title: Tich McFarlane

abstract: Group Captain Archibald Bertram "Tich" McFarlane CBE DFC was an Australian public servant and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officer. He commanded No. 2 Squadron RAAF during part of World War II. He later served as secretary of the Department of Air from 1956 to 1968 and held other senior positions in the Commonwealth Public Service and statutory bodies.

text:
# Tich McFarlane

Group Captain **Archibald Bertram "Tich" McFarlane** CBE DFC (4 June 1916 – 19 August 2001) was an Australian public servant and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officer. He commanded No. 2 Squadron RAAF during part of World War II. He later served as secretary of the Department of Air from 1956 to 1968 and held other senior positions in the Commonwealth Public Service and statutory bodies.

## Early life

McFarlane was born on 4 June 1916 in Yarraville, Victoria, where his father was a cinema proprietor. He later recalled that he was "coloured by having been born and bred in a workingman's suburb like Yarraville". He began his education at a local state school, later attending Scotch College and studying law at the University of Melbourne.

## Military service

McFarlane was a member of the Melbourne University Rifles and joined the Citizen Air Force in May 1937 as an air cadet. He was commissioned as a pilot officer in December 1937 and was called up to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in September 1939 following the outbreak of World War II. During the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies, McFarlane was commanding officer of the RAAF base at Namlea on the island of Buru. He organised a successful evacuation of his men in three overloaded Lockheed Hudson bombers. He and eight others remained behind to demolish the airfield, before completing an overland trek of 250 kilometres (160 mi) to a rendezvous on the other side of the island, where they were collected and evacuated to Darwin. During this time he was reported as "missing as a result of enemy action" by *The Argus*.

In April 1942 McFarlane took over the command of No. 2 Squadron, which was "quickly reorganised to a high standard of fighting efficiency and taken into action with conspicuous success". He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his role in bombing raids against enemy positions in Timor, and the squadron was also awarded an American honour, the Presidential Unit Citation. McFarlane later served as a liaison officer at the RAAF headquarters in London and as assistant commandant of the RAAF College in Point Cook, Victoria. He was not demobilised from the RAAF until 1948, with the rank of group captain.

## Public service career

McFarlane joined the Department of Civil Aviation in 1948, where he became director of air transport and external relations. In this role he negotiated international travel arrangements for Qantas. He later became assistant director-general before transferring to the Department of Air in 1956 as departmental secretary. In 1963 he was appointed Commander of the Order of British Empire (CBE) for his work in negotiating the purchase of F-111 bombers from the United States.

In 1967, McFarlane was caught up in the VIP aircraft affair, a controversy over the Holt government's handling of RAAF VIP aircraft. He narrowly escaped being called before the Senate, which would have revealed that Prime Minister Harold Holt and Air Minister Peter Howson had misled parliament. Instead, the government's Senate leader John Gorton intervened by tabling the relevant information, thus sparing McFarlane from damaging his own minister's reputation. McFarlane "came through the VIP affair with his reputation enhanced".

McFarlane left the Department of Air in 1968 and was appointed by Gorton, the new prime minister, to a vacancy on the Public Service Board overseeing the Commonwealth Public Service. *The Canberra Times* reported that the appointment was a "surprise" and that Gorton had rejected a list of three candidates put forward by his advisers. According to Lenox Hewitt, McFarlane made "a very substantial contribution and brought a new set of ideals and standards into the working of the Public Service Board, particularly in its relations with government departments". In 1973 the Whitlam government appointed him to the newly created National Petroleum and Minerals Authority. He served on the executive for two years before retiring due to ill health, helping establish the authority's independence from the Public Service Board.

## Personal life

McFarlane married Beryl Dunning in 1943, with whom he had two daughters. He was widowed in 1989 and died of motor neurone disease in Canberra on 19 August 2001. At time of passing, McFarlane had five grandchildren.

## InfoBox

| Group CaptainTich McFarlaneCBE DFC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Department of Air | |
| **In office**
1956–1968 | |
| Preceded by | Ted Hicks |
| Succeeded by | Fred Green |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Archibald Bertram McFarlane
(1916-06-04)4 June 1916
Yarraville, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 19 August 2001(2001-08-19) (aged 85)
Canberra, ACT, Australia |
| Spouse | Beryl Dunning  (m. 1943; died 1989) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation | Public servant |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Royal Australian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1937–1948 |
| Rank | Group Captain |
| Commands | No. 2 Squadron |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Tilton Cutting

abstract: Tilton Cutting is a 4.4 hectares geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Tilton on the Hill in Leicestershire. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and is owned and managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust as Tilton Railway Cutting. This is the best site in the East Midlands which exposes the sequence of rocks in the Lower Jurassic around 180 million years ago. There are many fossils, including Tiltoniceras acutum, an age-diagnostic ammonite. The site has rich flora and diverse common birds. There is access from the Tilton on the Hill to Oakham road.

text:
# Tilton Cutting

**Tilton Cutting** is a 4.4 hectares (11 acres) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Tilton on the Hill in Leicestershire. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and is owned and managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust as Tilton Railway Cutting.

This is the best site in the East Midlands which exposes the sequence of rocks in the Lower Jurassic around 180 million years ago. There are many fossils, including *Tiltoniceras acutum*, an age-diagnostic ammonite. The site has rich flora and diverse common birds.

There is access from the Tilton on the Hill to Oakham road.

52°38′24″N 0°52′23″W / 52.64°N 0.873°W / 52.64; -0.873

## InfoBox

Tilton Cutting
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Leicestershire |
| Grid reference | SK 763 052 |
| Interest | Geological |
| Area | 4.4 hectares (11 acres) |
| Notification | 1983 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Tillberga

abstract: Tillberga is a locality situated in Västerås Municipality, Västmanland County, Sweden with 2,180 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Tillberga

**Tillberga** () is a locality situated in Västerås Municipality, Västmanland County, Sweden with 2,180 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Tillberga | |
| --- | --- |
| Tillberga in August 2006 | |
| TillbergaTillberga | |
| Coordinates: 59°40′N 16°39′E / 59.667°N 16.650°E / 59.667; 16.650 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Västmanland |
| County | Västmanland County |
| Municipality | Västerås Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.66 km2 (0.64 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 2,180 |
| Density | 1,310/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Timothy Guy Kent

abstract: Tim Kent is a Canadian-American artist who lives and works in New York City. Kent's primary medium is painting, but he has also worked in architectural design, video, drawing, animation, and music. Tim Kent's recent works explore the concept and impact of techno-industrial expansionism and the need to make order in an hyperinformational era. He is currently represented by SLAG Gallery in New York. Born in Vancouver, Canada of a Turkish father and an English mother, Tim was originally Timothy Guy Ceyişakar before his father changed the family name. He moved to New York as a teenager. He is the original bass player for the hard rock band The Giraffes, playing with them from 1996 - 2002. Kent currently lives in Brooklyn with his wife.

text:
# Timothy Guy Kent

**Tim Kent** is a Canadian-American artist who lives and works in New York City. Kent's primary medium is painting, but he has also worked in architectural design, video, drawing, animation, and music. Tim Kent's recent works explore the concept and impact of techno-industrial expansionism and the need to make order in an hyperinformational era. He is currently represented by SLAG Gallery in New York.

Born in Vancouver, Canada of a Turkish father and an English mother, Tim was originally Timothy Guy Ceyişakar before his father changed the family name. He moved to New York as a teenager. He is the original bass player for the hard rock band The Giraffes, playing with them from 1996 - 2002. Kent currently lives in Brooklyn with his wife.

## InfoBox

| Tim Kent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Painting, Drawing, Music |
| Movement | Postmodernism |


title: Timo Nummelin

abstract: Timo Kalevi Nummelin is a Finnish former professional football and ice hockey player who played in SM-liiga and the predecessor of Veikkausliiga (football). He played for TPS both in ice hockey and in football, and also has won the Finnish Championship in both sports. He is the only Finnish sportsman to be named player of the year both in football (1968) and ice hockey (1981). He has also played in the Finland national team both in ice hockey and football, and appeared in eight Ice Hockey World Championships. Nummelin is considered to be the biggest icon of the TPS hockey organization. His number 3 jersey has been retired and can only be used by his son Petteri Nummelin. Nummelin is also known for his goal celebration, in which he imitates playing a violin with his stick. This is mentioned in TPS's goal song "Hunajata" with the words "soi viulu" in the chorus. Nummelin was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991. In 2013–14, Nummelin played one match for Haka Hockey in the third league in Finland, becoming the oldest player, at age 65, to appear in an official ice hockey game played in Finland. Nummelin is the father of the Finnish ice hockey player Petteri Nummelin and the father-in-law of the Finnish ice hockey player Antti Niemi.

text:
# Timo Nummelin

**Timo Kalevi Nummelin** (born 7 September 1948) is a Finnish former professional football and ice hockey player who played in SM-liiga (ice hockey) and the predecessor of Veikkausliiga (football).

He played for TPS both in ice hockey and in football, and also has won the Finnish Championship in both sports (ice hockey 1976, football 1968, 1971 and 1972). He is the only Finnish sportsman to be named player of the year both in football (1968) and ice hockey (1981). He has also played in the Finland national team both in ice hockey (225 games, 18+22=40) and football (14 appearances), and appeared in eight Ice Hockey World Championships.

Nummelin is considered to be the biggest icon of the TPS hockey organization. His number 3 jersey has been retired and can only be used by his son Petteri Nummelin. Nummelin is also known for his goal celebration, in which he imitates playing a violin with his stick. This is mentioned in TPS's goal song "Hunajata" with the words "soi viulu" (the violin plays) in the chorus.

Nummelin was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991. In 2013–14, Nummelin played one match for Haka Hockey in the third league in Finland, becoming the oldest player, at age 65, to appear in an official ice hockey game played in Finland.

Nummelin is the father of the Finnish ice hockey player Petteri Nummelin and the father-in-law of the Finnish ice hockey player Antti Niemi.

## InfoBox

| Timo Nummelin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nummelin in 2016 | | | |
| Born | (1948-09-07) 7 September 1948<br>Turku, Finland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | TPS | | |
| National team | Finland | | |
| Playing career | 19641987 | | |


title: Timo Nieminen

abstract: Timo Nieminen is a retired professional Finnish tennis player. He reached his highest ATP Tour singles ranking of World No. 254 in July 2003. Nieminen primarily played on the Futures circuit and the Challenger circuit. He has been a member of the Finland Davis Cup team since 2002, posting a 2–12 record in singles and 0–1 record in doubles in 12 ties. He has no relation to Jarkko Nieminen.

text:
# Timo Nieminen

**Timo Nieminen** (born October 6, 1981 in Helsinki) is a retired professional Finnish tennis player.

He reached his highest ATP Tour singles ranking of World No. 254 in July 2003. Nieminen primarily played on the Futures circuit and the Challenger circuit. He has been a member of the Finland Davis Cup team since 2002, posting a 2–12 record in singles and 0–1 record in doubles in 12 ties.

He has no relation to Jarkko Nieminen.

## Tour singles titles - all levels (16)

| Legend (singles) |
| --- |
| Grand Slam (0) |
| Tennis Masters Cup (0) |
| ATP Masters Series (0) |
| ATP Tour (0) |
| Challengers (0) |
| Futures (16) |

| No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 2002 | Jūrmala | Clay | Andrei Cherkasov | 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2. | 2003 | Savitaipale | Clay | Michail Elgin | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 3. | 2003 | Vierumäki | Hard | Mait Künnap | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 4. | 2003 | Gothenburg | Hard (i) | Robert Lindstedt | 6–2, 4–6, 6–1 |
| 5. | 2006 | Kraków | Clay | Julian Reister | 2–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 6. | 2007 | Sydney | Hard | Ti Chen | 7–5, 6–4 |
| 7. | 2008 | Oslo | Clay | Stian Boretti | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 8. | 2009 | Vierumäki | Clay | Juho Paukku | 7–5, 2–6, 6–4 |
| 9. | 2009 | Lidköping | Hard (i) | Frederik Nielsen | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 10. | 2010 | Alkmaar | Clay | Michal Schmid | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 11. | 2010 | Vilnius | Clay | Deniss Pavlovs | 7–5, 6–2 |
| 12. | 2010 | Leimen | Hard (i) | Holger Fischer | 6–3, 7–5 |
| 13. | 2011 | Båstad | Clay | Cătălin Gârd | 6–3, 6–7, 6–4 |
| 14. | 2011 | Vierumäki | Clay | Vladimir Ivanov | 6–3, 6–1 |
| 15. | 2011 | Isernhagen | Hard (i) | Peter Torebko | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 16. | 2012 | Båstad | Clay | Lucas Pouille | 2–6, 7–5, 6–2 |

## InfoBox

Timo Nieminen
| Timo Nieminen at the 2012 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy | |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Finland |
| Residence | Vantaa, Finland |
| Born | (1981-06-10) 10 June 1981<br>Helsinki, Finland |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Turned pro | 2000 |
| Retired | 2013 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Prize money | 167,767 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 2–10 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 254 (21 July 2003) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 0–0 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 318 (5 July 2004) |


title: Timeline of Bolzano

text:
# Timeline of Bolzano

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Bolzano/Bozen in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy.

## Prior to 20th century

## 20th century

## 21st century

Timelines of other cities in the macroregion of Northeast Italy:<sup>(it)</sup>

*This article incorporates information from the Italian Wikipedia and German Wikipedia.*

## Bibliography

### in English

### in German

* *Bozner Chronik* (written in 14th century)
* Beda Weber (1849). *Stadt Bozen und ihre Umgebungen* (in German). Bozen: Eberle.
* Leopold Kastner, ed. (1867). "Bozen". *Handels- und Gewerbe-Adressbuch des österreichischen Kaiserstaates*. Vienna: Beck'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung.
* Eduard Gottlieb Amthor \[in German\] (1872). *Bozen und Umgebung* (in German). Gera.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* "Bozen". *Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon* (in German). Vol. 3 (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1896. hdl:2027/njp.32101064064452.
* Mayr, Sabine; Obermair, Hannes (2014). "Sprechen über den Holocaust. Die jüdischen Opfer in Bozen — eine vorläufige Bilanz". *Der Schlern*. 88,3, pp. 4–36. ISSN 0036-6145.
* Obermair, Hannes (1995), "Kirche und Stadtentstehung. Die Pfarrkirche Bozen im Hochmittelalter (11.–13. Jahrhundert)", in Der Schlern (ed.), *Zeitschrift für Südtiroler Landeskunde*, vol. 69, Bozen-Bolzano: Athesia, pp. 449–474
* Hannes Obermair (2005–2008). *Bozen Süd – Bolzano Nord: Schriftlichkeit und urkundliche Überlieferung der Stadt Bozen bis 1500 (2 volumes)* (in German). Bozen-Bolzano. ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Sabrina Michielli, Hannes Obermair (2016). *BZ '18–'45: ein Denkmal, eine Stadt, zwei Diktaturen. Begleitband zur Dokumentations-Ausstellung im Bozener Siegesdenkmal*. Vienna-Bozen/Bolzano: Folio Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85256-713-6.

### in Italian

* "Bolzano", *Enciclopedia Italiana (Treccani)* (in Italian), 1930
* *Bolzano fra i Tirolo e gli Asburgo / Bozen von den Grafen von Tirol bis zu den Habsburgern* (in Italian and German). Civic Archives in Bozen-Bolzano. 1999.
* Heiss, Hans; Obermair, Hannes (2014). "Culture della memoria in contrasto. L'esempio della città di Bolzano-Bozen dal 2000 al 2010". In Obermair, Hannes (ed.). *Erinnerungskulturen des 20. Jahrhunderts im Vergleich—Culture della memoria del novecento a confronto*. Città di Bolzano. pp. 19–34. ISBN 978-88-907060-9-7.
* Hannes Obermair; Fabrizio Miori; Maurizio Pacchiani (2020). *Lavori in Corso – Die Bozner Freiheitsstraße* (in Italian and German). La Fabbrica del Tempo–Die Zeitfabrik. ISBN 978-88-943205-2-7.


title: Time in Nauru

abstract: Time in Nauru is given by Nauru Time, also known infrequently as "Nauru Alternate Time". Nauru does not have an associated daylight saving time. UTC+12:00 is not officially the legal time, however, due to the peculiar way the legislative Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 is worded, which proposed adopting either "Nauru Standard Time" as UTC+11:00, or "Nauru Alternate Time" as UTC+12:00. The latter time is commonly used however.

text:
# Time in Nauru

**Time in Nauru** is given by Nauru Time (NRT; UTC+12:00), also known infrequently as "Nauru Alternate Time". Nauru does not have an associated daylight saving time.

UTC+12:00 is not officially the legal time, however, due to the peculiar way the legislative Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 is worded, which proposed adopting either "Nauru Standard Time" as UTC+11:00, or "Nauru Alternate Time" as UTC+12:00. The latter time is commonly used however.

## IANA time zone database

In the IANA time zone database, Nauru is given the time zone Pacific/Nauru.

| c.c.\* | coordinates\* | TZ\* | Comments | UTC offset | DST |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NR | −0031+16655 | Pacific/Nauru |  | +12:00 | +12:00 |
|


title: Timoteo Pérez Vargas

abstract: Timoteo Pérez Vargas, OCD was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Bishop of Baghdad (1633–1639) and the second Bishop of Ispahan (1632–1639).

text:
# Timoteo Pérez Vargas

**Timoteo Pérez Vargas, OCD** (1595 – 5 April 1651) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Bishop of Baghdad (1633–1639) and the second Bishop of Ispahan (1632–1639).

## Biography

Timoteo Pérez Vargas was born in Palermo, Italy and was ordained a priest in the Order of Discalced Carmelites on 8 June 1612. 6 September 1632 he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII as Coadjutor Bishop of Ispahan. On 6 September 1632 he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Baghdad. On 19 September 1632 he was consecrated bishop by Bernardino Spada, Cardinal-Priest Santo Stefano al Monte Celio. On 5 September 1633 he succeeded to the Bishopric of Ispahan. On 23 December 1639 he resigned as Bishop of Baghdad and as Bishop of Ispahan and was appointed Titular Bishop of *Lystra*. He died on 5 April 1651.

## Episcopal succession

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Timoteo Pérez Vargas | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Baghdad | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Diocese of Baghdad |
| In office | 1633–1639 |
| Predecessor | None |
| Successor | Jean Duval |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Ispahan (1632–1639). |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 19 September 1632
by Bernardino Spada |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1595
Palermo, Italy |
| Died | 5 April 1651 |
| Nationality | Spanish |


title: Tired of Winning (song)

abstract: "Tired of Winning" is a song by American rock band Nothing More. It was their first single off of their sixth studio album Spirits. It peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart in 2022.

text:
# Tired of Winning (song)

"**Tired of Winning**" is a song by American rock band Nothing More. It was their first single off of their sixth studio album *Spirits*. It peaked at number 5 on the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Songs chart in 2022.

## Background

"Tired of Winning" was released as the first official single from the band's fifth studio album, *Spirits* on April 28, 2022. A music video was released at the same time. The song was the second to be released ahead of *Spirits* October 2022 release date, following promo song "Turn It Up Like (Stand in the Fire)" a month prior. By July 2022, the song had hit the top 10 of the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Songs chart, eventually peaking shortly after at number 5. An extended version of the single, contain another track from the album, "Ships in the Night", was released at the same time. The extended version was also featured on the soundtrack to the film *The Retaliators*, which was released in September 2022.

## Themes and composition

Loudwire described the song as "thought-provoking" and a "heavy track with some equally intense lyrical content". Frontman Jonny Hawkins described the song as being about self-sabotage and humanity's inclination to never be happy or content with what they have, and it leading to them feeling miserable as a result. He elaborated:

> We find ourselves in the same position humanity has found itself over and over again... at the end of a series of self made problems. When we wake up to this, we realize that we are our own worst enemy, yet we focus so much of our energy on externalizing our problems. This song is a bird's eye view of human nature...I think we all tend to lose the meaning in life by hyper focusing on it and romanticizing it. It's a paradox... It's like trying to grasp water in your hand; the tighter you hold, the less you have. The more weight you put on the "meaning" of your life, the less you feel connected to it. The purpose of life might be as simple as life itself... nothing more, nothing less."

Hawkin's described the band's intent with creating the song's sound as if "aliens had a baby with a 90's rock band" and that the accompanying music video was "that baby grew up, dropped out of college and made \[the\] music video". The extended single version of the song contains a spoken word segment by philosopher Alan Watts, who had spoken word sound samples on numerous tracks off the band's 2013 eponymous album and their 2017 album *The Stories We Tell Ourselves*.

## Personnel

**Band**

* Jonny Hawkins – lead vocals
* Mark Vollelunga – guitar
* Daniel Oliver – bass, keyboards
* Ben Anderson – drums

## Charts

| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 5 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Tired of Winning" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Nothing More | |
| from the album  *Spirits* | |
| Released | April 28, 2022 (2022-04-28) |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 3:26 |
| Label | Better Noise |
| Nothing More singles chronology | |
| "Just Say When"
(2018) "**Tired of Winning**"
(2022) "You Don't Know What Love Means"
(2022) | |


title: Timeline of Syrian history

abstract: This is a timeline of Syrian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Syria and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Syria.

text:
# Timeline of Syrian history

This is a **timeline of Syrian history**, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Syria and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Syria.

**Millennia**: 1st BC **·** 1st–2nd **·** 3rd   **Centuries**: 1st **·** 2nd **·** 3rd **·** 4th **·** 5th **·** 6th **·** 7th **·** 8th **·** 9th **·** 10th **·** 11th **·** 12th **·** 13th **·** 14th **·** 15th **·** 16th **·** 17th **·** 18th **·** 19th **·** 20th **·** See also **·** Further reading

## 1st century BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 64 BC |  | Syria became a Roman (later Byzantine) province. |
| 40 BC |  | Syria is briefly captured by the Parthian forces under Pacorus I |

## 1st century

Syria is not

## 2nd century

| 198 |  | Emperor Septimius Severus divided Syria into two provinces called Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice. |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

## 3rd century

## 4th century

## 5th century

## 6th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 526 |  | The 526 Antioch earthquake and conflagration destroyed most of the city. |
|

## 7th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 614 |  | Syria fell to the Sasanian forces under Shahrbaraz |
| 636 |  | Byzantine rule over Syria came to an end. |
| 661 |  | The reign of the Umayyad Caliphate began. |

## 8th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 750 |  | The reign of the Umayyad Caliphate ended. |

## 9th century

## 10th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 977 |  | Fatimid *Caliph* Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah conquered Ramla. |
| 994 |  | The Hamdanid dynasty came to power over Syria. |

## 11th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1097 |  | *First Crusade*: The forces of the First Crusade captured Antioch. |

‘'Poet 'Al Maari' writes 'The Epistle of Forgiveness' amongst other great works.'’

## 12th century

## 13th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1260 | 1 March | Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, conquered Damascus. |
| 1260 | September | Baibars, Mamluk Sultan, wages war with the Mongols to recapture Damascus and Aleppo. |

## 14th century

## 15th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1485 |  | The Ottomans invade Anatolia and Syria, starting the first Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491). |
| 1491 |  | The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) ends in a stalemate. A peace treaty is signed, returning Mamluk control to the pre-war status quo. |

## 16th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1516 |  | The Ottoman Empire established its rule over Syria. |

## 17th century

## 18th century

## 19th century

Massacre of Aleppo 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war

## 20th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1918 |  | The Ottoman Empire's rule over Syria came to an end. |
| | 1 October | The Allies of World War I, joined by Arab nationalists, entered Damascus. |
| 1920 | April | *San Remo conference*: The conference partitioned the Ottoman Empire, establishing a French mandate in Syria and Lebanon. |
| 1925 | July | *Great Syrian Revolt*: Revolts started against French rule. |
| 1936 |  | The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936) was signed. |
| 1939 |  | The monks of Alexandretta and Antioch were ceded to Turkey by the French. |
| 1946 | 1 January | Syria was recognized as an independent republic. |
| 1946 | 17 April | French troops evacuated Syria. |
| 1947 |  | The first Baʿth Party congress was held in Damascus. |
| 1948 |  | *1948 Arab–Israeli War*: Syria was involved in the war. |
| 1958 | 1 February | The United Arab Republic (UAR) was formed by the union of Syria and Egypt. |
| 1961 | 28 September | Following a military coup Syria seceded from the UAR, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic. |
| 1967 | 5 June | *Six-Day War*: A war with Israel began. |
| |  | *Six-Day War*: The Golan Heights were occupied by Israel. |
| 1970 | 13 November | Minister of Defense Hafiz al-Assad effected a bloodless military coup and assumed the role of President. |
| 1973 | 6 October | *Yom Kippur War*: Syria and Egypt fought against Israel. |
| 1974 | May | Syria and Israel signed a disengagement agreement. |
| 1976 |  | *Syrian occupation of Lebanon*: The Syrian occupation of Lebanon began. |
| 1982 | February | A Muslim Brotherhood uprising in Hama was suppressed by the military. |
| 1990 |  | Syria participated in a United States-led multinational coalition against Saddam Hussein. |

## 21st century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 10 June | Al-Assad died. |
| | 10 July | Al-Assad's son Bashar al-Assad was made President. |
| 2003 | 5 October | *Ain es Saheb airstrike*: Israel bombed a site near Damascus. |
| 2005 |  | *Syrian occupation of Lebanon*: Syria withdrew from Lebanon. |
| 2007 | 6 September | *Operation Orchard*: Israel bombed a target in the area of Deir ez-Zor. |
| 2008 | October | Syria established diplomatic relations with Lebanon. |
| 2011 | 26 January | *2011 Syrian uprising*: Anti-government protests began in Syria. |

Cities in Syria

## Further reading


title: Timothy Pitkin

abstract: Timothy Pitkin was an American lawyer, politician, and historian. He graduated from Yale in 1785, taught in the academy at Plainfield, Connecticut, for a year, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1788. He served in the State Legislature of Connecticut in 1790, 1792, and 1794‑1805, serving as Clerk of the House 1800‑1802 and as Speaker 1803‑1805. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Congress in the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold; and was re-elected to the Tenth and to the five succeeding Congresses, thus serving from September 16, 1805, to March 3, 1819. Pitkin was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815. He was not a candidate for renomination to the federal Congress in 1818, but was a delegate to the convention which framed the new state constitution in that year. Resuming his private law practice, he also returned to serve as a member of the Connecticut state House of Representatives from 1819 to 1830. His writing on and gathering of statistical materials are the accomplishments which accord him a special place in the history of the United States. Written with great care, A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of America (1816) and Political and Civil History of the United States from 1763 to the Close of Washington's Administration are valuable reference works for students of American history. He is buried in New Haven, in Grove Street Cemetery. He was the maternal uncle of Roger Sherman Baldwin's wife Emily Pitkin Perkins.

text:
# Timothy Pitkin

**Timothy Pitkin** (January 21, 1766 in Farmington, Connecticut  December 18, 1847 in New Haven, Connecticut) was an American lawyer, politician, and historian.

He graduated from Yale in 1785, taught in the academy at Plainfield, Connecticut, for a year, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1788. He served in the State Legislature of Connecticut in 1790, 1792, and 1794‑1805, serving as Clerk of the House 1800‑1802 and as Speaker 1803‑1805. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Congress in the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold; and was re-elected to the Tenth and to the five succeeding Congresses, thus serving from September 16, 1805, to March 3, 1819.

Pitkin was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.

He was not a candidate for renomination to the federal Congress in 1818, but was a delegate to the convention which framed the new state constitution in that year. Resuming his private law practice, he also returned to serve as a member of the Connecticut state House of Representatives from 1819 to 1830. His writing on and gathering of statistical materials are the accomplishments which accord him a special place in the history of the United States. Written with great care, *A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of America* (1816) and *Political and Civil History of the United States from 1763 to the Close of Washington's Administration* (2 volumes, 1828) are valuable reference works for students of American history. He is buried in New Haven, in Grove Street Cemetery.

He was the maternal uncle of Roger Sherman Baldwin's wife Emily Pitkin Perkins.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). *New International Encyclopedia* (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help) *It also incorporates text from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, also in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| Timothy Pitkin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 21 January 1766
Farmington, Connecticut |
| Died | 18 December 1847 (Aged 81)
New Haven, Connecticut |
| Political party | Federalist Party |
| Education | Yale University |
|  | |


title: Tithal Beach

abstract: Tithal Beach is located in Valsad on the coast of Arabian Sea in the state of Gujarat.The sand of the beach is Black sand. Tithal beach is one of the popular tourist attractions of Valsad district and Gujarat. Recently, Aquatic sports have been started at the beach like Speed boats, Jet Ski etc. Tithal Beach also has other tourist attractions near the shore of the beach like Shree Shirdi Saibaba Temple, Shree Swaminarayan Temple. Tithal Beach Festival and International Kite Festival are also organized on the shore of the beach because of its popularity.

text:
# Tithal Beach

**Tithal Beach** is located in Valsad on the coast of Arabian Sea in the state of Gujarat.The sand of the beach is Black sand. Tithal beach is one of the popular tourist attractions of Valsad district and Gujarat. Recently, Aquatic sports have been started at the beach like Speed boats, Jet Ski etc. Tithal Beach also has other tourist attractions near the shore of the beach like Shree Shirdi Saibaba Temple, Shree Swaminarayan Temple.

**Tithal Beach Festival** and **International Kite Festival** are also organized on the shore of the beach because of its popularity.

## InfoBox

| Tithal Beach | |
| --- | --- |
| Sunset, Tithal beach | |
|  | |
| Type | Black sand beach |
| Location | Arabian Sea, Tithal, Valsad district, Gujarat |
| Nearest city | Valsad, Gujarat |
| Coordinates | 20°35′53.6″N 72°53′41″E / 20.598222°N 72.89472°E / 20.598222; 72.89472 |


title: Timothy Joseph Lyne

abstract: Timothy Joseph Lyne was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1983 to 1995.

text:
# Timothy Joseph Lyne

**Timothy Joseph Lyne** (March 21, 1919  September 25, 2013) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1983 to 1995.

## Biography

### Early life

Lyne was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 21, 1919. He was eldest of four children of Irish immigrant parents, two brothers and a sister. He attended Resurrection and Saint Mel primary schools, then entered Quigley Memorial Seminary, all in Chicago. He then studied at the University of Saint Mary of the Lake in Mundelein, Illinois. While at Saint Mary, Lyne served as a golf caddy for Cardinal George Mundelein. Lyne graduated from Saint Mary with a Master of Arts degree in History and a Licentiate of Sacred Theology.

### Priesthood

Lyne was ordained into the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Chicago by Cardinal Samuel Stritch in Chicago on May 1, 1943. After his ordination, Lyne was appointed as parochial vicar of Saint Mary's Parish in Riverside, Illinois. During his time there, Lyne led the effort to build a new primary school and a convent. In 1962, after 19 years at Saint Mary's, he was transferred as parochial vicar to Saint Edmund Parish, in Oak Park, Illinois. Lyne was appointed parochial vicar in 1966 for Holy Name Cathedral Parish in Chicago. A year later, he was named rector for the Cathedral Parish, maintaining that position until 1990.

### Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago

Pope John Paul II appointed Lyne as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago and titular bishop of Vamalla on October 31, 1983. He was consecrated on December 13, 1983, by then Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, with Auxiliary Bishop Alfred Abramowicz and Auxiliary Bishop Nevin Hayes serving as co-consecrators. Lyne selected as his episcopal motto: "Grace, mercy, and peace." (the first three words of Paul the Apostle's epistle to Saint Timothy. He was appointed in 1984 as vicar general and as episcopal vicar for Vicariate II in the archdiocese. Lyne also led a major renovation of Holy Name Cathedral.

Lyne was active in the Illinois Council of Churches and the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago, and participated in a meeting of the Council for a Parliament of the World’s Religious.

### Retirement

Lyne sent his letter of resignation as auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago to Pope John Paul II when he reached the mandatory retirement age for bishops of 75. The pope accepted his resignation on January 24, 1995. However, Lyne continued to serve as episcopal vicar.

Lyne died on September 25, 2013, at age 94, at the rectory of Holy Name Cathedral. When he died, Lyne was one of the oldest Catholic bishops in the United States. Visitation for Lyne took place on September 29 and 30, 2013 at Holy Name Cathedral. He was interred at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

The Bishop Lyne Residence, a home for retire priests in Palos Park, Illinois, was named after Lyne.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Joseph Lyne | |
| --- | --- |
| Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus of Chicago | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Chicago |
| See | Titular See of Vamalla |
| In office | 1983 - 2013 |
| Predecessor | Enrique Manuel Hernández Rivera |
| Successor | vacant |
| Previous post(s) | Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Chicago
Bishop |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | May 1, 1943 |
| Consecration | December 13, 1983
by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1919-03-21)March 21, 1919
Chicago, Illinois |
| Died | September 25, 2013(2013-09-25) (aged 94)
Chicago, Illinois |


title: Timothy Joseph O'Shea

abstract: Timothy Joseph O'Shea was a solicitor, and member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

text:
# Timothy Joseph O'Shea

**Timothy Joseph O'Shea** (15 March 1860 – 7 October 1930) was a solicitor, and member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

## Early life

O'Shea was born in March 1860 at Ballyduff, County Kerry, Ireland, to Timothy O'Shea, and his wife Ellen (née O'Sullivan). He came to Australia with his family at age five and attended the local state school. Admitted as a solicitor in 1885, he was a senior partner in the law firm, O'Shea, O'Shea, Corser and Wadley.

## Political career

O'Shea was appointed by the Denham ministry to the Legislative Council on 3 July 1914. He served for the next eight years until the Council was abolished on 23 March 1922.

## Personal life

O'Shea was a director of several companies including Queensland Brewery Ltd, Queensland Finance and Investment Company, Moreton Sugar Mills, and the Ipswich Electricity Supply Company. He was interested in horses, cattle, and motoring. He was especially keen on horse racing and at one stage owned two racehorses.

He was also a member of Brisbane's Johnsonian Club and president of the Christian Brothers' Old Boys' Association.

A lifelong bachelor, O'Shea died in October 1930. His funeral was held at St. Ignatius Catholic Church, Toowong, and proceeded to the Toowong Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableTimothy O'Shea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Council | |
| **In office**
3 July 1914  23 March 1922 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Timothy Joseph O'Shea
(1860-03-15)15 March 1860
Ballyduff, County Kerry, Ireland |
| Died | 7 October 1930(1930-10-07) (aged 70)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Resting place | Toowong Cemetery |
| Occupation | Solicitor, company director |
|  | |


title: Tish Naghise

abstract: Letitia Naghise was an American politician of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives for District 68 from January 2023 until her death in March 2023. She was 59 years old at the time of her death.

text:
# Tish Naghise

**Letitia Naghise** (1963/1964 – March 8, 2023) was an American politician of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives for District 68 from January 2023 until her death in March 2023. She was 59 years old at the time of her death.

## Background and education

Tish Naghise was born in Atlanta, and was of Nigerian descent. She earned an associate degree from Atlanta Metropolitan State College in 2006, a bachelor's degree in 2010 and a graduate degree from Clayton State University in 2022, respectively.

## Career

A resident of Fayetteville, Georgia, Naghise was a local team leader for Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns, a field organizer for the Democratic Party of Georgia's coordinated campaign in 2016, and a field organizer for Jon Ossoff's campaign in the 2017 Georgia's 6th congressional district special election. She was named as a delegate for Georgia to the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Prior to her election, Naghise was an engagement organizer for Georgia Conservation Voters. She had also worked as a paralegal and co-owned a trucking company.

## Personal life and death

Naghise and her husband, Charles, had two sons, one of whom predeceased her. She died at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta on March 8, 2023, at the age of 59.

## InfoBox

| Tish Naghise | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Georgia House of Representatives
from the 68th district | |
| **In office**
January 9, 2023  March 8, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Derrick Jackson (Redistricting) |
| Succeeded by | Derrick Jackson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1963/1964
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | (aged 59)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Citizenship | Nigeria
United States |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Charles |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |


title: Tish Cohen

abstract: Tish Cohen is a Canadian novelist.

text:
# Tish Cohen

**Tish Cohen** (born December 1, 1963, in Toronto) is a Canadian novelist.

## Early life

Born in Toronto, Cohen spent most of her childhood in Montreal, but spent her teenage years with her father beginning in the 7th grade at a high school in Orange County, California (The OC).

## Career

Tish Cohen finished her studies at the Ted Rogers School of Management of Toronto Metropolitan University in 1988. Before her writing career, Cohen worked as media buyer at an ad agency, art gallery manager, illustrator, proofreader, decorative painter and editor.

## Writing

Cohen is well known for her fast pace writing. Her children's book *The Invisible Rules of the Zoë Lama* became a bestseller in Canada in 2007. Her novel *Town house* was a 2008 finalist for the Commonwealth Writers Prize' Best First Book Award (Canada and Caribbean region). The right for making her novel *Town House* into a movie were bought by Ridley Scott's fim production company and optioned by Fox 2000 in 2005. It was also translated into German and Italien and published as *Super Agoraphobietherapie* in Germany at Luchterhand Literaturverlag in 2009. Kirkus Reviews attributed to the novel „a constellation of characters whose idiosyncrasies make the family of Little Miss Sunshine look like Ozzie and Harriet.".Publishers Weekly criticized the plot as "formulaic", but also described the novel as "terrifically written".The Globe and Mail reviewed the novel as follows: "There's more than quirky charm and endearing oddness in the characters Cohen creates." It compared it with Alexander McCall Smith's 44 Scotland Street: "Cohen's Lucie a North American near-relative of McCall Smith's Bertie" and praised this as an "incredible achievement in itself". The Toronto Star recommend the novel as one of four current canlit books for hot summer and described it as "Comic novel about an agoraphobe whose life begins to unravel."

The novel *Inside Out Girl* was a Globe and Mail bestseller in 2009. Allison Burnett signed an agreement to adapt the novel *Inside Out Girl* into a movie in August 2009.

The novel *The Truth About Delilah Blue*, which deals with a young woman with an old father with Alzheimer's disease and an absent mother, was recommended as one of 10 summer reads by Vit Wagner of Toronto Star in 2010. Cynthia MacDonald reviewed this novel for The Globe and Mail in June 2010 and considered it as "the summer's first terrific beach read".

For Tish Cohen's novel "The Search Angel", whose topic is adoption, the National Post attributed a "story telling talent" to the author in June 2013.

Cohen and Barbara Fogler wrote the screenplay for Sheila McCarthys short film *Russet Season* which premiered at Toronto Jewish Film Festival in 2017.

## Personal life

Cohen is married to a lawyer and has two children.

## Bibliography

### Novels

* 2007: Town House, Harper Perennial, New York, ISBN 9780061131318
    + 2009: Tish Cohen: Super Agoraphobietherapie, 2009, Luchterhand-Literaturverlag, ISBN 978-3-630-62145-6 (translated into German by Martin Ruben Becker)
* 2008: Inside Out Girl, Harper Perennial, New York, ISBN 9780061452956
* 2010: The Truth About Delilah Blue, Harper Perennial, New York, ISBN 9780061875977
* 2013: *The Search Angel*, HarperCollins, New York, ISBN 978-1443410823
* 2019: *The Summer We Lost Her* aka *Little Green*, Gallery Books, New York, ISBN 9781501199684

### Children's books

## InfoBox

| Tish Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-12-01) December 1, 1963<br>Toronto, Canada |
| Occupation | Author |
| Alma mater | Ted Rogers School of Management (BA) |
| Period | 2007–present |
| Website | |
| tishcohen.com | |


title: Timothy Lake

abstract: Timothy Lake is a lake about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is in proximity to Clear Lake and an impoundment of the Oak Grove Fork Clackamas River. The compacted-earth Timothy Lake Dam was built by Portland General Electric in 1956 to regulate seasonal water flow to Lake Harriet downstream. The dam, 110 feet high and impounding 81,000 acre-feet, does not generate any hydroelectric power itself. In the summer, the lake is a very popular destination for camping, boating, hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking.

text:
# Timothy Lake

**Timothy Lake** is a lake about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is in proximity to Clear Lake and an impoundment of the Oak Grove Fork Clackamas River.

The compacted-earth **Timothy Lake Dam** was built by Portland General Electric in 1956 to regulate seasonal water flow to Lake Harriet downstream. The dam, 110 feet high and impounding 81,000 acre-feet, does not generate any hydroelectric power itself. In the summer, the lake is a very popular destination for camping, boating, hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Clear Lake and Timothy Lake | |
| Timothy LakeTimothy Lake | |
| Location | Clackamas County, Oregon, United States |
| Coordinates | 45°07′16″N 121°47′08″W / 45.121022°N 121.785654°W / 45.121022; -121.785654 |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 2.17 square miles (5.6 km2) |
| Average depth | 45 feet (14 m) |
| Max. depth | 80 feet (24 m) |
| Surface elevation | 3,227 feet (984 m) |


title: Timothy Lathrop Towell

abstract: Timothy Lathrop Towell is a former American Ambassador to Paraguay (1988–1991) and the President, Founder, and Chief Executive Officer The Foreign Policy Group. He was also the U.S. Consul in Cochabamba, Bolivia. There have been reports that Juan Carlos Wasmosy, the former President of Paraguay, paid Towell's firm almost $300,000 for work in 1997 and 1998. It was also reported that in 1997 the State Department wanted him to register as a foreign agent. Towell, a Cleveland native, earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at Yale University in 1957 and a Master of Arts in European History from Case-Western Reserve University in 1962. Towell had several careers before working for the State Department including banking and working as an elementary school teacher.

text:
# Timothy Lathrop Towell

**Timothy Lathrop Towell** (born 1934) is a former American Ambassador to Paraguay (1988–1991) and the President, Founder, and Chief Executive Officer The Foreign Policy Group. He was also the U.S. Consul in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

There have been reports that Juan Carlos Wasmosy, the former President of Paraguay, paid Towell's firm almost $300,000 for work in 1997 and 1998. It was also reported that in 1997 the State Department wanted him to register as a foreign agent.

Towell, a Cleveland native, earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at Yale University in 1957 and a Master of Arts in European History from Case-Western Reserve University in 1962. Towell had several careers before working for the State Department including banking and working as an elementary school teacher.

1. "Timothy Lathrop Towell (1934–)". *Office of the Historian*. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
2. "Timothy L. Towell". *Council of American Ambassadors*. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
3. McAllister, Bill (April 15, 1999). "Towell Throws In the Country". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
4. Fabricio, Roberto (April 30, 1989). "U.S. builds new relation in Paraguay with Stroessner gone, ties improve". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 9 September 2020.


title: Toda Rowing Course

abstract: Toda Rowing Course The Toda Rowing Course is a venue that hosted the rowing event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Originally completed in 1939 for the 1940 Summer Olympics that were cancelled due to World War II. After World War II, the venue was left in disrepair. When Tokyo was awarded the 1964 Summer Olympics in 1958, the venue was expanded and reconstructed. For the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games held in July and August 2021 respectively, rowing events were held at the newly constructed Sea Forest Waterway venue.

text:
# Toda Rowing Course

The **Toda Rowing Course** (戸田漕艇場, *Toda Sōteijō*) is a venue that hosted the rowing event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Originally completed in 1939 for the 1940 Summer Olympics that were cancelled due to World War II. After World War II, the venue was left in disrepair. When Tokyo was awarded the 1964 Summer Olympics in 1958, the venue was expanded and reconstructed.

For the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games held in July and August 2021 respectively, rowing events were held at the newly constructed Sea Forest Waterway venue.

## Location and Facilities

The course is located on an embankment of the Arakawa River in Saitama Prefecture just north of Tokyo. Access for boat crews to the nearby Arakawa River as an alternative training venue is facilitated by a series of broad steps over the river embankments.

While the Toda course is able to accommodate standard Olympic length 2 kilometre rowing races, the starting 500m section of course is closed off on non regatta days for power boat racing.

A number of Tokyo-based universities and corporate teams own and maintain boat houses and training facilities on both the north and south banks of the waterway. The course is the venue for annual races between numerous school and university teams including long established rivalries between Kaisei Academy and Otsuka, University of Tsukuba High School and the Keio Waseda regatta held each spring.

35°48′07″N 139°40′37″E / 35.801908°N 139.676807°E / 35.801908; 139.676807


title: Titstare

abstract: Titstare is a fictional mobile application centred on pictures of men staring at women and their breasts. It was introduced at a 2013 hackathon at TechCrunch's TechCrunch Disrupt conference in San Francisco, California by two Australian developers. Titstare became the subject of public controversy, with the skit being described as symptomatic of sexist attitudes in Silicon Valley's startup culture. Conference organizers later apologized for the misogynistic presentation.

text:
# Titstare

**Titstare** is a fictional mobile application centred on pictures of men staring at women and their breasts. It was introduced at a 2013 hackathon at TechCrunch's TechCrunch Disrupt conference in San Francisco, California by two Australian developers. Titstare became the subject of public controversy, with the skit being described as symptomatic of sexist attitudes in Silicon Valley's startup culture. Conference organizers later apologized for the misogynistic presentation.

## History

### Background

TechCrunch, a technology news website, was established in 2005 and acquired by internet giant AOL in September 2010. The acquisition was seen by AOL as a move towards solidifying its position as a provider of technical content and was announced at the 2010 edition of the annual conference sponsored by TechCrunch, known as Disrupt.

Disrupt events, generally held early in the fall of each year, are conclaves which bring together representatives of startup companies, industry insiders, and interested others for presentations and networking, typically also including the opportunity for collaborative hackathon sessions. It was at Disrupt 2013, held in San Francisco, that Australian programmers Jethro Batts and David Boulton debuted their new tongue-in-cheek mobile phone app, Titstare, described by the pair as "an app where you take photos of yourself staring at tits".

On Sunday, September 8, the duo delivered their rehearsed one-minute-long presentation – a series of mild breast-related jokes and puns – tying in with their humorously intended product. This generated a mixed response from the assembled crowd, running the gamut from indignation to uncomfortable laughter to genuine appreciation of the "twisted kind of standup" intended by the presenters.

### Reaction

Titstare was accused of adding to the institutionalized sexism, known as brogrammer culture, in the American tech industry. Response was immediate and primarily negative; journalist Abby Ohlheiser wrote that the app's intent, the agglomeration of photos of men staring at partially clothed female cleavage, effectively trivialized the right of women to consent. After he defended the app against allegations of misogyny on Twitter, *Business Insider* Chief technology officer Pax Dickinson was forced to resign. Dickinson later wrote an apology, which was published on VentureBeat.

Much of the criticism appeared on Twitter, with one representative tweet stating, "There goes my attempt to teach my 9 \[year old\] girl how welcoming tech industry is to women."

### Apologies

TechCrunch was immediate in issuing a public apology for the Titstare presentation, as well as one for an offensive masturbation app presented later in the day, deeming the presentations "misogynistic" and declaring:

> Sexism is a major problem in the tech industry, and we’ve worked hard to counteract it in our coverage and in our own hiring. Today’s issues resulted from a failure to properly screen our hackathons for inappropriate content ahead of time and establish clear guidelines for these submissions. Trust us, that changed as soon as we saw what happened at our show. Every presentation is getting a thorough screening from this hackathon onward. Any type of sexism or other discriminatory and/or derogatory speech will not be allowed.... We are sorry.

The creators themselves took to Twitter with a speedy apology, stating "sorry if we offended some of you, very unintentional. Just a fun Aussie hack."

Commenting on the affair in *The Guardian*, journalist Amy Gray faulted conference organizers, whom she presumed knew about the content of presentations beforehand based upon mandatory pre-convention uploads of personal and project information. Gray felt the Titstare affair emblematic of a duality in the tech world, which was on the one hand perfectly meritocratic in theory, while in practice being an industry which "runs on privilege, with sexist and juvenile behaviour based on gender stereotypes being routinely displayed". Co-editor of *TechCrunch* Alexia Tsotsis said that the presenters did not include the name of their app in the presentation list.

## Footnotes


title: Titt Run

abstract: Titt Run is a 2.71 mi (4.36 km) long 1st order tributary to Buffalo Creek in Brooke County, West Virginia. This is the only stream of this name in the United States.

text:
# Titt Run

**Titt Run** is a 2.71 mi (4.36 km) long 1st order tributary to Buffalo Creek in Brooke County, West Virginia. This is the only stream of this name in the United States.

## Variant names

According to the Palmer's Farm Map of Brooke County, WV in 1914 this stream was also known by:.

* Tiets Run

## Course

Titt Run rises in Fowlerstown, West Virginia, and then flows southwest to join Buffalo Creek at McKinleyville.

## Watershed

Titt Run drains 1.59 square miles (4.1 km2) of area, receives about 40.1 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 274.05, and is about 83% forested.

## InfoBox

| Titt Run
Tributary to Buffalo Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Titt Run mouthTitt Run (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Brooke |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Painters Run divide |
| location | Fowlerstown, West Virginia |
| coordinates | 40°16′41″N 080°34′02″W / 40.27806°N 80.56722°W / 40.27806; -80.56722 |
| elevation | 1,130 ft (340 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Buffalo Creek |
| location | McKinleyville, West Virginia |
| coordinates | 40°14′45″N 080°35′30″W / 40.24583°N 80.59167°W / 40.24583; -80.59167 |
| elevation | 669 ft (204 m) |
| Length | 2.71 mi (4.36 km) |
| Basin size | 1.59 square miles (4.1 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Buffalo Creek |
| average | 1.89 cu ft/s (0.054 m3/s) at mouth with Buffalo Creek |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Buffalo CreekOhio RiverMississippi RiverGulf of Mexico |
| River system | Ohio River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaties |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | none |


title: Toko Ratana

abstract: Haami Tokouru Ratana was a New Zealand politician and president of the Rātana Church. He joined Eruera Tirikatene in parliament as the second Rātana Independent Member of Parliament (MP), elected for the Western Maori electorate in 1935. Following the death of his father Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana in 1939, Toko Ratana became the second Ratana movement president. He held both positions until his death in 1944.

text:
# Toko Ratana

**Haami Tokouru Ratana** (21 July 1894 – 30 October 1944) was a New Zealand politician and president of the Rātana Church. He joined Eruera Tirikatene in parliament as the second Rātana Independent Member of Parliament (MP), elected for the Western Maori electorate in 1935. Following the death of his father Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana in 1939, Toko Ratana became the second Ratana movement president. He held both positions until his death in 1944.

## Early life

Eldest son of the founder of the Ratana Church, Toko Ratana was educated at Whangaehu School and was bilingual in English and Māori. After enlisting in the New Zealand Pioneer Battalion during World War I, he served in Gallipoli and later in France, where he suffered the effects of a gas attack. This caused him ill health for the rest of his life.

## Political career

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19351936 | 25th | Western Maori | |  | Ratana |
| 19361938 | *Changed allegiance to:* | | |  | Labour |
| 19381943 | 26th | Western Maori | |  | Labour |
| 19431944 | 27th | Western Maori | |  | Labour |

Toko Ratana stood unsuccessfully for parliament multiple times. First as an independent candidate for the Western Maori seat against Maui Pomare in 1922. As a Ratana Independent candidate and one of the "first cut of the body of the mangai", he stood against Pomare again in 1928, against Taite Te Tomo in the 1930 by-election after Pomare’s death and again in the 1931 general election.

He was elected in 1935, joining fellow Ratana MP Eruera Tirikatene. In 1936, he joined the Labour Party as the Ratana Movement and Labour formed a political alliance. He was re-elected in 1938 and 1943.

In his maiden speech in October 1937, Toko Ratana raised the principal political issue of Ratana – land grievances and the Treaty of Waitangi. He was to speak in the house only four more times. As the designated leader of the Ratana spiritual movement, the debates were left to Tirikatene and the other Ratana members. H. T. Ratana was frequently ill, and spent long periods in hospital.

## War efforts

During the Second World War, Toko Ratana was opposed to conscription but wished to have a home guard manned by Māori to defend their lands. As Kai-Arahi or leader of the Ratana Church, he made a public declaration of the church's support for the war, and supported Māori control over Māori contributions to the war.

## Death

Haami Tokouru Ratana died on 30 October 1944 after months of illness. He was succeeded both as MP for Western Maori and Ratana Church President by his younger brother, Matiu Rātana.

* Henderson, James Mcleod (1963). *Ratana The Man, The Church, The Movement* (1st ed.) A.H & A.W. Reed Ltd ISBN 0-589-00619-3.

## InfoBox

| Toko Ratana | |
| --- | --- |
| Ratana in 1935 | |
|  | |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Western Maori | |
| **In office**
1935–1944 | |
| Preceded by | Taite Te Tomo |
| Succeeded by | Matiu Rātana |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Haami Tokouru Ratana
21 July 1894
Parewanui, New Zealand |
| Died | 30 October 1944(1944-10-30) (aged 50)
Ratana Pa, New Zealand |
| Political party | Rātana (1922–36)
Labour (1936–44) |
|  | |


title: Tinpatan Rural Municipality

abstract:
Tinpatan is a Rural municipality located within the Sindhuli District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal.
The municipality spans 280.26 square kilometres (108.21 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 38,395 according to a 2011 Nepal census. On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Balajor, Jarayotar, Lampantar, Tribhuvan Ambote, Tosramkhola, Bahuntilpung, Bhimsthan and Belghari VDCs were merged to form Tinpatan Rural Municipality.
Tinpatan is divided into 11 wards, with Lampantar declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

text:
# Tinpatan Rural Municipality

**Tinpatan** is a Rural municipality located within the Sindhuli District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal. The municipality spans 280.26 square kilometres (108.21 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 38,395 according to a 2011 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures. The previous Balajor, Jarayotar, Lampantar, Tribhuvan Ambote, Tosramkhola, Bahuntilpung, Bhimsthan and Belghari VDCs were merged to form Tinpatan Rural Municipality. Tinpatan is divided into 11 wards, with Lampantar declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

## Demographics

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Tinpatan Rural Municipality had a population of 36,420. Of these, 45.4% spoke Nepali, 32.6% Magar, 14.3% Tamang, 5.7% Newar, 0.8% Majhi, 0.5% Sunwar, 0.3% Maithili, 0.1% Bhojpuri, 0.1% Rai and 0.1% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 34.2% were Magar, 14.9% Tamang, 10.6% Chhetri, 10.1% Hill Brahmin, 9.3% Newar, 5.7% Sarki, 5.0% Kami, 4.4% Damai/Dholi, 1.5% Gharti/Bhujel, 1.1% Majhi, 0.8% Terai Brahmin, 0.7% Sunuwar, 0.7% Thakuri, 0.4% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.1% Hayu, 0.1% Rai, 0.1% Sonar and 0.2% others.

In terms of religion, 73.4% were Hindu, 25.9% Buddhist, 0.4% Christian, 0.1% Kirati and 0.1% others.

In terms of literacy, 65.0% could read and write, 2.8% could only read and 32.1% could neither read nor write.

## InfoBox

| Tinpatan (RM) तीनपाटन गाउँपालिका | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural Municipality | |
| Tinpatan (RM)LocationTinpatan (RM)Tinpatan (RM) (Nepal) | |
| Coordinates: 27°06′31″N 86°09′39″E / 27.10861°N 86.16083°E / 27.10861; 86.16083 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Bagmati |
| District | Sindhuli District |
| Wards | 11 |
| Established | 10 March 2017 |
| Government | |
| Type | Rural Council |
| Chairperson | Mr. Karna B. Magar |
| Vice-chairperson | Mrs. Padmaya Tamang |
| Term of office | (2017 - 2022) |
| Area | |
| Total | 280.26 km2 (108.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 38,395 |
| Density | 140/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Standard Time) |
| Headquarter | Lampantar |
| Website | tinpatanmun.gov.np |


title: Tinplate

abstract: Tinplate consists of sheets of steel coated with a thin layer of tin to impede rusting. Before the advent of cheap mild steel, the backing metal was wrought iron. While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans. In the tinning process, tinplate is made by rolling the steel in a rolling mill, removing any mill scale by pickling it in acid and then coating it with a thin layer of tin. Plates were once produced individually in what became known as a pack mill. In the late 1920s pack mills began to be replaced by strip mills which produced larger quantities more economically. Formerly, tinplate was used for tin ceiling, and holloware, also known as tinware. The people who made tinware were tinplate workers. For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised metal, the base being treated with a zinc coating. It is suitable in many applications where tinplate was formerly used, although not for cooking vessels, or in other high temperature situations—when heated, fumes from zinc oxide are given off; exposure to such gases can produce toxicity syndromes such as metal fume fever. The zinc layer prevents the iron from rusting through sacrificial protection with the zinc oxidizing instead of the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken.

text:
# Tinplate

**Tinplate** consists of sheets of steel coated with a thin layer of tin to impede rusting. Before the advent of cheap mild steel, the backing metal (known as "backplate") was wrought iron. While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans.

In the tinning process, tinplate is made by rolling the steel (or formerly iron) in a rolling mill, removing any mill scale by pickling it in acid and then coating it with a thin layer of tin. Plates were once produced individually (or in small groups) in what became known as a *pack mill*. In the late 1920s pack mills began to be replaced by *strip mills* which produced larger quantities more economically.

Formerly, tinplate was used for tin ceiling, and holloware (cheap pots and pans), also known as tinware. The people who made tinware (metal spinning) were tinplate workers.

For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised metal, the base being treated with a zinc coating. It is suitable in many applications where tinplate was formerly used, although not for cooking vessels, or in other high temperature situationswhen heated, fumes from zinc oxide are given off; exposure to such gases can produce toxicity syndromes such as metal fume fever. The zinc layer prevents the iron from rusting through sacrificial protection with the zinc oxidizing instead of the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken.

## History of production processes and markets

The practice of tin mining likely began circa 3000 B.C. in Western Asia, British Isles and Europe. Tin was an essential ingredient of bronze production during the Bronze Age. The practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. This may have been the work of the whitesmith. This was done after the article was fabricated, whereas tinplate was tinned before fabrication. Tinplate was apparently produced in the 1620s at a mill of (or under the patronage of) the Earl of Southampton, but it is not clear how long this continued.

The first production of tinplate was probably in Bohemia, from where the trade spread to Saxony, and was well-established there by the 1660s. Andrew Yarranton and Ambrose Crowley (a Stourbridge blacksmith and father of the more famous Sir Ambrose) visited Dresden in 1667 and learned how it was made. In doing so, they were sponsored by various local ironmasters and people connected with the project to make the river Stour navigable. In Saxony, the plates were forged, but when they conducted experiments on their return to England, they tried rolling the iron. This led to the ironmasters Philip Foley and Joshua Newborough (two of the sponsors) in 1670 erecting a new mill, Wolverley Lower Mill (or forge) in Worcestershire. This contained three shops, one being a slitting mill (which would serve as a rolling mill), and the others were forges. In 1678 one of these was making frying pans and the other drawing out blooms made in finery forges elsewhere. It is likely that the intention was to roll the plates and then finish them under a hammer, but the plan was frustrated by William Chamberlaine renewing a patent granted to him and Dud Dudley in 1662.

The slitter at Wolverley was Thomas Cooke. Another Thomas Cooke, perhaps his son, moved to Pontypool and worked there for John Hanbury. He had a slitting mill there and was also producing iron plates called 'Pontpoole plates'. Edward Lhuyd reported the existence of this mill in 1697. This has been claimed as a tinplate works, but it was almost certainly only producing (untinned) backplate.

Tinplate first begins to appear in the Gloucester Port Books (which record trade passing through Gloucester), mostly from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. This immediately follows the first appearance (in French) of Reamur's *Principes de l'art de fer-blanc*, and prior to a report of it being published in England.

Further mills followed a few years later, initially in many iron-making regions in England and Wales, but later mainly in south Wales, most notably the Melingriffith Tin Plate Works, Whitchurch, Cardiff, which was founded some time before 1750. In 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. The industry continued to grow until 1891. One of the greatest markets was the United States, but that market was cut off in 1891 when the McKinley tariff was enacted. This caused a great retrenchment in the British industry and the emigration to America of many of those were no longer employed in the surviving tinplate works.

Despite this blow, the industry continued, but on a smaller scale. There were 518 mills in operation in 1937, including 224 belonging to Richard Thomas & Co. The traditional 'pack mill' had been overtaken by the improved 'strip mill', of which the first in Great Britain was built by Richard Thomas & Co. in the late 1930s. Strip mills rendered the old pack mills obsolete and the last of them closed circa the 1960s.

### Pack mill process

The raw material was bar iron, or (from the introduction of mild steel in the late 19th century), a bar of steel. This was drawn into a flat bar (known as a tin bar) at the ironworks or steel works where it was made. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this would be the cross-section of the pack of plates made from it. The bar was cut to the correct length (being the width of the plates) and heated. It was then passed four or five times through the rolls of the rolling mill, to produce a thick plate about 30 inches long. Between each pass the plate is passed over (or round) the rolls, and the gap between the rolls is narrowed by means of a screw.

This was then rolled until it had doubled in length. The plate was then folded in half ('doubled') using a doubling shear, which was like a table where one half of the surface folds over on top of the other. It is then put into a furnace to be heated until it is well 'soaked'. This is repeated until there is a pack of 8 or 16 plates. The pack is then allowed to cool. When cool, the pack was sheared (using powered shears) and the plates separated by 'openers' (usually women). Defective plates were discarded, and the rest passed to the pickling department.

In the pickling department, the plates were immersed in baths of acid (to remove scale, i.e., oxide), then in water (washing them). After inspection they were placed in an annealing furnace, where they were heated for 10–14 hours. This was known as 'black pickling' and 'black annealing'. After being removed they were allowed to cool for up to 48 hours. The plates were then rolled cold through highly polished rolls to remove any unevenness and give them a polished surface. They were then annealed again at a lower temperature and pickled again, this being known as 'white annealing' and 'white pickling'. They were then washed and stored in slightly acid water (where they would not rust) awaiting tinning.

The tinning set consisted of two pots with molten tin (with flux on top) and a grease pot. The flux dries the plate and prepares it for the tin to adhere. The second tin pot (called the wash pot) had tin at a lower temperature. This is followed by the grease pot (containing an oil), removing the excess tin. Then follow cleaning and polishing processes. Finally, the tinplates were packed in boxes of 112 sheets ready for sale. Single plates were 20 by 14 inches (51 cm × 36 cm); doubles twice that. A box weighed approximately a hundredweight (cwt; 112 pounds or 51 kilograms).

### Strip mill process

The strip mill was a major innovation, with the first being erected at Ashland, Kentucky in 1923. This provided a continuous process, eliminating the need to pass the plates over the rolls and to double them. At the end the strip was cut with a guillotine shear or rolled into a coil. Early  hot rolling  strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinplate, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further. The first strip mill in Great Britain was opened at Ebbw Vale in 1938 with an annual output of 200,000 imperial tons (203,210 tonnes or 224,000 short tons).

The strip mill had several advantages over pack mills:

* It was cheaper due to having all parts of the process, starting with blast furnaces, on the same site.
* Softer steel could be used.
* Larger sheets could be produced at lower cost; this reduced cost and enabled tinplate and steel sheet to be used for more purposes.
* It was capital-intensive, rather than labour-intensive.

### Citations

1. Bradberry, S. M.; Vale, J. A. (28 January 1998). "Zinc oxide (UK PID)". *INCHEM*. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); World Health Orgnization.
2. Cierny & Weisgerber (2003).
3. Valera & Valera (2003).
4. Dayton (2003).
5. Brown (1988).
6. King (1988).
7. King (1988), p. 109.
8. Schubert (1955), p. 429.
9. Minchinton (1957), p. 10.
10. Wanklyn et al. (1996).
11.
12. Minchinton (1957), pp. 250–253.
13. Greene (2015).
14. Ince (1991).
15. Reutter (1988), pp. 155–170, 265–280.

### Sources

* Brown, P. J. (1988). "Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry". *Historical Metallurgy*. **22** (1): 42–48.
* Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra; Lo Schiavo, Fulvia, eds. (2003). *Le problème de l'étain á l'origine de la métallurgie – The problem of early tin*. Actes du XIVème Congrès UISPP, Université de Liège, Belgique, 2–8 Septembre 2001; section 11, âge du Bronze en Europe et en Méditerranée; colloque 11.2 \[Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2–8 September 2001; Section 11. Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean, Symposium 11.2\] (in French and English). Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 9781841715643. 16 papers (13 in English, 3 in French):
    + Cierny, J.; Weisgerber, G. (2003). "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia". In Alessandra Giumlia-Mair; Fulvia Lo Schiavo (eds.). *The Problem of Early Tin*. pp. 23–31 (in English).
    + Dayton, J. E. (2003). "The problem of tin in the ancient world (part 2)". In Alessandra Giumlia-Mair; Fulvia Lo Schiavo (eds.). *The Problem of Early Tin*. pp. 165–170 (in English).
    + Valera, R. G.; Valera, P. G. (2003). "Tin in the Mediterranean area: History and geology". In Alessandra Giumlia-Mair; Fulvia Lo Schiavo (eds.). *The Problem of Early Tin*. pp. 3–14 (in English).
* Greene, Miranda (March 2015) \[First published 2005\], "The Knight family and the British iron industry", in Herefordshire Archaeology (ed.), *Herefordshire Through Time*, Herefordshire Council, archived from the original on 19 April 2024
* King, P. W. (1988). "Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry". *Historical Metallurgy*. **22** (2): 104–113.
* Minchinton, W. W. (1957). *The British tinplate industry: A history*. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Reutter, Mark (1988). *Sparrows Point: Making Steel—the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might*. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780671553357.
* Schubert, H. R. (1955). *History of the British Iron and Steel Industry from c. 450 B.C. to A.D. 1775*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
* Wanklyn, M. D. G; Wakelin, P.; Hussey, D.; Milne, G. (March 1996), *Database: Gloucester Port Books, 1575–1765*, Colchester, UK: University of Essex; UK Data Archive; University of Wolverhampton, doi:10.5255/UKDA-SN-3218-1, Catalogue record: \[computer file on CD-ROM\]. Gloucestershire Heritage catalogue record

## Further reading

* Articles in the series "The Rise of the Tinplate Industry", parts I–IV, by F. W. Gibbs, from the *Annals of Science* (ISSN 0003-3790; Informa UK Limited):
* Ince, Laurence (1991). *The Knight Family and the British Iron Industry*. Kineton, UK: Ferric. ISBN 978-0951816509.
* Irwin, D. A. (1998). "Did late nineteenth century U.S. tariffs promote infant industries? Evidence from the tinplate industry". *NBER* working paper 6835.
* Jenkins, Paul (1995). *Twenty by Fourteen: A history of the South Wales tinplate industry, 1700–1961*. Llandysul, Dyfed: Gomer. ISBN 978-1859022030.


title: Tinotenda Chibharo

abstract: Tinotenda Chibharo is a Zimbabwean professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or striker.

text:
# Tinotenda Chibharo

**Tinotenda Chibharo** (born 11 November 1992) is a Zimbabwean professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or striker.

## Career

Born in Zimbabwean capital Harare he was the youngest in a family of 11 which, he started playing soccer at the age of 7. He was studying at Prince Edward School where he was scouted from Winthrop University in United States where he continued his studies. Chibharo then went on to play with English side Liversedge of Cleckheaton.

In summer 2017, Chibharo, moved to Serbian football together with Tendai Chitiza in a move facilitated by former Zimbabwe and Chapungu midfielder Kennedy Chihuri and his partner Trevor Mazhande. He made 7 appearances for FK Sloboda Užice in the 2017–18 Serbian First League this way further widening the selection base for the Warriors. Sloboda spotted him at the 2017 edition of the African Nations Cup UK which Chibharo was star at.

## InfoBox

Tinotenda Chibharo
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Tinotenda Chibharo | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-11-11) 11 November 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Harare, Zimbabwe | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2010–2012 | Winthrop University | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015–2016 | Liversedge |  |  |
| 2017–2018 | Sloboda Užice | 7 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19 July 2018 | | | |


abstract:
tRNA (cytidine⁳⁴-2'-O)-methyltransferase is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (cytidine34/5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine⁳⁴-2'-O)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytidine⁳⁴ in tRNA ⇌ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2'-O-methylcytidine⁳⁴ in tRNA
  - (2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine⁳⁴ in tRNALeu ⇌ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2'-O-methyluridine⁳⁴ in tRNALeu The enzyme from Escherichia coli catalyses the 2'-O-methylation of cytidine or 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine at the wobble position at nucleotide 34 in tRNALeuCmAA and tRNALeucmnm5UmAA.

text:
# TRNA (cytidine34-2'-O)-methyltransferase

**tRNA (cytidine34-2'-O)-methyltransferase** (EC 2.1.1.207, *yibK (gene)*, *methyltransferase yibK*, *TrmL*, *tRNA methyltransferase L*, *tRNA (cytidine34/5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine34-2'-O)-methyltransferase*) is an enzyme with systematic name *S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (cytidine34/5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine34-2'-O)-methyltransferase*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

(1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine \+ cytidine34 in tRNA $\rightleftharpoons $ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine \+ 2'-O-methylcytidine34 in tRNA (2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine34 in tRNALeu $\rightleftharpoons $ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2'-O-methyluridine34 in tRNALeu

The enzyme from *Escherichia coli* catalyses the 2'-O-methylation of cytidine or 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine at the wobble position at nucleotide 34 in tRNALeuCmAA and tRNALeucmnm5UmAA.

## InfoBox

| tRNA (cytidine34-2'-O)-methyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.1.1.207 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Mary Dendy Hospital

abstract: The Mary Dendy Hospital was a hospital for the "mentally subnormal" located in Great Warford, Cheshire, England.

text:
# Mary Dendy Hospital

The **Mary Dendy Hospital** was a hospital for the "mentally subnormal" located in Great Warford, Cheshire, England.

## History

The hospital was founded as the Sandlebridge Boarding School or Sandlebridge Colony when the Lancashire and Cheshire Society for the Permanent Care of the Feeble-Minded converted two houses in Sandlebridge in Cheshire for use as schools in 1908. In 1933 the schools were renamed the Mary Dendy Homes in memory of Mary Dendy who had been the secretary (and later president) of the society.

Dendy had been involved in agitation for the reform of provision for the "mentally sub-normal", and gave evidence to the Royal Commission looking into the issue, which produced the Radnor Report, leading to the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913. She repeated in her evidence to the commission, a view she had frequently expressed previously, that the mentally subnormal and the mentally ill should be recognised as separate problems, requiring different approaches, and hence the mentally subnormal required separate facilities and institutions distinct from the traditional lunatic asylum: the Sandlebridge facility was the first permanent residential care home for mentally deficient children in the United Kingdom and thus an exemplar for this approach.

The Mary Dendy Homes joined the National Health Service as the Mary Dendy Hospital in 1948 and it continued to accommodate mentally handicapped children until it closed in 1986.

## InfoBox

| Mary Dendy Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| The Sandlebridge Schools (latterly referred to as the Mary Dendy Hospital) | |
| Location in Cheshire | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Great Warford, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 53°17′38″N 2°17′10″W / 53.294°N 2.286°W / 53.294; -2.286 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Public NHS |
| Type | Mental health |
| History | |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Closed | 1986 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


abstract: Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, or AASTU, is an Ethiopian higher institute in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The main campus is located in the Akaky Kaliti subcity, Kilinto area around Tulu dimtu. The concept of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University had a direct and reasonable connection with the Five-Year Growth and Transformation Plan (2010–2015) of the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. As it was stated in the plan, the establishment of well institutionalized and strong science and technology universities and institutes of technology will serve as a cornerstone to build an economically developed and industrialized state of Ethiopia. As a result, AASTU was founded in 2011 under the Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011 by admitting the first batch in November 2011. Currently, the university has enrolled more than 8000 undergraduate and close to 700 postgraduate students under its nine applied sciences, technology, engineering and ICT focused schools. AASTU is a university in the making, and much of its short-term plans aim at establishing academic infrastructures and facilities, staff recruitment and manpower development. So far, the university managed to recruit 472 academic staff and 391 administrative staff.

text:
# Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

**Addis Ababa Science and Technology University** (Amharic: አዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርስቲ), or AASTU, is an Ethiopian higher institute in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The main campus is located in the Akaky Kaliti subcity, Kilinto area around Tulu dimtu.

The concept of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University had a direct and reasonable connection with the Five-Year Growth and Transformation Plan (2010–2015) of the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. As it was stated in the plan, the establishment of well institutionalized and strong science and technology universities and institutes of technology will serve as a cornerstone to build an economically developed and industrialized state of Ethiopia. As a result, AASTU was founded in 2011 under the Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011 by admitting the first batch (2000 students) in November 2011.

Currently, the university has enrolled more than 8000 undergraduate (under regular and continuing education program) and close to 700 postgraduate students under its nine applied sciences, technology, engineering and ICT focused schools. AASTU is a university in the making, and much of its short-term plans aim at establishing academic infrastructures and facilities, staff recruitment and manpower development. So far, the university managed to recruit 472 academic staff and 391 administrative staff.

## Colleges

* College of Engineering
* College of Humanities and Social Sciences
* College of Applied and Natural Sciences

8°53′14″N 38°48′35″E / 8.8872°N 38.8096°E / 8.8872; 38.8096

## InfoBox

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
| አዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ | |
| --- | --- |
| Latin: *Scientia Neanthopolis universitates et ars* | |
| Motto | University for Industry |
| Type | State university |
| Established | 2011 (2011) |
| President | Dereje Engida (PhD.) |
| Students | 8000 UG, 700 Postgraduate (2019/20) |
| Location | Addis Ababa |
| Campus | Addis Ababa (one main campus) |
| Language | English |
| Website | aastu.edu.et |


title: Tsukamurella hongkongensis

abstract: Tsukamurella hongkongensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tsukamurella. It has been isolated from a human clinical sample in the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong.

text:
# Tsukamurella hongkongensis

***Tsukamurella hongkongensis*** is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tsukamurella. It has been isolated from a human clinical sample in the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong.

1. Parte, A.C. "Tsukamurella". *LPSN*.
2. Teng, JL; Tang, Y; Wong, SS; Ngan, AH; Huang, Y; Tsang, CC; Choi, GK; Lau, SK; Woo, PC (January 2016). "Tsukamurella hongkongensis sp. nov. and Tsukamurella sinensis sp. nov., isolated from patients with keratitis, catheter-related bacteraemia and conjunctivitis". *International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology*. **66** (1): 391–7. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000733. PMID 26530900.
3. "Details: DSM-100208". *www.dsmz.de*.

## InfoBox

| *Tsukamurella hongkongensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Tsukamurellaceae |
| Genus: | *Tsukamurella* |
| Species: | ***T. hongkongensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tsukamurella hongkongensis***<br>Teng et al. 2016 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| DSM 100208, JCM 30715, HKU52, HKU53 | |


title: On Call (song)

abstract: "On Call" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon, released as the third track from their 2007 album Because of the Times. The song was also released as the first single from that album on March 26, 2007, in the United Kingdom. Accompanied by the B-side, "My Third House", the single peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart in April and reached the top 30 in Ireland and New Zealand. In Australia, the song placed at number three on the 2007 Triple J Hottest 100 of 2007.

text:
# On Call (song)

"**On Call**" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon, released as the third track from their 2007 album *Because of the Times*. The song was also released as the first single from that album on March 26, 2007, in the United Kingdom. Accompanied by the B-side, "My Third House", the single peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart in April and reached the top 30 in Ireland and New Zealand. In Australia, the song placed at number three on the 2007 Triple J Hottest 100 of 2007.

## Track listing

**7"** (886970736176), **CD** (886970736022)

1. "On Call" – 3:23
2. "My Third House" – 3:56

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 4 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 28 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 26 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 8 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 18 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "On Call" | |
| --- | --- |
| 7" picture sleeve and CD cover | |
| Single by Kings of Leon | |
| from the album  *Because of the Times* | |
| B-side | "My Third House" |
| Released | March 26, 2007 |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 3:22 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Kings of Leon |
| Producer(s) | Ethan Johns, Angelo |
| Kings of Leon singles chronology | |
| "King of the Rodeo"
(2005) "**On Call**"
(2007) "Fans"
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| US iTunes Store cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Walter Haag

abstract: Walter Haag (1898–1978) was a German art director. He worked on more than sixty films during his career including the 1940 historical melodrama The Heart of a Queen.

text:
# Walter Haag

**Walter Haag** (1898–1978) was a German art director. He worked on more than sixty films during his career including the 1940 historical melodrama *The Heart of a Queen*.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Hull, David Stewart. *Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933-1945*. University of California Press, 1969.

## InfoBox

| Walter Haag | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 February 1898
Berlin, German Empire |
| Died | 20 April 1978
(aged 80)
Göttingen, West Germany |
| Occupation | Art Director |
| Years active | 1932 – 1968 (film) |


title: Terrenceville

abstract: Terrenceville is a small town located on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, south west of Swift Current.

text:
# Terrenceville

**Terrenceville** is a small town located on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, south west of Swift Current.

## History

Terrenceville is located on the island of Newfoundland, approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Marystown on Route 211. It was known as Head of Fortune Bay until 1905, when it was renamed in honor of former Newfoundland governor Terence O'Brien.

The town was serviced by the C.N. coastal boats until early 1995. It was a main port for many isolated communities on the south coast that needed to get to places such as Marystown, Clarenville, and St. John's.

The population was 300 in 1944, 424 in 1951 and 521 in 1956. Like many other towns in rural NL, Terrenceville, has seen its population decline due to many families having to leave for full-time employment, as well as an aging population which requires medical facilities.

## Geography

Terrenceville is located in a valley at the head of Fortune Bay which is separated into two bits. The barsway, which is fresh water, and the miles barsway, which is saltwater. This separation is caused by a sand bar dividing the two bodies of water.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Terrenceville had a population of 446 living in 191 of its 223 total private dwellings, a change of -7.5% from its 2016 population of 482. With a land area of 15.12 km2 (5.84 sq mi), it had a population density of 29.5/km2 (76.4/sq mi) in 2021.

## Recent events

In the past, the Eastern School Board had come under fire for the declining conditions of the local K-12 school St. Joseph's All Grade. In September 2007, mold was found in the building's gymnasium roof, and thus the roof had to be replaced.

In July 2007, Terrenceville had its first Come Home Year celebrations.

Every year, usually the first weekend in August, The Fire Dept. hosts a festival now known as "The Bottom of the Bay Festival" which often attracts many community members, those from other communities, as well as sightseers. In 2020 the festival was not held, due to quarantine restrictions, as well as public opinion preferring the festival not go ahead.

In 2015, Transport Canada sought to sell or divest itself of its local port facility.

## InfoBox

| Terrenceville | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| TerrencevilleLocation of Terrenceville in Newfoundland | |
| Coordinates: 47°39′48″N 54°43′38″W / 47.66333°N 54.72722°W / 47.66333; -54.72722 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 446 |
| Time zone | UTC-3:30 (Newfoundland Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-2:30 (Newfoundland Daylight) |
| Area code | 709 |
| Highways | Route 211 |


title: Tetramorium parasiticum

abstract: Tetramorium parasiticum is a species of ant in the genus Tetramorium. It is endemic to South Africa.

text:
# Tetramorium parasiticum

***Tetramorium parasiticum*** is a species of ant in the genus *Tetramorium*. It is endemic to South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Tetramorium parasiticum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Tetramorium* |
| Species: | ***T. parasiticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tetramorium parasiticum***
Bolton, 1980 | |
|


title: Texas State Highway 251

abstract: State Highway 251 is a Texas state highway running between Olney and Newcastle. The route was designated on June 22, 1937 from Newcastle south to Old Fort Belknap, and was extended northward to Olney mainly along its current route on September 26, 1939 when SH 24 was rerouted. The section from Newcastle to the fort was removed on February 23, 1993 and transferred to FM 61. One small section in Newcastle was transferred to FM 926

text:
# Texas State Highway 251

**State Highway 251** (**SH 251**) is a Texas state highway running between Olney and Newcastle. The route was designated on June 22, 1937 from Newcastle south to Old Fort Belknap, and was extended northward to Olney mainly along its current route on September 26, 1939 when SH 24 was rerouted. The section from Newcastle to the fort was removed on February 23, 1993 and transferred to FM 61. One small section in Newcastle was transferred to FM 926

## Junction list

The entire route is in Young County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Newcastle |  |  | FM 926 |  |
|  |  |  | FM 3329 |  |
| Olney |  |  | SH 79 |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Highway 251 | |
| --- | --- |
| SH 251, highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 13.497 mi (21.721 km) |
| Existed | 1937–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | FM 926 in Newcastle |
| North end | SH 79 in Olney |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SH 250   SH 252 | |


title: Texas State Highway 258

abstract: State Highway 258 is a short state highway in northern Texas.

text:
# Texas State Highway 258

**State Highway 258** (**SH 258**) is a short state highway in northern Texas.

## Route description

SH 258 begins at SH 25 in the rural community of Kadane Corner. The highway runs eastward, just north of the Archer County line. The route ends at a junction with US 82 / US 277 southwest of Wichita Falls.

## History

SH 258 route was designated on December 2, 1937 along its current route.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Wichita County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kadane Corner | 0.0 | 0.0 | SH 25 | Western terminus |
| Kamay | 1.7 | 2.7 | FM 1206 |  |
|  | 4.4 | 7.1 | FM 2226 |  |
|  | 7.7 | 12.4 | FM 368 Holliday |  |
|  | 11.2 | 18.0 | US 82 / US 277 Seymour, Wichita Falls | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Highway 258 | |
| --- | --- |
| SH 258, highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 11.165 mi (17.968 km) |
| Existed | 1937–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SH 25 at Kadane Corner |
| East end | US 82 / US 277 northeast of Holliday |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | Wichita |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SH 257   US 259 | |