title: UFT One

abstract: OpenText™ UFT One, an AI-powered functional testing tool, accelerates test automation across desktop, web, mobile, mainframe, composite, and packaged enterprise-grade applications. It was formerly known as Micro Focus Unified Functional Testing and QuickTest Professional (QTP). UFT One supports keyword and scripting interfaces and features a graphical user interface. It uses the Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) scripting language to specify a test procedure, and to manipulate the objects and controls of the application under test. UFT allows developers to test all three layers of a program's operations from a single console: the interface, the service layer and the database layer. UFT was originally written by Mercury Interactive and called QuickTest Professional. Mercury Interactive was subsequently acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 2006. UFT 11.5 combined HP QuickTest Professional and HP Service Test into a single software package, which was available from the HP Software Division until 2016, when the division was ultimately sold to Micro Focus. Micro Focus was acquired by OpenText in 2023.

text:
# UFT One

**OpenText™ UFT One**, an AI-powered functional testing tool, accelerates test automation across desktop, web, mobile, mainframe, composite, and packaged enterprise-grade applications.

It was formerly known as **Micro Focus Unified Functional Testing** and **QuickTest Professional** (**QTP**).

UFT One supports keyword and scripting interfaces and features a graphical user interface. It uses the Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) scripting language to specify a test procedure, and to manipulate the objects and controls of the application under test. UFT allows developers to test all three layers of a program's operations from a single console: the interface, the service layer and the database layer.

UFT was originally written by Mercury Interactive and called QuickTest Professional. Mercury Interactive was subsequently acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 2006. UFT 11.5 combined HP QuickTest Professional and HP Service Test into a single software package, which was available from the HP Software Division until 2016, when the division was ultimately sold to Micro Focus.

Micro Focus was acquired by OpenText in 2023.

## Description

OpenText UFT One is automated testing software designed for testing various software applications and environments. It performs functional and regression testing through a user interface such as a native GUI or web interface. It works by identifying the objects in the application user interface or a web page and performing desired operations (such as mouse clicks or keyboard events); it can also capture object properties like name or handler ID. HPE Unified Functional Testing uses a VBScript scripting language to specify the test procedure and to manipulate the objects and controls of the application under test. To perform more sophisticated actions, users may need to manipulate the underlying VBScript.

Although UFT is usually used for "UI based" test case automation, it also can automate some "non-UI" based test cases, such as file system operations, database testing, Web services testing and API testing.

### Exception handling

OpenText UFT One manages exception handling using recovery scenarios; the goal is to continue running tests if an unexpected failure occurs. Because UFT hooks into the memory space of the applications being tested, some exceptions may cause HPE Unified Functional Testing to terminate and be unrecoverable.

### Data-driven testing

OpenText UFT One supports data-driven testing. For example, data can be output to a data table for reuse elsewhere. Data-driven testing is implemented as a Microsoft Excel workbook that can be accessed from UFT. UFT has two types of data tables: the Global data sheet and Action (local) data sheets. The test steps can read data from these data tables in order to drive variable data into the application under test, and verify the expected result.

### Automating custom and complex UI objects

OpenText UFT One may not recognize customized user interface objects and other complex objects. Users can define these types of objects as virtual objects or as insight objects (bitmap comparison). UFT does not support virtual objects for analog recording or recording in low-level mode.

### Extensibility

OpenText UFT One can be extended with separate add-ins for a number of development environments that are not supported out-of-the-box. UFT add-ins include support for Web, .NET, Java, and Delphi. HP QuickTest Professional and the HP QuickTest Professional add-ins are packaged together in HP Functional Testing software.

## User interface

OpenText UFT One provides two views—and ways to modify—a test script: Keyword View and Expert View. These views enable UFT to act as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the test, and UFT includes many standard IDE features, such as breakpoints to pause a test at predetermined places.

### Keyword view

Keyword View lets users create and view the steps of a test in a modular, table format. Each row in the table represents a step that can be modified. The Keyword View can also contain any of the following columns: Item, Operation, Value, Assignment, Comment, and Documentation. For every step in the Keyword View, UFT displays a corresponding line of script based on the row and column value. Users can add, delete or modify steps at any point.

In Keyword View, users can also view properties for items such as checkpoints, output values, and actions, use conditional and loop statements, and insert breakpoints to assist in debugging a test.

### Expert view

In Expert View, UFT lets users display and edit a test's source code using VBScript. Designed for more advanced users, users can edit all test actions except for the root Global action, and changes are synchronized with the Keyword View.

### Languages

OpenText UFT One uses VBScript as its scripting language. VBScript supports classes but not polymorphism and inheritance. Compared with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), VBScript lacks the ability to use some Visual Basic keywords, does not come with an integrated debugger, lacks an event handler, and does not have a forms editor. HP added a debugger, but the functionality is more limited when compared with testing tools that integrate a full-featured IDE, such as those provided with VBA, Java, or VB.NET.

Some Windows script (WScript, WSH, WMI) and VB.Net code can be used in a script in the expert view.

### Drawbacks

OpenText UFT One runs primarily in Windows environments. It relies on largely obsolete Windows-only technologies such as ActiveX and VBScript which is not an object-oriented language.

OpenText UFT One cannot test with all browser types and versions. In particular it does not support Opera.

The Test Execution engine is combined with the GUI Test Code development IDE, so there is no way to run the tests independent of UFT, even though remote execution is still possible with HPE Unified Functional Testing running on a different machine.

High licensing costs often mean that the tool is not widely used in an organization, but instead is limited to a smaller testing team. This encourages a siloed approach to QA/testing where testing is performed as a separate phase rather than a collaborative approach where QA/testers work closely with the business and development teams (as is advocated by newer agile approaches to software development).

## Integration

OpenText UFT One and Quality Center work together for additional testing capabilities. Users can use HP Quality Center with UFT assets, such as tests, shared object repositories, libraries, recovery scenarios and external data tables.

HP Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) enables IT staff in multiple roles to manage activities associated with their core application lifecycle, from requirements through development, testing, defect management and readiness for delivery. The software was tailored to work with a number of testing tools, including UFT, to test for functional defects in the code.

## InfoBox

OpenText UFT One
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | OpenText |
|  | |
| Stable release | 24.2 / April 17, 2024 (2024-04-17) |
|  | |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Test automation tools |
| License | Proprietary |
| Website | www.opentext.com/products/uft-one |


title: Linstead Magna

abstract: Linstead Magna is a civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England.

text:
# Linstead Magna

**Linstead Magna** is a civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England.

## Population and civil parish

In 2005 its population was 60. It shares a civil parish council with nearby Chediston and Linstead Parva. At the 2011 Census the population was listed under Linstead Parva only. From 1974 to 2019 it was in Suffolk Coastal district.

## Parish church

The ancient parish church of Linstead Magna was dedicated to St Peter. The church fell into ruins many centuries ago, and almost no trace remains. The two Linstead parishes were combined, and now share the parish church of Linstead Parva (dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch). Nonetheless, a procession and open air service is held at the site of the church on Church Farm, Linstead Magna, every two years.

## InfoBox

| Linstead Magna | |
| --- | --- |
| Magna Farm | |
| Linstead MagnaLocation within Suffolk | |
| Population | 60 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Halesworth |
| Postcode district | IP19 |
|  | |
| Police | Suffolk |
| Fire | Suffolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
|


title: Markham District

abstract: Markham District is a district of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Kaiapit. The population of the district was 62,495 at the 2011 census.

text:
# Markham District

**Markham District** is a district of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Kaiapit. The population of the district was 62,495 at the 2011 census.

6°43′16″S 146°16′01″E / 6.721°S 146.267°E / -6.721; 146.267

## InfoBox

| Markham District | |
| --- | --- |
| Markham DistrictLocation within Papua New Guinea | |
| Coordinates: 6°43′16″S 146°16′01″E / 6.721°S 146.267°E / -6.721; 146.267 | |
| Country | Papua New Guinea |
| Province | Morobe Province |
| Capital | Kaiapit |
| Government | |
| MP | Koni Iguan |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,311 km2 (1,664 sq mi) |
| Population (2011 census) | |
| Total | 62,495 |
| Density | 14/km2 (38/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (AEST) |


title: Trial of Abdullah Öcalan

abstract: The trial of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), began on 31 May 1999 and concluded on 29 June with a death sentence for treason and separatism. Öcalan was captured in February 1999 in Nairobi, Kenya and extradited to Turkey. He was imprisoned on the İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. After his conviction, Öcalan appealed to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which ruled he did not have a fair trial and demanded a retrial. The death sentence was confirmed by the Court of Cassation in November 1999 and Turkey denied Öcalan a retrial. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in October 2002.

text:
# Trial of Abdullah Öcalan

The **trial of Abdullah Öcalan**, the leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), began on 31 May 1999 and concluded on 29 June with a death sentence for treason and separatism. Öcalan was captured in February 1999 in Nairobi, Kenya and extradited to Turkey. He was imprisoned on the İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. After his conviction, Öcalan appealed to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which ruled he did not have a fair trial and demanded a retrial. The death sentence was confirmed by the Court of Cassation in November 1999 and Turkey denied Öcalan a retrial. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in October 2002.

## Background

Turkey has issued seven arrest warrants for Abdullah Öcalan, including a red notice with the Interpol. Öcalan was the leader of the PKK at the time, which had led an uprising against the Turkish Government demanding more political rights for the Kurdish population in Turkey. Öcalan had lived several of the last twenty years in Syria, which he had to leave on 9 October 1998 due to threats by the Turkish military to invade Syria if he was allowed to stay.

After a short stay in Russia, where he was not granted political asylum by the Russian government, he travelled to Italy. Öcalan landed on 12 November 1998 at the Rome Fiumicino Airport. Upon arriving in Italy, he was arrested on grounds of having entered the country with a false passport and a German arrest warrant. The Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy, where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. Italy did not extradite him to Germany, which refused to hold a trial for Öcalan, worried that the sympathizers of the PKK could organize in protest or even self-immolate in Germany, just as had happened in Italy and Russia. The German chancellor Gerhard Schröder, as well as the Minister of the Interior Otto Schily, preferred Öcalan to be tried by an unspecified "European Court". Italy refused to extradite Öcalan to Turkey either, and released him from house arrest on 17 December. The Italian prime minister Massimo D'Alema held that it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with capital punishment. Human Rights Watch suggested to D'Alema that Öcalan be tried in a European country for the murders of Turkish teachers and Village Guards, which the PKK sees as collaborators or the Turkish authorities. Italian officials didn't want Öcalan to remain in the country, pulling several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave. Italy accomplished this on 16 January 1999 when he departed to Nizhny Novgorod in an attempt to take asylum Russia.

Öcalan was not as welcomed in Russia as he had been in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport of Strigino International Airport in Nizhny Novgorod. From Russia, he again traveled to Greece. Greek diplomats sought refuge for him in a North African country, but Öcalan rejected all offers. Öcalan then attempted to travel to The Hague, to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the International Criminal Court, but the Netherlands wouldn't let his plane land, sending him back to Greece, where he landed on the island Corfu in the Ionean Sea. Öcalan then flew to Nairobi on invitation of Greek diplomats. At that time he was defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that the charges against him had to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in The Hague would assume the case.

### Arrest

On 15 February 1999, he was captured by a team of the Turkish Intelligence Service (MIT) in Nairobi, as he was on the way to a flight to the Netherlands.

## Pre-trial

After his capture he was brought to İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara, on which he was to become the only prisoner. A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him, were not allowed to meet with their client, detained for questioning at the airport on grounds they acted as "PKK militants" and sent back to the Netherlands. In the first week of his detention, over a dozen lawyers sent by Öcalans family were denied the right to see him. Öcalan was interrogated for ten days, without access to his lawyers. A State Security Court consisting of one military and two civilian judges was tasked to try Öcalan. On 21 February, the State Security Court of Ankara gained access to Abdullah Öcalan and its prosecutor began to interrogate him. On the 22 February he acknowledged of being the a founder and leader of the PKK which initially attempted to found an independent state but later focused on achieving better political and cultural rights for Turks and Kurds. The following day, a judge accepted charges of treason and separatism with the prosecution aiming for the death penalty.

On the 25 February, he was allowed to meet with two of his lawyers and after one and a half month he was able to see members of his family. Öcalan's lawyers questioned the fact that Öcalan was kept in detention under control of the General Staff and the Turkish special forces instead under the authority of the Ministry of Justice as according to Turkish law it should be. During the interrogation he admitted to have employed some terrorist methods but also argued that if one would view it in context of the historical record of Turkey, it was clear Turkey employed many more terrorist methods.

Between the 11 March and the 22 April Öcalan's lawyers were permitted to see their client for twelve meetings of a duration of about one hour. On the 18 March his lawyers released a statement of their client in which he reasoned he would base his defense on the several cease-fires the PKK declared since the cease fire in 1993. He had several cases open against him like one for participating in an interview of Med TV, in which he was prosecuted under Art. 125 of the Turkish Penal Code. Two other cases were joined with the latter and the trial was set to take place in Ankara without the defendant. On the 7 May, the lawyers of the defense were granted access to the case file of reportedly about seventeen-thousand pages but not provided with a copy of it. The lawyers of the defense then used their own photocopier and needed until the 15 May until having copied the file by themselves.

### Hearings in Ankara

On 24 March 1999, the first hearing took place in Ankara. The Security Court determined the trial to take place on İmralı island despite the lawyers of the defense objections to the existing restrictions on meeting their client on the island. On the 30 April the prosecutor issued a separate indictment which included all charges regarding the armed warfare of the PKK demanding a capital punishment for separatism and the court ordered the trial to begin on 31 May 1999. The same day, the lawyers of Abdullah Öcalan were severely attacked by a mob and had to be treated in hospital. Ahmet Zeki Okcukoğlu, the head of Öcalan defense team demanded observers for protection, else they would quit. In the two hearings on the 24 March and the 30 April in Ankara, Öcalan did not take part in, with the Turkish Government arguing it was for security reasons.

## Main trial on İmralı island

The trial on İmralı island was held between the 31 May 1999 and the 29 June 1999 and judges from the State Security Court of Ankara were chosen to hear the case. Tight security measures were taken. For this trial a new courtroom was built and Öcalan attended the trial in a bullet-proof glass case. The island was placed within a military security zone. Helicopters and warships maintained a security cordon around the island and people who wanted to enter Mudanya on Turkey mainland (where the port for the boats to İmralı island is located), had to pass an identity check at the entrance of the town. After Öcalan arrived on the island, many media organizations established a presence in the town of Mudanya, but the two sole media organizations provided with unrestricted access to the trial were Anadolu and TRT from the Turkish Republic. The other media present at the scene, both Turkish and International were only permitted to report on the proceedings after the end of each session. The lawyers of the defense were to take a boat from Mudanya every day while the prosecutors lodged on the island. Relatives of Turkish soldiers and victims of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict were permitted to be plaintiffs in the trial and take part in its hearings represented by lawyers. Turkish disabled military personnel were also witnesses to the trial.

### Trial

The first day was marked with the call for an end of the armed conflict and a peaceful solution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey by Abdullah Öcalan, as well as the withdrawal of the head of Öcalan's defense team, Ahmet Zeki Okcukoğlu who alleged his client rights to a fair trial were violated and that he did not want the death of Öcalan on his conscience. Further on the lawyers of the defense demanded a delay of the proceedings due to their obstructed defense, a demand which was dismissed by the court.

The second day, Öcalan assumed the main responsibility for the armed struggle of the PKK against the Turkish military. But he denied having ordered the murders of the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme and of thirty three unarmed members of the Turkish army in 1993, and deferred an eventual responsibility of those deaths to renegade members of the PKK.

On the third day of the trial, a judge was moved to tears as he heard the accounts by a widow of a Turkish soldier. Following the witnesses account, several of the Turkish soldiers relatives in the courtroom shouted "execute him". The presiding judge Turgut Okyay demanded that the lawyers prepare for their final statements for the trial the next day.

On the 3 June the lawyers of the defense did not attend as they were banned from staying from any hotel near the İmralı island and therefore boycotted the trial.

On the 4 June, the defense team requested that Tansu Çiller and Jalal Talabani, as well as relatives of Kurdish militants could have a stand in court, a demand which was denied by the judges and met with fierce resistance by the relatives of Turkish soldiers sitting in the courtroom. Soldiers had to step in and protect the lawyers of the defense from angry spectators to trial. The trial was adjourned until next week due this confrontation. As the trial paused for a few days, lawyers representing the relatives of Turkish soldiers, attempted to file lawsuits against Öcalan's lawyers alleging they supported the PKK by accusing Turkey for also being responsible for the deaths in the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. As the trial resumed, the prosecution again demanded the execution of Abdullah Öcalan while the court adjourned the trial for another fifteen days.

On 18 June 1999 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey voted to remove military judges from the State Security Courts in an attempt to address criticism from the European Court of Human Rights. After the Turkish Constitution was adapted accordingly, a civilian judge who had observed the trial as a substitute, replaced the military judge. As the trial resumed on 23 June, the lawyers demanded a suspension of trial due to the new composition of the court, a request which was denied.

#### Arguments by the prosecution

The prosecution held Öcalan responsible for the deaths during the Kurdish Turkish conflict. Further it alleged that Öcalan had accepted his responsibility as the leader and founder of the PKK. It argued that there was no Turkish-Kurdish enmity as Öcalan claimed, nor that Turkey oppressed or denied the Kurds, except in the case of Kurdish rebellions which were subdued successfully. It further accused the PKK of specifically targeting the pro-Government Village Guards which were recruited of Kurds. The prosecution demanded the death sentence according to Art. 125.

#### Arguments by the defense

The lawyers of Abdullah Öcalan claimed Öcalan personally did not participate in any terrorist activities and wanted him to be sentenced to not more than 30 years in prison for forming an armed gang according to Art. 168/1. Öcalan himself did not focus much on a legal defense but on a political one, assumed responsibility for his actions and demanded his inclusion in an eventual peace process for the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. He admitted that he was influenced by the findings on self-determination, independence and autonomy from Leslie Lipson and that at the time of the trial saw himself more influenced by the democracies experienced in the United States and the United Kingdom which he saw the victorious powers in the struggle with communism. In his final statement, Öcalan encouraged Turkey to take a more constructive approach to the conflict like allowing broadcasts and education in Kurdish language.

### Sentence

On the 29 June 1999, Öcalan was sentenced to death according to Art. 125 of the Turkish Penal Code and banned from holding public office for life. His personal belongings of which he was dispossessed, namely a Rayban sunglasses, a Zenith watch, a tie and a leather belt were ordered to be returned. The sentence was read out by the Judge Turgut Okyay and broadcast live on TRT. The 29 of June is the anniversary of the hanging of Sheikh Said, the leader of a Kurdish rebellion in 1925.

### Appeal before the Court of Cassation in Turkey

By October 1999, Öcalans lawyers appealed before the Court of Cassation, demanding the commutation of the death sentence, arguing their client should have been tried by a different article of the Turkish Penal Code, with which the death penalty would not be able to be applied. The Court of Cassation confirmed the death sentence on 25 November 1999.

### Commutation of the sentence

Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002, in October of the same year the security court commuted his death sentence to life imprisonment.

## Reactions to the death sentence

### International

On the same day, Amnesty international demanded a re-trial and in August 1999 published a special issue on the trial called "Death sentence after unfair trial" showing the trial’s deficiencies. Also in June 1999, Human Rights Watch (HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in trial while Asma Jahangir the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions, stated that the verdict of a death sentence after a trial in which the fair standards were not respected violated the rights of life.

### Domestic

In early July 1999, the Turkish Parliament discussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to a 20-year imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Following the confirmation of the death sentence on the 25 November 1999, crowds marched towards the Turkish Parliament demanding their approval of the death sentence, which is necessary according to Turkish law. Several protests in support of the death sentence were organized during which puppets of Öcalan were hung in front of cameras and on one occasion, a disabled veteran hurled a prosthetic leg towards the prime minister. In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) reviewed the verdict and in 2002 the death penalty was commuted to an aggravated life sentence.

## Appeal before the European Court of Human Rights

In an attempt to reach a more favorable verdict, Öcalan appealed to the ECHR at Strasbourg, which accepted the case in November 2000. He was represented by a team headed by Hasip Kaplan, while Francis Szpiner lead the lawyers of the Turkish Government. Sydney Kentridge, Gareth Peirce and Aysel Tuğluk were also among the lawyers who represented Öcalan. In March 2003, the ECHR delivered a verdict stating that Öcalan was not tried by an independent and impartial court but dismissing claims that his detention conditions were inhumane or that his detention in Kenya violated his rights. Following an appeal, the Grand Chamber of the ECHR presided by Luzius Wildhaber, ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial in 2005. On his detention in Kenya by Turkish authorities, Öcalan reasoned Art. 5 of the ECHR was violated since Turkey did not possess jurisdiction in Kenya, nor was he able to challenge his extradition. He also didn't accept to be seen as a terrorist, that his extradition a lawful cooperation between two states in their fight against terrorism nor that the way he was brought to Turkey was in accordance to Art. 3 of the ECHR. The court found that in lack of jurisdiction no rights were violated during his detention in Kenya since a Kenyan police officer drove Öcalan towards the Turkish airplane and Kenyan and Turkish authorities appeared to have cooperated without having an extradition treaty in place. Regarding the involvement of a military judge in the trial which was defended by Turkey as a civilian judge has eventually replaced the military before the sentence was delivered, the ECHR maintained that the court sentencing Öcalan should have been independent at all times and it did not matter on what stage of the trial the military judge was replaced. Following the ECHR ruling, Öcalan's requested for a retrial in Turkey in 2006, which was refused by Turkish courts in 2007 on grounds that a retrial would not alter the verdict. The Turkish Government alleged that the Council of Europes deputy ministers agreed upon that Turkey had sufficiently satisfied the demands of the ECHR ruling. This decision was defended by the Turkish Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin again in March 2013.

## Aftermath

In November 2011, 46 lawyers who had represented Öcalan were detained. In 2013 they were put on trial in Turkey, accused of being part of a "leadership committee" headed by Öcalan. Their prolonged pre-trial detention was due to frequent adjournments. British barrister Margaret Owen described this "purely political trial" as "Kafkaesque". Examples of the evidence against Öcalan's lawyers the prosecution provided are owning a book of Abdullah Öcalan or illegally wiretapped telephone conversations which included mentions of Öcalan or İmralı, the name of the island Öcalan is imprisoned. Other evidences included photographs depicting a defendant walking near an Internet café. During the deliberations the defendants have also quoted Aristotle and William Shakespeare.

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## Further reading


title: West Boulevard–Cudell station

abstract: West Boulevard–Cudell station is a station on the RTA Red Line in Cleveland, Ohio. The station is located on the north side of Detroit Avenue at the intersection with West Boulevard in Cleveland's Cudell neighborhood. The station comprises a parking lot off Detroit Avenue with a station headhouse on the north side of the parking lot. The tracks and platform are located below the parking lot level. An enclosed bridge from the headhouse over the eastbound track leads to a stairway to the platform below. Just west of the station, the Red Line leaves the right-of-way adjacent to the old Nickel Plate Road and goes through a cut to run southwest adjacent to the old New York Central main line.

text:
# West Boulevard–Cudell station

**West Boulevard–Cudell station** (signed as **West Boulevard**) is a station on the RTA Red Line in Cleveland, Ohio. The station is located on the north side of Detroit Avenue (U.S. Route 6 Alternate) at the intersection with West Boulevard in Cleveland's Cudell neighborhood.

The station comprises a parking lot off Detroit Avenue with a station headhouse on the north side of the parking lot. The tracks and platform are located below the parking lot level. An enclosed bridge from the headhouse over the eastbound track leads to a stairway to the platform below.

Just west of the station, the Red Line leaves the right-of-way adjacent to the old Nickel Plate Road and goes through a cut to run southwest adjacent to the old New York Central main line.

## History

The station opened when the CTS Rapid Transit opened on Cleveland's West Side on August 14, 1955, and was originally named **West 98th–Detroit**. In April 1999, RTA completed a $5.5-million reconstruction of the station. The station was renamed “West Boulevard–Cudell” to reflect the Cudell neighborhood in which it is located.

## Notable places nearby

Media related to West Boulevard–Cudell station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| West Boulevard | |
| --- | --- |
| West Boulevard–Cudell station house | |
| General information | |
| Location | 10120 Detroit Avenue<br>Cleveland, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 41°28′49″N 81°45′11″W / 41.48028°N 81.75306°W / 41.48028; -81.75306 |
| Owned by | Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |
| Line(s) | NS Lake Erie District |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | RTA: 18, 26, 26A |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Below-grade |
| Parking | 112 spaces |
| Bicycle facilities | Racks |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Website | riderta.com/facilities/westblvdcudell |
| History | |
| Opened | August 14, 1955 (1955-08-14) |
| Rebuilt | 1999 |
| Previous names | Detroit–West 98th |
| Original company | Cleveland Transit System |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Rapid Transit Following station  West 117th–Madisontoward Airport  Red Line  West 65th–Loraintoward Windermere | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ralph Robey

abstract: Ralph Mayer Robey, often "Ralph Meyer Robey", was an English-born Australian politician and businessman. Robey was the son of William and Elizabeth Robey, and migrated to New South Wales in 1841. He ran a store and ironmongery in Sydney from 1843, and gradually expanded his business over the subsequent years. He was also involved in sugar growing and was one of the original shareholders of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR). He set up a sugar refinery in opposition to CSR at Oyster Cove (Waverton), which failed when credit was curtailed under controversial circumstances. Financially embarrassed, Robey had to sell the enterprise to CSR at a loss, leading to dispute and litigation. He served on the Sydney City Council from 1846 to 1847 and was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1858 to 1861 and from 1861 to his death at Longton in Staffordshire in 1864.

text:
# Ralph Robey

**Ralph Mayer Robey** (8 January 1809  1 April 1864), often "Ralph Meyer Robey", was an English-born Australian politician and businessman.

Robey was the son of William and Elizabeth Robey, and migrated to New South Wales in 1841. He ran a store and ironmongery in Sydney from 1843, and gradually expanded his business over the subsequent years. He was also involved in sugar growing and was one of the original shareholders of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR).

He set up a sugar refinery in opposition to CSR at Oyster Cove (Waverton), which failed when credit was curtailed under controversial circumstances. Financially embarrassed, Robey had to sell the enterprise to CSR at a loss, leading to dispute and litigation.

He served on the Sydney City Council from 1846 to 1847 and was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1858 to 1861 and from 1861 to his death at Longton in Staffordshire in 1864.

## Family

Robey married twice: first to Mary Ann Robey, née Leese, with whom he had five children, and died in 1841 on the way to Australia. On 21 October 1842 he married Louisa Townsend; they would have another five or more. She killed herself on 20 September 1889 by cutting her throat. Among their children were:

* Anne Maria Robey married George R. Dibbs in 1857.
* His third daughter Frances Emily Robey (died 22 June 1899) married Henry Edward Russell of Goulburn on 4 June 1870.
* His fourth daughter Louisa Gertrude Robey (c. 1847 – 29 March 1918), married George Alfred Russell at Valparaiso on 27 December 1866. George Alfred Russell and Henry Edward Russell were brothers.


title: USS Indiana (BB-1)

abstract: USS Indiana was the lead ship of her class and the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to foreign battleships of the time. Authorized in 1890 and commissioned five years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. The ship also pioneered the use of an intermediate battery. She was designed for coastal defense and as a result, her decks were not safe from high waves on the open ocean. Indiana served in the Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the North Atlantic Squadron. She took part in both the blockade of Santiago de Cuba and the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, which occurred when the Spanish fleet attempted to break through the blockade. Although unable to join the chase of the escaping Spanish cruisers, she was partly responsible for the destruction of the Spanish destroyers Plutón and Furor. After the war, she quickly became obsolete—despite several modernizations—and spent most of her time in commission as a training ship or in the reserve fleet, with her last commission during World War I as a training ship for gun crews. She was decommissioned for the third and final time in January 1919 and was shortly after reclassified Coast Battleship Number 1 so that the name Indiana could be reused. She was sunk in shallow water as a target in aerial bombing tests in 1920, and her hull was sold for scrap in 1924.

text:
# USS Indiana (BB-1)

**USS *Indiana*** was the lead ship of her class and the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to foreign battleships of the time. Authorized in 1890 and commissioned five years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. The ship also pioneered the use of an intermediate battery. She was designed for coastal defense and as a result, her decks were not safe from high waves on the open ocean.

*Indiana* served in the Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the North Atlantic Squadron. She took part in both the blockade of Santiago de Cuba and the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, which occurred when the Spanish fleet attempted to break through the blockade. Although unable to join the chase of the escaping Spanish cruisers, she was partly responsible for the destruction of the Spanish destroyers *Plutón* and *Furor*. After the war, she quickly became obsolete—despite several modernizations—and spent most of her time in commission as a training ship or in the reserve fleet, with her last commission during World War I as a training ship for gun crews. She was decommissioned for the third and final time in January 1919 and was shortly after reclassified *Coast Battleship Number 1* so that the name *Indiana* could be reused. She was sunk in shallow water as a target in aerial bombing tests in 1920, and her hull was sold for scrap in 1924.

## Design

*Indiana* was constructed from a modified version of a design drawn up by a US Navy policy board in 1889 for a short-range battleship. The original design was part of an ambitious naval construction plan to build 33 battleships and 167 smaller ships. The United States Congress saw the plan as an attempt to end the U.S. policy of isolationism and did not approve it, but a year later, the United States House of Representatives approved funding for three coast defense battleships, which would become *Indiana* and her sister ships *Massachusetts* and *Oregon*. The "coast defense" designation was reflected in *Indiana*'s moderate endurance, relatively small displacement and low freeboard, which limited seagoing capability. The ships proved to be disappointments in service, as they were badly overweight upon completion, their low freeboard hampered operations at sea, and they handled poorly. *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships* describes her design as "attempting too much on a very limited displacement." They were nevertheless the first modern battleships for the American fleet.

*Indiana* was 351 feet 2 inches (107.04 m) long overall and had a beam of 69 ft 3 in (21.11 m) and a draft of 24 ft (7.3 m). She displaced 10,288 long tons (10,453 ) as designed and up to 11,688 long tons (11,876 t) at full load. The ship was powered by two-shaft triple-expansion steam engines rated at 9,000 indicated horsepower (6,700 kW) and four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, generating a top speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). She had a cruising radius of 5,640 nautical miles (10,450 km; 6,490 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). As built, she was fitted with a heavy military mast, which was later supplemented by a stern cage mast in 1910–1911. She had a crew of 32 officers and 441 enlisted men, which increased to a total of 586636 officers and enlisted.

The ship was armed with a main battery of four 13 in (330 mm) /35 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline, one forward and aft. The secondary battery consisted of eight 8-inch (203 mm) /35 cal. guns, which were placed in four twin wing turrets. These were supported by a battery of six 6 in (150 mm) /40 cal. guns in a casemate battery amidships. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried twenty 6-pounder guns and six 1-pounder guns in individual mounts. As was standard for capital ships of the period, *Indiana* carried 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes in above-water mounts, though the number is unclear. According to *Conway's*, she was fitted with six tubes, though the naval historian Norman Friedman states she was ordered with seven but completed with five.

*Indiana*'s main armored belt was 18 in (457 mm) thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and was reduced to 4 in (102 mm) at the bow and stern. The main battery gun turrets had 17-inch (432 mm) thick sides, and the supporting barbettes had the same thickness of armor plate on their exposed sides. The 8 in turrets had 6 in of armor plating, and the casemate battery had 5 in (127 mm). The conning tower had 10 in (254 mm) thick sides.

## Service history

### Construction and early career

Construction of the ships was authorized on 30 June 1890, and the contract for *Indiana*—not including guns and armor—was awarded to William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia, who offered to build it for $3,020,000. The ship's total cost was almost twice as high, approximately $6,000,000. The contract specified the ship had to be built in three years, but slow delivery of armor plates caused a two-year delay. *Indiana*'s keel was laid down on 7 May 1891 and she was launched on 28 February 1893, attended by around 10,000 people, including President Benjamin Harrison, several members of his cabinet and the two senators from Indiana. During her fitting-out in early March 1894, the ship undertook a preliminary sea trial to test her speed and machinery. At this point, her side armor, guns, turrets, and conning tower had not yet been fitted, and her official trials would not take place until October 1895 due to the delays in armor deliveries.

*Indiana* was commissioned on 20 November 1895 under the command of Captain Robley D. Evans. After further trials, the ship joined the North Atlantic Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Francis M. Bunce, which conducted training exercises along the East Coast of the United States. In late 1896, both main turrets broke loose from their clamps in heavy seas. Because the turrets were not centrally balanced, they swung from side to side with the ship's motion, until they were secured with heavy ropes. Heavier clamps were installed, but in February 1896, while conducting fleet maneuvers with the North Atlantic squadron, the *Indiana* encountered more bad weather and started rolling heavily. Her new captain, Henry Clay Taylor, promptly ordered her back to port for fear the clamps would break again. This convinced the navy that bilge keels—omitted during construction because, with them, the ship could not fit in most American dry docks—were necessary to reduce the rolling, and they were installed on all three ships of the *Indiana*-class.

### Spanish–American War

At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, *Indiana* was at Key West with the rest of the North Atlantic Squadron, at the time commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. His squadron was ordered to the Spanish port of San Juan in an attempt to intercept and destroy Admiral Cervera's Spanish squadron, which was en route to the Caribbean from Spain. The harbor was empty, but *Indiana* and the rest of the squadron bombarded it for two hours on 12 May 1898 before realizing their mistake. The squadron returned to Key West, where news arrived three weeks later that Commodore Schley's Flying Squadron had found Cervera and was now blockading him in the port of Santiago de Cuba. Sampson reinforced Schley on 1 June and assumed overall command.

In an attempt to break the stalemate, it was decided to attack Santiago from land. A transport convoy was assembled in Key West, and *Indiana* was sent back to lead it. The expeditionary force, under the command of Major General William Rufus Shafter, landed east of the city and attacked it on 1 July. Cervera saw that his situation was desperate and attempted to break through the blockade on 3 July 1898, resulting in the battle of Santiago de Cuba. The cruisers *New Orleans* and *Newark* and battleship *Massachusetts* had left the day before to load coal in Guantanamo Bay. Admiral Sampson's flagship, the cruiser *New York*, had also sailed east earlier that morning for a meeting with General Shafter, leaving Commodore Schley in command. This left the blockade weakened and unbalanced on the day of the battle, as three modern battleships (*Indiana*, *Oregon* and *Iowa*) and the armed yacht *Gloucester* guarded the east, while the west was only defended by the second-class battleship *Texas*, cruiser *Brooklyn* and armed yacht *Vixen*.

Occupying the extreme eastern position of the blockade, *Indiana* fired at the cruisers *Infanta María Teresa* and *Almirante Oquendo* as they left the harbor, but, due to engine problems, was unable to keep up with the Spanish cruisers as they fled to the west. When the Spanish destroyers *Plutón* and *Furor* emerged, *Indiana* was near the harbor entrance and, together with *Iowa*, she supported the armed yacht *Gloucester* in the destruction of the lightly armored enemy ships. She was then ordered to keep up the blockade of the harbor in case more Spanish ships came out and so played no role in the chase and sinking of the two remaining Spanish cruisers, *Vizcaya* and *Cristóbal Colón*.

### Post Spanish–American War

After the war, *Indiana* returned to training exercises with the North Atlantic Squadron. In May 1900, she and *Massachusetts* were placed in reserve as the navy had an acute officer shortage and needed to put the new *Kearsarge*-class and *Illinois*-class battleship into commission. The battleships were reactivated the following month as an experiment in how quickly this could be achieved, but *Indiana* was placed in the reserve fleet again that winter. In March 1901, it was decided to use her that summer for a midshipman practice cruise, and this would be her regular summer job for the next few years, while the rest of the time she would serve as a training ship. During her time as a training vessel, her crew beat the 1903 world record with eight-inch guns, four bullseyes with four shots. She was decommissioned on 29 December 1903 to be overhauled and modernized. The obsolete battleship received several upgrades: new Babcock & Wilcox boilers, counterweights to balance her main turrets, and electric traversing mechanisms for her turrets. She was recommissioned on 9 January 1906 and manned by the former crew of her sister ship *Massachusetts*, including Captain Edward D. Taussig, commanding. *Massachusetts* had been decommissioned the day before to receive similar modernization.

During her second commission, *Indiana* spent most of her time laid up in the reserve fleet, occasionally participating in practice cruises. In January 1907, she helped provide relief in the aftermath of the 1907 Kingston earthquake. In 1908, the 6-inch (152 mm)/40 caliber guns and most of the lighter guns were removed to compensate for the counterweights added to the main battery turrets and because the ammunition supply for the guns was considered problematic. A year later, twelve 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber single-purpose guns were added midships and in the fighting tops. At the same time, a cage mast was added. In early 1910, she was fitted with an experimental Lacoste speed brake, which would be deployed from the side of the hull to act as an emergency brake; the trials were inconclusive. By 1913 it was speculated that the ship might soon be used for target practice, but instead, the ship was decommissioned on 23 May 1914. After the United States entered World War I, *Indiana* was commissioned for the third time and served as a training ship for gun crews near Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and in the York River, and placed under the command of George Landenberger.

On 31 January 1919, she was decommissioned for the final time, and two months later, she was renamed *Coast Battleship Number 1* so that the name *Indiana* could be assigned to the newly authorized—but never completed—battleship *Indiana* (BB-50). The old battleship was brought to shallow waters in the Chesapeake Bay near the wreck of the target ship *San Marcos* (ex-Battleship *Texas*). Here she was subjected to aerial bombing tests conducted by the navy. She was hit with dummy bombs from aircraft, and explosive charges were set off at the positions where the bombs hit. The tests were a response to claims from Billy Mitchell—at the time assistant to Chief of Air Service Charles T. Menoher—who stated to Congress that the Air Service could sink any battleship. The conclusions drawn by the navy from the experiments conducted on *Indiana* were very different, as Captain William D. Leahy stated in his report: "The entire experiment pointed to the improbability of a modern battleship being either destroyed or completely put out of action by aerial bombs." The subject remained a matter of dispute between Mitchell and the Navy, and several more bombing tests were conducted with other decommissioned battleships, culminating in the sinking of SMS *Ostfriesland*. Despite the navy's conclusions, *Indiana* sank during the test and settled in the shallow water, where she remained until her wreck was sold for scrap on 19 March 1924. When the US Navy adopted hull numbers in 1920, *Indiana* was retroactively assigned the number "BB-1".

1. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 68.
2. Friedman 1985, p. 425.
3. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 58.
4. Bryan 1901.
5. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 67.
6. Scientific American 1896, p. 297.
7. Friedman 1985, pp. 24–25.
8. Gardiner & Lambert 1992, p. 121.
9. Friedman 1985, pp. 17, 20–29.
10. Campbell 1979, p. 140.
11. Friedman 1985, pp. 83, 425.
12. Friedman 1985, p. 27.
13. *The New York Times* & 1 December 1890.
14. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 69.
15. *The New York Times* & 19 January 1901.
16. *The New York Times* & 14 May 1907.
17. DANFS Indiana (BB-1).
18. *The New York Times* & 27 February 1893.
19. *The New York Times* & 28 February 1893.
20. *The New York Times* & 7 March 1894.
21. *The New York Times* & 9 March 1894.
22. *The New York Times* & 19 October 1895.
23. *The New York Times* & 20 September 1894.
24. *The New York Times* & 19 November 1895.
25. *The New York Times* & 18 June 1896.
26. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 59.
27. *The New York Times* & 5 February 1897.
28. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 60.
29. *The New York Times* & 1 April 1898.
30. Graham & Schley 1902, p. 203.
31. *The New York Times* & 12 June 1898.
32. Hale 1911, p. 286.
33. Graham & Schley 1902, pp. 299–300.
34. Hale 1911, p. 288.
35. Graham & Schley 1902, pp. 303–304.
36. Graham & Schley 1902, p. 316.
37. *The New York Times* & 26 August 1898.
38. Graham & Schley 1902, p. 317.
39. Graham & Schley 1902, p. 333.
40. *The New York Times* & 26 July 1898.
41. *The New York Times* & 14 April 1900.
42. *The New York Times* & 6 June 1900.
43. *The New York Times* & 20 August 1900.
44. *The New York Times* & 26 March 1901.
45. *The New York Times* & 8 April 1902.
46. "The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, December 24, 1903, Image 2".
47. *The New York Times* & 19 November 1903.
48. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 62.
49. *The New York Times* & 8 January 1906.
50. *The New York Times* & 10 November 1907.
51. *The New York Times* & 27 November 1909.
52. DANFS Williamson.
53. Smith 1916.
54. *The New York Times* & 31 March 1913.
55. *The New York Times* & 16 January 1936.
56. Correll 2008.
57. Tucker, p. 1143.

## Sources cited

### Books

### Newspapers

### Other

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| USS *Indiana* in the early 20th century | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Indiana* |
| Namesake | Indiana |
| Ordered | 30 June 1890 |
| Builder | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Laid down | 7 May 1891 |
| Launched | 28 February 1893 |
| Commissioned | 20 November 1895 |
| Decommissioned | 24 December 1903 |
| Recommissioned | 9 January 1906 |
| Decommissioned | 23 May 1914 |
| Recommissioned | 24 May 1917 |
| Decommissioned | 31 January 1919 |
| Renamed | *Coast Battleship Number 1* on 29 March 1919 |
| Fate | * Sunk as target on 1 November 1920 * Sold for scrapping 19 March 1924 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Indiana*-class pre-dreadnought battleship |
| Displacement | 10,288 long tons (10,453 ) (standard) |
| Length |  |
| Beam | 69 ft 3 in (21.11 m) (wl) |
| Draft | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
| Installed power | 4 × Scotch boilers |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Range | 4,900 nmi (9,100 km; 5,600 mi) |
| Complement | * 32 officers * 441 men |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * Belt: 18–8.5 in (457–216 mm) * 13" turrets: 15 in (381 mm) * Hull: 5 in (127 mm) * 8" turrets: 6 in (152 mm) * Conning Tower: 10 in (254 mm) * Deck: 3 in (76 mm) |
| General characteristics (Later refits) | |
| Installed power |  |
| Armament |  |


title: Percy Mackrill

abstract: Percy A. Mackrill was a Cape Colony-born footballer and football club manager.

text:
# Percy Mackrill

**Percy A. Mackrill** (born 19 October 1894 – 1949) was a Cape Colony-born footballer and football club manager.

## Career

Mackrill joined Bradford Park Avenue in the summer of 1913 and remained with them until the outbreak of war, though failed to make the first team. He spent the war years playing for Rotherham County.

He joined Coventry City in the summer of 1919 as Coventry began their first season in the Football League. However, he played just once before moving to Halifax Town later that year. Halifax were elected to the football league in 1921 and Mackrill played in their first ever league game, a 2–0 defeat away to eventual runners-up Darlington on 27 August 1921.

He played 57 league games for Halifax before leaving at the end of the 1922–23 season to join Pontypridd, where he spent two years before joining Torquay United in 1925. He later became player-manager and led Torquay to the Southern League title in 1927, which they won by 0.002 of a goal from Bristol City reserves. This earned them promotion to the Football League, Torquay winning election in place of Aberdare Athletic.

He left himself out of the starting line-up at the beginning of Torquay's first league season, preferring to play George Smith at left-back. However, after six games, Mackrill returned to the team, playing in the next six games before retiring as a player to concentrate on management, although the team was actually selected by the directors. Torquay finished in last place at the end of their first season in the Division Three (South) and he left in March 1929 with United struggling near the foot of the table once more.

## InfoBox

Percy Mackrill
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Percy A. Mackrill | | |
| Date of birth | (1894-10-19)19 October 1894 | | |
| Place of birth | Wynberg, Cape Colony | | |
| Date of death | 1949 | | |
| Place of death | Halifax, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Left-Back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1913–1915 | Bradford Park Avenue | 0 | (0) |
| 1915–1919 | Rotherham County |  |  |
| 1919 | Coventry City | 1 | (0) |
| 1919–1923 | Halifax Town | 57 | (0) |
| 1923–1925 | Pontypridd | ? | (0) |
| 1925–1929 | Torquay United | 6 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1927–1929 | Torquay United | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Târnava-Mare County

abstract: Târnava-Mare County is one of the historical counties of the Kingdom of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The county seat was Sighișoara.

text:
# Târnava-Mare County

**Târnava-Mare County** is one of the historical counties of the Kingdom of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The county seat was Sighișoara.

## Geography

The county covered 2836 km2 and was located in the central part of Greater Romania, in the south of Transylvania. Its territory currently belongs to the counties of Sibiu, Mureș and Brașov.

It was bordered to the north by the counties of Odorhei and Târnava-Mică, to the south by the counties of Sibiu and Făgăraș, and to the east by Brașov County. The county was disbanded with the administrative reform of 6 September 1950.

## History

Prior to World War I, the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and was identical with the Nagy-Küküllő County of Hungary. The territory of Târnava-Mare County was transferred to Romania from the Kingdom of Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon. After the administrative unification law in 1925, the name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized. In 1940, a portion of the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award. Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and annexed it to the rump county. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. The county was finally disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950.

## Administrative organization

Administratively, Târnava-Mare County was divided originally into four districts (*plăși*):

1. Plasa Agnita, headquartered at Agnita
2. Plasa Mediaș, headquartered at Mediaș
3. Plasa Rupea, headquartered at Rupea
4. Plasa Sighișoara, headquartered at Sighișoara

Later, a fifth district was added:

5. Plasa Șeica Mare, headquartered at Șeica Mare

Târnava Mare County contained two urban municipalities (cities): Sighișoara (county capital) and Mediaș.

## Population

According to the 1930 census, the county counted 147,994 inhabitants, of which 44.8% were Romanians, 39.7% Germans, 11.8% Hungarians, 2.6% Romanies, and other smaller minorities. From a religious point of view, the population was divided as follows: Lutheran (39.2%), followed by Eastern Orthodox (36.6%), Greek Catholic (10.4%), Reformed (6.2%), Roman Catholic (4.5%), and other smaller minorities.

### Urban population

The urban population consisted of Germans (39.3%), Romanians (30.0%), Hungarians (23.7%), and other smaller minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was made up of Lutheran (36.2%), Eastern Orthodox (23.2%), Roman Catholic (15.2%), Reformed (10.4%), Greek Catholic (7.8%), and other smaller denominations.

## InfoBox

| Județul Târnava-Mare | |
| --- | --- |
| County (*Județ*) | |
| Târnava-Mare County prefecture building during the interwar period, currently the Sighișoara city hall. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Romania |
| Historic region | Transylvania |
| Capital city (*Reședință de județ*) | Sighișoara |
| Established | 1925 |
| Ceased to exist | Administrative reform of 1950 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,836 km2 (1,095 sq mi) |
| Population (1930) | |
| Total | 147,994 |
| Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Lisa C. Ravensbergen

abstract: Lisa C. Ravensbergen is a multi-disciplinary artist and writer of Ojibwe/Swampy Cree and English/Irish descent, based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Ravensbergen is a Jessie-nominated actor, dramaturge, director and dancer. Ravensbergen is an Associate Artist with Full Circle First Nations Performance Group and Playwright-in-Residence with Delinquent Theatre. She holds undergraduate degrees from Trinity Western University and Simon Fraser University and an MA in Cultural Studies from Queens University.

text:
# Lisa C. Ravensbergen

**Lisa C. Ravensbergen** is a multi-disciplinary artist and writer of Ojibwe/Swampy Cree and English/Irish descent, based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Ravensbergen is a Jessie-nominated actor, dramaturge, director and dancer. Ravensbergen is an Associate Artist with Full Circle First Nations Performance Group and Playwright-in-Residence with Delinquent Theatre. She holds undergraduate degrees from Trinity Western University and Simon Fraser University and an MA in Cultural Studies from Queens University.

## Theatre career

In 2019, Ravensbergen wrote a play titled *The Seventh Fire* produced by Delinquent Theatre and in association with the Neworld Theatre company. The *Seventh Fire* looks at sourcing traditional, oral Anishinaabe stories and societal roles as a way to explore ceremony in the everyday. Set in the present, past, and future, it tells the story of a woman's return to the Ojibwe community she believes has rejected her. In 2018, she was featured in an experimental performance titled *Hearing, finding, translating Kiyoko* by Julie Tamiko Manning at the Tableau D'Hôte Theatre in Montreal, QC as well as the Powell Street Festival in Vancouver, BC. In March 2018, she directed a play titled *Daughter Cafe*, which took place at the Belfry Theatre, in Victoria, BC. In 2017, she worked as dramaturge for the play titled *In the Shadow of the Mountains* by Valerie Sing Turner, which took place at Studio 1398, Festival House, in Vancouver, BC. In 2009, she performed in the Western Canadian Theatre's production of *The Ecstasy of Rita Joe*, playing the name character Rita Joe.

## Artistic career

In June 2001, Ravensbergen co-curated the show Taking Stick Cabaret with Daina Warren at Grunt Gallery, in Vancouver, BC. In September 2020, Ravensbergen was featured in *Soundings: An Exhibition in Five Parts* curated by Candice Hopkins and Dylan Robinson which exhibited at The Gund Gallery at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, ON, the Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener-Waterloo, the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Vancouver, BC and Kamloops Art Gallery, Kamloops, BC. In February 2021, Ravensbergen participated in an online group exhibition project titled *PushOFF 2021: Speculative Futures* in collaboration with Theatre Company and Company 605.

## Co-Authored Publications

* Marshall, Mariel and Lisa Cooke Ravensbergen. "The Doing that can Undo: Decolonizing the Performer-Audience Relationship in Lisa Cooke Ravensbergen's Citation." *Canadian Theatre Review* 179, (2019): 80–82.
* Robinson, Dylan, Kanonhsyonne Janice C. Hill, Armand Garnet Ruffo, Selena Couture, and Lisa Cooke Ravensbergen. "Rethinking the Practice and Performance of Indigenous Land Acknowledgement." *Canadian Theatre Review* 177, (2019): 20–30.

## Further reading

* Hopkins, Candace, Dylan Robinson, and Agnes Etherington Art Centre. *Soundings: An Exhibition in Five Parts*. Kingston, Ontario: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queen's University, 2019.
* Fitzsimmons Frey, Heather M. "We are all Treaty People: Indigenous-Settler Relations, Story and Young Audiences." *Theatre Research International* 45, no. 1 (2020): 37–54.
* Ravensbergen, Léa, Ron Buliung, and Nicole Laliberté. "Toward Feminist Geographies of Cycling." *Geography Compass* 13, no. 7 (2019)
* Nolan, Yvette. "Dramaturging the Process." *Canadian Theatre Review* 135, no. 135 (2008): 73-75
* Martin, Keith, Dylan Robinson, and David Garneau *Arts of Engagement: Taking Aesthetic Action in and Beyond the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada*. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2016.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Shattered | Heather | TV series |
| 2010 | Craven | Rita | Short Film |
| 2014 | The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story | Hair Person | TV movie |


abstract: Markham Cobblestone Farmhouse and Barn Complex is a historic home and barn complex located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. The home was constructed about 1832 and is a 2-story, three-bay cobblestone main block with a 1+1⁄2-story rear wing. It was built in the late Federal / early Greek Revival style. Also on the property are a full complement of outbuildings dating from the 19th and early 20th century, including three contributing barns, a shed, two silos, a well with pump, and the remains of a former barn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# Markham Cobblestone Farmhouse and Barn Complex

**Markham Cobblestone Farmhouse and Barn Complex** is a historic home and barn complex located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. The home was constructed about 1832 and is a 2-story, three-bay cobblestone main block with a 1+12-story rear wing. It was built in the late Federal / early Greek Revival style. Also on the property are a full complement of outbuildings dating from the 19th and early 20th century, including three contributing barns, a shed, two silos, a well with pump, and the remains of a former barn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Markham Cobblestone Farmhouse and Barn Complex | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 6857 Heath-Markham Rd., Lima, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°55′56″N 77°38′11″W / 42.93222°N 77.63639°W / 42.93222; -77.63639 |
| Area | 198.7 acres (80.4 ha) |
| Built | 1830 |
| MPS | Lima MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001119 |
| Added to NRHP | August 31, 1989 |


title: Trial graphics

abstract: Trial graphics are images that have been designed by expert graphic artists for use in legal trials and procedures. Graphs and other images can be created to use as evidential support in a court of law by utilizing current graphic design technology. Effective jury presentations are a key point to creating a strong legal case. High quality legal graphics are a relatively new tool that can be utilized by lawyers looking to add clear forms of analytic data or other designed images for jury review.

text:
# Trial graphics

**Trial graphics** are images that have been designed by expert graphic artists for use in legal trials and procedures. Graphs and other images can be created to use as evidential support in a court of law by utilizing current graphic design technology.

Effective jury presentations are a key point to creating a strong legal case. High quality legal graphics are a relatively new tool that can be utilized by lawyers looking to add clear forms of analytic data or other designed images for jury review.


title: Mirkowiczki

abstract: Mirkowiczki is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Mieścisko, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Mieścisko, 13 km (8 mi) east of Wągrowiec, and 56 km (35 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Mirkowiczki

**Mirkowiczki** \[mirkɔˈvit͡ʂki\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Mieścisko, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Mieścisko, 13 km (8 mi) east of Wągrowiec, and 56 km (35 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Mirkowiczki | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Mirkowiczki | |
| Coordinates: 52°49′N 17°23′E / 52.817°N 17.383°E / 52.817; 17.383 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Wągrowiec |
| Gmina | Mieścisko |


title: Random tree

abstract:
In mathematics and computer science, a random tree is a tree or arborescence that is formed by a stochastic process. Types of random trees include:
  - Uniform spanning tree, a spanning tree of a given graph in which each different tree is equally likely to be selected
  - Random minimal spanning tree, spanning trees of a graph formed by choosing random edge weights and using the minimum spanning tree for those weights
  - Random binary tree, binary trees with various random distributions, including trees formed by random insertion orders, and trees that are uniformly distributed with a given number of nodes
  - Random recursive tree, increasingly labelled trees, which can be generated using a simple stochastic growth rule.
  - Treap or randomized binary search tree, a data structure that uses random choices to simulate a random binary tree for non-random update sequences
  - Rapidly exploring random tree, a fractal space-filling pattern used as a data structure for searching high-dimensional spaces
  - Brownian tree, a fractal tree structure created by diffusion-limited aggregation processes
  - Random forest, a machine-learning classifier based on choosing random subsets of variables for each tree and using the most frequent tree output as the overall classification
  - Branching process, a model of a population in which each individual has a random number of children

text:
# Random tree

In mathematics and computer science, a **random tree** is a tree or arborescence that is formed by a stochastic process. Types of random trees include:

* Uniform spanning tree, a spanning tree of a given graph in which each different tree is equally likely to be selected
* Random minimal spanning tree, spanning trees of a graph formed by choosing random edge weights and using the minimum spanning tree for those weights
* Random binary tree, binary trees with various random distributions, including trees formed by random insertion orders, and trees that are uniformly distributed with a given number of nodes
* Random recursive tree, increasingly labelled trees, which can be generated using a simple stochastic growth rule.
* Treap or randomized binary search tree, a data structure that uses random choices to simulate a random binary tree for non-random update sequences
* Rapidly exploring random tree, a fractal space-filling pattern used as a data structure for searching high-dimensional spaces
* Brownian tree, a fractal tree structure created by diffusion-limited aggregation processes
* Random forest, a machine-learning classifier based on choosing random subsets of variables for each tree and using the most frequent tree output as the overall classification
* Branching process, a model of a population in which each individual has a random number of children


title: Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency

abstract: Rajnandgaon is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India. It is in Rajnandgaon district and is a segment of Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency

**Rajnandgaon** is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India. It is in Rajnandgaon district and is a segment of Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency.

## Member of Legislative Assembly

### Madhya Pradesh Assembly

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Kishorilal Shukla |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1972 | | | |
| 1977 | Thakur Darbar Singh |  | Janata Party |
| 1980 | Kishorilal Shukla |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | Balbir Khanuja |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Lilaram Bhojwani |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1993 | Uday Mudliyar |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1998 | Lilaram Bhojwani |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

### Chhattisgarh Assembly

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Uday Mudliyar |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2008 | Raman Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2013 | | | |
| 2018 | | | |
| 2023 | | | |

## Election results

### 2023

2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election: Rajnandgaon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Raman Singh** | **102,499** | **61.21** | **9.52** |
|  | INC | Girish Dewangan | 57,415 | 34.29 | 6.54 |
|  | Independent | Makhan Yadav | 1,039 | 0.62 | *New* |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 995 | 0.59 | 0.37 |
| Majority | | | 45,084 | 26.92 | 16.06 |
| Turnout | | | 167,463 | 79.10 | 0.12 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2018

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018: Rajnandgaon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Raman Singh** | **80,589** | **51.69** |  |
|  | INC | Karuna Shukla | 63,656 | 40.83 |  |
|  | JCC | Deepak Yadav | 1,858 | 1.19 |  |
|  | Independent | Kailash Shrivastava | 1,782 | 1.14 |  |
|  | Independent | Dr. Uday Ratre | 1,093 | 0.70 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,501 | 0.96 |  |
| Majority | | | 16,933 | 10.86 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,56,120 | 78.98 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2008

21°06′N 81°02′E / 21.1°N 81.03°E / 21.1; 81.03

## InfoBox

| Rajnandgaon | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 75 for the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Central India |
| State | Chhattisgarh |
| District | Rajnandgaon |
| LS constituency | Rajnandgaon |
| Established | 1967 |
| Total electors | 211,705 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 6th Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Raman Singh** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2023 |
| Preceded by | Uday Mudliyar |


title: Mae Carroll Fry

abstract: Mae Carroll Fry was an American politician and schoolteacher. She was married to John Henry Fry in 1908. She was a Republican in Denver and served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1927 to 1928. She was nominated to run again for the next session but failed to get elected with 3.4% of the vote. She was born in Colorado where she lived for most of her life. After graduating from the University of Colorado with a bachelor's degree, Fry taught for eight years. She died after a lingering illness on December 4, 1940, in Pasadena, California.

text:
# Mae Carroll Fry

**Mae Carroll Fry** was an American politician and schoolteacher. She was married to John Henry Fry in 1908. She was a Republican in Denver and served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1927 to 1928. She was nominated to run again for the next session but failed to get elected with 3.4% of the vote.

She was born in Colorado where she lived for most of her life. After graduating from the University of Colorado with a bachelor's degree, Fry taught for eight years. She died after a lingering illness on December 4, 1940, in Pasadena, California.


title: Percy Main Amateurs F.C.

abstract: Percy Main Amateurs Football Club is a football club based in Percy Main in Tyne and Wear, England. They are currently members of the Northern Alliance Premier Division and play at Purvis Park.

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# Percy Main Amateurs F.C.

**Percy Main Amateurs Football Club** is a football club based in Percy Main in Tyne and Wear, England. They are currently members of the Northern Alliance Premier Division and play at Purvis Park.

## History

The club was established in 1919 by demobilised soldiers returning after fighting in World War I. They joined the Northern Amateur League, going on to win the league title in their first season. They were also winners of the Northumberland Minor Cup, beating Byker St. Lawrence 2–1 in the final at Croft Park in Blyth in front of a crowd of around 5,000. A special train had been put on to bring fans up from Percy Main. Although tradition has the club's colours as claret and blue, at that time they were blue and white. The Northern Amateur League was won again the following season, with the club also winning the Tynemouth War Memorial Shield, defeating Whitley Athletic 2–1 after extra time at Hawkey's Lane before a crowd of almost 6,000. Following these initial successes, the club made an application to join the Northern Alliance, but were rejected. The club were subsequently runners-up in the league, the league cup and the Tynemouth Dispensary Cup in 1921–22. The following season saw them win the Tynemouth Dispensary Cup Final with a 1–0 win over New York United.

Percy Main were then accepted into the Northern Alliance. However, they returned to the Northern Amateur League the following year due to the cost of travelling. They then won the Amateur League twice in the next four years, before moving to the Tyneside League in 1929. In October 1929, the club won the Amateur Shield at the North East Coast Exhibition in Newcastle upon Tyne, beating Stockton 3–1 in the final at St. James' Park They also reached the quarter-finals of the FA Amateur Cup in 1929–30, and were runners-up in the Tyneside League in 1932–33. In 1936–37 the club finished bottom of the league, which they left at the end of the following season, returning to the Northern Amateur League.

In 1968 Percy Main rejoined the Northern Alliance, and in 1971–72 they won the League Cup. They were champions in 1980–81 and retained the title the following season. Although the club were runners-up the following season, they went into gradual decline, and were relegated from the Premier Division to Division One at the end of the 1990–91 season. In 1998–99 they were Division One champions, earning promotion back to the Premier Division. The club won the League Cup for a second time the following season, but were relegated to Division One again at the end of the 2005–06 season after finishing bottom of the Premier Division. They were Division One runners-up in 2009–10, resulting in another promotion to the Premier Division. Although the club were relegated again in 2013–14, they won Division One at the first attempt to earn an immediate promotion back to the Premier Division. Towards the end of the 2020–21 season, following two seasons which were curtailed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the club announced its intention to resign from the Northern Alliance and fold at the conclusion of the remaining games, citing a lack of volunteers and the funds required for the necessary upgrade to the facilities at Purvis Park. This generated a huge amount of regional interest and about three weeks later and because of some additional fund raising efforts and some extra help behind the scenes, the resignation was withdrawn and plans were put in place to begin work on the improvements to the pitch and pavilion.

## Ground

The club's ground was originally named Middle Row Park. In September 1925 a new dressing pavilion was opened. Although this was badly damaged by fire in early 1927, the club rebuilt it in time for the start of the 1927–28 season. In 1995 the ground was renamed Purvis Park after Alan Purvis, a former player, treasurer, secretary and chairman who spent over 50 years at the club.

## Club officials

* President: Colin Revel
* Vice-Presidents: Alan Fletcher, Ernie Beasley
* Chairman: Paul Springett
* Secretary: Norman de Bruin
* Treasurer: Jack Bowden
* Manager: Steve Hurd
* Assistant Manager: George Mooney
* Coach: Colin Snowdon
* Committee: Bob Rodgerson, George Mooney, Steve Hurd, Jack Bowden, Julie Hurd, Keith Bell.
* Club Captain: TBA
* Club Historian: Keith Bell

## Honours

* **Northern Football Alliance**
    + Champions 1980–81, 1981–82
    + Division One champions 1998–99, 2014–15
    + League Cup winners 1971–72, 1999–2000
    + Combination Cup winners 2009–10
* **Northern Amateur League**
    + Champions 1919–20, 1920–21, 1925–26, 1927–28, 1947–48, 1963–64, 1964-65 (tied)
    + League Challenge Cup winners 1925–26, 1967–68
* **Northumberland Amateur Cup**
    + Winners 1967–68, 1969–70, 1970–71
* **Northumberland Minor Cup**
    + Winners 1919–20
* **Tynemouth War Memorial Shield**
    + Winners 1920–21
* **Tynemouth Dispensary Cup**
    + Winners 1922–23, 1930–31, 1931–32
* **Willington Quay Nursing Association Cup**
    + Winners 1929–30
* **South-East Northumberland Hospitals Cup**
    + Winners 1963–64 (joint), 1966–67, 1974–75
* **North Tyneside Hospitals Cup**
    + Winners 1977–78, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83
* **Northumberland Senior Benevolent Bowl**
    + Winners 1977–78, 2003–04, 2010–11
* **North East Coast Exhibition Amateur Football Shield**
    + Winners 1929–30

## Records

### Results

* **Record Win –** 18-0 (v. North Shields YMCA 1967 - Northumberland F.A. Minor Cup)
* **Record Defeat –** 0-14 (v. Wallington F.C. 2022 - Northern Alliance)

54°59′55″N 1°28′18″W / 54.9986°N 1.4717°W / 54.9986; -1.4717

## InfoBox

Percy Main Amateurs F.C.
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| Full name | Percy Main Amateurs Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | The Villagers |
| Founded | 1919 |
| Ground | Purvis Park, Percy Main |
| Capacity | 1,500 |
| Manager | Steve Hurd |
| League | Northern Alliance Premier Division |
| 2023–24 | Northern Alliance Premier Division, 3rd of 16 |
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