title: United States v. Manning

abstract: United States v. Manning was the court-martial of former United States Army Private First Class, Chelsea Manning. After serving in Iraq since October 2009, Manning was arrested in May 2010 after Adrian Lamo, a computer hacker in the United States, indirectly informed the Army's Criminal Investigation Command that Manning had acknowledged passing classified material to WikiLeaks. Manning was ultimately charged with 22 specified offenses, including communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source, and the most serious of the charges, aiding the enemy. Other charges included violations of the Espionage Act of 1917, stealing U.S. government property, charges under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and charges related to the failure to obey lawful general orders under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Manning entered guilty pleas to 10 of 22 specified offenses in February 2013. The trial on the 12 remaining charges began on June 3, 2013. It went to the judge on July 26, 2013, and findings were rendered on July 30. Manning was acquitted of the most serious charge, that of aiding the enemy, for giving secrets to WikiLeaks. In addition to five or six espionage counts, Manning was also found guilty of five theft specifications, two computer fraud specifications and multiple military infractions. On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment, reduction in pay grade to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge. On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence to a total of seven years' confinement. Manning was released on May 17, 2017. On May 31, 2018, the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Manning's conviction of violating the Espionage Act of 1917.

text:
# United States v. Manning

***United States v. Manning*** was the court-martial of former United States Army Private First Class, Chelsea Manning.

After serving in Iraq since October 2009, Manning was arrested in May 2010 after Adrian Lamo, a computer hacker in the United States, indirectly informed the Army's Criminal Investigation Command that Manning had acknowledged passing classified material to WikiLeaks. Manning was ultimately charged with 22 specified offenses, including communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source, and the most serious of the charges, aiding the enemy. Other charges included violations of the Espionage Act of 1917, stealing U.S. government property, charges under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and charges related to the failure to obey lawful general orders under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Manning entered guilty pleas to 10 of 22 specified offenses in February 2013.

The trial on the 12 remaining charges began on June 3, 2013. It went to the judge on July 26, 2013, and findings were rendered on July 30. Manning was acquitted of the most serious charge, that of aiding the enemy, for giving secrets to WikiLeaks. In addition to five or six espionage counts, Manning was also found guilty of five theft specifications, two computer fraud specifications and multiple military infractions.

On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment, reduction in pay grade to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge. On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence to a total of seven years' confinement. Manning was released on May 17, 2017. On May 31, 2018, the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Manning's conviction of violating the Espionage Act of 1917.

## Background

The material includes 251,287 United States diplomatic cables, over 400,000 classified army reports from the Iraq War (the Iraq War logs), and approximately 90,000 army reports from the war in Afghanistan (the Afghan War logs). WikiLeaks also received two videos. One was of the July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike (dubbed the "Collateral Murder" video); the second, which was never published, was of the May 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan.

Manning was charged on July 5, 2010, with violations of Articles 92 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which were alleged to have taken place between November 19, 2009, and May 27, 2010. These were replaced on March 1, 2011, with 22 specifications, including aiding the enemy, wrongfully causing intelligence to be published on the Internet knowing that it was accessible to the enemy, theft of public property or records, and transmitting defense information. Manning was found not guilty of aiding the enemy, the most serious charge, for which Manning could have faced the death penalty or life imprisonment.

## Pre-trial hearings

### Article 32 hearing

A panel of experts ruled in April 2011 that Manning was fit to stand trial. An Article 32 hearing, presided over by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Almanza, was convened on December 16, 2011, at Fort Meade, Maryland, to determine whether to proceed to a court martial. The army was represented by Captains Ashden Fein, Joe Morrow, and Angel Overgaard. Manning was represented by military attorneys Major Matthew Kemkes and Captain Paul Bouchard, and by civilian attorney David Coombs.

The hearing resulted in Almanza recommending that Manning be referred to a general court-martial, and on February 3, 2012, the convening authority, Major General Michael Linnington, commander of the Military District of Washington, ordered Manning to stand trial on all 22 specified charges, including aiding the enemy. Manning was arraigned on February 23, and declined to enter a plea.

#### Prosecution evidence

The lead prosecutor, Captain Fein, argued that Manning had given enemies "unfettered access" to the material and had displayed an "absolute indifference" to classified information. He showed the court a video of Adam Gadahn, an al-Qaeda spokesman, referencing the leaked material.

The prosecution presented 300,000 pages of documents in evidence, including chat logs and classified material. Nicks writes that Manning appeared to have taken few security precautions. After Manning's arrest, detectives searched a basement room in Potomac, Maryland, and found an SD card they say contained the Afghan and Iraq War logs, along with a message to WikiLeaks. Investigators said Manning had also left computer trails of Google and Intelink searches, and of using Wget to download documents.

Lieutenant Colonel Almanza heard from two army investigators, Special Agent David Shaver, head of the digital forensics and research branch of the army's Computer Crime Investigative Unit (CCIU), and Mark Johnson, a digital forensics contractor from ManTech International, who works for the CCIU. They testified that they had found 100,000 State Department cables on a computer Manning had used between November 2009 and May 2010; 400,000 U.S. military reports from Iraq and 91,000 from Afghanistan on the SD card; and 10,000 cables on a personal MacBook Pro and storage devices that they said had not been passed to WikiLeaks because a file was corrupted. They also said they had recovered an exchange from May 2010 between Manning and Eric Schmiedl, a Boston mathematician, in which Manning had admitted to being the source of the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral Murder") video.

Johnson said he found a text file called wl-press.txt on an external hard drive in Manning's room in Iraq. The file was created on November 30, 2009, and gave the contact detail in Iceland for WikiLeaks. He said he also recovered 14–15 pages of encrypted chats, in unallocated space on Manning's MacBook's hard drive, between Manning and someone believed to be Julian Assange, using the Adium instant messaging client. The MacBook's log-in password was found to be the encryption key. Two of the chat handles, which used the Berlin Chaos Computer Club's domain (ccc.de), had names associated with them, Julian Assange and Nathaniel Frank. Johnson also said he found SSH logs on the MacBook that showed an SFTP connection, from an IP address that resolved to Manning's aunt's home, to a Swedish IP address with links to WikiLeaks. There was also a text file named "Readme" attached to the logs, apparently written by Manning:

> Items of historical significance of two wars Iraq and Afghanistan Significant Activity, Sigacts, between 00001 January 2004 and 2359 31 December 2009 extracts from CSV documents from Department of Defense and CDNE database. These items have already been sanitized of any source identifying information.
>
> You might need to sit on this information for 90 to 180 days to figure out how best to send and distribute such a large amount of data to a large audience and protect the source.
>
> This is possibly one of the most significant documents of our time, removing the fog of war and revealing the true nature of 21st century assymmetric warfare.
>
> Have a good day.

Johnson said there had been two attempts to delete material from the MacBook. The operating system was re-installed in January 2010, and on or around January 31 an attempt was made to erase the hard drive by doing a "zero-fill," which involves overwriting material with zeroes. This process was started, cancelled, then started again with a single pass. The material was recovered after the overwrite attempts from unallocated space.

#### Defense arguments

The defense named 48 people it wanted to appear on Manning's behalf. The list was believed to include President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton had said that the diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks "did not represent significant consequences to foreign policy." Obama was named because of an April 2011 statement that Manning "broke the law":

> The defense requests the presence of \[redacted\] in order to discuss the issue of Unlawful Command Influence (UCI). Under Rule for Courts-Martial 405(e), the defense is entitled to explore the issue of UCI. Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), a superior officer in the chain of command is prohibited from saying or doing anything that could influence any decision by a subordinate in how to handle a military justice matter.

Obama's statement was later echoed by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey, who said "We're a nation of laws. He did violate the law."

Manning's lawyers argued that the government had overstated the harm the release of the documents had caused, and had overcharged Manning in order to obtain evidence against Assange. They suggested that other people had had access to Manning's workplace computer, and under cross-examination Shaver acknowledged that some of the 10,000 cables on Manning's personal computer did not match cables published by WikiLeaks. Coombs asked for the dismissal of any charge related to the use of unauthorized software, arguing that Manning's unit had been "lawless ... when it comes to information assurance."

The defense also raised the issue of whether Manning's gender identity disorder had affected Manning's judgment. Manning had e-mailed master sergeant, Paul Adkins, in April 2010 to say she was suffering from gender confusion and, despite then living as a man, attaching a photograph of herself dressed as a woman. After Manning's arrest, the army found information about hormone replacement therapy in her room, and Manning's commander, Captain Steven Lim, learned that she had been calling herself Breanna. Defense lawyers argued that the superiors had failed to provide adequate counseling, and had not taken disciplinary action or revoked Manning's security clearance. They also suggested that the "don't ask, don't tell" policy—which was repealed in September 2011—had made it difficult for Manning to serve in the army as a gay man.

### Defense request to depose six witnesses

After the hearing, in January 2012, Coombs filed a request to depose six witnesses, whose names were redacted in the application, and who are believed to have been involved in classifying the leaked videos. Coombs argues that the videos were not classified at the time they were obtained by WikiLeaks.

### Article 39 hearing

An Article 39 hearing was convened on April 24, 2012, during which the judge, Colonel Denise Lind, denied a defense motion to dismiss the charge of aiding the enemy, and ruled that the government must be able to show that Manning knew the enemy would be able to access information on the WikiLeaks site. She ordered the CIA, FBI, DIA, State Department, and Department of Justice to release documents showing their assessment of whether the leaked material had damaged the national interest of the United States. Lind said she would decide after reading the documents whether to make them available to Manning's lawyers. She also ordered forensic imaging of five computers removed from Manning's work station that had not yet been wiped clean.

At the start of the hearing, Manning replaced the assigned two military defense lawyers, Major Matthew Kemkes and Captain Paul Bouchard, with Captain Joshua Tooman. The next Article 39 hearing was set for June 6–8 and trial was set for September 2012.

### Petition to the Army Court of Criminal Appeals

The Center for Constitutional Rights filed a petition in May 2012 asking the Army Court of Criminal Appeals to order press and public access to motion papers, orders, and transcripts. Petitioners included Julian Assange, Amy Goodman of *Democracy Now!*, Chase Madar, author of *The Passion of Bradley Manning* (2011), and Glenn Greenwald of *Salon*.

### Motion to dismiss

On September 19, 2012, Manning's attorneys filed a motion to dismiss all charges with prejudice, arguing that Manning had been unable to obtain a speedy trial. The motion said that the 845 days spent in pretrial confinement was longer than the periods that the law says is unreasonable (United States military law normally requires a trial within 120 days). Judge Lind ruled against the defense motion and allowed for the delay because the prosecution needed more time to prepare its case.

### Initial plea

On February 28, 2013, Manning pleaded guilty to 10 of the 22 specified charges. Military judge Colonel Denise Lind accepted the guilty pleas, for which Manning could face up to 20 years in prison. Manning did not plead guilty to the most significant charge of aiding the enemy.

Manning acknowledged having provided archives of military and diplomatic files to WikiLeaks. She pleaded guilty to 10 criminal counts in connection with the material leaked, which included videos of airstrikes in Iraq and Afghanistan in which civilians were killed, logs of military incident reports, assessment files of detainees held at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and a quarter-million cables from American diplomats stationed around the world. Manning read a statement recounting how she joined the military, became an intelligence analyst in Iraq, decided that certain files should become known to the American public to prompt a wider debate about foreign policy, downloaded them from a secure computer network and then ultimately uploaded them to WikiLeaks.

When the judge asked Manning to explain how she could admit that her actions were wrong, Manning replied, "Your Honor, regardless of my opinion or my assessment of documents such as these, it's beyond my pay grade—it's not my authority to make these decisions about releasing confidential files." An audio recording of Manning's statement was released by journalist Glenn Greenwald on March 12, 2013.

Manning put the files on a camera digital storage card and took it home on a leave in early 2010. Manning then decided to give the files to a newspaper, first calling *The Washington Post*. Next, *The New York Times* was contacted and an unanswered voice mail message was left. In January 2010, Manning called the public editor's line at Bloomberg News, but got no response. Manning then copied the files and uploaded them to WikiLeaks, through its website, using a directory the group designated as a "cloud drop box" server. Manning was frustrated that WikiLeaks did not publish files about 15 people who printed "anti-Iraqi" pamphlets. After uploading the files, Manning was engaged in more online conversations with someone from WikiLeaks, who Manning thought was a senior figure, like Julian Assange. In retrospect, Manning described the relationship as "artificial."

## Trial

The trial began on June 3, 2013, at Fort Meade, Maryland, before Colonel Denise Lind, chief judge, U.S. Army Trial Judiciary, 1st Judicial Circuit.

Opening for the prosecution, Captain Joe Morrow accused Manning of having "harvested" hundreds of thousands of documents from secure networks, then making them available within hours to the US's enemies by dumping them on the Internet: "This is a case about what happens when arrogance meets access to classified information," he said. For the defense, Coombs described Manning as "young, naïve and good intentioned." Coombs recounted an incident in which a convoy was hit by an IED, which U.S. troops were relieved did not result in any American fatalities. Manning was reportedly disturbed by her comrades' lack of sympathy upon later learning that an Iraqi civilian had been killed in the incident. Coombs said that by releasing material she felt the public should see, Manning had hoped to make a difference. Manning additionally believed that much of the information she released was "already basically in the public domain," and that it was of historical importance.

On July 2, at the trial's 14th day of sessions, prosecutors rested their case, having presented testimony from 80 witnesses and evidence showing that Manning's training repeatedly instructed her to not give classified information to unauthorized people. The government also presented evidence that Osama bin Laden asked for and received from an associate the Afghanistan battlefield reports WikiLeaks published, and that al-Qaeda leaders reveled in WikiLeaks' publication of reams of classified U.S. documents, urging members to study them before devising ways to attack the United States.

On July 10, the defense rested its case after presenting evidence from 10 witnesses. Manning did not take the stand. Attempting to undercut the most serious charge against Manning—aiding the enemy—defense lawyers called Harvard Law School professor Yochai Benkler, who testified that until WikiLeaks started publishing the material Manning leaked, even the Pentagon apparently viewed the anti-secrecy website as a legitimate journalistic enterprise. Thereafter, said Benkler, the public, the military and traditional news media perceived WikiLeaks as a group that supported terrorism.

On July 18, Judge Lind rejected a defense motion to dismiss the charge of aiding the enemy, citing Manning's extensive training as an intelligence analyst and the sheer volume of records that were leaked as reasons to allow the charge to proceed. In its rebuttal case, the prosecution entered three tweets from WikiLeaks that Manning may have viewed to show that the organization was not a legitimate journalistic enterprise. In surrebuttal, the defense entered articles into evidence depicting WikiLeaks as an important journalism outlet, a platform "just as important as" the Freedom of Information Act (United States).

On July 25, chief prosecutor Maj. Ashden Fein delivered the government's closing argument, portraying Manning as an "anarchist" who sought to "make a splash" by providing vast archives of secret documents to WikiLeaks. Arguing that Manning must be found guilty of aiding the enemy, Fein said, "He was not a whistleblower. He was a traitor, a traitor who understood the value of compromised information in the hands of the enemy and took deliberate steps to ensure that they, along with the world, received it." Fein contended that Manning's "wholesale and indiscriminate compromise of hundreds of thousands of classified documents" for release by the WikiLeaks staff, whom he called "essentially information anarchists," was not an ordinary journalistic disclosure but a bid for "notoriety, although in a clandestine form." Fein addressed the court for nearly six hours.

The next day, defense attorney Coombs countered with his own closing argument, portraying Manning as "a young, naïve, but good-intentioned soldier who had human life and his humanist beliefs center to his decisions, whose sole focus was, 'Maybe I just can make a difference, maybe make a change.'" Coombs said his client released only files she believed would cause no harm yet spark debate and prompt change, and that if Manning had not been selective, she would have leaked much more. Playing excerpts from the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral Murder") video that Manning admitted supplying to WikiLeaks, Coombs told Judge Lind: "When the court looks at this, the defense requests that you not disengage, that you not look at this from the eyes of 'this happened on a battlefield.' Did they all deserve to die? That is what Private Manning is thinking as he is watching this video he is seeing, and he's questioning."

With closing arguments concluded, Col. Lind began her deliberations. Manning chose to have her court-martial heard by the judge only instead of a jury.

## Findings

On July 30, 2013, Judge Lind issued her findings regarding the charges. Manning was acquitted of aiding the enemy by knowingly giving out intelligence through indirect means, and was convicted of 19 of the 21 or 22 specified charges, including theft and six counts of espionage. The hearing on sentencing began on July 31, 2013. The maximum sentence that Manning could have faced was 136 years' imprisonment. This was subsequently reduced to 90 years after the military court granted the defense's motion to merge some of the 20 counts that Manning was being charged with on the grounds that they overlapped.

## Sentencing

The judge ruled in January 2013 that Manning's sentence would be reduced by 112 days because of treatment during confinement at Quantico. The sentencing phase of the trial began on July 31. A military psychologist who had treated Manning, Capt. Michael Worsley, testified that Manning had been left isolated in the army, trying to deal with gender-identity issues in a "hyper-masculine environment." On August 14 during the sentencing hearing, Manning apologized for past actions, telling the court: "I am sorry that my actions hurt people. I'm sorry that they hurt the United States. I am sorry for the unintended consequences of my actions. When I made these decisions I believed I was going to help people, not hurt people. ... At the time of my decisions I was dealing with a lot of issues." On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Manning was given credit of 1,293 days (3 years and 6 months) served in pre-trial confinement, and may be eligible for parole after serving one-third of the sentence. Manning was also reduced to the lowest enlisted pay grade (E-1), forfeited all pay and allowances, and given a dishonorable discharge.

## Petition for commutation of sentence

On September 3, 2013, Manning's attorney announced that he had filed on his client's behalf a Petition for Commutation of Sentence, submitted with a letter to the Secretary of the Army and, through the Department of Justice's Office of the Pardon Attorney, to President Obama, seeking a presidential pardon.

On January 17, 2017, President Obama commuted Manning's sentence to a total of seven years' confinement, starting with the initial date of arrest. As a result of the commutation Manning was released on May 17, 2017.

## Appeal

On May 31, 2018, the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Manning's 2013 court-martial conviction of violating the Espionage Act. The court rejected Manning's contention that the statute is too vague to provide fair notice of the criminal nature of disclosing classified documents. "The facts of this case," the three-judge panel ruled, "leave no question as to what constituted national defense information. Appellant's training and experience indicate, without any doubt, she was on notice and understood the nature of the information she was disclosing and how its disclosure could negatively affect national defense." The court also rejected Manning's assertion that her actions in disclosing classified information related to national security are protected by the First Amendment. Manning, the court found, "had no First Amendment right to make the disclosures—doing so not only violated the nondisclosure agreements she signed, but also jeopardized national security."

Material alleged to have been leaked Miscellaneous   1. Jennifer Rizzo, "Bradley Manning charged", CNN, February 23, 2012.
2. Patrick Semansky, "Bradley Manning wants to live as a woman: 'I am Chelsea Manning'", *Toronto Star*, August 22, 2013.
3. "Alleged Army Whistleblower Felt "Isolated"". CBS News. July 7, 2010.
4. "Bradley Manning enters guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case", CBS News, February 28, 2013.
5. Julie Tate and Ellen Nakashima, "Bradley Manning court-martial opens", *The Washington Post*, June 3, 2013.
6. "Closing arguments conclude; Manning's fate now with judge". CNN. July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
7. "Verdict in Manning trial to be read Tuesday". CNN. July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
8. Matt Sledge (July 30, 2013). "Bradley Manning Found Guilty of 19 Counts, Not Guilty of Aiding The Enemy". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
9. Dashiell Bennett (July 30, 2013). "Bradley Manning Found Not Guilty of Aiding the Enemy". theatlanticwire.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
10. "Army Pfc. Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy, convicted of six counts of espionage". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
11. Savage, Charlie (July 30, 2013). "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
12. "Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy for giving secrets to WikiLeaks". CBS News. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
13. "BBC News – Bradley Manning guilty of espionage in Wikileaks case". bbc.co.uk. July 30, 2013.
14. Dishneau, David. "Manning Gets 35 years for wikileaks disclosures". *MSN.com*. Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
15. "Obama commutes Chelsea Manning's sentence". January 17, 2017.
16. Savage, Charlie (January 17, 2017). "Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence". *The New York Times*. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
17. Volokh, Eugene (June 1, 2018). "Chelsea Manning Loses Wikileaks First Amendment Appeal". *reason.com*. Reason. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
18. Kim Zetter, "Bradley Manning to Face All Charges in Court-Martial", *Wired*, February 3, 2012.
19. "Attorney for WikiLeaks suspect says he's seen no evidence on documents" Archived April 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, CNN, August 31, 2010.
20. "WikiLeaks: Bradley Manning faces 22 new charges", CBS News, March 2, 2011.
21. "Panel Says WikiLeaks Suspect Is Competent to Stand Trial", Associated Press, April 29, 2011.
22. Linnington was later promoted to Lt. Gen. and became the DoD Deputy Director for Readiness Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. His replacement at MDW is Maj. Gen. Jeffrey S. Buchanan Archived October 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
23. Regarding fitness to stand trial, see "Panel Says WikiLeaks Suspect Is Competent to Stand Trial", Associated Press, April 29, 2011.
24. Denver Nicks, *Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History*, Chicago Review Press, 2012, p. 3.
25. Nicks 2012, p. 223.
26. The army investigators' testimony Zetter, December 19, 2011
27. Nicks 2012, pp. 137–138; also see Zetter, December 19, 2011.
28. Ed Pilkington (December 5, 2011). "Bradley Manning team to highlight WikiLeaks suspect's fragile mental state | World news". theguardian.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
29. "Did Obama taint Manning's right to fair trial? – US news – Security". NBC News. April 26, 2011. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
30. Greenberg, Andy (April 22, 2011). "Video Of Obama On Bradley Manning: "He Broke The Law"". *Forbes*. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
31. Stephanie Condon (April 22, 2011). "Obama says Bradley Manning "broke the law" – Political Hotsheet". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
32. Greenwald, Glenn (April 23, 2011). "President Obama speaks on Manning and the rule of law". *Salon.com*. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
33. "Barack Obama on Bradley Manning: 'He broke the law' – MJ Lee and Abby Phillip". Politico.Com. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
34. "Defense Article 32 Witness List.pdf – Google Drive". Retrieved August 23, 2013.
35. Cole, William. "Dempsey: US 'preparing military options' if needed for Syria – Pacific". *Stripes*. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
36. For the prosecution argument about Manning's "absolute indifference," and for the defense argument about Manning's unit being "lawless," see Serena Marshall, "Court Martial for Bradley Manning in Wikileaks Case?", ABC News, December 22, 2011.
37. David Coombs, "Request for oral depositions", *United States v. PFC Bradley Manning*, January 12, 2012.
38. § 839
39. "Bradley Manning Judge to Rule on Request to Drop Charges", ABC News, April 24, 2012.
40. David Dishneau, "GI Seeks Dismissal of 10 Counts in WikiLeaks Case", Associated Press, May 24, 2012.
41. Motion to Dismiss of September 19, 2012 as cited in Nathan Fuller (September 29, 2012) "The government has made an 'absolute mockery' of Bradley Manning's right to a speedy trial" *BradleyManning.org*
42. Adam Klasfeld, "Landmark Delays in Manning Court-Martial, Lawyer Says" *Courthouse News Service*, October 1, 2012.
43. Adam Klasfeld, "Judges Doubt Need for Secrecy in Bradley Manning Court-Martial" *Courthouse News Service*, October 10, 2012.
44. Ed Pilkington at Fort Meade, Maryland (February 26, 2013). "Bradley Manning judge rules length of soldier's detention 'reasonable' | World news". London: theguardian.com. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
45. "Bradley Manning pleads guilty to some Wikileaks charges", BBC News, February 28, 2013.
46. Charlie Savage, Scott Shane (March 1, 2013). "Soldier Admits Providing Files To WikiLeaks". *The New York Times*. p. A1.
47. Glenn Greenwald, "Finally: hear Bradley Manning in his own voice", *The Guardian*, March 12, 2013.
48. Judge Advocate General Corps website Archived February 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, last updated September 24, 2012, retrieved July 23, 2013.
49. Paul McGeough, "WikiLeaks trial begins on a low-note", *Sydney Morning Herald*, June 4, 2013.
50. David Dishneau & Pauline Jelinek, "Prosecution rests in Manning's WikiLeaks trial", Associated Press, July 2, 2013.
51. Associated Press (July 2, 2013). "Prosecution submits al-Qaida excerpts in Wikileaks trial". *The Burlington Free Press*. Burlington, Vermont. pp. 5A. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
52. Associated Press, "Bradley Manning's defense rests its case in WikiLeaks scandal", *Los Angeles Times*, July 10, 2013.
53. Julie Tate, "Judge in Bradley Manning trial rejects motion to dismiss key charge", *The Washington Post*, July 18, 2013.
54. Charlie Savage (July 25, 2013). "In Closing Argument, Prosecutor Casts Soldier as 'Anarchist' for Leaking Archives". *New York Times*.
55. Charlie Savage (July 27, 2013). "Defense Calls Manning's Intentions Good". *New York Times*.
56. David Dishneau, "Bradley Manning Trial Begins 3 Years After Arrest", Associated Press, June 3, 2013.
57. Bill Chappell (July 31, 2013). "As Sentencing Phase Begins, Manning Could Face Decades In Prison". NPR.
58. Pilkington, Ed (August 6, 2013). "Bradley Manning's maximum sentence reduced to a possible 90 years". *The Guardian*.
59. Tate, Julie and Nakashima, Ellen. "Judge refuses to dismiss charges against WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning", *The Washington Post*, January 8, 2013.
60. Tate, Julie and Londono, Ernesto. "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges", *The Washington Post*, July 30, 2013.
61. Kube, Courtney; DeLuca, Matthew; McClam, Erin. "'I'm sorry that I hurt the United States': Bradley Manning apologizes in court", NBC News, August 14, 2013.
62. "Bradley Manning sentenced to 35 years in prison". CNN. August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
63. "Bradley Manning gets 35 years in prison for giving US secrets to WikiLeaks". WFTV TV. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
64. Simpson, Ian. "Manning seeks presidential pardon in WikiLeaks case", Reuters, September 4, 2013.

## Further reading

Articles Books Video Websites

## InfoBox

| United States v. Manning | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States Army Military District of Washington |
| Full case name | *United States of America v. Manning, Bradley E., PFC* |
| Case history | |
| Prior actions | Article 32 hearing, opened December 16, 2011<br>Formally charged, February 23, 2012<br>Article 39 (pre-trial) hearing, opened April 24, 2012 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Colonel Denise Lind |


title: United States v. Martinez-Fuerte

abstract: United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543 (1976), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that allowed the United States Border Patrol to set up permanent or fixed checkpoints on public highways leading to or away from the Mexican border and that the checkpoints are not a violation of the Fourth Amendment.

text:
# United States v. Martinez-Fuerte

***United States v. Martinez-Fuerte***, 428 U.S. 543 (1976), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that allowed the United States Border Patrol to set up permanent or fixed checkpoints on public highways leading to or away from the Mexican border and that the checkpoints are not a violation of the Fourth Amendment.

## History

The defendant, Amado Martinez-Fuerte, had agreed to transport two illegal Mexican aliens who had entered the United States through the Port of San Ysidro in San Diego, California. They traveled north and were stopped at a permanent checkpoint on Interstate 5 between Oceanside and San Clemente and then questioned. The two passengers admitted their status, and the defendant was charged with two counts of illegally transporting aliens. He moved to have the evidence suppressed, on the grounds that the checkpoint stop had violated the Fourth Amendment. The motion was denied, and he was convicted of both counts.

## Decision

The court ruled 7-2 that the internal checkpoints were not a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The court went on to say that it would be impracticable for the officers to seek warrants for every vehicle searched and that to do so would eliminate any deterrent towards smuggling and illegal immigration. The court felt that any intrusion to motorists was a minimal one and that the government and public interest outweighed the constitutional rights of the individual.

The court also ruled that the stops were Constitutional even if largely based on apparent Mexican ancestry:

"As we have noted earlier, one's expectation of privacy in an automobile and of freedom in its operation are significantly different from the traditional expectation of privacy and freedom in one's residence. United States v. Ortiz, 422 U.S. at 422 U. S. 896 n. 2; see Cardwell v. Lewis, 417 U. S. 583, 417 U. S. 590-591 (1974) (plurality opinion)."

"And the reasonableness of the procedures followed in making these checkpoint stops makes the resulting intrusion on the interests of motorists minimal. On the other hand, the purpose of the stops is legitimate and in the public interest, and the need for this enforcement technique is demonstrated by the records in the cases before us. Accordingly, we hold that the stops and questioning at issue may be made in the absence of any individualized suspicion at reasonably located checkpoints. \[Footnote 15\]"

Thus, a Border Patrol agent that sends a vehicle to secondary does not violate the Fourth Amendment even without probable cause or even reasonable suspicion:

"We further believe that it is constitutional to refer motorists selectively to the secondary inspection area at the San Clemente checkpoint on the basis of criteria that would not sustain a roving patrol stop." (The court was referring to the *Terry v. Ohio* requirement of roving patrol).

"Thus, even if it be assumed that such referrals are made largely on the basis of apparent Mexican ancestry, \[Footnote 16\] we perceive no constitutional violation. Cf. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. at 422 U. S. 885-887. As the intrusion here is sufficiently minimal that no particularized reason need exist to justify it, we think it follows that the Border Patrol officers must have wide discretion in selecting the motorists to be diverted for the brief questioning involved."

## Dissenting opinion

Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., wrote in his dissent that the decision was a radical new intrusion on citizens' rights and "empties the reasonableness requirement of the Amendment":

"The scheme of the Fourth Amendment becomes meaningful only when it is assured that at some point the conduct of those charged with enforcing the laws can be subjected to the more detached, neutral scrutiny of a judge who must evaluate the reasonableness of a particular search or seizure in light of the particular circumstances. And in making that assessment it is imperative that the facts be judged against an objective standard.... Anything less would invite intrusions upon constitutionally guaranteed rights based on nothing more substantial than inarticulate hunches, a result this Court has consistently refused to sanction."

Part of Justice Brennan's complaint was that it was the ninth decision to rule against Fourth Amendment protections in that term.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Martinez-Fuerte | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued April 26, 1976
Decided July 6, 1976 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, et al.* |
| Citations | 428 U.S. 543 (*more*)96 S. Ct. 3074; 49 L. Ed. 2d 1116 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 514 F.2d 308 (9th Cir. 1975); cert. granted, 423 U.S. 822 (1975). |
| Holding | |
| The Border Patrol's routine stopping of a vehicle at a permanent checkpoint located on a major highway away from the Mexican border for brief questioning of the vehicle's occupants is consistent with the Fourth Amendment, and the stops and questioning may be made at reasonably located checkpoints in the absence of any individualized suspicion that the particular vehicle contains illegal aliens. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Powell, joined by Burger, Stewart, White, Blackmun, Rehnquist, Stevens |
| Dissent | Brennan, joined by Marshall |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. IV | |


abstract: In United Nations Security Council Resolution 666, adopted on September 13, 1990, after recalling resolutions 661 (1990) and 664 (1990) which discussed the humanitarian situation in Iraq and Kuwait and the detention of nationals from foreign countries, the Council decided to ask the 661 Committee to determine if humanitarian needs have arisen and to keep the situation under review. At the same time, it expected Iraq to comply with its obligations under international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention, relating to the safety and detainment of third-state nationals in Iraq and occupied Kuwait. The Council then requested the Secretary-General to urgently seek information on the availability of food in Iraq and Kuwait, as well as paying attention to children, the elderly, expectant mothers and the sick, communicating all information to the committee. If the Committee found an urgent humanitarian need for foodstuffs, it was to report to the Council promptly with its decision as to how the need should be met. Furthermore, the committee was directed to bear in mind when formulating its decisions that foodstuffs should be provided through the United Nations in co-operation with appropriate humanitarian agencies such as the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure the intended beneficiaries were reached. Finally, the resolution recommended the strict supervision of medical supplies by governments and humanitarian agencies exporting to Iraq and Kuwait. Resolution 666 was adopted with 13 votes; Cuba and Yemen voted against the resolution, with Cuba stating that even through the use of disclaimers, the resolution amounted to "using starvation as a weapon of war", banned under Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 666

In **United Nations Security Council Resolution 666**, adopted on September 13, 1990, after recalling resolutions 661 (1990) and 664 (1990) which discussed the humanitarian situation in Iraq and Kuwait and the detention of nationals from foreign countries, the Council decided to ask the 661 Committee to determine if humanitarian needs have arisen and to keep the situation under review. At the same time, it expected Iraq to comply with its obligations under international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention, relating to the safety and detainment of third-state nationals in Iraq and occupied Kuwait.

The Council then requested the Secretary-General to urgently seek information on the availability of food in Iraq and Kuwait, as well as paying attention to children, the elderly, expectant mothers and the sick, communicating all information to the committee. If the Committee found an urgent humanitarian need for foodstuffs, it was to report to the Council promptly with its decision as to how the need should be met. Furthermore, the committee was directed to bear in mind when formulating its decisions that foodstuffs should be provided through the United Nations in co-operation with appropriate humanitarian agencies such as the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure the intended beneficiaries were reached. Finally, the resolution recommended the strict supervision of medical supplies by governments and humanitarian agencies exporting to Iraq and Kuwait.

Resolution 666 was adopted with 13 votes; Cuba and Yemen voted against the resolution, with Cuba stating that even through the use of disclaimers, the resolution amounted to "using starvation as a weapon of war", banned under Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 666 | |
| --- | --- |
| World Food Programme convoy | |
| Date | 13 September 1990 |
| Meeting no. | 2,939 |
| Code | S/RES/666 (Document) |
| Subject | **Iraq–Kuwait** |
| Voting summary | * **13 voted for** * **2 voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: University of Warwick Science Park

abstract: The University of Warwick Science Park was one of the first university based science parks in the United Kingdom when it was opened by Margaret Thatcher in 1984. It was a joint venture between the University of Warwick, Coventry City Council, Warwickshire County Council and Barclays. The latter are no longer shareholders having been replaced by WM Enterprise. The University of Warwick agreed in 2011 to purchase the shareholding of Coventry City Council. The acquisition was completed in 2012 and today the Science Park is wholly owned by the University of Warwick. UWSP currently covers four sites; the main campus abutting the University of Warwick, the Business Innovation Centre in Binley, Warwick Innovation Centre on Warwick Technology Park and Blythe Valley Innovation Centre near Solihull. UWSP typically provides office, workshop and lab space for up to 150 businesses.

text:
# University of Warwick Science Park

The **University of Warwick Science Park** (also known as **UWSP** and **Warwick Science Park**) was one of the first university based science parks in the United Kingdom when it was opened by Margaret Thatcher in 1984. It was a joint venture between the University of Warwick, Coventry City Council, Warwickshire County Council and Barclays. The latter are no longer shareholders having been replaced by WM Enterprise. The University of Warwick agreed in 2011 to purchase the shareholding of Coventry City Council. The acquisition was completed in 2012 and today the Science Park is wholly owned by the University of Warwick. UWSP currently covers four sites; the main campus abutting the University of Warwick, the Business Innovation Centre in Binley, Warwick Innovation Centre on Warwick Technology Park and Blythe Valley Innovation Centre near Solihull.

UWSP typically provides office, workshop and lab space for up to 150 businesses.

## History

The University of Warwick Science Park was established in 1982 by the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Warwick, Lord Butterworth. The first building, the Barclay's Venture Centre (now the Venture Centre) was formally opened by UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 24 February 1984. In 2004, UWSP was awarded the 'Incubator of the Year' award by UKBI. The founding Director of UWSP, David Rowe, was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise Promotion in 2006. In 2012 the University of Warwick acquired sole ownership of the Science Park.

## Facilities

### University of Warwick

The University of Warwick Science Park’s main 42-acre campus is centred on the Venture Centre. It includes a further twenty buildings, some of which are owner occupied whilst others are leased. Many of the buildings on UWSP's campus are named after old British car models. The main buildings include:
The Venture Centre
Herald Court
Sovereign Court
Riley Court
Vanguard Centre
Viscount Centres

### Warwick Innovation Centre

Warwick Innovation Centre opened at Warwick Technology Park in 1997 as a joint venture between UWSP and Warwickshire County Council. Further developments followed in 1999 & 2001 providing 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2) of lettable space.

### Business Innovation Centre

The 34,000 sq ft (3,200 m2) Business Innovation Centre at Binley, Coventry opened in April 2000 as a joint venture between UWSP and Coventry City Council.

### Blythe Valley Innovation Centre

UWSP manages the 30,000 sq ft (3,000 m2) Innovation Centre at Blythe Valley Business Park on behalf of Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council, Prologis and British Land.

## Activities

In addition to property services, UWSP offers a range of business support activities targeted at innovation led SMEs.

### Minerva

UWSP hosts and manages the Business Angel Network, Minerva. Minerva is actually an acronym for Midlands Network of Entrepreneurs, Venturers and Angels. In addition to supporting a community of high-net-worth individuals.

### Technical Marketing (Techmark)

Techmark has provided marketing services to established, start-up and pre-start technology businesses since 1996. Services include market exploration, market development, strategic planning, marketing execution and overseas market access.

### Incubation (Ignite)

Ignite provides mentoring and subsidised incubator space for tech based start-ups with high growth potential. This is spread across three sites, the main campus, Warwick Innovation Centre and the Business Innovation Centre.

### Incubation (UK Market Access Programme)

The UK Market Access Programme provides a blend of subsidised office space and professional service support for foreign owned companies seeking to establish UK trading arms. Warwick Science Park is one of the founding members of the UK Market Access Program.

### Access to Finance

Access to Finance services provided by UWSP enables businesses to raise external funding covering debt fiance, equity finance or grant funding. UWSP has also managed a number of seed investment funds including the fully invested UWSP Concepts Fund and the £7m Advantage Proof of Concept Fund.

### Access to Skills and Knowledge

Help to connect companies to University research to access related specialist knowledge resources and expertise and help to up-skill business owners.

## InfoBox

University of Warwick Science Park
| Company type | Private (Limited liability) |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Science and technology |
| Founded | 1984 |
| Headquarters | Coventry, United Kingdom |
| Key people | David Grindrod, Chief Operating Officer |
| Products | Property
Incubation
Technical Marketing
Business Angel Network
Innovation Consultancy |
| Number of employees | 25 |
| Website | www.warwicksciencepark.co.uk |


abstract: The University of Washington College of Education is the school of education of the University of Washington. The College of Education offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Led by Dean Mia Tuan, the mission of the UW College of Education is to transform inequitable systems of education to create just, sustainable and culturally-thriving democracies by engaging in dynamic, collaborative partnerships, practices and research.

text:
# University of Washington College of Education

The **University of Washington College of Education** is the school of education of the University of Washington. The College of Education offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees.

Led by Dean Mia Tuan, the mission of the UW College of Education is to transform inequitable systems of education to create just, sustainable and culturally-thriving democracies by engaging in dynamic, collaborative partnerships, practices and research.

## History

Preparing teachers was an important function of the University of Washington from its early days. After becoming the Territorial University's first graduate in 1876, Clara McCarty taught in various schools and was elected superintendent of the Pierce County School District in 1880.

The university established a specific program to train teachers, called the "Normal" curriculum, in 1878. The University of Washington Normal College was established in 1892–1893, with a series name changes occurring over the next several years: Department of Pedagogy, 1893–1894; Department of Education, 1895–1896; Department of Philosophy of Education, 1896–1897; Department of Education, 1897–1898; School of Pedagogy, 1898–1899; before the name Department of Education was retained for more than a decade beginning in 1900–1901.

On January 21, 1913, the university introduced a School of Education. The College of Education was officially formed December 15, 1914, as a four-year program with authority over graduation and curriculum decisions.

## Degree programs

The college offers two doctoral programs: the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (Ph.D.) and the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.). It also offers more than a dozen master's programs, including Education Policy, Organizations and Leadership; Early Childhood Special Education; Education Policy, Organizations and Leadership; Instructional Leadership; Intercollegiate Athletic Leadership; Language, Literacy, and Culture; Leadership in Higher Education; Learning Sciences and Human Development; Measurement and Statistics; Multicultural Education; Social and Cultural Foundations; Special Education; and Teaching. Bachelor's degree programs are offered in Early Care and Education; Early Childhood and Family Studies; and Education, Communities and Organizations.

## Faculty

Notable current and past faculty of the college include:

## Notable alumni

Notable alumni of the college include:

## Facilities

The college's primary home is Miller Hall on the main campus of the University of Washington in Seattle. It is part of the Liberal Arts Quadrangle, commonly known as the Quad. Completed in 1922 and originally called Education Hall, the building was renamed in 1954 to honor the family of long-time University of Washington Regent William Winlock Miller. The building features a collection of more than 30 figures by Victor Alonzo Lewis along its cornice. The figures represent educational subjects such as music and geography; historical figures including Alexander the Great and Confucius; various professions; and methods of pedagogy (reading and laboratory experiments) among others. Miller Hall contains numerous classrooms and offices.

Other buildings associated with the college include the Haring Center for Inclusive Education and Gilman Building.

## InfoBox

University of Washington
College of Education
| Miller Hall, home of the University of Washington College of Education, in 2004. | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | * UW College of Education * UW COE |
| Type | Public school of education |
| Established | 1914 (1914) |
| Parent institution | University of Washington |
| Dean | Dr. Mia Tuan |
| Address | Miller Hall, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States<br>47°39′26″N 122°18′23″W / 47.657142°N 122.306319°W / 47.657142; -122.306319 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | education.uw.edu |


title: United Socialist Organisation of India

abstract: United Socialist Organisation was a left-wing alliance in India. The USOI was launched by Sarat Chandra Bose, the elder brother of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, after his resignation from the Indian National Congress in 1947. Bose wanted to assemble all the leftist groups in a common front. Most notably, the All India Forward Bloc under Sheel Bhadra Yagee joined USOI. However, a minority led by Forward Bloc chairman K.M. Joglekar disagreed with AIFB joining USOI. They broke away and formed the Forward Communist Party. Ahead of the 1952 Indian general elections, USO comprised All India Forward Bloc, Sarat Chandra Bose's Socialist Republican Party, Bolshevik Party of India, Indian National Army, People's Movement and others and independents. USOI came to an understanding with Communist Party of India to form an anti-Congress front in West Bengal. Attempts were made to involve RSP in this front, but the negotiations ahead of the elections failed. Attempts were also made to reach agreements with Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and Socialist Party of India, but no agreement was possible. In total, USO fielded 72 candidates in the West Bengal assembly and CPI 71. For the Lok Sabha USOI fielded 8 candidates and CPI 9. In two constituencies the front supported RSP candidates. In other constituencies the front and RSP were in contest. In constituencies where there was no front candidate, the front appealed to voters to cast their vote for KMPP or the Socialist Party. After the election, RSP joined the front.

text:
# United Socialist Organisation of India

**United Socialist Organisation** was a left-wing alliance in India. The USOI was launched by Sarat Chandra Bose, the elder brother of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, after his resignation from the Indian National Congress in 1947. Bose wanted to assemble all the leftist groups in a common front. Most notably, the All India Forward Bloc under Sheel Bhadra Yagee joined USOI. However, a minority led by Forward Bloc chairman K.M. Joglekar disagreed with AIFB joining USOI. They broke away and formed the Forward Communist Party.

Ahead of the 1952 Indian general elections, USO comprised All India Forward Bloc, Sarat Chandra Bose's Socialist Republican Party, Bolshevik Party of India, Indian National Army, People's Movement and others and independents. USOI came to an understanding with Communist Party of India to form an anti-Congress front in West Bengal. Attempts were made to involve RSP in this front, but the negotiations ahead of the elections failed. Attempts were also made to reach agreements with Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and Socialist Party of India, but no agreement was possible.

In total, USO fielded 72 candidates in the West Bengal assembly and CPI 71. For the Lok Sabha USOI fielded 8 candidates and CPI 9. In two constituencies the front supported RSP candidates. In other constituencies the front and RSP were in contest. In constituencies where there was no front candidate, the front appealed to voters to cast their vote for KMPP or the Socialist Party.

After the election, RSP joined the front.

## Results

The election was won by the Indian National Congress, who got a majority of its own in the assembly. The communists became the largest opposition party.

| Party | No. of candidates | No. of elected | No. of votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indian National Congress | 236 | 150 | 2889994 | 38.82% |
| Communist Party of India | 86 | 28 | 800951 | 10.76% |
| Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party | 129 | 15 | 667446 | 8.97% |
| Bharatiya Jana Sangh | 85 | 9 | 415458 | 5.58% |
| Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) | 48 | 11 | 393591 | 5.29% |
| Socialist Party | 63 | 0 | 215382 | 2.89% |
| Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha | 33 | 4 | 176762 | 2.37% |
| Forward Bloc (Ruikar) | 32 | 2 | 107905 | 1.45% |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | 16 | 0 | 63173 | 0.85% |
| Bolshevik Party of India | 8 | 0 | 20117 | 0.27% |
| Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad | 14 | 0 | 7100 | 0.10% |
| Independents | 614 | 19 | 1653165 | 22.21% |
| **Total:** | 1374 | 238 | 7443903 |  |


abstract: The Senate Banking Subcommittee on Economic Policy is one of five subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

text:
# United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Economic Policy

The **Senate Banking Subcommittee on Economic Policy** is one of five subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

## Jurisdiction

The Subcommittee on Economic Policy oversees economic growth, employment and price stability, federal monetary policy, including the policy functions of the Federal Reserve System; the Council of Economic Advisers; money and credit, including currency, coinage, and notes; control of prices of commodities, rents and services; economic stabilization and defense production; the Defense Production Act; financial aid to commerce and industry; loan guarantees; flood insurance; and disaster assistance carried out by the Federal Emergency Management Agency within the Department of Homeland Security.

## Members, 118th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |

## Historical subcommittee rosters

### 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |


abstract: The University of Queensland Seismology Station was established in 1938 at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

text:
# University of Queensland Seismology Station

The **University of Queensland** **Seismology Station** was established in 1938 at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

## History

The University of Queensland Seismology Station is a long term research project of the University, second only to the Pitch Drop experiment. The station was established following the Gayndah earthquake of 12 April 1935. W.H. Bryan, who was a lecturer in Geology at the University of Queensland, undertook an investigation into the earthquake, distributing a questionnaire to those affected by it, and undertook field investigations. This was done to establish the epicentre of the earthquake, and its cause and effects. Newspaper coverage of the event was extensive in 1935, and following on from an interview with W.H. Bryan, a donor presented a Milne-Shaw Seismograph to the University to aid their continuing research. A second seismograph was loaned to the University by the Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the University purchased several more. An official station was set up in the basement of a building at the University of Queensland, then in George Street, Brisbane. It was designed to monitor tremors.

The Geology department of the University of Queensland, was led by Professor H.C. Richards from 1911-1947. Both Richards and Bryan made use of the public's interest in the 1935 earthquake to push for further research into earthquakes in Queensland and overseas. They also had a role to play in cyclone prediction. After the University moved to it new location in St Lucia, Brisbane in 1951, the existing seismographs, and in time new models, were re-housed in the basement levels of the new Richards Building, but the near constant construction of new buildings at St Lucia, played havoc with the readings. Eventually the seismographs were removed to new observatories at Mt Nebo in 1956 and Charters Towers in 1960.

## Collaboration with other bodies

The University of Queensland continues to monitor the seismograph network established with the original seismographs in 1935 and informs national and international networks of the results it retrieves. In 1970, the Queensland government Department of Mines and Energy became involved with the monitoring of seismic activity. Their participation ended in 1994, and the Advanced Centre for Earthquake Studies (now Earth Systems Science Computational Centre) at UQ was formed to continue to analyse the impact of earthquakes in Queensland. The United States Geological Survey's Global Seismographic Network have a collection of seismograms from Queensland. The International Seismological Centre in the U.K. also collects data from Queensland. Geoscience Australia maintains a national network of observatories collecting seismic data.


title: University of Queensland bus station

abstract: The University of Queensland Bus Station, at the University of Queensland's St Lucia Campus, is served by Translink bus routes. It is located at Chancellor Place and is one of the primary means of accessing the university by public transport, the others being by CityCat and the UQ Lakes Bus Station. It is in Zone 1 of the Translink integrated public transport system. By 2012, about 2 million passengers were using the bus stop each year, making it one of the busiest bus stops in Brisbane.

text:
# University of Queensland bus station

The **University of Queensland Bus Station**, at the University of Queensland's St Lucia Campus, is served by Translink bus routes. It is located at Chancellor Place and is one of the primary means of accessing the university by public transport, the others being by CityCat and the UQ Lakes Bus Station. It is in Zone 1 of the Translink integrated public transport system.

By 2012, about 2 million passengers were using the bus stop each year, making it one of the busiest bus stops in Brisbane.

## InfoBox

| University of Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Bus Station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chancellors Place, St Lucia |
| Coordinates | 27°29′54″S 153°00′39″E / 27.49835°S 153.010963°E / -27.49835; 153.010963 |
| Platforms | 1 side platform, 5 stops |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Park 'n' ride |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 1 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The University of Illinois Laboratory High School, also known as Uni High or just Uni, was established in 1921 and is a laboratory school located on the engineering section of the University of Illinois campus in Urbana, Illinois. Its enrolls about 300 students, spanning five years. The school's alumni include three Nobel laureates and a Pulitzer Prize winner. In 2022, Uni High was named as a top-15 public school in Illinois by Niche, but Uni High was later removed from Niche's list of schools with full profiles. In 2006 and 2008, it was recognized as a "public elite" school by Newsweek because of its students' high scores on the SAT. Before the change in the SAT's format in 2016, the average SAT score was 2045, and now varies from 1400 to 1600. As of 2019, the average SAT was a 1470. The average ACT score is a 32.

text:
# University Laboratory High School (Urbana, Illinois)

40°06′46″N 88°13′31″W / 40.112907°N 88.225402°W / 40.112907; -88.225402

The **University of Illinois Laboratory High School**, also known as **Uni High** or just **Uni**, was established in 1921 and is a laboratory school located on the engineering section of the University of Illinois campus in Urbana, Illinois. Its enrolls about 300 students, spanning five years (the traditional grades 12, preceded by a combined 7th-8th grade year known as the "subfreshman" year). The school's alumni include three Nobel laureates and a Pulitzer Prize winner. In 2022, Uni High was named as a top-15 public school in Illinois by Niche, but Uni High was later removed from Niche's list of schools with full profiles. In 2006 and 2008, it was recognized as a "public elite" school by *Newsweek* because of its students' high scores on the SAT. Before the change in the SAT's format in 2016, the average SAT score was 2045, and now varies from 1400 to 1600. As of 2019, the average SAT was a 1470. The average ACT score is a 32.

## Funding and relationship to the University of Illinois

Uni's two primary sources of funding are private donations and the statewide per-pupil distribution financed in the Illinois state budget. It is also supported by mandatory school fees and a contribution from the University of Illinois Provost's office. Uni does not receive any property tax revenue due to enrollment being competitive vs. dependent upon residency in a particular district.

For many years, the school was funded by the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as an institution to experiment with educational curriculum and to teach university students majoring in education. The University of Illinois withdrew most of its support in the early 1980s. The "laboratory" aspect persists in certain classes. An experimental math course on \<subject needed\> was taught in the early 2000s and teachers continue to experiment in small, creative, ways.

The relationship to the University provides a number of benefits to the students. Students get full access to the University's library system†. Students over the age of 15 with sufficiently high grades can enroll in courses at the University. Credit earned in this manner may then be applied to future study at the university level. Additionally, Kenney Gym, the University's former men's gymnasium, is used by Uni for physical education and by the volleyball and basketball teams.

† The high school library is a branch of the University library system and for this reason has been called "the largest high school library in the world."

In 2022, the school changed its colors to match those of its parent institution.

## Admissions and academics

Students apply to enter Uni as part of the incoming "subfreshmen" class which, although composed of seventh and eighth grade aged students, completes a year at eighth grade level before continuing on to the ninth grade. Roughly 65 students are admitted each year, keeping the school's total enrollment near 320 students. Admission decisions are based on previous academic history, extracurriculars, teacher recommendations, a personal statement, and a timed writing sample. The school no longer requires scores on the Secondary School Admission Test as part of its admission process. Students may apply during their sixth or seventh grade years. Whether immediately after graduation, the vast majority of students go on to enter a four-year college or university, although some choose to defer a year to study abroad, volunteer, or work.

Uni High has an excellent academic reputation. Many students are among the most accomplished in the nation every year. For example, the school had three national merit scholarship winners in both the 2021 and 2022 academic graduating classes. Given that only 2,500 winners are selected nationwide every year out of about 4 million high school graduates, Uni High graduates were approximately 74 times more likely than an average high school student to become national merit scholarship winners.

## Extracurriculars

Uni has had numerous successes in interscholastic competitions, including competitive chess (administered by the Illinois High School Association) and academic competitions. Students also participate in many clubs through the school, both for fun and to give back to their community.

### Chess

The school's chess team has won the IHSA's team chess tournament seven times (1978, 1979, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2009), and has been runner-up three times (1976, 1980, 1989). They came in second in the US National Championship in 1978 on a tiebreak. Members of that team included Thomas Krause, Robert Sah, Mark Zvilius, Jonathan Atkin, and Steven Schran. The team was coached by David Sprenkle, a Uni alum and ranked chess master. Currently, the school has no competitive chess program.

### Toshiba ExploraVision

Since the competition's inception, students at the school frequently participate in Toshiba ExploraVision, a science competition where students submit projects imagining theoretical inventions for the future. Under Biology teacher David Stone, ten teams placed first in the regional competition and of those, five went on to place first nationally (1996, 1997, 2009, 2010, and 2016) and one placed second (1998). Stone's last team, May Yang and Maher Adoni (both class of 2021), placed first at regionals in 2019. Under Biology teacher Cynthia Smyser (class of 1992), one team has placed second nationally (2020). Lawrence Zhao and Dina Hashash of the class of 2022 also placed first nationally in the competition before coming to Uni in 2017.

### Academic teams

Uni High has several academic teams that compete each year and typically place highly in their respective competitions. These include Science Olympiad, Scholastic Bowl, WYSE Academic Challenge, Japan Bowl, and various math competitions.

The Uni High Scholastic Bowl team has qualified for the IHSA State Competition in four consecutive years, placing 4th in 2014 and 1st in 2015 in Class A before being bumped to Class AA and finishing 2nd in 2017. Throughout the season, which roughly runs from September to March, the team participates in a variety of tournaments and competitions. The program was started as a club in 2013 by Bruce Li and members of the Class of 2015, who then secured sponsorship from the school's administration to begin competing as a team in the 2013-2014 season. Uni has since grown into one of the strongest teams in the state, winning the NAQT State Championship in 2018 and the IHSA Class AA State Championship in 2019. In 2019, Uni placed second at the National Academic Quiz Tournaments High School Championship and third at the Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence National Scholastic Championship. In 2023, Uni won the IHSA Class A State Championship.

Tim Cho (class of 2019), member and leader of the Scholastic Bowl team, competed on Teen Jeopardy in 2018 and returned for the Reunion Tournament in 2023.

Since 1997, Uni has been an annual participant in the Academic Challenge, which consists of a series of tests in various academic fields, including biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering design, English, mathematics, and physics. The competition is open to high schools in Illinois and Missouri. For nine consecutive years from 1998 to 2006, as well as in 2008, 2009 and 2011, Uni was the state champion in the smallest division (enrollment under 300). In 2007, Uni competed in the next larger division and placed 2nd, despite the school's smaller enrollment in the 9th through 12th grades.

### Service clubs

Uni High's Habitat for Humanity club works with the Habitat affiliate in Clarksdale, Mississippi. They hold several fundraisers throughout the year in order to send money to Clarksdale, as well as having an annual trip to Clarksdale every February during Agora Days where students work on houses. The club was founded by history teacher Bill Sutton and run by him until his retirement in 2017. The club is now run by history teacher Ben Leff (class of 2001). Several Uni alums have moved to the Clarksdale area to work with Habitat for Humanity or to work in various schools and after-school programs. Uni High's connection to Clarksdale allowed Anja Theissen and Uni High alumni Bianca Zarahescu, class of 2007, to found Spring Initiative, a program which mentors students and prepares them for greater academic success, personal growth, and an opportunity to overcome poverty. Habitat and Spring host events throughout the school year for students including the Sprabitat Dodgeball Tournament and Sprabitat Haunted House.

Uni has a Food Pantry club that volunteers at and raises money for the Wesley Food Pantry. The school also has a club called United for Uganda, which raises money for a grassroots organization in Uganda called Come Let's Dance. During the 2013-2014 school year, the club started a program through Come Let's Dance to sponsor a child in Uganda's education each year.

### Madrigals

The madrigals are a group of student singers who perform throughout the year, most notably at the Winter Party at the end of the fall semester. Before the Winter Party, the madrigals typically lead students through the halls, out of their last final exam, with candles and singing. The group was founded in 1948 and originally consisted of twelve members but now has grown to seventeen. In the 1970s, the group adopted Elizabethan style attire which they still wear at their appearances. In 2017, music director, Richard Murphey organized a reunion of past madrigals including some singers from the 1950s.

## School traditions

### Agora Days (since 1977)

Another example of creative freedom is Agora Days, a four-day school week in late February when students, parents, faculty, alumni and friends of the school can teach hour-long classes about a wide range of topics, which have included popular cake decorating and massage classes. Students are required to take a number of academic-oriented classes, but classes based on playing sports, watching films or TV series, and studying video games also exist. Students have the same eight-hour schedule on each of the four days.

During Agora Days, for the past two decades, Sprabitat Club has sent about a dozen upperclassmen (primarily seniors) to Clarksdale, Mississippi to build houses, meet locals, and learn about local history. After a year off due to COVID-19, the 2022 trip split students among two sites to mitigate the virus: one in Tutwiler, Mississippi and the other in Clarksdale. Students also wore masks when indoors. The two groups ate dinner together at Meraki Roasting Company.

### Handprints (since 1979)

After graduation, each senior has the opportunity to leave a painted handprint on the walls of the school. Starting in the lounge, the unique and colorful handprint designs now sprawl along the first floor hallway.

### Big Show (since 197?)

Big Show is a student directed and acted sketch comedy show that is put on by the school every year in the South Attic during the weeks after the spring musical. Since its inception as a variety talent show for the school, it has evolved into the comedy program that students know now. In the 1980s, Big Show began to take on themes rather than remain just a talent show, in the 1990s, students experimented with improvisational comedy, and in the 2000s, students began creating video sketches.

### The Wylde Q. Chicken Award (since 1998)

The Wylde Q. Chicken Award, sponsored by the graduating class of 1972, is meant to recognize "spontaneous creativity," "unbidden originality," and "extraordinary acts in ordinary circumstances." It is awarded annually at the end of the school year; recipients are chosen by a panel of judges from the class of 1972 along with past winners of the award. Previous winners have included a series of promotional posters for the 50 states in the first floor restrooms, the staging of the American Revolution in comic strip form, and a Gilbert and Sullivan-style adaptation of Shakespeare's *Macbeth*.

### X-Week (2013–20??) / X-Dinner (since 20??–present)

X-Week is an annual fundraising tradition at the school. Members of Student Council choose one or two charities, which are usually local, to donate the money to. Each day, a different class hosts a fundraiser. The senior class hosts the annual Senior Auction during the Friday of X-Week every year. They auction off a wide variety of items, which usually include class notes and baked goods, as well as more eccentric options such as a movie night at a teacher's house or the opportunity to go on a safari with a few members of the senior class. Big Show is the culminating event of X-Week. In recent years, the multiple events of X-Week have been discarded in favor of a joint X-Dinner leading up to Big Show.

### Senior Project (since 2014)

The Senior Project was developed in 2014 by Assistant Director of Student Life Karl Radnitzer, who got the idea from a similar program at New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois. The project allows second-semester seniors to explore interests in a more career-oriented way than they would in a typical classroom. The project connects students with mentors in the Champaign-Urbana community who can help them explore their academic interests outside of the school building. Students come up with ideas for projects and submit them for approval to a Senior Project committee. If a project is approved, students then spend their second semester doing work for their project around three times a week. Students have worked in various labs at the University of Illinois, at the Crisis Nursery, at Carle Hospital, and at Krannert Center for the Performing Arts.

### Subfreshman Oral History Project (since ??)

Every year, the subfreshman social studies class spends part of the second semester working on an oral history project. Social Studies teacher Melissa Schoeplein (class of 1994) and her class works with WILL radio station to conduct interviews on a certain topic, which varies by year. Past topics have included inside views of the military, people with disabilities, counterculture, the right to marry, and affirmative action in education. Subfreshmen are split into groups to conduct interviews. Each group member is assigned a role (either interviewer, team captain, technician, or scribe) in the interview, and the groups spend several weeks researching relevant information on their subject's life before conducting the interview. A group of older students, called WILL Interns, work with the interview material produced by the subfreshmen and turn it into an hour-long documentary published on the WILL Illinois Youth Media page.

### Subbie Retreat and Subbie Buddies (since ??)

High schoolers known as "subbie buddies" are assigned subfreshmen at the beginning of the schoolyear as advisors on adapting to the school. At the end of their first week, subfreshmen participate in a day of class bonding through games and activities known as the "subbie retreat." The retreat usually ends with a capture the flag game which pits the subfreshmen against the subbie buddies. Throughout the year, subbie buddies host events for the subfreshmen which, in the past, have included a tri-holiday party, dodgeball games, and a corn maze.

### Sprabitat Dodgeball Tournament (since ??)

Formerly the Habitat Dodgeball Tournament, the Sprabitat (Spring and Habitat for Humanity) Dodgeball Tournament occurs every year during the fall semester in Kenney Gym. Students compete in games in a bracket format to win the tournament but teams also have the opportunity to dress up and compete for the title of best costume.

### Sprabitat Haunted House (since ??)

In October, Sprabitat holds a haunted house in Kenney Gym where students decorate a locker room and dress up as an array of scary characters. Students waiting to go through the haunted house can participate in a variety of events in the gymnasium and buy tickets to enter a raffle. The winners of this raffle have to opportunity to pie volunteers.

## Athletics

Uni offers five no-cut sports for boys (Cross Country, Soccer, Basketball, Track & Field and Tennis) and six no-cut sports for girls (Cross Country, Swimming, Volleyball, Basketball, Soccer, and Track & Field), which usually compete in the IHSA 1A division. Members of the subfreshman class may participate in Cross Country, Track & Field, and Basketball.

While the high school teams use Kenney Gym, the subfreshmen basketball teams use the smaller secondary gym facility, called Uni Gym for their practice and games.

Students in P.E. class also run in the annual Illinois 5k.

### Boys Basketball

Uni High is the record holder for the most consecutive boys basketball game losses in the state of Illinois with a streak of 96 games. The losing streak started in February 1974 and finally ended in November 1979 when they beat Tri-Valley High school with a score of 46-40. The losing streak extended through seven seasons including five winless seasons from the 1974/75 season through the 1978/79 season.

In 2024, Uni held a series of "Kenney Krush" games, a campaign put on by the Athletics Department to increase student involvement and attendance at games. Despite free shirts being offered, only one student signed up for the first game which ended in a loss of 28-74.

### Swimming

Every year from 2014 until 2019, a Uni High swimmer was named Swimmer of the Year by The News-Gazette. This streak was maintained by Ema Rajić (class of 2018), Reed Broaders (class of 2021), and Sally Ma (class of 2022) who hold most of the swimming records at the school. The diving related records are held by Samaia Jones (class of 2020). The records that Rajić set in 100 breast and 200 IM are also Illinois State Records. During her time on the team, Rajić was also a repeat two-event state champion or four time state champion. Rajić and Shiela Findley (class of 1986), who was a two time state champion in 100 backstroke, are the only team members who have won a state competition for Uni.

The team used to practice in Kenney Gym but the pool closed in 2017 due to asbestos. The team practices and competes at the Urbana Aquatic Center.

Swimming as a team sport is only available for girls at Uni but some male alumni have also joined college teams such as Jake Regenwetter and Andrew Lin (both class of 2022). A number of boys have competed for Uni unofficially in the 2022 and the 2023 IHSA sectionals. Lin and Regenwetter also competed individually at the state tournament.

### Tennis

The school's tennis team did not achieve a winning team record until 2014, but recently has enjoyed a period of regional dominance behind a variety of star players. Uni achieved an 8-1 record in 2017, powered by the duo of Van Gundersen and Samuel Li. Gundersen and Li won second place at the IHSA Sectional tournament, and finished tied for 25th. In 2018, Gundersen and Li were joined by freshman singles player Zachary Donnini (class of 2021). The team achieved a 10-3 record and won their first sectional championship. Donnini was joined by Krishna Subbiah on the News-Gazette all-area first team. In 2019, Donnini and Arjun Tangella achieved a second consecutive sectional championship for the team, defeating Centennial High School 4-6, 6-1, 6-2. Li and Subbiah qualified for state as a doubles pair and Akash Pardeshi qualified as a singles player, making it the second year in a row Uni had sent five players to state. Subbiah retired as the winningest player in Uni High History, collecting 74 varsity wins in his four years on the team.

After the 2020 season was cancelled because of the COVID-19 outbreak, only Donnini and Arav Jagroop (now senior double partners) returned in 2021. The team achieved a 12-3 record, the most regular season wins in school history. Donnini and Jagroop finished third in the IHSA sectional tournament after a semi-final loss to Central High School in the semifinals. Uni finished second as a team in their IHSA Sectional, breaking their streak of team sectional championships. As the 16 Seed entering the IHSA State Tournament, Donnini and Jagroop enjoyed a surprise run to the state semifinals. The duo defeated (#5) Mount Zion 6-4, 6-4 to qualify for the quarter-finals and subsequently beat (#12) Vernon Grove 6-2, 6-0 to make the semi-finals. Although Donnini and Jagroop lost 6-0, 7-6(4) loss to (#2) Metamora, they led Uni High to a Top 10 finish at the State Tournament for the first time in school history and were the first tennis players from the Champaign-Urbana metro area to make the state semi-finals in over 65 years.

### Badminton

Though the school does not have an official badminton team, Andrea Li (class of 2024) won the IHSA state title in 2022 after a second-place finish in 2021. Li was Uni High's first state champion and the first from Central Illinois Li successfully defended her state champion title in 2023.

### Football

Uni currently has no football team. In the 1950s the administration fielded a 6-man team that included Donald Neville (class of 1950), Steve McNamara (class of 1951), and Peter Stearns (class of 1953).

Despite no football experience, Camden Coleman (class of 2018) walked-on to the Vanderbilt football team his freshman year. He played safety for the team and became team captain the following year which he retained through his 5th year in the 2022-2023 season.

### IHSA Academic All-State Winners

Five Uni alumni have won the IHSA Academic All-State award: Ariel Zodhiates (class of 2000), George Gunter (class of 2014), Annemarie Michael (class of 2017), Arielle Summit (class of 2018), and Kate Ahmari (class of 2023). Every year each school can nominate one female and one male athlete who have at least a 3.50 GPA over their first seven semesters and have participated in two IHSA sports in both their senior and junior years. 12 spots are awarded annually.

## Building

The building that houses University Laboratory High School was built from 1917 through 1918 and was designed by Holabird & Roche in the Late Gothic Revival style, with James M. White as the supervising architect. An earlier design for an H-shaped structure with two wings had been rejected in 1914, and it was not until May 1916 that the go-ahead was given to begin construction on the new design, which was estimated to cost $143,500.

When the building was completed, it was almost immediately converted into a general hospital for the Students’ Army Training Corps and School of Military Aeronautics for the duration of World War I. It was released to the high school before the 1921-22 school year.

### Kenney Gym

Two blocks west of Uni sits the Kenney Gym and Annex, which is used by the school for athletics. Kenney predates Uni by two decades and was used by the University of Illinois for a variety of needs including their men's basketball team, women's volleyball team, and men's wrestling team. Uni shares the gym with the men's gymnastics team. As well as athletic team practices, the school holds P.E. class at Kenney Gym, making use of the gymnasium, track, and weight room.

Because of piping below the 100-year-old hardwood, the floors have warped, creating dead spots where balls do not bounce correctly and a safety hazard for students. In 2022, Uni sanded the floors to remove these spots and started a fundraiser to get the floors completely renovated.

### Eastward demolition and construction plans

For some time, two houses sat on the east side of the school. One building housed the humanities departments (foreign language, fine arts, and English) and advancement offices while the other housed the math department. These buildings were torn down due to their deteriorating state sometime before 2017 which caused these departments to move to the main building and Kenney Gym. In 2022, Director Majerus submitted a proposal to University of Illinois to expand the school into the green space which has occupied the lot adjacent to the school since the houses were torn down. This proposal, if approved, would demolish Uni Gym which sits on the other side of the green space. Many students and faculty have expressed support for the demolition of Uni Gym. Suggested replacements include a cafeteria, a pool, and more classrooms.

## Century celebration

The school celebrated its hundredth anniversary in 2021. Beginning in October 2021 and lasting until October 2022, the school promoted different themes throughout a "year of celebration" including Athletics and the Arts. During the year, the school named 99 alumni to their Class of Century, spanning from the class of 1924 to the class of 2018. As of January 16, 2023, the school has raised $4,959,401 through donations to the Century Celebration fund. The year of celebrating was capped off with a Century Celebration Weekend from October 14 through 16. During this weekend, the school hosted a dance for alumni, a gala, and a "state of the UNIon" address delivered by Dr. Elizabeth Majerus, the director of the school. George Will, class of 1959, gave the keynote speech at the gala. The school also used the celebration to change its school colors from royal blue and orange to the navy blue and orange to match the colors of the University of Illinois.

## Controversies

### Financial deficit

In 2014, an accounting review revealed that Uni had accumulated a debt of $1.05 million because teacher salaries had been charged to an account that was no longer active. As an effort to correct this error, (now former) director Jeff Walkington assembled a Strategic Vision Task Force to improve to Uni's budget model. The task force concluded that Uni's budget was unsustainable. Proposed solutions included charging tuition, making Uni into a charter school, and requesting more funding from the office of the provost at UIUC. As of spring 2019, this debt had not been rectified.

### 2006 girls track assistant coach arrest

In 2007, Uni High girls' track assistant coach Yuri Ermakov was convicted of criminal sexual assault of a 15-year-old girl in 2005-2006, and distributing alcohol to minors in 2006. He was given a 12-year prison sentence, which he served in 2010-2020 in the Illinois Department of Corrections facility.

### 2020 girls cross country head coach arrest

In 2020, after a 20 years of coaching the girls' and boys' cross country and track teams, head coach Doug Mynatt was convicted of three counts of distribution and possession of child pornography, which he had viewed both from his home in Savoy, Illinois, and from University of Illinois IP addresses. He pleaded guilty to all charges, and also admitted to having sexual relationships with two former students after they had graduated. Mynatt was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison, a sentence on the low end of the sentencing guidelines and motivated in part by the 45-page letter of support he received from sympathetic Uni teachers, faculty, and parents, along with several UIUC professors.

## Notable alumni and faculty

Three alumni are Nobel Prize laureates:

Other major award winners include:

Other notable alumni include (sorted by class year):

**Notes**

## InfoBox

| University Laboratory High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1212 West Springfield Avenue<br>Urbana, Illinois 61801 | |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, High school, selective admission |
| Founded | 1921 |
| School board | none |
| Grades | 7/8–12 |
| Enrollment | 306 (2022-23) |
| Language | English |
| Color(s) | Orange <br>Blue |
| Athletics | IHSA |
| Athletics conference | East Central Illinois Conference |
| Team name | Illineks |
| Website | Official website |


title: University Junior High School

abstract: University Junior High School is a historic former secondary school on the University of Texas at Austin campus in Austin, Texas. Opened in 1933 as a joint project between the university and the Austin Independent School District, the school served both as a public junior high school and as a laboratory school for the university's Department of Education until 1967, when the school was closed and the facility turned over to UT. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Today, the building houses the university's Steve Hicks School of Social Work. It formerly housed the UT Child Development Center, which relocated after breaking ground on a new facility in 2021. The Steve Hicks School of Social Work will move in May 2024 and the building is slated for demolition.

text:
# University Junior High School

**University Junior High School** (now the **School of Social Work Building**) is a historic former secondary school on the University of Texas at Austin campus in Austin, Texas. Opened in 1933 as a joint project between the university and the Austin Independent School District, the school served both as a public junior high school and as a laboratory school for the university's Department of Education until 1967, when the school was closed and the facility turned over to UT. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Today, the building houses the university's Steve Hicks School of Social Work. It formerly housed the UT Child Development Center, which relocated after breaking ground on a new facility in 2021.

The Steve Hicks School of Social Work will move in May 2024 and the building is slated for demolition.

## History

In 1923 petroleum deposits were discovered on lands owned by the University of Texas System. New revenues from mineral royalties helped to fund a flurry of construction and renovation on the University of Texas at Austin's campus between 1925 and 1933. By the end of this period Texas was well into the Great Depression, and the Austin Public Schools program (now the Austin Independent School District) was struggling to provide adequate public education for the city's rapidly growing population with declining tax revenues. The school district's growing need for an additional public secondary school coincided with the university's Department of Education's growing interest in establishing a laboratory school where future teachers could be trained and new educational techniques tested.

In 1932 the city and the university reached an agreement to establish a model secondary school, to be built and furnished by the university but operated by the school district, with the district paying the faculty. The school was initially envisioned as a six-year secondary school that would house grades seven through twelve, to be named "University High School"; in the end, however, the city's changing school-age demographics led the district to operate the campus as a three-year junior high school serving grades seven through nine, and the name was changed to "University Junior High School." Construction on the school began in January 1933 and was completed that September at a total cost of $375,000 (equivalent to $8,830,000 in 2023). The first students entered the school on September 26, 1933.

### Secondary school

The school was operated by AISD for thirty-four school years, from 1933 through 1967. From 1956 to 1957 the facility also served as a temporary home to Allan Junior High School, whose campus had been badly damaged by a fire in March 1956; both schools operated in the same building, with UJH holding shortened classes in the mornings and Allan meeting in the afternoons. University Junior High was the first public junior high school in Austin to become racially integrated, accepting non-white students beginning with the 1957–58 school year.

### University building

After the 1966–67 academic year AISD closed the school, and the university devoted the building first to its School of Music and later to elements of the College of Education and the Division for Continuing Education. In 1991 the university's Child Care Center for university and state employees opened in the former UJH facility, and the School of Social Work moved into the building in 1994; today these two programs continue to occupy the facility, which is now referred to as the School of Social Work Building. The former school site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 2001, in recognition of its significance in the development of the university's campus architecture and the history of pedagogical research and teacher education in Texas.

## Architecture

The University Junior High School building is a roughly U-shaped reinforced concrete building with a veneer of buff Elgin brick and a hipped tile roof, with two main stories and a partially exposed basement. The school was primarily designed by architect George Dahl (with input from the university's consulting architect, Paul Philippe Cret) in an eclectic Spanish Revival style inspired by existing campus structures. It is located near the southeast corner of the University of Texas campus, south of Texas Memorial Stadium and north of the Texas Swimming Center, which was built over the school's former sports fields.

The main entrance faces west toward Waller Creek and is set into a four-story central massing, flanked to the north by an auditorium (now called the Utopia Theater) and to the south by a former gymnasium (now used for office space). Concrete steps lead up to the main doors on the second level, above which recently added brass lettering labels the build as the "SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK." Above the doors are three symmetrical windows separated by decorative terra cotta panels. At the fourth level three vertical stucco panels bear floral patterns flanking the seal of the university in relief and the incised words "UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL." Above, a corbelled cornice separates the brick siding from the red tile roof.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| University Junior High School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1925 San Jacinto Blvd.
Austin, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°16′50″N 97°43′57″W / 30.28056°N 97.73250°W / 30.28056; -97.73250 (University Junior High School) |
| Area | 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) |
| Built | 1933 (1933) |
| Architect | George Dahl
Paul Philippe Cret |
| Architectural style | Spanish Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 01000396 |
| Added to NRHP | April 19, 2001 |


title: Up Above the Rock

abstract: Up Above the Rock is an album by pianist Ray Bryant recorded and released by Cadet Records in 1968.

text:
# Up Above the Rock

***Up Above the Rock*** is an album by pianist Ray Bryant recorded and released by Cadet Records in 1968.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

## Track listing

All compositions by Ray Bryant except where noted

1. "Up Above the Rock" – 2:59
2. "Dag Nab It" (Bryant, Richard Evans) – 3:33
3. "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás" (Osvaldo Farrés) – 3:18
4. "If I Were a Carpenter" (Tim Hardin) – 2:48
5. "Little Green Apples" (Bobby Russell) – 3:21
6. "I Say a Little Prayer" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 4:45
7. "After Hours" (Avery Parrish) – 3:47
8. "Where the Wind Blows" – 4:33
9. "Five, Six and Seven" (Howard Reynolds) – 3:20
10. "Mrs. Robinson" (Paul Simon) – 2:53

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Up Above the Rock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ray Bryant | |
| Released | 1968 |
| Recorded | September 1968 |
| Studio | RCA Studios, New York City, NY |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 35:17 |
| Label | Cadet
LP/LPS-818 |
| Producer | Richard Evans |
| Ray Bryant chronology | |
| *Take a Bryant Step*
(1967) ***Up Above the Rock***
(1968) *Sound Ray*
(1969) | |