title: Patrick James Byrne

abstract: Patrick James Byrne, M.M. was an American-born Catholic missionary and Bishop. As a member of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll), he was assigned for missions in Korea and Japan. He served as the Prefect Apostolic of Pyongyang from 1927 to 1929, Prefect Apostolic of Kyoto from 1937 to 1940, Apostolic Visitor to Korea from 1947 to 1949, and the Apostolic Delegate to Korea from 1949 to 1950. He died under custody in Korea.

text:
# Patrick James Byrne

**Patrick James Byrne**, M.M. (October 26, 1888 – November 25, 1950) was an American-born Catholic missionary and Bishop. As a member of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll), he was assigned for missions in Korea and Japan. He served as the Prefect Apostolic of Pyongyang from 1927 to 1929, Prefect Apostolic of Kyoto from 1937 to 1940, Apostolic Visitor to Korea from 1947 to 1949, and the Apostolic Delegate to Korea from 1949 to 1950. He died under custody in Korea.

## Early life

Born in Washington, D.C., Patrick Byrne was raised in Auburn, NY, during his school age years, and attended Holy Family School. His education was continued by the Sulpicians at St. Charles College in Ellicott City, Maryland, and St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore. He was ordained as priest for the Archdiocese of Baltimore on June 23, 1915.

## Priest

A week after he was ordained, Byrne was given permission by Cardinal James Gibbons to enter Maryknoll. He served the community in a variety of capacities. He supervised construction projects at Maryknoll and at Scranton, Pennsylvania, and then served as the rector of both seminaries. He was the editor of *Field Afar*, and he served as the community's Vicar General and treasurer.

In 1923 Byrne organized the first Maryknoll Mission to Korea. On November 9, 1927, Pope Pius XI named him the Prefect Apostolic of Pyongyang. In 1929 he was a delegate to the first General Chapter of Maryknoll and he was elected the Assistant Superior General. He resigned his position as Prefect Apostolic on August 12, 1929, to take up his new responsibilities. In 1935 Byrne reentered the mission field, this time in Kyoto, Japan. Pope Pius XI named him the Prefect Apostolic of Kyoto on June 18, 1937. He resigned this office on October 10, 1940, in favor of a Japanese priest. Because of his charitable reputation he was not imprisoned during the Second World War, but held under house arrest. He made radio broadcasts on behalf of the United States Army to calm the Japanese people as the Americans occupied Japan at the conclusion of the war.

## Bishop

Pope Pius XII appointed Byrne Apostolic Visitor of the Holy See to Korea on July 17, 1947. On April 7, 1949, Pope Pius named him the Titular Bishop of Gazera and the first Apostolic Delegate to Korea. Byrne was consecrated a bishop on June 14, 1949, by Auxiliary Bishop of New York Thomas McDonnell. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Paul Marie Kinam Ro, Apostolic Vicar of Seoul, and Andrien-Joseph Larribeau, Apostolic Vicar emeritus of Seoul.

He was in Seoul when North Korea forces invaded South Korea in June 1950 and occupied the city. He was arrested by the Communists on July 2, 1950, and put on trial. He was placed on a march that went through the former Maryknoll Mission territory to the Yalu River. Byrne was put of trial again in Pyongyong and was forced on another march that lasted four months. The weather was bad and there was little food or shelter. Byrne came down with pneumonia and died on November 25, 1950, at the age of 62. He was buried by fellow prisoner, Monsignor Thomas F. Quinlan, S.S.C, who was the Prefect Apostolic of Chuncheon.

1. "Bishop Patrick J. Byrne, MM". Maryknoll Mission Archives. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
2. Baker, Donald (2006). "Sibling Rivalry in Twentieth-Century Korea". In Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lee, Timothy S. (eds.). *Christianity in Korea*. University of Hawaii Press. p. 307. ISBN 9780824832063. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
3. "Bishop Patrick James Byrne, M.M." Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
4. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXIX. 1937. p. 402. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
5. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXIX. 1947. pp. 468, 582. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
6. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXXI. 1949. p. 463. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
7. "Msgr. Patrick J. Byrne Is Missing in Korea; Vatican Sources Fearful for His Safety". *New York Times*. July 12, 1950. Retrieved November 26, 2019.

8.https://maryknollmissionarchives.org/deceased-fathers-bro/bishop-patrick-j-byrne-mm/

Additional sources * Lane, Raymond A. (1955). *Ambassador in Chains: The Life of Bishop Patrick James Byrne (1888-1950) Apostolic Delegate to the Republic of Korea*. P.J. Kenedy.
* Crosbie, Philip (1955). *March Till They Die*. Browne & Nolan.
* Ryan, Eileen (July 1, 2017). "Marching to Martyrdom in Korea". *Maryknoll Magazine*.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Patrick J. Byrne
M.M. | |
| --- | --- |
| Apostolic Delegate to Korea | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | April 7, 1949 |
| Term ended | November 25, 1950 |
| Successor | Egano Righi-Lambertini |
| Other post(s) | Titular Bishop of Gazera |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | June 23, 1915 |
| Consecration | June 14, 1949
by Richard Cushing |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Patrick James Byrne
October 26, 1888
Washington, D.C., USA |
| Died | November 25, 1950(1950-11-25) (aged 62)
Korea |
| Nationality | American |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |


title: Paenitemini

abstract: Paenitemini is a 1966 apostolic constitution by Pope Paul VI. In Paenitemini Paul changed the strictly regulated Catholic fasting requirements. He recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation, and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain. He further recommended that fasting and abstinence be replaced with prayer and works of charity "in countries where the standard of living is lower".

text:
# Paenitemini

***Paenitemini*** is a 1966 apostolic constitution by Pope Paul VI. In *Paenitemini* Paul changed the strictly regulated Catholic fasting requirements. He recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation, and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain. He further recommended that fasting and abstinence be replaced with prayer and works of charity "in countries where the standard of living is lower".

## Content

Pope Paul noted the Church's mission of showing man the right way to use earthly goods and to collaborate in the "consecration of the world." All members of the Church are called upon to participate in the work of Christ and therefore to participate also in His expiation. While he emphasized the great importance of penance as "a religious, personal act which has as its aim love and surrender to God", he observed that the Church, attentive to the signs of the times is prompted to seek, beyond fast and abstinence, new expressions more suitable for the realization of the precise goal of penitence.

> "\[T\]he necessity of an asceticism which chastises the body and brings it into subjection is affirmed with special insistence by the example of Christ Himself. ...The intimate relationship which exists in penitence between the external act, inner conversion, prayer and works of charity is affirmed and widely developed in the liturgical texts and authors of every era.

The purpose of the new canonical laws was not to weaken the practice of penance (as actually happened), but to make it more effective. Paul stated that while preserving the custom (observed for many centuries with canonical norms) of practicing penitence also through abstinence from meat and fasting, the Church intends to ratify other forms of penitence as well, and left it to the episcopal conferences to replace the observance of fast and abstinence with exercises of prayer and works of charity where appropriate.


title: Marseilles moraine

abstract: The Marseilles moraine is a terminal moraine that encircles the southern tip of Lake Michigan in North America. It begins near Elgin, Illinois, and extends south and west of Chicago metropolitan area, turning eastward 30 miles (48 km) to 40 miles (64 km) south of the lake in Kankakee and Iroqouis counties, entering Indiana. It formed during the Wisconsin glaciation. The glacier had been in retreat when it stopped for an extended period, depositing glacial till and sand creating the hills of the moraine.

text:
# Marseilles moraine

The **Marseilles moraine** is a terminal moraine that encircles the southern tip of Lake Michigan in North America. It begins near Elgin, Illinois, and extends south and west of Chicago metropolitan area, turning eastward 30 miles (48 km) to 40 miles (64 km) south of the lake in Kankakee and Iroqouis counties, entering Indiana. It formed during the Wisconsin glaciation. The glacier had been in retreat when it stopped for an extended period, depositing glacial till and sand creating the hills of the moraine.

## Distribution

The Marseilles moraine was preceded by the Bloomington morainic system. The name is taken from the village of Marseilles, located where the Illinois River cuts through the moraine. The moraine is readily traced as far north as South Elgin, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the city of Elgin, where it is lost in a composite of other materials. For 25 miles (40 km)south it combined with a till ridge called the Minooka Ridge. This follows the east side of Fox River, past St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, and Aurora. The east side of each city occupies the outer face of the moraine. The width of the belt is 2 miles (3.2 km) or 3 miles (4.8 km). The moraine continues south along the line of Will and Kendall counties. It runs about 2 miles (3.2 km) or 3 miles (4.8 km) beyond the river. The Marseilles moraine turns west, at the bluff between Oswego and Yorkville. The Minooka Ridge continues southward to the Illinois River. The Marseilles moraine follows nearly the southeast bluff of Fox River to the mouth of the stream, its outer border being nowhere more than 4 miles (6.4 km) and usually less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the stream. The width in Kendall County is only 2 or 3 miles, but increases to 5 or 6 miles in northeastern LaSalle County, near the north bluff of the Illinois River. At the Illinois Valley, it changes from south-southwest to a south-southeast course. It maintains a 3 miles (4.8 km) to 5 miles (8.0 km) width through southeastern Lasalle and northern Livington counties. It is associated with Farm Ridge, in Livingston County. The Farm Ridge is an inner ridge of the Bloomington system. In the vicinity of Odell the moraine turns eastward, and near the line of Livingston and Ford counties takes a course northeast, in broad curve of 8 miles (13 km) or 10 miles (16 km) wide. Reaching the vicinity of Ste. Anne where it turns southeast.

## Iroquois moraine (continuation)

From Ste. Anne, it continues to the southeast, reaching the state line. Here the name changes to the Iroquois. Continuing through Newton and Jasper counties, Indiana. The moraine expands to cover a 3 miles (4.8 km) to 6 miles (9.7 km) in width across the landscapes as far as Medaryville, in Pulaski County, Indiana. To the east, it disappears. It may end here, or its remnants may be obscured beneath the Lake Kankakee sand ridges. The rise from the plain to the crest of the moraine on the north amounts to 20 to 40 feet (6.1 to 12.2 m) high about 2 miles (3.2 km) and on the south to 30 feet (9.1 m) to 50 feet (15 m) in less than 1 mile (1.6 km). The width of the " Iroquois " moraine is generally between 2 and 4 miles (3.2 and 6.4 km), but bouldery areas on its north border extend about 2 miles (3.2 km) farther north to the southern edge of an extensive sandy plain traversed by Kankakee River. The southern border of the ‘’Iroquois" moraine lies 1 mile (1.6 km) to 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Iroquois River in Newton and Jasper counties and trends southwest and northeast. In eastern Jasper it turns northward. It dies out as a definite ridge 4 or 5 miles (6.4 or 8.0 km) south of Kankakee River. Some uncertainty remains on whether it continues to the east. One possible correlative is a moraine, which begins near Bass Lake, in Starke County. Between eastern Jasper County and Bass Lake, the area is generally sand covered, with a broad low ridge running from the north end of the Iroquois moraine at San Pierre to North Judson. This ridge has patches of boulders in the till line from North Judson to Bass Lake, as do many other moraines in northern Indiana. The moraine from Bass Lake runs to the southeast and was formed by the Saginaw lobe, of the Laruentide glacier and is the outer border of the great Maxinkuckee moraine.

## Altitude & Topography

The crest is around 750 feet (230 m) above sea level and varies only about 25 feet (7.6 m). The outer border of the moraine follows closely along the 650 feet (200 m) contour line along its border. The inside border runs close to the 700 feet (210 m). The Marseilles moraine has a well-defined crest, which acts as a watershed divide. North of the Illinois River it lies between the Fox River and the Dupage River, Au Sable Creek, and Nettle Creek. South of Illinois lies between the Vermilion Rivers tributaries and the Kankakee River. A branch of it that runs north of the Iroquois River and south of Kankakee River is split by the Iroquois River at several places. The sharpest relief is in Kendall County, Illinois a ridge stands 30 feet (9.1 m) to 40 feet (12 m) above the adjacent part of the moraine. This is unusual, as the crest is a broad undulating ridge of 1 mile (1.6 km) to 2 miles (3.2 km) in width, with depression that is seasonally water filled. The majority of the crest is a series of swells seldom exceeding 20 feet (6.1 m)with easy slopes. In Livingston County the swells reach 50 feet (15 m) above the surrounding sloughs. Another prominent set of knolls are along the Kankakee and Iroqouis counties. Here the knolls reach 75 feet (23 m) or more above the surrounding moraine. The highest points noted on the Marseilles system in the district north of Iroquois River are north of Rensselaer, where an altitude of 760 feet (230 m) to 755 feet (230 m) above sea level is attained. Much of the moraine reaches between 700 feet (210 m) and 725 feet (221 m).

## Outwash

Along Fox River, in Kane and Kendall counties, a belt of coarse gravel lines the outside of the Marseilles moraine. The deposit lay mostly across the river from the moraine. At Batavia it is chiefly on the west side, at Aurora on the east side, and at Yorkville on the west side. The gravel is so extensive in Kane and Kendal counties and so small farther down Fox River as to suggest that it forms a delta. In the vicinity of the Illinois River, there are indications of a lake-like expansion of outflowing waters. The Illinois Valley, therefore, appears to have been unopened along the section between the Marseilles moraine and the inner moraine of the Bloomington series. The basin now drained by the Iroquois River into the Kankakee was blocked by ice in that direction. The outlet would have been west across the rim of the basin in northern Ford County into the east fork of Vermilion River. Evidence of fine sand and silt covering the till plain show that a Lake Watseka occupied this part of the Iroquois valley.

Glacial features, north to south from Lake Michigan:

* The Illinois Ice Lobe; Frank Leverett; U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph, #38; Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C.; 1899, pg 290-316
* The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan, History of the Great Lakes; Marseilles Morainic System, Course and Correlation; Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, Vol LIII; Frank Leverett and Frank B. Taylor; Washington, D.C,; Government Printing Office; 1915

41°30′N 88°00′W / 41.500°N 88.000°W / 41.500; -88.000


title: Linstead

abstract: Linstead is a town in the parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica in the West Indies. In 1991 its population was 14,144. It is located 12 miles (19 km) NNW of Spanish Town.

text:
# Linstead

**Linstead** is a town in the parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica in the West Indies. In 1991 its population was 14,144. It is located 12 miles (19 km) NNW of Spanish Town.

## Description

Close to Ewarton and Windalco Ewarton works, a large aluminum plant employing many of the local population. Often employing a job share scheme as work in the area is scarce. It holds a Grand Market celebration each Christmas Eve when people come out and fill the streets, small shops sell toys and other Christmas gifts, and events and parties are held in the square. It was popularized in the song Linstead Market.

## Schools

* Charlemont High School
* Linstead Primary and Junior High School
* Dinthill Technical High
* Rosemount Primary and Junior High
* Redwood primary school
* Victoria All Age
* Trinity Preparatory
* Saint Dominic Preparatory School
* Bread of Life Christian Academy
* Mickleton Preparatory
* Victoria Primary
* Wakefield Primary
* McGrath High School

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Linstead | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Linstead | |
| Coordinates: 18°8′24.55″N 77°2′47.08″W / 18.1401528°N 77.0464111°W / 18.1401528; -77.0464111 | |
| Country | Jamaica |
| Parish | St. Catherine |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 14,144 |


title: Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)

abstract: Yahia Boushaki, commonly known as Si Omar or simply as Boushaki, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.

text:
# Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)

**Yahia Boushaki** (1935 – 28 December 1960), commonly known as **Si Omar** or simply as **Boushaki**, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.

## Education

Boushaki was born in 1935 in the village of Soumâa south of the present city of Thenia, about 50 km east of the great city of Algiers, and his Sufi family descends from the Malikite theologian Sidi Boushaki (1394–1453), who founded the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki in 1440 during the 15th century.

His father is Abderrahmane Boushaki (1883–1985), a veteran of the First World War (1914–1918) who returned from the Maginot line with the rank of corporal of the Algerian skirmishers, while his mother is Khedaouedj Boumerdassi, descendant of Sufis and theologian Sidi Boumerdassi, who founded Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi in 1714 during the 18th century.

His grandfather Ali Boushaki (1855–1965) was Muqaddam of Tariqa Rahmaniyyah in Lower Kabylia and his paternal and maternal uncles were Muslim imams as were his cousins.

He then received a religious education according to the Algerian Islamic reference as well as a political consciousness according to the ideology of Algerian independence nationalism through his paternal uncle Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869–1959), who was an elected municipal councilor from 1919 to 1939.

In addition to his academic activity in this Sufi environment under the immediate patronage of Imam Brahim Boushaki (1912–1997), he worked in agriculture and animal husbandry near the surrounding villages of Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela and Mahrane.

## Political activity

From his adolescence, his desire to join the ranks of clandestine separatist activities within the Algerian nationalism was clearly manifested.

It was inspired by the failure of the political activities advocated by the political process that followed the proclamation of the 30th petition for Civil and political rights on July 18, 1920, which sought to obtain these rights of the indigenous Algerians at the same time, on an equal footing with European settlers in Algeria, and whose failure was consummated by the massacres of May 1945.

He then joined the Movement for the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD) and the Special Organization (OS) to prepare the insurrection against French colonialism.

## Military combat

As soon as the Algerian revolution broke out, he joined the ranks of the National Liberation Front (FLN) as a political commissar, and the National Liberation Army (ALN) as a soldier and later as a military officer in Kabylia and in Mitidja plain.

Captain Boushaki initiated extensive sabotage operations of colonial properties and participated with his soldiers in several battles between Thenia and Bouira against French paratroopers, resulting in the destruction of several combat aircraft belonging to the French Air Force.

He synchronized his operations in concert with the command of the military region based in the Zbarbar forest where his friend the journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui (1921–1959) was entrenched.

## Death

Boushaki prepared in the Blida Province with a command of the National Liberation Army (ALN) an operation against the French Armed Forces during the month of December 1960 in order to deconfine the repressive pressure against the mujahideen maquis east of Algiers, Mitidja and Kabylie.

This great operation took place just after the demonstrations of December 1960, which put an end to the myth of French Algeria by opening the way to the establishment of a sovereign and independent Algeria, and this is how the new year was celebrated, bring with it the hint of Algerian self-determination, accentuating the pressure of the guerrillas on the colonial troops.

Thus, while captain of a Moussebel unit, he was killed in combat in Meftah on December 28, 1960, during the battle of Souakria along with Abdelkader Madjène and other Mujahideen, the rest of the unit blending in with the surrounding maquis.

## Tributes

He gave his name to an important district of Algiers north of the El Alia Cemetery in the municipality of Bab Ezzouar and which bears the name of the Chinatown named Yahia Boushaki.

He also gave his posthumous name to a street in Thenia in the Boumerdès Province that bears the name of Yahia Boushaki Street, the former Avenue Jean Colonna d'Ornano.

A promotion of officers of the Algerian People's National Army (ANP) was named the Yahia Boushaki Promotion in 1995 during their training at the École Supérieure de la Défense Aérienne du Territoire (ESDAT). Four promotions of officers of the Gendarmerie Nationale (GN) were appointed Promotions of Yahia Boushaki as of June 16, 2008.

General Abdelmalek Guenaizia (1936–2019), accompanied by various ministers of the Algerian government, personally bestowed the name of Yahia Boushaki on the active elements of these four promotions. In Algeria and in the Wilaya IV historique, he is considered a national hero.

## InfoBox

| Yahia Boushaki | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Yahia ben Abderrahmane ben Ali Boushaki
1935 (1935)
Thenia, French Algeria |
| Died | 28 December 1960(1960-12-28) (aged 24–25)
Blida, French Algeria |
| Cause of death | Combat |
| Resting place | Souakria Cemetery, Blida, Algeria |
| Known for |  |
| Movement | FLN, ALN, OS, MTLD |


title: Lex Thuringorum

abstract: The Lex Thuringorum is a law code that survives today in one 10th-century manuscript, the Codex Corbeiensis, alongside a copy of the Lex Saxonum, the law of the Saxons. The code was compiled in the first decade of the 9th century, probably 802–3, under Frankish patronage. The language of the law code is Latin and few Thuringians could have read it, nonetheless some must have cooperated with Frankish officials during the process of collecting and codifying the customs. The Lex Thuringorum, the Lex Saxonum, the Lex Francorum Chamavorum and the Lex Frisionum comprise the four so-called "Carolingian tribal laws", because they were produced at the same time at the direction of King Charles I in order to accommodate the differing legal customs of the nations living within his empire. They were neither totally faithful nor comprehensive reproductions of tribal law, but were created as part of a process of official christianisation. The historian Timothy Reuter writes that "the manuscript transmission does not suggest that [the Thuringian law] was extensively used, though there are enough different strata of law still visible in the text to suggest that it was not merely a literary exercise." Per chapter 31 of the Lex Thuringorum, feuds were heritable: "To whomever an inheritance of land should descend, he also should receive the battlegear—that is to say, the breastplate—and the [obligations] of vengeance for kin and the payment of wergild." Karl Müllenhoff cited this passage to show that heritable feuds were of German origin, but more recent scholarship has rejected the view that the early medieval Germanic law codes represent pure Germanic law; rather they fuse Germanic and Roman customs. In the Thuringian law, the severity of punishment for the crime of raptus (abduction) is equivalent to that for murder, an indication that the former was understood to include rape or sexual violence. Per chapter 47, a woman was permitted to have money, but not to spend it as she saw fit, nor was she to marry without permission.

text:
# Lex Thuringorum

The ***Lex Thuringorum*** ("Law of the Thuringians") is a law code that survives today in one 10th-century manuscript, the Codex Corbeiensis, alongside a copy of the *Lex Saxonum*, the law of the Saxons. The code was compiled in the first decade of the 9th century, probably 802–3, under Frankish patronage. The language of the law code is Latin and few Thuringians could have read it, nonetheless some must have cooperated with Frankish officials during the process of collecting and codifying the customs. The *Lex Thuringorum*, the *Lex Saxonum*, the *Lex Francorum Chamavorum* and the *Lex Frisionum* comprise the four so-called "Carolingian tribal laws" (*karolingischen Stammesrechte*), because they were produced at the same time at the direction of King Charles I in order to accommodate the differing legal customs of the nations living within his empire. They were neither totally faithful nor comprehensive reproductions of tribal law, but were created as part of a process of official christianisation. The historian Timothy Reuter writes that "the manuscript transmission does not suggest that \[the Thuringian law\] was extensively used, though there are enough different strata of law still visible in the text to suggest that it was not merely a literary exercise."

Per chapter 31 of the *Lex Thuringorum*, feuds were heritable: "To whomever an inheritance of land should descend, he also should receive the battlegear—that is to say, the breastplate—and the \[obligations\] of vengeance for kin and the payment of *wergild*." Karl Müllenhoff cited this passage to show that heritable feuds were of German origin, but more recent scholarship has rejected the view that the early medieval Germanic law codes represent pure Germanic law; rather they fuse Germanic and Roman customs.

In the Thuringian law, the severity of punishment for the crime of *raptus* (abduction) is equivalent to that for murder, an indication that the former was understood to include rape or sexual violence. Per chapter 47, a woman was permitted to have money, but not to spend it as she saw fit, nor was she to marry without permission.

## Editions

## Sources

* Elsakkers, Marianne (1999). "Raptus ultra Rhenum: Early Ninth-century Saxon Laws on Abduction and Rape". *Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik*. **52**: 27–53. doi:10.1163/18756719-052-01-90000005.
* Jurasinski, Stefan (2006). *Ancient Privileges: Beowulf, Law and the Making of Germanic Antiquity*. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
* Reuter, Timothy (1991). *Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1050*. London: Longman.


title: Trigger Fingers (1939 film)

abstract: Trigger Fingers is a 1939 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and starring Tim McCoy.

text:
# Trigger Fingers (1939 film)

***Trigger Fingers*** is a 1939 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and starring Tim McCoy.

## Premise

"Lightning" Bill Carson and his sidekick Magpie go into town with friend Margaret, pose as gypsies and discover a crime ring masterminded by Bert Lee.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Trigger Fingers | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sam Newfield |
| Written by | Basil Dickey |
| Produced by | Sam Katzman |
| Starring | Tim McCoy<br>Joyce Bryant |
| Cinematography | Bill Hyer |
| Release date | * 1939 (1939) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Lithophane laticinerea

abstract: Lithophane laticinerea, the broad ashen pinion moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Lithophane laticinerea is 9914.

text:
# Lithophane laticinerea

***Lithophane laticinerea***, the **broad ashen pinion moth**, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Lithophane laticinerea* is 9914.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Lithophane laticinerea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Lithophane* |
| Species: | ***L. laticinerea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lithophane laticinerea***<br>Grote, 1874 | |
|


title: Pasquale Stanislao Mancini

abstract: Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, 8th Marquess of Fusignano was an Italian jurist and statesman.

text:
# Pasquale Stanislao Mancini

**Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, 8th Marquess of Fusignano** (17 March 1817  26 December 1888) was an Italian jurist and statesman.

## Early life

Mancini was born in Castel Baronia, in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (present-day Province of Avellino). He became well established in intellectual circles in Naples, editing and publishing a number of newspapers and journals, and gained a reputation in law after the 1841 publication of his correspondence with Terenzio Mamiani on the right to punish. He did not attend university, but rather was educated privately, and was granted a law degree in 1844 by a special exemption.

## Career

In 1848 he was instrumental in persuading Ferdinand II to participate in the war against Austria. Twice he declined the offer of a portfolio in the Neapolitan cabinet, and upon the triumph of the reactionary party undertook the defence of the Liberal political prisoners.

Threatened with imprisonment in his turn, he fled to Piedmont, where he obtained a professorship at the University of Turin and became preceptor of the crown prince Humbert. In 1860 he prepared the legislative unification of Italy, opposed the idea of an alliance between Piedmont and Naples, and, after the fall of the Bourbons, was sent to Naples as administrator of justice, in which capacity he suppressed the religious institutes, revoked the Concordat, proclaimed the right of the state to Church property, and unified civil and commercial jurisprudence.

In 1862 he became minister of public instruction in the Rattazzi cabinet, and induced the Chamber to abolish capital punishment. Thereafter, for fourteen years, he devoted himself chiefly to questions of international law and arbitration, but in 1876, upon the advent of the Left to power, became minister of justice in the Depretis cabinet. His Liberalism found expression in the extension of press freedom, the repeal of imprisonment for debt, and the abolition of ecclesiastical tithes.

During the Conclave of 1878 he succeeded, by negotiations with Cardinal Pecci (afterwards Leo XIII), in inducing the Sacred College to remain in Rome, and, after the election of the new pope, arranged for his temporary absence from the Vatican for the purpose of settling private business. Resigning office in March 1878, he resumed the practice of law, and secured the annulment of Garibaldi's marriage. The fall of Cairoli led to Mancini's appointment (1881) to the ministry of foreign affairs in the Depretis administration. The growing desire in Italy for alliance with Austria and Germany did not at first secure his approval; nevertheless he accompanied King Humbert to Vienna and conducted the negotiations which led to the informal acceptance of the Triple Alliance.

His desire to retain French confidence was the chief motive of his refusal in July 1882 to share in the British expedition to Egypt, but, finding his efforts fruitless when the existence of the Triple Alliance came to be known, he veered to the English interest and obtained assent in London to the Italian expedition to Massawa. An indiscreet announcement of the limitations of the Triple Alliance contributed to his fall in June 1885, when he was succeeded by Count di Robilant.

## Personal life

He married poet Laura Beatrice Mancini in 1840, and she ran a literary salon for liberal-minded Neapolitans out of their house. His daughter Rosa married Teodorico Bonacci who was himself twice Minister of Justice, and their daughter Anna Bonacci was a famous writer and actress.

## Death

He died in Naples in December 1888.

## Works

* *Commentario del Codice di procedura civile per gli Stati sardi* (in Italian). Torino: UTET. 1855.

## InfoBox

| Pasquale Mancini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
29 May 1881  29 June 1885 | |
| Prime Minister | Agostino Depretis |
| Preceded by | Benedetto Cairoli |
| Succeeded by | Carlo Felice Nicolis |
| Minister of Justice | |
| **In office**
25 March 1876  24 March 1878 | |
| Prime Minister | Agostino Depretis |
| Preceded by | Paolo Onorato Vigliani |
| Succeeded by | Raffaele Conforti |
| Minister of Public Education | |
| **In office**
4 March 1862  31 March 1862 | |
| Prime Minister | Urbano Rattazzi |
| Preceded by | Francesco de Sanctis |
| Succeeded by | Carlo Matteucci |
| Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies | |
| **In office**
18 February 1861  26 December 1888 | |
| Constituency | Naples |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pasquale Stanislao Mancini
(1817-03-17)17 March 1817
Castel Baronia, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Died | 26 December 1888(1888-12-26) (aged 71)
Naples, Kingdom of Italy |
| Political party | Historical Left |
| Spouse(s) | Laura Beatrice Mancini  (m. 18401869); her death |
| Children | 11 children |
| Alma mater | University of Naples Federico II |
| Profession | Jurist, statesman |
|  | |


title: One (Edita Abdieski album)

abstract: One is the debut studio album by Swiss singer Edita Abdieski. It was released through Sony Music on March 18, 2011 in German-speaking Europe, following her winning of the first season of the German version of the television music competition X Factor. Marek Pompetzki, Paul NZA, and Cecil Remmler produced most of the album, with Jörgen Elofsson and Robert Habolin also contributing. The album earned largely mixed reviews and reached the top ten of the Swiss Albums Chart. It was preceded by lead single "I've Come to Life" which became a top ten hit in Austria and Germany. One also includes second single "The Key" as well as "The Best Thing About Me Is You," a collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.

text:
# One (Edita Abdieski album)

***One*** is the debut studio album by Swiss singer Edita Abdieski. It was released through Sony Music on March 18, 2011 in German-speaking Europe, following her winning of the first season of the German version of the television music competition *X Factor*. Marek Pompetzki, Paul NZA, and Cecil Remmler produced most of the album, with Jörgen Elofsson and Robert Habolin also contributing. The album earned largely mixed reviews and reached the top ten of the Swiss Albums Chart. It was preceded by lead single "I've Come to Life" which became a top ten hit in Austria and Germany. *One* also includes second single "The Key" as well as "The Best Thing About Me Is You," a collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *laut.de* |  |

In his review for *laut.de*, Ulf Kubankel praised Abdieski's vocal performance on *One*, but criticized the overall production. He wrote that "one can only hope that \[Abdieski\] will be able to show on her second album of what she's really made of."

## Track listing

*One* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Give a Little Love Get a Little Love" |  | * Marek Pompetzki * Paul NZA * Cecil Remmler | 3:49 |
| 2. | "The Key" |  | Elofsson | 3:18 |
| 3. | "Turn Back Time" |  | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 4:21 |
| 4. | "I've Come to Life" | * Florian Jakob * Chris Buseck * Raphaël Schillebeeckx | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:04 |
| 5. | "Fade Away" | * Hiten Bharadia * Marcus * Marlene Strand | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:38 |
| 6. | "When the Music Is Over" | * William Brynildsen Reinar * Håkon Hultman Tømte * Dsign Music * Charite Viken | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:51 |
| 7. | "Someone to Lean On" |  | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 4:00 |
| 8. | "I Don't Know Why" | * Jayson Jaurigue * Chris Ballard * Andy Murray | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:21 |
| 9. | "Change" |  | Habolin | 3:14 |
| 10. | "Wouldn't Wanna Be Without You" |  | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:25 |
| 11. | "I Don't Know" | * Chris Breen * Torgeir Bjordal | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:38 |
| 12. | "Untouchable" | * Alex Reuterskiöld * Kim Wennerström | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:20 |
| 13. | "Another Universe" |  | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:13 |
| 14. | "Nothing's Changed" | * Torgeir Bjordal * Breen | * Pompetzki * NZA * Remmler | 3:35 |
| 15. | "The Best Thing About Me Is You" (with Ricky Martin) |  | Child | 3:38 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *One*
| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 52 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 32 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 10 |

## Release history

*One* release history
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 18 March 2011 |  | Sony Music |  |

## InfoBox

| One | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Edita Abdieski | |
| Released | 18 March 2011 |
| Recorded | November–December 2010 |
| Length | 53:12 |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Producer |  |
| Edita Abdieski chronology | |
| *Z'Debü*
(2006) ***One***
(2011) *On & On*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *One* | |
| 1. "I've Come to Life"
Released: November 12, 2010 2. "The Key"
Released: March 4, 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Padamati Somaram

abstract: Padamati Somaram is a village in Nalgonda district in Telangana, India. It falls under Bibinagar mandal.

text:
# Padamati Somaram

**Padamati Somaram** is a village in Nalgonda district in Telangana, India. It falls under Bibinagar mandal.

## InfoBox

| Padamati Somaram | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TS |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Linstead House

abstract: The Linstead House is a historic home in the Linstead community of Severna Park, Maryland. The three-story brick house overlooks the Severn River and is believed to have been constructed by the McCubbin or Linstead families between 1772 and 1780. In 1906, the property was sold to Francis and Harry Riggs of Baltimore, and it was subsequently used in the summers to entertain guests and throw lavish parties. During this period, the Riggs brothers also allowed the area Boy Scouts to use a large portion of the surrounding property as "Camp Linstead." Even the famous Maryland governor Albert Ritchie was known to occasionally stop by the Linstead House to partake in the Riggs brothers' parties. The house was a homestead and part of a larger farm for much of its history, boasting a wine cellar and prize chickens and hogs. A short distance down the road from Linstead House is a cemetery dating back to the 1830s and containing the graves of multiple Linstead family members and Linstead House residents. In the 1940s the estate was bought by the Carter family, who notably hosted Dwight D. Eisenhower for dinner at one point. The building was restored in the second half of the 20th century, and remains a private residence today. Linstead House is registered with the Maryland Historical Trust as "Carter's Bluff," MIHP number AA-132.

text:
# Linstead House

The **Linstead House** is a historic home in the Linstead community of Severna Park, Maryland. The three-story brick house overlooks the Severn River and is believed to have been constructed by the McCubbin or Linstead families between 1772 and 1780.

In 1906, the property was sold to Francis and Harry Riggs of Baltimore, and it was subsequently used in the summers to entertain guests and throw lavish parties. During this period, the Riggs brothers also allowed the area Boy Scouts to use a large portion of the surrounding property as "Camp Linstead." Even the famous Maryland governor Albert Ritchie was known to occasionally stop by the Linstead House to partake in the Riggs brothers' parties.

The house was a homestead and part of a larger farm for much of its history, boasting a wine cellar and prize chickens and hogs. A short distance down the road from Linstead House is a cemetery dating back to the 1830s and containing the graves of multiple Linstead family members and Linstead House residents.

In the 1940s the estate was bought by the Carter family, who notably hosted Dwight D. Eisenhower for dinner at one point.

The building was restored in the second half of the 20th century, and remains a private residence today.

Linstead House is registered with the Maryland Historical Trust as "Carter's Bluff," MIHP number AA-132.

39°03′54″N 76°33′36″W / 39.065°N 76.560°W / 39.065; -76.560


title: Xun River

abstract: The Xun River is a short section of the main branch of the Pearl River system upstream from the Xi Jiang in China. Although less than 200km long, it is of considerable importance in Guangxi Province as it drains the majority of the province. The Xun River in name is formed by the Yu and Qian rivers, with the Qian being the greater of the two tributaries. The Xun then flows out of Guiping and through Pingnan, finally joining with the Gui Jiang in Wuzhou to form the Xi Jiang. The Xun is also a section of the Pearl's longest tributary. The Xun River flows from west to east roughly along the Tropic of Cancer.

text:
# Xun River

The **Xun River** (Chinese: 浔江, pinyin: **Xún Jiāng**, jyutping: *Cham4 Gong1*) is a short section of the main branch of the Pearl River system upstream from the Xi Jiang in China. Although less than 200km long, it is of considerable importance in Guangxi Province as it drains the majority of the province. The Xun River in name is formed by the Yu and Qian rivers, with the Qian being the greater of the two tributaries. The Xun then flows out of Guiping and through Pingnan, finally joining with the Gui Jiang in Wuzhou to form the Xi Jiang. The Xun is also a section of the Pearl's longest tributary.

The Xun River flows from west to east roughly along the Tropic of Cancer.

23°28′5″N 111°18′20″E / 23.46806°N 111.30556°E / 23.46806; 111.30556

## InfoBox

| Xun Jiang | |
| --- | --- |
| The final stretch of the Xun River in Wuzhou, before the confluence with Gui Jiang, forming the Xi Jiang. View is upstream. | |
| Map of the Pearl River system | |
| Location | |
| Country | China and Vietnam |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Guiping |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Xi Jiang at Wuzhou |
| Length | 172 km (107 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Meng Jiang |
| right | Beiliu Jiang |


title: Szilvia Szeitl

abstract: Szilvia Szeitl is a Hungarian football defender currently playing in the Hungarian First Division for 1. FC Femina, with whom she has also played the Champions League. She is a member of the Hungarian national team.

text:
# Szilvia Szeitl

**Szilvia Szeitl** (born 26 April 1987 in Budapest) is a Hungarian football defender currently playing in the Hungarian First Division for 1. FC Femina, with whom she has also played the Champions League. She is a member of the Hungarian national team.

## InfoBox

Szilvia Szeitl
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Szilvia Szeitl | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-04-26) 26 April 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Budapest, Hungary | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003– | 1. FC Femina |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2007– | Hungary | 95 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 5 October 2018 | | | |


title: Lesser magistrate

abstract: The doctrine of the lesser magistrate is a concept in Protestant thought. A lesser magistrate is a ruler such as a prince who is under a greater ruler such as an emperor. The doctrine of the lesser magistrate is a legal system explaining the exact circumstances in which a lesser magistrate has both the right and the responsibility to resist the greater ruler. The doctrine of the lesser magistrate is dependent on the private citizen argument from before the Reformation, which stated that any evil done by an officeholder is committed as a private citizen, rather than by the office. The use of the doctrine of the lesser magistrates carries with it the possibility of violence and war.

text:
# Lesser magistrate

The doctrine of the **lesser magistrate** is a concept in Protestant thought. A lesser magistrate is a ruler such as a prince who is under a greater ruler such as an emperor. The doctrine of the lesser magistrate is a legal system explaining the exact circumstances in which a lesser magistrate has both the right and the responsibility to resist the greater ruler.

The doctrine of the lesser magistrate is dependent on the **private citizen argument** from before the Reformation, which stated that any evil done by an officeholder is committed as a private citizen, rather than by the office.

The use of the doctrine of the lesser magistrates carries with it the possibility of violence and war.

## Reformation

The doctrine of the lesser magistrate was first popularized in a simpler form by John Calvin, who wrote that private Christians must submit to the ruling authorities, but there may be "popular magistrates" who have "been appointed to curb the tyranny of kings". When these magistrates "connive at kings when they tyrannise and insult over the humbler of the people" they "fraudulently betray the liberty of the people" when God has appointed them guardians of that liberty.

A more elaborate doctrine of the lesser magistrate was first employed in the Lutheran *Magdeburg Confession* of 1550, which argued that the "subordinate powers" in a state, faced with the situation where the "supreme power" is working to destroy true religion, may go further than non-cooperation with the supreme power and assist the faithful to resist. This work drew heavily on Luther, including his Beerwolf concept as one of multiple conditions an evil ruler would need to fulfill before opposition to his rule could be justified. In other words, even though an evil ruler is acting as a private citizen, he still may not be resisted unless all of the other conditions are fulfilled. One of them was that the evil ruler must show himself to be a true Beerwolf and servant of the devil.

Variations on this doctrine of the lesser magistrate were commonly taught by orthodox Calvinists such as Theodore Beza. The doctrine of the lesser magistrate became important for the justification of the Dutch Revolt. According to Johannes Althusius in 1603 work, *Politica*, resistance to a supreme magistrate by lesser magistrates is justified in the case of tyranny. Althusius argued that the provincial authorities of the United Provinces were in this situation.

Gary M. Simpson suggests that after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 there was a "populist expansion" of the doctrine in which "the ruled would no longer be merely the subject of the ruler; they would become citizens." Nicholas Wolterstorff argues that for citizens of liberal democracies, "some of the responsibilities belonging to the lesser magistrates of Calvin's day belong to us," but that on Calvin's view we do not "have the right to engage in civil disobedience or armed resistance."

## Later developments of the concept

Following the spread of Hegelianism, the doctrine of the lesser magistrate became less important. This is because in Hegel's thought, authority within a society could bleed in at all levels, not just from the top executive down through a hierarchy, even though the philosopher noted that in matters of national importance, there must be a top executive to decide.


title: Trigger Bang

abstract: "Trigger Bang" is a song by English singer-songwriter Lily Allen, featuring English rapper Giggs. It was released on 12 December 2017 as the lead single from Allen's fourth studio album, No Shame. It is her first official release since her third studio album, Sheezus, and the first official single released by Allen since "As Long as I Got You". The song was teased and leaked a night prior to its official release.

text:
# Trigger Bang

"**Trigger Bang**" is a song by English singer-songwriter Lily Allen, featuring English rapper Giggs. It was released on 12 December 2017 as the lead single from Allen's fourth studio album, *No Shame*. It is her first official release since her third studio album, *Sheezus*, and the first official single released by Allen since "As Long as I Got You". The song was teased and leaked a night prior to its official release.

## Background

In 2015, Allen began writing songs for *No Shame* in a rented house in Los Angeles. Allen then set up her own studio space in London, where the majority of the album was made. Upon returning to London and setting up her studio space, Allen began associating with British rapper Giggs. Allen stated that her friendship with Giggs helped her "find her feet" during the album's initial recording process. After Allen's performance at V Festival, she traveled to Giggs' studio where she played him songs from *No Shame*, whilst Allen was there Giggs wrote a verse for the song "Trigger Bang".

## Composition

"Trigger Bang" is a piano-tinged hip pop song that has a length of three minutes and 32 seconds. It is in the key of A flat minor, and moves at a tempo of 78 beats per minute in a 4/4 time signature. The song contains a chilled-out sound and toned-down percussion instrumental. It lyrically reminisces about growing up and battling substance abuse.

## Critical reception

Robin Murray of *Clash* praised the song, writing that "the pairing \[of Allen and Giggs\] works effortlessly – Lily Allen's nonchalance versus the rapper's emphatic flow." She additionally called it "typically tongue in cheek but with whipsmart wordplay".

## Music video

An accompanying music video for "Trigger Bang" directed by Myles Whittingham was released on 24 January 2018. It features the singers and depicts Allen in three different ages, with two actress portraying younger versions of her. The video also references the videos of her previous singles "LDN" and "22".

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Trigger Bang" – 3:32

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

* Lily Allen – songwriting, vocals
* Giggs – songwriting, vocals
* Fryars – songwriting, production, recording, guitar, piano, programming, synthesizer
* Shane the Cutter – mastering
* Alexander "Smitty Beatz" Smith – mixing
* Marcello "Cool" Valenzano – mixing

## Charts

| Chart (2017–18) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 26 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 45 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 12 December 2017 | Digital download | Parlophone |  |

## InfoBox

| "Trigger Bang" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Lily Allen featuring Giggs | |
| from the album  *No Shame* | |
| Released | 12 December 2017 (2017-12-12) |
| Genre | Hip pop |
| Length | 3:32 |
| Label | Parlophone |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Fryars |
| Lily Allen singles chronology | |
| "Cigarettes & Cush"
(2017) "**Trigger Bang**"
(2017) "Lost My Mind"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Giggs singles chronology | |
| "Peligro"
(2017) "**Trigger Bang**"
(2017) | |
| Music video | |
| "Trigger Bang" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Lithophane lemmeri

abstract: Lithophane lemmeri, Lemmer's noctuid moth or Lemmer's pinion, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern parts of the United States and adjacent areas in Canada. It is listed as a species of special concern in the US state of Connecticut. The species was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1929. The wingspan is about 40 mm. The moth flies from June to July depending on the location.

text:
# Lithophane lemmeri

***Lithophane lemmeri***, **Lemmer's noctuid moth** or **Lemmer's pinion**, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern parts of the United States and adjacent areas in Canada. It is listed as a species of special concern in the US state of Connecticut. The species was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1929.

The wingspan is about 40 mm. The moth flies from June to July depending on the location.

## Larval foods

The larvae feed on *Chamaecyparis thyoides* and *Juniperus virginiana*.

## InfoBox

| *Lithophane lemmeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Lithophane* |
| Species: | ***L. lemmeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lithophane lemmeri***
Barnes & Benjamin, 1929 | |
|


title: Pasquale Tridico

abstract: Pasquale Tridico is an Italian economist and politician of the Five Star Movement (M5S). He was elected member of the European Parliament in 2024. He served as president of the National Institute for Social Security from 2019 to 2023.

text:
# Pasquale Tridico

**Pasquale Tridico** (born 21 September 1975) is an Italian economist and politician of the Five Star Movement (M5S). He was elected member of the European Parliament in 2024. He served as president of the National Institute for Social Security from 2019 to 2023.

## Career

Born in Calabria, he moved to Rome to pursue his graduate studies. He graduated in Economics at Università di Roma La Sapienza in 2000 and obtained his PhD at Roma Tre University in 2004. Tridico is a professor at the Roma Tre University department of economics, and has served as secretary-general of the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy since 2012. Ahead of the 2018 general election, he was M5S leader Luigi Di Maio's candidate for minister of labour. He was instead appointed president of the National Institute for Social Security, serving from 2019 to 2023. For the 2024 European Parliament election, Tridico was selected as the lead candidate of M5S in Southern Italy.

## InfoBox

| Pasquale TridicoMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Southern Italy | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
16 July 2024 | |
| President of the National Institute for Social Security | |
| **In office**
14 March 2019  23 May 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Tito Boeri |
| Succeeded by | Micaela Gelera |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 21 September 1975 (1975-09-21) (age 49)
Scala Coeli, Italy |
| Political party | Five Star Movement |
| Other political
affiliations | The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL |
| Alma mater | Sapienza University of Rome |
|  | |


title: POU4F2

abstract: POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU4F2 gene.

text:
# POU4F2

**POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *POU4F2* gene.

## Function

POU4F2 is a member of the POU-domain family of transcription factors. POU-domain proteins have been observed to play important roles in control of cell identity in several systems. A class IV POU-domain protein, POU4F2 is found in human retina exclusively within a subpopulation of ganglion cells where it may play a role in determining or maintaining the identities of a small subset of visual system neurons.\[supplied by OMIM\]

## Interactions

POU4F2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| POU4F2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | POU4F2, BRN3.2, BRN3B, Brn-3b, POU class 4 homeobox 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 113725; MGI: 102524; HomoloGene: 20959; GeneCards: POU4F2; OMA:POU4F2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_004575   NM\_138944   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_004566   NP\_620394   Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 146.64 – 146.64 Mb n/a  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Vassar-Warner Row

abstract: Vassar-Warner Row is a set of historic homes located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. Included in the row is the Vassar-Warner Home, built in 1837 in the Greek Revival style. It is a three-story, massive brick structure with a wing designed in 1898 by Corydon Wheeler. Also in the row are three Queen Anne style residences. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Vassar-Warner Row

**Vassar-Warner Row** is a set of historic homes located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. Included in the row is the Vassar-Warner Home, built in 1837 in the Greek Revival style. It is a three-story, massive brick structure with a wing designed in 1898 by Corydon Wheeler. Also in the row are three Queen Anne style residences.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Vassar-Warner Row | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Toomey Building, January 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | S. Hamilton from Montgomery to 40 Hamilton St., Poughkeepsie, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°41′58″N 73°55′30″W / 41.69944°N 73.92500°W / 41.69944; -73.92500 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Architect | Wheeler, Corydon |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Queen Anne |
| MPS | Poughkeepsie MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001170 |
| Added to NRHP | November 26, 1982 |


title: Limonite

abstract: Limonite is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the three principal iron ores, the others being hematite and magnetite, and has been mined for the production of iron since at least 400 BC.

text:
# Limonite

**Limonite** (/ˈlməˌnt/) is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·*n*H2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the three principal iron ores, the others being hematite and magnetite, and has been mined for the production of iron since at least 400 BC.

## Names

Limonite is named for the Ancient Greek word λειμών (*leimṓn* \[leː.mɔ̌ːn\]), meaning "wet meadow", or λίμνη (*límnē* \[lím.nɛː\]), meaning "marshy lake", as an allusion to its occurrence as *bog iron ore* in meadows and marshes. In its brown form, it is sometimes called **brown hematite** or **brown iron ore**.

## Characteristics

Limonite is relatively dense with a specific gravity varying from 2.7 to 4.3. It is usually medium to dark yellowish brown in color. The streak of limonite on an unglazed porcelain plate is always yellowish brown, a character which distinguishes it from hematite with a red streak, or from magnetite with a black streak. The hardness is quite variable, ranging from 1 to 5. In thin section it appears as red, yellow, or brown and has a high index of refraction, 2.0–2.4. Limonite minerals are strongly birefringent, but grain sizes are usually too small for this to be detectable.

Although originally defined as a single mineral, limonite is now recognized as a field term for a mixture of related hydrated iron oxide minerals, among them goethite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, and jarosite. Determination of the precise mineral composition is practical only with X-ray diffraction techniques. Individual minerals in limonite may form crystals, but limonite does not, although specimens may show a fibrous or microcrystalline structure, and limonite often occurs in concretionary forms or in compact and earthy masses; sometimes mammillary, botryoidal, reniform or stalactitic. Because of its amorphous nature, and occurrence in hydrated areas limonite often presents as a clay or mudstone. However, there are limonite pseudomorphs after other minerals such as pyrite. This means that chemical weathering transforms the crystals of pyrite into limonite by hydrating the molecules, but the external shape of the pyrite crystal remains. Limonite pseudomorphs have also been formed from other iron oxides, hematite and magnetite; from the carbonate siderite and from iron rich silicates such as almandine garnets.

## Formation

Limonite usually forms from the hydration of hematite and magnetite, from the oxidation and hydration of iron rich sulfide minerals, and chemical weathering of other iron rich minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. It is often the major iron component in lateritic soils, and limonite laterite ores are a source of nickel and potentially cobalt and other valuable metals, present as trace elements. It is often deposited in run-off streams from mining operations.

## Uses

Nickel-rich limonite ores represent the largest reserves of nickel. Such minerals are classified as lateritic nickel ore deposits.

One of the first uses was as a pigment. The yellow form produced yellow ochre for which Cyprus was famous, while the darker forms produced more earthy tones. Roasting the limonite changed it partially to hematite, producing red ochres, burnt umbers and siennas. Bog iron ore and limonite mudstones are mined as a source of iron.

*Iron caps* or gossans of siliceous iron oxide typically form as the result of intensive oxidation of sulfide ore deposits. These gossans were used by prospectors as guides to buried ore.

Limonite was mined for its ancillary gold content. The oxidation of sulfide deposits which contained gold, often resulted in the concentration of gold in the iron oxide and quartz of the gossans. The gold of the primary veins was concentrated into the limonites of the deeply weathered rocks. In another example the deeply weathered iron formations of Brazil served to concentrate gold with the limonite of the resulting soils.

## History

Limonite was one of the earliest materials used as a pigment by humans, and can be seen in Neolithic cave paintings and pictographs.

While the first iron ore was likely meteoric iron, and hematite was far easier to smelt, in Africa, where the first evidence of iron metallurgy occurs, limonite is the most prevalent iron ore. Before smelting, as the ore was heated and the water driven off, more and more of the limonite was converted to hematite. The ore was then pounded as it was heated above 1250 °C, at which temperature the metallic iron begins sticking together and non-metallic impurities are thrown off as sparks. Complex systems developed, notably in Tanzania, to process limonite. Nonetheless, hematite and magnetite remained the ores of choice when smelting was by bloomeries, and it was only with the development of blast furnaces in the 1st century BCE in China and about 1150 CE in Europe, that the brown iron ore of limonite could be used to best advantage.

Bog iron ore and limonite were mined in the US, but this ended with the development of advanced mining techniques.

Goldbearing limonite gossans were productively mined in the Shasta County, California mining district. Similar deposits were mined near Rio Tinto in Spain and Mount Morgan in Australia. In the Dahlonega gold belt in Lumpkin County, Georgia gold was mined from limonite-rich lateritic or saprolite soil.

As saprolite deposits have been exhausted in many mining sites, limonite has become the most prominent source of nickel for use in energy dense batteries.

## InfoBox

| Limonite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General | |
| Category | Amorphous, mineraloid |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | FeO(OH)·*n*H2O |
| Strunz classification | Unclassified |
| Identification | |
| Color | Various shades of brown and yellow |
| Crystal habit | Fine grained aggregate, powdery coating |
| Cleavage | Absent |
| Fracture | Uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4–5.5 |
| Luster | Earthy |
| Streak | Yellowish brown |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 2.9–4.3 |
| Density | 2.7–4.3 g/cm3 |
| References |  |


title: Yak dance

abstract: Yak dance or Yak Chham or Tibetan Yak Dance is an Asian folk dance performed in the Indian states Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, union territory Ladakh and in the southern fringes of the Himalayas near Assam. The dancer impersonating yak dances with a man mounted on his back. The masked dancer represents the family members, who are believed to have discovered the Yak with the help of a magical bird hundreds of years ago. Yak dance is performed to honour the Yak, during the Losar festival, the Tibetan New Year. In 2017, the tableaux of Arunachal Pradesh depicted the Yak dance at the 68th Republic Day of India celebration at Rajpath, New Delhi. Yak Dance is one of the most famous pantomimes of the Mahayana sect of Buddhist Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. It also won first prize as the best Tableau among 22 other participants in 2017 Republic Day.

text:
# Yak dance

**Yak dance** or **Yak Chham** or **Tibetan Yak Dance** is an Asian folk dance performed in the Indian states Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, union territory Ladakh and in the southern fringes of the Himalayas near Assam.

The dancer impersonating yak dances with a man mounted on his back. The masked dancer represents the family members (*Theopa Gali*), who are believed to have discovered the Yak with the help of a magical bird hundreds of years ago. Yak dance is performed to honour the Yak, during the Losar festival, the Tibetan New Year.

In 2017, the tableaux of Arunachal Pradesh depicted the Yak dance at the 68th Republic Day of India celebration at Rajpath, New Delhi. Yak Dance is one of the most famous pantomimes of the Mahayana sect of Buddhist Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. It also won first prize as the best Tableau among 22 other participants in 2017 Republic Day.


title: Szewo

abstract: Szewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubień Kujawski, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Lubień Kujawski, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Włocławek, and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of Toruń.

text:
# Szewo

**Szewo** \[ˈʂɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubień Kujawski, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Lubień Kujawski, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Włocławek, and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Szewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Szewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°28′N 19°13′E / 52.467°N 19.217°E / 52.467; 19.217 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Lubień Kujawski |


title: Let Me Live in Your Life

abstract: Let Me Live in Your Life is an album by the American musician Ben E. King, released in 1978 through Atlantic Records. Some tracks from Rhapsody appear on this album. "Tippin'", "I See The Light", "Dark Storm on the Horizon", and "Spoiled" are new tracks. "Let Me Live In Your Life", "Fifty Years" and "Sweet Rhapsody" were originally recorded by Motown group The Originals for their 1975 Lamont Dozier-produced album California Sunset.

text:
# Let Me Live in Your Life

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of R&B and Soul* |  |

***Let Me Live in Your Life*** is an album by the American musician Ben E. King, released in 1978 through Atlantic Records.

Some tracks from *Rhapsody* appear on this album. "Tippin'", "I See The Light", "Dark Storm on the Horizon", and "Spoiled" are new tracks. "Let Me Live In Your Life", "Fifty Years" and "Sweet Rhapsody" were originally recorded by Motown group The Originals for their 1975 Lamont Dozier-produced album *California Sunset*.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Lamont Dozier; except where indicated

1. "Tippin'" (Bettye Crutcher) \[4:00\]
2. "Wonder Woman" \[3:23\]
3. "Let Me Live in Your Life" \[5:03\]
4. "I See the Light" (Bobby Manuel, Jimmy Joy, Jimmy McGhee, Melvin Robertson, William Murphy) \[3:30\]
5. "Fly Away (To My Wonderland)" (Lamont Dozier, McKinley Jackson) \[4:06\]
6. "Dark Storm on the Horizon" (Barry Goldberg, Gerry Goffin) \[4:27\]
7. "Family Jewels" \[3:38\]
8. "Sweet Rhapsody" \[3:57\]
9. "Spoiled" (Ben E. King, J.R. Bailey, Michael Brandon) \[3:39\]
10. "Fifty Years" \[4:32\]

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Let Me Live in Your Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ben E. King | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Recorded | ABC Recording Studios, Kendun Recorders, Daily Planet Recording Studio, Blank Tape Studios |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 40:15 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Lamont Dozier, Bettye Crutcher, Jim Stewart, Patrick Adams |
| Ben E. King chronology | |
| *Rhapsody*
(1976) ***Let Me Live in Your Life***
(1978) *Music Trance*
(1980) | |


title: Trigger Creek

abstract: Trigger Creek is a stream in the Taney County, Missouri. The stream headwaters are just east of Missouri Route JJ and it flows northeast passing under Route J between Kirbyville to the northwest and Mincy to the southeast. The stream enters Bull Shoals Lake about 1.5 miles northeast of Route J. The source is located at: 36°34′06″N 93°09′21″W and the confluence is at: 36°35′57″N 93°06′30″W. Trigger Creek was so named on account of frequent flash flooding.

text:
# Trigger Creek

**Trigger Creek** is a stream in the Taney County, Missouri. The stream headwaters are just east of Missouri Route JJ and it flows northeast passing under Route J between Kirbyville to the northwest and Mincy to the southeast. The stream enters Bull Shoals Lake about 1.5 miles northeast of Route J.

The source is located at: 36°34′06″N 93°09′21″W / 36.56833°N 93.15583°W / 36.56833; -93.15583 and the confluence is at: 36°35′57″N 93°06′30″W / 36.59917°N 93.10833°W / 36.59917; -93.10833.

Trigger Creek was so named on account of frequent flash flooding (i.e. as fast as a "trigger").


title: Lithotomy

abstract: Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" (stone) and "tomos" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract, bladder, and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract. The procedure is usually performed by means of a surgical incision. Lithotomy differs from lithotripsy, where the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse, which is a non-invasive procedure. Because of these less invasive procedures, the use of lithotomy has decreased significantly in the modern era.

text:
# Lithotomy

**Lithotomy** from Greek for "lithos" (stone) and "tomos" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract. The procedure is usually performed by means of a surgical incision (therefore invasive). Lithotomy differs from lithotripsy, where the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), which is a non-invasive procedure. Because of these less invasive procedures, the use of lithotomy has decreased significantly in the modern era.

## History

### Ancient history

Human beings have known of bladder stones for thousands of years, and have attempted to treat them for almost as long. The oldest bladder stone that has been found was discovered in Egypt in 1901, and it has been dated to 4900 BC. The earliest written records describing bladder stones are in papyrus dating from 1500 BC in Ancient Egypt. Disease caused by the formation of stones was described in Mesopotamia from 3200 to 1200 BC; the first description of a surgical procedure to treat stones was described in the Sushruta Samhita by Sushruta around 600 BC.

The presence of specialist lithotomists is described by Hippocrates, and is also included in the famous Hippocratic Oath: "I will not cut for stone, even for the patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners," a clear warning for physicians against the "cutting" of persons "laboring under the stone"; an act that was better left to *surgeons*, as distinct from *physicians*. Lithotomy at the time involved operations to remove bladder stones via the perineum; like other surgery before the invention of anesthesia, these were intensely painful for the patient, and since antibiotics were not yet available, often resulted in deadly infection and inflammation as well.

Ammonius, who practiced lithotomy in Alexandria circa 200 BC, coined the term lithotomy, and acquired the sobriquet *Lithotomus* from the instrument he developed for fragmenting stones too large to pass through a small perineal incision. He used a small hook to keep the stone in one position, and then a blunt instrument to crush it.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1st century), and the Hindu surgeon Susruta produced early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy. The 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician Paulus Aegineta's *Medical Compendium in Seven Books* contains a description of lithotomy that closely follows that of Celsus.

Albucasis in the tenth century AD describes a procedure different from previous ones, using an incision to the side of the midline, and with a knife that is "sharp on two sides" (Spinks and Lewis say it is difficult to reconcile the drawing of the knife to the procedure). Albucasis also adds using forceps instead of the scoop and chisel of Ammonius to break up the stone. Albucasis also uses a "drill" for stones impacted in the urethra, a technique not recorded earlier. Techniques described as similar to Albucasis' were seen for the next eight hundred years.

### Middle Ages to modern times

Little changed in technique or instruments throughout the Middle Ages. Most lithotomists were commercial travellers, conducting procedures in places able to be attended by onlookers. In the 16th century, Laurent Colot and Pierre Franco (1505–1578) were pioneers in the suprapubic lithotomy method, in which an incision is made above the bladder. Frère Jacques Beaulieu (also known as Frère Jacques Baulot) developed an operation that went in laterally to remove the bladder stones in the late 16th century. Beaulieu was a travelling lithotomist and a Dominican Friar, with scant knowledge of anatomy. Beaulieu performed the procedure frequently in France into the late 16th century. A possible connection between the French nursery rhyme *Frère Jacques* and Frère Jacques Beaulieu, as claimed by Irvine Loudon and many others, was recently explored without finding any evidence for a connection. French composer Marin Marais wrote *"Tableau de l'opération de la taille*" ("tableau of a Lithotomy"), a musical description of the operation, in 1725.

A less invasive technique was described by Ottoman surgeons Sabuncuoğlu Serafettin and Ahi Ahmed Celebi in the sixteenth century, involving accessing the bladder through the urethra, and then washing it with fluid.

Lithotomy was successfully performed by some practitioners in the 17th century, for example Johann Andreas Eisenbarth (1663–1727). Other important names in its historical development were Jean Zuléma Amussat (1796–1856), Auguste Nélaton (1807–1873), Henry Thompson (1820–1904) and William Cheselden (1688–1752). The latter invented a technique for lateral vesical stone lithotomy in 1727, whereupon he was said to perform the operation in about one minute (an important feat before anesthesia).

In England, William Thornhill performed his first suprapubic operation on a boy privately on 3 February 1722 (O.S.; 14 February 1723 N.S.) The records of his work, published by his colleague, John Middleton, M.D., prove that his experience in the operation and his success were greater than any contemporary English surgeon could show.

Special surgical instruments were designed for lithotomy, consisting of dilators of the canal, forceps and tweezers, lithotomes (stone cutters) and cystotomes (bladder cutters), urethrotomes (for incisions of the urethra) and conductors (grooved probes used as guides for stone extraction). The patient is placed in a special position on a lithotomy operating table, called the lithotomy position (which retains this name to the present day, when the same position is used for other unrelated medical procedures).

### Move to less invasive procedures

Transurethral lithotripsy, which was much simpler and with lower morbidity, complication and mortality rates, was invented by French surgeon Jean Civiale (1792–1867) and largely substituted for surgical lithotomy, unless the crushing of calculi was difficult or impossible.

## InfoBox

| Lithotomy | |
| --- | --- |
| A kidney stone, 8 millimetres (0.31 in) in diameter | |
| ICD-9-CM | 51.04 (gallbladder)
51.41 (common duct)
51.49, 51.96 (bile passage or hepatic duct)
55.01, 55.03 (kidney)
56.2 (ureter)

57.19 (urinary bladder) |
| MeSH | D008096 |


title: Patrick Achi

abstract: Patrick Jérôme Achi is an Ivorian politician who served as Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from March 2021 to October 2023 in President Alassane Ouattara's government. He is a member of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR). He studied at Supélec and Stanford University and specialises in engineering and infrastructure. He has also worked as the government spokesman for President Alassane Ouattara. Prior to this he was Secretary General of the Presidency from January 2017, before being promoted to Minister of State, while simultaneously serving as Executive Secretary of the National Council for Economic Policy responsible for the oversight and execution of the 2030 Strategic Plan and the 5-year government program "Côte d'Ivoire Solidaire 2021-2025", a responsibility he retained as prime minister. On 13 April 2022, PM Achi resigned, along with his government, but was reinstated by President Ouattara before being removed on 6 October 2023 with the dissolution of the Ivorian government. Achi officially resigned for a second time on 18 October 2023.

text:
# Patrick Achi

**Patrick Jérôme Achi** (born 17 November 1955) is an Ivorian politician who served as Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from March 2021 to October 2023 in President Alassane Ouattara's government. He is a member of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR). He studied at Supélec and Stanford University and specialises in engineering and infrastructure. He has also worked as the government spokesman for President Alassane Ouattara.

Prior to this he was Secretary General of the Presidency from January 2017, before being promoted to Minister of State, while simultaneously serving as Executive Secretary of the National Council for Economic Policy responsible for the oversight and execution of the 2030 Strategic Plan and the 5-year government program "Côte d'Ivoire Solidaire 2021-2025", a responsibility he retained as prime minister.

On 13 April 2022, PM Achi resigned, along with his government, but was reinstated by President Ouattara before being removed on 6 October 2023 with the dissolution of the Ivorian government. Achi officially resigned for a second time on 18 October 2023.

## Early life and education

Achi, born in Paris to an Ivorian father (from the Attié tribe located in the South region) and a French Breton mother. He was educated in France and the United States.

Achi holds a Bachelor's degree in Physics from the Université de Cocody in Abidjan, a Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from École Supérieure d'Électricité de Paris (SUPELEC) and a Master of Science degree in Management from Stanford University, California.

## Private sector career

In 1983, he began his career as Consultant with Arthur Andersen in their Paris office.

In 1988, he relocated to the Abidjan office as a Director in the Consulting Division for French-speaking West and Central Africa before founding his firm, Strategie & Management Consultants in 1992.

## Political career

Between 2010 and 2017, Achi was Minister of Economic Infrastructure for the governments of successive Prime Ministers Guillaume Soro (2010–2012), Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio (2012) and Daniel Kablan Duncan (2012–2017).

Achi was appointed acting prime minister on 8 March 2021 to assume the duties of Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko, who had been hospitalized. Bakayoko died two days later. Achi was appointed as the Prime Minister on 26 March 2021 by President Ouattara. In this capacity, he emerged as a key figure in discussions to resolve a large power generation deficit that had strained electricity supplies in urban areas for several weeks.

On 13 April 2022, he and his government resigned. On 19 April, he was reappointed as prime minister by President Ouattara but with a cabinet reshuffle and the formation of a second government.

Ouattara removed Achi from his position on 6 October 2023 and dissolved his government. Achi officially resigned in 18 October same year.

After leaving government, Achi devoted his time to his role as President of the Regional Council of La Mé. He was appointed President of the Regional Council of La Mé for the first time in 2013.

## International diplomacy and outreach

In his capacity as Minister of Economic Infrastructure and later prime minister, Patrick Achi represented Côte d'Ivoire at economic, investment and development focused African and international conferences, round tables and forums. These include :

* Forum Afrique, Paris, France, 10 June 2021 : focusing on Côte d'Ivoire's economic resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic and its 2021 economic outlook.

* MEDEF Forum, Paris, France, 19 August 2021 : discussions on challenges and opportunities for Côte d'Ivoire.

* Expo 2020, Dubai, UAE, 25 November 2021 : presentation of Côte d'Ivoire's successes and opportunities to UAE, Gulf and Asian investors.

* 8th TICAD, Tunis, Tunisia, 26–28 August 2022 : high-level discussions on Africa's development.

* IMF Annual Meetings, Washington, DC, USA, 10–16 October 2022 : Led the Ivorian delegation to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank annual meetings. Met with World Bank President David Malpass, who reaffirmed the Bank's support for the country's Vision 2030 development strategy. Mr Achi also had a discussion on global challenges and their impact on Africa with Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the IMF.

* Accra Initiative Summit, Accra, Ghana, 22 November 2022 : African Heads of State summit during which the EU and Gulf of Guinea countries strengthened cooperation in the fight against terrorism and for regional development.

* Working visit, Paris, France, 21–24 February 2023 : Met key political figures including Bruno Le Maire, Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty, to discuss economic cooperation and support for major projects such as the Abidjan Metro and Abidjan airport extension. Met with Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne to discuss Franco-Ivorian friendship and partnerships, youth employment, agriculture, environmental protection and economic investment.

* Africa CEO Forum, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 5–6 June 2023 : opening ceremony speech on the importance of building and identifying African champions.

* Summit for a New Global Financing Pact, Paris, France, 22–23 June 2023 : took part in discussions setting the foundations for a new global financing architecture beyond the Bretton Woods system to address climate change, the biodiversity crisis and development challenges.

## Other activities

## Personal life

On 16 April 2020, Achi announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 and was self-isolating until further notice. In May 2021, he was flown to Paris due to "severe fatigue" and for medical checks. He has 5 children. Achi's mother, Marianne Le Du died in France in November 2023.

## InfoBox

| Patrick Achi | |
| --- | --- |
| Achi in 2021 | |
|  | |
| Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire | |
| **In office**
8 March 2021  17 October 2023 | |
| President | Alassane Ouattara |
| Preceded by | Hamed Bakayoko |
| Succeeded by | Robert Beugré Mambé |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-11-17) 17 November 1955
Paris, France |
| Political party | Rally of the Republicans |
|  | |


title: One-place study

abstract: One-place studies are a branch of family history and/or local history with a focus on the entire population of a single road, village or community, not just a single, geographically dispersed family line.

text:
# One-place study

**One-place studies** are a branch of family history and/or local history with a focus on the entire population of a single road, village or community, not just a single, geographically dispersed family line.

## Introduction

In the course of a one-place study, a prime objective is to transcribe the registers of christenings, marriages and burials of the parish church so they can be restructured into family order in a database. This is then correlated with other archival records such as tax, land and testamentary documents, and published as a biographical index. When such a study is done scientifically as a precursor to academic analysis, it is known as **family reconstitution**.

The term one-place study is sometimes also used for a microhistory of a single urban street and its residents, including the changes in land ownership, agricultural or commercial activities.

Unlike a local history, which focuses on the past as described by residents, a one-place study can provide a statistical approach that reveals hidden relationships, particularly in homogeneous village communities where almost the entire population has inter-married over the centuries, and may even disprove local legends.

## Development

The world's first major one-place study is believed to have been an attempt started in Austria in 1920 by Konrad Brandner to chart a complete genealogy of the population of the Steiermark region.

After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Nazi farming authority *Reichsnährstand* began a nationwide campaign in 1937 to document the "Aryan blood" of countryfolk by documenting the ancestry of every village in a *Dorfsippenbuch*. 30 such books were published by 1940. Nazi schoolteachers led the copying of parish registers onto index cards, and boasted that 30,000 *Heimat* histories would be written, but the Second World War brought this project to a halt.

Though genealogy in Germany was to take decades to shake off this evil association, some enthusiasts resumed work on the card indexes or typewritten lists left from before the war, and the first new one-place study, now renamed an *Ortssippenbuch*, appeared in 1956. Later the term was changed yet again, to de:Ortsfamilienbuch. More than 3,000 have appeared, with a trend away from print to electronic publication.

## Family reconstitution

Untainted by Nazi associations, a French demographer, Louis Henry (1911–1991), was developing methods in France to survey historic populations. His 1956 book co-written with Michel Fleury, *Des registres paroissiaux à l'histoire de la population. Manuel de dépouillement et d'exploitation de l'état civil ancien*, explained how to start a one-place study.

By 1959 he was proposing to reconstitute the population of France from 1670 to 1829. As a founder of Historical demography, Henry devised methods that went well beyond mere extraction, and he developed elaborate rules to correct bias and indicate which family histories could be used for different kinds of statistical analysis.

In England, family reconstitution methods were adopted and developed by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure established in 1964. Amateur one-place studies followed in the 1980s as an outgrowth of indexing projects under the leadership of John Dowding and Colin Mills and achieved regional scale with the Devon Online Parish Clerks and One-Place Studies project.

The fact that seven censuses from 1841 to 1901 provide a household-by-household record of the entire population may have reduced the perceived need in Britain for one-place studies compared to the interest they have generated in Germany and France. Many English studies therefore concentrate on the period before 1837, the year when open-access, national indexes of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales began.

## Methods

One-place studies exploit manuscript ecclesiastical and civil records to explore the microhistory of the villagers and their lives. In Europe, such records usually date back to about 1600 and include:

* Church records of christenings, marriages and burials
* Voter or citizenship rolls
* Records of wills and deceased estates
* Land tenure records
* Tax lists
* Muster lists for militia service

The internet has stimulated amateur one-place studies, especially in England, since websites allow large volumes of historic material to be published easily. One-place studies of urban parishes are less common, since urban populations were migratory and analysis is more difficult when few of the families remain present for the whole period under study.

## Motivation

While one-place studies in Britain are often pursued for simple enjoyment, amateur one-place studies in continental nations sometimes assert their value to social science. The introduction to a recent survey of German one-place studies listed the following topics that were likely to benefit from the research:

* Genetic pathology involving incest
* Economics of peasant families
* Varying rules of legal inheritance
* Village ecology
* Class basis of family sizes
* Migration
* Urbanization
* Age at marriage
* Social mobility
* Household structure
* Sociology of the family
* Microhistory
* Catholic-Protestant comparisons
* Sociobiology

## Wider connections

One-name studies are compilations of worldwide information about persons sharing a surname, usually with a focus on discovering how they are related to one another. District studies, such as Norbert Michel's Rheingau, David Smart's Frome or US county heritage books, are more general than one-place studies, since they may deal with a dozen or more villages or parishes at once and concentrate on editing from the manuscript originals and publishing all the extant population lists up to the year 1900.

One-place studies can also be viewed as an element in the broader field of biographical indexing. That field includes ancient and medieval prosopography as well as compilations of annotated biographical indexes of professional groups, such as actors, clergy or members of parliament, or of migrant populations, and rolls of the dead such as the memorial book of Holocaust victims in Germany 1933–1945.

* *Ortsfamilienbücher.* In: Wolfgang Ribbe, Eckart Henning: *Taschenbuch für Familiengeschichtsforschung.* 12th edition. Degener, Neustadt/Aisch 2001, pp. 306–340, ISBN 3-7686-1062-4
* Janet Few, *Putting your Ancestors in their Place: a guide to one place studies*, Family History Partnership 2014, ISBN 978-1-906280-43-7
* David Hawgood, *One-Place Genealogy*, Hawgood, 2001


title: POU3F4

abstract: POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU3F4 gene found on the X chromosome. POU3F4 is involved in the patterning of the neural tube and both the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the developing embryo. During development, POU3F4 is also expressed in the mesenchyme of the periotic bone surrounding the inner ear. A “knockout” mice model displayed that alteration to the POU3F4 gene interrupted this mesenchymal cell differentiation in the superior semicircular canal. The deformities observed in mice were similar to those in humans with X-linked non-syndromic deafness (DFN-3).

text:
# POU3F4

**POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 4** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *POU3F4* gene found on the X chromosome.

POU3F4 is involved in the patterning of the neural tube and both the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the developing embryo. During development, POU3F4 is also expressed in the mesenchyme of the periotic bone surrounding the inner ear. A “knockout” mice model displayed that alteration to the POU3F4 gene interrupted this mesenchymal cell differentiation in the superior semicircular canal. The deformities observed in mice were similar to those in humans with X-linked non-syndromic deafness (DFN-3).

## Clinical significance

Genetic testing on various persons has confirmed that mutations of the POU3F4 gene cause X-linked non-syndromic deafness (DFN-3). These known mutations include:

* Missense mutation causing the substitution of amino acid glycine for glutamic acid at position 216
* A deletion of the POU3F4 gene and 530 more kilobases upstream
* An amino acid substitution of serine for leucine (S228L) in POU3F4
* Frameshift truncation and extension mutations at the POU3F4 C-terminus

Physical anomalies caused by POU3F4 mutations that have been recognized by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) include absence of the central axis of the cochlea, an abnormally wide lateral internal auditory canal and a thickened stapes footplate. These anomalies are associated with X-linked non-syndromic deafness.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| POU3F4 | | | |
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| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | POU3F4, BRAIN-4, BRN-4, BRN4, DFN3, DFNX2, OCT-9, OTF-9, OTF9, POU class 3 homeobox 4 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 300039; MGI: 101894; HomoloGene: 260; GeneCards: POU3F4; OMA:POU3F4 - orthologs | | |
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| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_000307   NM\_008901   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_000298   NP\_032927   Location (UCSC) Chr X: 83.51 – 83.51 Mb Chr X: 109.86 – 109.86 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |