title: Minkailu Mansaray

abstract: Alhaji Minkailu Mansaray is a Sierra Leonean politician, businessman, who was former Sierra Leone minister of mines and mineral resources. He is also the deputy leader of the All People's Congress (APC) party. An experience career businessman in the insurance industry, Minkailu Mansaray worked many years as an executive at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company. Mansaray was an elected member of Parliament from then opposition APC party, and served as a member of Parliament from 2002 to 2007, when the APC became the ruling party. He was Sierra Leone Minister of Labor from 2007 to 2010; and has been Sierra Leone Minister of Mines and Natural Resources since 2010. In 2012, Mansaray was elected deputy leader of the All People's Congress (APC) party. Mansaray is a senior and long-term member of the All People's Congress party (APC), and is a member of the APC National Advisory Council, a powerful body within the APC, that is made up of the most senior members of the APC party. Mansaray is a close ally of Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma. Mansaray is a graduate of Fourah Bay College. He is a close ally and personal friend of Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma, with whom he worked with at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company. Mansaray was born in Tonkolili District in the North of Sierra Leone, though he grew up in the capital Freetown. He is a devout muslim of Temne heritage.

text:
# Minkailu Mansaray

**Alhaji Minkailu Mansaray** is a Sierra Leonean politician, businessman, who was former Sierra Leone minister of mines and mineral resources. He is also the deputy leader of the All People's Congress (APC) party.

An experience career businessman in the insurance industry, Minkailu Mansaray worked many years as an executive at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company.

Mansaray was an elected member of Parliament from then opposition APC party, and served as a member of Parliament from 2002 to 2007, when the APC became the ruling party. He was Sierra Leone Minister of Labor from 2007 to 2010; and has been Sierra Leone Minister of Mines and Natural Resources since 2010. In 2012, Mansaray was elected deputy leader of the All People's Congress (APC) party.

Mansaray is a senior and long-term member of the All People's Congress party (APC), and is a member of the APC National Advisory Council, a powerful body within the APC, that is made up of the most senior members of the APC party. Mansaray is a close ally of Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma.

Mansaray is a graduate of Fourah Bay College. He is a close ally and personal friend of Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma, with whom he worked with at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company.

Mansaray was born in Tonkolili District in the North of Sierra Leone, though he grew up in the capital Freetown. He is a devout muslim of Temne heritage.

## Early life and career

Minkailu Mansaray was born in Tonkolili District in the Northern province of Sierra Leone. He is of Temne heritage. Mansaray was born to muslim parents, and he himself is a devout muslim. Mansaray has gone to the Islamic Pilgrimage - Hajj, one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Although he was born in Tonkolili, Mansaray grew up in Freetown.

Mansaray is a graduate of Fourah Bay College. Mansaray spent many years working as an insurance executive at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company. He worked alongside eventual Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma at the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company.

## Political career

Minkailu Mansaray is a long-term member of the All People's Congress (APC) party. He was a member of the APC youth league, during his youth days in the East End of Freetown. in 2002, Mansaray was elected member of Parliament APC party and remained a member of parliament until 2007, when the APC became the ruling party, after winning the 2007 Sierra Leone Presidential election, and the APC also won majority of seats in Parliament in the 2007 Parliamentary election.

From 2002 to 2010, Mansaray was appointed minister of Labour and employment, in the first cabinet of Ernest Bai Koroma. He has been Sierra Leone minister of Mines and Mineral Resources since 2010 to present. M

Mansaray is a senior member of the APC party; and is a member of the National Advisory Council, a powerful council within the APC party, that is made up of the most senior members of the APC party. He is also a close ally and personal friend of Ernest Bai Koroma

## InfoBox

| Alhaji Minkailu Mansaray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Mines and Mineral Resources | |
| **In office**
2010–present | |
| President | Ernest Bai Koroma |
| Preceded by | Alpha Kanu |
| Sierra Leone minister of Labor | |
| **In office**
2007–2010 | |
| Preceded by | Alpha Timbo |
| Member of Parliament | |
| **In office**
2002–2007 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone |
| Residence(s) | Freetown, Sierra Leone |
| Alma mater | Fourah Bay College |
| Profession | Insurance executive, businessman |
|  | |


title: Little Channel Range Lights

abstract: The Little Channel Range Lights were a set of range lights on Prince Edward Island, Canada. They were built in 1873, and deactivated in 1969; only the rear tower has survived.

text:
# Little Channel Range Lights

The **Little Channel Range Lights** were a set of range lights on Prince Edward Island, Canada. They were built in 1873, and deactivated in 1969; only the rear tower has survived.

## InfoBox

Little Channel Range Rear Light
| Little Channel Lighthouse in 2015; the rear light attached to a dwelling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Conway Inlet, Prince Edward Island<br>Canada |
| Coordinates | 46°41′15″N 63°56′32″W / 46.68750°N 63.94222°W / 46.68750; -63.94222 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1872 (first) |
| Construction | wooden tower |
| Automated | 1947 |
| Height | 9.1 metres (30 ft) |
| Shape | square tower with balcony and lantern attached to the keeper’s cottage |
| Markings | lightblue-grey tower and lantern, red trim |
| Operator | private since 2014 |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1877 (second) |
| Deactivated | 1969 |
|  | |


abstract: New York's 120th State Assembly district is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Republican Minority Leader William Barclay since 2003.

text:
# New York's 120th State Assembly district

**New York's 120th State Assembly district** is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Republican Minority Leader William Barclay since 2003.

## Geography

This district encompasses most of Oswego County and portions of Cayuga County and Jefferson County.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* |  |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* |  |  |
|  | Total | William Barclay (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |

### 2022

2022 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 31,975 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 5,688 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **37,663** | **99.4** |
|  | Write-in | | 238 | 0.6 |
| Total votes | | | **37,901** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 37,230 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 4,693 |  |
|  | Independence | *William Barclay* | 1,496 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **43,419** | **70.0** |
|  | Democratic | Gail Tosh | 18,523 | 29.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 50 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **61,992** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 26,346 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 3,551 |  |
|  | Independence | *William Barclay* | 1,312 |  |
|  | Reform | *William Barclay* | 184 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **31,393** | **68.6** |
|  | Democratic | *Gail Tosh* | 13,315 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gail Tosh* | 623 |  |
|  | Women's Equality | *Gail Tosh* | 421 |  |
|  | Total | Gail Tosh | 14,359 | 31.4 |
|  | Write-in | | 11 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **45,752** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 34,744 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 4,616 |  |
|  | Independence | *William Barclay* | 4,309 |  |
|  | Reform | *William Barclay* | 606 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **44,275** | **99.5** |
|  | Write-in | | 208 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **44,483** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 20,876 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 3,465 |  |
|  | Independence | *William Barclay* | 3,384 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **27,725** | **99.3** |
|  | Write-in | | 185 | 0.7 |
| Total votes | | | **27,910** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Assembly election, District 120
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *William Barclay* | 29,116 |  |
|  | Independence | *William Barclay* | 5,780 |  |
|  | Conservative | *William Barclay* | 4,095 |  |
|  | **Total** | **William Barclay (incumbent)** | **38,991** | **99.4** |
|  | Write-in | | 216 | 0.6 |
| Total votes | | | **39,207** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| New York's 120th
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Assemblymember | William Barclay
Pulaski |


title: New World syndrome

abstract: New World syndrome is a set of non-communicable diseases brought on by consumption of junk food and a sedentary lifestyle, especially common to indigenous peoples of the Americas, Oceania, and circumpolar peoples. It is characterized by obesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and shortened life span.

text:
# New World syndrome

**New World syndrome** is a set of non-communicable diseases brought on by consumption of junk food and a sedentary lifestyle, especially common to indigenous peoples of the Americas, Oceania, and circumpolar peoples. It is characterized by obesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and shortened life span.

## Causes

New World syndrome is linked to a change from a traditional diet and exercise to a Western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Traditional occupations of indigenous people—such as fishing, farming, and hunting—tended to involve constant activity, whereas modern office jobs do not. The introduction of modern transportation such as automobiles also decreased physical exertion. Meanwhile, Western foods which are rich in fat, salt, sugar, and refined starches are also imported into countries. The amount of carbohydrates in diets increases.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis does not require specific criteria. Obesity is often followed by its complications like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and cardiac diseases.


title: New World vulture

abstract: Cathartidae, known commonly as New World vultures or condors, are a family of birds of prey consisting of seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in the Americas. They are known as "New World" vultures to distinguish them from Old World vultures, with which the Cathartidae does not form a single clade despite the two being similar in appearance and behavior as a result of convergent evolution. Like other vultures, New World vultures are scavengers, having evolved to feed off of the carcasses of dead animals without any notable ill effects. Some species of New World vulture have a good sense of smell, whereas Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. Other adaptations shared by both Old and New World vultures include a bald head, devoid of feathers to prevent rotting matter from accumulating while feeding, and an extremely disease-resistant digestive system to protect against scavenging-related germs.

text:
# New World vulture

**Cathartidae**, known commonly as **New World vultures** or **condors**, are a family of birds of prey consisting of seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in the Americas. They are known as "New World" vultures to distinguish them from Old World vultures, with which the Cathartidae does not form a single clade despite the two being similar in appearance and behavior as a result of convergent evolution.

Like other vultures, New World vultures are scavengers, having evolved to feed off of the carcasses of dead animals without any notable ill effects. Some species of New World vulture have a good sense of smell, whereas Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. Other adaptations shared by both Old and New World vultures include a bald head, devoid of feathers to prevent rotting matter from accumulating while feeding, and an extremely disease-resistant digestive system to protect against scavenging-related germs.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The family Cathartidae was introduced (as the subfamily Cathartinae) by the French ornithologist Frédéric de Lafresnaye in 1839. The New World vultures comprise seven species in five genera, being *Coragyps*, *Cathartes*, *Gymnogyps*, *Sarcoramphus*, and *Vultur*. Of these, only *Cathartes* is not monotypic. The family's scientific name, Cathartidae, comes from *cathartes*, Greek for "purifier". Although New World vultures and Old World vultures are not very closely related, they share many resemblances because of convergent evolution. Phylogenetic analyses including all Cathartidae species found two primary clades. The first consists of black vultures (*Coragyps atratus*) together with the three *Cathartes* species (lesser yellow-headed vultures *(C. burrovianus)*, greater yellow-headed *vultures (C. melambrotus)*, and turkey vultures (*C. aura)*), while the second consists of king vultures (*Sarcoramphus papa*), California condors (*Gymnogyps californianus*) and Andean condors (*Vultur gryphus*).

New World vultures were traditionally placed in a family of their own in the Falconiformes. However, in the late 20th century some ornithologists argued that they are more closely related to storks on the basis of karyotype, morphological, and behavioral data. Thus some authorities placed them in the Ciconiiformes with storks and herons; Sibley and Monroe (1990) even considered them a subfamily of the storks. This was criticized, and an early DNA sequence study was based on erroneous data and subsequently retracted. There was then an attempt to raise the New World vultures to the rank of an independent order, Cathartiformes, not closely associated with either the birds of prey or the storks and herons.

Recent multi-locus DNA studies on the evolutionary relationships between bird groups indicate that New World vultures are related to the other birds of prey, excluding the Falconidae. This analysis argues that New World vultures should either be a part of a new order Accipitriformes or part of an order (Cathartiformes) closely related to, but distinct from, other birds of prey. New World vultures are a sister group to Accipitriformes, a group consisting of Accipitridae, the osprey and secretarybird. Both groups are basal members of the recently recognized clade Afroaves.

| *Cathartidae* Extant species | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Common and binomial names | Image | Range | Population estimate | Conservation status |
| *Coragyps* Le Maout, 1853 | Black vulture
*Coragyps atratus*
 |  | South America and north to US |  | Least concern |
| *Cathartes* Illiger, 1811 | Turkey vulture
*Cathartes aura*
 |  | Throughout the Americas to southern Canada |  | Least concern |
| | Lesser yellow-headed vulture
*Cathartes burrovianus*
 |  | South America and north to Mexico | **500,000-4,999,999** mature individuals | Least concern |
| | Greater yellow-headed vulture
*Cathartes melambrotus*
 |  | Amazon Basin of tropical South America |  | Least concern |
| *Gymnogyps* Lesson, 1842 | California condor
*Gymnogyps californianus*
 |  | California and parts of northern Arizona, formerly widespread throughout the mountain ranges of Western North America | **201**, of which approximately 93 mature individuals | Critically endangered |
| *Vultur* Linnaeus, 1758 | Andean condor
*Vultur gryphus*
 |  | Andes | Maximum estimate: **10,000** | Vulnerable |
| *Sarcoramphus* Duméril, 1805 | King vulture
*Sarcoramphus papa*
 |  | Southern Mexico to northern Argentina | **10,000-100,000** | Least concern |

### Extinct species and fossils

The fossil history of the Cathartidae is complex, and many taxa that may possibly have been New World vultures have at some stage been treated as early representatives of the family. There is no unequivocal European record from the Neogene.

It is clear that the Cathartidae had a much higher diversity in the Plio-Pleistocene, rivalling the current diversity of Old World vultures and their relatives in shapes, sizes, and ecological niches. Extinct taxa include:

* *Diatropornis* ("European vulture") Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – ?Middle Oligocene of France
* *Phasmagyps* Chadronian of Colorado
* Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Late Oligocene of Mongolia
* *Brasilogyps* Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Brazil
* *Hadrogyps* ("American dwarf vulture") Middle Miocene of SW North America
* Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA
* *Pliogyps* ("Miocene vulture") Late Miocene – Late Pliocene of S North America
* *Perugyps* ("Peruvian vulture") Pisco Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of SC Peru
* *Dryornis* ("Argentinean vulture") Early – Late? Pliocene of Argentina; may belong to modern genus *Vultur*
* Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Middle Pliocene of Argentina
* *Aizenogyps* ("South American vulture") Late Pliocene of SE North America
* *Breagyps* ("long-legged vulture") Late Pleistocene of SW North America
* *Geronogyps* Late Pleistocene of Argentina and Peru
* *Gymnogyps varonai* Late Quaternary of Cuba
* *Wingegyps* Late Pleistocene of Brazil
* *Pleistovultur* Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene of Brazil
* Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Cuba
* *Gymnogyps amplus* Late Pleistocene – Holocene of W North America

## Description

New World vultures are generally large, ranging in length from the lesser yellow-headed vulture at 56–61 centimeters (22–24 inches) up to the California and Andean condors, both of which can reach 120 centimeters (48 inches) in length and weigh 12 or more kilograms (26 or more pounds). Plumage is predominantly black or brown, and is sometimes marked with white. All species have featherless heads and necks. In some, this skin is brightly colored, and in the king vulture it is developed into colorful wattles and outgrowths.

All New World vultures have long, broad wings and a stiff tail, suitable for soaring. They are the best adapted to soaring of all land birds. The feet are clawed but weak and not adapted to grasping. The front toes are long with small webs at their bases. No New World vulture possesses a syrinx, the vocal organ of birds. Therefore, the voice is limited to infrequent grunts and hisses.

The beak is slightly hooked and is relatively weak compared with those of other birds of prey. This is because it is adapted to tear the weak flesh of partially rotted carrion, rather than fresh meat. The nostrils are oval and set in a soft cere. The nasal passage is *perforate*, not divided by a septum, so that when looking from the side, one can see through the beak. The eyes are prominent, and, unlike those of eagles, hawks, and falcons, they are not shaded by a brow bone. Members of *Coragyps* and *Cathartes* have a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid, while *Gymnogyps*, *Vultur*, and *Sarcoramphus* lack eyelashes altogether.

New World vultures have the unusual habit of urohidrosis, or defecating on their legs to cool them evaporatively. As this behavior is also present in storks, it is one of the arguments for a close relationship between the two groups.

## Distribution and habitat

New World vultures are restricted to the western hemisphere, ranging from southern Canada to South America. Most species are mainly resident, but the turkey vulture breeds in Canada and the northern US and migrates south in the northern winter. New World vultures inhabit a large variety of habitats and ecosystems, ranging from deserts to tropical rainforests and at heights of sea level to mountain ranges, using their highly adapted sense of smell to locate carrion. These species of birds are also occasionally seen in human settlements, perhaps emerging to feed upon the food sources provided from roadkills.

## Behavior and ecology

### Breeding

New World vultures and condors do not build nests, but lay eggs on bare surfaces. On average one to three eggs are laid, depending on the species. Chicks are naked on hatching and later grow down. Like most birds, the parents feed the young by regurgitation. The young are altricial, fledging in 2 to 3 months. California Condor chicks fledge anywhere from 5–6 months, while Andean condor chicks fledge anywhere from 6–10 months.

### Feeding

All living species of New World vultures and condors are scavengers. Their diet consists primarily of carrion, and they are commonly seen near carcasses. Other additions to the diet include fruit (especially rotten fruit) and garbage. The genus *Cathartes* locates carrion by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the bodies of decaying animals. The olfactory lobe of the brains in these species, which is responsible for processing smells, is particularly large compared to that of other animals. Other species, such as the American black vulture and the king vulture, have weak senses of smell and find food only by sight, sometimes by following *Cathartes* vultures and other scavengers.

### Tolerance to bacterial toxins in decaying meat

Vultures possess a very acidic digestive system, with their gut dominated by two species of anaerobic bacteria that help them withstand toxins present in decaying prey. In a 2014 study of 50 (turkey and black) vultures, researchers analyzed the microbial community or microbiome of the facial skin and the large intestine. The facial bacterial flora and the gut flora overlapped somewhat, but in general, the facial flora was much more diverse than the gut flora, which is in contrast to other vertebrates, where the gut flora is more diverse. Two anaerobic faecal bacteria groups that are pathogenic in other vertebrates stood out: Clostridia and Fusobacteriota (formerly Fusobacteria). They were especially common in the gut with Clostridia DNA sequence counts between 26% and 85% relative to total sequence counts, and Fusobacteriota between 0.2% and 54% in black vultures and 2% to 69% of all counts in turkey vultures. Unexpectedly, both groups of anaerobic bacteria were also found on the air-exposed facial skin samples, with Clostridia at 7%40% and Fusobacteriota up to 23%. It is assumed that vultures acquire them when they insert their heads into the body cavities of rotten meat. The regularly ingested Clostridia and Fusobacteriota outcompete other bacterial groups in the gut and become predominant. Genes that encode tissue-degrading enzymes and toxins that are associated with *Clostridium perfringens* have been found in the vulture gut metagenome. This supports the hypothesis that vultures do benefit from the bacterial breakdown of carrion, while at the same time tolerating the bacterial toxins.

## Status and conservation

The California condor is critically endangered. It formerly ranged from Baja California to British Columbia, but by 1937 was restricted to California. In 1987, all surviving birds were removed from the wild into a captive breeding program to ensure the species' survival. In 2005, there were 127 Californian condors in the wild. As of October 31, 2009 there were 180 birds in the wild. The Andean condor is vulnerable. The American black vulture, turkey vulture, lesser yellow-headed vulture, and greater yellow-headed vulture are listed as species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. The king vulture is also listed as Least Concern, although there is evidence of a decline in the population.

## In culture

The American black vulture and the king vulture appear in a variety of Maya hieroglyphs in Mayan codices. The king vulture is commonly represented, with its glyph being easily distinguishable by the knob on the bird's beak and by the concentric circles that represent the bird's eyes. It is sometimes portrayed as a god with a human body and a bird head. According to Mayan mythology, this god often carried messages between humans and the other gods. It is also used to represent Cozcaquauhtli, the thirteenth day of the month in the Mayan calendar. Meanwhile, the American black vulture is normally connected with death or shown as a bird of prey, and its glyph is often depicted attacking humans. This species lacks the religious connections that the king vulture has. While some of the glyphs clearly show the American black vulture's open nostril and hooked beak, some are assumed to be this species because they are vulture-like, painted black, and lack the king vulture's knob.

## InfoBox

| New World vultures
Temporal range: PaleoceneHolocene, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turkey vulture | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Cathartiformes |
| Family: | Cathartidae
Lafresnaye, 1839 |
|
| Genera | |
| *Cathartes*
*Coragyps*
*Gymnogyps*
*Sarcoramphus*
*Vultur* | |
|  | |
| **Approximate Cathartidae range map**
Summer-only range of turkey vulture   At least one species present year-round | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Vulturidae Illiger, 1811 | |


title: Nevile Wilkinson

abstract: Major Sir Nevile Rodwell Wilkinson, KCVO was a British officer of arms, British Army officer, author and a dollhouse designer.

text:
# Nevile Wilkinson

Major **Sir Nevile Rodwell Wilkinson**, KCVO (26 October 1869 – 22 December 1940) was a British officer of arms, British Army officer, author and a dollhouse designer.

## Early life and military career

Wilkinson was born in Highgate, Middlesex, the son of a barrister. He was educated at Harrow School and entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1889. He was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards in 1890, promoted lieutenant on 1 July 1896, and captain on 1 April 1899. He served twice with his regiment in the Second Boer War, the second time from April 1902 when he was in command of reinforcements of 250 officers and men. They left Southampton in the troopship *Dilwara* on 15 April, arriving in South Africa the following month. He retired from the army in 1907. He returned to service in the First World War as a staff officer, initially as a staff captain in the embarkation headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force, then as a deputy assistant quartermaster general (DAAG) from July 1915, as commandant of an advanced base (with the temporary rank of major) from November 1915, DAAG again from June 1916 and staff captain again from August 1917 to March 1919. He was granted the brevet rank of major in the reserve of officers on 3 June 1916 and the substantive rank of major on 9 May 1918.

## Heraldic career

The office of Ulster King of Arms, Principal Herald of Ireland, was created 1552 by Edward VI, with full jurisdiction over Irish heraldry. There were two disparate heraldic traditions in Ireland at that time – the old Gaelic Irish tradition, and the Norman and Anglo-Irish traditions which were part of the European heraldic mainstream. At this time, Ulster King of Arms was Principal officer of arms of all Ireland.

Most of Ulster King of Arms's work was heraldic rather than genealogical, although collecting genealogies and proving pedigrees were essential to ensure that arms were used and inherited by the rightful heirs.

However, from the start of the eighteenth century Ulster began to acquire other duties, as an officer of the crown intimately linked to the government. These duties were largely ceremonial. For example, Ulster King of Arms had to decide and arrange precedence on state occasions at the court of the English Viceroy (later Lord Lieutenant) of Ireland, formally introduce new peers to the Irish House of Lords, and record peerage successions. An additional responsibility came in 1783, when Ulster King of Arms became registrar for the newly established chivalric Order of St Patrick. This was an Irish equivalent of such long-established English institutions as the Order of the Garter. Ulster became its registrar, responsible for administering its affairs. He continued to be responsible for the recording of peerage successions, since Irish peers (like Scottish peers) were allowed to elect representative peers to the House of Lords at Westminster until 1922. The heraldic and ceremonial duties of Ulster continued down to the twentieth century until 1940. The post was effectively in suspense between 1940 and 1943, after which the heraldic and genealogical duties were carried out by a Chief Herald of Ireland.

Wilkinson was appointed Ulster King of Arms in 1908, succeeding the disgraced previous office-holder Sir Arthur Vicars after the theft of the St Patrick regalia in 1907. He was the last person to hold that office. As such, he was Principal Officer of Arms of Ireland, and one of the chief heraldic officers in the United Kingdom. It is not known what his qualifications for the job were, apart from his undoubted artistic abilities and his marriage to a well-born lady.

His job was to manage Irish heraldry – mostly the granting and use of arms. He was also to examine the genealogical records and pedigree relating to Irish families, and to maintain the register of members of the Order of St Patrick, as the premier civilian honour for Irish peers and others. The order was suspended 1922 after the promulgation of the Irish Free State.

Major Wilkinson apparently spent most of his time in London at the Office of the Keeper of Royal Arms. It is not clear why he did so, given that the Office of Arms (and presumably all records) were located in the Bedford Tower in Dublin Castle. By 1923, Wilkinson had begun visiting the office regularly, which caused a minor political problem for the fledgling Irish Government for sixteen years.

It was discovered around 1923 that the office of Ulster King of Arms had not been legally transferred to the Irish Government and since the office was created by royal prerogative in 1552, the British Government said that they could not transfer the office to Ireland. Eventually, the Irish Government decided in 1930 to let Wilkinson continue his work until his death, at which point the office would be considered by the Irish Government to have lapsed.

The National Library of Ireland website shows that Wilkinson granted and confirmed arms right up to 1940. Indeed, more than two dozen confirmations of arms are dated 21 December 1940, the day before he died.

One of Wilkinson's achievements in his capacity as Ulster King of Arms was the establishment of the State Heraldic Museum in 1909.

Wilkinson was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) after the visit of King George V to Dublin in 1911, knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours, and appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) after the state opening of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in June 1921.

## Personal life

Wilkinson married Lady Beatrix Francis Gertrude Herbert, first daughter of the 14th Earl of Pembroke and his wife, Lady Beatrix Lambton, herself eldest daughter of The 2nd Earl of Durham, in 1903. The couple moved into Mount Merrion House, in the south of County Dublin, Ireland, where they lived until the start of the First World War in 1914. They had two daughters, Guendolen and Phyllis. To celebrate their births, two redwood trees were planted opposite the entrance to the Church of St Thérèse.

Wilkinson built two famous dollhouses, Titania's Palace (completed and inaugurated in 1922 by Queen Mary) and Pembroke Palace (completed in 1907). Titania's Palace remained in the family for many years, but was sold after 1960 first to an English amusement park, then to Legoland and is currently lent to Egeskov Castle. Pembroke Palace Dolls House is now at Wilton House, seat and home of William Herbert, 15th Earl of Pembroke.

Wilkinson was survived by his widow and his two daughters. Lady Beatrix was remarried in 1942 to The 7th Earl of Wicklow (1877–1946), a title which is now extinct.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Nevile Wilkinson
| NotesConfirmed by Nevile Wilkinson, Ulster King of Arms, 15 June 1908. CrestOn a wreath of the colours a wolf passant Proper charged on the shoulders with a cross pommel Sable. EscutcheonPer chevron Sable and Argent three leopards' faces jessant-de-lys counterchanged. MottoCave Lupum |
| --- |

## Footnotes

### Heraldry


abstract: The New York University Journal of Law & Liberty is a law journal at the New York University School of Law that publishes scholarship related to law and classical liberalism.

text:
# New York University Journal of Law & Liberty

The ***New York University Journal of Law & Liberty*** is a law journal at the New York University School of Law that publishes scholarship related to law and classical liberalism.

## History

The journal was established in 2005 by students Robert Sarvis and Robert McNamara. In 2008, an article published by the journal was cited by Justice Antonin Scalia in his majority opinion in the landmark United States Supreme Court case of *District of Columbia v. Heller*. The journal also presents the annual Friedrich A. von Hayek Lecture jointly with the Classical Liberal Institute of New York University School of Law.

## InfoBox

*New York University
Journal of Law & Liberty*
| Cover of a 2018 issue | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Law |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2005 (2005)–present |
| Publisher | New York University School of Law (United States) |
| Frequency | Triannual |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| Bluebook | *N.Y.U. J.L. & Liberty* |
| ISO 4 | *N. Y. Univ. J. Law Lib.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1930-5044 (print)
1932-4421 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 2005250053 |
| OCLC no. | 759535945 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Newton Tracey

abstract: Newton Tracey is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey, in the North Devon district of Devon, England, on the B3232 road about 4 miles (6 km) south of Barnstaple. The Grade II* listed church of St Thomas à Becket dates from the 13th century. Its nave was remodelled in the 15th century when the tower was added, and the whole was restored in 1867–8.

text:
# Newton Tracey

**Newton Tracey** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey, in the North Devon district of Devon, England, on the B3232 road about 4 miles (6 km) south of Barnstaple.

The Grade II\* listed church of St Thomas à Becket dates from the 13th century. Its nave was remodelled in the 15th century when the tower was added, and the whole was restored in 1867–8.

## Civil parish

On 1 April 1986 the parish of Horwood was merged with Newton Tracey. On 9 January 1991, the new parish was renamed to "Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey". In 1961 the civil parish of Newton Tracey (prior to the merge) had a population of 92.

## InfoBox

| Newton Tracey | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St Thomas a Becket, Newton Tracey | |
| Newton TraceyLocation within Devon | |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Nevis Tiger Muskie

abstract: The Nevis Tiger Muskie is a sculpture located at 114-122 Bunyan Trails Rd, Nevis, Minnesota. The sculpture is known as the world's largest tiger muskie. It is a representation of the tiger muskellunge, a carnivorous fish found in local waters. It is 30 feet and 6 inches long, and made of cedar and redwood covered with cement scales. The fish was built in 1949 by the Nevis Civic & Commerce Chamber as a tourist attraction, joining the ranks of several other large fish statues across the state of Minnesota. It was dedicated by Minnesota governor Luther Youngdahl on August 22, 1950 to all tourists visiting Minnesota. In 1991 it was covered by an awning to keep the elements at bay and is stationed in front of a pavilion with picnic tables and a small playground. The sculpture and its pavilion are located on the Paul Bunyan State Trail. The area is a noted tourist attraction and provides a station for numerous photo opportunities and an easily identifiable landmark in the small town of Nevis. In September 2012, the Nevis Public School considered returning their school mascot back from "Tigers" to the original "Tiger Muskies". This roadside attraction lends its name to the annual Nevis Muskie Days, held every July since the inaugural celebration in 1950. The event includes the Muskie 5K run, a street dance, and numerous vendors.

text:
# Nevis Tiger Muskie

The **Nevis Tiger Muskie** is a sculpture located at 114-122 Bunyan Trails Rd, Nevis, Minnesota.

The sculpture is known as the world's largest tiger muskie. It is a representation of the tiger muskellunge, a carnivorous fish found in local waters. It is 30 feet and 6 inches long, and made of cedar and redwood covered with cement scales.

The fish was built in 1949 by the Nevis Civic & Commerce Chamber as a tourist attraction, joining the ranks of several other large fish statues across the state of Minnesota. It was dedicated by Minnesota governor Luther Youngdahl on August 22, 1950 to all tourists visiting Minnesota. In 1991 it was covered by an awning to keep the elements at bay and is stationed in front of a pavilion with picnic tables and a small playground. The sculpture and its pavilion are located on the Paul Bunyan State Trail. The area is a noted tourist attraction and provides a station for numerous photo opportunities and an easily identifiable landmark in the small town of Nevis.

In September 2012, the Nevis Public School considered returning their school mascot back from "Tigers" to the original "Tiger Muskies".

This roadside attraction lends its name to the annual Nevis Muskie Days, held every July since the inaugural celebration in 1950. The event includes the Muskie 5K run, a street dance, and numerous vendors.

46°57′53″N 94°50′32″W / 46.964588°N 94.842208°W / 46.964588; -94.842208

## InfoBox

| Nevis Tiger Muskie | |
| --- | --- |
| The Nevis tiger muskie in 2019 | |
| Artist | Warren P Ballard |
| Year | 1949 |
| Subject | Tiger muskellunge |
| Dimensions | 30.5 feet (9.3 m) long |


abstract: Newcastle New Bridge Street was a railway station on the edge of the city-centre of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. The station was the original Newcastle terminus of the Blyth and Tyne Railway, and was opened on 27 June 1864. In 1874 the Blyth & Tyne was taken over by the North Eastern Railway. For most of its life it served trains to Tynemouth and Morpeth. Picton House, a villa designed by John Dobson, was used for company offices and passenger facilities. In 1904 the line to Tynemouth was electrified, and New Bridge Street temporarily became a terminus for the new electric service. The station was isolated, and had no connection to the lines towards Newcastle Central. In order to create a loop service New Bridge Street was closed to passengers in 1909, and a new link was built to nearby Manors North station, allowing trains to run through to Newcastle Central. Following this, New Bridge Street became a goods station, and remained open as such until 1967. Picton House was demolished in 1970. Nothing now remains of the station, as the A167(M) road and a car park of Northumbria University have been constructed over the site.

text:
# Newcastle New Bridge Street railway station

**Newcastle New Bridge Street** was a railway station on the edge of the city-centre of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. The station was the original Newcastle terminus of the Blyth and Tyne Railway, and was opened on 27 June 1864. In 1874 the Blyth & Tyne was taken over by the North Eastern Railway. For most of its life it served trains to Tynemouth and Morpeth. Picton House, a villa designed by John Dobson, was used for company offices and passenger facilities.

In 1904 the line to Tynemouth was electrified (see Tyneside Electrics), and New Bridge Street temporarily became a terminus for the new electric service. The station was isolated, and had no connection to the lines towards Newcastle Central. In order to create a loop service (see North Tyneside Loop) New Bridge Street was closed to passengers in 1909, and a new link was built to nearby Manors North station, allowing trains to run through to Newcastle Central. Following this, New Bridge Street became a goods station, and remained open as such until 1967. Picton House was demolished in 1970.

Nothing now remains of the station, as the A167(M) road and a car park of Northumbria University have been constructed over the site.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jesmond |  | North Eastern Railway
Blyth and Tyne Railway |  | *Terminus* |
| |  | North Eastern Railway
North Tyneside Loop |  | *Terminus* |

54°58′30″N 1°36′23″W / 54.9749°N 1.6065°W / 54.9749; -1.6065

## InfoBox

| Newcastle New Bridge Street | |
| --- | --- |
| Map from 1884, showing the location of the station (upper centre) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
England |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Blyth & Tyne Railway |
| Pre-grouping | North Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 27 June 1864 | Opened |
| 1 January 1909 | Closed to passengers |
| 4 December 1967 | Closed to goods |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Newport News Pilots

abstract: The Newport News Pilots were a minor league baseball team based in Newport News, Virginia. In 1941 and 1942, as a minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Athletics, Newport News played as members of the Class C level Virginia League, playing as the Newport News Builders in 1942. The teams hosted minor league home games at Shipbuilders Park. Baseball Hall of Fame member Chief Bender managed the 1941 Pilots.

text:
# Newport News Pilots

The **Newport News Pilots** were a minor league baseball team based in Newport News, Virginia. In 1941 and 1942, as a minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Athletics, Newport News played as members of the Class C level Virginia League, playing as the Newport News Builders in 1942. The teams hosted minor league home games at Shipbuilders Park.

Baseball Hall of Fame member Chief Bender managed the 1941 Pilots.

## History

After minor league baseball began in Newport News with the 1894 Newport News-Hampton Deckhands of the Virginia League, the Pilots were immediately preceded by the 1922 Newport News Shipbuilders, who ended an 11-consecutive season tenure as members of the Virginia League.

The 1941 Virginia League expanded to six teams and became a Class C level league, adding the Newport News Pilots and Petersburg Rebels franchises. The Pilots and Rebels were joined by the Harrisonburg Turks, Lynchburg Senators, Salem-Roanoke Friends and Staunton Presidents in beginning league play on May 2, 1941.

In their first season of play, the Newport News "Pilots" were an affiliate of the Philadelphia Athletics and ended the 1941 season in fifth place with a record of 58–58. The Pilots were managed by Baseball Hall of Fame member Chief Bender, finishing 6.5 games behind the first place Petersburg Rebels in the final regular season standings. Newport News did not qualify for the playoffs, won by the Salem-Roanoke Friends.

In 1942, the Newport News "Builders" continued play as a Philadelphia Athletics affiliate and qualified for the Virginia League playoffs. The Builders ended the Virginia League regular season with a 62–67 record to place fourth in the six–team league with Harry Chozen managing the team. Newport News finished 18.5 games behind the first place Pulaski Counts in the regular season standings. In the 1st round of the playoffs, the Lynchburg Senators defeated Newport News Builders 4 games to 2 to advance to the finals, won by Pulaski. The Virginia League folded after the 1942 season with the onset of World War II.

In 1944, Newport News next hosted the Newport News Dodgers, who began play as members of the Class B level Piedmont League.

## The ballpark

The Newport News Pilots and Newport News Builders hosted home games at Shipbuilders Park, also nicknamed "Builders Park." The ballpark was located on Virginia Avenue, called Warwick Boulevard today.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | \# Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Affiliate | Ballpark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | 1 | Newport News Pilots | Class C | Philadelphia Athletics | Virginia League | Shipbuilders Park |
| 1942 | 1 | Newport News Builders | | | | |
|

## Year–by–year records

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs/Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | 42–76 | 6th | Chief Bender | Did not qualify |
| 1942 | 62–67 | 4th | Harry Chozen | Lost in 1st round |
|

## Notable alumni

### See also

Newport News Pilots players
Newport News Builders players

## InfoBox

| Newport News Pilots | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class C (1941–1942) |
| League | Virginia League (1941–1942) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Philadelphia Athletics |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (0) | None |
| Wild card berths (1) | 1941 |
| Team data | |
| Name | Newport News Pilots (1941)<br>Newport News Builders (1942) |
| Ballpark | Shipbuilders Park (1941–1942) |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 91

abstract: Route 91, also known as Old Placentia Highway, is a 48-kilometre-long (30 mi) east–west highway located on the Avalon Peninsula in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The highway starts at a junction at Route 90, traveling through the town of Colinet on a paved road, then transitions to a dirt road just west of the Route 92 junction, only to transition back to a paved road prior to approaching its western terminus, Southeast Placentia, where it intersects with Route 100. Along the stretch of dirt road is Cataracts Provincial Park, one of only a small number of active provincial parks remaining since 1997.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 91

**Route 91**, also known as **Old Placentia Highway**, is a 48-kilometre-long (30 mi) east–west highway located on the Avalon Peninsula in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The highway starts at a junction at Route 90, traveling through the town of Colinet on a paved road, then transitions to a dirt road just west of the Route 92 junction, only to transition back to a paved road prior to approaching its western terminus, Southeast Placentia, where it intersects with Route 100. Along the stretch of dirt road is Cataracts Provincial Park, one of only a small number of active provincial parks remaining since 1997.

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Southeast Placentia | 0.0 | 0.0 | Route 100 (The Cape Shore Highway) Placentia, Argentia, St. Bride's, Branch | Western terminus; provides access to the  Marine Atlantic Nova Scotia Ferry at Argentia |
| Cataracts Provincial Park | 31.2 | 19.4 | Route 92 south (North Harbour-Branch Highway) Branch, North Harbour | Northern terminus of Route 92 |
| Colinet | 34.6 | 21.5 | Route 81 north (Markland Road) Markland, Whitbourne | Southern terminus of Route 81 |
| | 34.9 | 21.7 | Route 93 east (Mount Carmel Road) Harricott, Mount Carmel | Western terminus of Route 93 |
| St. Catherine's | 48 | 30 | Route 90 (Salmonier Line/Irish Loop Drive) Holyrood, St. Mary's, St. Vincent's | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 91 | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Placentia Highway | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 48 km (30 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| East end | Route 90 at St. Catherine's |
| Major intersections |  |
| West end | Route 100 at Southeast Placentia |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 90   Route 92 | |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 90

abstract: Route 90, also known as Salmonier Line and St. Mary's Bay Highway, is an 88.0-kilometre-long (54.7 mi) north-south Highway on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. It connects the communities along the eastern side of St. Mary's Bay with the Trans Canada Highway and Holyrood. The entire length of Route 90 also forms the western half of Irish Loop Drive.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 90

**Route 90**, also known as **Salmonier Line** and **St. Mary's Bay Highway**, is an 88.0-kilometre-long (54.7 mi) north-south Highway on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. It connects the communities along the eastern side of St. Mary's Bay with the Trans Canada Highway and Holyrood. The entire length of Route 90 also forms the western half of **Irish Loop Drive**.

## Route description

Route 90 begins in St. Vincent's-St. Stephen's-Peter's River at a bridge along the beach, which straddles a narrow isthmus between the ocean and a large lagoon (Holyrood Pond), with the road continuing east as Route 10. It turns north to pass through the St. Vincent's portion of town before leaving town and heading more inland along the shoreline of Holyrood Pond. The highway then turns west to pass through Gaskiers-Point La Haye and follow the coastline again to pass through the towns of St. Mary's and Riverhead, where it has an intersection with a local road leading to Mall Bay. Route 90 then turns inland again as it travels up a narrow valley centered along a small stream (Riverhead River) for several kilometres before crossing the river and passing northwest through rural wooded and hilly terrain for the next several kilometres. It now passes through St. Joseph's, where it has an intersection with Route 94 (Admirals Beach Road), Forest Field-New Bridge, and Mount Carmel-Mitchells Brook-St. Catherines, where it crosses the Salmonier River and has intersections with Route 93 (Mount Carmel Road) and Route 91 (Old Placentia Highway) in the St. Catherine's portion of town. The highway winds its way northeast through rural wooded areas for several kilometres, where it passes by Salmonier Nature Park, before entering Holyrood at an interchange with Route 1 (Trans Canada Highway, Exit 35). Route 90 passes through neighbourhoods and crosses over the Daniels River before entering a business district and coming to an end at an intersection with Route 60 (Conception Bay Highway) near the coastline of Conception Bay.

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| St. Vincent's-St. Stephen's-Peter's River | 0.0 | 0.0 | Transitions to  Route 10 north (Irish Loop Drive/Southern Shore Highway) Trepassey | Southern terminus |
| Riverhead | 28.2 | 17.5 | Mall Bay Road - Mall Bay |  |
| St. Joseph's | 46.6 | 29.0 | Route 94 south (Admirals Beach Road) O'Donnells, Admirals Beach | Northern terminus of Route 94 |
| Mount Carmel-Mitchells Brook-St. Catherines | 56.7 | 35.2 | Route 93 west (Mount Carmel Road) Mount Carmel, Mitchells Brook | Eastern terminus of Route 93 |
| | 58.0 | 36.0 | Route 91 west (Old Placentia Highway) Colinet, Branch | Eastern terminus of Route 91 |
| Holyrood | 81.2–
81.4 | 50.5–
50.6 | Route 1 (TCH) Clarenville, St. John's | Exit 35 on Route 1 |
| | 88.0 | 54.7 | Route 60 (Conception Bay Highway) Harbour Main-Chapel's Cove-Lakeview, Conception Bay South | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
* Route transition | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 90 | |
| --- | --- |
| Salmonier Line
St. Mary's Bay Highway
Irish Loop Drive | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 88.0 km (54.7 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Route 10 in St. Vincent's–St. Stephen's–Peter's River |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | Route 60 in Holyrood |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 81   Route 91 | |


title: Ngã Năm

abstract: Ngã Năm is a district-level town of Sóc Trăng province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam, was established on 29 December 2013. As of 2013 the district had a population of 84,022. The district-level town covers an area of 242.2435 km².

text:
# Ngã Năm

**Ngã Năm** is a district-level town (*thị xã*) of Sóc Trăng province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam, was established on 29 December 2013. As of 2013 the district had a population of 84,022. The district-level town covers an area of 242.2435 km².

## Administrative divisions

3 phường (urban wards): 1 (formerly Ngã Năm town), 2 (formerly Long Tân commune), 3 (formerly Vĩnh Biên commune) and 5 xã (suburban communes): Long Bình, Mỹ Bình, Mỹ Quới, Tân Long, Vĩnh Quới.

9°33′56″N 105°35′50″E / 9.56556°N 105.59722°E / 9.56556; 105.59722

## InfoBox

| Ngã Năm Thị xã Ngã Năm | |
| --- | --- |
| Town (Class-4) | |
| Ngã Năm town | |
| Ngã Năm Floating Market | |
|  | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Mekong Delta |
| Province | Sóc Trăng |
| Established district | 31 October 2003 |
| Established district-level town | 29 December 2013 |
| Area | |
| Town (Class-4) | 93.5307 sq mi (242.2435 km2) |
| Urban | 37.8501 sq mi (98.0313 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Town (Class-4) | 84,022 |
| Density | 898/sq mi (346.8/km2) |
| Urban | 43,714 |
| Urban density | 1,155/sq mi (445.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC + 7) |


title: New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands

abstract: The New Mexico commissioner of public lands is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch in charge of managing all state lands and mineral rights, as well as overseeing leases and royalties on state land, in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The commissioner of public lands is elected to a four-year term and is able to serve up to two consecutive terms; more terms may be served after one full term has intervened. Currently, Stephanie Garcia Richard is serving as the commissioner of public lands. She took office on January 1, 2019.

text:
# New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands

The **New Mexico commissioner of public lands** is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch in charge of managing all state lands and mineral rights, as well as overseeing leases and royalties on state land, in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The commissioner of public lands is elected to a four-year term and is able to serve up to two consecutive terms; more terms may be served after one full term has intervened.

Currently, Stephanie Garcia Richard is serving as the commissioner of public lands. She took office on January 1, 2019.

## List of commissioners of public lands

| # | Name | Took office | Left office | Party | Years in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Robert P. Ervien | 1912 | 1917 | Republican | \<6 |
| 2 | Fred Muller | 1917 | 1918 | Republican | \<2 |
| 3 | Nelson A. Field | 1919 | 1922 | Republican | 4 |
| 4 | Justiniano Baca | 1923 | 1925 | Democrat | \<3 |
| 5 | Edwin B. Swope | 1925 | 1926 | Democrat | \<2 |
| 6 | Benjamin F. Pankey | 1927 | 1929 | Republican | \<3 |
| 7 | Austin D. Crile | 1929 | 1930 | Republican | \<2 |
| 8 | James F. Hinkle | 1931 | 1932 | Democrat | 2 |
| 9 | Frank Vesely | 1933 | 1936 | Democrat | 4 |
| 10 | Frank Worden | 1937 | 1940 | Democrat | 4 |
| 11 | H. R. Rodgers | 1941 | 1944 | Democrat | 4 |
| 12 | John E. Miles | 1945 | 1948 | Democrat | 4 |
| 13 | Guy Shepard | 1949 | 1952 | Democrat | 4 |
| 14 | E. S. Johnny Walker | 1953 | 1956 | Democrat | 4 |
| 15 | Murray E. Morgan | 1957 | 1960 | Democrat | 4 |
| 16 | E. S. Johnny Walker | 1961 | 1964 | Democrat | 4 |
| 17 | Guyton B. Hays | 1965 | 1968 | Democrat | 4 |
| 18 | Alex J. Armijo | 1969 | 1974 | Democrat | 6 |
| 19 | Phil R. Lucero | 1975 | 1978 | Democrat | 4 |
| 20 | Alex J. Armijo | 1979 | 1982 | Democrat | 4 |
| 21 | Jim Baca | 1983 | 1986 | Democrat | 4 |
| 22 | W. R. Humphries | 1987 | 1990 | Republican | 4 |
| 23 | Jim Baca | 1991 | 1993 | Democrat | \<3 |
| 24 | Ray Powell | 1993 | 2002 | Democrat | \<10 |
| 25 | Patrick H. Lyons | 2003 | 2010 | Republican | 8 |
| 26 | Ray Powell | 2011 | 2014 | Democrat | 4 |
| 27 | Aubrey Dunn Jr. | 2015 | 2018 | Republican | 4 |
| | | 2018 | 2018 | Libertarian | |
| 28 | Stephanie Garcia Richard | 2019 | *Incumbent* | Democratic |  |
| *Source:* | | | | | |

### Notes

1. , *NM Elected Officials*
2. State of New Mexico (July 2012). Kathryn A. Flynn (ed.). *2012 Centennial Blue Book* (PDF). Diana J. Duran. Office of the New Mexico Secretary of State. pp. 233–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-04-03.

## InfoBox

| New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands | |
| --- | --- |
| Seal of New Mexico | |
| Incumbent
Stephanie Garcia Richard
since January 1, 2019 | |
| Term length | Four years |
| Formation | 1912 |
| First holder | Robert P. Ervien |
| Website | Commissioner of Public Lands of New Mexico |


title: News at Ten

abstract:
The News at Ten or Ten O'Clock News is a news program that usually airs in the late evening on a TV channel. It may refer to:
  - ITV News at Ten, or more commonly News at Ten, the main late evening newscast on ITV in the United Kingdom, produced by ITN
  - The Ten O'Clock News (1976–1991), a defunct evening newscast on WGBH-TV Boston
  - Sky News at Ten (1999–present), on Sky News
  - BBC News at Ten (2000–present), formerly BBC Ten O'Clock News, the main late evening newscast on BBC One in the United Kingdom
  - A song on the album New Clear Days by The Vapors

text:
# News at Ten

The ***News at Ten*** or ***Ten O'Clock News*** is a news program that usually airs in the late evening on a TV channel. It may refer to:

* *ITV News at Ten* (1967–1999; 2001–2004; 2008–present), or more commonly *News at Ten*, the main late evening newscast on ITV in the United Kingdom, produced by ITN
* *The Ten O'Clock News* (1976–1991), a defunct evening newscast on WGBH-TV Boston
* *Sky News at Ten* (1999–present), on Sky News
* *BBC News at Ten* (2000–present), formerly *BBC Ten O'Clock News*, the main late evening newscast on BBC One in the United Kingdom
* A song on the album *New Clear Days* by The Vapors


title: News at 6:30

abstract: News at 6:30, is the flagship evening Cantonese news programme that is broadcast nightly at 6:30 pm in Hong Kong on TVB Jade. This programme first aired on TVB Jade on 19 November 1967. News at 6:30 can also be watched for free on TVB News' website. News at 6:30 has aired in high definition every day since 18 March 2013. The HD Jade channel aired an extra bulletin, News at 7 instead of News at 6:30 from 2009 to 2015. The bulletin is simulcast on both SD and HD versions of Jade on Saturday and Sunday. TVB News axed the sports bulletin on the weekday version of News at 6:30 on 3 May 2010.

text:
# News at 6:30

***News at 6:30*** (Chinese: 六點半新聞報道), is the flagship evening Cantonese news programme that is broadcast nightly at 6:30 pm in Hong Kong on TVB Jade. This programme first aired on TVB Jade on 19 November 1967. *News at 6:30* can also be watched for free on TVB News' website.

*News at 6:30* has aired in high definition every day since 18 March 2013. The HD Jade channel aired an extra bulletin, *News at 7* instead of News at 6:30 from 2009 to 2015. The bulletin is simulcast on both SD and HD versions of Jade on Saturday and Sunday.

TVB News axed the sports bulletin on the weekday version of News at 6:30 on 3 May 2010.

## Broadcasting length

*News at 6:30* usually broadcasts for approximately an hour on weeknights and 25 minutes on weekends, followed by *Weather Report*. On special occasions such as the Handover of Hong Kong, opening of the Hong Kong International Airport, Jiji earthquake, September 11 attacks and 2008 Sichuan earthquake, the show was extended to one hour.

## Notable presenters

## InfoBox

| *News at 6:30* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 六點半新聞報道 | |
| Genre | News |
| Created by | TVB News |
| Country of origin | Hong Kong |
| Original language | Cantonese |
| Production | |
| Producer | TVB |
| Production location | Hong Kong |
| Running time | * **Weekdays**
44–52 minutes * **Weekends**
22–25 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVB Jade |
| Release | 19 November 1967 (1967-11-19)
present |
| Related | |
| *News At Seven-Thirty* | |


title: New Valley University

abstract: New Valley University is a university in New Valley Governorate, Egypt.

text:
# New Valley University

**New Valley University** is a university in New Valley Governorate, Egypt.

## Origin

On September 3, 2019, Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly issued a decision to amend some provisions of the executive regulations of the Universities Regulation Law to establish New Valley University, in addition to the universities stipulated in Article (2) of the Universities Regulation Law. The Prime Minister's decision included the establishment of the New Valley University, based in the New Valley Governorate, provided that the branch of Assiut University in the New Valley is abolished, and its affiliated colleges are included in the New Valley University.

On January 31, 2020, the Ministry of Higher Education approved a project to establish a Faculty of Human Medicine at the University of the New Valley, where the building of the old governorate office in Jamal Abdel Nasser Street in Kharga City will be converted into a Faculty of Human Medicine at the University of the New Valley.

On October 6, 2020, the governor of Al-Wadi Al-Jadid inspected the constructions at the university's headquarters in the north of the city of Al-Kharga, where the works that are currently taking place include the construction of the Faculty of Science buildings at a total cost of 71 million pounds, and the building of the Faculty of Agriculture, which is located On an area of 5,800 square meters, it consists of 3 floors, at a cost of 91 million pounds, and the measurement and evaluation building, which is located on an area of 3,000 square meters, and consists of three floors and includes an auditorium with a capacity of 300 students, exam halls, an equipped conference hall, and administrative and service rooms.

On June 10, 2021, New Valley University received the Pharmaceutical Sciences Sector Committee of the Supreme Council of Universities, to inspect the building of the Faculty of Pharmacy to be established at New Valley University.

## Faculties

## InfoBox

New Valley University
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2019 |
| Location | New Valley Governorate, Egypt |
| Website | www.nv.aun.edu.eg |


title: Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo

abstract: Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo is a transgender model and beauty queen Vietnam. She is Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023.

text:
# Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo

**Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo** (born May 17, 2000) is a transgender model and beauty queen Vietnam. She is Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023.

## Early career

Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo was born in 2000, comes from Hải Dương and currently lives with his family in Bình Dương. She possesses a sweet, attractive beauty along with strong personality and iconic performance style.

## Career

### Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023

On April 8, 2023, she was officially crowned Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023 and will represent Vietnam to participate in Miss International Queen 2023 in June in Thailand. At the final night, she excellently showed off her excellent catwalk skills, charisma and great performance to reach the Top 6. Here, she made everyone admire her ability to handle shifts my piece. Fluent in English and Vietnamese, sharp thinking, broad knowledge, accurate and specific evidence, stage presence and inspiring voice, convincingly surpassing all opponents to win the crown.

### Miss International Queen 2023

The final night of Miss International Queen 2023 took place on the evening of June 24, 2023 in Pattaya, Thailand, she won 3 additional awards including Best National Costume, Wonder Woman Award and Miss Popular Vote. Although she tried hard, luck did not come to her when she finished in the Top 11.

1. "Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023 is Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo". *Miss international Queen/2023*. 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
2. "Miss International Queen 2023 The Final Round June 24th(Sat) 2023". *Miss international Queen/2023*. 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
3. TravelNewsAsia.com. "Pictures from Miss International Queen 2023 Transgender Beauty Pageant in Pattaya, Thailand". *Travel News Asia*. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
4. "Lars Pacheco fails back-to-back win at Miss International Queen 2023". *PEP.ph*. Retrieved 2023-06-24.

## InfoBox

| Nguyễn Hà Dịu Thảo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2000-05-17) 17 May 2000
Hải Dương, Vietnam |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss International Queen Vietnam 2023 |
| Hair color | Black |
| Eye color | Brown |
| Major
competition(s) |  |
|  | |


title: 1965 Salisbury by-election

abstract: The 1965 Salisbury by-election was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Salisbury in Wiltshire on 4 February 1965. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Michael Hamilton.

text:
# 1965 Salisbury by-election

The **1965 Salisbury by-election** was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Salisbury in Wiltshire on 4 February 1965. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Michael Hamilton.

## Vacancy

The seat had become vacant when the 58-year-old sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) John Morrison had been ennobled as Baron Margadale. He had won the seat at a by-election in 1942.

## Candidates

The Conservative candidate was 46-year-old Michael Hamilton.

The Labour Party selected the National Union of Bank Employees official Leif Mills, and the Liberal Party fielded Hugh Capstick; both had contested the seat at the general election in October 1964. Maj. Horace Trevor-Cox, a former Conservative MP, stood as Independent Conservative candidate.

## Result

Michael Hamilton of the Conservative Party returned to the House of Commons as an MP after he lost his Wellingborough seat in the General election in 1964.

## Votes

Salisbury by-election, February 1965
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Michael Hamilton** | **17,599** | **48.2** | **0.1** |
|  | Labour | Leif Mills | 13,660 | 37.4 | +3.0 |
|  | Liberal | Hugh Capstick | 4,699 | 12.9 | 4.4 |
|  | Ind. Conservative | Horace Trevor-Cox | 533 | 1.5 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 3,939 | 10.8 | 3.1 |
| Turnout | | | 36,491 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election October 1964: Salisbury
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Morrison** | **20,071** | **48.3** | **4.5** |
|  | Labour | Leif A Mills | 14,311 | 34.4 | +1.3 |
|  | Liberal | Hugh Capstick | 7,176 | 17.3 | +3.2 |
| Majority | | | 5,760 | 13.9 | 5.8 |
| Turnout | | | 41,558 | 78.6 | +0.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |


title: Systems architect

abstract: The systems architect is an information and communications technology professional. Systems architects define the architecture of a computerized system in order to fulfill certain requirements. Such definitions include: a breakdown of the system into components, the component interactions and interfaces, and the technologies and resources to be used in its design and implementation. The systems architect's work should seek to avoid implementation issues and readily permit unanticipated extensions/modifications in future stages. Because of the extensive experience required for this, the systems architect is typically a very senior technologist with substantial, but general, knowledge of hardware, software, and similar (user) systems. Above all, the systems architect must be reasonably knowledgeable of the users' domain of experience. For example, the architect of an air traffic system needs to be more than superficially familiar with all of the tasks of an air traffic system, including those of all levels of users. The title of systems architect connotes higher-level design responsibilities than a systems engineer, software engineer or programmer, though day-to-day activities may overlap.

text:
# Systems architect

The **systems architect** is an information and communications technology professional. Systems architects define the architecture of a computerized system (i.e., a system composed of software and hardware) in order to fulfill certain requirements. Such definitions include: a breakdown of the system into components, the component interactions and interfaces (including with the environment, especially the user), and the technologies and resources to be used in its design and implementation.

The systems architect's work should seek to avoid implementation issues and readily permit unanticipated extensions/modifications in future stages. Because of the extensive experience required for this, the systems architect is typically a very senior technologist with substantial, but general, knowledge of hardware, software, and similar (user) systems. Above all, the systems architect must be reasonably knowledgeable of the users' domain of experience. For example, the architect of an air traffic system needs to be more than superficially familiar with all of the tasks of an air traffic system, including those of all levels of users.

The title of *systems architect* connotes higher-level design responsibilities than a systems engineer, software engineer or programmer, though day-to-day activities may overlap.

## Overview

Systems architects interface with multiple stakeholders in an organization in order to understand the various levels of requirements, the domain, the viable technologies, and anticipated development process. Their work includes determining multiple design and implementation alternatives, assessing such alternatives based on all identified constraints (such as cost, schedule, space, power, safety, usability, reliability, maintainability, availability, and other "ilities"), and selecting the most suitable options for further design. The output of such work sets the core properties of the system and those that are hardest to change later.

In small systems the architecture is typically defined directly by the developers. However, in larger systems, a systems architect should be appointed to outline the overall system, and to interface between the users, sponsors, and other stakeholders on one side and the engineers on the other. Very large, highly complex systems may include multiple architects, in which case the architects work together to integrate their subsystems or aspects, and respond to a chief architect responsible for the entire system. In general, the role of the architect is to act as a mediator between the users and the engineers, reconciling the users' needs and requirements with what the engineers have determined to be doable within the given (engineering) constraints.

In systems design, the architects (and engineers) are responsible for:

* Interfacing with the user(s) and sponsor(s) and all other stakeholders in order to determine their (evolving) needs.
* Generating the highest level of system requirements**,** based on the users' needs and other constraints.
* Ensuring that this set of high level requirements is consistent, complete, correct, and operationally defined.
* Performing cost–benefit analyses to determine whether requirements are best met by manual, software, or hardware functions; making maximum use of commercial off-the-shelf or already developed components.
* Developing partitioning algorithms (and other processes) to allocate all present and foreseeable requirements into discrete partitions such that a minimum of communications is needed among partitions, and between the users and the system.
* Partitioning large systems into (successive layers of) subsystems and components each of which can be handled by a single engineer or team of engineers or subordinate architect.
* Interfacing with the design and implementation engineers and architects, so that any problems arising during design or implementation can be resolved in accordance with the fundamental design concepts, and users' needs and constraints.
* Ensuring that a maximally robust and extensible design is developed.
* Generating a set of **acceptance test** requirements, together with the designers, test engineers, and the users, which determine that all of the high-level requirements have been met, especially for the computer-human-interface.
* Generating products such as sketches, models, an early user guide, and prototypes to keep the users and the engineers constantly up to date and in agreement on the system to be provided as it is evolving.
* Ensuring that all architectural products and products with architectural input are maintained in the most current state and never allowed to seriously lag or become obsolete.

## Systems architect: topics

Large systems architecture was developed as a way to handle systems too large for one person to conceive of, let alone design. Systems of this size are rapidly becoming the norm, so architectural approaches and architects are increasingly needed to solve the problems of large to very large systems. In general, increasingly large systems are reduced to 'human' proportions by a layering approach, where each layer is composed of a number of individually comprehensible sub-layers-- each having its own principal engineer and/or architect. A complete layer at one level will be shown as a functional 'component' of a higher layer (and may disappear altogether at the highest layers).

### Users and sponsors

Architects *are* expected to understand human needs and develop humanly functional and aesthetically-pleasing products. A good architect is also the principal keeper of the users' vision of the end product, and of the process of deriving requirements from and implementing that vision.

Architects do not follow exact procedures. They communicate with users/sponsors in a highly interactive, relatively informal way— together they extract the true *requirements* necessary for the designed (end) system. The architect must remain constantly in communication with the end users and with the (principal) systems engineers. Therefore, the architect must be intimately familiar with the users' environment and problem, and with the engineering environment(s) of likely solution spaces.

### High level requirements

The user requirements specification should be a joint product of the users and architect: the users bring their needs and wish list, the architect brings knowledge of what is likely to prove doable within the cost, time and other constraints. When the users needs are translated into a set of high-level requirements is also the best time to write the first version of the acceptance test, which should, thereafter, be religiously kept up to date with the requirements. That way, the users will be absolutely clear about what they are getting. It is also a safeguard against untestable requirements, misunderstandings, and requirements creep.

The development of the first level of engineering requirements is not a purely analytical exercise and should also involve both the architect and engineer. If any compromises are to be made— to meet constraints- the architect must ensure that the final product and overall look and feel do not stray very far from the users' intent. The engineer should focus on developing a design that optimizes the constraints but ensures a workable, reliable, extensible and robust product. The provision of needed services to the users is the true function of an engineered system. However, as systems become ever larger and more complex, and as their emphases move away from simple hardware and software components, the narrow application of traditional systems development principles have been found to be insufficient— the application of more general principles of systems, hardware, and software architecture to the design of (sub)systems is seen to be needed. Architecture may also be seen as a simplified model of the finished end product— its primary function is to define the parts and their relationships to each other so that the whole can be seen to be a consistent, complete, and correct representation of what the users' had in mind— especially for the computer-human-interface. It is also used to ensure that the parts fit together and relate in the desired way.

It is necessary to distinguish between the architecture of the users' world and the engineered systems architecture. The former represents and addresses problems and solutions in the *user's* world. It is principally captured in the computer-human-interfaces (CHI) of the engineered system. The engineered system represents the *engineering* solutions— how the *engineer* proposes to develop and/or select and combine the components of the technical infrastructure to support the CHI. In the absence of an experienced architect, there is an unfortunate tendency to confuse the two architectures. But the engineer thinks in terms of hardware and software and the technical solution space, whereas the users may be thinking in terms of solving a problem of getting people from point A to point B in a reasonable amount of time and with a reasonable expenditure of energy, or of getting needed information to customers and staff. A systems architect is expected to combine knowledge of both the architecture of the users' world and of (all potentially useful) engineering systems architectures. The former is a joint activity with the users; the latter is a joint activity with the engineers. The product is a set of high-level requirements reflecting the users' requirements which can be used by the engineers to develop systems design requirements.

Because requirements evolve over the course of a project, especially a long one, an architect is needed until the system is accepted by the user: the architect ensures that all changes and interpretations made during the course of development do not compromise the users' viewpoint.

### Cost/benefit analyses

Architects are generalists. They are not expected to be experts in any one technology but are expected to be knowledgeable of many technologies and able to judge their applicability to specific situations. They also apply their knowledge to practical situations, but evaluate the cost/benefits of various solutions using different technologies, for example, hardware versus software versus manual, and assure that the system as a whole performs according to the users' expectations.

Many commercial-off-the-shelf or already developed hardware and software components may be selected independently according to constraints such as cost, response, throughput, etc. In some cases, the architect can already assemble the end system (almost) unaided. Or, s/he may still need the help of a hardware or software engineer to select components and to design and build any special purpose function. The architects (or engineers) may also enlist the aid of other specialists— in safety, security, communications, special purpose hardware, graphics, human factors, test and evaluation, quality control, reliability, maintainability, availability, interface management, etc. An effective systems architectural team must have access to specialists in critical specialties as needed.

### Partitioning and layering

An architect planning a building works on the overall design, making sure it will be pleasing and useful to its inhabitants. While a single architect by himself may be enough to build a single-family house, many engineers may be needed, in addition, to solve the detailed problems that arise when a novel high-rise building is designed. If the job is large and complex enough, parts of the architecture may be designed as independent components. That is, if we are building a housing complex, we may have one architect for the complex, and one for each type of building, as part of an *architectural team.*

Large automation systems also require an architect and much engineering talent. If the engineered system is large and complex enough, the systems architect may defer to a hardware architect and/or a software architect for parts of the job, although they all may be members of a joint architectural team.

The architect should sub-allocate the system requirements to major components or subsystems that are within the scope of a single hardware or software engineer, or engineering manager and team. But the architect must never be viewed as an engineering supervisor. (If the item is sufficiently large and/or complex, the chief architect will sub-allocate portions to more specialized architects.) Ideally, each such component/subsystem is a sufficiently stand-alone object that it can be tested as a complete component, separate from the whole, using only a simple testbed to supply simulated inputs and record outputs. That is, it is not necessary to know how an air traffic control system works in order to design and build a data management subsystem for it. It is only necessary to know the constraints under which the subsystem will be expected to operate.

A good architect ensures that the system, however complex, is built upon relatively simple and "clean" concepts for each (sub)system or layer and is easily understandable by everyone, especially the users, without special training. The architect will use a minimum of heuristics to ensure that each partition is well defined and clean of kludges, work-arounds, short-cuts, or confusing detail and exceptions. As users needs evolve, (once the system is fielded and in use), it is a lot easier subsequently to evolve a simple concept than one laden with exceptions, special cases, and much "fine print."

*Layering* the architecture is important for keeping the architecture sufficiently simple at each *layer* so that it remains comprehensible to a single mind. As layers are ascended, whole systems at *lower layers* become simple *components* at the *higher layers,* and may disappear altogether at the *highest layers.*

### Acceptance test

The **acceptance test** is a principal responsibility of the systems architect. It is the chief means by which the program lead will prove to the users that the system is as originally planned and that all involved architects and engineers have met their objectives.

### Communications with users and engineers

A building architect uses sketches, models, and drawings. An automation systems (or software or hardware) architect should use sketches, models, and prototypes to discuss different solutions and results with users, engineers, and other architects. An early, draft version of the users' manual is invaluable, especially in conjunction with a prototype. Nevertheless, it is important that a workable, well written *set of requirements,* or specification, be created which is reasonably understandable to the customer (so that they can properly sign off on it, but the principal users' requirements should be captured in a preliminary users' manual for intelligibility). But it must use precise and unambiguous language so that designers and other implementers are left in no doubt as to meanings or intentions. In particular, all requirements must be testable**,** and the initial draft of the test plan should be developed contemporaneously with the requirements. All stakeholders should sign off on the acceptance test descriptions, or equivalent, as the sole determinant of the satisfaction of the requirements, at the outset of the program.

## Architect metaphor

The use of any form of the word "architect" is regulated by "title acts" in many states in the US, and a person must be licensed as a building architect to use it.

In the UK the architects registration board excludes the usage of architect (when used in the context of software and IT) from its restricted usage.

## Further reading

* Donald Firesmith et al.: *The Method Framework for Engineering System Architectures*, (2008)
* Mark W. Maier and Rechtin, Eberhardt, *The Art of Systems Architecting*, Third Edition (2009)
* Gerrit Muller, "Systems architecting: A business perspective," CRC Press, (2012).
* Eberhardt Rechtin, *Systems Architecting: Creating & Building Complex Systems*, 1991.
* J. H. Saltzer, M. F. Kaashoek, *Principles of Computer System Design: An Introduction*, Morgan Kaufmann, 2009.
* Rob Williams, *Computer Systems Architecture: a Networking Approach*, Second Edition (December 2006).

## InfoBox

Systems architect
| Systems architects divide large and complex systems into manageable subsystems that can be handled by individual engineers. | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | |
| Names | Systems architect |
| Occupation type | Profession |
| Activity sectors | Systems engineering
Systems
Design
Engineering |
| Description | |
| Competencies | user domain knowledge, scientific knowledge, engineering, planning and management skills |
| Education required | See education |


title: National Voice

abstract: National Voice is Hindi-language television news channel.

text:
# National Voice

**National Voice** is Hindi-language television news channel.

## InfoBox

National Voice
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | India |
| Broadcast area | India |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 576i, SDTV 16:9 |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Deepak Sharma |
| History | |
| Launched | May 2016 |
| Links | |
| Website | http://nationalvoice.co.in |


title: Shintetsu Ao Line

abstract: Ao Line The Ao Line is a commuter railway line in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Kobe Electric Railway (Shintetsu). It connects Kobe with its northwestern suburb, Ono. The line is 29.2 km (18.1 mi) long, extending from Suzurandai in Kita-ku to Ao, where the line connects with the West Japan Railway Company Kakogawa Line, although all trains continue past Suzurandai to Shinkaichi via the Shintetsu Arima Line and Kobe Rapid Railway Namboku Line. Between Suzurandai Station and Kizu Station, track gradient can reach 50‰ at most.

text:
# Shintetsu Ao Line

The **Ao Line** (粟生線, *Ao-sen*) is a commuter railway line in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Kobe Electric Railway (Shintetsu). It connects Kobe with its northwestern suburb, Ono. The line is 29.2 km (18.1 mi) long, extending from Suzurandai in Kita-ku to Ao, where the line connects with the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Kakogawa Line, although all trains continue past Suzurandai to Shinkaichi via the Shintetsu Arima Line and Kobe Rapid Railway Namboku Line.

Between Suzurandai Station and Kizu Station, track gradient can reach 50 at most.

## History

The Miki Electric Railway Co. opened the Suzurandai – Hirono Golf-jo-mae on 28 December 1936. DMUs operated until the section was electrified the following year and extended to Miki Uenomaru, with the extension to Miki opening in 1938.

In 1947 the company merged with the Kobe Electric Railway Co., which extended the line to Ono on 28 December 1951, and from Ono to Ao on 10 April 1952.

The Nishi-Suzurandai – Aina section was duplicated in 1982, and the Kizu – Oshibedani section was duplicated between 1979 and 1989.

### Former connecting lines

## Stations

* S indicates that the service stops at the station
* | indicates that the service skips the station

| No. | Station | | Distance (km) | Local
(普通) | Semi-Express
(準急) | Express
(急行) | Transfers | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ↑ Through Service via the  Shintetsu Arima Line and Kobe Kosoku Line to/from Shinkaichi | | | | | | | | |
| KB06 | Suzurandai | 鈴蘭台 | 0.0 | S | S | S | Arima Line (Through Service) | Kita-ku, Kobe |
| KB41 | Suzurandai-nishiguchi | 鈴蘭台西口 | 0.8 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB42 | Nishi-Suzurandai | 西鈴蘭台 | 1.3 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB43 | Aina | 藍那 | 3.0 | S | S |  |  | |
| KB44 | Kizu | 木津 | 6.4 | S | S |  |  | Nishi-ku, Kobe |
| KB45 | Kobata | 木幡 | 8.1 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB46 | Sakae |  | 9.6 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB47 | Oshibedani | 押部谷 | 11.2 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB48 | Midorigaoka | 緑が丘 | 12.8 | S | S | S |  | Miki |
| KB49 | Hirono Golf-jo-mae | 広野ゴルフ場前 | 13.5 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB50 | Shijimi | 志染 | 15.6 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB51 | Ebisu | 恵比須 | 17.6 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB52 | Miki Uenomaru | 三木上の丸 | 18.6 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB53 | Miki | 三木 | 19.3 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB54 | Omura | 大村 | 20.8 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB55 | Kashiyama | 樫山 | 23.2 | S | S | S |  | Ono |
| KB56 | Ichiba | 市場 | 23.9 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB57 | Ono | 小野 | 26.2 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB58 | Hata | 葉多 | 27.7 | S | S | S |  | |
| KB59 | Ao | 粟生 | 29.2 | S | S | S | Kakogawa Line
Hojo Railway Hojo Line | |

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

## InfoBox

| Shintetsu Ao Line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1500 series EMU on the 50 per mil gradient between Omura and Kashiyama, April 2011 | |
| Overview | |
| Native name | 粟生線 |
| Owner | Kobe Electric Railway |
| Locale | Hyōgo Prefecture |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 20 |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 1936 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 29.2 km (18.1 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |
| Electrification | 1,500 V DC |
| Operating speed | 70 km/h (45 mph) |


title: Yasunori Watanabe

abstract: Yasunori Watanabe Yasunori Watanabe was a Japanese rugby player, who played for Japan in three Rugby World Cups from 1999 to 2007.

text:
# Yasunori Watanabe

**Yasunori Watanabe** (渡辺泰憲, *Watanabe Yasunori*) (2 July 1974 – 3 April 2010) was a Japanese rugby player, who played for Japan in three Rugby World Cups from 1999 to 2007.

## Career

Watanabe was born in Hokkaido, and joined the team Toshiba Brave Lupus in Tokyo in 1997 after graduating from Nippon Sport Science University. He played 32 times for the national team and in Brave Lupus's hat-trick of Japanese domestic league titles between 2004 and 2006.

## Death

On 3 April 2010, Yasunori died at the age of 35, when he fell off a train station platform and was hit by a train at Kamakura Station in Kanagawa Prefecture. An employee at the station saw Watanabe fall at about 9:30 p.m.

## InfoBox

Yasunori Watanabe
| Date of birth | (1974-07-02)July 2, 1974 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Tokyo |
| Date of death | April 3, 2010(2010-04-03) (aged 35) |
| Place of death | Kamakura Kanagawa Prefecture |
| Height | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 104 kg (229 lb; 16.4 st) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Lock, Flanker  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1996–2007 Japan  34  (40) | |


title: Xanthomonas pruni

abstract: Xanthomonas pruni is a bacterial disease of almost all Prunus.

text:
# Xanthomonas pruni

***Xanthomonas pruni*** (syn. ***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *pruni***, syn. ***Xanthomonas arboricola* pv. *pruni***) is a bacterial disease of almost all *Prunus*.

## Hosts

Almost all *Prunus* spp.

## Distribution

Unknown in stonefruit in California until detection in Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valley in the spring of 2013. As of 2017 it is still restricted to those two areas. Also found in almond cultivation in Victoria, Australia.

## Detection

Palacio-Bielsa *et al.*, 2011 provides a SYBR Green I-based assay.

## Management

Copper and mancozeb are recommended in California for almonds and have served well elsewhere. No pesticides are registered for almonds anywhere in Australia.

Phage therapy has been heavily studied for *X. pruni* and some treatments have been very successful. Civerolo & Keil performed several experiments in the 1970s with *Xanthomonas pruni phage* showing that peach and apricot were protected by external applications of solution.

### Resistance

Resistance to copper has occurred. No copper resistance as of August 2017 in California. Rotation or tank mixing is recommended to forestall resistance.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas pruni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | ***X. pruni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas pruni***<br> | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *X. campestris* pv. *pruni* * *X. arboricola* pv. *pruni* | |


title: Minnesota Senate, District 6

text:
# Minnesota Senate, District 6

The Minnesota Senate, District 6, is located in St. Louis County and centered on the Mesabi Iron Range. It is currently represented by Independent David Tomassoni.

## List of senators

| Session | Senator | Party | Term start | Term end | Home | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | Aaron C. Hudson | Republican | December 2, 1857 | December 6, 1859 | Florence | Goodhue |
| 2nd | Robert N. McLaren | Non-partisan | December 7, 1859 | January 6, 1862 | Red Wing | |
| 3rd | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Monticello | Carver Goodhue
Kandiyohi
McLeod
Meeker
Monongalia (defunct)
Wright |
| | | Samuel Bennett | Republican | January 8, 1861 | January 5, 1863 |
| | | | | 4th |
| 5th | | Charles A. Warner | Non-partisan | January 6, 1863 | January 2, 1865 | Chaska |
| 6th | | | | | |
| 7th | | | G.D. George | January 3, 1865 | January 7, 1867 | Rockford |
| 8th | | | | |
| 9th | Hanford Lennox Gordon | Republican | January 8, 1867 | January 7, 1869 | St. Cloud | Kandiyohi McLeod
Meeker
Monongalia (defunct)
Wright |
| 10th | | | | | | |
| 11th | Dana E. King | | January 8, 1869 | January 2, 1871 | Greenleaf | |
| 12th | | | | ||
| 13th | William Bonniwell | Democratic | January 3, 1871 | January 1, 1872 | Hutchinson | |
| 14th | Edward Harrison Hutchins | Republican | January 2, 1872 | January 5, 1874 | Winnebago | Faribault |
| 15th | | | | | | |
| 16th | Simeon P. Child | | January 6, 1874 | January 3, 1876 | Blue Earth | |
| 17th | | | | ||
| 18th | J.P. West | | January 4, 1876 | January 7, 1878 | Wells | |
| 19th | | | | ||
| 20th | Daniel F. Goodrich | | January 8, 1878 | January 6, 1879 | Blue Earth | |
| 21st | Rial B. Johnson | Non-partisan | January 7, 1879 | | January 1, 1883 | |
| 22nd | | | | ||
| 23rd | Reuben M. Ward | | January 2, 1883 | January 3, 1887 | Fairmont | Jackson Martin |
| 24th | | | | | |
| 25th | Frank A. Day | Republican | January 4, 1887 | | | January 31, 1895 |
| 26th | | | | | |
| 27th | | | | | |
| 28th | | | | | |
| 29th | | | | | |
| 30th | | | | | |
| | Vacant |  | January 31, 1895 | January 26, 1897 | |  |
| | Howard Dunn | Republican | January 26, 1897 | January 2, 1899 | Fairmont | Freeborn Martin
Watonwan |
| 31st | | Sam Sweningsen | January 3, 1899 | January 5, 1905 | Austin | Mower |
| 32nd | | | | | |
| 33rd | | Alexander S. Campbell | January 6, 1905 | | | January 6, 1919 |
| 34th | | | | | |
| 35th | | | | | Dodge Mower |
| 36th | | | | |
| 37th | | Bernhart N. Anderson | January 7, 1919 | January 1, 1923 | Manchester | Freeborn |
| 38th | | | | | |
| 39th | | | | | |
| 40th | | | | | |
| 41st | | | | | |
| 42nd | | | | | |
| 43rd | William Nelson | Non-partisan | January 2, 1923 | January 3, 1927 | | Albert Lea |
| 44th | | | | | |
| 45th | J.O. Peterson | | January 4, 1927 | January 5, 1931 | |
| 46th | | | ||
| 47th | J.S. McCornack | | January 6, 1931 | January 7, 1935 | | Bancroft |
| 48th | | | | | |
| 49th | Alfred Berglund, Sr. | | January 8, 1935 | January 6, 1947 | | Albert Lea |
| 50th | | | | | |
| 51st | | | | | |
| 52nd | | | | | |
| 53rd | | | | | |
| 54th | | | | | |
| 55th | Helmer Myre | | January 7, 1947 | | | January 1, 1951 |
| 56th | | | | | |
| 57th | Earl L. Engbritson | Conservative | January 2, 1951 | January 3, 1955 | | Hollandale |
| 58th | | | | | |
| 59th | Rudolph William Hanson | | January 4, 1955 | January 7, 1963 | | Albert Lea |
| 60th | | | | | |
| 61st | | | | | |
| 62nd | | | | | |
| 63rd | Charles G. Langley | | January 8, 1963 | January 2, 1967 | Red Wing | Goodhue |
| 64th | | | | | |
| 65th | George Conzemius | Liberal | January 3, 1967 | January 1, 1973 | Cannon Falls | Dakota Goodhue |
| 66th | | | | | | |
| 67th | | | | | | |
| 68th | Tony Perpich | | January 2, 1973 | January 3, 1977 | Eveleth | Cook Lake
St. Louis |
| 69th | | | | | |
| 70th | Doug Johnson | DFL | January 4, 1977 | January 6, 2003 | | Cook |
| 71st | | | | | | Cook Koochiching
Lake
St. Louis |
| 72nd | | | | | |
| 73rd | | | | | |
| 74th | | | | | |
| 75th | | | | | |
| 76th | | | | | |
| 77th | | | | | |
| 78th | | | | | |
| 79th | | | | | |
| 80th | | | | | Tower |
| 81st | | | | |
| 82nd | | | | |
| 83rd | Tom Bakk | | January 7, 2003 | January 7, 2013 | Cook | Carlton Cook
Lake
St. Louis |
| 84th | | | | | |
| 85th | | | | | |
| 86th | | | | | |
| 87th | | | | | |
| 88th | Dave Tomassoni | | January 8, 2013 | Incumbent | Chisholm | Itasca St. Louis |
| 89th | | | | | |
| 90th | | | | | |
| 91st | | | | | | Independent |

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