title: Sylvia Wynter

abstract: Sylvia Wynter, O.J. is a Jamaican novelist,[1] dramatist,[2] critic, philosopher, and essayist.[3] Her work combines insights from the natural sciences, the humanities, art, and anti-colonial struggles in order to unsettle what she refers to as the "overrepresentation of Man". Black studies, economics, history, neuroscience, psychoanalysis, literary analysis, film analysis, and philosophy are some of the fields she draws on in her scholarly work.

text:
# Sylvia Wynter

**Sylvia Wynter**, O.J. (Holguín, Cuba, 11 May 1928) is a Jamaican novelist,\[1\] dramatist,\[2\] critic, philosopher, and essayist.\[3\] Her work combines insights from the natural sciences, the humanities, art, and anti-colonial struggles in order to unsettle what she refers to as the "overrepresentation of Man". Black studies, economics, history, neuroscience, psychoanalysis, literary analysis, film analysis, and philosophy are some of the fields she draws on in her scholarly work.

## Biography

Sylvia Wynter was born in Cuba to Jamaican parents, actress Lola Maude (Reid) Wynter and tailor Percival Wynter. At the age of two, she and her brother Hector and their parents returned to their home country of Jamaica. She attended the Ebenezer primary school in Kingston and, at the age of 9, won a scholarship to attend the St Andrew High School for Girls, also in Kingston. In 1946, she was competed for and won the Jamaica Centenary Scholarship for Girls, which took her to King's College London to read for her B.A. in modern languages (Spanish) from 1947 to 1951. She was awarded the M.A. in December 1953 for her thesis, a critical edition of a Spanish comedia, *A lo que obliga el honor*.

In 1956, Wynter met the Guyanese actor and novelist Jan Carew, who became her second husband. In 1958, she completed *Under the Sun*, a full-length stage play, which was bought by the Royal Court Theatre in London. In 1962, Wynter published her only novel, *The Hills of Hebron*.

After separating from Carew in the early 1960s, Wynter returned to academia, and in 1963, was appointed assistant lecturer in Hispanic literature at the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies. She remained there until 1974. During this time the Jamaican government commissioned her to write the play *1865–A Ballad for a Rebellion,* about the Morant Bay rebellion, and a biography of Sir Alexander Bustamante, the first prime minister of independent Jamaica.

In 1974, Wynter was invited by the Department of Literature at the University of California at San Diego to be a professor of Comparative and Spanish Literature and to lead a new program in Third World literature. She left UCSD in 1977 to become chairperson of African and Afro-American Studies, and professor of Spanish in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Stanford University, where she worked until 1997. She is now Professor Emerita at Stanford University.

In the mid to late 1960s, Wynter began writing critical essays addressing her interests in Caribbean, Latin American, and Spanish history and literatures. In 1968 and 1969 she published a two-part essay proposing to transform scholars' very approach to literary criticism, "We Must Learn to Sit Down Together and Talk About a Little Culture: Reflections on West Indian Writing and Criticism". Wynter has since written numerous essays in which she seeks to rethink the fullness of human ontologies, which, she argues, have been curtailed by what she describes as an over-representation of (western bourgeois) Man as if it/he were the only available mode of complete humanness. She suggests how multiple knowledge sources and texts might frame our worldview differently.

In 2010, Sylvia Wynter was awarded the Order of Jamaica (OJ) for services in the fields of education, history, and culture.

## Critical work

Sylvia Wynter's scholarly work is highly poetic, expository, and complex. Her work attempts to elucidate the development and maintenance of colonial modernity and the modern man. She interweaves science, philosophy, literary theory, and critical race theory to explain how the European man came to be considered the epitome of humanity, "Man 2" or "the figure of man". Wynter's theoretical framework has changed and deepened over the years.

In her essay "Towards the Sociogenic Principle: Fanon, Identity, the Puzzle of Conscious Experience, and What It Is Like to be 'Black'", Wynter developed a theoretical framework she refers to as the "sociogenic principle", which would become central to her work. Wynter derives this theory from an analysis of Frantz Fanon's notion of "sociogeny". Wynter argues that Fanon's theorization of sociogeny envisions human being (or experience) as not merely biological, but also based in stories and symbolic meanings generated within culturally specific contexts. Sociogeny as a theory therefore overrides, and cannot be understood within, Cartesian dualism for Wynter. The social and the cultural influence the biological.

In "Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument", Wynter explains that the West uses race to attempt to answer the questions of who and what we are—particularly after the enlightenment period that unveils religion as incapable of answering those questions.

## Works

### Novel

### Critical text

* *Do Not Call Us Negros: How Multicultural Textbooks Perpetuate Racism* (1992)
* *We Must Learn to Sit Down Together and Talk About a Little Culture: Decolonizing Essays 1967–1984* (2022)

### Drama

* *Miracle in Lime Lane* (1959)
* *Shh... It's a Wedding* (1961)
* *1865 – A Ballad for a Rebellion* (1965)
* *The House and Land of Mrs. Alba* (1968)
* *Maskarade* (1973)

### Film

### Essays/criticism

* "The Instant-Novel Now". *New World Quarterly* 3.3 (1967): 78–81.
* "Lady Nugent's Journal". *Jamaica Journal* 1:1 (1967): 23–34.
* "We Must Learn to Sit Down Together and Talk about a Little Culture: Reflections on West Indian Writing and Criticism: Part One". *Jamaica Journal* 2:4 (1968): 23–32.
* "We Must Learn to Sit Down Together and Talk about a Little Culture: Reflections on West Indian Writing and Criticism: Part Two". *Jamaica Journal* 3:1 (1969): 27–42.
* "Book Reviews: Michael Anthony *Green Days by the River* and *The Games Were Coming*". *Caribbean Studies* 9.4 (1970): 111–118.
* "Jonkonnu in Jamaica: Towards the Interpretation of the Folk Dance as a Cultural Process". *Jamaica Journal* 4:2 (1970): 34–48.
* "Novel and History, Plot and Plantation". *Savacou* 5 (1971): 95–102.
* "Creole Criticism: A Critique". *New World Quarterly* 5:4 (1972): 12–36.
* "One-Love—Rhetoric or Reality?—Aspects of Afro-Jamaicanism". *Caribbean Studies* 12:3 (1972): 64–97.
* "After Word". *High Life for Caliban.* By Lemuel Johnson. Ardis, 1973.
* "Ethno or Socio Poetics". *Alcheringa/Ethnopoetics* 2:2 (1976): 78–94.
* "The Eye of the Other". *Blacks in Hispanic Literature: Critical Essays.* Ed. Miriam DeCosta-Willis. Kennikat Press, 1977. 8–19.
* "A Utopia from the Semi-Periphery: Spain, Modernization, and the Enlightenment". *Science Fiction Studies* 6:1 (1979): 100–107.
* "History, Ideology, and the Reinvention of the Past in Achebe's *Things Fall Apart* and Laye's *The Dark Child*". *Minority Voices* 2:1 (1978): 43–61.
* "Sambos and Minstrels". *Social Text* 1 (Winter 1979): 149–156.
* "In Quest of Matthew Bondsman: Some Cultural Notes on the Jamesian Journey". *Urgent Tasks* 12 (Summer 1981).
* *Beyond Liberal and Marxist Leninist Feminisms: Towards an Autonomous Frame of Reference*, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, 1982.
* "New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas: Part One". *Jamaica Journal* 17:2 (1984): 25–32.
* "New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas: Part Two". *Jamaica Journal* 17:3 (1984): 46–55.
* "The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism". *Boundary II* 12:3 & 13:1 (1984): 17–70.
* "On Disenchanting Discourse: 'Minority' Literary Criticism and Beyond". *Cultural Critique* 7 (Fall 1987): 207–44.
* "Beyond the Word of Man: Glissant and the New Discourse of the Antilles". *World Literature Today* 63 (Autumn 1989): 637–647.
* "Beyond Miranda's Meanings: Un/Silencing the 'Demonic Ground' of Caliban's Women". *Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean Women and Literature.* Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Elaine Savory Fido. Africa World Press, 1990. 355–372.
* "Columbus and the Poetics of the *Propter Nos*". *Annals of Scholarship* 8:2 (1991): 251–286.
* "Tras el 'Hombre,' su última palabra: Sobre el posmodernismo, les damnés y el principio sociogénico". *La teoría política en la encrucijada descolonial. Nuevo Texto Crítico*, Año IV, No. 7, (Primer Semester de 1991): 43–83.
* "'Columbus, The Ocean Blue and 'Fables that Stir the Mind': To Reinvent the Study of Letters". *Poetics of the Americas: Race, Founding and Textuality* 8:2 (1991): 251–286.
* "Rethinking 'Aesthetics': Notes Towards a Deciphering Practice". *Ex-iles: Essays on Caribbean Cinema*. Ed. Mbye Cham. Africa World Press, 1992. 238–279.
* "'No Humans Involved': An open letter to my colleagues". *Voices of the African Diaspora* 8:2 (1992).
* "Beyond the Categories of the Master Conception: The Counterdoctrine of the Jamesian Poiesis". *C.L.R. James's Caribbean*. Ed. Paget Henry and Paul Buhle. Duke University Press, 1992. 63–91.
* "But What Does Wonder Do? Meanings, Canons, Too?: On Literary Texts, Cultural Contexts, and What It's Like to Be One/Not One of Us". *Stanford Humanities Review* 4:1 (1994).
* "The Pope Must Have Been Drunk, the King of Castile a Madman: Culture as Actuality and the Caribbean Rethinking of Modernity". *Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the 'Hood*. (1995): 17–42.
* "1492: A New World View" (1995), *Race, Discourse, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View*. Ed. Sylvia Wynter, Vera Lawrence Hyatt, and Rex Nettleford. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. 5–57.
* "Is 'Development' a Purely Empirical Concept, or also Teleological?: A Perspective from 'We the Underdeveloped'". *Prospects for Recovery and Sustainable Development in Africa*. Ed. Aguibou Y. Yansané. Greenwood, 1996. 299–316.
* "Columbus, the Ocean Blue, and 'Fables That Stir the Mind': To Reinvent the Study of Letters". *Poetics of the Americas: Race, Founding and Textuality.* Ed. Bainard Cowan and Jefferson Humphries. Louisiana State UP, 1997. 141–163.
* "'Genital Mutilation' or 'Symbolic Birth?' Female Circumcision, Lost Origins, and the Aculturalism of Feminist/Western Thought". *Case Western Reserve Law Review* 47.2 (1997): 501–552.
* "Black Aesthetic". *The Encyclopedia of Aesthetics*. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 1998. 273–281.
* "Africa, The West and the Analogy of Culture: The Cinematic Text After Man". *Symbolic Narratives/African Cinema: Audiences, Theory and the Moving Image.* Ed. June Givanni. London British Film Institute, 2000. 25–76.
* "The Re-Enchantment of Humanism: An Interview with Sylvia Wynter", *Small Axe* 8 (2000): 119–207.
* "'A Different Kind of Creature': Caribbean Literature, the Cyclops Factor and the Second Poetics of the *Propter Nos*". *Annals of Scholarship* 12:1/2 (2001).
* "Towards the Sociogenic Principle: Fanon, Identity, the Puzzle of Conscious Experience, and What It Is Like to be 'Black'". *National Identities and Socio-Political Changes in Latin America*. Ed. Mercedes F. Durán-Cogan and Antonio Gómez-Moriana. New York: Routledge, 2001. 30–66.
* "Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation – An Argument". *CR: The New Centennial Review* 3.3 (2003): 257–337.
* "On How We Mistook the Map for the Territory and Re-Imprisoned Ourselves in Our Unbearable Wrongness of Being, of Désêtre: Black Studies Toward the Human Project". *Not Only the Master's Tools: African-American Studies in Theory and Practice.* Eds. Lewis R. Gordon and Jane Anna Gordon. Paradigm, 2006. 107–169.
* "*Proud Flesh* Inter/Views Sylvia Wynter". Greg Thomas. *ProudFlesh: A New Afrikan Journal of Culture, Politics & Consciousness* 4 (2006).
* "Unparalleled Catastrophe for Our Species? Or, to Give Humanness a Different Future: Conversations". Interview. *Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis.* Duke, 2014. 9–89.
* "The Ceremony Found: Towards the Autopoetic Turn/Overturn, its Autonomy of Human Agency, and the Extraterritoriality of (Self-)Cognition". *Black Knowledges/Black Struggles: Essays in Critical Epistemology.* Eds Jason R. Ambroise and Sabine Broeck. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2015. 184–252.
* *Black Metamorphosis: New Natives in a New World* (unpublished manuscript)

## Sources

* Buck, Claire (ed.), *Bloomsbury Guide to Women's Literature*. London: Bloomsbury, 1992. ISBN 0-7475-0895-X
* Wynter, Sylvia, and David Scott. "The Re-Enchantment of Humanism: An Interview with Sylvia Wynter". *Small Axe*, 8 (September 2000): 119–207.
* Wynter, Sylvia. "Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument". *CR: The New Centennial Review*, Volume 3, Number 3, Fall 2003, pp. 257–337.

## Further reading

* Jason R. Ambroise, "On Sylvia Wynter's Darwinian Heresy of the '*Third Event*'". *American Quarterly* 70, no 4 (December 2018): 847–856.
* Anthony Bogues (ed.), *After Man, Towards the Human: Critical Essays on Sylvia Wynter*, 2006.
* Kamau Brathwaite, "The Love Axe/1; Developing a Caribbean Aesthetic", *BIM*, 16 July 1977.
* Daryl Cumber Dance (ed.), *Fifty Caribbean Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook*, 1986.
* Demetrius L. Eudell, "'Come on Kid, Let’s Go Get the Thing': The Sociogenic Principle and the Being of Being Black/Human". *Black Knowledges/Black Struggles: Essays in Critical Epistemology*. Ed. Jason Ambroise and Sabine Broeck. Liverpool University Press, 2015. 21–43.
* Demetrius L. Eudell, "From Mode of Production to Mode of Auto-Institution: Sylvia Wynter's Black Metamorphosis of the Labor Question". *Small Axe* 49 (March 2016): 47–61.
* Karen M. Gagne, "On the Obsolescence of the Disciplines: Frantz Fanon and Sylvia Wynter Propose a New Mode of Being Human". *Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge* 5 (2007): 251–264.
* Kelly Baker Josephs, "The Necessity for Madness: Negotiating Nation in Sylvia Wynter’s *The Hills of Hebron*". *Disturbers of the Peace: Representations of Madness in Anglophone Caribbean Literature.* University of Virginia Press, 2013. 45–68.
* David Scott. "Preface: Sylvia Wynter's Agonistic Intimations". *Small Axe* 49 (March 2016): vii–x.
* Greg Thomas, "The Body Politics of 'Man' and 'Woman' in an 'Anti-Black' World: Sylvia Wynter on Humanism's Empire (A Critical Resource Guide)". *On Maroonage: Ethical Confrontations with Anti-Blackness.* Ed. P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods. Africa World, 2015. 67–107.
* Greg Thomas, "Marronnons / Let's Maroon: Sylvia Wynter's *Black Metamorphosis* as a Species of Maroonage". *Small Axe* 49 (March 2016): 62–78.
* Shirley Toland-Dix, "*The Hills of Hebron:* Sylvia Wynter’s Disruption of the Narrative of the Nation". *Small Axe:* 25 (February 2008): 57–76.
* Derrick White. "*Black Metamorphosis*: A Prelude to Sylvia Wynter’s Theory of the Human". *The C.L.R. James Journal* 16.1 (2010): 127–48.
* Sylvia Wynter, *Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis.* Katherine McKittrick, (ed). Duke University Press, 2014.
* Giorgis, Hannah (3 June 2019). "'When They See Us' and the Persistent Logic of 'No Humans Involved'". The Atlantic.

## InfoBox

| Sylvia Wynter
O.J. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1928-05-11) 11 May 1928
Holguín, Cuba |
| Occupation | Novelist, playwright, critic, philosopher, and essayist |
| Nationality | Jamaican |
| Education | St Andrew High School for Girls |
| Alma mater | King's College London |
| Notable works | *The Hills of Hebron* (1962) |
| Partner | Jan Carew |


title: Syllitus pseudocupes

abstract: Syllitus pseudocupes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire and Germain in 1864.

text:
# Syllitus pseudocupes

***Syllitus pseudocupes*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire and Germain in 1864.

## InfoBox

| *Syllitus pseudocupes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Syllitus* |
| Species: | ***S. pseudocupes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syllitus pseudocupes***<br>(Fairmaire & Germain, 1864) | |
|


title: Synophis plectovertebralis

abstract: Synophis plectovertebralis, also known as the braided shadow snake, is a species of snake in the family, Colubridae. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Synophis plectovertebralis

***Synophis plectovertebralis***, also known as the **braided shadow snake,** is a species of snake in the family, Colubridae. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Synophis plectovertebralis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Synophis* |
| Species: | ***S. plectovertebralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synophis plectovertebralis***
Sheil & T. Grant, 2001 | |
|


title: Synthetic programming (HP-41)

abstract: Synthetic programming (SP) is an advanced technique for programming the HP-41C and Elektronika B3-34 calculators, involving creating instructions that cannot be obtained using the standard capabilities of the calculator. Some HP-41C instructions are coded in memory using multiple bytes. Some of these sequence of bytes correspond to instructions the calculator is able to execute, but these cannot be entered in the program memory using conventional program entry methods. Synthetic programming uses a bug in the calculator firmware to enter those byte sequences as a sequence of other instructions, then partially skipping halfway through the first instruction, so that the calculator believes the end of the first instruction is actually the beginning of a new one. This was called byte jumper or byte grabber. It is not clear if the creators behind the HP-41 were aware of all these "black holes". HP did not officially support these techniques, but probably was intrigued by the strange operations and in some cases allowed enthusiasts to practice in their offices and helped to improve it among a whole sense of curiosity.

text:
# Synthetic programming (HP-41)

**Synthetic programming** (**SP**) is an advanced technique for programming the HP-41C and Elektronika B3-34 calculators, involving creating instructions (or combinations of instructions and operands) that cannot be obtained using the standard capabilities of the calculator.

Some HP-41C instructions are coded in memory using multiple bytes. Some of these sequence of bytes correspond to instructions the calculator is able to execute, but these cannot be entered in the program memory using conventional program entry methods (*i.e.* using the calculator as described in the user's manual). Synthetic programming uses a bug in the calculator firmware to enter those byte sequences as a sequence of other instructions, then partially skipping halfway through the first instruction, so that the calculator believes the end of the first instruction is actually the beginning of a new one. This was called *byte jumper* or *byte grabber*.

It is not clear if the creators behind the HP-41 were aware of all these "black holes". HP did not officially support these techniques, but probably was intrigued by the strange operations and in some cases allowed enthusiasts to practice in their offices and helped to improve it among a whole sense of curiosity.

## HP-15C

Synthetic programming is also possible on the (original) HP-15C.

## Further reading


title: Synthetic scale

abstract:
In music, a synthetic scale is a scale that derives from a traditional diatonic major scale by altering of one degree by a semitone in either direction. Composer Ferruccio Busoni originally explored these scales in his A New Esthetic of Music and their number and variety were later clarified by J. Murray Barbour, who also proposed applying the procedure to scales of more or less than seven degrees, including pentatonic scales. These synthetic pitch collections may serve as basic melodic or harmonic material for a passage of music. However, the hundreds of available scales cause Murray Barbour to propose that, "The whole problem is of greater theoretical interest than of practical worth." Alexander Scriabin's mystic chord, when considered as a scale, is an example of a synthetic chord—in that it is a whole tone scale with one degree altered. However, it was not the generating element to Scriabin's music, nor does his derivation of it from the whole tone scale necessarily indicate knowledge of Busoni's theories. Starting on C, the Prometheus scale is
  - The semitone steps for this scale are 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2. By adding a G to the scale, one would end up with the Lydian♭VII, the fourth degree of the Melodic Minor scale. The pitches of synthetic scales may duplicate pre-existing scales, though their derivation is different and their use is often quite different.

text:
# Synthetic scale

In music, a **synthetic scale** is a scale that derives from a traditional diatonic major scale by altering of one degree by a semitone in either direction. Composer Ferruccio Busoni originally explored these scales in his *A New Esthetic of Music* and their number and variety were later clarified by J. Murray Barbour, who also proposed applying the procedure to scales of more or less than seven degrees, including pentatonic scales.

These synthetic pitch collections may serve as basic melodic or harmonic material for a passage of music. However, the hundreds of available scales cause Murray Barbour to propose that, "The whole problem is of greater theoretical interest than of practical worth."

Alexander Scriabin's mystic chord, when considered as a scale (the Prometheus scale), is an example of a synthetic chord—in that it is a whole tone scale with one degree altered. However, it was not the generating element to Scriabin's music, nor does his derivation of it from the whole tone scale necessarily indicate knowledge of Busoni's theories. Starting on C, the Prometheus scale is

The semitone steps for this scale are 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2. By adding a G to the scale, one would end up with the LydianVII, the fourth degree of the Melodic Minor scale.

The pitches of synthetic scales may duplicate pre-existing scales, though their derivation is different and their use is often quite different.

## Further reading

* Yamaguchi, Masaya. 2006. *The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales*, revised edition. New York: Masaya Music Services. ISBN 0-9676353-0-6.


title: Syron Vanes

abstract: Syron Vanes is a Swedish heavy metal band formed in 1980 in Arlöv, Sweden. Originally assembled by former Drummer Staffan Lindstedt and guitarist Anders Hahne they are a big part of the early Swedish heavy metal scene. "We just wanted to be rock stars Anders Hahne recalls"

text:
# Syron Vanes

**Syron Vanes** is a Swedish heavy metal band formed in 1980 in Arlöv, Sweden. Originally assembled by former Drummer Staffan Lindstedt and guitarist Anders Hahne they are a big part of the early Swedish heavy metal scene. "We just wanted to be rock stars Anders Hahne recalls"

## Biography

Syron Vanes were one of the first bands coming from Sweden inspired by the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM). After a tour in Germany in 1983, Ebony Records owner and producer Darryl Johnston offered the band a record deal, and in 1984 their first album *Bringer of Evil* was released. The album sold well and Syron Vanes appeared in almost every rock magazine, hailed in the music press as the new big thing.

The second album *Revenge* was released in 1986 and was the last record under the wings of Ebony Records.

While most early-80s era metal bands disappeared Syron Vanes took a break but never disband. They continued to tour and to write songs, but no records were made until 2003 when the new album *Insane* was released. The new album got great reviews and was a new start for the band, whose tour culminated with a show at Sweden Rock 2003.

In 2004, Anders Hahne left the band to take a break.

In 2007, the album *Property of..* was released and also got some good reviews. Syron vanes was a 3 piece band at this time. The album was mixed by Anders Hahne. He re-joined Syron Vanes in 2009 and the band began to write songs for a new album.

The album *Evil Redux* was released in 2013 and Syron Vanes once again enter the scene. Pete Pardo at Sea Of Tranquility wrote: "If you like classic metal sounds, chances are you're going to get a lot of mileage out of this CD. It's not hard to get into headbanging form with tracks such as "Sacrifice", "Only Hell Remains", "Hellion Child", "Heaven and Back", and the grinding "Bringer of Evil". Plenty of tasty, crunchy riffage throughout the album courtesy of Vahlstroem & Hahne, and with the spot on production it only raises the enjoyment factor".

Syron Vanes having enjoyed a more than 30-year career with no plans to retire.

By June 2014, Syron Vanes were very special guest for Jake E. Lee's Red Dragon Cartel on his UK tour. The concerts were at the O2 Academy Islington London and Rescue Rooms in Nottingham. In July 2014 they were opening for Sebastian Bach.

In early 2016, the band released their sixth album titled *Chaos from a Distance*, which was received well by Swedish press.

## Members

**Current members**

* Anders Hahne – guitar (1980–present)
* Rimbert Vahlstroem – guitar, lead vocals (1981–present)
* Mats Bergentz – drums (2011–present)
* Anders Sellborn – bass guitar (2013–present)

**Former members**

* Staffan Lindstedt – drums (1980–2011)
* Erik Briselius – vocals (1981–1986)
* Jakob Lagergren – bass
* Michel Strand – bass
* Peter Espinoza – guitar
* Anders Hansson – drums
* Abbe Ahlbin – bass
* Peter Christensson
* Jocke Magnusson – drums
* Mårten Hedener – drums
* Dick Qwarfort – bass
* Arne Sandved – bass
* Ola Petersson – guitar (1980–1981)
* Anders Lind – bass (1980–1981)

## Discography

**Studio albums**

## InfoBox

| Syron Vanes | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Arlöv, Sweden |
| Genres | Heavy metal, hard rock |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Rimbert Vahlstroem
Anders Hahne
Mats Bergentz
Anders Sellborn |
|  | |
| Past members | Staffan Lindstedt
Erik Briselius
Jakob Lagergren
Michel Strand
Peter Espinoza
Anders Hansson
Abbe Ahlbin
Jocke Magnusson
Mårten Hedener
Dick Qwarfort
Arne Sandved
Ola Petersson
Anders Lind |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.syronvanes.com/ |


title: Sylvie Jung Henrotin

abstract: Sylvie Jung Henrotin was a French tennis player who was active during the late 1920 and the 1930s. She had her best results in the doubles event, finishing runner-up in seven Grand Slam doubles and mixed-doubles competitions. She participated in the singles event of the Wimbledon Championships from 1930 to 1939, and her best result during this period was reaching the fourth round in 1933 and 1939. Henrotin also took part in the French Championships, reaching the quarterfinals in the singles on five occasions. She was a runner-up in the singles event of the 1933 German Championships after losing the final in straight-sets loss to Hilde Krahwinkel. In August 1936, she won the singles title at the Eastern Grass Court Championships in Rye, New York with victories against Alice Marble and Helen Pedersen in the semifinals and final respectively. In January 1937, she won the singles, doubles and mixed-doubles title at the U.S. Indoor Championships.

text:
# Sylvie Jung Henrotin

**Sylvie Jung Henrotin** (née Jung; French pronunciation: \[silvi ɑ̃ʁɔˈtɛ̃\] German pronunciation: \[jʊŋ\];10 July 1904 – 15 December 1970) was a French tennis player who was active during the late 1920 and the 1930s. She had her best results in the doubles event, finishing runner-up in seven Grand Slam doubles and mixed-doubles competitions.

She participated in the singles event of the Wimbledon Championships from 1930 to 1939, and her best result during this period was reaching the fourth round in 1933 and 1939. Henrotin also took part in the French Championships, reaching the quarterfinals in the singles on five occasions (1929, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938).

She was a runner-up in the singles event of the 1933 German Championships after losing the final in straight-sets loss to Hilde Krahwinkel.

In August 1936, she won the singles title at the Eastern Grass Court Championships in Rye, New York with victories against Alice Marble and Helen Pedersen in the semifinals and final respectively. In January 1937, she won the singles, doubles and mixed-doubles title at the U.S. Indoor Championships.

## Grand Slam tournament finals

### Doubles: 4 (4 runner-ups)

| Result | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 1928 | French Championships | Clay | Suzanne Devé | Eileen Bennett
Phoebe Holcroft | 0–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 1933 | French Championships | Clay | Colette Rosambert | Simonne Mathieu
Elizabeth Ryan | 1–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 1933 | Wimbledon Championships | Grass | Dorothy Andrus | Simonne Mathieu
Elizabeth Ryan | 3–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 1937 | French Championships | Clay | Dorothy Andrus | Simonne Mathieu
Billie Yorke | 6–3, 2–6, 2–6 |

### Mixed doubles: 3 (3 runner-ups)

| Result | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 1935 | French Championships | Clay | André Martin-Legeay | Lolette Payot
Marcel Bernard | 6–4, 2–6, 4–6 |
| Loss | 1936 | French Championships | Clay | André Martin-Legeay | Billie Yorke
Marcel Bernard | 5–7, 8–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 1937 | US Championships | Grass | Yvon Petra | Sarah Palfrey
Don Budge | 2–6, 10–8, 0–6 |

## Grand Slam tournament timelines

Key
| **W** | F | SF | QF | #R | RR | Q# | DNQ | A | NH |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.

### Singles

| Tournament | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 | Career SR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australian Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | **0 / 0** |
| French Championships | 2R | QF | 1R | 3R | 3R | 3R | 2R | QF | QF | QF | QF | A | A | **0 / 11** |
| Wimbledon | A | A | 1R | A | A | 4R | 3R | 2R | 3R | 2R | 2R | 4R | A | **0 / 8** |
| US Championships | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | 1R | 1R | A | A | **0 / 2** |
| SR | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 | **0 / 21** |

### Doubles

| Tournament | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 | Career SR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australian Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | **0 / 0** |
| French Championships | F | SF | QF | SF | 2R | F | SF | SF | QF | F | 2R | A | A | **0 / 11** |
| Wimbledon | A | A | SF | A | A | 3R | F | 3R | SF | SF | SF | 1R | A | **0 / 8** |
| US Championships | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | SF | 3R | QF | SF | QF | **0 / 5** |
| SR | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 | **0 / 24** |

## InfoBox

Sylvie Jung Henrotin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | France |
| Born | (1904-07-10)10 July 1904
Le Havre, France |
| Died | 15 December 1970(1970-12-15) (aged 66)
Lake Placid, New York, US |
| Singles | |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| French Open | QF (1929, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938) |
| Wimbledon | 3R (1933, 1939) |
| Doubles | |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| French Open | F (1928, 1933, 1937) |
| Wimbledon | F (1934) |
| Grand Slam mixed doubles results | |
| French Open | F (1935, 1936) |
| Wimbledon | QF (1936) |
| US Open | F (1937) |


title: Sympistis saundersiana

abstract: Sympistis saundersiana, known generally as the Saunders' sympistis or Saunders' sallow moth, is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. The MONA or Hodges number for Sympistis saundersiana is 10099.

text:
# Sympistis saundersiana

***Sympistis saundersiana***, known generally as the **Saunders' sympistis** or **Saunders' sallow moth**, is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae (the owlet moths).

The MONA or Hodges number for *Sympistis saundersiana* is 10099.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Sympistis saundersiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Sympistis* |
| Species: | ***S. saundersiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sympistis saundersiana***<br>(Grote, 1876) | |
|


title: Sympistis sectilis

abstract: Sympistis sectilis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1894. It is found in North America, including Texas. The wingspan is 22–24 mm.

text:
# Sympistis sectilis

***Sympistis sectilis*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1894. It is found in North America, including Texas.

The wingspan is 22–24 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Sympistis sectilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Sympistis* |
| Species: | ***S. sectilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sympistis sectilis***<br>(Smith, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oncocnemis sectilis* Smith, 1894 * *Oxycnemis sectilis* | |


title: Syndactyly

abstract: Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Ancient Greek σύν (syn) 'together' and δάκτυλος (daktulos) 'finger'.

text:
# Syndactyly

**Syndactyly** is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Ancient Greek σύν *(syn)* 'together' and δάκτυλος *(daktulos)* 'finger'.

## Classification

Syndactyly can be simple or complex.

* In simple syndactyly, adjacent fingers or toes are joined by soft tissue.
* In complex syndactyly, the bones of adjacent digits are fused. The kangaroo exhibits complex syndactyly.

Syndactyly can be complete or incomplete.

* In complete syndactyly, the skin is joined all the way to the tip of the involved digits.
* In incomplete syndactyly, the skin is only joined part of the distance to the tip of the involved digits.

Complex syndactyly occurs as part of a syndrome (such as Apert syndrome) and typically involves more digits than simple syndactyly.

Fenestrated syndactyly, also known as acrosyndactyly or terminal syndactyly, means the skin is joined for most of the digit but in a proximal area there are gaps in the syndactyly with normal skin. This type of syndactyly is found in amniotic band syndrome.

Simple syndactyly can be full or partial, and is present at birth (congenital). In early human fetal development, webbing (syndactyly) of the toes and fingers is normal. At about 6 weeks of gestation, apoptosis takes place due to a protein named sonic hedgehog, also known as SHH, which dissolves the tissue between the fingers and toes, and the webbing disappears. In some fetuses, this process does not occur completely between all fingers or toes and some residual webbing remains.

## Genetics

Five types of syndactyly have been identified in humans. The corresponding loci associated with these types and their common phenotypical expression are as follows:

* *type I*: 2q34-q36; webbing occurs between middle and ring fingers and/or second and third toes.
* *type II*: 2q31; also involves long and ring fingers, but has a sixth finger merged in between.
* *type III*: 6q21-q23; small finger is merged into the ring finger.
* *type IV*: 7q36; involves all fingers and/or toes.
* *type V*: 2q31-q32; similar to type I, but the metacarpals and metatarsals may also be fused.

## Management

Syndactyly of the border digits (thumb/index finger or ring/small fingers) is treated at early age to prevent the larger digit from curving towards the smaller digit with growth. Typically, syndactyly of these digits is treated at six months of age. The treatment of syndactyly of the other digits is elective and is more commonly performed when the digits have grown, at 18 months of age. Special situations, such as complex syndactyly and involvement of border digits, may warrant surgical intervention earlier than 6 months.

### Techniques

Because the circumference of the conjoined fingers is smaller than the circumference of the two separated fingers, there is not enough skin to cover both digits once they are separated at the time of surgery. Therefore, the surgeon must bring new skin into the area at the time of surgery. This is most commonly done with a skin graft (from groin or anterior elbow). Skin can also be used from the back of the hand by mobilizing it (called a "graftless" syndactyly correction), which requires planning over a period of months prior to surgery.

### Complications

The most common problem with syndactyly correction is creeping of the skin towards the fingertip over time. This is likely due to tension at the site of the repair between the digits. Additional surgery may be required to correct this. One critique of using skin grafts is that the grafts darken in the years after surgery and become more noticeable. Also, if the skin grafts are harvested from the groin area, the skin may grow hair. Finally, the fingers may deviate after surgery. This is most commonly seen in complex syndactyly (when there has been a bone joining of the fingers).

## History

The earliest appreciation of syndactyly as a birth anomaly or burn-trauma can be traced back to the Andalusian Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi (d. 1013 CE), known in the West as Abulcasis. The French barber surgeon Ambroise Paré also described syndactyly in the sixteenth century.

* Dactyly, the arrangement of fingers and toes in different kinds of animals
* Webbed toes, the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet

Media related to Syndactyly at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Syndactyly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Partial simple syndactyly in the second and third toes | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |


title: T-70

abstract: The T-70 is a light tank used by the Red Army during World War II, replacing both the T-60 scout tank for reconnaissance and the T-50 light infantry tank for infantry support. The T-80 light tank was a more advanced version of the T-70 with a two-man turret—it was produced only in very small numbers when light tank production was abandoned. The T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun was a prototype vehicle with twin machine guns, based on the T-70 chassis. The T-70 was armed with a 45-mm L/46 gun Model 38 with forty-five rounds carried, and a coaxial 7.62-mm DT machine gun. The tank was operated by a driver and a commander who loaded and fired the gun. Armour thickness on the turret front was 60 mm, turret sides and rear: 35 mm, hull front and sides: 45 mm, roof and bottom: 10 mm.

text:
# T-70

The **T-70** is a light tank used by the Red Army during World War II, replacing both the T-60 scout tank for reconnaissance and the T-50 light infantry tank for infantry support. The **T-80 light tank** was a more advanced version of the T-70 with a two-man turret—it was produced only in very small numbers when light tank production was abandoned. The **T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun** was a prototype vehicle with twin machine guns, based on the T-70 chassis.

The T-70 was armed with a 45-mm L/46 gun Model 38 with forty-five rounds carried, and a coaxial 7.62-mm DT machine gun. The tank was operated by a driver and a commander who loaded and fired the gun. Armour thickness on the turret front was 60 mm, turret sides and rear: 35 mm, hull front and sides: 45 mm, roof and bottom: 10 mm.

## Production history

By 1942, light tanks were considered inadequate by the Red Army, unable to keep up with the T-34 medium tank and unable to penetrate the armour of most German tanks, but they could be produced by small factories that were unable to handle the large components of medium and heavy tanks. The T-70 was an attempt to remedy some of the shortcomings of the T-60 scout tank, which had very poor cross-country mobility, thin armour, and an inadequate 20-mm gun. It also replaced the very short production run of the T-50 light infantry tank, which was more sophisticated, but also much more complicated and expensive to produce.

The T-70 was designed by Nicholas Astrov's design team at Factory No. 38 in Kirov.

The first batch of T-70s were built with a GAZ-202 automotive engine on each side of the hull, one driving each track. This arrangement was seen to be a serious problem, even before the first tanks were issued. It was quickly redesigned as the T-70M (although it continued to be referred to as just *T-70*), with the engines in-line on the right side of the tank and a normal transmission and differential. The conical turret was replaced by one more easily welded out of plate armour, and moved to the left side of the hull.

Curiously, even after the T-70's production line was redesigned, SU-76 self-propelled guns started to be built with the same unsatisfactory unsynchronized two-engine layout, and all of them were later recalled for factory rebuilding as SU-76Ms.

T-70s were put into production in March 1942 at Zavod No. 37, and along with T-60 production at GAZ and Zavod No. 38. They completely replaced T-60 production in September 1942, although that tank remained in use until the end of the war. Production ended in October 1943, with 8,226 vehicles completed.

In April 1942, the conical turrets on early-production machines were replaced with new welded turrets. The end of the T-70's production run was built with two 85-hp GAZ-203 engines, a Mark 4 commander's periscope replacing a vision slit, and other improvements.

The T-70 remained in service until 1948.

### Decline of light tanks

The one-man turret of the Soviet light tanks made co-ordinating a tank platoon nearly impossible, because the commanders were kept busy acquiring targets, loading and firing the main gun and machine gun, and commanding their drivers.

The infantry tank role was already considered obsolete. The SU-76 self-propelled gun was better suited for infantry support, its 76.2-mm gun capable of firing a larger high explosive shell. Industrial resources could be redirected from light tanks to building SU-76s.

In an attempt to compensate, the T-80 light tank was designed, a more robust version of the T-70 with a two-man turret. But there was enough lend-lease equipment available to fulfill the reconnaissance role of the light tanks, and armoured cars were better suited for light scouting and liaison. All light tank production was cancelled in October 1943, after only about 120 T-80s were built. No further light tanks would be built during the war.

In November 1943 Red Army tank units were reorganized: light tanks were replaced by the T-34 and the new T-34-85 variant, which started production the following month. Light tanks continued to be used in self-propelled artillery and some other units.

The Soviets did start development work on an amphibious light tank in 1945, resulting in the post-war PT-76, introduced in 1954.

## Variants

* **SU-76 self-propelled gun**: tank destroyer with a 76mm ZiS-3 cannon mounted on a modified T-70 chassis.
* **T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun**: the Soviet Union lacked tracked, armoured self-propelled anti-aircraft guns at the beginning of World War II. The first serious design of a real air-defence vehicle was in 1942, when a twin 12.7 mm DShK machine gun turret with optical sights was built for mounting on the T-60 scout tank. The T-70 became available in the meantime, and was adopted as the basis for the T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The program was cancelled in 1943, in favour of the ZSU-37 37 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, built on an SU-76 chassis. The ZSU-37 used the cannon developed for the M1939 towed carriage.
* **ZUT-37**: prototype anti-aircraft tank armed with a Sh-37 cannon. The tank passed field tests but was not accepted into production.

Notes Bibliography * Zaloga, Steven J.; James Grandsen (1984). *Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two*. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.

## InfoBox

| T-70 | |
| --- | --- |
| T-70 at the technical museum in Togliatti | |
| Type | Light tank |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1942—1948 |
| Used by | Soviet Union
Poland
Czechoslovakia |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Nicholas Astrov |
| Designed | 1941—1942 |
| Manufacturer | Factory 37, Kirov, GAZ, Gorkiy, Factory 38, Kirov |
| Produced | 1942—1943 |
| No. built | 8,226 |
| Variants | T-80 light tank |
| Specifications (T-70 model 1942) | |
| Mass | 9.2 tonnes |
| Length | 4.29 m (14 ft 1 in) |
| Width | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) |
| Height | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Crew | 2 |
| --- | |
| Armour | 10–60 mm |
| Main
armament | 45 mm 20K mod. 193234 tank gun |
| Secondary
armament | 7.62 mm DT coaxial machine gun |
| Engine | 2 × GAZ-202 (gasoline)
70 + 70 hp (52 + 52 kW) |
| Power/weight | 15 hp/tonne |
| Suspension | torsion bar |
| Fuel capacity | 440 L (120 US gal) |
| Operational
range | 360 km (220 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 45 km/h (28 mph) |


title: Syntagma Canonum

abstract: Syntagma Canonum is a canon law collection made in 1335 by Matthew Blastares, a Greek monk about whose life nothing certain is known. The collector aimed at reducing canon law to a handier and more accessible form than it appeared in the Nomocanon of Photius, and to give a more comprehensive presentation than the epitomes and synopses of earlier writers such as Stephen, Aristenus (1160), Arsenius (1255), et al. The author arranged his matter in alphabetical order. He made 24 general divisions, each marked off by a letter of the Greek alphabet. These sections he subdivided into 303 titles, themselves distinguished by letters; for example, the third section contains such topics as: peri gamou, peri gynaikon, etc. The titles ordinarily treat of the civil law, as well as ecclesiastical law. Some titles however are purely ecclesiastical, others purely civil. The church ordinances are quoted from previous collections, especially from the Nomocanon (883), while the extracts from the civil law are for the most part transcribed without any reference to their origin. The compilation soon came into general use among the clergy, and preserved its authority even under Ottoman rule. A translation into Serbian followed close upon its first publication. It even worked its way into the political life of the Serbian people through an abridgment which Serbian Emperor Dušan appended to his code of laws (1349). From this the purely ecclesiastical enactments were excluded, but the civil law contained in the Syntagma was reproduced whenever adaptable to the social condition of the people. In the sixteenth century the Syntagma Canonum was translated into Bulgarian; in the seventeenth century into Russian.

text:
# Syntagma Canonum

***Syntagma Canonum*** is a canon law collection made in 1335 by Matthew Blastares, a Greek monk about whose life nothing certain is known.

The collector aimed at reducing canon law to a handier and more accessible form than it appeared in the Nomocanon of Photius, and to give a more comprehensive presentation than the epitomes and synopses of earlier writers such as Stephen (fifth century), Aristenus (1160), Arsenius (1255), et al. The author arranged his matter in alphabetical order. He made 24 general divisions, each marked off by a letter of the Greek alphabet. These sections he subdivided into 303 titles, themselves distinguished by letters; for example, the third section contains such topics as: *peri gamou* (about marriage), *peri gynaikon* (about women), etc. The titles ordinarily treat of the civil law (*nomoi politikoi*), as well as ecclesiastical law. Some titles however are purely ecclesiastical, others purely civil.

The church ordinances are quoted from previous collections, especially from the Nomocanon (883), while the extracts from the civil law are for the most part transcribed without any reference to their origin. The compilation soon came into general use among the clergy, and preserved its authority even under Ottoman rule. A translation into Serbian followed close upon its first publication. It even worked its way into the political life of the Serbian people through an abridgment which Serbian Emperor Dušan appended to his code of laws (1349). From this the purely ecclesiastical enactments were excluded, but the civil law contained in the *Syntagma* was reproduced whenever adaptable to the social condition of the people. In the sixteenth century the *Syntagma Canonum* was translated into Bulgarian; in the seventeenth century into Russian.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Syntagma Canonum". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: São José do Rio Claro

abstract: São José do Rio Claro is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil.

text:
# São José do Rio Claro

**São José do Rio Claro** is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil.

## Climate

| Climate data for São José do Rio Claro (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.6
(88.9) | 31.6
(88.9) | 32.0
(89.6) | 32.3
(90.1) | 31.7
(89.1) | 32.4
(90.3) | 33.0
(91.4) | 34.9
(94.8) | 34.8
(94.6) | 34.1
(93.4) | 32.8
(91.0) | 31.7
(89.1) | 32.7
(90.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.6
(70.9) | 21.6
(70.9) | 21.6
(70.9) | 20.5
(68.9) | 17.9
(64.2) | 15.7
(60.3) | 14.4
(57.9) | 15.5
(59.9) | 18.8
(65.8) | 20.6
(69.1) | 21.4
(70.5) | 21.2
(70.2) | 19.2
(66.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 265.2
(10.44) | 193.7
(7.63) | 146.0
(5.75) | 95.3
(3.75) | 36.0
(1.42) | 11.2
(0.44) |  | 6.5
(0.26) | 36.7
(1.44) | 121.0
(4.76) | 145.1
(5.71) | 244.9
(9.64) |  |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 90.2 | 91.0 | 89.9 | 88.2 | 84.4 | 81.3 | 76.8 | 72.9 | 76.2 | 82.7 | 87.1 | 89.2 | 84.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 126.3 | 125.6 | 153.4 | 196.3 | 215.8 | 227.9 | 262.7 | 240.0 | 148.1 | 170.7 | 151.6 | 129.6 | 2,148 |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

13°26′49″S 56°43′15″W / 13.4469°S 56.7208°W / -13.4469; -56.7208

## InfoBox

| São José do Rio Claro | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Center-West |
| State | Mato Grosso |
| Mesoregion | Norte Mato-Grossense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 21,011 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Sára Kaňkovská

abstract: Sára Kaňkovská is a Czech professional racing cyclist. She rode in the women's 500 m time trial event at the 2019 UEC European Track Championships.

text:
# Sára Kaňkovská

**Sára Kaňkovská** (born 22 June 1998) is a Czech professional racing cyclist. She rode in the women's 500 m time trial event at the 2019 UEC European Track Championships.

## InfoBox

Sára Kaňkovská
| Sára Kaňkovská in 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1998-06-22) 22 June 1998 |
| Team information | |
| Role | Rider |
| Medal record      Women's track cycling  Representing  Czech Republic  European Championships  2020 Plovdiv Keirin | |


title: Zoe Shipton

abstract: Zoe Kai Shipton is a British geologist. She is a professor of Geological Engineering at Strathclyde University. In July 2014, Shipton's career in geology was featured on the BBC Radio 4 show The Life Scientific.

text:
# Zoe Shipton

**Zoe Kai Shipton** OBE is a British geologist. She is a professor of Geological Engineering at Strathclyde University.

In July 2014, Shipton's career in geology was featured on the BBC Radio 4 show *The Life Scientific*.

## Early life

Shipton's affinity for geology began when she was a young child. Her parents gifted her an educational book on volcanoes in response to Shipton having dreams about the hill behind their home turning into one. At the age of 8 she went to the site of Stromboli, an active volcano in Italy, with her father, Nick — a time which Shipton claims was greatly influential in solidifying her interest in geology. Zoe's paternal grandfather was Himalayan mountaineer, Eric Shipton. She initially entered the field due to her interest in Earth's geological history.

## Education and career

Shipton is a professor of geological engineering at the University of Strathclyde. Shipton specializes in structural geology, geological engineering, and geological uncertainty.

Shipton received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Leeds in January 1994, and subsequently received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Edinburgh in January 1999.

For her PhD, Shipton studied geological faults and the way that fluid flows through them, to better understand how faults initiate and grow. Her specialization lies in the research of faults; she has travelled to places such as Utah and Taiwan to conduct studies on earthquakes by drilling into the resulting ruptures. Shipton has spoken on the topic of earthquakes caused by fracking, both in the UK and the US, in an effort to better the public's understanding of the process.

Shipton is a member of the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering working group on “Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of the scientific and engineering evidence”. In a report by the Royal Academy of Engineering Shipton stated that, through careful procedures, fracking could be performed safely with little environmental detriment. Recently Shipton has written of finding a more sustainable energy source for heating homes in the UK. In Scotland, Shipton and colleagues from the University of Strathclyde received funding to introduce and create detailed plans to make use of geothermal energy from abandoned and flooded coal mines in Scotland. The use of the trapped heat that Shipton tapped into could be used in home heating and generate jobs and income. Shipton is heavily involved in research quantifying geological uncertainties, further influencing more of her work into studies associated with risk and uncertainty of her associated specialty. Shipton was also the past chair of the Tectonic Studies Group of the Geological Society of London, a group based in London, UK, that researches structure and tectonics.

From 2007 to 2020, Shipton was active as a member or chair in seven different external organizations, including the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Scottish Government, the Institute of Civil Engineering, the Tectonic Studies Group of the Geological Society of London, Sense About Science, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Shipton has organized four special symposia:

* *Geomechanical and Petrophysical Properties of Mudrocks*: October 2015
* *Communicating Contested Geoscience*: June 2014
* *Fault Zones: Structure, Geomechanics, and Fluid Flow*: September 2008
* *Tectonic Studies Group Annual Meeting*: January 2007.

Zoe Shipton has a large network of projects and colleagues all over the globe with substantial projects included in countries such as the United States, China, Australia, South Africa, and multiple countries across Europe.

## Research and publications

Shipton's research focuses on the structural and permeability architecture of faults, with four main areas of focus; how faults act as high permeability conduits, low permeability faults faults that produce hydrocarbon traps and barriers to fluid flow, understanding fault processes as tangible evidence that earthquakes are relative movements across fault zones, and how to constrain uncertainty in geological models. 24 PhD students have worked across these questions and projects for their thesis as well as post-doctoral studies under Shipton.

Shipton has been published in several prominent geoscience journals, including *Nature Energy*, *Tectonophysics*, and *The Journal of Structural Geology*. While these works explore such topics as the connection between geologic faults and earthquake prediction, or the nature and control of fractures in different rock types, she has also written about teaching methods for communicating the value of uncertainty and flexibility in the development of geoscience knowledge. Shipton also discusses subjective bias in geological data gathered about fault lines. In “*How do we see fractures?*”, Shipton sets out a system of protocols to ensure the accurate collection of this data as it is often used in geological and predictive models. In “*Interseasonal Compressed-air Storage Using Saline Aquifers*” Shipton proposes the use of porous rock basins to hold large amounts of compressed gasses to store energy in a renewable energy system.

Shipton has Published over 190 peer-reviewed research articles and papers, has been cited over 6200 times, and has an H-index of 35.

## Honours

In 2010, Shipton received the William Smith Fund award for excellence in contributions to applied and economic aspects of geoscience by an early-career geoscientist.

In March 2016 Shipton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's National Academy for science and letters.

She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to geoscience and climate change mitigation.


title: UNILAD

abstract: UNILAD is a British Internet media company and website owned by LADbible Group. The company markets itself as "a primary platform for youngsters for breaking news and relatable viral content", and has offices in London and Manchester. UNILAD was shut down in 2012, but it relaunched in 2014 under new owners Liam Harrington and Sam Bentley. The company has since developed into a media network that creates and licenses original content. The company has a primary channel as well as eight sub-channels that specialise in technology, travel, and other topics. UNILAD's Facebook page had 17 million followers in 2016, with 2.7 billion monthly video views, second to BuzzFeed's "Tasty" channel in views. In October 2018, UNILAD was bought out by LADbible.

text:
# UNILAD

**UNILAD** is a British Internet media company and website owned by LADbible Group. The company markets itself as "a primary platform for youngsters for breaking news and relatable viral content", and has offices in London and Manchester. UNILAD was shut down in 2012, but it relaunched in 2014 under new owners Liam Harrington and Sam Bentley. The company has since developed into a media network that creates and licenses original content.

The company has a primary channel as well as eight sub-channels that specialise in technology, travel, and other topics. UNILAD's Facebook page had 17 million followers in 2016, with 2.7 billion monthly video views, second to BuzzFeed's "Tasty" channel in views. In October 2018, UNILAD was bought out by LADbible.

## Site creation and ownership

Alex Partridge from Eastbourne and Jamie Street, a student at the University of Plymouth, created the original website. According to an FAQ on the website in 2010, the site was "created, designed and written by Alex Partridge", then a 21-year-old student at Oxford Brookes University. Street, then a web design student at the University of Plymouth, managed technical aspects of the site, claiming that he was "not responsible for writing or checking the content that gets published".

In 2014, Liam Harrington and Sam Bentley acquired ownership of the brand name and inherited its Facebook page.

## Rape-themed content

The 2010 website described itself as being "for when you are bored in the library" and "the 'tongue in cheek', article based solution to library boredom". In addition, UNILAD also described itself as the "number one university student lad's magazine". The site also set up a "Uni Ladette" page with "debauched disasters" from a "borderline alcoholic" female writer that they supposedly found in "a gutter, muttering something about needing to get laid and nursing her broken stilettos".

The site attracted considerable critical comment in the press and on Twitter due to perceived promotion of rape in some of the articles on the website. Articles that have been reported on in the press include:

* "Sexual Mathematics" – said that 75% of women aged 18–25 were "sluts" and advised readers that if a woman did not display any interest in having sex (which they described as "spreading for your head"), "think about this mathematical statistic: 85 per cent of rape cases go unreported. That seems to be fairly good odds." The article concluded with a mock disclaimer: "Uni Lad does not condone rape without saying 'surprise'."
* "The Zebra Abortion" – described how, following sex, the writer told his sexual partner to take the morning-after pill. After hearing she wanted to keep the pregnancy, the writer considers "performing an elbow drop on her vagina right there and then", but decides instead to "look around the room for a chair or table I can smash onto her stomach".
* "How to Pull a Fresher" – gave advice on how to sleep with a freshman, noting that they are "especially vulnerable".
* "The Angry Shag" – described the story of a man who, during sex, smashes a woman's face into a wall "to knock some sense into her".

The website also contained a shop section that sold T-shirts with a variety of slogans, including a rape-themed T-shirt in the style of the World War II-era Keep Calm and Carry On propaganda posters reading "Keep Calm – It Won't Take Long".

Estelle Hart from the National Union of Students said that articles on the website promoted a "casual trivialisation of rape". Hart argued that "a website referring to women as wenches and slags isn't simply the harmless 'banter' the writers want us to believe". A number of student newspapers published editorials condemning Uni Lad including those at the University of Bristol, the University of Birmingham, the University of Liverpool, and Newcastle University. The BBC Radio 4 magazine show *Woman's Hour* interviewed a number of female students in Brighton who described the 'Sexual Mathematics' article as "vulgar" and were very critical of sexist comments and 'banter' on Facebook.

Sarah McAlpine wrote an article for The F-Word, a UK feminist blog, which argued that Uni Lad was "an entire culture summed up in one hideous website". The website *TechRadar* listed it as one of the "10 most hated websites of all time".

Following the public reaction, Partridge from Uni Lad said that the site "overstepped the mark" and "took things too far", and claimed that he was taking the site down until they "greatly improved" their editorial policies.

The University of Plymouth launched a disciplinary investigation against Street who claimed to be the designer of the site but not involved in the content. The University of Plymouth Students' Union released a statement saying that there "can be no question that some of the content published on the Uni Lad website is completely unacceptable and offensive in nature", but stating that they would not make any further comment on the matter due to the investigation that the university was leading.

## New ownership

The brand was acquired by entrepreneurs Liam Harrington and Sam Bentley in 2014. The rebranded UNILAD launched in 2014 at unilad.co.uk. The UNILAD Facebook page, inherited in 2014 with 300,000 fans, grew to have 11.5 million Facebook likes by 2016, with a web presence at unilad.co.uk.

Harrington and Bentley stated that they decline to publish some submitted content due to backlash, and *The Guardian* notes that its content differs significantly from that of the previous iteration of the website. The site is described as having a reputation for "trivial lad-focused videos", with titles such as "5 On 5 Fighting Is Back And It's F\*cking Brutal."

In October 2018, the company that owned UNILAD went into administration, with owners Harrington and Bentley having incurred debts of £6.5 million and owing taxes of £1.5 million. A day later, managing director John Quinlan denied reports that it had gone into administration, saying the brand is "doing better than ever" and that he was "confident" that a buyer would be found.

In October 2018, a few days later after it went into administration, UNILAD was bought by LADbible for an undisclosed fee.

## InfoBox

UNILAD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Media and entertainment |
| Available in | English |
| Owner | The LADbible Group Ltd |
| Founder(s) | Alex Partridge, Jamie Street |
| URL | www.unilad.com |
| Launched | 2 April 2010 (2010-04-02)<br>2014 (2014) (relaunch) |
| Current status | Online |


title: Shimoyamamura Station

abstract: Shimoyamamura Station is a railway station on the Iida Line in Iida, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Shimoyamamura Station

**Shimoyamamura Station** (下山村駅, *Shimoyamamura-eki*) is a railway station on the Iida Line in Iida, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

## Lines

Shimoyamamura Station is served by the Iida Line and is 124.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Toyohashi Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of a single ground-level side platform serving one bi-directional track. There is no station building, but only a small shelter built on top of the platform. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iida Line | | | | |
| Limited Express *Inaji*: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Ina-Yawata |  | Local |  | Kanae |

## History

Shimoyamamura Station opened on 17 December 1926. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Central.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 38 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

The station is located in a rural area.

Media related to Shimoyamamura Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Shimoyamamura Station
下山村駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Shimoyamamura Station in June 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Kanaeshimoyama, Iida-shi, Nagano-ken 395-0803
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°30′14″N 137°50′23″E / 35.5039°N 137.8396°E / 35.5039; 137.8396 |
| Elevation | 425 meters |
| Operated by | JR Central |
| Line(s) | Iida Line |
| Distance | 124.7 km from Toyohashi |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| History | |
| Opened | 17 December 1926 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2015 | 38 (daily) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Shimoyamamura StationLocation within Nagano PrefectureShimoyamamura StationShimoyamamura Station (Japan) | |


title: Yangshi Lei Archives

abstract: The Yangshi Lei Archives are the collection of design drawings and models of Qing imperial architecture. "Yangshi" means architect or architecture, "Lei" is the surname of the Lei architectural family. Works in the archives include the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Chengde Mountain Resort, the Eastern Qing tombs and so on. The manuscripts in this archive contain contents that span from interior decoration, site surveys, to construction methods. In terms of forms, they contain drawings of floor plans, sections, elevations, and model buildings made of wood. Over 12,000 out of around 17,000 individual pieces so far found, are now collected in the National Library of China. In 2007, UNESCO inscribed it to the Memory of the World Register-Asia and the Pacific.

text:
# Yangshi Lei Archives

The **Yangshi Lei Archives** (Chinese: 样式雷; pinyin: *Yàngshì Léi*; lit. 'Lei style architecture') are the collection of design drawings and models of Qing imperial architecture. "Yangshi" means architect or architecture, "Lei" is the surname of the Lei architectural family.

Works in the archives include the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Chengde Mountain Resort, the Eastern Qing tombs and so on. The manuscripts in this archive contain contents that span from interior decoration, site surveys, to construction methods. In terms of forms, they contain drawings of floor plans, sections, elevations, and model buildings made of wood. Over 12,000 out of around 17,000 individual pieces so far found, are now collected in the National Library of China. In 2007, UNESCO inscribed it to the Memory of the World Register-Asia and the Pacific.

## The Lei family

The Lei family of architects were in charge of Qing imperial architecture design for 200 years between the 17th to 19th centuries, specifically from the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi reign (1686) up to the begin of Republic of China (1912).

Originally from the Jiangxi Province, the Lei family engaged in carpentry and palace construction during the Ming dynasty. In the period of the Kangxi Era during the Qing dynasty, the court recruited carpenters nationwide to build the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihe Dian) in the Forbidden City. The first generation of Lei family builders, Lei Fada, (1619-1693) were recruited and moved to Beijing. Lei Fada's eldest son, Lei Jinyu, followed his father's career path and earned a position at the Ministry of Works, serving the Qing court on architecture design and construction. He invented the Doukou structure, where slot cut in the wooden brackets to fit the other interlocking parts, based on the existed Dougong structure(interlock wooden brackets). From then on, seven generations of the Lei family took charge of the imperial architecture construction in Pattern Design Office consecutively until the end of the Qing dynasty. The seven generations are listed below.

* Lei Fada (1619–1693) Participation: rebuild of the Hall of Supreme Harmony
* Lei Jinyu (1659–1729) Participation: Old Summer Palace, Changchun Yuan
* Lei Shengcheng (1729–1792)
* Lei Jiawei (1758–1845): Gardens in Royal Mountains and the Old Summer Palace, Chengde Mountain Resort; Lei Jiaxi (1764–1825): Hall of Jiuzhou Qingyan, (one of the 40 scenic spots in the Old Summer Palace), Tomb of Remarkable for the Jiaqing Emperor; Lei Jiarui (1770–1830)
* Lei Jingxiu (1803–1866)
* Lei Siqi (1826–1876) Participation: rebuild of the Old Summer Palace
* Lei Tingchang (1845–1907) Participation: Tomb of Kindness for the Tongzhi Emperor, Tomb east of Dingling for Empress Dowager Cixi, Tomb east of Dingling in the broad valley of good omens for Empress Dowager Ci'an

## Contents

The Yangshi Lei Archives contains schematic design, construction drawings, enlarged detail design, preview models for the emperors to visualize the finished buildings, and literal descriptions. Works in the archives are the Qing imperial buildings, part of which are listed on the World Cultural Heritage Cites in China.

### The design process

The royal construction engineering system during the Qing dynasty is supervised by the Ministry of Works and conducted by a team that formed from craftsmen recruited nationwide. The Pattern Design Office and the Building Estimate Office were set under the Ministry of Works. The Pattern Design Office was in charge of construction design, while the Building Estimate Office estimated the cost of labour and materials.

In the design process, drawings, models and building method texts were based on the Official Manual of Constructional Engineering, a technical book that specified building methods published by the court. The first construction method guide book can trace back to the Treatise on Architectural Methods (Yingzao Fashi) published in 1103 during the Song dynasty. The drawings demonstrate the layout, elevation of buildings and decorating details. The models are the visualization of the buildings with size and methods marked on them. The text documents specified the construction method and record the daily process.

### Drawings

The contents in the graphical samples cover the process of each stage of construction, including site survey, planning, construction method and working notes. In terms of representation, they contain drawings of floor plans, section and elevation. They were drawn and written in ink-brush, charcoal on traditional Chinese paper. Among all Yangshi Lei drawings, the largest sketch is approximately six meters in length, whereas the smallest piece is about six centimetres.

#### Recording method: legends

The drawings use particular legends and labels to represent the size, shape, structure, location, function and other relative information needed in construction. On the drawings for new projects, "tags" written on red or yellow paper are attached to indicate the date of the building's parts, such as "bay-dimensions", "building depth", "height of column", "diameter of the column" and so on. Information about colours and shapes are also found on the tags.

#### Recording method: grid system

During the site survey process, in order to record the three-dimensional topographic features, they used the grid system to projection three-dimensional data on two-dimension paper. A grid system is first drawn from the site centre towards four directions. The scale of the grid depends on the dimension of the layout. Then, at the intersection points of the grid, heights of the land were noted beside. Therefore, the height of the terrain as well as the plane area can be calculated. The grid system was used for site survey and construction planning stage. According to the study of Wang Qiheng, the grid system used for topography survey is "fully compatible with the concept of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) nowadays."

Techniques of "layered images, direct parallelism, and perspective shadowing" are also used to represent the three-dimension structure of the buildings. These drawings for technical use are all held by the Lei family themselves outside the court.

### Models

The Yangshi Lei Archives collection includes building models namely the "ironed models" (Chinese: 烫样; pinyin: *tàng yàng*). These ironed models were sent to get viewed and the official approval from the emperor, before conducting further construction method design and cost accounting.

The components of Yangshi Lei ironed models were made from cardboard, soft white spruce, red pine and sorghum stalk, and then ironed to fortify the model structure. It is named "ironed" due to this ironing process. They are made into a scale ranging from 1:200, 1:100, 1:50 to 1:20. The surface of the models was coloured according to the design manuscript. The information on building materials and dimension are labelled on the models. The models can generally be divided into three types: the global complex, the individual buildings, and the detailed pieces.

The individual buildings visualize the outer and inner structures, and the detailed pieces focus on partial particular furnishings decorations. In an individual building model, the parts of those models can be disassembled. The roof can be removed so that a closer look of inner structures and interior decorations can be seen. The individual building model "Dian Men" is an instance of single building model with hip-and-gable roof. Its roof part can be removed, and the timbers and column structures inside can be seen in detail. The paintings and patterns on eaves and interior decoration are also clear. Notations of dimensions and name of component parts are attached.

In addition to a single building, the global complexes visualize the layout of space, connection of buildings and the surrounding environment. Usually, the layout of the Ancient Chinese complex forms to a courtyard consisting of buildings and surroundings. There are mountains, height and flow direction of streams and rivers shown in most of the complex models.

## Origins and collection of the archives

The collection of Yangshi Lei architecture materials mainly comes from the archives viewed by the court and archives held by the Lei family themselves. It is a combination of models and sketches found remained in the palace, and materials in museums that were purchased from the last Yangshi Lei generation Lei Tingchang.

The archives that viewed by the court are collected in the Palace Museum Archives and the Document Section (the former institution of The Number One Archives). They are the only parts that are directly inherited from the imperial collection without dealings. Drawings in these archives are the final formal ones. During the seven generations of the Lei family's service in the Pattern Design office, sketches and models were first submitted to the court for review. According to command from the emperor, the documents were either reserved in the palace or the Construction Office for further references.

Besides, dozens of documents were also collected within the Lei family except those which need to submit to the court. They intended to store the manuscripts from the fifth generation. According to a study by Wang Qiheng and his team who focus on research of the Yangshi Lei Archives, it is shown that some documents had been revised by the Lei descendants for the reconstruction and renovation of imperial buildings. Therefore, most of the archives were held by descendants of Lei's.

Around 1930, the Leis began to sell the documents due to financial difficulties. Under the help from Zhu Qiqian, most parts of the collection were purchased by the National Library of China. The others were purchased by the Beijing public and people from abroad. Besides, the Beijing-based Society for Research in Chinese Architecture also devoted to purchase and collect the scattered manuscripts from the market and transferred them to the National Library. The models collected by the National of China were moved to the National Palace Museum for preservation after the third Chinese Civil War.

Outside of China, Araki Seizo bought around a thousand of documents from book fairs in China in 1931. Fifty-three of them are now collected in the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. They are mainly drawings of the mausoleums. The Asia collection of Cornell University Library and the Musée national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet also hold several pieces.

## Research

The collection and research on the Yangshi Lei Archives started in the 1930s. The research has mainly focused on the Lei family, catalogue, and utilization of them.

### 1930–1940: Society for Research in Chinese Architecture

The earliest research on the Yangshi Lei Archives was led by Zhu Qiqian, who was the founder of the Society for Research in Chinese Architecture. He helped with the first purchase and collection of the National Library of China. On 21 March 1931, Zhu held an exhibition called "Historical Documents and Artifacts of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanming Yuan)". A large part of the exhibits was from the Yangshi Lei Archives. Zhu saw this archive as one of the keystones in research of the ancient Chinese architecture design, as well as the Song Treatise on Architectural Methods (Yingzao Fashi) and Qing Official Manual of Constructional Engineering, due to its large scale and coverage on each step of building design. Research in the stage first catalogued the drawings and models.

### 1980–1990: Utilization of the archives

This stage focuses on the utilization of the Yangshi Lei Archives on renovations of the Summer Palace, the Old Summer Palace, and so on. More categorizations are completed.

### 1990 – present

Two main institutions concerned with Yangshi Lei Archives research are the School of Architecture at Tianjin University and Tsinghua University. They centre on the Yangshi Lei Archives with relative architectural theory, and digital reconstructions of the Old Summer Palace respectively.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Yangshi Lei Archives | |
| --- | --- |
| National Library of China, The Palace Museum and various locations | |
| Type | Architectural drawings, models, text records |
| Date | 1686–1911 |
| Material | ink-brush, charcoal, traditional Chinese paper, wood |
| Size | \>17,000 |


title: Xylocoridea

abstract: Xylocoridea is a monotypic genus of exclusively European flower bugs in the tribe Dufouriellini, erected by Odo Reuter in 1876. The "xylo-" prefix indicates that these insects are associated with wood.

text:
# Xylocoridea

***Xylocoridea*** is a monotypic genus of exclusively European flower bugs in the tribe Dufouriellini, erected by Odo Reuter in 1876. The "*xylo-*" prefix indicates that these insects are associated with wood.

## Species

The single species ***Xylocoridea brevipennis*** Reuter, 1876 is recorded from Europe including: France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and the British Isles (mostly southern England). This species is commonly found under bark in deciduous and coniferous woodland, with recorded trees including: *Pinus, Platanus* and *Tilia*.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocoridea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xylocoridea brevipennis*, Kampina, the Netherlands | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Anthocoridae |
| Subfamily: | Anthocorinae |
| Tribe: | Dufouriellini |
| Genus: | *Xylocoridea*
Reuter, 1876 |
| Species: | ***X. brevipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocoridea brevipennis***
Reuter, 1876 | |
|


title: Minister Jade

abstract: Minister Jade is a 2008 graphic novel written and illustrated by Steve Bialik. It was first released in the United States on June 25, 2008, through Cellar Door Publishing. In 2009 Minister Jade was selected as one of YALSA's "Great Graphic Novels for Teens" for that year.

text:
# Minister Jade

***Minister Jade*** is a 2008 graphic novel written and illustrated by Steve Bialik. It was first released in the United States on June 25, 2008, through Cellar Door Publishing. In 2009 *Minister Jade* was selected as one of YALSA's "Great Graphic Novels for Teens" for that year.

## Synopsis

In Yuan dynasty China a down-on-his-luck former government official named Zhen Wenxiu tries to commit suicide by jumping into the stormy sea, but is instead carried off to the mysterious Island of Living Jade. There he is met by two green-skinned dwarves who question him as to the state of their former home, China. When Wenxiu informs them that it has been conquered by the Mongols and transformed into a land of oppression and injustice, the dwarves give him a magical belt of Living Jade and encourage him to use its power to free China from the Mongol yoke. But the prestige-hungry Wenxiu chooses to serve rather than destroy the occupying regime. He insinuates himself into the retinue of Mongol emperor Khubilai Khan and basks in the wealth and status of his new position. Meanwhile, a mad cult leader named Wanyao Wang is on a mission to destroy all of China with a dread mist that turns people into solid gold. Wenxiu eventually uncovers this plot and wants to act, but Khubilai Khan urges him to focus his attention instead on the impending invasion of Japan. Realizing that Khubilai cares more about his imperial ambitions than the people of China, Wenxiu finally breaks away from him and sets out to stop Wanyayo Wang. In the end he gives up the life of a high-ranking minister for that of a poor but honorable hero.

## Reception

Comics Bulletin gave a mixed review for *Minister Jade*, writing that it was "a far-from-perfect book, but it is an interesting study of a hero’s journey set against a different set of cultural values." The *School Library Journal* was more positive, stating "Full of humor, action, and art strongly influenced by traditional Chinese design, it’s a vivid origin story."

## InfoBox

Minister Jade
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Steve Bialik |
| Illustrator | Steve Bialik |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Graphic novels |
| Published | 2008 |
| Publisher | Cellar Door Publishing |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 188 pages |
| ISBN | 097668313X |


title: Little Chalfont

abstract: Little Chalfont is a village and civil parish in south-east Buckinghamshire, England. It is one of a group of villages known collectively as "The Chalfonts", which also comprises Chalfont St Giles and Chalfont St Peter. Little Chalfont is located around 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Amersham and 21.9 miles (35.2 km) northwest of Charing Cross, central London.

text:
# Little Chalfont

**Little Chalfont** is a village and civil parish in south-east Buckinghamshire, England. It is one of a group of villages known collectively as "The Chalfonts", which also comprises Chalfont St Giles and Chalfont St Peter. Little Chalfont is located around 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Amersham and 21.9 miles (35.2 km) northwest of Charing Cross, central London.

## History

Little Chalfont is a 20th-century creation triggered by the coming of the Metropolitan Railway. A station called Chalfont Road was opened in 1889 at the northernmost point of Chalfont St Giles Parish where the parishes of Amersham, Chenies, and Chalfont St Giles met. At that time, the area was remote from the centres of the villages and towns, and consisted of isolated farms and cottages, and did not have a specific name.

The coming of the railway eventually brought local housing development, and a community developed around the station, which was renamed Chalfont & Latimer station in 1915, a name which it retains today.

The first appearance of the name Little Chalfont is in the minutes of the Chalfont St Giles Parish Council on 15 January 1925, when, at the request of the inhabitants, it was agreed that the group of houses near the station should be named Little Chalfont instead of "Chalfont Road Village". For many years, Little Chalfont was split mainly in the Amersham Town Council area, and partly in Chalfont St Giles parish. Following a period of campaigning by local residents, the village was awarded separate Parish status in 2007. Most of the new Parish came from Amersham, but a small part (in area, rather larger in population) of Chalfont St Giles was also included.

## Transport

Little Chalfont is served by Chalfont & Latimer station, on the Metropolitan line of the London Underground and the London to Aylesbury Line of Chiltern Railways. There are also bus services to Amersham, Chesham and other surrounding towns and villages.

## Education

There are three schools in Little Chalfont: two primary schools (Little Chalfont Primary School, and Chalfont Valley E-ACT Primary Academy (formerly Bell Lane Primary School)), and Dr Challoner's High School \- a girls' grammar school.

Little Chalfont Community Library was originally part of the Buckinghamshire County Library Service but is now run as a community library by local volunteers since 2007. It is one of the most successful community libraries in England.

## Community

Little Chalfont Farmers Market was launched in September 2009 with the support of the Parish Council and local regeneration groups. The Farmers Market takes place in the Village Hall car park on the second Saturday of each month.

Little Chalfont Nature Park is a 4.6 acre Nature Park with rare MG5 grassland / wildflower meadow and semi-natural woodland. It was purchased for and by the community and opened on 1 June 2016. It is freely open to visitors all year round from dawn until dusk.

Little Chalfont Community Association is active and organises the Annual Village Day.

## Landmarks

Beel House is a 10,194 square feet (947.1 m2) Grade II listed 16th-century house on the edge of Little Chalfont. Originally owned by the Duke of Buckingham. It was the home of Mary Penington whose daughter Gulielma Springett married William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania. Later residents include Dirk Bogarde, Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne, and Robert Kilroy-Silk.

## Religion

Little Chalfont is part of the Church of England parish of Chenies and Little Chalfont. In 1987, it joined with the neighbouring parishes of Latimer and Flaunden to form the Chenies Benefice. The parish church of St George's is on White Lion Road.

St Aidan's Roman Catholic church is on Finch Lane. It was opened in 1964, having been built on land bought from the Beel House estate.

Little Chalfont Methodist Church is on Chalfont Avenue. The original church building was opened in 1959. After the church was damaged by fire in 1993, the current church building was opened in 1996.

## Economy

Little Chalfont is home to two industrial laboratories and an office development, part of GE Healthcare, originally the Radiochemical Centre, and then Amersham International. Recently, the building housing GE Healthcare, was acquired by Cytiva, rebranding the building.

"A History of Little Chalfont" Ivor White 1993 published by The Little Chalfont Rural Preservation Society (now the Little Chalfont Community Association), Bucks, England.

## InfoBox

| Little Chalfont | |
| --- | --- |
| Nightingales Corner, Little Chalfont | |
| Little ChalfontLocation within Buckinghamshire | |
| Population | 6,858 (2017 est.) |
| OS grid reference | SU995975 |
| London | 22 miles (35 km) SE |
| Civil parish | * Little Chalfont |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | AMERSHAM |
| Postcode district | HP6, HP7 |
| Post town | CHALFONT ST. GILES |
| Postcode district | HP8 |
| Dialling code | 01494 |
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title: New Formations

abstract: New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal which covers the uses of cultural theory for the analysis of political and social issues. It is published by Lawrence and Wishart and the editor-in-chief is Jeremy Gilbert.

text:
# New Formations

***New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics*** is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal which covers the uses of cultural theory for the analysis of political and social issues. It is published by Lawrence and Wishart and the editor-in-chief is Jeremy Gilbert (University of East London).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

## InfoBox

*New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics*
| Discipline | Cultural theory |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Jeremy Gilbert |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1987–present |
| Publisher | Lawrence and Wishart |
| Frequency | Triannual |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *New Form.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0950-2378 (print)
1741-0789 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 93650684 |
| OCLC no. | 55052428 |
| Links | |
|  | |