Croatia.

Sidorkin competed for Estonia in the men's 200 m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He led the field with a solid 1:52.12 to register under the FINA B-cut (1:52.53) by about four tenths of a second at the Estonian Invitational Championships three months earlier in Tartu. Sidorkin put up a marvelous swim in heat two with a monstrous 1:51.27 to blast both a 26-year-old Estonian record and a sub-1:52 threshold for the runner-up spot, falling behind the winner Bryan Tay of Singapore by almost a full second. Sidorkin's record-breaking feat was not enough to put him through to the semifinals, finishing forty-fifth overall out of 58 swimmers in the prelims.

A graduate of accounting and business administration at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri, Sidorkin was a varsity member of the Drury Panthers swimming and diving team under head coach Brian Reynolds. While swimming for the Panthers, Sidorkin helped his college teammates claim their ninth consecutive title in the men's freestyle relay at the 2013 NCAA Division II Swimming Championships.

## InfoBox

Vladimir Sidorkin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Vladimir Sidorkin |
| National team | Estonia |
| Born | (1986-05-09) 9 May 1986<br>Kohtla-Järve, Estonia |
| Height | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 87 kg (192 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
| Club | Kohtla-Järve Ujumisklubi Aktiiv |
| College team | Drury University (U.S.) |
| Coach | Brian Reynolds (U.S.) |
|  | |


title: Vladimir Simkhovitch

abstract: Vladimir Gregorievitch Simkhovitch (1874-1959) was an economist and Professor of Economic History and Economics at Columbia University. Simkhovich was seen in the 1930s as "the hard core of the old department," a difficult professor who "devoted much of his time and energy to creating and maintaining feuds." His 1908 book Marxism versus Socialism was lauded as being "a work of incomparable thoroughness." Simkhovitch received his doctorate from Halle-Wittenberg in 1898. He was hired by Columbia University in 1904 to teach economic history. He also lectured about socialist economics and Marxism until he retired in 1942. He married Mary Melinda Kingsbury in New York City in 1899 and they had two children. He was an art collector and avid gardener.

text:
# Vladimir Simkhovitch

**Vladimir Gregorievitch Simkhovitch** (1874-1959) was an economist and Professor of Economic History and Economics at Columbia University. Simkhovich was seen in the 1930s as "the hard core of the old department," a difficult professor who "devoted much of his time and energy to creating and maintaining feuds." His 1908 book Marxism versus Socialism was lauded as being "a work of incomparable thoroughness."

Simkhovitch received his doctorate from Halle-Wittenberg in 1898. He was hired by Columbia University in 1904 to teach economic history. He also lectured about socialist economics and Marxism until he retired in 1942. He married Mary Melinda Kingsbury in New York City in 1899 and they had two children. He was an art collector and avid gardener.

## Works and publications

* The case of Russia, a composite view (1905)
* The Russian peasant and autocracy (1906)
* Marxism versus socialism (1908)
* Rome's Fall Reconsidered (1916)
* Toward the understanding of Jesus, and other historical studies (1921)

## InfoBox

| Vladimir Simkhovitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1874<br>Russia |
| Died | 1959 |
| Occupation | Economics professor |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Violent Crime and Racketeering Section

abstract:
The Violent Crime and Racketeering Section (VCRS) is a section of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division created in 2010. VCRS is a group of trial lawyers and prosecutors that develop ways to eradicate significant regional, national, and international organized crime groups and violent gangs. The prosecutors of VCRS are considered "the nation’s foremost experts in racketeering prosecutions." VCRS prosecutes cases brought to it by the Criminal Division, various federal agencies, including the DEA, the ATF, among others. VCRS works alongside prosecutors from the United States Attorney's Office in the Violent Crime Initiative. VCRS was created by combining and merging components and parts of the following sections and units of the Criminal Division:
  - Organized Crime and Racketeering Section
  - Gang Unit
  - National Gang Targeting Enforcement and Coordination Center (GangTECC) Note: according to the United States Government, "Gangs" and "Organized crime," are considered different types of entities.

text:
# Violent Crime and Racketeering Section

The **Violent Crime and Racketeering Section (VCRS)** is a section of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division created in 2010. VCRS is a group of trial lawyers and prosecutors that develop ways to eradicate significant regional, national, and international organized crime groups and violent gangs. The prosecutors of VCRS are considered "the nation’s foremost experts in racketeering prosecutions." VCRS prosecutes cases brought to it by the Criminal Division, various federal agencies, including the DEA, the ATF, among others. VCRS works alongside prosecutors from the United States Attorney's Office in the Violent Crime Initiative.

VCRS was created by combining and merging components and parts of the following sections and units of the Criminal Division:

Note: according to the United States Government, "Gangs" and "Organized crime," are considered different types of entities.

## Leadership

* David L. Jaffe, Chief
* Kim Dammers, Principal Deputy
* Elizabeth Yang, Deputy Chief
* Kelly Pearson, Deputy Chief
* Gerald A. Toner, Assistant Chief for Labor-Management Racketeering

1. "Criminal Division | About VCRS". *www.justice.gov*. 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
2. "Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Announces Surge of Resources to Fight Violent Crime in Three Additional Cities | ATF". *www.atf.gov*. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
3. "Criminal Division | Violent Crime and Racketeering Section (VCRS) | United States Department of Justice". *www.justice.gov*. 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
4. "Organized Crime and Gangs". *Carmichael Ellis and Brock*. Retrieved September 1, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Violent Crime and Racketeering Section | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Abbreviation | VCRS |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 2010 |
| Preceding agencies |  |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | United States |
| Operational structure | |
| Agency executive |  |
| Parent agency |  |


title: Vivienne Mort

abstract: Vivienne Mort is a Ukrainian indie rock band formed by Daniela Zaiushkina in 2007.

text:
# Vivienne Mort

**Vivienne Mort** is a Ukrainian indie rock band formed by Daniela Zaiushkina in 2007.

## History

The first attempts to create the band were made in 2007, when singer/songwriter Daniela Zaiushkina composed her first songs. In 2008 they recorded the songs "Лети" and "День, коли святі...".

The band spent 2009 looking for musicians as well as performing some concerts. Finally, in 2010 Vivienne Mort released its debut mini album *Єсєнтукі LOVE*, which was voted 2010's best mini album by 7000 respondents according to *ФаДієз*.

In 2013 the band released their first full-length album *Театр Pipinó* at the Revet Sound recording studio and set out on a Ukrainian tour with the aim of supporting the album. At the same time, they made a music video for the song "Сліди маленьких рук", that was broadcast and spread on the net very quickly.

In 2014 Vivienne Mort released the second mini album called *Готика* and a music video for the song "Риба".

The new mini album *Filin* is introduced on March 1, 2015. The new single "Ти забув про мене" appears shortly after that. Also, they created a music video for this song.

On March 15, 2016, the band released its fourth mini album *Rósa*. On April 2 they started a tour, which began in Poland and ended in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Moreover, the group made public a music video for the song "Пташечка", which was shot in Mumbai, India. Daniela stayed there from March 1 till March 15.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* 2010: *Єсєнтукі LOVE*
* 2013: *Театр Pipinó*
* 2014: *Готика*
* 2015: *Filin*
* 2016: *Rósa*
* 2018: *Досвід*

## Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | «Сліди маленьких рук» | Danil Bardack |
| 2014 | «Риба» | Haze |
| 2015 | «Ти забув про мене» | Oleh Borshchevskyi |
| 2016 | «Пташечка» | Daria Gai |
| 2017 | «Пам'ятаєш» | Danil Bardack |
| 2017 | «Іній» | Revet Sound |
| 2018 | «Думаю про тебе» | Anna Moskovchenko |

## InfoBox

| Vivienne Mort | |
| --- | --- |
| Vivienne Mort in 2013 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| Genres | Indie rock, alternative rock |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Moon Records Ukraine (2010–2015), Enjoy! Records (2016–present) |
|  | |
| Members | * Daniela Zaiushkina – lead vocals * Hlib Protsiv – drums * Oleksandr Lezhniov – piano * Oleksandr Buliuk – bass guitar |
|  | |
| Website | viviennemort.com.ua |


title: Viscount Newark

abstract: Viscount Newark is a title that has been created twice in British history, each time with the subsidiary title of Baron Pierrepont. The first creation was on 29 June 1627 in the Peerage of England for Sir Robert Pierrepont. This creation was to become the courtesy title for the heir apparent to the Earldom of Kingston-upon-Hull, with this title being bestowed on the first Viscount Newark in 1628. The fifth Earl was created Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull in 1715 in the Peerage of Great Britain, with the Dukedom becoming extinct on the death of the second Duke in 1773. The second creation was on 23 July 1796 in the Peerage of Great Britain for Charles Pierrepont, with the territorial designation of Newark on Trent. The first Viscount of this creation was the grandson of the first Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and was named as the heir of the second Duke in his will. The first Viscount succeeded to the Duke's estates on the death of the Duke's wife in 1788. He was further created Earl Manvers in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1806. These titles became extinct upon the death of the sixth Earl in 1955.

text:
# Viscount Newark

**Viscount Newark** is a title that has been created twice in British history, each time with the subsidiary title of Baron Pierrepont.

The first creation was on 29 June 1627 in the Peerage of England for Sir Robert Pierrepont. This creation was to become the courtesy title for the heir apparent to the Earldom of Kingston-upon-Hull, with this title being bestowed on the first Viscount Newark in 1628. The fifth Earl was created Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull in 1715 in the Peerage of Great Britain, with the Dukedom becoming extinct on the death of the second Duke in 1773.

The second creation was on 23 July 1796 in the Peerage of Great Britain for Charles Pierrepont, with the territorial designation of *Newark on Trent*. The first Viscount of this creation was the grandson of the first Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and was named as the heir of the second Duke in his will. The first Viscount succeeded to the Duke's estates (though not his titles) on the death of the Duke's wife in 1788. He was further created Earl Manvers in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1806. These titles became extinct upon the death of the sixth Earl in 1955.

## Viscounts Newark, first creation (1627)

## Viscounts Newark, of Newark on Trent, second creation (1796)

1. "No. 13914". *The London Gazette*. 23 July 1796. p. 704.