title: Wandsworth London Borough Council

abstract: Wandsworth London Borough Council, also known as Wandsworth Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Wandsworth in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2022. It is based at Wandsworth Town Hall in the centre of Wandsworth.

text:
# Wandsworth London Borough Council

**Wandsworth London Borough Council**, also known as **Wandsworth Council**, is the local authority for the London Borough of Wandsworth in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2022. It is based at Wandsworth Town Hall in the centre of Wandsworth.

## History

There has been a Wandsworth local authority since 1856 when the Wandsworth District was created, governed by an elected board. It was one of the lower tier authorities within the area of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs, each with a borough council, two of which were called Wandsworth (corresponding to the former Wandsworth District) and Battersea.

The London Borough of Wandsworth and its council were created under the London Government Act 1963, with the first election held in 1964. For its first year the council acted as a shadow authority alongside the area's outgoing authorities, being the councils of the two metropolitan boroughs of Battersea and Wandsworth. The new council formally came into its powers on 1 April 1965, at which point the old boroughs and their councils were abolished. The council's full legal name is "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of Wandsworth", but it styles itself Wandsworth Council.

From 1965 until 1986 the council was a lower-tier authority, with upper-tier functions provided by the Greater London Council. The split of powers and functions meant that the Greater London Council was responsible for "wide area" services such as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; with the boroughs (including Wandsworth) responsible for "personal" services such as social care, libraries, cemeteries and refuse collection. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 and its functions passed to the London Boroughs, with some services provided through joint committees. Wandsworth became a local education authority in 1990 when the Inner London Education Authority was dissolved.

Since 2000 the Greater London Authority has taken some responsibility for highways and planning control from the council, but within the English local government system the council remains a "most purpose" authority in terms of the available range of powers and functions.

From 1992 to 2011, under the leadership of Conservative councillor Edward Lister, Wandsworth was an early adopter of Thatcherite policies of privatisation of street cleaning and refuse collection, and sale of council housing. Between 2007 and 2010 11% of the "affordable" homes built in Wandsworth were for social rent  the lowest in the whole of London. Many ex-council homes became owned by private landlords.

Since 2016 the council has shared a chief executive and other staff with neighbouring Richmond upon Thames Council.

## Powers and functions

The local authority derives its powers and functions from the London Government Act 1963 and subsequent legislation, and has the powers and functions of a London borough council. It sets council tax and as a billing authority also collects precepts for Greater London Authority functions and business rates. It sets planning policies which complement Greater London Authority and national policies, and decides on almost all planning applications accordingly. It is a local education authority and is also responsible for council housing, social services, libraries, waste collection and disposal, traffic, and most roads and environmental health.

## Political control

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2022.

The first election was held in 1964, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1965. Political control of the council since 1965 has been as follows:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 1965–1968 |
|  | Conservative | 1968–1971 |
|  | Labour | 1971–1978 |
|  | Conservative | 1978–2022 |
|  | Labour | 2022–present |

### Leadership

The role of Mayor of Wandsworth is largely ceremonial. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1965 have been:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sidney Wellbelove |  | Labour | 1964 | 1966 |
| Sidney Sporle |  | Labour | 1966 | 1968 |
| Ronald Ash |  | Conservative | 1968 | 1971 |
| Ian McGarry |  | Labour | 1971 | May 1972 |
| Frank Sims |  | Labour | May 1972 | Dec 1972 |
| Ian McGarry |  | Labour | Dec 1972 | 1976 |
| John Tilley |  | Labour | 1976 | 1978 |
| Dennis Mallam |  | Conservative | 1978 | 1979 |
| Christopher Chope |  | Conservative | 1979 | 1983 |
| Paul Beresford |  | Conservative | 1983 | 1992 |
| Edward Lister |  | Conservative | 1992 | 18 May 2011 |
| Ravi Govindia |  | Conservative | 18 May 2011 | May 2022 |
| Simon Hogg |  | Labour | 25 May 2022 |  |

### Composition

Following the 2022 election and by-elections up to May 2024, the composition of the council was:

| Party | | Councillors |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 34 |
|  | Conservative | 23 |
|  | Independent | 1 |
| Total | | 58 |

The next election is due in 2026.

## Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2022 the council has comprised 58 councillors representing 22 wards, with each ward electing two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

## Premises

The council is based at Wandsworth Town Hall on Wandsworth High Street. The first town hall on the site was completed in 1882 for the old Wandsworth District Board of Works. A red-brick extension to the east was added in 1927, now known as the civic suite. It was followed by a much larger stone-fronted building further again to the east, on the corner with Fairfield Street, which was completed in 1937. The 1882 building was badly damaged during the Blitz and was eventually demolished to make way for a large modern office extension to the Town Hall complex, which was completed in 1975.

1. "Wandsworth appoints new mayor and first ever Youth Mayor". *Wandsworth Council*. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
2. "Wandsworth and Richmond Councils choose new Chief Executive". *Wandsworth Council*. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
3. Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120)
4. London Government Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 14)
5. "London Government Act 1963", *legislation.gov.uk*, The National Archives, 1978 c. 33, retrieved 16 May 2024
6. Youngs, Frederic (1979). *Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England*. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0901050679.
7. Youngs, Frederic (1979). *Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England*. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0901050679.
8. "London Borough of Wandsworth: Local Government Act 1972". *South West Farmer*. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
9. "Local Government Act 1985", *legislation.gov.uk*, The National Archives, 1985 c. 51, retrieved 5 April 2024
10. Education Reform Act 1988 (c. 40)
11. Leach, Steve (1998). *Local Government Reorganisation: The Review and its Aftermath*. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0714648590.
12. "Boris Johnson's key advisers". *The Times*. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
13. "Putney's Local Web site". Putneysw15.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
14. Hill, Dave (8 June 2011). "Edward Lister: Boris's Thatcherite?". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
15. "Lister joins Boris as Deputy Mayor". Wandsworth Council. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
16. Dave Hill (19 May 2011). "Edward Lister: why Wandsworth is wonderful | Politics". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
17. "GMB - Monument to Mrs Thatcher's legacy". Archive.gmb.org.uk. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
18. "WANDSWORTH: Council tax going up | Wandsworth Times". Wandsworthguardian.co.uk. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
19. "Conservative London borough council with one of lowest tax rates in country 'exploiting' low-paid workers, union claims". *The Independent*. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
20. "Council Tax and Business Rates Billing Authorities". Council Tax Rates. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
21. "Local Plan Responses – within and outside London". Mayor of London. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
22. "Wandsworth election result". *BBC News*. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
23. "Compositions calculator". *The Elections Centre*. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
24. "Council minutes". *Wandsworth Council*. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
25. "London Boroughs Political Almanac". *London Councils*. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
26. "The London Borough of Wandsworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2021", *legislation.gov.uk*, The National Archives, SI 2021/418, retrieved 29 April 2024
27. "Visiting the Customer Centre". *Wandsworth Council*. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
28. *London's Town Halls*. London: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. 1998. pp. 201–204. Retrieved 29 April 2024.

## InfoBox

| Wandsworth London Borough Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of Arms | |
| Council logo | |
| Type | |
| Type | London borough council |
| Leadership | |
| Mayor | Sana Jafri,
Labour
since 22 May 2024 |
| Leader | Simon Hogg,
Labour
since 25 May 2022 |
| Chief Executive | Mike Jackson
since 2022 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 58 councillors |
|  | |
| Political groups | Administration (34)   Labour (34) Other parties (24)   Conservative (23)   Independent (1) |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | First past the post |
| Last election | 5 May 2022 |
| Next election | 7 May 2026 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Town Hall, Wandsworth High Street, London, SW18 2PU | |
| Website | |
| www.wandsworth.gov.uk | |


title: Wawa station

abstract: Wawa station is a commuter rail station on the SEPTA Regional Rail Media/Wawa Line, located adjacent to U.S. Route 1 in Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The original station was built by the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad and later served the Pennsylvania Railroad's West Chester Branch, which finally became SEPTA's R3 line. The outer section of the line, running from Elwyn to West Chester including the old Wawa station, was closed in 1986. SEPTA restored service on the Media/Wawa Line from its prior terminus at Elwyn station to Wawa on August 21, 2022.

text:
# Wawa station

**Wawa station** is a commuter rail station on the SEPTA Regional Rail Media/Wawa Line, located adjacent to U.S. Route 1 in Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The original station was built by the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad and later served the Pennsylvania Railroad's West Chester Branch, which finally became SEPTA's R3 line (later renamed to the "Media/Elwyn Line"). The outer section of the line, running from Elwyn to West Chester including the old Wawa station, was closed in 1986.

SEPTA restored service on the Media/Wawa Line from its prior terminus at Elwyn station to Wawa on August 21, 2022.

## History

The West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad (WC&P) began constructing its rail line from Philadelphia in 1852 and reached Wawa in 1857. The remainder of the line to West Chester was completed in 1858. The WC&P merged with the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad (P&BC) in 1881, and both were controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Wawa station was originally known as the Baltimore Central Junction Station, being the northern terminus of the P&BC, later called the Octoraro Branch. This line was built by the P&BC between 1855 and 1868, and originally connected with the Columbia & Port Deposit Railroad in Maryland. Tourist operator Wawa & Concordville Railroad leased the Concordville-Wawa segment in 1967 and 1968 to operate passenger trains. Damage caused by Hurricane Agnes 1972 rendered the line unusable.

The station, and all of those west of Elwyn station, was closed in September 1986, due to deteriorating track conditions and Chester County's desire to expand facilities at Exton station on SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line. Service was "temporarily suspended" at that time, with substitute bus service provided. Prior to the end of service, trains had not been through-routed to Philadelphia for many years, instead operating as a shuttle between Elwyn and West Chester. Wawa station still appeared in publicly posted tariffs while unused.

Wawa station was demolished shortly after service ended. Some concrete foundations remained, as did the concrete curb for the platform edge, and the pedestrian tunnel under the track. The pedestrian tunnel was sealed off with sheets of metal. All structures remaining on site were demolished in 2020 in order to construct the new station.

### Service restoration

In the early 1990s, SEPTA began discussing the prospect of restoring commuter rail service between Elwyn and Wawa. Little was done until June 2005, when engineering and design for the resumption of rail service finally began. SEPTA initially estimated that the cost for the 3-mile extension of service would be $51 million; the estimate cited in SEPTA's 2009 Capital Budget was $80 million. The construction project will have included new track, catenary, signals, communications equipment, and crew facilities. A new station at Wawa with a large park and ride facility will also have been built.

Wawa was chosen as the new terminal due to its proximity to the heavily travelled U.S. Route 1, in addition to the headquarters of convenience store chain Wawa. The new Wawa station, which was briefly referred to as "Middletown" for its location in Middletown Township, was under construction in late 2020. The accessible-compliant station will have high level platforms, a ticket office, food service, and a parking garage. SEPTA will also construct a new railcar storage facility and crew bunker at the former Lenni station site.

Wawa station is estimated to be used by about 950 commuters on a typical weekday. The engineering phase of the terminal project began in July 2005. This included preliminary engineering, environmental impact analysis, and final engineering. Shortfalls in funding delayed completion of this phase due to the failing economy in 2008. SEPTA announced in 2015 in their "Rebuilding for the Future" project that service is expected to return to Wawa station by, at the latest, 2020. Construction will take 24 to 36 months to complete. As of May 2018, the total budget has been revised to $177,900,000 with construction being complete in 2021. As of January 2022, passenger service was expected to start in July 2022.

In an update published on Middletown Township's website, it was originally planned for all construction to be completed by June 2022, with passenger service beginning on July 1, 2022. On May 23, 2022, it was announced that the start of passenger service would be delayed until August 21, 2022, due to supply chain issues. Training and qualifying runs along the new portion of the branch were conducted throughout June and July 2022.

On July 27, 2022, SEPTA announced that convenience store chain Wawa acquired naming rights to the station for $5.4 million in a 10-year deal. A ribbon-cutting ceremony for Wawa station was held on August 18, 2022, with SEPTA and Wawa leadership in attendance including Wawa President and CEO Chris Gheysens. Following the ceremony, a train with a Wawa advertising wrap took a trip on the extension from Wawa to Elwyn. Regular service began on Sunday, August 21, 2022. On August 22, Wawa provided free celebratory coffee, pretzels, and drinks to commuters. With the opening of the station, the Media/Elwyn Line was renamed the Media/Wawa Line.

On August 29, 2022, SEPTA Suburban Bus routes 111 and 114 began onsite service to Wawa station.

## InfoBox

| Wawa | |
| --- | --- |
| Wawa station platform in August 2022. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1490 West Baltimore Pike, Media, Pennsylvania 19063 |
| Coordinates | 39°54.041′N 75°27.514′W / 39.900683°N 75.458567°W / 39.900683; -75.458567 |
| Owned by | SEPTA |
| Line(s) | West Chester Line |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | **SEPTA Suburban Bus**: 111, 114 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 3 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1857 |
| Closed | September 19, 1986 |
| Rebuilt | August 21, 2022 |
| Electrified | December 2, 1928 |
| Previous names | Baltimore Central Junction |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  *Terminus*  Media/Wawa Line  Elwyntoward Temple University | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  Glen Millstoward West Chester  West Chester Line  Lennitoward Suburban Station  Darlington(closed 1981)toward West Chester  Preceding station Pennsylvania Railroad Following station  Darlingtontoward West Chester  West Chester Line  Lennitoward Suburban Station  Chester Heightstoward Octoraro  Octoraro Branch  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Wawa and Concordville Railroad

abstract: The Wawa and Concordville Railroad was a steam tourist railroad in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania during the late 1960s.

text:
# Wawa and Concordville Railroad

The **Wawa and Concordville Railroad** was a steam tourist railroad in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania during the late 1960s.

## History

The Wawa & Concordville (W&C) was one of the earlier steam tourist railroads. It was conceived by local businessmen with the support of the Delaware County Chamber of Commerce in 1966. It operated from Concordville, near U.S. Route 322, east to the village of Wawa. The railroad operated over a leased portion of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Octoraro Branch.

W&C utilized two steam locomotives for operations: former U.S. Navy 0-6-0T #3 and former Pacific Coast Lumber 2-8-2T #37. Most passenger cars were wooden boxcars that had been converted into open observation passenger cars prior to their use on the W&C.

During the 1968 season, several homeowners along Pole Cat Road near Concordville complained of the noise and smell of steam locomotives coming across their yards. They pressured then-current landlord Penn Central (PC), who opted not renew W&C's lease when it expired in 1968. W&C continued to renegotiate a lease after they were forced to halt operations.

A flash flood in September 1971 and Hurricane Agnes in 1972 severely damaged the line. The bankrupt PC decided to remove the line from service, not having the funds for necessary repairs. At the time, 12 freight cars were marooned on the derelict line.

## Legacy

While the station was destroyed by fire, the locomotives and cars remained at the site for another 10 years. Both locomotives eventually were moved to Marshallton, Delaware where they operated on the Wilmington & Western Railroad. Some converted boxcars were scrapped, but two remain near the site in derelict condition. A third is in Marshallton where it is used as a flatcar. U.S. Navy, #3 was later moved to Lewes, Delaware to operate on the Queen Anne's Railroad. It currently serves as part of a railroad themed restaurant in Ocean View, Delaware. #37 was on a siding in Marshallton, but was moved to the Strasburg Railroad and stored there awaiting a restoration until Timber Heritage Association sold it to Age of Steam Roundhouse in Ohio.

The line itself was never formally abandoned and is still owned by SEPTA. Rails and wooden ties remain in place, but are buried beneath soil or are rotting away.

The Wawa & Concordville Historical Society was formed in 2003 to document the railroad's brief history. It was founded by Paul Calpin, A. Marc DeCaro and Jenny Lohse Simpson. Today the group maintains a Facebook fan page. There was also a G scale Model railroad layout in Middletown, Delaware, for some time.

## In print

The definitive piece of the W&C was written by Kurt R. Bell and published in the Philadelphia Chapter of the Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society's *High Line* magazine.

## InfoBox

| Wawa and Concordville Railroad | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Out of service |
| Owner | SEPTA |
| Locale | Concordville, Pennsylvania |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Type | Tourist railroad |
| Services | Local |
| History | |
| Opened | 1967 |
| Closed | 1968 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 12.2 mi (19.6 km) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Character | Surface |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |


title: Wappo traditional narratives

abstract: Wappo traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Wappo people of the North Coast Ranges of northeastern California. Wappo oral literature was classed with that of central California, but it also showed influences from the Pacific Northwest region.

text:
# Wappo traditional narratives

**Wappo traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Wappo people of the North Coast Ranges of northeastern California.

Wappo oral literature was classed with that of central California, but it also showed influences from the Pacific Northwest region.

## Sources for Wappo narratives

* Kroeber, Henriette R. 1908. "Wappo Myths". *Journal of American Folklore* 21:321-323.
* Loeb, Edwin M. 1932. "The Western Kuksu Cult". *University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology* 33:1-137. Berkeley. (Note on Wappo mythology, pp. 107–108.)
* Powers, Stephen. 1877. *Tribes of California*. Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 3. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Reprinted with an introduction by Robert F. Heizer in 1976, University of California Press, Berkeley. (Two narratives, pp. 200–202.)
* Radin, Paul. 1924. "Wappo Texts: First Series". *University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology* 19:1-147. Berkeley. (Myths, including Bear and Fawns, collected from Jim Tripo and Joe McCloud in 1918, pp. 45–147.)
* Radin, Paul. 1929. "A Grammar of the Wappo Language". *University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology* 27:1-194. Berkeley. (One myth, pp. 159–160.)
* Sawyer, Jesse O., Jr., and Laura Fish. 1977. "Bear Woman and Her Children (Wappo)". In *Northern Californian Texts*, edited by Victor Golla and Shirley Silver, pp. 105–113. International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Texts Series No. 2(2). University of Chicago Press.


title: Wappo language

abstract: Wappo is an extinct language that was spoken by the Wappo tribe, Native Americans who lived in what is now known as the Alexander Valley north of San Francisco. The last fluent speaker, Laura Fish Somersal, died in 1990. The loss of this language is attributed to the general use of English in schools and workplaces. Wappo is generally believed to be distantly related to the Yuki language. It is distinguished by influence of the nearby Pomoan languages. According to Somersal, the English name for the people and language is derived from the Spanish word guapo, meaning "handsome" or "brave". The people called themselves Micewal. The Pomoan exonym, or name for them, was Ashochimi ("northerners"). Paul Radin published the first texts on Wappo grammar in the 1920s. Jesse O. Sawyer published English-Wappo Vocabulary in 1965 and continued to study Wappo grammar throughout his life. Other linguists who have contributed to the study of Wappo include William E. Elmendorf, Alice Shepherd, Sandra Thompson, Joseph Sung-Yul Park, and Charles N. Li.

text:
# Wappo language

**Wappo** is an extinct language that was spoken by the Wappo tribe, Native Americans who lived in what is now known as the Alexander Valley north of San Francisco. The last fluent speaker, Laura Fish Somersal, died in 1990. The loss of this language is attributed to the general use of English in schools and workplaces. Wappo is generally believed to be distantly related to the Yuki language. It is distinguished by influence of the nearby Pomoan languages.

According to Somersal, the English name for the people and language is derived from the Spanish word *guapo*, meaning "handsome" or "brave". The people called themselves *Micewal*. The Pomoan exonym, or name for them, was *Ashochimi* ("northerners").

Paul Radin published the first texts on Wappo grammar in the 1920s. Jesse O. Sawyer published *English-Wappo Vocabulary* in 1965 and continued to study Wappo grammar throughout his life. Other linguists who have contributed to the study of Wappo include William E. Elmendorf, Alice Shepherd, Sandra Thompson, Joseph Sung-Yul Park, and Charles N. Li.

## Phonology

### Vowels

Wappo has five vowel qualities, but the literature is inconsistent as to whether a length distinction exists. In his Wappo lexicon, Sawyer transcribes long vowels, but Thompson et al., who worked with the same speaker, report that they did not hear any long vowels.

According to Radin, the following diphthongs occur in Wappo: /ao/, /ai/, /ɛo/, /ɛi/, /ɛu/, /ei/, /ɔi/, /iɛ/, and /ui/.

|  | Front | Back |
| --- | --- | --- |
| High |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |
| Low |  | |

### Consonants

The transcription style (bolded symbols below) is based on Sawyer's work with Somersal, with further interpretation by Thompson, Park and Li. Thompson et al. propose that Wappo has three types of stops: plain, aspirated and glottalized. Stops plus /h/ are therefore treated as single aspirated stops. Sawyer notes that /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings.

|  | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | voiceless | **p** \[\] | **t** \[\] | \[\] |  | **k** \[\] | **ʔ** \[\] |
| | aspirated | \[\] | \[t̻ʰ\] | **ṭʰ** \[t̺ʰ\] |  | \[\] |  |
| | glottalized | \[\] | \[t̻ʼ\] | **ṭʼ** \[t̺ʼ\] |  | \[\] |  |
| Affricate | voiceless |  |  | **c** \[t͡s\] | **č** \[t͡ʃ\] |  |  |
| | aspirated |  |  | **ch** \[t͡sʰ\] | **čh** \[t͡ʃʰ\] |  |  |
| | glottalized |  |  | \[t͡sʼ\] | **čʼ** \[t͡ʃʼ\] |  |  |
| Fricative | voiceless |  |  | **s** \[\] | **š** \[\] |  | **h** \[\] |
| Nasal | plain | **m** \[\] |  | **n** \[\] |  |  |  |
| | glottalized | \[\] |  | \[\] |  |  |  |
| Approximant | plain | **w** \[\] |  | **l** \[\] | **y** \[\] |  |  |
| | glottalized | \[\] |  | \[\] | \[\] |  |  |

### Stress and tone

Wappo word stress is predictable, in that the first syllable of the word stem is stressed. In the examples below, the accent marks stress.

* *méhwa* "wild grape vine"
* *kálkuʔ* "greyhound"

Wappo does not make distinctions in tone.

### Phonological processes

* Glottal stops are inserted word-initially in words that would otherwise begin with a vowel.
* If a word stem ends in a vowel and a suffix immediately following the stem begins with a vowel, one of those vowels is elided. In most cases, the vowel at the beginning of the suffix is deleted. For example, *čoči-iʔ*, which is the root "weave" plus the durative suffix, has the surface representation of *čoči?*.

## Morphology

### Nouns

Nouns can be divided into human and non-human classes, which is relevant for pluralization. Human nouns are consistently inflected for plurality, but non-human nouns do not have to be inflected for plurality, even when their reference is in fact plural. For example, *onoʔšiʔ-te* "Indians" has the plural suffix *-te*, but *mansanaʔi*  "apples" lacks the suffix.

### Verbs

Wappo also has rich inflectional and derivational morphology in its verb phrases. There are five categories of tense or aspect: habitual/progressive, stative, past, inchoative and future. Each verb root takes at least two forms to which suffixes are added. The form used depends on the tense. The forms themselves are determined by the verb's semantic class, which is basically determined by the habitual/progressive suffix used. Specific suffixes result in changes to the verb stem, for example, *-lik-* is added to the root of verbs occurring with the rare imperative suffix *-laʔ*. This occurs in the imperative for "sleep", in which the stem is changed from *hinto-* to *hintolik-*. Epenthesis also occurs in certain situations, depending on the form of the root and the suffix added.

Thompson et al. provide the following examples of tense/aspect categories. The relevant forms are bolded, and all of the forms follow Sawyer's transcription style.

| Category | Suffix(es) | Wappo example | English translation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Habitual/progressive | 13 different forms exist | ah yekhe **k'el-iʔ** | "I eat acorn mush" |
| Stative | -khiʔ | i-meʔ c'ic'-i **čhoʔel-khiʔ** | "my bird has died" |
| Past | -taʔ | ah leʔa mey-ocow **el-taʔ** | "I dug many swamp-roots" |
| Inchoative | -iš and -eš | ah **yomtoʔ-iš-khiʔ** | "I've become a doctor" |
| Future | -ya:miʔ (more certain) and -siʔ (less certain) | miʔ may' **ohk'eč'e-siʔ** | "\[be careful-\] you'll cut yourself" |

Negatives are marked by the suffix *lahkhiʔ*.

paʔ

eat

-ta

-PST

-**lahkhiʔ**

-NEG

paʔ -ta -**lahkhiʔ**

eat -PST -NEG

"did not eat"

ah

1SG:NOM

te

3SG

oyaʔ

pot

keʔ

break

-

-

tis

CAUS

-

-

ta

PST

-

-

**lahkhiʔ**

NEG

ah te oyaʔ keʔ - tis - ta - **lahkhiʔ**

1SG:NOM 3SG pot break - CAUS - PST - NEG

"I didn’t make him/her break the pot"

Prefixes are also added to verb phrases. There are speaker-oriented directional prefixes which are grouped into two classes, depending on whether the motion of the verb is directed at or away from the speaker. In narrative contexts, the direction may refer to a character. For example, two directional prefixes are *ma-* "away from speaker" and *te-* "toward speaker". Non-speaker-oriented directional prefixes include *ho-*, meaning "around" and *pi-*, meaning "accidentally". Wappo also includes pre-verbal desiderative and optative mood particles. The desiderative particle, *k'ah*, is used to indicate that the speaker wishes something were true. The optative particle, *keye*, is translated as "could", "can", or "should".

## Syntax

### Word order

Wappo has a predicate-final word order.

cephi

3SG:NOM

onoʔšiʔ

Indian

okel

language

haṭel

learn

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

cephi onoʔšiʔ okel haṭel - khiʔ

3SG:NOM Indian language learn - STAT

"s/he's learning Indian language"

Patient-initial structures are acceptable, albeit less common.

ce

DEM

ew

fish

ce

DEM

k'ew

man

-

-

i

NOM

t'um

buy

-

-

taʔ

PST

ce ew ce k'ew - i t'um - taʔ

DEM fish DEM man - NOM buy - PST

"that fish, the man bought (it)"

Wappo allows for more freedom in word order in complement clauses, especially when they have first person subjects. All three sentences below are acceptable translations of "I know that the man caught a fish".

ah

1SG:NOM

ce

DEM

k'ew

man

ew

fish

ṭ'oh

catch

-

-

taʔ

PST

haṭis

know

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

ah ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ haṭis - khiʔ

1SG:NOM DEM man fish catch - PST know - STAT

ah

1SG:NOM

haṭis

know

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

ce

DEM

k'ew

man

ew

fish

ṭ'oh

catch

-

-

taʔ

PST

ah haṭis - khiʔ ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ

1SG:NOM know - STAT DEM man fish catch - PST

ce

DEM

k'ew

man

ew

fish

ṭ'oh

catch

-

-

taʔ

PST

ah

1SG:NOM

haṭis

know

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ ah haṭis - khiʔ

DEM man fish catch - PST 1SG:NOM know - STAT

In noun phrases, demonstrative and genitive modifiers precede the noun, while numerals and adjectives follow the noun.

he

DEM

tonči

cat

he tonči

DEM cat

"this cat"

te

3SG

-

-

meʔ

GEN

č'ešma

bed

te - meʔ č'ešma

3SG - GEN bed

"his/her bed"

hinta

day

hopoka

three

ah

1SG:NOM

k'ešu

deer

mehlahi

hunt

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

hinta hopoka ah k'ešu mehlahi - khiʔ

day three 1SG:NOM deer hunt - STAT

"for three days, I was hunting"

In verb phrases, oblique arguments and adverbs come before the verb.

ah

1SG:NOM

kaphe

coffee

kawaču

sugar

-

-

k'a

COM

hak'

want

-

-

šeʔ

DUR

ah kaphe kawaču - k'a hak' - šeʔ

1SG:NOM coffee sugar - COM want - DUR

"I want coffee with sugar in it"

### Case system

Wappo has a rich case system which uses suffixes to mark cases. In the examples below, the words relevant to the case being discussed are in boldface.

The accusative case is unmarked. Patients, arguments of transitive verbs that are patient-like, all subjects in dependent clauses and single arguments in copulas take the accusative case.

ce

DEM

**k'ew**

man

ceʔeʔ

COP

i

1SG

ek'a

son

ce **k'ew** ceʔeʔ i ek'a

DEM man COP 1SG son

"that man is my son"

The nominative case is marked with the suffix *-i*. Words functioning as initiators, agents, experiencers of transitive verbs and the single argument of an intransitive verb take the nominative case. If the noun stem to which this suffix is added happens to ends with a vowel, the stem-final vowel is dropped or changed. Otherwise, adding the nominative suffix does not change the stem. The examples below illustrate the contrast.

* *pol'eʔ* "boy" → *pol'eʔi* "boys"
* *k'ešu* "deer (singular)" → *k'eši* "deer (plural)"

The dative case, which is used to indicate the recipient or direction, is marked with *-thu*.

chic

bear

-i

-NOM

i

1SG

**-thu**

-DAT

te-

DIR-

laha

come

-khiʔ

-STAT

chic -i i **-thu** te- laha -khiʔ

bear -NOM 1SG -DAT DIR- come -STAT

"the bear is coming toward me"

The benefactive case is marked with *-ma*. It is used to mark whom the action benefits.

**may-**

who-

**ma**

BEN

miʔ

2SG:NOM

ce

DEM

takaʔ

basket

mes-taʔ

make-PST

**may-** **ma** miʔ ce takaʔ mes-taʔ

who- BEN 2SG:NOM DEM basket make-PST

"who did you make that basket for?"

The instrumental case, used with intensive reflexives and instruments, is marked with *-thiʔ*.

cephi

3SG:NOM

**kuči:ya**

knife

-

-

**thiʔ**

INST

chica

bear

ṭ'oh

kill

-

-

taʔ

PST

cephi **kuči:ya** \- **thiʔ** chica ṭ'oh - taʔ

3SG:NOM knife - INST bear kill - PST

"s/he killed the bear with a knife"

The comitative case is marked with *-k'a* and is used to indicate accompaniment.

ah

1SG:NOM

**mi**

2SG

**-k'a**

-COM

čo:

go

-siʔ

-FUT

ah **mi** **-k'a** čo: -siʔ

1SG:NOM 2SG -COM go -FUT

"I’ll go with you"

The genitive case is marked with *-meʔ*. It can only be used in constructions with alienable possession. (Inalienable possession is expressed through the juxtaposition of the two relevant nouns.)

**i**

1SG

-

-

**meʔ**

GEN

luč

tobacco

-

-

i

NOM

lakhiʔ

missing

**i** \- **meʔ** luč - i lakhiʔ

1SG - GEN tobacco - NOM missing

"I don’t have any cigarettes"

Wappo also has a locative case, which is marked with suffixes such as *-pi* "away from" and *-cawoh* "on top of".

thal

what

-i

-NOM

**čhuya**

house

**-cawoh**

-on:top

te-

DIR-

cewte

fall

-khiʔ

-STAT

thal -i **čhuya** **-cawoh** te- cewte -khiʔ

what -NOM house -on:top DIR- fall -STAT

"what fell on the roof?"

## Questions

### Yes–no questions

To mark yes–no questions, a question particle, /hVʔ/, is added after the verb. It does not have to directly follow the verb. The particle's vowel harmonizes with the vowel that precedes it. In all of the examples below, the question word is glossed as "Q" and is also in boldface.

uh

already

miʔ

2SG:NOM

c'ey

finish

-

-

taʔ

PST

**haʔ**

Q

uh miʔ c'ey - taʔ **haʔ**

already 2SG:NOM finish - PST Q

"have you finished already?

miʔ

2SG:NOM

i

1SG

hak'

like

-šeʔ

-DUR

**heʔ**

Q

miʔ i hak' -šeʔ **heʔ**

2SG:NOM 1SG like -DUR Q

"do you like me?"

te

3SG

ceʔ

COP

mi

2SG

ek'a

son

**haʔ**

Q

te ceʔ mi ek'a **haʔ**

3SG COP 2SG son Q

"is he your son?"

The particle is usually at the end of the sentence, but as the example below demonstrates, it is not always sentence-final. Its location depends on the composition of the verb phrase.

luče

tobacco

neʔ

have

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

**hiʔ**

Q

miʔ

2SG:NOM

luče neʔ - khiʔ **hiʔ** miʔ

tobacco have - STAT Q 2SG:NOM

"do you have any cigarettes?"

### Question-word questions

Question words are usually located clause-initially.

**iṭa**

where

miʔ

2SG:NOM

i

1SG

yok'

sit

-okh

-INF

hak'

want

-šeʔ

-DUR

**iṭa** miʔ i yok' -okh hak' -šeʔ

where 2SG:NOM 1SG sit -INF want -DUR

"where do you want me to sit?"

Question words can also get case inflection, except in cases of inalienable possession, where no suffix is added.

**may**

who

**-i**

-NOM

oyok'

win

-eʔ

-DUR

**may** **-i** oyok' -eʔ

who -NOM win -DUR

"who’s winning?"

**thal**

what

**-i**

-NOM

čhuya

house

-cawote-

-on:top-DIR-

cewte

fall

-khiʔ

-STAT

**thal** **-i** čhuya -cawote- cewte -khiʔ

what -NOM house -on:top-DIR- fall -STAT

"what fell on the roof?"

Question words can also be used as indefinite pronouns.

cephi

3SG:NOM

**thal**

what

t'um'i

go:buy

-

-

khiʔ

STAT

cephi **thal** t'um'i - khiʔ

3SG:NOM what go:buy - STAT

"s/he went to buy something"

**may**

who

**-i**

-NOM

i

1SG

naw-

see

ta

-PST-

-lahkhiʔ

NEG

**may** **-i** i naw- ta -lahkhiʔ

who -NOM 1SG see -PST- NEG

"nobody saw me"

## Language contact and influence

Language contact with Spanish has influenced Wappo's sound structure and vocabulary. As listed above in the consonant section, /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings. Many of the first words borrowed from Spanish into Wappo referred to items that were traded. In some cases, words may have been borrowed from other American Indian languages in contact with Spanish, rather than directly from Spanish. Below are two examples of borrowings from Spanish.

* *čičaloʔ* "pea" was borrowed from *chícharo*
* *háros* "rice" was borrowed from *arroz*

While contact with English has not greatly influenced Wappo's lexicon, it has influenced its syntax. Thompson et al. cite the sentences below as examples of an expanded use of the benefactive case that could have arisen from contact with English.

**kaphe**

coffee

-

-

**ma**

BENEF

ah

1SG:NOM

mey

water

k'o

boil

-

-

taʔ

PST

**kaphe** \- **ma** ah mey k'o - taʔ

coffee - BENEF 1SG:NOM water boil - PST

"I boiled water for coffee"

\[he

DEM

takaʔ

basket

-i\]

-NOM

**i**

1SG

**-ma**

-BENEF

eniya

very

c'iti

hard

-khi?

-STAT

\[čoč

weave

-ukh\]

-INF

\[he takaʔ -i\] **i** **-ma** eniya c'iti -khi? \[čoč -ukh\]

DEM basket -NOM 1SG -BENEF very hard -STAT weave -INF

"this basket was very hard for me to make"

While Wappo has a predicate-final structure, question words are clause-initial in most cases. This is unexpected, and possibly resulting from English influence.

**may**

who

miʔ

2SG:NOM

naw

see

-taʔ

-PST

**may** miʔ naw -taʔ

who 2SG:NOM see -PST

"who did you see?"

In another potential example of English influence, the word *neʔ-khiʔ* "have" is used in deontic expressions, and its meaning is adapted as "have to".

ah

1SG:NOM

čoh

go

-ukh

-INF

**neʔ**

have

**-khiʔ**

-STAT

maʔa

just

heʔ

now

ah čoh -ukh **neʔ** **-khiʔ** maʔa heʔ

1SG:NOM go -INF have -STAT just now

"I have to go right now"

## Regional variation

Wappo had 5 varieties:

* Clear Lake Wappo
* Russian River Wappo (a.k.a. Western Wappo)
* Northern Wappo
* Central Wappo
* Southern Wappo

## Bibliography

* Campbell, Lyle (1997). *American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America*. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5.
* Sturtevant, William C.; Goddard, Ives (1996). *Handbook of North American Indians Languages*. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-048774-3.
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). *The Languages of Native North America*. New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23228-9.
* Powers, Stephen; Powell, John Wesley (1877). *Tribes of California*. U.S. Government Printing Office.
* Radin, Paul. 1929. *A grammar of the Wappo language*. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 27:1-194.
* Sawyer, Jesse O., *English-Wappo Vocabulary* (Aug 25, 1965). UC Publications in Linguistics. Paper vol. 43.
* Sawyer, Jesse O., "Wappo studies" (1984). Survey Reports. Report #7.
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). *Handbook of North American Indians* (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
* Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006). *A Reference Grammar of Wappo*. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09854-1.

## InfoBox

| Wappo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Micewal* | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Alexander Valley, California |
| Ethnicity | Wappo people |
| Extinct | 1990, with the death of Laura Fish Somersal<br>2 (1994) |
| Language family | Yuki–Wappo * **Wappo** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `wao` |
| *Glottolog* | `wapp1239` |
| ELP | Wappo |
| Distribution of Wappo | |
| Wappo is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
|


title: Waterhouse's swamp rat

abstract: Waterhouse's swamp rat is a semiaquatic rodent species from South America. It is found in southern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina, where it lives in freshwater and salt marshes, as well as open grassland of the pampas. Its karyotype has 2n = 24, substantially lower than its closest relative S. aquaticus with 2n = 32.

text:
# Waterhouse's swamp rat

**Waterhouse's swamp rat** (***Scapteromys tumidus***) is a semiaquatic rodent species from South America. It is found in southern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina, where it lives in freshwater and salt marshes, as well as open grassland of the pampas. Its karyotype has 2n = 24, substantially lower than its closest relative *S. aquaticus* with 2n = 32.

## InfoBox

| Waterhouse's swamp rat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Scapteromys* |
| Species: | ***S. tumidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scapteromys tumidus***
(Waterhouse, 1837) | |
|


abstract: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Dark Crusade is the second expansion to the real-time strategy video game Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ. Based on Games Workshop's tabletop wargame, Warhammer 40,000, Dark Crusade was released on October 9, 2006. The expansion features two new races, the Tau Empire and the Necrons. Including the Imperial Guard from Dawn of War's first expansion pack Winter Assault, a total of seven playable races in this expansion. Unlike Winter Assault, Dark Crusade is a standalone expansion that does not require prior installation of Dawn of War or Winter Assault to play, allowing the user to play as all seven factions in both single player Skirmish and Campaign modes. Parallel to the release of Dark Crusade, THQ also released a triple pack of Dawn of War, Winter Assault, and Dark Crusade, dubbed Dawn of War Anthology. The case is embossed with images of all the faction leaders of the campaign dressed in their respective wargear.

text:
# Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Dark Crusade

***Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Dark Crusade*** is the second expansion to the real-time strategy video game *Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War* developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ. Based on Games Workshop's tabletop wargame, *Warhammer 40,000*, *Dark Crusade* was released on October 9, 2006. The expansion features two new races, the Tau Empire and the Necrons. Including the Imperial Guard from *Dawn of War*'s first expansion pack *Winter Assault*, a total of seven playable races in this expansion.

Unlike *Winter Assault*, *Dark Crusade* is a standalone expansion that does not require prior installation of *Dawn of War* or *Winter Assault* to play, allowing the user to play as all seven factions in both single player Skirmish and Campaign modes.

Parallel to the release of *Dark Crusade*, THQ also released a triple pack of *Dawn of War*, *Winter Assault*, and *Dark Crusade*, dubbed *Dawn of War Anthology*. The case is embossed with images of all the faction leaders of the campaign dressed in their respective wargear.

## Gameplay

As with previous Dawn of War titles, Dark Crusade is focused on the conflict part of gameplay; in order to obtain more resources players must fight over them. Each player starts off with a base and wins by fulfilling mission objectives. There are multiple tiers of technology, with each allowing for more powerful units and upgrades.

### Campaign

Unlike the previous games in the series, Dark Crusade features a non-linear sandbox campaign in which the factions compete for control of Kronus. The player begins the campaign by selecting a faction. Campaign gameplay is broken into rounds consisting of two phases, the world map and the battle map.

#### World Map

The world map is divided into territories, each of which can be captured and controlled by the various factions. Each faction starts with a "stronghold" territory, that faction's home base. Each faction also has an army led by that faction's leader. Every round, the player may move his or her army to an adjacent allied territory, or attack an adjacent enemy territory. When the player attacks a territory, gameplay will transition to a real-time battle in the battle map (see next section). After the player's turn, the NPC factions will each take a turn where they move their army and/or attack. If an NPC attacks a territory controlled by the player, the player is given the option to auto-resolve the battle based on the relative strengths of the territory and attacking faction, or to play out the battle in the battle map.

Capturing a faction's stronghold territory will remove that faction from the game; likewise, if the player's stronghold is captured, he or she will lose the game. Other territories, when captured, grant bonus abilities or the ability to manufacture "honor guard" units for the player's army. Each owned territory produces a "planetary requisition" resource that can be used to purchase honor guard units or garrison standard units on the player's owned territories.

#### Battle Map

The battle map is where attack and defense actions are resolved. This is a traditional real-time battle similar to previous games in the series. Some offensive battles, particularly to capture enemy strongholds, feature scripted and story driven missions similar to campaign missions in the previous Dawn of War games. Other offensive battles, and all defensive battles, play out as generic skirmishes where the objective is to destroy all enemy bases. Notably, the game includes a "persistent bases" feature: any structure that the player builds in a battle will be present in future battles when the player defends that territory (unless the structure is destroyed). Research upgrades are not persistent and must be re-acquired in each battle as normal.

During an attack, the player will start the battle with his or her faction's commander unit and any active honor guard units. Honor guard units that survive the battle can be used in the next attack action. During a defense, the player will start with any units garrisoned in the territory. If the defense takes place at the territory where the player's army is currently located, the player will also start the battle with the commander and honor guard units. NPC armies also have commander and honor guard units that follow the same rules.

### Units

The number of units a player may field at one time is determined by population and vehicle 'squad caps'; these limit the number of infantry troops and vehicles a player may have on the battlefield. Squad caps may be increased using methods differing between races. Most units have a melee attack and a ranged attack. Units are often specialized to be better using one attack type. All units also have stances; these affect how the units respond to enemies. There are six types of units: commanders, infantry, heavy infantry, daemons, vehicles, and Titans.

Commanders are hero units, and can usually only be built once. If they perish, they may be rebuilt. A sub-class is the semi-commander unit, which has many abilities like the commander unit but may be built multiple times. Infantry are foot soldiers, and may either be regular or heavy, with heavy infantry being much tougher than normal infantry. Vehicles are heavy weaponry and transports, and include tanks, artillery, troop carriers and walkers. Titans are end-game units, which usually require the highest tech level and a captured relic. Titans appear as all the other unit types depending on Factions. Like Commanders they can only be built once and may be rebuilt.

All units, aside from titans and most heroes, builders and vehicles, come in squads. These are groups of infantry that are commanded as a single entity. They may be reinforced with additional members, equipped with special weapons, or be attached to hero units. Some squads have special abilities, such as grenades, teleportation, and stealth, unlocked with research or leader units. Unit longevity is determined by their health and morale points, which govern a squad's fighting effectiveness. Both are reduced by weaponry; morale recharges independently or due to unit abilities, while health is increased by healer units or repair, with some units also able to heal themselves. The Necrons have the ability to reassemble themselves and spawn again.

### Multiplayer

Players may either connect directly by IP connection, or play on their LAN. There are eight game modes available for online skirmish play, such as Annihilate, which requires the player to destroy every enemy buildings capable of unit production or Sudden Death, which causes a player to be eliminated if another captures one of their strategic points. Multiple game modes may be enabled, calling for multiple winning conditions. Due to its nature as a standalone expansion pack, the player may only play as the Tau or Necrons in multiplayer. They may enter their original *Dawn of War* CD key to gain access to the original four races. Likewise, a *Winter Assault* CD key is needed to access the Imperial Guard.

## Plot

### Setting

After the Eldar on Lorn V break their alliance with the Imperial Guard during the events of *Winter Assault*, the Guard form a task force led by Colonel Lukas Aleksander to hunt their leader, Farseer Taldeer. The awakening of Necrons on the fringe planet of Kronus triggers her journey to the planet, with Aleksander in pursuit. The planet has been under the tenuous control of the Tau Empire for centuries, having wrested it from the Imperium of Mankind and subjugated its human population. The protagonist of *Fire Warrior*, Kais, leads the Tau forces arriving on the planet. Feral Orks are combined into a force by the arrival of Warboss Gorgutz, who killed the former ruler of Lorn V, the Chaos Lord Crull. The Chaos Lord Eliphas commanding forces from the Chaos Undivided warband Word Bearers arrives in turn to conquer the world and retrieve Crull's skull. Blood Raven Space Marines under the charge of Captain Davian Thule are tasked by Chapter Master Azariah Kyras to purge the world and retrieve relics and information pertaining to the chapter's early history. However, Thule's orders lead him into conflict with the Imperial Guard forces.

### Possible Endings

* Tau: The Tau regain control of Kronus. Imperial Guard forces and human dissidents are forced into reeducation camps. Humanity becomes a small minority on Kronus, with mass sterilization rumored to have been undertaken.
* Chaos: Eliphas ascends into Daemonhood, uses Kronus as a staging point, and leads Chaos forces in the most devastating offensive since the Horus Heresy.
* Necron: The Necrons purge Kronus of all life, and campaigns throughout nearby systems, repelling all attempts at retaking the planet.
* Ork: Gorgutz uses the planet as a recruiting ground for his later campaigns.
* Imperial Guard: Aleksander remains on the planet as its Imperial governor. He yields command of his regiment, passing it to his deputy.
* Eldar: Taldeer leaves the planet after putting enemy forces into chaos, leaving it as anarchic, contested by warlords.

### Canonical Plot

The canonical plot of the game follows the Blood Ravens. The Blood Ravens defeat the Imperial Guard and kill Colonel Aleksander. The survivors are given treatment and evacuated off-world. The Blood Ravens then defeat the Eldar, capturing and then executing their leader, Taldeer. The Word Bearers are defeated and Eliphas' body is destroyed by a daemon. The Necron Lord of Kronus is destroyed by Thule, though he loses an eye in the process. The Tau and Orks are defeated by an unknown force. With the Blood Ravens victorious, the world is returned to the Imperium of Man, though not before it is purged and pillaged. The Imperial Guard report the Blood Ravens to the Imperial Inquisition, though Thule and his officers manage to convince the Inquisition that their actions were justified. However, the victory on Kronus precedes the revelation of Kyras' allegiance to Chaos, and the defeat of the Blood Ravens in the Kaurava System.

### Campaign

The expansion features a "Risk-based strategic layer", a campaign including a "meta-map", similar to that in Westwood Studios's Dune games as opposed to the programmed, linear storylines of previous versions. Due to this lack of linearity, there is no plot aside from the opening cinematic; rather, as the player conquers various opposing factions the game provides a narrative specific to whom the player has conquered. If the player wins the campaign, a cinematic is played that depends on which faction the player was controlling.

The player may pick a faction to play as, and then engages in turn-based combat with the other A.I.-controlled factions. There are multiple provinces, which are conquered by fighting a regular skirmish match over them. These may either give a special bonus or supply special 'honour guard' units, which are powerful, non-trainable versions of regular units. They may only be made on the main battlefield overview screen, and, like provincial reinforcements, cost planetary requisition, a resource gained on a per-turn basis based on how many provinces the player controls. Honour guard units transfer over provinces and may be used repeatedly. There are also seven 'Stronghold' provinces that function as bases for respective factions; these are made like more traditional campaign games, with multiple secondary and primary objectives that vary from faction to faction.

Also, a race's commander unit may be upgraded with special "wargear", unique, customizable upgrades that vary by race. These are awarded at battle milestones, ranging from a certain amount of kills to conquering many provinces.

Campaign scenarios are persistent, meaning that all player structures are 'saved' when a game is won. For example, if a player builds a base and conquers a province, only to have a neighbouring faction attack aforementioned province, the player will start out with all the buildings of the previous base, as well as any building upgrades. However, the player's researched technologies will not be carried over and must be reacquired. The AI always begin with their bases at the same location on the map, with the exact number of bases and the buildings they contain dependent on their strength level and progression into the Campaign. If the player has previously built structures near the location of an enemy base, these structures may be cleared to make room for the AI's starting structures. Players may also choose to garrison provinces with units that are instantly available should the province be attacked. These are bought with planetary requisition.

## Setting

### Races

All five of the pre-existing factions gain new units, and two new playable races are available.

#### Tau Empire

One of the two newer races, the Tau are unique in multiple ways. Tau warriors and vehicles are powerful in ranged battles, but lack melee prowess; their commander even lacks a melee attack entirely. Many Tau units tend to be relatively fragile, few in number, and expensive. To compensate, they fight alongside the alien Kroot, using these primal warriors as auxiliaries. Also, they are the only race with a 'choice' in their final technology choices; two final tier buildings are presented, which provide different end-game units and technologies. Only one may be chosen. The Tau also do not have any standalone defensive structures or minefields. However one of their Heavy Infantry; the Broadside Battlesuit, can be entrenched and use its shoulder mounted railguns, effectively making them into turrets.

#### Necrons

The Necrons are unique, as they do not require requisition to build their army. All units are in and of themselves free of requisition point cost. Power is the only resource Necrons need, in order to perform research, construct buildings and to construct and reinforce squads. However, capturing Strategic Points and building Obelisks (the Necrons listening post) on them will increase the speed of research and building, and will also expand the population cap. The Necron Monolith, their home base, is restored as more buildings are built, while also unlocking new units, and functions as the only vehicle- and troop-producing building. When fully restored it becomes mobile (albeit very slow, though it can teleport) and is armed with powerful weaponry. Many Necron units have the ability to resurrect, and most will leave persistent corpses on the battlefield that may either self-resurrect after they die or be restored by specialized Necron units (this resurrection can actually allow the Necrons to go over their population cap).

Necrons were previously seen in Winter Assault at the end of the single-player campaign, but noticeably stronger.

## Development

Dark Crusade uses the same engine as the original *Dawn of War* game, which allowed game developer Relic to focus most efforts on revamping the single-player campaign and balancing out the two new races. By E3 2006, the two new races were demonstrated through an in-engine feature, though no playable version was showcased. New units were unveiled regularly after August 11. The first available playable build was released on September 18 to GameSpot. Dark Crusade exited the development stage on September 21, and was expected to be shipped worldwide by October 9.

## Reception

The expansion was praised as an "excellent real-time strategy game", with its non-linear single-player campaign, stabilized multiplayer and additional features, and was selected by IGN and GameSpot as the best expansion pack of 2006. Most were quite surprised by the quality and size of the expansion, stating that the large amount of new content "\[breathed\] new life into the game". Critics cited the excellent balancing between races, saying it had a positive effect on both single-player and multiplayer. Aside from new units and races, changes to the gameplay mechanics, such as reworking of the elite unit system, were well-received, as critics felt that the changes "forced players to actually think about using real combined arms tactics in multiplayer and contributed to more games decided by genuine strategy and skill rather than just who can spec out the proper build order."

Some critics stated that the game's weak points included its complexity; some reviewers disliked how much micromanagement was required to effectively field one race against another, saying that this complexity was detrimental to the game. As one reviewer mentioned, "...when I stop having fun, I stop playing." The learning curve was also stated as being very steep for an RTS, due to each race being different. Another thing critics disliked was the player's inability to 'zoom out' with the in-game camera; this sometimes got in the way of large battles, and was especially noticeable when playing as or against the Tau, as their long-range weapons often resulted in them engaging their targets off-screen. While general consensus on the revamped single-player campaign was positive, some critics felt that it was not particularly challenging; they found that the AI was strategically weak, and there were no random elements in most skirmish missions that would enhance replayability. The usage of a random auto-resolve feature to determine which races won which territories was seen as a downside; also, one critic found that the AI attacked his homebase very rarely, and that they would attack insignificant zones regardless of the opportunity to capture more significant ones. In terms of new additions, some critics felt that the races, in particular the Necrons, were overpowered.

*Dark Crusade* won *Computer Games Magazine*'s 2006 "Expansion of the Year" award. The editors wrote, "With this expansion, *Dawn of War* has become the ultimate *Warhammer* game."

## InfoBox

| Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War –
Dark Crusade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Relic Entertainment |
| Publisher(s) | THQ (former)
Sega (current) |
| Producer(s) | Jonathan Dowdeswell |
| Designer(s) | Jonny Ebbert |
| Programmer(s) | Nick Waanders |
| Artist(s) | Ian Cumming |
| Composer(s) | Inon Zur |
| Series | *Warhammer 40,000* |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * NA: October 9, 2006 * AU: October 29, 2006 * EU: November 3, 2006 |
| Genre(s) | Real-time strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: We Are Smug (album)

abstract: We Are Smug is a collaborative studio album recorded by Australian singer-songwriter Darren Hayes and producer and songwriter Robert Conley under the pseudonym We Are Smug. Originally intended as an anonymous secret side project for Hayes to experiment with new sounds, the album was given away for free for a limited period via digital download as a gift to fans on Hayes' birthday on 8 May 2009 but all free links have since been removed. Hayes has recently said he intends to commercially release the album with a bonus song at some point in the future. The album is an eclectic and experimental vehicle where Hayes adopted various personas and experimented with vocal delivery and genre in a way he had never done as a mainstream artist. It is unique as a recording because Hayes shares vocal duties with Conley, sometimes swapping out the lead for backing vocals. Hayes takes the lead on about half the album at varying times changing his voice, alternating between a high falsetto, a lower raspy tone, experimenting with hip hop and Beach Boys styled harmonies. Conley and Hayes originally began working together when they co-wrote and co- produced the track "Crush" for Hayes' 2002 debut solo album, Spin. Conley went on to be the main collaborator with Hayes on the 2004 album The Tension and the Spark and was credited as one of many co-writers and collaborators on the 2007 album This Delicate Thing We've Made. Conley's most recent work with Hayes can be found on the 2011 album Secret Codes and Battleships where he is credited as a co-writer and co-producer on several songs. Chronologically, We Are Smug is a project that began in the period after The Tension and the Spark when Hayes severed ties with Columbia Records and first became an independent artist. Much of the songwriting and recording was completed prior to the commencement of work on Hayes' 2007 album This Delicate Thing We've Made. The songs were shelved while Hayes finished and promoted the double album This Delicate Thing We've Made. Immediately after, Hayes and Conley committed to finish work on the secret project, enlisting the help of producer and longtime Hayes collaborator Justin Shave to mix a 10-track album of songs. Titled We Are Smug, it was given away for free for a limited time on Hayes' birthday on 8 May 2009, but all free links have since been removed. The album was re-released in 2013 with a new song called 'Riot'. It is available to download from iTunes with that extra track.

text:
# We Are Smug (album)

***We Are Smug*** is a collaborative studio album recorded by Australian singer-songwriter Darren Hayes and producer and songwriter Robert Conley under the pseudonym We Are Smug. Originally intended as an anonymous secret side project for Hayes to experiment with new sounds, the album was given away for free for a limited period via digital download as a gift to fans on Hayes' birthday on 8 May 2009 but all free links have since been removed. Hayes has recently said he intends to commercially release the album with a bonus song at some point in the future. The album is an eclectic and experimental vehicle where Hayes adopted various personas and experimented with vocal delivery and genre in a way he had never done as a mainstream artist. It is unique as a recording because Hayes shares vocal duties with Conley, sometimes swapping out the lead for backing vocals. Hayes takes the lead on about half the album at varying times changing his voice, alternating between a high falsetto, a lower raspy tone, experimenting with hip hop and Beach Boys styled harmonies.

Conley and Hayes originally began working together when they co-wrote and co- produced the track "Crush (1980 Me)" for Hayes' 2002 debut solo album, *Spin*. Conley went on to be the main collaborator with Hayes on the 2004 album *The Tension and the Spark* and was credited as one of many co-writers and collaborators on the 2007 album *This Delicate Thing We've Made*. Conley's most recent work with Hayes can be found on the 2011 album *Secret Codes and Battleships* where he is credited as a co-writer and co-producer on several songs. Chronologically, We Are Smug is a project that began in the period after *The Tension and the Spark* when Hayes severed ties with Columbia Records and first became an independent artist. Much of the songwriting and recording was completed prior to the commencement of work on Hayes' 2007 album *This Delicate Thing We've Made*. The songs were shelved while Hayes finished and promoted the double album *This Delicate Thing We've Made*. Immediately after, Hayes and Conley committed to finish work on the secret project, enlisting the help of producer and longtime Hayes collaborator Justin Shave to mix a 10-track album of songs. Titled *We Are Smug*, it was given away for free for a limited time on Hayes' birthday on 8 May 2009, but all free links have since been removed.

The album was re-released in 2013 with a new song called 'Riot'. It is available to download from iTunes with that extra track.

## Track listing

All songs written and produced by Darren Hayes and Robert Conley except 'Shit on the Radio' written by Darren Hayes, Robert Conley and Matthew Kelly.

| No. | Title | Performer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Look What We've Started" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 4:21 |
| 2. | "Words That I Can't Say" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 3:41 |
| 3. | "Hot Tub Blues" | Darren Hayes | 4:25 |
| 4. | "Good Dress" | Darren Hayes | 3:06 |
| 5. | "Shit on the Radio" | Darren Hayes | 3:44 |
| 6. | "Tear It Up" | Darren Hayes | 3:49 |
| 7. | "Never Be the Same Again" | Darren Hayes | 5:12 |
| 8. | "Watching Me Watching You" | Darren Hayes | 5:11 |
| 9. | "Fire It Up" | Robert Conley | 3:19 |
| 10. | "The Pressure" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 4:11 |
| Total length: | | | 40:59 |

Re-release track listing
| No. | Title | Performer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Look What We've Started" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 4:21 |
| 2. | "Hot Tub Blues" | Darren Hayes | 4:25 |
| 3. | "Good Dress" | Darren Hayes | 3:06 |
| 4. | "Words That I Can't Say" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 3:41 |
| 5. | "Riot" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 3:35 |
| 6. | "On the Radio" | Darren Hayes | 3:44 |
| 7. | "Tear It Up" | Darren Hayes | 3:49 |
| 8. | "Never Be the Same Again" | Darren Hayes | 5:12 |
| 9. | "Watching Me Watching You" | Darren Hayes | 5:11 |
| 10. | "Fire It Up" | Robert Conley | 3:19 |
| 11. | "The Pressure" | Robert Conley and Darren Hayes | 4:11 |
| Total length: | | | 44:34 |

## InfoBox

| We Are Smug | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Darren Hayes and Robert Conley | |
| Released | 8 May 2009 |
| Recorded | 2007–2009 |
| Genre | Pop, electronica |
| Length | 40:59 |
| Label | Powdered Sugar |
| Producer | Darren Hayes, Robert Conley |
|  | |
| Darren Hayes chronology | |
| *This Delicate Thing We've Made*
(2007) ***We Are Smug***
(2009) *Secret Codes and Battleships*
(2011) | |
|  | |


title: We Are Sthlm

abstract: We Are Sthlm is an annual youth music festival, intended for youths in the ages 13 until 19, in the Swedish capital Stockholm. It was first established as a summer music festival for youth in 2001 under the name "Ung08" with free yearly public concerts and events in central Stockholm. The venture was successful and received support from Stockholm Municipality in 2003. In 2013, the festival was attended by 160,000 people and changed its name to "We Are Sthlm". In 2015, there were reports that multiple sexual harassment incidents had been reported at the festival over the course of several years.

text:
# We Are Sthlm

**We Are Sthlm** is an annual youth music festival, intended for youths in the ages 13 until 19, in the Swedish capital Stockholm.

It was first established as a summer music festival for youth in 2001 under the name "**Ung08**" with free yearly public concerts and events in central Stockholm. The venture was successful and received support from Stockholm Municipality in 2003. In 2013, the festival was attended by 160,000 people and changed its name to "We Are Sthlm".

In 2015, there were reports that multiple sexual harassment incidents had been reported at the festival over the course of several years.

## Artists appearing

Artists who have appeared at Ung08 / We Are Sthlm have included:

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Sexual assaults

In connection to the 2015 festival, Sveriges Radio reported that sexual harassment had occurred at the festival that year *Dagens Nyheter* reported that this had been a problem since it started in 2000, but that the information was withheld due to concern for the reputation of the event.

In 2014 and 2015, 38 incidents of sexual harassment at We Are Sthlm were reported to the police by female visitors to the festival, most of whom were under 15 years of age, but the Stockholm police did not publicize these incidents in their 2014 and 2015 press releases. After closing the festival earlier and changing order of the acts they managed to get a 90% decrease of the number of incidents.


abstract: The Water Board Building is a high-rise office building located at 735 Randolph Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was constructed in 1928 and stands at 23 stories tall. It was designed by Louis Kamper in the Art Deco architectural style, and its materials include granite, limestone, marble, and terra cotta.

text:
# Water Board Building (Detroit, Michigan)

The **Water Board Building** is a high-rise office building located at 735 Randolph Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was constructed in 1928 and stands at 23 stories tall. It was designed by Louis Kamper in the Art Deco architectural style, and its materials include granite, limestone, marble, and terra cotta.

## History and description

The Water Board Building is triangular in shape, for its triangle-shaped plot of land, occupying the entire block formed by Randolph, Farmer, and Bates Streets. The building's site was originally part of East Grand Circus Park as designated in 1806. The site was rezoned in 1886, when part of the land became home to the Metropolitan Police Commission.

The building is composed of a five-story base topped by 15 more floors of office space, and crowned with a three-story penthouse. It was originally planned to be only 14 floors in height, but because of the high land value of the site, the height was increased. The building was completed in seven months by a young A.Z. Shmina for A.W. Kutsche & Co.; upon its completion, the Water Commission only occupied the first eight floors of the building, with the other city departments filling up the remaining floors. The Water Board Commission became the sole tenant in the 1990s.

The exterior of the penthouse is actually painted terra cotta, with the rest of the building is faced in Bedford limestone. The base also includes marble and bands of pink and grey granite. Louis Grell (1887–1960) painted a large Neptune and Detroit history mural on the ceiling in the grand lobby, and other murals in the board room are by Grell.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Water Board Building | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office |
| Architectural style | Art Deco |
| Location | 735 Randolph Street<br>Detroit, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°19′58″N 83°02′39″W / 42.3327°N 83.0441°W / 42.3327; -83.0441 |
| Completed | 1928 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 259 ft (79 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 23 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Louis Kamper |


title: WebYeshiva

abstract: WebYeshiva.org is a pioneering online yeshiva and midrasha. It is unique in that its classes are presented live, and are fully interactive, replicating the structure of a traditional shiur. Its offering extends through Semicha. It was founded in November 2007 by Rabbi Chaim Brovender and is directed by Rabbi Jeffrey Saks. WebYeshiva is a project of the Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions (ATID). It is headquartered on HaNassi St., in Jerusalem, near the President's House.

text:
# WebYeshiva

**WebYeshiva.org** is a pioneering online yeshiva and midrasha. It is unique in that its classes are presented live, and are fully interactive, replicating the structure of a traditional *shiur*. Its offering extends through *Semicha* (Rabbinic ordination). It was founded in November 2007 by Rabbi Chaim Brovender and is directed by Rabbi Jeffrey Saks. WebYeshiva is a project of the **Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions** (ATID). It is headquartered on HaNassi St., in Jerusalem, near the President's House.

## Structure and approach

The Yeshiva's goal is to offer Torah classes to students around the world via the internet; it draws on the large resource of quality teachers with high levels of study and knowledge in and around Jerusalem.

WebYeshiva offers advanced course-based Torah study for men and women, including classes in Talmud (4 levels offered), *Tanach* (Bible), *Halacha* (Jewish law), *Chassidut*, and *Machshava* (Jewish philosophy); some are offered in various languages (Hungarian, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew, Yiddish). Its offering thus replicates that of a traditional Yeshiva; see Yeshiva § Curriculum.

Students may learn live, fully interacting with the teacher and other students. For students who cannot attend live, all classes are recorded in several formats (mp3, mp4, WebEx) and archived within 24 hours. This gives students the option of downloading the classes and learning on their own time.

## Programs

In 2010, WebYeshiva launched TorahTutors.org, which aimed to create programs fitted to the needs of the user, including professionals looking for chavruta (learning partner) study, Jewish day school students requiring a tutor for Torah subjects, or Jewish homeschooling.

In 2013, WebYeshiva launched an advanced track, the "Halacha Mastery Program", focused on in-depth, source based study of the major practical halachic topics - Shabbat, Kashrut, Niddah, Avelut. The program is offered to men and women with a sufficient background, and spans three-years (it is tuition-based; courses may be taken either synchronously over three years or via self-paced archive study). It comprises six courses (~22 weeks each), three mandatory and three elective, where each requires sitting a midterm and then final examination. Students who complete all courses and pass the tests, receive a certificate.

From 2016, male students who complete the Halacha Mastery Program may proceed to an intensive Semicha (ordination) track. In 2017, WebYeshiva first gave rabbinical ordination to students completing the track and its requirements; the Semicha certificate is signed by Rabbi Brovender and Rabbi David Fink (see faculty listing below). The ordination requires students to complete three further examined courses, two Intensive and one Survey: An intensive course covering the principles underpinning Rabbinic decision making; Shabbat observance in further, intensive, detail, applying these principles (content mirroring the *semicha* test of the late Rabbi Zalman Nechemia Goldberg); Other topics re Shabbat, in survey.

In 2015, WebYeshiva launched an online sofer stam certification program for men. The (discontinued) course was ten weeks, with each session lasting 90 minutes and upon completion of all course materials and passing the exam students may be certified as a Sofer Stam, a Jewish ritual scribe.

## Notable partnerships

Webyeshiva partners with the S.Y. Agnon House in Jerusalem by offering courses on the writer's works that are broadcast directly from his residence.

## Notable educators

Founders Other notable faculty * Rabbi Shlomo Katz, a well known singer, former chaplain (of Cedars Sinai Hospital), and currently Rabbi of the Shirat David synagogue and learning center in Efrat, Israel. He received his rabbinical ordination from Rabbi Zalman Nechemia Goldberg and from Rabbi Chaim Brovender.

## InfoBox

| WebYeshiva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| Rosh yeshiva | Chaim Brovender |
| Website | www.webyeshiva.org |


title: Wu Yajun

abstract: Wu Yajun (Chinese: 吴亚军; pinyin: Wú Yàjūn; born 1964) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman who was at one time the world's richest self-made woman. She is the co-founder, chairwoman, and former CEO of Longfor Properties. From humble origins, she worked as a journalist and editor before moving into real estate in the 1990s, later investing in technology companies including Uber and Evernote. As of April 2021, Wu has an estimated net worth of US$18.3 billion.

text:
# Wu Yajun

**Wu Yajun** (Chinese: 吴亚军; pinyin: *Wú Yàjūn*; born 1964) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman who was at one time the world's richest self-made woman. She is the co-founder, chairwoman, and former CEO of Longfor Properties. From humble origins, she worked as a journalist and editor before moving into real estate in the 1990s, later investing in technology companies including Uber and Evernote.

As of April 2021, Wu has an estimated net worth of US$18.3 billion.

## Early life

Wu was born in Chongqing in 1964 to an ordinary family. She graduated from the Department of Navigation Engineering of the Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1984.

## Career

From 1984 to 1988, she worked at the Qianwei Meter Factory. From 1988 to 1993 she worked as a journalist and editor at the China Shirong News Agency. At the time the newspaper was controlled by the Construction Bureau of Chongqing Municipal Government, which proved essential for her in building up her network in the government and business world to then launch her career in the real estate industry.

In 1995 Wu and her former husband, businessman Cai Kui, founded Chongqing Zhongjianke Real Estate Co Ltd with an initial capital investment of 10 million yuan. The company was later renamed as Longfor Properties. The enterprise grew rapidly thereafter, expanding from her home in Chongqing to include major cities like Chengdu, Beijing, Shanghai, Changzhou and Dalian. She became alumni member of the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business in 2007. Longfor Properties went public on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (SEHK) in 2009; notable investors are Singapore's government, Ping An Insurance and Temasek Holdings.

Wu is the chairwoman and former CEO of Longfor Properties.

## Wealth

Wu's wealth is managed by a firm named Wu Capital, which was founded in 2013. Since inception, Wu Capital has made investments in technology companies including Uber and Evernote.

She is the third-richest woman in China, and the 22nd-richest overall, according to the Hurun Report China Rich List 2013. In 2012, she was the richest woman in China, and fifth-richest person in the country. She lost that position to Yang Huiyan due to her divorce from Cai Kui. As of March 2013 she was the 299th-richest person in the world, and among the top 50 Power-women list by *Forbes*, with a net worth of US$4.4 billion. She is a member of the National People's Congress. In 2014, she was listed as the 41st most powerful woman in the world by *Forbes*.

In March 2019, *Barron's* reported that, after a seven year gap, Wu was once again the world's richest self-made woman.

## Personal life

In 2012, Wu divorced her husband Cai Kui, thereby losing her status as richest woman in China to Yang Huiyan. Wu's stake in Longfor fell to 45%, with Cai Kui holding a 30% stake. She has one child.

## InfoBox

| Wu Yajun | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)<br>Chongqing, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Education | Northwestern Polytechnical University |
| Occupation(s) | Businesswoman, journalist |
| Known for | World's richest self-made woman |
| Title | Chairman, Longfor Properties |
| Spouse | Cai Kui (div. 2012) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Nazareno Casero

abstract: Nazareno Casero is an Argentine film and television actor. He works in the cinema of Argentina.

text:
# Nazareno Casero

**Nazareno Casero** (born June 19, 1986) is an Argentine film and television actor. He works in the cinema of Argentina.

## Biography

The son of actor Alfredo Casero, Nazareno started acting in 1996 under the direction of Alejandro Agresti, in *Buenos Aires Vice Versa*. His role earned him a Silver Condor nomination from the Argentine Film Critics Association Awards in 1998. In 2001, Nazareno landed a regular role in the TV series *Culpables*, as well as guest starring in *Los Simuladores* in 2002. This year also marked second feature film, *Todas las azafatas van al cielo*, which was directed by Daniel Burman and co-starred Casero's father, Alfredo.

In 2004, Nazareno acted *18-j*, a homage to the 1994 AMIA bombing on their tenth anniversary. He played a role in the segment *La comedia divina*, which was directed by Israel Adrián Caetano. A year later, Casero landed his second regular role in the TV series *Paraíso Rock*.

2006 marked his second Silver Condor nomination for playing the real-life Dirty War victim Guillermo Fernández in *Chronicle of an Escape*, which also marked his second collaboration with Caetano and co-starred name actors Rodrigo de la Serna and Pablo Echarri. That year he won two Clarin Awards for his role in this film, which was Argentina's entry for the 2007 Golden Globes Awards for the category of Best Foreign Language Film.

After making a guest appearance on the pilot episode of *Doble venganza*, Casero acted in *Arizona sur* in 2007, next to Alejandro Awada.

In late 2018, he was cast to portray the late Argentine soccer player Diego Armando Maradona in the upcoming drama series *Maradona: Blessed Dream* set to premiere later in 2021.

## Filmography

## Television

1. "First Look At Amazon's Biopic Maradona: Blessed Dream". *LRM*. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-05-30.


title: Stefano

abstract: Stefano is the Italian form of the masculine given name Στέφανος. The name is of Greek origin, Στέφανος, meaning a person who made a significant achievement and has been crowned. In Orthodox Christianity the achievement is in the realm of virtues, αρετές, therefore the name signifies a person who had triumphed over passions and gained the relevant virtues. In Italian, the stress falls usually on the first syllable, ; in English, it is often mistakenly placed on the second,.

text:
# Stefano

**Stefano** is the Italian form of the masculine given name Στέφανος (Stefanos, Stephen). The name is of Greek origin, Στέφανος, meaning a person who made a significant achievement and has been crowned. In Orthodox Christianity the achievement is in the realm of virtues, αρετές, therefore the name signifies a person who had triumphed over passions and gained the relevant virtues. In Italian, the stress falls usually on the first syllable, \[ˈsteːfano\] (an exception is the Apulian surname *Stefano*, \[steˈfaːno\]); in English, it is often mistakenly placed on the second, /stəˈfɑːn/.

## People with the given name Stefano

### Middle name

### Fictional characters

## People with the surname Stefano

## InfoBox

Stefano
| Pronunciation | Italian: \[ˈsteːfano\] |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Male |
| Language(s) | Italian |
| Name day | December 26 |
| Origin | |
| Region of origin | Italy |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Stephen, Di Stefano |


title: Together (2010 film)

abstract: Together is a 2010 Chinese film directed by Zhao Liang. It was filmed beside the Chinese film Love for Life, and chronicles the everyday lives of a variety of different people living in China with HIV/AIDS. The film depicts the living conditions of those living with HIV in China, as well as their own personal thoughts on their disease. Together, like the film Love for Life, was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and backed by the Chinese government. Zhao Liang has been seen as a rebel director, producing documentaries that expose the Chinese government of wrongdoing. For instance, his documentary Petition focused on mistreatment of Chinese by local authorities and government officials. Unlike his previous works, Together was made with the Chinese government and was censored, without mention of the mishandling of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1990s and the cover-up by the government. Instead, the documentary focuses more on the actual lives of individuals with HIV/AIDS instead of touching on the past blood-sharing scandal in villages.

text:
# Together (2010 film)

***Together*** (Chinese: 在一起) is a 2010 Chinese film directed by Zhao Liang. It was filmed beside the Chinese film Love for Life, and chronicles the everyday lives of a variety of different people living in China with HIV/AIDS. The film depicts the living conditions of those living with HIV in China, as well as their own personal thoughts on their disease. *Together*, like the film *Love for Life*, was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and backed by the Chinese government. Zhao Liang has been seen as a rebel director, producing documentaries that expose the Chinese government of wrongdoing. For instance, his documentary *Petition* focused on mistreatment of Chinese by local authorities and government officials. Unlike his previous works, *Together* was made with the Chinese government and was censored, without mention of the mishandling of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1990s and the cover-up by the government. Instead, the documentary focuses more on the actual lives of individuals with HIV/AIDS instead of touching on the past blood-sharing scandal in villages.

## Plot

The documentary *Together* begins on the set of the film, with Zhao Liang asking cast members and crew about their opinions on HIV/AIDS. Liang also reveals to cast members and those working on the film that there are cast members who have HIV/AIDS. This revelation receives mixed reactions from the crew, demonstrating a lasting stigma around the disease despite working on a film to promote awareness on HIV/AIDS. Liang also follows actors from the film and extras who have the diagnosis and uses the documentary to let these individuals both share their stories and offer insight to the disease and the effect on their lives and relationships with others. For instance, it is revealed in the documentary that Hu Zetao, who plays the narrator in the film *Love for Life*, has HIV/AIDS. The documentary looks closely at Zetao's life and relationships with family members; *The Lancet* noted in 2011 that of the participants in the film, Zetao, who contracted the virus from his mother, was the least isolated by his diagnosis. In fact, most of the participants asked that their identities remain secret.

## Themes

The documentary *Together* showcases the stories of individuals living with HIV in a modern-day society, whereas the film *Love for Life* is based on a fictional story about the 1990s blood-selling practice in rural villages. While *Love for Life* showcases an emotional story between two HIV positive individuals, *Together* focuses on the burden and stigma within present society and desire to be seen as normal individuals. *Together* provides information about the government and also details modes of transmission through the stories, focusing on mother-to-child transmission and blood transfusion than through more scandalous methods such as through sex work or sharing needles for drug use. Overall, *Together* is a documentary that looks at the stigma that still exists within China while also promoting the efforts of the government to reduce stigma and control the continuation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Within the documentary, the stigma within Zetao's own family is shown. Specifically, he is unable to dip his chopsticks into the communal hotpot and is given his own utensils and bowls that he must wash separately. His family fears contracting the disease from Zetao, leading to isolation from his family. In addition to following actors and extras from the film *Love for Life*, Liang also reaches out to many people within China through chat rooms. Liang joins an online chat room specifically for individuals with HIV and AIDS and asks about their stories and willingness to be filmed for the documentary. While many are hesitant to film, the few who do agree have their identities protected and share how they contracted the disease, who knows of their status among family and friends, and the stigma that the diagnosis has in the modern day. From the interviews and minimal response, it is clear that there is still a fear of being open about such a diagnosis. “A big reason we don't stand up," explained one participant known only as Invisible Angel, "is because people don't identify with us. People think that only drug users or promiscuous and morally depraved people get AIDS.” Additionally, within the interviews a common theme is fear of telling family members out of fear of isolation, rejection or shame. One individual details how she had planned to kill both herself and her son due to their HIV positive statuses and lack of desire to live in a society where their status is seen as a burden and impeding relationships with others.

## Reception

### Critical response

*Together* was filmed beside *Love for Life*, marking the first time the blood selling scandal of the 1990s had been featured in mainstream Chinese media. More still, the Chinese government backed the film, and used it as a way to advocate public health information on HIV/AIDS, and the living condition and social impact it has on those who contract it.

### Selections

2010

* 61st Berlin International Film Festival, Germany
* 35th Hong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong

## InfoBox

| Together | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| Chinese | 在一起 |
|
|  | |
| Directed by | Zhao Liang |
| Starring | Aaron Kwok, Ziyi Zhang |
| Production<br>company | Hing Lung World Wide Group |
| Release date | * December 1, 2010 (2010-12-01) |
| Running time | 83 minutes |
| Country | China |


title: Matjiesfontein

abstract: Matjiesfontein is a settlement in Central Karoo District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

text:
# Matjiesfontein

**Matjiesfontein** is a settlement in Central Karoo District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

## History

The original inhabitants of the region were the Khoikhoi herders and the San hunter gatherers. Following the arrival of the early European colonists, the area was settled by Afrikaner Trekboers and Griqua people.

### Railway origins

The town itself owes its existence to the Cape Government Railways, and to the route that their founder, Cape Prime Minister John Molteno, chose for a railway line that would connect Cape Town's port to the diamond fields of Kimberley. The Royal Commonwealth Society (1898) records that in a meeting with his consulting engineers, the Prime Minister called for a map of Southern Africa to be brought to him and, taking a ruler, drew his pen along it from Cape Town all the way inland. He then handed the map to the engineers, telling them to build the railway accordingly.

The line rapidly extended inland, and a station was built on 1 February 1878, that was named "Matjiesfontein". The name was derived from a type of sedge, *Cyperus textilis*, used by Khoekhoen to make mats (matjies) employed in the construction of their huts.

### Logans refreshment station

Originally, Matjiesfontein was only a small depot and farm, however a Scotsman by the name of James Douglas Logan, who was superintendent of this stretch of railway, bought land at Matjiesfontein, moved there because of his weak chest, and opened a refreshment station for the passing trains. This was so successful that the business soon formed the nucleus of a growing village. Logan was unintentionally very influential in South African history as he had secured the catering contract for the railways through his friend in parliament, James Sivewright, and discovery of the corruption involved led to the fall of the first government of Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes in 1893. Logan was also considered to be one of the founding fathers of South African cricket.

### Development and layout

A town was laid out in the 1880s, and formally purchased in 1968 to be preserved for its Victorian charm. The whole town was declared a National Monument on 12 September 1975, the railway station on 15 December 1989 and the cemetery on 23 September 1994. The cemetery houses the graves of British Army Major-General Andrew Wauchope (1846–1899) and English cricketer George Lohmann (1865–1901). In 2022, a new ground station for NASA's lunar exploration program was announced to be under construction in Matjiesfontein, scheduled to come online in 2025.

## Location and surrounds

The town of Matjiesfontein is located 27 km west of Laingsburg and 54 km east of Touwsrivier on the N1 national route. The surrounding Karoo region is a flat, sparsely populated semi-desert. Matjiesfontein has a healthy climate for people with lung complaints, and was once home to a Victorian spa and health resort.

## InfoBox

| Matjiesfontein | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Milner Hotel in Matjiesfontein | |
| MatjiesfonteinMatjiesfontein | |
| Coordinates: 33°13′59″S 20°34′58″E / 33.23306°S 20.58278°E / -33.23306; 20.58278 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| District | Central Karoo |
| Municipality | Laingsburg |
| Government | |
| Councillor | Aletta Theron (DA) |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.22 km2 (0.47 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 422 |
| Density | 350/km2 (900/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 1.2% |
| Coloured | 97.6% |
| White | 0.7% |
| Other | 0.5% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 97.4% |
| Tswana | 1.2% |
| Other | 1.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 6901 |
| Area code | 023 |


title: Liang Baozhu

abstract: Liang Baozhu was a Singaporean actor, theatre and radio personnel who was best known for his leading role in the 1997 telemovie Grandpa's Bak Kut Teh (阿公肉骨茶), produced and written by theatre maestro Kuo Pao Kun.

text:
# Liang Baozhu

**Liang Baozhu** (2 July 1931 − 11 March 2009) was a Singaporean actor, theatre and radio personnel who was best known for his leading role in the 1997 telemovie *Grandpa's Bak Kut Teh* (阿公肉骨茶), produced and written by theatre maestro Kuo Pao Kun.

## Career

Beginning his career on stage in 1957, Liang was also a Rediffusion Singapore Hakka-language radio presenter who wrote, directed and hosted radio segments and had acted in more than 1,000 radio plays. In 1975, Liang briefly joined the construction industry as a site supervisor and left two years later after the company closed during an economic downturn. Following which, he returned to acting and appeared in a number of local films. He became a full-time Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) actor in 1986.

In 1994, Liang did not renew his contract with SBC as his pay was reduced by almost 33% by the company. The reduction was made as he was not able to act in the expected quota set by the company.

In 1997, Liang opened a Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Ang Mo Kio while acting in local dramas on a part-time basis.

## Personal life

He was married with a son and three daughters.

## Death

On 11 March 2009, Liang died of pneumonia, aged 77. He suffered from diabetes for more than 20 years and had been diagnosed with nasopharynx cancer.

## Selected filmography

Liang appeared in the following programmes and films:

### Television series

* *The Bond* (1986)
* *Five Foot Way* (1986)
* *Samsui Women* (1986)
* *Fury of the Dragon* (1987)
* *On the Fringe* (1988)
* *Mystery* (1988; chapter "Soul")
* *Strange Encounter 2* (1988)
* *Heiress* (1988)
* *Good Morning, Sir!* (1989)
* *A Long Way Home* (1989)
* *We Are Family* (1989)
* *Journey's End* (1990)
* *The Last Swordsman* (1991)
* *Heavenly Beings* (1992)
* *Fiery Lover* (1993)
* *That Moment In Time* (1993)
* *Dr Justice* (1994)
* *Silk and Romance* (1995)

### Film

* *Head of the Household*
* *The Absurd Family*
* *Two Sides of the Bridge* (1978)
* *Romance in the 7th Month* (1994; telemovie)
* *Heart of the Family* (1996; telemovie)
* *Grandpa's Bak Kut Teh* (1997; telemovie)

## InfoBox

| Liang Baozhu | |
| --- | --- |
| Liang in the 1990 drama series *Journey's End* | |
| Born | (1931-07-02)2 July 1931<br>Singapore |
| Died | (aged 77) |
| Burial place | Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium |
| Occupations | * Actor * businessman * radio presenter |
| Years active | 1957−2009 |
| Children | 4 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 梁寶柱 |
| Simplified Chinese | 梁宝柱 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Liáng Bǎozhù |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |