title: Wedding customs in Ethiopia

abstract: Wedding customs in Ethiopia vary among the tribes of the country.

text:
# Wedding customs in Ethiopia

**Wedding customs in Ethiopia** vary among the tribes of the country.

## Dating culture

Marriages between a man and a woman are mainly organised by their families, so there is no dating culture in Ethiopia. If a couple has chosen each other, they still need the blessing of their parents.

## Marital age

In Ethiopia, the average age of marriage for women is 18-19 and for men 28-29.

## Orthodox wedding ceremony

In Ethiopia, approximately 43.5 percent of the population identifies as Orthodox Christian. Before the wedding, the community elders conduct a genealogical tree study of the families of the bride and groom up to 7 generations to see if there is a kinship between them. Marriage is forbidden among relatives, godparent with godchild, and with persons related by marriage. It is forbidden up to 7 generations on both sides for relatives to marry, but beyond that it is permitted to marry.

On the wedding day, the ceremony is conducted by the priest. During the ceremony, the bride and groom sit and the priest stands behind them, which is done to show that the bride and groom are the "king" and "queen" for the day and should be given due respect. During the ceremony, the exchange of vows, the exchange of wedding rings, the blessing of the priest and the wearing of the crowns are obligatory. In all parts of the ceremony, the groom is first.

## Mareko Tribe

The *Mareko* tribe has its own traditional wedding customs. Women get married aged 15–17, men, 16–20. This tribe has eight different types of weddings. *Tewaja* means an arranged wedding, *Alulima* is an accidental wedding, *Shokokanecho* is where the man goes to the bride's house with his friends and takes her by force. *Gusno* is a wedding by abduction, while *Herima* is a mind game played on the woman, where a third person middleman tells the woman good things about the man, until she agrees to the wedding. *Abagadima* is when the bride goes to the house of the man she wants to marry and tells his family that she has fallen in love with him, the groom's family then accepts her and the wedding is held. *Meinbetoma* is when the wife dies, and if the man is thought to be a good person, he will be given his wife's sister so she can make him forget his wife and take care of him and his children. According to the written documents found in this tribe, *Tewaja* or arranged wedding is related to the religious ceremony of that tribe. First, the groom tells his friends to tell his family which girl he wants to marry. If his family agrees then he starts the preparation. Early in the morning his friends will go to the bride's house, draw their swords out, and enter the house by force, and stay there for some time, then go out without saying a word. This action continues for three days, but not on Friday's or Wednesday's, because these days are considered unlucky.

On the first day to the bride's house, the groom's friends pay attention to everything they see on their way. If a bird named *Tarailae* passes them on their left, or a girl who carries a pot full of water, it is believed that the wedding will be blessed. But if they see *Tarailae* passing on their right, or a girl who carries an empty pot, and especially if they see the bride cleaning her house, then it is believed that it is not God's will and so the preparation stops immediately. If his friends are lucky and she is the right woman for him then they say to her family "We have come here to be your sons and ask you to be our parents, as we have seen, and as you have witnessed the bird has given us your daughter, so we ask you to give us your daughter as well". The person who has been asked will then tell the bride's mother. The bride's mother will discuss this issue with her husband and give an answer after a few days. If both the mother and the father agree, then the groom's friends will kiss the mother's shoulder as a way of showing respect and honor. The next part of the wedding is when all of the family's neighbors and the family of the bride have a meeting on a large shed, to decide whether she should marry this family or not after several investigations of what kind of a person the groom is. If all agree that she should get married then the elders are sent to the bride's uncle's house. Since the uncle understands that they came because of the respect they have for him, he will say, "If her mother, her father and the bird gave you the permission then I will also give you my permission." After this, a date is set and the marriage will be held.

## Bena Tribe

The Bena tribe is one of the southern tribes and tribalities of Ethiopia. There are different types of wedding in this tribe and pre-requisite customs. According to the norm of this culture, before a man's life partner is chosen for him he is supposed to jump a row of oxen. Before this, the man will tell his family that he is ready to jump these oxen, so his families will prepare a huge celebration. If he completes his challenge successfully, he thighs his waist with a nail using a leather. This nail is a necklace given to his bride later on. After this ceremony the preparation of finding the right fit for him starts. Once he completes his four rounds of jumping the row of oxen he only eats meat and honey, and drinks only milk for three consecutive months until he finds the right life partner. If his family had chosen a bride for him before he jumped, elders go to the girl's house. The man also looks for his life partner outside of his clan. If he finds her, he uses force to make her eat any kind of cereal that is found around them. If this happens it is thought that she has become his bride and she is no longer anyone's but his. If the girl who ate the cereal is a child then she is allowed to stay with her family until she is 15 or 20. After that he might send elders to her family or take her forcefully. Accordingly, the first wife of a man who completed his challenge of jumping the row of ox is called a *bignarow*. If he wants to get married again due to different circumstances then he is not expected to jump anymore. Women wear a certain type of jewelry to show that they are ready to be married as a second wife.

The other type of wedding is called *baskin*. This wedding is where the younger brother takes his older brother's wife when he dies. If her dead husband does not have a younger brother, then another person from their clan will marry her.

If a man of this clan has a lot of money and high economical status he is then allowed to marry 10 girls at once. The next step now is giving gifts to the bride's family: *telosh*. Depending on the type of wedding the amount of the *telosh* increases, the groom might even pay until the third generation to her family. If he married her by abduction then the amount of the *telosh* to be paid increases. Finally the wedding is held in a huge ceremony.

## Dasenech Tribe

Dasenech is one of the 16 tribes found in the southern Omo. There are four types of wedding customs in this tribe. *Darch* is a kind of wedding ceremony that happens when the groom's family the bride's family if she can marry their son. If the boy is afraid of asking he will send his best friend at night to her family as a messenger. The messenger should have a coffee bean in his hand when he goes to her house. Then the messenger would put the coffee bean inside a kind of bowl called *Nono* without being seen by her family and then go back home. The bride's family, when they see the coffee bean inside their Nono, since they didn't see who put it there, they would secretly search the for person in their community. After they found the groom's family they would prepare the coffee bean and invite them to their house to drink coffee together. While they are drinking coffee, the bride's family will ask if the groom has enough cattle, goats and sheep as a dowry. If they have enough, then her family would agree to the wedding. At first her family would order the groom's family to bring four goats. Then the goats will be slaughtered and the front leg of each goat will be given to the messenger. Afterward her family would ask for an additional ten head of cattle. Finally, the boy would take his wife.

*Seriti*, the second type of wedding, is mostly practiced in southern tribes and tribalities. This kind of wedding happens when the bride does not agree to marry or due to lack of money of the groom's family in order to pay for dowry. Therefore, if the groom's family does not meet these standards, or if she doesn't agree he will abduct her. Finally, the case will be handled by the elders, who come up with a solution.

*Ayod* is the type of wedding where the married elder man of the house dies but his wife is still alive; then his younger brother will marry her.

*Egutunais* is where the man who wants to marry the girl brings several herds of cattle to the bride's family, then takes the bride to his house and marries her.

## Kafficho Tribe

Kafficho is one of the SNNPR region. In this culture the wedding age for girls begins at 18 and for boys it starts at 20. Initially, if the groom and bride's father make an agreement for the wedding, the groom will send elders to the bride's family to ask her feelings. Most of the time the girl will tell her mother. If the response is "no" the answer will be sent with the messenger. But if the answer is ‘yes’ they will start getting ready for the wedding ceremony. On the day of the wedding the groom and the best man start to blow on an elephant horn called *shameto* to show they are arriving at the bride's house.

When the bride, groom and best man arrive at bride's home they will rotate three javelins and sit. After months the girl's family will call the best man and the best man will stay there for days. The amount of dowry will be decided based on the groom's wealth, power, appellation and family tree. In this culture when the girl is pregnant and if her time to give birth is near she will go to her mother-in-law's house to get more protection and care.

## Tsemay Tribe

The Tsemay tribe has about five different types of weddings. These include weddings done by agreement between the families (*Haliko Egael*), by agreement of the couple (*Wawaki Bais*), abduction weddings (*Midi*), the inheritance wedding (*Shano*) and the replacement wedding (*Sagarte*).

*Haliko Eagael* first starts with the man choosing the best candidate to be his wife. After he chooses he tells his family, and elder mediators are sent to the girl's house. The elders, after talking with her father, agree to the dowry, leave the house and go home. The bride's father decides the amount of the dowry. The dowry may include cattle, sheep, and goats. Honey, coffee and butter are also advisable. On the wedding day, unlike in other cultures in Ethiopia, the man isn't supposed to go to her house to take her to his house. Instead the bride's brothers and relatives take her to the groom's house. After eating the food and enjoying all the preparations made by the groom's family for a day, the relatives of the bride go back to their homes. If not invited by the bride's relatives the families have no chance of meeting each other.

The second wedding type, *Wawaki Bais,* is by agreement of the couple. Families, especially the bride's, are not asked for permission to marry. After the woman has entered the man's house, the family of the man sends elders to say, "Your daughter is with us."

Even though there is no agreement of the families, the dowry must always be paid. If not, the wedding will not continue and the families might fight one other.

Abduction weddings, *Midi,* are performed without the knowledge of the girl; he kidnaps her by force. If a man is married this way, since it is believed that he disgraces the girl's family pride, his punishment is severe.

*Shano*, inheritance weddings occur when a wife dies, so that the husband does not need to carry the burden of raising children alone, a sister or a close relative is chosen from her family and given to the husband as replacement.

Another wedding tradition occasionally occurs, known as loan wedding (*Yedubegabicha*). This occurs when the boy has no satisfactory income to pay for the dowry. He asks their permission by promising to pay up by working and give labor service to her family. In accordance to the agreement, he needs to work by going to her family every day and finish paying for the dowry by working overtime. Now, if the husband dies without finishing the payments, his children continue to pay. Since everyone wants many children, having more than one wedding is fine.

## Ayda Tribe

The Ayda tribe, one of the southern tribes, tribalities and peoples of Ethiopia, have several different wedding customs. It is mainly found in the southern Gofa *woreda* around twelve kebeles there are four types of wedding customs in the tribe. These are by the agreement of the families, of the couple, and also by abduction and inheritance. If both parties agree the man tries to attract his bride by performing a dance named *Wonde* in which he circles her alone. If the girl agrees he gives her a ring, or if he doesn't have one, he puts wet grass on her finger, then starts his own house and collects money to be used after wedding. His father gives him a bit of land. After finishing these preparations, elders are sent to her house. Her families set a date for their engagement and at last the wedding proceeds. To test the efficiency/density of the wedding they kill a goat by a stick called *Girawa*. The intestines are checked by the elders. If the *Gethu* is not attractive enough, the wedding is stopped and she returns to her family's house. If the wedding succeeds but she doesn't give birth to a child, the dowry is returned. Without being given money, the couple separates and she has to return to her house. If they have given birth the man is not yet acknowledged as a father. In the tradition if the delivery day is approaching, a separate building behind their house is built, and she stays there for six months after giving birth.


title: Lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa

abstract: Lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa is the stretch of lungotevere which links Via della Foce dell'Aniene to lungotevere Salvo D'Acquisto, in Rome, in the Parioli quarter. This lungotevere takes its name from the fountain of the Acqua Acetosa, erected by pope Paul V in 1619. It was instituted with law of the city council of 25 February 1948.

text:
# Lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa

**Lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa** is the stretch of lungotevere which links Via della Foce dell'Aniene to lungotevere Salvo D'Acquisto, in Rome, in the Parioli quarter.

This lungotevere takes its name from the fountain of the Acqua Acetosa, erected by pope Paul V (r. 1605-21) in 1619.

It was instituted with law of the city council of 25 February 1948.

1. Rendina-Paradisi (2004), p. 40
2. "Lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa". Retrieved 13 September 2010.

## Sources

* Rendina, Claudio; Paradisi, Donatella (2004). *Le strade di Roma. 1st volume A-D*. Newton Compton Editori, Rome. ISBN 88-541-0208-3.


title: Middlesmoor

abstract: Middlesmoor is a small hill village at the head of Nidderdale in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. Middlesmoor is the principal settlement in the civil parish of Stonebeck Up, historically a township in the ancient parish of Kirkby Malzeard in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

text:
# Middlesmoor

**Middlesmoor** is a small hill village at the head of Nidderdale in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. Middlesmoor is the principal settlement in the civil parish of Stonebeck Up, historically a township in the ancient parish of Kirkby Malzeard in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

## History

The place name was first mentioned in the 12th century. It probably means "moorland in the middle of two streams" referring to the River Nidd and its tributary How Stean Beck. An alternative explanation is that the name comes from an otherwise unrecorded personal name, Midele, also seen in the name of Middlesbrough.

In the 12th century Byland Abbey established a grange at Middlesmoor.

## Church

It appears that there has been a place of worship at Middlesmoor since Anglo-Saxon times. There is a stone cross inscribed "Cross of St Ceadda" (Chad), dated to Anglo-Saxon times, in the Church of St Chad, which also contains an ancient font which is possibly Anglo-Saxon.

The present church was built in 1864 by William Henry Crossland. It is a Grade II listed building. The church occupies a commanding position overlooking upper Nidderdale.

Media related to Middlesmoor at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Middlesmoor | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the village opposite the Crown Inn | |
| MiddlesmoorLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Population | 40 |
| OS grid reference | SE092741 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HARROGATE |
| Postcode district | HG3 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Paul Reeves (bishop of Georgia)

abstract: George Paul Reeves was an American bishop. He was the Seventh Bishop of Georgia in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA).

text:
# Paul Reeves (bishop of Georgia)

**George Paul Reeves** (October 14, 1918 – April 15, 2010) was an American bishop. He was the Seventh Bishop of Georgia in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA).

## Life

Paul Reeves was born October 14, 1918, in Roanoke, Virginia. He was a 1940 Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Randolph-Macon College and received a Bachelor in Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1943. On December 18, 1943, he married Adele Ethel Beer. He was ordained as a deacon on May 6, 1948, and to the priesthood on All Saints Day (November 1) of the same year. He served as Navy chaplain aboard the USS Piedmont during World War II. After three years serving as a chaplain at Ruge Hall at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida, Reeves became the rector of All Saints' Church in Winter Park, Florida. He also served as the rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Sarasota, Florida, from 1959 to 1965. He served 15 years—the last eight as president—on the standing committee of the Diocese of Central Florida and was a deputy to three general conventions. In parish ministry, he last served as the rector of St. Stephen's Church in Miami, from which post he was elected bishop coadjutor of Georgia in 1969.

He died April 15, 2010, in Asheville, North Carolina. A Requiem Eucharist was held at St. Johns Episcopal Church, Savannah.

## Episcopacy

Reeves was consecrated as the seventh bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia at Christ Church, Savannah, on September 30, 1969. He had been elected as a bishop coadjutor to succeed Albert R. Stuart on Bishop Stuart's retirement. He stood in opposition to the 1979 revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and the ordination of women in The Episcopal Church. Reeves served as diocesan bishop from 1972 to 1985. He was succeeded by Harry W. Shipps, who in recalling his predecessor in a *Savannah Morning News* article at the time of Reeves' death remembered both his strong views and his sense of humor, "I greatly valued his wisdom, and recall his strong commitment to the historic traditions of the Church. He had an ironic sense of humor that always amused."

## Sources

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
George Paul Reeves
D.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Georgia | |
|  | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Georgia |
| In office | 1972–1985 |
| Predecessor | Albert R. Stuart |
| Successor | Harry W. Shipps |
| Previous post(s) | Coadjutor Bishop of Georgia *(1969-1972)* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | November 1, 1948
by Frank Juhan |
| Consecration | September 30, 1969
by Albert R. Stuart |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-10-14)October 14, 1918
Roanoke, Virginia, United States |
| Died | April 15, 2010(2010-04-15) (aged 91)
Asheville, North Carolina, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Denomination | Anglican *(prev. Congregational)* |
| Parents | George Floyd Reeves & Hattie Faye Foster |
| Spouse | Adele Ethel Beer *(m. Dec. 18, 1943)* |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Randolph–Macon College |


title: Tsuklakhang Palace

abstract: Tsuklakhang Palace or Tsuklakhang Royal Chapel and Monastery is a Buddhist palatial monastery in Gangtok, Sikkim, India. The Royal Chapel of the Chogyals is the main centre for prayers with an assembly hall in the centre and large depository of Buddhist scriptures and literature and contains altars which are orated with Buddha, Bodhisattvas and Tantric deities. Tsukhalang Palace which served as a location for coronation, marriages and victory ceremonies among the Sikkimese royalty. The palace celebrates Pang Lhabsol, held in mid September in honor of Mount Khangchendzonga, and Kagyad is celebrated in early December.

text:
# Tsuklakhang Palace

**Tsuklakhang Palace** or **Tsuklakhang Royal Chapel and Monastery** (Sikkimese: གཙུག་ལག་ཁང; Wylie: *gtsug-tag-khang*) is a Buddhist palatial monastery in Gangtok, Sikkim, India.

The Royal Chapel of the Chogyals is the main centre for prayers with an assembly hall in the centre and large depository of Buddhist scriptures and literature and contains altars which are orated with Buddha, Bodhisattvas and Tantric deities. Tsukhalang Palace which served as a location for coronation, marriages and victory ceremonies among the Sikkimese royalty.

The palace celebrates Pang Lhabsol, held in mid September in honor of Mount Khangchendzonga, and Kagyad is celebrated in early December.

## InfoBox

| Tsuklakhang Palace | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsuklakhang Palace | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Festivals | Pang Lhabsol, Kagyad, Losar |
| Location | |
| Location | Gangtok, Sikkim, India |
| Location of Tsuklakhang PalaceTsuklakhang Palace (India) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 27°19′34″N 88°36′54″E / 27.326°N 88.615°E / 27.326; 88.615 |


title: Psacadina

abstract: Psacadina is a genus of flies in the family Sciomyzidae, the marsh flies or snail-killing flies.

text:
# Psacadina

***Psacadina*** is a genus of flies in the family Sciomyzidae, the marsh flies or snail-killing flies.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Psacadina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psacadina* species, female. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sciomyzidae |
| Subfamily: | Sciomyzinae |
| Tribe: | Tetanocerini |
| Genus: | *Psacadina*
Enderlein, 1939 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Psacadina disjecta*
Enderlein, 1939 | |


title: Marc Hodel

abstract: Marc Hodel is a retired Swiss football defender. He is the current sporting director of Swiss Challenge League club FC Schaffhausen.

text:
# Marc Hodel

**Marc Hodel** (born 6 November 1970) is a retired Swiss football defender.

He is the current sporting director of Swiss Challenge League club FC Schaffhausen.

## InfoBox

Marc Hodel
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1970-11-06) 6 November 1970 | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1989–1992 | FC Baden | 57 | (0) |
| 1992–1993 | FC St. Gallen | 34 | (1) |
| 1993–1996 | FC Zürich | 86 | (1) |
| 1996–1997 | FC Aarau | 31 | (4) |
| 1997 | FC Sion | 6 | (2) |
| 1997–1999 | FC Zürich | 44 | (3) |
| 1999–2003 | Grasshopper Club | 91 | (4) |
| 2003–2005 | FC Wohlen | 4 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | Inter Club Zurigo |  |  |
| 2006–2007 | FC Neuenhof |  |  |
| 2007–2008 | FC Lenzburg |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | SV Schaffhausen | 6 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1998–2000 | Switzerland | 13 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2008–2009 | SV Schaffhausen (player-manager) | | |
| 2009 | APEP Pitsilias | | |
| 2024– | FC Schaffhausen (sporting director) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: 1991 PBA Third Conference

abstract: The 1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Third Conference was the last conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on September 15 and ended on December 15, 1991. The tournament allows one import with a height limit of 6'1" each per team.

text:
# 1991 PBA Third Conference

The **1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Third Conference** was the last conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on September 15 and ended on December 15, 1991. The tournament allows one import with a height limit of 6'1" each per team.

## Format

The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:

* The teams were divided into 2 groups.

* Teams in a group will play against each other once and against teams in the other group twice; 11 games per team; Teams are then seeded on the basis on win–loss records. Ties are broken among point differentials of the tied teams. Standings will be determined in one league table; teams do not qualify based on groupings.
* The top five teams after the eliminations will advance to the semifinals.
* The Semifinals will be two round-robin affairs with the remaining five teams. Results from the eliminations will be carried over. A playoff incentive for a finals berth will be given to the team that will win at least five of their eight semifinal games.
* The top two teams in the semifinals advance to the best of five finals. The next two teams dispute the third-place trophy in a best-of-three playoff.

## Elimination round

### Team standings

| Pos | Team | W | L | PCT | GB | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pepsi Hotshots | 8 | 3 | .727 |  | Semifinal round |
| 2 | Alaska Milkmen | 7 | 4 | .636 | | 1 |
| 3 | Ginebra San Miguel | 7 | 4 | .636 | | 1 |
| 4 | San Miguel Beermen | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 5 | Tivoli Milkmasters | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 6 | Shell Rimula X | 4 | 7 | .364 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Swify Mighty Meaty Hotdogs | 4 | 7 | .364 | | 4 |
| 8 | Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs | 2 | 9 | .182 | | 6 |

Source:

## Semifinal round

### Team standings

## Third place playoffs

| **San Miguel Beermen** 114, Pepsi Hotshots 109 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***San Miguel wins series, 2–1*** | | |

## Finals

| **Alaska Milkmen** 99, Ginebra San Miguel 90 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***Alaska wins series, 3–1*** | | |

1. "San Miguel claims semifinal slot". *Manila Standard*.
2. "Tivoli gives Swift the boot". *Manila Standard*.

## InfoBox

| 1991 PBA Third Conference | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | September 15 – December 15, 1991 |
| TV partner(s) | Vintage Sports (PTV) |
| Finals | |
| Champions | Alaska Milkmen |
| Runners-up | Ginebra San Miguel |
| Awards | |
| Best Import | Wes Matthews<br>(Ginebra San Miguel) |
| PBA Third Conference chronology | |
| \< 1990 1992 \> | |
| PBA conference chronology | |
| \< 1991 All-Filipino 1992 First \> | |


title: Pyropterus

abstract: Pyropterus is a genus of net-winged beetles belonging to the family Lycidae.

text:
# Pyropterus

***Pyropterus*** is a genus of *net-winged beetles* belonging to the family Lycidae.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| *Pyropterus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pyropterus nigroruber* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Lycidae |
| Genus: | *Pyropterus*<br>Mulsant, 1838 |
|


title: Wei Liucheng

abstract: Wei Liucheng is a Chinese businessman and politician. He is the former Governor and Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Hainan province. In August 2011, Wei became one of the deputy chairs of the Committee on the Economy and Finance in the National People's Congress.

text:
# Wei Liucheng

**Wei Liucheng** (Chinese: 卫留成; pinyin: *Wèi Liúchéng* born August 1946) is a Chinese businessman and politician. He is the former Governor and Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Hainan province. In August 2011, Wei became one of the deputy chairs of the Committee on the Economy and Finance in the National People's Congress.

## Biography

Born in Biyang County, Henan, Wei graduated from Beijing Petroleum Institute then worked in China's petroleum industry for more than 30 years. In 1982 he joined the China National Offshore Oil Corporation and in 1998 was appointed general manager.

Wei moved to Hainan in October 2003, and was appointed Governor of Hainan in February 2004. He served in that position until February 2007 when he was appointed as secretary of the Hainan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was re-elected by the Hainan People's Congress on January 29, 2008.

Wei was an alternate member of 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, and is a current member of 17th Central Committee.


title: Time to Rock

abstract:
"Time to Rock" is the debut single by Italian DJ/producer Gabry Ponte featuring Italian singer Stefania Piovesan.
It became a hit in Italy, Spain and Germany. The single was later released in the United States in December 2002 by MCA Records.

text:
# Time to Rock

"**Time to Rock**" is the debut single by Italian DJ/producer Gabry Ponte featuring Italian singer Stefania Piovesan. It became a hit in Italy, Spain and Germany. The single was later released in the United States in December 2002 by MCA Records.

## Peak positions

| Chart (2003) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot Dance Breakouts (Maxi-Singles Sales) | 3 |


title: Middleton Road, Albany

abstract: Middleton Road is a significant arterial road in Albany, Western Australia. From a junction with York Street and Albany Highway it runs to the north of Mount Clarence to the location of Middleton Beach and to the beach itself and Ellen Cove. It also passes Dog Rock. The role as an arterial road to the beach resort of Middleton Beach has seen a range of issues arising – speed and condition. Early stages of bituminization occurred in 1926.

text:
# Middleton Road, Albany

**Middleton Road** is a significant arterial road in Albany, Western Australia.

From a junction with York Street and Albany Highway it runs to the north of Mount Clarence to the location of Middleton Beach and to the beach itself and Ellen Cove.

It also passes Dog Rock.

The role as an arterial road to the beach resort of Middleton Beach has seen a range of issues arising – speed and condition.

Early stages of bituminization occurred in 1926.


title: Florida State Road 5054

abstract: Florida State Road 5054, known locally as Sarno Road, is a 1.4-mile-long (2.3 km) east–west highway in central Melbourne, Florida. Its western terminus is at Florida State Road 518, a half mile east of I-95; its eastern terminus is an intersection with Wickham Road and Sarno Road. The road is completely unsigned.

text:
# Florida State Road 5054

**Florida State Road 5054**, known locally as **Sarno Road**, is a 1.4-mile-long (2.3 km) eastwest highway in central Melbourne, Florida (formerly Eau Gallie). Its western terminus is at Florida State Road 518, a half mile east of I-95; its eastern terminus is an intersection with Wickham Road and Sarno Road. The road is completely unsigned.

## Route description

State Road 5054 begins at the intersection of Florida State Road 518, with the road taking a slight southeast turn before heading straight east through industrial and commercial land to the south, and the American Muscle Car Museum to the north, from the western terminus to Wickham Road. East of Wickham Road, Sarno Road becomes CR 5054.

## History

State Road 5054 is entirely composed of a former configuration of State Road 518. When West Eau Gallie Boulevard was completed in the 1980s, SR 518 was resigned on the new road, with the portion of Sarno Road about 12 mile (0.8 km) west of I-95, east to Wickham Road was renumbered as SR 5054. The section of Sarno Road west of the then-new West Eau Gallie Boulevard was renamed West Eau Gallie Boulevard.

## Major junctions

The entire route is in Melbourne, Brevard County.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.000 | 0.000 |
SR 518 (Eau Gallie Boulevard) to I-95 |  |
| 1.384 | 2.227 | Wickham Road (CR 509) |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Road 5054 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR 5054 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 1.384 mi (2.227 km) |
| Existed | 1980s–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SR 518 in Melbourne |
| East end | Wickham Road in Melbourne |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Counties | Brevard |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 998   SR 9336 | |


title: Lustgarten

abstract: The Lustgarten is a park in Museum Island in central Berlin at the foreground of the Altes Museum. It is next to the Berliner Dom and near the reconstructed Berliner Stadtschloss of which it was originally a part. At various times in its history, the park has been used as a parade ground, a place for mass rallies and a public park. The area of the Lustgarten was originally developed in the 16th century as a kitchen garden attached to the Palace, then the residence of the Elector of Brandenburg, the core of the later Kingdom of Prussia. After the devastation of Germany during the Thirty Years War, Berlin was redeveloped by Friedrich Wilhelm and his Dutch wife, Luise Henriette of Nassau. It was Luise, with the assistance of a military engineer Johann Mauritz and a landscape gardener Michael Hanff, who, in 1646, converted the former kitchen garden into a formal garden, with fountains and geometric paths, and gave it its current name, Pleasure Garden. In 1713, Friedrich Wilhelm I became King of Prussia and set about converting Prussia into a militarised state. He ripped out his grandmother's garden and converted the Lustgarten into a sand-covered parade ground. In 1790, Friedrich Wilhelm II allowed the Lustgarten to be turned back into a park, but during French occupation of Berlin in 1806 Napoleon again drilled troops there. In the early 19th century, the enlarged and increasingly wealthy Kingdom of Prussia undertook major redevelopments of central Berlin. A large, new classical building, the Old Museum, was built at the north-western end of the Lustgarten by the leading architect, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and between 1826 and 1829 the Lustgarten was redesigned by Peter Joseph Lenné, with formal paths dividing the park into six sectors. A 13-metre high fountain in the centre, operated by a steam engine, was one of the marvels of the age. In 1871, the fountain was replaced by a large equestrian statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III by Albert Wolff. The statue was unveiled on 16 June 1871. Between 1894 and 1905, the old Protestant church on the northern side of the park was replaced by a much larger building, the Berlin Cathedral, designed by Julius Carl Raschdorff. During the years of the Weimar Republic, the Lustgarten was frequently used for political demonstrations. The Socialists and Communists held frequent rallies there. In August 1921, 500,000 people demonstrated against right-wing extremist violence. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, on 25 June 1922, 250,000 protested in the Lustgarten. On 7 February 1933, 200,000 people demonstrated against the new Nazi Party regime of Adolf Hitler: shortly afterwards public opposition to the regime was banned. Under the Nazis, the Lustgarten was converted into a site for mass rallies. In 1934, it was paved over and the equestrian statue removed. Hitler addressed mass rallies of up to a million people there. On 18 May 1942 a resistance group led by Herbert Baum consisting mainly of Jewish men and women, tried to destroy a propaganda exhibition The Soviet Paradise in the Lustgarten. This resulted in the discovery of the group, the death of Baum in Gestapo detention and the execution of at least 27 members of the group. In a "retaliation action," the Reich Security Main Office arrested 500 Jewish men at the end of May, and immediately murdered half of them. A memorial stone made by Jürgen Raue installed in 1981 commemorates the resistance group. In 1944 the statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III by Albert Wolff was melted down to reuse the metal in war production. By the end of World War II in the year 1945, the Lustgarten was a bomb-pitted wasteland. The German Democratic Republic left Adolf Hitler's paving in place, but planted lime trees around the parade ground to reduce its militaristic appearance. The whole area was renamed Marx-Engels-Platz. The City Palace was demolished and later replaced by the modernist Palace of the Republic on part of the site. A movement to restore the Lustgarten to its earlier role as a park began once Germany was reunified in 1990. In 1997, the Berlin Senate commissioned the landscape architect Hans Loidl to redesign the area in the spirit of Lenné's design and construction work began in 1998. The Lustgarten now features fountains and is once again a park in the heart of a reunited Berlin.

text:
# Lustgarten

The **Lustgarten** (German: \[ˈlʊstˌɡaʁtn̩\] , *Pleasure Garden*) is a park in Museum Island in central Berlin at the foreground of the *Altes Museum*. It is next to the *Berliner Dom* (Berlin Cathedral) and near the reconstructed *Berliner Stadtschloss* (*Berlin City Palace*) of which it was originally a part. At various times in its history, the park has been used as a parade ground, a place for mass rallies and a public park.

The area of the Lustgarten was originally developed in the 16th century as a kitchen garden attached to the Palace, then the residence of the Elector of Brandenburg, the core of the later Kingdom of Prussia. After the devastation of Germany during the Thirty Years War, Berlin was redeveloped by Friedrich Wilhelm (the Great Elector) and his Dutch wife, Luise Henriette of Nassau. It was Luise, with the assistance of a military engineer Johann Mauritz and a landscape gardener Michael Hanff, who, in 1646, converted the former kitchen garden into a formal garden, with fountains and geometric paths, and gave it its current name, Pleasure Garden.

In 1713, Friedrich Wilhelm I became King of Prussia and set about converting Prussia into a militarised state. He ripped out his grandmother's garden and converted the *Lustgarten* into a sand-covered parade ground. (Pariser Platz near the Brandenburg Gate and Leipziger Platz were also laid out as military parade grounds at this time.) In 1790, Friedrich Wilhelm II allowed the *Lustgarten* to be turned back into a park, but during French occupation of Berlin in 1806 Napoleon again drilled troops there.

In the early 19th century, the enlarged and increasingly wealthy Kingdom of Prussia undertook major redevelopments of central Berlin. A large, new classical building, the Old Museum, was built at the north-western end of the Lustgarten by the leading architect, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and between 1826 and 1829 the *Lustgarten* was redesigned by Peter Joseph Lenné, with formal paths dividing the park into six sectors. A 13-metre high fountain in the centre, operated by a steam engine, was one of the marvels of the age. In 1871, the fountain was replaced by a large equestrian statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III by Albert Wolff. The statue was unveiled on 16 June 1871. Between 1894 and 1905, the old Protestant church on the northern side of the park was replaced by a much larger building, the Berlin Cathedral (in German, "Berliner Dom"), designed by Julius Carl Raschdorff.

During the years of the Weimar Republic, the *Lustgarten* was frequently used for political demonstrations. The Socialists and Communists held frequent rallies there. In August 1921, 500,000 people demonstrated against right-wing extremist violence. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, on 25 June 1922, 250,000 protested in the *Lustgarten*. On 7 February 1933, 200,000 people demonstrated against the new Nazi Party regime of Adolf Hitler: shortly afterwards public opposition to the regime was banned. Under the Nazis, the *Lustgarten* was converted into a site for mass rallies. In 1934, it was paved over and the equestrian statue removed. Hitler addressed mass rallies of up to a million people there.

On 18 May 1942 a resistance group led by Herbert Baum consisting mainly of Jewish men and women, tried to destroy a propaganda exhibition The Soviet Paradise in the Lustgarten. This resulted in the discovery of the group, the death of Baum in Gestapo detention and the execution of at least 27 members of the group. In a "retaliation action," the Reich Security Main Office arrested 500 Jewish men at the end of May, and immediately murdered half of them. A memorial stone made by Jürgen Raue installed in 1981 commemorates the resistance group.

In 1944 the statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III by Albert Wolff was melted down to reuse the metal in war production.

By the end of World War II in the year 1945, the *Lustgarten* was a bomb-pitted wasteland. The German Democratic Republic left Adolf Hitler's paving in place, but planted lime trees around the parade ground to reduce its militaristic appearance. The whole area was renamed *Marx-Engels-Platz*. The City Palace was demolished and later replaced by the modernist Palace of the Republic on part of the site.

A movement to restore the *Lustgarten* to its earlier role as a park began once Germany was reunified in 1990. In 1997, the Berlin Senate commissioned the landscape architect Hans Loidl to redesign the area in the spirit of Lenné's design and construction work began in 1998. The *Lustgarten* now features fountains and is once again a park in the heart of a reunited Berlin.

## InfoBox

| Lustgarten | |
| --- | --- |
| Lustgarten in front of the Old Museum | |
|  | |
| Location | Berlin |
| Coordinates | 52°31′07″N 13°23′59″E / 52.51861°N 13.39972°E / 52.51861; 13.39972 |
| Created | 1646 |
| Status | Open year round |


title: Produce!

abstract: Produce Co., Ltd. was a Japanese video game company. Founded on April 6, 1990 by former Irem employees, it developed a number of games for both Enix and Hudson Soft. Produce! have created games for arcades and for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, and PC Engine systems.

text:
# Produce!

**Produce Co., Ltd.** was a Japanese video game company. Founded on April 6, 1990 by former Irem employees, it developed a number of games for both Enix and Hudson Soft. Produce! have created games for arcades and for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, and PC Engine systems.

## Games

## InfoBox

Produce Co., Ltd.
| Industry | Video games |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | April 6, 1990 (1990-04-06) |
| Defunct | February 2015 (2015-02) |
| Headquarters | Japan |
| Products | *The 7th Saga*
*Brain Lord*
*Mystic Ark* |
| Website | www.pro-net.co.jp (defunct - Internet Archive link) |


title: Marc Holland

abstract: Marc Holland is a British civil servant and diplomat. From August 2014 until March 2018, Holland has served as the Administrator of Ascension.

text:
# Marc Holland

**Marc Holland** (born 1974) is a British civil servant and diplomat. From August 2014 until March 2018, Holland has served as the Administrator of Ascension.

## Career

Holland was educated at Wadham College, a college of the University of Oxford. Holland joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 2002. Holland served at the Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom to the European Union in Brussels and then the British Embassy in Berlin, working on EU and labour issues. Until 2014 he served as the Deputy Head of the Future of Europe Department in London. Prior to that Holland had worked Department of Trade and Industry and as a planning and information officer in the education department of the Croydon London Borough Council.

### Appointment as Administrator

In 2014, Holland was appointed to replace Colin Wells as Administrator of Ascension, a part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which is a British Overseas Territory. Holland stated on his appointment that "We are all thrilled to be coming to Ascension. We look forward to taking full part in the community and sharing with you the unique experience of living and working in such a fascinating place"

## Personal life

Holland is married with five children.

## InfoBox

| His HonourMarc Holland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Administrator of Ascension | |
| **In office**<br>26 August 2014  March 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Colin Wells |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1974 |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Wadham College, University of Oxford |
| Occupation | Civil servant |
|  | |


title: 1991 PBA All-Filipino Conference

abstract: The 1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) All-Filipino Conference was the second conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on June 9 and ended on September 1, 1991. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.

text:
# 1991 PBA All-Filipino Conference

The **1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) All-Filipino Conference** was the second conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on June 9 and ended on September 1, 1991. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.

## Format

The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:

* The teams were divided into 2 groups.

* Teams in a group will play against each other once and against teams in the other group twice; 11 games per team; Teams are then seeded by basis on win–loss records. Ties are broken among point differentials of the tied teams. Standings will be determined in one league table; teams do not qualify by basis of groupings.
* The top five teams after the eliminations will advance to the semifinals.
* Semifinals will be two round robin affairs with the remaining five teams. Results from the eliminations will be carried over. A playoff incentive for a finals berth will be given to the team that will win at least five of their eight semifinal games.
* The top two teams (or the top team and the winner of the playoff incentive) will face each other in a best-of-five championship series. The next two teams (or the loser of the playoff incentive and the fourth seeded team) dispute the third-place trophy in a best of three playoff.

## Elimination round

### Team standings

| Pos | Team | W | L | PCT | GB | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Diet Sarsi Sizzlers | 8 | 3 | .727 |  | Semifinal round |
| 2 | Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs | 7 | 4 | .636 | | 1 |
| 3 | San Miguel Beermen | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 4 | Tivoli Milkmasters | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 5 | Alaska Milkmen | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 6 | Ginebra San Miguel | 4 | 7 | .364 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Shell Rimula X | 4 | 7 | .364 | | 4 |
| 8 | Pepsi Hotshots | 3 | 8 | .273 | | 5 |

Source:

## Semifinal round

### Team standings

### Finals berth playoff

## Third-place playoffs

| **Alaska Milkmen** 108, San Miguel Beermen 93 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***Alaska wins series, 2–1*** | | |

## Finals

| **Purefoods TJ Hotdogs** 107, Diet Sarsi Sizzlers 100 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***Purefoods wins series, 3–2*** | | |

1. "Tender Juicy eyes semis berth". *Manila Standard*.
2. "Sarsi, Purefoods square off; San Miguel faces Alaska". *Manila Standard*.

## InfoBox

| 1991 PBA All-Filipino Conference | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | June 9 - September 1, 1991 |
| TV partner(s) | Vintage Sports (PTV) |
| Finals | |
| Champions | Purefoods TJ Hotdogs |
| Runners-up | Diet Sarsi Sizzlers |
| PBA All-Filipino Conference chronology | |
| \< 1990 1992 \> | |
| PBA conference chronology | |
| \< 1991 First 1991 Third \> | |


title: Pârâul Țigăncilor

abstract: The Pârâul Țigăncilor is a left tributary of the river Siret in Romania. It flows into the Siret at Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Its length is 22 km (14 mi) and its basin size is 93 km⁲ (36 sq mi).

text:
# Pârâul Țigăncilor

The **Pârâul Țigăncilor** is a left tributary of the river Siret in Romania. It flows into the Siret at Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Its length is 22 km (14 mi) and its basin size is 93 km2 (36 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Pârâul Țigăncilor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Iași County |
| Villages | Ruginoasa, Volintirești, Alexandru Ioan Cuza |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Siret |
| location | Alexandru Ioan Cuza |
| coordinates | 47°07′34″N 26°51′16″E / 47.1261°N 26.8545°E / 47.1261; 26.8545 |
| Length | 22 km (14 mi) |
| Basin size | 93 km2 (36 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | SiretDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Vătașnița, După Fântână |
| River code | XII.1.34 |


title: Scott Ferson (professor)

abstract: Scott David Ferson is Chair of Uncertainty in Engineering at University of Liverpool, Professor in its School of Engineering, and director of the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty there. Before joining the University of Liverpool, Ferson taught as an adjunct professor at Stony Brook University and did research at Applied Biomathematics, a small think tank on Long Island, New York. He was named a Fellow of the Society for Risk Analysis and received its Distinguished Educator Award in 2017. From Shelbyville, Indiana, Ferson received a PhD from Stony Brook University and an A.B. from Wabash College. Ferson published several books and over 250 other scholarly publications, mostly in methods for analyzing risks and uncertainty for environmental and engineering problems. He developed the notion of the probability box and probability bounds analysis, a technique for distribution-free risk analysis or sensitivity analysis for probabilistic assessments. He authored a series of reports that have been influential in uncertainty quantification for engineering risk assessment and design problems.

text:
# Scott Ferson (professor)

**Scott David Ferson** is Chair of Uncertainty in Engineering at University of Liverpool, Professor in its School of Engineering, and director of the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty there. Before joining the University of Liverpool, Ferson taught as an adjunct professor at Stony Brook University and did research at Applied Biomathematics, a small think tank on Long Island, New York. He was named a Fellow of the Society for Risk Analysis and received its Distinguished Educator Award in 2017. From Shelbyville, Indiana, Ferson received a PhD from Stony Brook University and an A.B. from Wabash College.

Ferson published several books and over 250 other scholarly publications, mostly in methods for analyzing risks and uncertainty for environmental and engineering problems. He developed the notion of the probability box and probability bounds analysis, a technique for distribution-free risk analysis or sensitivity analysis for probabilistic assessments. He authored a series of reports that have been influential in uncertainty quantification for engineering risk assessment and design problems.

## InfoBox

| Scott Ferson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Wabash College (AB)
Stony Brook University (PhD) |
| Known for | p-boxes
probability bounds analysis |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | risk and uncertainty
uncertainty quantification
uncertainty propagation
environmental science
conservation biology |
| Institutions | University of Liverpool
Stony Brook University
Applied Biomathematics |
| Doctoral advisor | Lawrence Slobodkin |
|  | |
| Website | sites.google.com/site/scottfersonsite/ |


title: Tunis Craven

abstract: Tunis Augustus Macdonough Craven was an officer in the United States Navy. His career included service in the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.

text:
# Tunis Craven

**Tunis Augustus Macdonough Craven** (11 January 1813 – 5 August 1864) was an officer in the United States Navy. His career included service in the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.

## Early life

Tunis Augustus Macdonough Craven was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, January 11, 1813. He was the youngest son of Tunis Craven, a Naval Storekeeper, stationed at the Portsmouth Yard, and his wife, Hannah Tingey, daughter of Commodore Thomas Tingey, a longtime commandant of the Washington Navy Yard. His brother, Thomas Tingey Craven would also join the navy, rising to the rank of rear admiral, while another brother, Alfred Wingate Craven (1810–1879), became a noted civil engineer.

In his youth he attended the Columbia College Grammar School in New York, his father having removed his family to Brooklyn, when ordered to duty in the New York Yard. February 2, 1829, Craven was appointed an acting midshipman from New York (warranted November 18, 1831), and was attached to the *Boston* and *St. Louis*.

## U.S. Navy service

Promoted to passed midshipman in September 1835, he was on duty in the United States Coast Survey almost continually until 1843, nearly two years after his promotion to lieutenant, in September 1841. In 1838 he married Mary Carter, a member of one of the oldest and most influential families on Long Island, who died in 1843, leaving three children. The same year, Lieutenant Craven was ordered to the receiving ship at New York, where he remained until ordered to the *Dale* in May, 1846. In the meantime, he had married again and moved from Brooklyn to Bound Brook, New Jersey. His second wife was Marie L. Stevenson, of Baltimore, Maryland, with whom he had three children. Craven served on the *Dale* during the Mexican–American War with the Pacific Squadron. He was given command of the chartered schooner *Libertad* in 1847, patrolling the coast of Baja California Sur to intercept Mexican ships trying to bring men and military material to their army in the territory. In the Bombardment of Punta Sombrero, Craven engaged in a gun duel with a shore battery guarding the anchorage of Mulege.

After his return from duty on the *Dale*, he was employed on U.S. Coast Survey duty until 1859, with the exception of a year at the United States Naval Observatory in 1850. Most of this time, he commanded the steamer *Corwin*, but in October 1857, sailed in the *Varina* in command of the Atrato Expedition, which was for the purpose of surveying a route for a proposed ship canal through the Isthmus of Darien (now called the Isthmus of Panama) by way of the Atrato River.

In 1859 Lieutenant Craven was given command of the steamer *Mohawk*, Home Squadron, in which he captured two slavers; in 1860 he saved the crew of the *Bella*, a foundering Spanish vessel, for which he was given a gold medal and diploma by Queen Isabella II. About the same time, the New York Board of Underwriters presented Mrs. Craven with a silver service for efficient services rendered to merchant vessels at sea by her husband.

In 1861 Lieutenant Craven was ordered to take command of the *Crusader*, Home Squadron, but was shortly after promoted to commander and given command of the *Tuscarora*, special service. The *Tuscarora* went to England with orders to report to the U.S. Minister, Mr. Adams. While in Southampton, the Confederate steamer CSS *Nashville* came in; but after she departed, the *Tuscarora* had to wait 24 hours to follow. After giving up the chase, Commander Craven went to the Mediterranean, where he succeeded in watching the CSS *Sumter* so closely that her officers and crew finally abandoned the ship at Gibraltar.

The *Tuscarora* was ordered home in 1863, and Commander Craven was detached and placed in command of the *Tecumseh*, then being built at Secor's yard, Jersey City. The following spring, the *Tecumseh* left New York and joined the squadron of Admiral Lee in the James River.

## Death at Battle of Mobile Bay

Shortly after, the *Tecumseh* was sent to join Admiral Farragut's fleet in the projected attack on Mobile. The position of Commander Craven in the attack, which took place August 5, was at the head of the column of monitors which was on the starboard hand of the wooden vessels between them and Fort Morgan. Admiral Farragut in his reports states:

> "The attacking fleet steamed steadily up the main ship channel, the *Tecumseh* firing the first shot at forty-seven minutes past six o'clock. At six minutes past seven the fort opened on us, and was replied to by a gun from the USS *Brooklyn*, and immediately after the action became general. It was soon apparent that there was some difficulty ahead. The *Brooklyn*, for some cause which I did not then clearly understand, but which has since been explained by Captain Alden in his report, arrested the advance of the whole fleet, while at the same time the guns of the fort were playing with great effect upon that vessel and the *Hartford*. A moment after I saw the *Tecumseh*, struck by a torpedo, disappear almost instantaneously beneath the waves, carrying with her her gallant commander and nearly all her crew."

The captain and the pilot were in the conning tower directly over the turret, whence there was no escape save through a narrow opening. Upon reaching this Commander Craven turned to the pilot and said, "You first, sir." The pilot, John Collins, escaped, and, as he related, the vessel sank under him, carrying her crew of one hundred and sixteen in all, save himself and the few that were able to escape through the port holes. A buoy in Mobile Bay marks the spot where the *Tecumseh* lies.

## Tribute

The English poet Henry Newbolt immortalized Commander Tunis' sacrifice in *Craven* (from The Project Gutenberg EBook of Collected Poems 1897 – 1907, by Henry Newbolt)

Craven

(Mobile Bay, 1864)

Over the turret, shut in his iron-clad tower,
Craven was conning his ship through smoke and flame;
Gun to gun he had battered the fort for an hour,
Now was the time for a charge to end the game.
There lay the narrowing channel, smooth and grim,
A hundred deaths beneath it, and never a sign;
There lay the enemy's ships, and sink or swim
The flag was flying, and he was head of the line.
The fleet behind was jamming; the monitor hung
Beating the stream; the roar for a moment hushed,
Craven spoke to the pilot; slow she swung;
Again he spoke, and right for the foe she rushed.
Into the narrowing channel, between the shore
And the sunk torpedoes lying in treacherous rank;
She turned but a yard too short; a muffled roar,
A mountainous wave, and she rolled, righted, and sank.
Over the manhole, up in the iron-clad tower,
Pilot and Captain met as they turned to fly:
The hundredth part of a moment seemed an hour,
For one could pass to be saved, and one must die.
They stood like men in a dream: Craven spoke,
Spoke as he lived and fought, with a Captain's pride,
"After you, Pilot." The pilot woke,
Down the ladder he went, and Craven died.
All men praise the deed and the manner, but we---
We set it apart from the pride that stoops to the proud,
The strength that is supple to serve the strong and free,
The grace of the empty hands and promises loud:
Sidney thirsting, a humbler need to slake,
Nelson waiting his turn for the surgeon's hand,
Lucas crushed with chains for a comrade's sake,
Outram coveting right before command:
These were paladins, these were Craven's peers,
These with him shall be crowned in story and song,
Crowned with the glitter of steel and the glimmer of tears,
Princes of courtesy, merciful, proud, and strong.

## Namesakes

Three ships in the Navy have been named USS *Craven* for him.

A portion of East 156th Street in The Bronx was once called Craven Street in his honor."Fox Playground". NYCParks.

## InfoBox

| Tunis Augustus Macdonough Craven | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1813-01-11)January 11, 1813
Portsmouth, New Hampshire |
| Died | August 5, 1864(1864-08-05) (aged 51)
Battle of Mobile Bay |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1829–1864 |
| Rank | Commander |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Signature |  |


title: Tim Walton (cricketer, born 1972)

abstract: Timothy Charles Walton is a former English cricketer. Walton is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born at York, Yorkshire.

text:
# Tim Walton (cricketer, born 1972)

**Timothy Charles Walton** (born 8 November 1972) is a former English cricketer. Walton is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born at York, Yorkshire.

## Youth Internationals

Walton made his Youth Test debut for England Under-19s against Pakistan Under-19s during their tour to Pakistan in January/February 1992. He made three Test appearances during the tour, as well as making three Youth One Day International appearances in the subsequent one-day series between the sides. In the same year back in England, he also made two Test appearances against the touring Sri Lanka Under-19s.

## Northamptonshire

Walton made his debut for Northamptonshire in a List A match against Leicestershire in the 1992 Sunday League. He made a further appearance in that season's competition against Warwickshire. These were his only appearances for the county that season, while the following season he didn't feature for the county. He next featured in the 1994 AXA Equity & Law League against Nottinghamshire, while in that same season he made his first-class debut, making two appearances in the County Championship against Kent and Somerset. Walton was used by Northamptonshire primarily as a limited-overs player, making 81 List A appearances for the county between 1992 and 1998. In these 81 matches, he scored a total of 1,369 runs at an average of 24.01, with a high score of 72. This score was one of seven half centuries he made and came against Gloucestershire in 1994. An occasional medium pace bowler, he took 7 wickets at a bowling average of 32.00, with best figures of 2/27. He also took 25 catches in the field.

Walton played just 25 first-class matches for Northamptonshire from 1994 to 1997, with his final fixture in that format for the county coming against Warwickshire. In his 25 matches, he scored 653 runs at an average of 25.11, with a high score of 71, one of seven first-class half centuries he made for the county. He left Northamptonshire at the end of the 1998 season.

## Later career

Having left Northamptonshire at the end of 1998 season, following that Walton played List A cricket in New Zealand for Canterbury, making four appearances for the team in the 1998/99 Shell Cup, scoring 42 runs at an average of 14.00, with a high score of 17. He signed for Essex for the 1999 season, making his debut for the county in a List A match against Lancashire in the CGU National League. In what was his only season with the county, he made seven further List A appearances, scoring a total of 83 runs at an average of 11.85, with a high score of 23. His first-class debut for the county came against Gloucestershire in that season's County Championship, with Walton making five further first-class appearances, the last of which came against the touring New Zealanders. In his six first-class appearances that season, he scored a total of 155 runs at an average of 19.37, with a high score of 71, which came on debut against Gloucestershire.

Having been released by Essex at the end of the 1999 season, he later played a single List A match for Cambridgeshire against the Warwickshire Cricket Board in the 2nd round of 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was played in 2001 to avoid fixture congestion the following season. In this match, he scored 4 runs before retiring out. The Warwickshire Cricket Board won the match by 75 runs. He didn't feature in any Minor counties fixtures for Cambridgeshire.

## InfoBox

Tim Walton
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Timothy Charles Walton |
| Born | (1972-11-08) 8 November 1972<br>York, Yorkshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Occasional wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2001 | Cambridgeshire |
| 1999 | Essex |
| 1998/99 | Canterbury |
| 19921998 | Northamptonshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 25 94  Runs scored 808 1,498  Batting average 23.76 22.02  100s/50s /8 /7  Top score 71 72  Balls bowled 435 276  Wickets 5 7  Bowling average 62.00 32.00  5 wickets in innings    10 wickets in match    Best bowling 1/8 2/27  Catches/stumpings 11/ 26/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 1 December 2011 | |


title: Mick Erwin

abstract: Michael "Mick" Erwin is a former Australian rules football player who played in the VFL between 1962 and 1964 for the Collingwood Football Club and from 1965 to 1968 for the Richmond Football Club. Erwin crossed to Coburg in the VFA during the 1968 season and was captain/coach from 1969 to 1972, leading the Lions to the 1970 2nd Division premiership. Erwin stepped down as coach for the 1973 season, but remained as captain under new coach John Dugdale. Ahead of the 1974 season, Coburg traded Erwin to Port Melbourne for Peter Smith. Both players won premierships with their new clubs in 1974. In 1975 Erwin was appointed captain-coach of Diamond Valley League team Templestowe, but Port Melbourne refused a clearance and he played a second season for the Borough. Retiring as a player, Erwin returned to Richmond as a specialist coach for two seasons. In 1978 he returned to the VFA, as coach of Prahran taking the Two Blues to the 1978 VFA premiership. He commenced the 1982 season as reserves coach at Collingwood before taking over as senior coach from Tom Hafey after he was sacked in the middle of the 1982 season. He coached the Magpies for the final twelve games of the 1982 season. Erwin, however was not retained as Collingwood Football Club senior coach at the end of the 1982 season and was replaced by John Cahill as Collingwood Football Club senior coach.

text:
# Mick Erwin

**Michael "Mick" Erwin** (born 6 June 1943, Stawell, Vic.) is a former Australian rules football player who played in the VFL between 1962 and 1964 for the Collingwood Football Club and from 1965 to 1968 for the Richmond Football Club.

Erwin crossed to Coburg in the VFA during the 1968 season and was captain/coach from 1969 to 1972, leading the Lions to the 1970 2nd Division premiership. Erwin stepped down as coach for the 1973 season, but remained as captain under new coach John Dugdale. Ahead of the 1974 season, Coburg traded Erwin to Port Melbourne for Peter Smith. Both players won premierships with their new clubs in 1974.

In 1975 Erwin was appointed captain-coach of Diamond Valley League team Templestowe, but Port Melbourne refused a clearance and he played a second season for the Borough.

Retiring as a player, Erwin returned to Richmond as a specialist coach for two seasons.

In 1978 he returned to the VFA, as coach of Prahran taking the Two Blues to the 1978 VFA premiership. He commenced the 1982 season as reserves coach at Collingwood before taking over as senior coach from Tom Hafey after he was sacked in the middle of the 1982 season. He coached the Magpies for the final twelve games of the 1982 season. Erwin, however was not retained as Collingwood Football Club senior coach at the end of the 1982 season and was replaced by John Cahill as Collingwood Football Club senior coach.

* Hogan P: *The Tigers Of Old*, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996
* Fiddian M: *Of Lions and Liniment,* Coburg FC, Melbourne 1979
* Fiddian M: *The Blue Boys,* Prahran FC, Melbourne 1986

## InfoBox

| Mick Erwin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1943-06-06) 6 June 1943 | | |
| Original team(s) | West Heidelberg YCW | | |
| Height | 187 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 85.5 kg (188 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1962–1965 | Collingwood | 29 0(4) |
| 1965–1968 | Richmond | 33 (37) |
| Total |  | **62 (41)** |
| Coaching career | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (W–L–D)** |
| 1982 | Collingwood | 12 (3–9–0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1968. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Paulense Desportivo Clube

abstract: Paulense Desportivo Clube is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Santo Antão Island League North Zone in Cape Verde. It is based in the town of Pombas, the seat of Paúl in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão and is being the main club of Vale do Paul. Its current manager is Alberto Teixeira. Its nickname is Encarnados, the same nickname of Portugal's S.L. Benfica and many other clubs affiliated to Benfica. Since the introduction of the Second Division in the 2012–13 season, the club are one of two that have never been relegated, the other is Os Foguetões. Paulense is the most successful football (soccer) club in the North Zone and the second on the island, having won about 18 official regional titles.

text:
# Paulense Desportivo Clube

**Paulense Desportivo Clube** (Capeverdean Crioulo, ALUPEC or ALUPEK: *Paulensi Disportibu Klubi* and the São Vicente Crioulo: *Paulense Dsportiv' Klube*) is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Santo Antão Island League North Zone in Cape Verde. It is based in the town of Pombas, the seat of Paúl in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão and is being the main club of Vale do Paul. Its current manager is Alberto Teixeira. Its nickname is *Encarnados*, the same nickname of Portugal's S.L. Benfica and many other clubs affiliated to Benfica. Since the introduction of the Second Division in the 2012–13 season, the club are one of two that have never been relegated, the other is Os Foguetões.

Paulense is the most successful football (soccer) club in the North Zone and the second on the island, having won about 18 official regional titles.

## History

Paulense won their first title in 2003 and in 2005 won two more totaling three titles in a row, the club has won two straight titles in a row in 2014 and 2015 and recently won in 2017 and has a total of seven championship titles. In other competitions, the team won two cup titles, their first was in 2013 and won two consecutive in 2016. Paulense also has four titles in a row for the Super Cup, their recent was in 2015 and four of the five Opening tournament titles were won two years each, in 2007 and 2008 and 2013 and 2014, the last title before the opening tournament competition would be held for the whole island.

The club celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2006. Later, the club celebrated its 32nd anniversary in 2013

### Regional championships

In the 2014–15 season, Paulense had a ten match winning streak at the Regional Championships in two seasons, it started after a goal draw with Rosariense in the previous season on March 15, 2014 and ended in a loss on March 28 to Rosariense with the score 1–3. Paulense also had a 13 match unbeaten streak at the regionals, Paulense's last was loss was on February 13, 2014 to Foguetões 0–2. Paulense also had the region's highest match scored defeating Janela 8–0 on January 31 in a round 5 match and is Paulense's recent highest scored to date, on March 1, Paulense was listed champions. Paulense's position in the 2016 season was second place with 21 points behind Sinagoga. Paulense never reached above second place, they started at fourth, two weeks later climbed to fifth and to second for the rest of the season. Paulense had the first two rounds with draws, the second one with Sinagoga was scoreless, the only loss was to Sinagoga on March 17. Paulense scored the region's most goals numbering 20, tied with Beira-Mar. Since the last match of the 2012–13 season, Paulense had not had a loss away.

Paulense had the lead in the entire 2016–17 regionals and for the upcoming weeks and having 21 points, as Foguetões defeated second placed Sinagoga (with 10 points) on February 18, the club became listed as regional champions for the season and will participate in the 2017 national championships in May. In the last two matches, Paulense made the season's only draw with Sinagoga, then at the final round defeated Janela who after the match relegated from the Premier Division. Paulense did not lose a single match during the season and finished with 28 points and scored the region's most goals numbering 29.

### Attempted fall, then continuation to remain in the division

As they had a great successful years in the 2000s and early and mid 2010s, Paulense unexpectedly turned for the worse. On December 16, they lost 4–1 to Rosariense and Paulense is last in the Premier Division and unheardly slimmed their chance of being a Premier Division club but got a chance to escape the relegation zone they were behind Beira Mar with just a point. They lost it as they had only losses at the fifth round and has become worst in the Premier Division with 13 goals conceded and is to be last place next round. Paulense made their next regional win in several matches with a win over the village of Sinagoga 0–2 at the 6th round. Recently, two more losses Paulense suffered on March 3 and was to Rosariense 0–3. Paulense made their recent win over Beira Mar and had a near medium chance of a possible relegation, never occurred to the club, Paulense had nine points, three more than Beira Mar and escaped the relegation zone. Paulense had 11 goals scored, third in the region. The final challenge was with Os Foguetões, another Paul-based club, also it was thought to be Paulense's final grip to remain in the Premier Division, they lost the match 1–3. For the first time, Paulense will be relegated after finishing last for the season, Paulense was one of the three unrelegated clubs of the Premier Division. In mid-April, Paulense finally placed outside the relegation zone as the Regional Association awarded Paulense a 3–0 win as Santo Crucifixo mistakenly fielded an ineligible player. Paulense finished fourth, it did not entirely faded for remaining in the Premier Division.

### National competition appearances

Their first national appearance was in 2003. Their first match was a scoreless draw with Amabox Barcelona on May 18. A week later on May 24, Paulense scored their first national champs goal in a match with Cutelinho of Fogo who Paulense lost. On June 14, Paulense made their first national champ win over Boa Vista's Académica Operária 2–1. Paulense lost the final match of the season to Mindelo's Batuque and finished fourth with a win and a draw and had four points and was out of the competition after being outside the qualification zone of the playoff stage. Paulense made their second appearance in 2004 and was unsuccessful almost as last season, they made just a win over Santiago North's Estrela dos Amadores 3–0 on May 22 where they scored all the season's goals. On May 29, Paulense made their worst defeat ever, they lost to Sal's Académico do Aeroporto on May 29. Their third appearance was made in 2005, their first match was a won over São Nicolau's Desportivo Ribeira Brava and was 0–3 on May 14. They made their only draw on May 21 and was two goals with Académica do Fogo. The next two matches ended in losses and thus another unsuccessful season for the club. The final match of the season featured champion of the Santiago North Zone Flor Jovem da Calheta and did not play as Paulense was fourth with only four points, six behind Académica Fogo's and Flor Jovem, a weak team withdrew from the competition. On June 19, Paulense was out of the competition.

Seven years would be their next appearance, the 2012 championships, the next two seasons only had a win, their success was slightly better, Paulense had only two losses, all in the first two matches, they lost to Mindelense of the neighbouring island 4–0 on May 5 which was Paulense's second worst, then to São Nicolau's Atlético from the island capital Ribeira Brava. A goal draw was made with the island's archrival Académica Porto Novo. Paulense made the season's only win on May 26 defeating 3–0 over Académico 83 of Maio's island capital. Paulense's first away draw at the nationals was made, a goal each with Académica Operária from Boa Vista. Paulense finished fourth behind Mindelense with 5 points and was out of further competition. Paulense made it to the 2012 Cape Verdean Cup, one of four cup winners from the region that participate and one of several clubs who competed at both national competitions at the same year, Paulense was not long after out of the cup competition.

Two more national championship appearances came, in 2014, a goal draw was made with Sporting Brava on April 6 followed by a loss to Santiago South's Sporting Praia. Paulense made their fifth win as they defeated the second mightiest team of São Vicente FC Derby 0–1 on April 19, in the challenge of Santo Antão with Académica from Porto Novo, a scoreless draw was made and the final match was a loss to Santiago North's Grémio Nhágar from a subdivision of Assomada on May 4. Paulense returned in 2015, where their greatest appearance was at the semi-finalist. Their first match was a draw with Boa Vista's Académica Operária on May 9, two wins were followed, first to Maio's Académico 83, then to their archrival Académica Porto Novo. Paulense's only loss came after a defeat to Derby on May 31, Paulense won the last match of the championship season after a victory over Fogo's Spartak d'Aguadinha. At the knockout stage, they faced with CS Mindelense, Oceano scored the first leg's only goal, Paulense lost 2–0 in the second leg at extra time and was out of the competition. Also, it was Paulense's only playoff appearance at the national champs. Also that season, Oceano was awarded the greatest player of the season. Until March 2017, Paulense's total stats at the nationals had 31 matches played and had nine wins and seven draws, also the club scored 31 goals. Its victory to loss ratio of its matches was 29.03%

For the 2017 season, it was Paulense's first in the reformatted triangular phases, they played in Group B of the first phase which featured Académica do Porto Novo, champion of the South Zone, the 2016 champion Mindelense and Académico do Aeroporto from Sal. Paulense lost the first round match to almighty Mindelense. A minimal success was made, three consecutive draws were next, the third one had no goals in a challenge with Mindelense. Paulense lost 1–3 to Académico do Aeroporto at the 5th round and lost their ticket to the playoff stage, Paulense finished last in the group and suffered as they had their worst season without a win and 10 goals conceded totalling 55 and their victory to loss ratio is now less than a quarter of its 37 matches played.

### Other regional competitions

The club was knocked out in 2017 cup competitions, the Santo Antão Cup in one round and the Santo Antão North Zone cup in the quarterfinals after two years of cup success.

In the 2014 subregional super cup, Paulense (as champion) defeated Sinagoga, as cup winner the 2016 title for the region's north zone, the club faced the champion Sinagoga, based just northwest in the North Zone's super cup, Paulense lost the match to Sinagoga. Paulense as champion will appear in the 2017 regional super cup and play with the cup winner Rosariense.

### Other competitions

In October 2016, Paulense along with Académica do Porto Novo of another league of the south of the island were participants from outside the neighboring island in the revived and reformatted Mindelo Cup, a competition that has not been held in nearly a decade, it featured the champion of São Vicente Mindelense and the cup winner of São Vicente Salamansa.

In local competitions, Paulense won the 2016 and the 2017 Paul Municipal Tournaments, the recent one had the club finished with 6 points.

## Stadium

The club has a dirt stadium located in Pombas named Campo de Coqueiral and with no seats, all of its matches are played in Ponta do Sol at Estádio João Serra as the field is slightly wider.

The club trains at the stadium and at their home field.

Its logo is with a coconut crest with a golden bird above, a green-red ribbon with its motto, unlike other clubs with the Benfica based logo in the country, written in Portuguese, a red and white shield with an orange ball and a blue ribbon with the club name acronym in the middle. Except for the colour and the full semi-circular crest. Its logo is the nearly the same as Portugal's Benfica and remains an affiliate. Other logos that are the same in the nation are CD Travadores, Benfica de Santa Cruz and Benfica da Praia (rarely as Benfiquinha).

## Uniform

Home uniform up to November 2016

Its uniform consists of a red clothing with white sleeves used for home matches.

Up to late 2016, is uniform had a crimson red t-shirt with white rim and the remainder black for home matches.

## Rivalry

Its only club that is rival to is Académica do Porto Novo forming the Santo Antão Derby (Derbi de Santo Antão), from 2003 at the championships, it only appeared in the national level with their last in 2017. After Paulense finishing last for the 2017–18 Premier Division, the rivalry came to an end.

## Honours

## League and cup history

### National championship

| Season | Div. | Pos. | Pl. | W | D | L | GS | GA | GD | P | Notes | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | 1B | **4** | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | -3 | **4** | Did not advance | Did not participated |
| 2004 | 1A | **5** | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 13 | -10 | **3** | Did not advance | Did not participate |
| 2005 | 1A | **4** | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 6 | +1 | **4** | Did not advance | Did not participate |
| 2012 | 1B | **4** | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | -3 | **3** | Did not advance | Did not participate |
| 2014 | 1A | **4** | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -1 | **3** | Did not advance | Did not participate |
| 2015 | 1A | **2** | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | +3 | **10** |  | Semi-finalist |
| 2017 | 1B | **4** | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | -6 | **3** | Did not advance | Did not participate |
| **Total:** | | | 35 | 8 | 10 | 17 | 34 | 52 | -18 | **30** |  | | |

### Regional Championship

| Season | Div. | Pos. | Pl. | W | D | L | GS | GA | GD | P | Santo Antão
North Cup | Santo Antāo
Cup | Tour | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003–04 | 2 | **1** | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |  |  |  | Promoted into the National Championships |
| 2004–05 | 2 | **1** | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |  | |  | Promoted into the National Championships |
| 2008–09 | 2 | **7** | 11 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 19 | 29 | +10 | **5** |  | |  |  |
| 2011–12 | 2 | **1** | 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Winner | |  | Promoted into the National Championships |
| 2013–14 | 2 | **1** | 10 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 25 | 14 | +11 | **22** |  | | Winner | Promoted into the National Championships |
| 2014–15 | 2 | **1** | 10 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 4 | +20 | **27** | **Winner** |  | Winner | Promoted into the National championships |
| 2015–16 | 2 | **2** | 10 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 10 | +10 | **21** | **Winner** | Semi-finalist | *Not held* |  |
| 2016–17 | 2 | **1** | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 5 | +24 | **28** | Quarter-finalist |  | |  |
| 2017–18 | 2 | **4** | 10 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 12 | 19 | -9 | **9** | Quarter-finalist |  | |  |

## Current squad

*As of 15 February 2017*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  CPV Adi  CPV Lito |
| --- |

## Managerial history

* **Rildo** Tavares (around 2014 – February 2017)
* Alberto Teixeira (since February 2017)

## Records and statistics

## InfoBox

Paulense
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Paulense Desportivo Clube |
| Nickname(s) | *Encarnados* |
| Founded | November 1981 |
| Ground | Campo de Coqueiral, Pombas, Paúl, Cape Verde and Estadio João Serra, Ponta do Sol |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Chairman | Octávio Delgado Veiga manager = Alberto Teixeira |
| League | Santo Antão North Premier Division |
| 2016–17 | 1st, champion |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tulsi TV

abstract: Tulsi TV is a Hindi-language 24/7 devotional television channel, owned by Tulsai TV Group Asia Limited, in Noida, India.

text:
# Tulsi TV

**Tulsi TV** is a Hindi-language 24/7 devotional television channel, owned by Tulsai TV Group Asia Limited, in Noida, India.

## InfoBox

**Tulsi TV**
| Country | India |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | India |
| Headquarters | Noida, India |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Hindi |
| Picture format | 1080p (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Tulsi TV Natwork |
| History | |
| Launched | 16 Dec 2012 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.tulsitv.org |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| SUN Direct | 852 |
|  | |


title: Psenuc

abstract: Psenuc is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Prószyński. As of 2017, it contains 11 species.

text:
# Psenuc

***Psenuc*** is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Prószyński. As of 2017, it contains 11 species.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Psenuc* was one of a number of new genera erected by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016, largely for species formerly placed in *Pseudicius*. Prószyński placed these genera in his informal group "pseudiciines", with *Pseudicius* as the representative genus. In Wayne Maddison's 2015 classification of the family Salticidae, *Pseudicius*, broadly circumscribed, is placed in the tribe Chrysillini, part of the Salticoida clade of the subfamily Salticinae.

### Species

*Psenuc* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Psenuc* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Psenuc*
Prószyński, 2016 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Psenuc vesporum*
(Prószyński, 1992) | |
| Species | |
| 11, see text | |


title: Mantisatta

abstract: Mantisatta is a genus of Southeast Asian jumping spiders that was first described by C. A. Warburton in 1900. As of June 2019 it contains only two species, found only in the Philippines and Malaysia: M. longicauda and M. trucidans. The name is a combination of "mantis", in reference to its long first legs, and the common salticid suffix -attus.

text:
# Mantisatta

***Mantisatta*** is a genus of Southeast Asian jumping spiders that was first described by C. A. Warburton in 1900. As of June 2019 it contains only two species, found only in the Philippines and Malaysia: *M. longicauda* and *M. trucidans*. The name is a combination of "mantis", in reference to its long first legs, and the common salticid suffix *-attus*.

## InfoBox

| *Mantisatta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Mantisatta*
Warburton, 1900 |
|
| Type species | |
| *M. trucidans*
Warburton, 1900 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1991–92 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team represented Robert Morris University in the 1991–92 NCAA Division I basketball season. Robert Morris was coached by Jarrett Durham and played their home games at the Charles L. Sewall Center in Moon Township, Pennsylvania. The Colonials were members of the Northeast Conference. They finished the season 19–12, 12–4 in NEC play. They won the 1992 Northeast Conference men's basketball tournament to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They earned a 16 seed in the West Region and played No. 1 seed UCLA in the first round. The Colonials were beaten 73–53 to end their season.

text:
# 1991–92 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team

1991–92 Northeast Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Robert Morris | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 19 |  | 12 |  | .613 |
| Monmouth | 11 |  | 5 |  | .688 |  |  | 20 |  | 9 |  | .690 |
| Fairleigh Dickinson | 11 |  | 5 |  | .688 |  |  | 14 |  | 14 |  | .500 |
| Wagner | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 16 |  | 12 |  | .571 |
| St. Francis (NY) | 8 |  | 8 |  | .500 |  |  | 15 |  | 14 |  | .517 |
| Long Island | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 11 |  | 18 |  | .379 |
| Marist | 6 |  | 10 |  | .375 |  |  | 10 |  | 20 |  | .333 |
| Saint Francis (PA) | 5 |  | 11 |  | .313 |  |  | 13 |  | 16 |  | .448 |
| Mount St. Mary's | 3 |  | 13 |  | .188 |  |  | 6 |  | 22 |  | .214 |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1992 NEC tournament winner
 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1991–92 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team** represented Robert Morris University in the 1991–92 NCAA Division I basketball season. Robert Morris was coached by Jarrett Durham and played their home games at the Charles L. Sewall Center in Moon Township, Pennsylvania. The Colonials were members of the Northeast Conference. They finished the season 19–12, 12–4 in NEC play. They won the 1992 Northeast Conference men's basketball tournament to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They earned a 16 seed in the West Region and played No. 1 seed UCLA in the first round. The Colonials were beaten 73–53 to end their season.

## Roster

| 1991–92 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  Ricky Cannon 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)  Sr   Bubba Donnelly 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)  Fr   Joe Falletta 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Sr   Wade Timmerson 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)  Sr   Myron Walker 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)  So | Head coach Assistant coach(es)  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Dec 2, 1991*
 |  | Marshall | **W** 85–61 | 1–0
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,033)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 5, 1991*
 |  | at West Virginia | **L** 69–79 | 1–1
 | WVU Coliseum (6,132)
Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Dec 7, 1991*
 |  | Youngstown State | **W** 75–64 | 2–1
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,007)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 10, 1991*
 |  | Duquesne | **L** 82–93 | 2–2
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (2,452)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 12, 1991*
 |  | at Ohio | **L** 67–78 | 2–3
 | Convocation Center (1,471)
Athens, Ohio |
| Dec 23, 1991*
 |  | at Florida State | **L** 60–76 | 2–4
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center (5,091)
Tallahassee, Florida |
| Dec 28, 1991*
 |  | at USC | **L** 77–92 | 2–5
 | L.A. Sports Arena (2,314)
Los Angeles, California |
| Dec 30, 1991*
 |  | at Long Beach State | **L** 81–84 | 2–6
 | The Gold Mine (903)
Long Beach, California |
| Jan 4, 1992*
 |  | at Central Connecticut State | **W** 81–63 | 3–6
 | Detrick Gymnasium (425)
New Britain, Connecticut |
| Jan 7, 1992
 |  | at Fairleigh Dickinson | **W** 61–57 | 4–6
(1–0) | Rothman Center (850)
Hackensack, New Jersey |
| Jan 9, 1992
 |  | at Marist | **W** 70–63 | 5–6
(2–0) | McCann Recreation Center (2,096)
Poughkeepsie, New York |
| Jan 11, 1992
 |  | Wagner | **W** 79–61 | 6–6
(3–0) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,128)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Jan 13, 1992
 |  | Monmouth | **L** 68–72 | 6–7
(3–1) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,221)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Jan 15, 1992*
 |  | at Dayton | **L** 65–82 | 6–8
 | University of Dayton Arena (11,573)
Dayton, Ohio |
| Jan 18, 1992
 |  | at Saint Francis (PA) | **W** 70–45 | 7–8
(4–1) | DeGol Arena (2,759)
Loretto, Pennsylvania |
| Jan 23, 1992
 |  | at Mount St. Mary's | **L** 63–72 | 7–9
(4–2) | Knott Arena (1,792)
Emmitsburg, Maryland |
| Jan 25, 1992
 |  | LIU Brooklyn | **W** 81–68 | 8–9
(5–2) | Charles L. Sewall Center (767)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Jan 27, 1992
 |  | St. Francis Brooklyn | **W** 64–46 | 9–9
(6–2) | Charles L. Sewall Center (861)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 1, 1992
 |  | at Monmouth | **L** 46–55 | 9–10
(6–3) | Boylan Gymnasium (2,756)
West Long Branch, New Jersey |
| Feb 3, 1992
 |  | at Wagner | **W** 74–70 | 10–10
(7–3) | Sutter Gymnasium (1,148)
Staten Island, New York |
| Feb 6, 1992
 |  | Fairleigh Dickinson | **W** 68–56 | 11–10
(8–3) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,464)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 8, 1992
 |  | Marist | **W** 73–69 | 12–10
(9–3) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,538)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 11, 1992*
 |  | Canisius | **W** 91–76 | 13–10
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (936)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 15, 1992*
 |  | Saint Francis (PA) | **W** 93–61 | 14–10
(10–3) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,639)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 20, 1992
 |  | Mount St. Mary's | **W** 98–91 | 15–10
(11–3) | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,159)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 27, 1992
 |  | at St. Francis Brooklyn | **L** 68–84 | 15–11
(11–4) | Pope Physical Education Center (350)
Brooklyn, New York |
| Feb 29, 1992
 |  | at Long Island University | **W** 103–94 | 16–11
(12–4) | Schwartz Athletic Center (350)
Brooklyn, New York |
| NEC tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 3, 1992*
 |  | Saint Francis (PA)
*Quarterfinals* | **W** 83–66 | 17–11
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,041)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Mar 4, 1992*
 |  | St. Francis Brooklyn
*Semifinals* | **W** 70–68 | 18–11
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (828)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| Mar 5, 1992*
 |  | Marist
*Championship Game* | **W** 85–81 | 19–11
 | Charles L. Sewall Center (1,788)
Moon Township, Pennsylvania |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 20, 1992*
 | (16 W) | vs. (1 W) No. 4 UCLA
*First Round* | **L** 53–73 | 19–12
 | ASU Activity Center (7,639)
Tempe, Arizona |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| 1991–92 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| NEC Regular Season Champions
NEC tournament champions | |
| NCAA tournament | |
| Conference | Northeast Conference |
| Record | 19–12 (12–4 NEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Charles L. Sewall Center |
|


title: Pwd

abstract: In Unix-like and some other operating systems, the pwd command writes the full pathname of the current working directory to the standard output.

text:
# Pwd

In Unix-like and some other operating systems, the `**pwd**` command (***p**rint **w**orking **d**irectory*) writes the full pathname of the current working directory to the standard output.

## Implementations

Multics had a `pwd` command (which was a short name of the `print_wdir` command) from which the Unix pwd command originated. The command is a shell builtin in most Unix shells such as Bourne shell, ash, bash, ksh, and zsh. It can be implemented easily with the POSIX  functions `getcwd()` or `getwd()`.

It is also available in the operating systems SpartaDOS X, PANOS, and KolibriOS. The equivalent on DOS (`COMMAND.COM`) and Microsoft Windows (`cmd.exe`) is the `cd` command with no arguments. Windows PowerShell provides the equivalent `Get-Location` cmdlet with the standard aliases `gl` and `pwd`. On Windows CE 5.0, the `cmd.exe` *Command Processor Shell* includes the `pwd` command.

`pwd` as found on Unix systems is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification. It appeared in Version 5 Unix. The version of `pwd` bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Jim Meyering.

The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include a `pwd` function with similar functionality. The OpenVMS equivalent is `show default`.

## \*nix examples

| `Command` | Explanation |
| --- | --- |
| `pwd` | Display the current working directory. Example: /home/foobar |
| `pwd -P` | Display the current working directory physical path - without symbolic link name, if any. Example: If standing in a dir /home/symlinked, that is a symlink to /home/realdir, this would show /home/realdir |
| `pwd -L` | Display the current working directory logical path - with symbolic link name, if any. Example: If standing in a dir /home/symlinked, that is a symlink to /home/realdir, this would show /home/symlinked |
|

Note: POSIX requires that the default behavior be as if the `-L` switch were provided.

## Working directory shell variables

POSIX shells set the following environment variables while using the cd command:

OLDPWDThe previous working directory (as set by the cd command). PWDThe current working directory (as set by the cd command).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

pwd
|
|  |
| Original author(s) | AT&T Bell Laboratories |
| Developer(s) | Various open-source and commercial developers |
| Initial release | June 1974 (1974-06) |
| Written in |  |
| Operating system | Multics, Unix, Unix-like, , Plan 9, Inferno, SpartaDOS X, PANOS, Windows CE, KolibriOS |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | coreutils: GPLv3+<br>Plan 9: MIT License |


title: Trzcianka, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Trzcianka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyszkowice, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Łyszkowice, 20 km (12 mi) south of Łowicz, and 32 km (20 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Trzcianka, Łódź Voivodeship

**Trzcianka** \[ˈtʂt͡ɕaŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyszkowice, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Łyszkowice, 20 km (12 mi) south of Łowicz, and 32 km (20 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Trzcianka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trzcianka | |
| Coordinates: 51°56′4″N 19°51′29″E / 51.93444°N 19.85806°E / 51.93444; 19.85806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łowicz |
| Gmina | Łyszkowice |