title: Wild Style Original Soundtrack

abstract: Wild Style Original Soundtrack is the official soundtrack to the 1983 hip hop film Wild Style. It was originally released in 1983 via Animal Records, and re-released twice: in 1997 via Rhino Entertainment, and in 2007 as 25th anniversary edition via Mr Bongo Records. The album was produced by Charlie Ahearn and Chris Stein with Fab 5 Freddy, who served as musical director of the project. It featured appearances from Busy Bee, Cold Crush Brothers, DJ Charlie Chase, Grandmaster Caz, Grand Mixer DXT, Grand Wizzard Theodore & the Fantastic Five, Double Trouble, Prince Whipper Whip, Rammellzee, AJ Scratch, D.J. Stieve Steve and Shockdell. The album has been described by Leo Stanley from Allmusic as "one of the key records of early-'80s hip-hop". Thomas Golianopoulos and Mosi Reeves from Rolling Stone stated: "The soundtrack, which features beats produced by Chris Stein of Blondie and Fab 5 Freddy and live performances by Double Trouble and other old-school legends, is arguably the first great hip-hop album".

text:
# Wild Style Original Soundtrack

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Wild Style Original Soundtrack*** is the official soundtrack to the 1983 hip hop film *Wild Style*. It was originally released in 1983 via Animal Records, and re-released twice: in 1997 via Rhino Entertainment, and in 2007 as 25th anniversary edition via Mr Bongo Records. The album was produced by Charlie Ahearn and Chris Stein with Fab 5 Freddy, who served as musical director of the project. It featured appearances from Busy Bee, Cold Crush Brothers, DJ Charlie Chase, Grandmaster Caz, Grand Mixer DXT, Grand Wizzard Theodore & the Fantastic Five, Double Trouble (Rodney Cee & Kevie Kev Rockwell of Funky 4 + 1), Prince Whipper Whip, Rammellzee, AJ Scratch, D.J. Stieve Steve and Shockdell.

The album has been described by Leo Stanley from Allmusic as "one of the key records of early-'80s hip-hop". Thomas Golianopoulos and Mosi Reeves from *Rolling Stone* stated: "The soundtrack, which features beats produced by Chris Stein of Blondie and Fab 5 Freddy and live performances by Double Trouble and other old-school legends, is arguably the first great hip-hop album".

## Track listing

Original 1983 vinyl LP: Side 1
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wild Style Theme Rap 1" | Grandmaster Caz and Chris Stein | 6:18 |
| 2. | "M.C. Battle" | Rodney Cee and Busy Bee | 3:52 |
| 3. | "Basketball Throwdown" | Cold Crush Brothers and Fantastic Freaks | 1:16 |
| 4. | "Fantastic Freaks At The Dixie" | Fantastic Freaks | 6:26 |
| 5. | "Military Cut (Scratch Mix)" | DJ Grand Wizard Theodore | 3:35 |
| 6. | "Cold Crush Brothers At The Dixie" | Cold Crush Brothers | 4:48 |

Original 1983 vinyl LP: Side 2
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stoop Rap" | Double Trouble (aka Rodney Cee & KK Rockwell) | 1:20 |
| 2. | "Double Trouble At The Amphitheatre" | Double Trouble | 7:57 |
| 3. | "Wild Style Subway Rap 2" | Grandmaster Caz & Chris Stein | 3:37 |
| 4. | "Gangbusters (Scratch Mix)" | Grand Wizard Theodore | 1:20 |
| 5. | "Rammellzee & Shock Dell At The Amphitheatre" | Rammellzee & Shock Dell | 3:46 |

25th Anniversary Edition: CD 1
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Military Cut (Scratch Mix)" | DJ Grand Wizard Theodore | 2:18 |
| 2. | "M.C. Battle" | Rodney Cee & Busy Bee | 3:35 |
| 3. | "Basketball Throwdown" | Cold Crush Brothers vs. Fantastic Freaks | 1:17 |
| 4. | "Fantastic Freaks At The Dixie" | Fantastic Freaks | 6:25 |
| 5. | "Subway Theme (Scratch Mix) (previously unreleased)" | Grand Wizard Theodore & Chris Stein | 2:52 |
| 6. | "The Cold Crush Brothers At The Amphitheatre" | Cold Crush Brothers | 5:42 |
| 7. | "Busy Bee's Limo Rap" | Busy Bee | 1:02 |
| 8. | "Cuckoo Clocking (previously unreleased)" | Fab 5 Freddy | 1:11 |
| 9. | "Stoop Rap" | Double Trouble (aka Rodney Cee & KK Rockwell) | 1:19 |
| 10. | "Double Trouble At The Amphitheatre" | Double Trouble (aka Rodney Cee & KK Rockwell) | 7:58 |
| 11. | "South Bronx Subway Rap (Original Version)" | Grandmaster Caz & Chris Stein | 2:22 |
| 12. | "The Chief Rockers Busy Bee, D.J. AJ At The Amphitheatre (previously unreleased)" | Busy Bee | 0:44 |
| 13. | "Busy Bee At The Amphitheatre" | Busy Bee | 2:15 |
| 14. | "Fantastic Freaks At The Amphitheatre" | Fantastic Freaks | 1:54 |
| 15. | "Gangbusters (Scratch Mix)" | Grand Wizard Theodore | 1:20 |
| 16. | "Rammellzee & Shockdell At The Amphitheatre" | Rammellzee & Shock Dell | 3:49 |
| 17. | "Down By Law (previously unreleased)" | Fab 5 Freddy & Chris Stein | 1:08 |

**Disc 2:**

1. Wildstyle Lesson - Kev Luckhurst aka Phat Kev
2. Limousine Rap (Crime Don't Pay Mix) - Wild Style Allstars
3. Basketball Throwdown (Dixie: Razorcut Mix) - Cold Crush Brothers vs. Fantastic Freaks
4. Stoop Rap (LP Version South Bronx Mix) - Double Trouble
5. Street Rap (Subway Mix) - Busy Bee
6. Stoop Rap (Film Version) - Double Trouble
7. B Boy Beat (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
8. Yawning Beat (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
9. Crime Cut (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
10. Gangbusters (Instrumental) - DJ Grand Wizard Theodore
11. Cuckoo Clocking (Instrumental) - Fab 5 Freddy
12. Meetings (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
13. Military Cut (Instrumental) - DJ Grand Wizard Theodore
14. Razor Cut (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
15. Subway Theme (Instrumental) - DJ Grand Wizard Theodore, Chris Stein
16. Busy Bees (Instrumental) - Busy Bee
17. Down By Law (Instrumental) - Fab 5 Freddy
18. Baby Beat (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
19. Jungle Beat (Instrumental) - Wild Style Allstars
20. Wild Style Scratch Tool - Kev Luckhurst aka Phat Kev

NOTE: "Pretty Baby" and "Rapture" by Blondie and "Good Times" by Chic also feature in the film, but not on any edition of the soundtrack albums.

Grand Wizard Theodore's "Subway Theme" song (from the *Wild Style* film) was incredibly featured in the 2015 Netflix war drama film *Beasts of No Nation*, starring Idris Elba.

## InfoBox

| Wild Style Original Soundtrack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Various Artists | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Recorded | 1982–1983 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 77:47 |
| Label | Animal Records |
| Producer |  |


title: Wildes Meadow, New South Wales

abstract: Wildes Meadow is a locality in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire. According to the 2016 census, it had a population of 259. At the 2021 census, there were 249 people living at Wildes Meadow.

text:
# Wildes Meadow, New South Wales

**Wildes Meadow** is a locality in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire.

According to the 2016 census, it had a population of 259. At the 2021 census, there were 249 people living at Wildes Meadow.

## InfoBox

| Wildes Meadow<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Wildes MeadowLocation in New South Wales | |
| Coordinates | 34°36′S 150°31′E / 34.600°S 150.517°E / -34.600; 150.517 |
| Population | 249 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 2577 |
| Elevation | 695 m (2,280 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Wingecarribee Shire |
| Region | Southern Highlands |
| County | Camden |
| Parish | Kangaloon |
| State electorate(s) | Goulburn |
| Federal division(s) | Whitlam |
| **Localities around Wildes Meadow:**  Burrawang  Robertson  Avoca Wildes Meadow   Fitzroy Falls  Upper Kangaroo Valley | |


title: Wild Dogs (Running in a Slow Dream)

abstract: "Wild Dogs" is a song by the American alternative rock band Matchbox Twenty. It was released on March 17, 2023, as the first single from their fifth studio album Where the Light Goes (2023). The single was the first new material from the band since 2012.

text:
# Wild Dogs (Running in a Slow Dream)

"**Wild Dogs (Running in a Slow Dream)**" is a song by the American alternative rock band Matchbox Twenty. It was released on March 17, 2023, as the first single from their fifth studio album *Where the Light Goes* (2023). The single was the first new material from the band since 2012.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Wild Dogs (Running in a Slow Dream)"
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) | 86 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 24 |
| US Adult Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 22 |

## InfoBox

| "Wild Dogs (Running In a Slow Dream)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Matchbox Twenty | |
| from the album  *Where the Light Goes* | |
| Released | March 17, 2023 (2023-03-17) |
| Recorded | 2022 |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Gregg Wattenberg * Paul Doucette |
| Matchbox Twenty singles chronology | |
| "Our Song"
(2013) "**Wild Dogs (Running In a Slow Dream)**"
(2023) "Don't Get Me Wrong"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Wild Dogs (Running in a Slow Dream)" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Wild Dogs

abstract: Wild Dogs is an American heavy metal band from Portland, Oregon, formed loosely in 1981 by original members Jeff Mark, Danny Kurth, Matt McCourt, and Pete Holmes. The band has since released six albums, three live albums and one DVD. Wild Dogs rose to local and regional recognition in the 1980s as a pioneer of metal in the Pacific Northwest, followed by international recognition after the release of their second album. Wild Dogs has experienced numerous line-up changes. McCourt is the only original and constant member of the band. Several attempts to reunite most of the original band members have failed, most recently in July 2010. McCourt has kept the band active for over 30 years, playing local and regional shows and international festivals with various band members. He continues to reproduce CDs and do interviews for fanzines and radio stations.

text:
# Wild Dogs

**Wild Dogs** is an American heavy metal band from Portland, Oregon, formed loosely in 1981 by original members Jeff Mark, Danny Kurth, Matt McCourt, and Pete Holmes. The band has since released six albums, three live albums and one DVD. Wild Dogs rose to local and regional recognition in the 1980s as a pioneer of metal in the Pacific Northwest, followed by international recognition after the release of their second album.

Wild Dogs has experienced numerous line-up changes. McCourt is the only original and constant member of the band (with the exception of the Reign of Terror album, on which Michael Furlong replaced him). Several attempts to reunite most of the original band members have failed, most recently in July 2010. McCourt has kept the band active for over 30 years, playing local and regional shows and international festivals with various band members. He continues to reproduce CDs and do interviews for fanzines and radio stations.

## History

In mid-1981, Jeff Mark, Mick Zane, Pete Holmes and Matt McCourt teamed up to perform in Portland as the Ravers, promoting McCourt's release of "I Was a Teenage Rock 'n' Roller" on Matchbox Records.

Guitarist Mark, drummer Holmes, vocalist McCourt and bassist Danny Kurth were asked to record a few songs for a recording class at Recording Associates. The first session produced "Fugitive of the Law", which also featured local guitarist Kip Doran. The second session produced "We Got the Power", "Runnin Away", and "Tonight We Rock". The third session proved to be the turning point. Drummer Pete Holmes was lured away by the band Black 'n Blue and was replaced by Black n Blue frontman Jaime St. James. The next session yielded "The Tonight Show", "Life is a Game", "I Need a Love to Call My Own", "Two Wrongs", and the song included on a local FM radio station (KGON) compilation album, *Born to Rock*.

McCourt saw a one-time news segment on MTV about Shrapnel Records president Mike Varney, who was searching for unsung guitar heroes. Jeff Mark was known as one of the most notable guitarists in Portland. McCourt sent Varney a demo of their recording sessions with Recording Associates. Varney offered an appearance on his compilation series. The band originally named themselves DMZ, but changed it to Wild Dogs after being inspired by two old hound dogs that the band passed daily, on the stairwell at their practice studio.

After the release of *US Metal Vol 2*, McCourt suggested to Shrapnel that they produce a full album with the band with the best response. Varney suggested Wild Dogs, since there was most of an album recorded. However, Pete Holmes left the band to join Black n Blue in Hollywood, so the band was left with the task of finding a drummer. McCourt recruited local, 16-year-old drummer Deen Castronovo to join the band. The first album was released and the band had its first gig on August 20, 1982 in San Francisco at The Stone, with Culprit and Varney's band Cinema, leading to another MTV news segment. The following week the band played in Seattle, sharing the bill with TKO, Rail, Atom Bomb and Myth (fronted by Geoff Tate before he joined Queensrÿche). They later toured with Slayer, Metal Church, Anthrax, Dio, Raven and Girlschool. Wild Dogs became known for their live show. With McCourt's use of spiked baseball bats, blow up dolls and other props, and Castronovo's twirling and stick juggling showmanship, the band earned its wild, bad boy reputation.

## Discography

* *Wild Dogs* (Shrapnel, 1983)
* *Man's Best Friend* (Shrapnel, 1984)
* *Reign of Terror* (Enigma, 1987)
* *King of the World* 2002
* *Down and Dirty* 2004
* *Live at the Roseland* 2004
* *Atomic Thunder* 2006
* *Live at Headbangers Open Air* 2009
* *Live in San Francisco 1982* 2014
* *Born To Rock Forever* 2015
* *Evolution* 2016

## InfoBox

| Wild Dogs | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Portland, Oregon |
| Genres | Heavy metal, power metal, speed metal |
| Years active | 1981 (1981)–present |
| Labels | Matchbox, Shrapnel Usmetal |
|  | |
| Members | Matt McCourt
Robert Robinson
Troy Stutzman
Nick Superchi |
|  | |
| Past members | Jeff Mark
Danny Kurth
Pete Holmes
Rik Bartel
Tom Möeller
Michael Furlong
Deen Castronovo |


title: Wilbur Rakestraw

abstract: Wilbur Rakestraw was an American racing car driver. He was born in Dallas, Georgia, into a family of racers. His career included racing in the SRE organization as well as the 11 NASCAR Grand National Series and 30 Convertible races. Rakestraw was known for his toughness and thoughtfulness of other drivers due to one incident at Lakewood Speedway in 1957 when he drove through a fence and into the infield lake to avoid T-boning another driver who had crashed in front of him. After he retired from racing, Rakestraw went to work as a mechanic and later became a service manager for a local grading company.

text:
# Wilbur Rakestraw

**Wilbur Rakestraw** (June 6, 1928 – May 7, 2014) was an American racing car driver. He was born in Dallas, Georgia, into a family of racers. His career included racing in the SRE (Southeastern Racing Enterprises) organization as well as the 11 NASCAR Grand National Series and 30 Convertible races. Rakestraw was known for his toughness and thoughtfulness of other drivers due to one incident at Lakewood Speedway in 1957 when he drove through a fence and into the infield lake to avoid T-boning another driver who had crashed in front of him. After he retired from racing, Rakestraw went to work as a mechanic and later became a service manager for a local grading company.

## Career

Wilbur Rakestraw began his career in 1956 racing at his hometown track, the Dallas Speed Bowl. He drove a 1937 Ford Coupe with the number 999 in honor of Henry Ford's first race car, which had been driven by Barney Oldfield. He continued racing in the SRE circuit at various local tracks including Fairburn, Gainesville, Lakewood, Cornelia, Canton, Macon, and the Peach Bowl.

Rakestraw had 30 starts at 19 different tracks including the last Beach Race in Daytona Beach, Florida in the NASCAR Grand National Division from 1956 to 1961. He placed a top five finish at Columbia, South Carolina and 6 other top ten finishes at various different tracks. He started in three Daytona 500 Speedway races where his best finish was 22nd at the inaugural event in 1959. He raced in several NASCAR Convertible Series events in 1958 and 1959, where he picked 3 top fives and 4 top tens. His best unofficial finish was a second place drive in a non-points race at Daytona behind Junior Johnson and immediately ahead of Fred Lorenzen.

Rakestraw was a member of the Midwest Association of Race Cars (MARC) (now ARCA), where he collected numerous wins and top ten finishes. Due to lack of funds, Rakestraw retired from racing after the 1961 season. In a 2008 interview, Rakestraw said "I was considered a very good race driver. A lot of my friends hated to see me get out of it. If not for financial problems, I'd have been there until I got too old. I enjoyed it as much as anybody could." In 2008, Rakestraw was inducted into the Georgia Automobile Racing Hall of Fame (GRHOF).

## Accomplishments

* 30 starts in the NASCAR Cup and Convertible series from 1956–1961
* 1 top five and 6 top ten finishes in the NASCAR Grand National Division
* 3 top five and 4 top ten finishes in the NASCAR Convertible Series
* 3 Starts in the Daytona 500 (22nd-place finish in the inaugural event)
* Numerous wins in the MARC series
* 2008 GRHOF Inductee

## Death

Rakestraw died on May 7, 2014, of congestive heart failure.

## InfoBox

| Wilbur Rakestraw | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1928-06-06)June 6, 1928<br>Dallas, Georgia |
| Died | May 7, 2014(2014-05-07) (aged 85) |
| Awards | 2008 Georgia Automobile Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| NASCAR Cup Series career | |
| 30 races run over 5 years | |
| Best finish | 41st (1960) |
| First race | 1956 Race 31 (Spartanburg) |
| Last race | 1961 Southland 200 (Birmingham) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 6 0 | |
|  | |
| NASCAR Convertible Division career | |
| 11 races run over 2 years | |
| Best finish | 13th (1958, 1959) |
| First race | 1958 Race 1 (Daytona Beach) |
| Last race | 1959 Rebel 300 (Darlington) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 6 0 | |
|  | |


abstract:
Vichy Springs is a set of springs around which formed a resort in Mendocino County, California, United States.
It is located on Sulphur Creek 3 miles (4.8 km) east-northeast of Ukiah, at an elevation of 801 feet. Although previously used by the local Native Americans, the first westerner to discover the hot springs at this location was Frank Marble, in 1848. The springs at Ukiah Vichy resemble the more famous Grand Grille Springs in Vichy, and like the springs in Vichy the waters of the springs are alkaline and carbonated. In the 1850s William Day founded the Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort, taking advantage of the 19th-century revival of hydrotherapy. By 1892 the resort was known as Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs. Visitors included Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Jack London, Teddy Roosevelt, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Mark Twain. As one of the oldest continuously operated hot spring resorts in the state, Ukiah Vichy Springs has been recognized as California Historical Landmark #980. A post office operated at Vichy Springs from 1893 to 1936.

text:
# Vichy Springs, Mendocino County, California

**Vichy Springs** (formerly, **Ukiah Vichy Springs** and **Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs**) is a set of springs around which formed a resort in Mendocino County, California, United States. It is located on Sulphur Creek 3 miles (4.8 km) east-northeast of Ukiah, at an elevation of 801 feet (244 m).

Although previously used by the local Native Americans, the first westerner to discover the hot springs at this location was Frank Marble, in 1848. The springs at Ukiah Vichy resemble the more famous Grand Grille Springs in Vichy, and like the springs in Vichy the waters of the springs are alkaline and carbonated. In the 1850s William Day founded the Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort, taking advantage of the 19th-century revival of hydrotherapy. By 1892 the resort was known as Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs. Visitors included Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Jack London, Teddy Roosevelt, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Mark Twain. As one of the oldest continuously operated hot spring resorts in the state, Ukiah Vichy Springs has been recognized as California Historical Landmark #980.

A post office operated at Vichy Springs from 1893 to 1936.

### Reference bibliography

* Waring, Gerald Ashley (1915). *Springs of California*. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. Vol. 338. U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/wsp338.

## InfoBox

| Vichy Springs | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Vichy SpringsLocation in CaliforniaVichy SpringsVichy Springs (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°10′01″N 123°09′29″W / 39.16694°N 123.15806°W / 39.16694; -123.15806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Mendocino County |
| Elevation | 801 ft (244 m) |
|  | |
| California Historical Landmark | |
| Reference no. | 980 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: USS Belle

abstract: USS Belle was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy for various tasks, including those of a torpedo boat.

text:
# USS Belle

**USS *Belle*** was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

She was used by the Union Navy for various tasks, including those of a torpedo boat.

## Service history

*Belle*—a screw tug completed at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in 1864—operated briefly at Boston, Massachusetts, before she was purchased there by the Union Navy on June 2, 1864. Commissioned in the next day or so, the tug headed south on June 8 to join the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. The Norfolk Navy Yard refitted *Belle* to serve as a torpedo boat so that she might help defend larger Union warships in the North Carolina Sounds against attacks by the Confederate ironclad ram *CSS Albemarle* that, the previous spring, had emerged from the Roanoke River and defeated a Union flotilla.

Ready by late July, *Belle* and three other tugs were towed to Hatteras Inlet by the sidewheel steamer USS *Nansemond*, entered the sounds, and proceeded under their own power to the mouth of the Roanoke River. There, *Belle* performed picket duty, ready to sound the alarm should *Albemarle* reappear and then to attempt to torpedo the Southern ram. She continued this duty until Lt. William B. Cushing sank *Albemarle* in a daring attack on the night of October 27–28, 1864. This victory cleared the way for a Union effort to retake Plymouth, North Carolina, on the last day of October 1864. *Belle*, by then commanded by Acting Master James G. Green, took part in the operation lashed to the port and unengaged side of USS *Otsego* so that she might keep her partner in motion should that double-ender’s engines be disabled.

The Northern warships entered the Roanoke River from Middle River above Plymouth and headed downstream toward the Confederate defensive works. About half an hour before noon, they opened fire; and, after almost an hour of bitter fighting, the Southern troops withdrew, leaving the Union forces in control of the area. Following that action, *Belle* remained in the sounds until after the collapse of the Confederacy the following spring. On April 10, 1865, the day after General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia, she had the satisfaction of accompanying the raised *Albemarle* to Hatteras Inlet, as her former foe began her voyage to Norfolk, Virginia. Late in May 1865, *Belle* left North Carolina waters and headed for New York City where she was sold at auction on July 12, 1865 to Cozzens and Co. Re-documented on September 9, 1865, the ship operated in private hands until abandoned in 1891.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Acquired | June 2, 1864 |
| Commissioned | June 3, 1864 |
| Decommissioned | 1865 |
| Fate | Sold, July 12, 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 52 tons |
| Length | 61 ft 4 in (18.69 m) |
| Beam | 15 ft (4.6 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Depth of hold | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 19 |
| Armament | * 1 × spar torpedo * 1 × 24-pounder smoothbore gun * 1 × 12-pounder rifled gun |


title: St. George's College Aruvithura

text:
# St. George's College Aruvithura

'St. George's College Aruvithura, Erattupetta' is a government-aided college affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University. It is located in Erattupetta, Kottayam District in Kerala, India. In 4th cycle of NAAC accreditation, College is graded A++. College is managed by St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura and is named after the patron saint of the church.

## History

The college started functioning on July 19, 1965, as a junior college. College was pioneered under the patronage of Sebastian Vayalil. Initially, there were five batches in the pre-degree class. In 1978, college was upgraded to full-fledged degree college. College was accredited by NAAC at the four-star level in 2000.

## Campus

The college is situated in the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the Meenachil river, providing a picturesque and serene environment for learning. The campus covers an area of approximately 20 acres and includes academic buildings, a library, a hostel, a canteen, a playground, and a chapel.

## Academics

St. George's College offers undergraduate courses in arts, science, and commerce streams. The college also offers postgraduate courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and commerce. The college is known for its emphasis on the holistic development of students, with a focus on both academic and extracurricular activities.

## Library

The college library was established in 1965 and was upgraded to a first-grade library in 1978. The library has a collection of over 32,000 books, 58 periodicals, 250 CDs, and access to eight newspapers. The library also provides access to the National Digital Library of India (NDLI) and the NLIST facility.

## Green Initiatives

The college has taken various initiatives to promote sustainable practices on campus. The campus has a rainwater harvesting system, an incinerator for waste management, and a botanical garden. The college also has a fish farm and a polyhouse for sustainable agriculture practices. Alternative energy sources, such as solar power, are also used to meet the energy needs of the campus.

## Notable alumni

* "St Georges College Aruvithura - A Brief History". Retrieved 21 September 2016.

09°41′24″N 76°46′19″E / 9.69000°N 76.77194°E / 9.69000; 76.77194

## InfoBox

St. George's College Aruvithura, Erattupetta
| Aruvithura College | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Wisdom, Love, Service |
| Established | 1965 (1965) |
| Affiliation | Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam |
| Principal | Dr. Siby Joseph |
| Director | Fr. Dr. Augustine Palackaparambil, Vicar, St.George Forane Church, Aruvithura |
| Location | Erattupetta, Kerala, India |
| Nickname | Aruvithura College |
| Website | https://sgcaruvithura.ac.in |


title: The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation

abstract: The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation is an EP by Canadian death metal, Kataklysm and contains their demo, The Death Gate Cycle of Reincarnation and the bonus track The Orb of Uncreation.

text:
# The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation

***The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation*** is an EP by Canadian death metal, Kataklysm and contains their demo, *The Death Gate Cycle of Reincarnation* and the bonus track *The Orb of Uncreation*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Frozen in Time (Chapter I: Will of Suicide)" | 7:23 |
| 2. | "Mystical Plane of Evil (Chapter II: Enigma of the Unknown)" | 5:31 |
| 3. | "Shrine of Life (Chapter III: Reborn Through Death)" | 4:53 |
| 4. | "The Orb of Uncreation" | 3:13 |
| Total length: | | 21:00 |

## Personnel

Production * Marcus Staiger - Producer
* Pierre Rémillard - Engineering, Mixing
* Sv Bell – Cover artwork
* Terry Petrilli – Photography

## InfoBox

| The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Kataklysm | |
| Released | November 30, 1993 |
| Recorded | Peter Pan Studios, Montreal, Canada |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Length | 21:00 |
| Label | Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Kataklysm and Markus Staiger |
| Kataklysm chronology | |
| ***The Mystical Gate of Reincarnation***
(1993) *Sorcery*
(1995) | |


title: Modoc Point

abstract: Modoc Point is a cliff on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, in Klamath County, Oregon, United States, approximately 15 miles north of Klamath Falls on U.S. Route 97. It is part of the larger cliff known as Modoc Rim or Modoc Ridge. The point is named for the Modoc tribe of Native Americans because it was assigned to them when they moved on to the Klamath Reservation, following a treaty in 1864. This area was then part of the reservation. Captain Jack and his band lived in this area from December 31, 1869, to April 26, 1870. Due to continued harassment by the Klamath, the Modoc left the reservation to return to their traditional territory to the south on the Lost River in present-day California. This was before the Modoc War (1872-1873). Klamath folklore frequently features this location; they called it Kiuti or Muyant. It was also called Nilakla, meaning "dawn" or "sunrise". William G. Steel stated that the point was known as Nilakla, the Klamath word for "dawn" or "sunrise". Modoc Point was the namesake for a railroad station and post office just north of the point.

text:
# Modoc Point

**Modoc Point** is a cliff on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, in Klamath County, Oregon, United States, approximately 15 miles north of Klamath Falls on U.S. Route 97. It is part of the larger cliff known as Modoc Rim or Modoc Ridge.

The point is named for the Modoc tribe of Native Americans because it was assigned to them when they moved on to the Klamath Reservation, following a treaty in 1864. This area was then part of the reservation. Captain Jack and his band lived in this area from December 31, 1869, to April 26, 1870. Due to continued harassment by the Klamath, the Modoc left the reservation to return to their traditional territory to the south on the Lost River in present-day California. This was before the Modoc War (1872-1873).

Klamath folklore frequently features this location; they called it *Kiuti* or *Muyant*. It was also called *Nilakla*, meaning "dawn" or "sunrise". William G. Steel stated that the point was known as *Nilakla*, the Klamath word for "dawn" or "sunrise".

Modoc Point was the namesake for a railroad station and post office just north of the point.

42°26′20″N 121°51′31″W / 42.439027°N 121.858622°W / 42.439027; -121.858622


abstract: Township 158-30 is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 17 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Township 158-30, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota

**Township 158-30** is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 17 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92.3 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 17 people, 8 households, and 5 families residing in the township. The population density was 0.5 people per square mile (0.2/km2). There were 12 housing units at an average density of 0.3/sq mi (0.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.

There were 8 households, out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, and 37.5% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.40.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.4% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 240.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 240.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $18,750, and the median income for a family was $18,750. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the township was $9,500. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.

48°30′10″N 94°28′26″W / 48.50278°N 94.47389°W / 48.50278; -94.47389


title: William Frederick Ormonde O'Callaghan

abstract: The Hon. William Frederick Ormond O'Callaghan was an Irish Home Rule League politician. Born in London, he was the second son of George O'Callaghan, 2nd Viscount Lismore and his wife, Mary Norbury. He was educated at Eton. He was elected one of two Member of Parliaments (MPs) for Tipperary in 1874, but died in 1877 before completing a full term. He died at his home in London after a week's illness. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

text:
# William Frederick Ormonde O'Callaghan

The Hon. **William Frederick Ormond O'Callaghan** (14 November 1852 – 20 April 1877) was an Irish Home Rule League politician.

Born in London, he was the second son of George O'Callaghan, 2nd Viscount Lismore and his wife, Mary Norbury.

He was educated at Eton.

He was elected one of two Member of Parliaments (MPs) for Tipperary in 1874, but died in 1877 before completing a full term.

He died at his home in London after a week's illness. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| William O'Callaghan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Tipperary | |
| **In office**
14 February 1874  20 April 1877Serving with Stephen Moore (18751877)
John Mitchel (18751875)
Charles William White (18741875) | |
| Preceded by | Denis Caulfield Heron
Charles William White |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Moore
Edmund Dwyer Gray |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 November 1852 |
| Died | 20 April 1877(1877-04-20) (aged 24) |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Political party | Home Rule |
|  | |


title: The Rise of Brutality

abstract: The Rise of Brutality is the third studio album by American metalcore band Hatebreed. It was released on October 28, 2003 by Universal Records.

text:
# The Rise of Brutality

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 9/10 |
| *Exclaim!* | favorable |
| MusicOMH | favorable |
| PopMatters | mixed |
| Punknews.org |  |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.0/5 |

***The Rise of Brutality*** is the third studio album by American metalcore band Hatebreed. It was released on October 28, 2003 by Universal Records.

## Background

"This is Now" proved to be the album's first single, frequently being played on MTV2's *Headbangers Ball*, a program which vocalist Jamey Jasta often hosted. The song was also included on the first *MTV2 Headbangers Ball* compilation album that same year. A second single would be found in "Live for This," with its music video dedicated to a deceased friend of the band. The song "Another Day, Another Vendetta," greatly samples the song "Just Look Around," by Sick of it All, borrowing the first verse.

The first song, "Tear It Down" is an extended version of the song "Outro" from the previous album *Perseverance*. Their song "Live for This" was nominated for a Grammy award in 2005. The bonus track "Bound to Violence" appeared on *The Punisher (2004 film)* soundtrack.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Hatebreed

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tear It Down" | 1:47 |
| 2. | "Straight to Your Face" | 2:17 |
| 3. | "Facing What Consumes You" | 3:29 |
| 4. | "Live for This" | 2:50 |
| 5. | "Doomsayer" | 3:23 |
| 6. | "Another Day, Another Vendetta" | 3:05 |
| 7. | "A Lesson Lived Is a Lesson Learned" | 2:03 |
| 8. | "Beholder of Justice" | 2:44 |
| 9. | "This Is Now" | 3:36 |
| 10. | "Voice of Contention" | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Choose or Be Chosen" | 1:39 |
| 12. | "Confide in No One" | 2:38 |
| Total length: | | 31:58 |

UK bonus track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Bound to Violence" | 2:23 |
| Total length: | | 34:21 |

## Credits

Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

### Personnel

#### Hatebreed

#### Production

#### Artwork and design

* Jamey Jasta – packaging concept
* Devastation Media – layout, design
* Jay Gelabert – packaging coordination

### Studios

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 30 |
|

## InfoBox

| The Rise of Brutality | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hatebreed | |
| Released | October 28, 2003 (2003-10-28) |
| Genre | Metalcore |
| Length | 31:58 |
| Label | Universal |
| Producer | Zeuss |
| Hatebreed chronology | |
| *Perseverance*
(2002) ***The Rise of Brutality***
(2003) *Supremacy*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Rise of Brutality* | |
| 1. "This Is Now" 2. "Live for This" | |
|  | |


title: Walterinnesia

abstract: Walterinnesia is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Elapidae. The genus contains two species, known commonly as desert black snakes or black desert cobras, which are endemic to the Middle East. The generic name Walterinnesia honours Walter Francis Innes Bey (1858–1937), who was a physician and zoologist in Egypt.

text:
# Walterinnesia

***Walterinnesia*** is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Elapidae. The genus contains two species, known commonly as **desert black snakes** or **black desert cobras**, which are endemic to the Middle East. The generic name *Walterinnesia* honours Walter Francis Innes Bey (1858–1937), who was a physician and zoologist in Egypt.

## Taxonomy

*Walterinnesia aegyptia* was long considered to be the only species within the genus. However, it was subsequently found that the eastern populations represent a different species, *Walterinnesia morgani*.

## Description

These two species are very similar in appearance and habits. *W. aegyptia* is entirely black, and has highly shiny scales. *W. morgani* differs in having a juvenile pattern of reddish crossbars on the back, and lower average ventral and subcaudal scale counts. They have cylindrical bodies and short tails. Their average length is 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in), but they can grow to 1.8 meters (5 ft 11 in). The head is moderately small, broad, flattened and slightly distinct from the neck. The snout is broad, sharply edged with a distinct canthus rostralis. The eyes are small in size with round pupils. The dorsal scales are smooth anteriorly and weakly keeled on the posterior part of the body and tail. They are very glossy throughout. Dorsal scale count 27 (24 to 29) – 23 (21–25) – 17. Unlike other snakes commonly referred to as "cobras", the black desert cobras rarely rear up or produce a hood before striking in defence.

## Behaviour

Desert black snakes are strictly terrestrial and nocturnal, being most active around midnight. They actively pursue and forage for their prey and, rather than envenomate their prey with an open mouth, they usually bite sideways at short distances and often use constriction and suffocation techniques in addition to their venom. There are reports of these snakes being aggressive when molested but, like most snakes, they will usually try to escape rather than immediately bite or face their threat. Venom is not injected immediately when they bite, but released seconds later with chewing movements.

### Diet

These species feed mainly on lizards such as skinks, geckos and agamids, other snakes, toads, and occasionally mice and birds. They will also readily eat carrion.

### Reproduction

The snakes are oviparous.

## Distribution

The snakes are native to the Middle East, including the countries of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq and Iran.

### Habitat

These species occur in the desert (excluding completely sand deserts such as the ad-Dahna Desert). They can also be found in semi-desert scrubland and rocky terrain, extending into the foothills of vegetated Mediterranean terrain. They are also often found near human habitation in irrigated agricultural settlements.

## InfoBox

| *Walterinnesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Walterinnesia aegyptia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | *Walterinnesia*<br>Lataste, 1887 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Particle swarm optimization

abstract: In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a population of candidate solutions, here dubbed particles, and moving these particles around in the search-space according to simple mathematical formulae over the particle's position and velocity. Each particle's movement is influenced by its local best known position, but is also guided toward the best known positions in the search-space, which are updated as better positions are found by other particles. This is expected to move the swarm toward the best solutions. PSO is originally attributed to Kennedy, Eberhart and Shi and was first intended for simulating social behaviour, as a stylized representation of the movement of organisms in a bird flock or fish school. The algorithm was simplified and it was observed to be performing optimization. The book by Kennedy and Eberhart describes many philosophical aspects of PSO and swarm intelligence. An extensive survey of PSO applications is made by Poli. In 2017, a comprehensive review on theoretical and experimental works on PSO has been published by Bonyadi and Michalewicz. PSO is a metaheuristic as it makes few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized and can search very large spaces of candidate solutions. Also, PSO does not use the gradient of the problem being optimized, which means PSO does not require that the optimization problem be differentiable as is required by classic optimization methods such as gradient descent and quasi-newton methods. However, metaheuristics such as PSO do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found.

text:
# Particle swarm optimization

In computational science, **particle swarm optimization** (**PSO**) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a population of candidate solutions, here dubbed particles, and moving these particles around in the search-space according to simple mathematical formulae over the particle's position and velocity. Each particle's movement is influenced by its local best known position, but is also guided toward the best known positions in the search-space, which are updated as better positions are found by other particles. This is expected to move the swarm toward the best solutions.

PSO is originally attributed to Kennedy, Eberhart and Shi and was first intended for simulating social behaviour, as a stylized representation of the movement of organisms in a bird flock or fish school. The algorithm was simplified and it was observed to be performing optimization. The book by Kennedy and Eberhart describes many philosophical aspects of PSO and swarm intelligence. An extensive survey of PSO applications is made by Poli. In 2017, a comprehensive review on theoretical and experimental works on PSO has been published by Bonyadi and Michalewicz.

PSO is a metaheuristic as it makes few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized and can search very large spaces of candidate solutions. Also, PSO does not use the gradient of the problem being optimized, which means PSO does not require that the optimization problem be differentiable as is required by classic optimization methods such as gradient descent and quasi-newton methods. However, metaheuristics such as PSO do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found.

## Algorithm

A basic variant of the PSO algorithm works by having a population (called a swarm) of candidate solutions (called particles). These particles are moved around in the search-space according to a few simple formulae. The movements of the particles are guided by their own best-known position in the search-space as well as the entire swarm's best-known position. When improved positions are being discovered these will then come to guide the movements of the swarm. The process is repeated and by doing so it is hoped, but not guaranteed, that a satisfactory solution will eventually be discovered.

Formally, let *f*: *n* → ℝ be the cost function which must be minimized. The function takes a candidate solution as an argument in the form of a vector of real numbers and produces a real number as output which indicates the objective function value of the given candidate solution. The gradient of *f* is not known. The goal is to find a solution **a** for which *f*(**a**)  *f*(**b**) for all **b** in the search-space, which would mean **a** is the global minimum.

Let *S* be the number of particles in the swarm, each having a position **x**i ∈ ℝ*n* in the search-space and a velocity **v**i ∈ ℝ*n*. Let **p**i be the best known position of particle *i* and let **g** be the best known position of the entire swarm. A basic PSO algorithm to minimize the cost function is then:

```
**for** each particle *i* = 1, ..., *S* **do**
    Initialize the particle's position with a uniformly distributed random vector: **x**<sub>i</sub> ~ *U*(**b<sub>lo</sub>**, **b<sub>up</sub>**)
    Initialize the particle's best known position to its initial position: **p**<sub>i</sub>  **x**<sub>i</sub>
    **if** *f*(**p**<sub>i</sub>) < *f*(**g**) **then**
        update the swarm's best known position: **g**  **p**<sub>i</sub>
    Initialize the particle's velocity: **v**<sub>i</sub> ~ *U*(-|**b<sub>up</sub>**-**b<sub>lo</sub>**|, |**b<sub>up</sub>**-**b<sub>lo</sub>**|)
**while** a termination criterion is not met **do**:
    **for** each particle *i* = 1, ..., *S* **do**
        **for** each dimension *d* = 1, ..., *n* **do**
            Pick random numbers: *r*<sub>p</sub>, *r*<sub>g</sub> ~ *U*(0,1)
            Update the particle's velocity: **v**<sub>i,d</sub>  w **v**<sub>i,d</sub> + φ<sub>p</sub> *r*<sub>p</sub> (**p**<sub>i,d</sub>-**x**<sub>i,d</sub>) + φ<sub>g</sub> *r*<sub>g</sub> (**g**<sub>d</sub>-**x**<sub>i,d</sub>)
        Update the particle's position: **x**<sub>i</sub>  **x**<sub>i</sub> + **v**<sub>i</sub>
        **if** *f*(**x**<sub>i</sub>) < *f*(**p**<sub>i</sub>) **then**
            Update the particle's best known position: **p**<sub>i</sub>  **x**<sub>i</sub>
            **if** *f*(**p**<sub>i</sub>) < *f*(**g**) **then**
                Update the swarm's best known position: **g**  **p**<sub>i</sub>
```

The values **blo** and **bup** represent the lower and upper boundaries of the search-space respectively. The w parameter is the inertia weight. The parameters φp and φg are often called cognitive coefficient and social coefficient.

The termination criterion can be the number of iterations performed, or a solution where the adequate objective function value is found. The parameters w, φp, and φg are selected by the practitioner and control the behaviour and efficacy of the PSO method (below).

## Parameter selection

The choice of PSO parameters can have a large impact on optimization performance. Selecting PSO parameters that yield good performance has therefore been the subject of much research.

To prevent divergence ("explosion") the inertia weight must be smaller than 1. The two other parameters can be then derived thanks to the constriction approach, or freely selected, but the analyses suggest convergence domains to constrain them. Typical values are in $\[1,3\]$.

The PSO parameters can also be tuned by using another overlaying optimizer, a concept known as meta-optimization, or even fine-tuned during the optimization, e.g., by means of fuzzy logic.

Parameters have also been tuned for various optimization scenarios.

## Neighbourhoods and topologies

The topology of the swarm defines the subset of particles with which each particle can exchange information. The basic version of the algorithm uses the global topology as the swarm communication structure. This topology allows all particles to communicate with all the other particles, thus the whole swarm share the same best position **g** from a single particle. However, this approach might lead the swarm to be trapped into a local minimum, thus different topologies have been used to control the flow of information among particles. For instance, in local topologies, particles only share information with a subset of particles. This subset can be a geometrical one – for example "the *m* nearest particles" – or, more often, a social one, i.e. a set of particles that is not depending on any distance. In such cases, the PSO variant is said to be local best (vs global best for the basic PSO).

A commonly used swarm topology is the ring, in which each particle has just two neighbours, but there are many others. The topology is not necessarily static. In fact, since the topology is related to the diversity of communication of the particles, some efforts have been done to create adaptive topologies (SPSO, APSO, stochastic star, TRIBES, Cyber Swarm, and C-PSO)

By using the ring topology, PSO can attain generation-level parallelism, significantly enhancing the evolutionary speed.

## Inner workings

There are several schools of thought as to why and how the PSO algorithm can perform optimization.

A common belief amongst researchers is that the swarm behaviour varies between exploratory behaviour, that is, searching a broader region of the search-space, and exploitative behaviour, that is, a locally oriented search so as to get closer to a (possibly local) optimum. This school of thought has been prevalent since the inception of PSO. This school of thought contends that the PSO algorithm and its parameters must be chosen so as to properly balance between exploration and exploitation to avoid premature convergence to a local optimum yet still ensure a good rate of convergence to the optimum. This belief is the precursor of many PSO variants, see below.

Another school of thought is that the behaviour of a PSO swarm is not well understood in terms of how it affects actual optimization performance, especially for higher-dimensional search-spaces and optimization problems that may be discontinuous, noisy, and time-varying. This school of thought merely tries to find PSO algorithms and parameters that cause good performance regardless of how the swarm behaviour can be interpreted in relation to e.g. exploration and exploitation. Such studies have led to the simplification of the PSO algorithm, see below.

### Convergence

In relation to PSO the word *convergence* typically refers to two different definitions:

* Convergence of the sequence of solutions (aka, stability analysis, converging) in which all particles have converged to a point in the search-space, which may or may not be the optimum,
* Convergence to a local optimum where all personal bests **p** or, alternatively, the swarm's best known position **g**, approaches a local optimum of the problem, regardless of how the swarm behaves.

Convergence of the sequence of solutions has been investigated for PSO. These analyses have resulted in guidelines for selecting PSO parameters that are believed to cause convergence to a point and prevent divergence of the swarm's particles (particles do not move unboundedly and will converge to somewhere). However, the analyses were criticized by Pedersen for being oversimplified as they assume the swarm has only one particle, that it does not use stochastic variables and that the points of attraction, that is, the particle's best known position **p** and the swarm's best known position **g**, remain constant throughout the optimization process. However, it was shown that these simplifications do not affect the boundaries found by these studies for parameter where the swarm is convergent. Considerable effort has been made in recent years to weaken the modeling assumption utilized during the stability analysis of PSO, with the most recent generalized result applying to numerous PSO variants and utilized what was shown to be the minimal necessary modeling assumptions.

Convergence to a local optimum has been analyzed for PSO in and. It has been proven that PSO needs some modification to guarantee finding a local optimum.

This means that determining the convergence capabilities of different PSO algorithms and parameters still depends on empirical results. One attempt at addressing this issue is the development of an "orthogonal learning" strategy for an improved use of the information already existing in the relationship between **p** and **g**, so as to form a leading converging exemplar and to be effective with any PSO topology. The aims are to improve the performance of PSO overall, including faster global convergence, higher solution quality, and stronger robustness. However, such studies do not provide theoretical evidence to actually prove their claims.

### Adaptive mechanisms

Without the need for a trade-off between convergence ('exploitation') and divergence ('exploration'), an adaptive mechanism can be introduced. Adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) features better search efficiency than standard PSO. APSO can perform global search over the entire search space with a higher convergence speed. It enables automatic control of the inertia weight, acceleration coefficients, and other algorithmic parameters at the run time, thereby improving the search effectiveness and efficiency at the same time. Also, APSO can act on the globally best particle to jump out of the likely local optima. However, APSO will introduce new algorithm parameters, it does not introduce additional design or implementation complexity nonetheless.

Besides, through the utilization of a scale-adaptive fitness evaluation mechanism, PSO can efficiently address computationally expensive optimization problems.

## Variants

Numerous variants of even a basic PSO algorithm are possible. For example, there are different ways to initialize the particles and velocities (e.g. start with zero velocities instead), how to dampen the velocity, only update **p**i and **g** after the entire swarm has been updated, etc. Some of these choices and their possible performance impact have been discussed in the literature.

A series of standard implementations have been created by leading researchers, "intended for use both as a baseline for performance testing of improvements to the technique, as well as to represent PSO to the wider optimization community. Having a well-known, strictly-defined standard algorithm provides a valuable point of comparison which can be used throughout the field of research to better test new advances." The latest is Standard PSO 2011 (SPSO-2011).

### Hybridization

New and more sophisticated PSO variants are also continually being introduced in an attempt to improve optimization performance. There are certain trends in that research; one is to make a hybrid optimization method using PSO combined with other optimizers, e.g., combined PSO with biogeography-based optimization, and the incorporation of an effective learning method.

### Alleviate premature convergence

Another research trend is to try to alleviate premature convergence (that is, optimization stagnation), e.g. by reversing or perturbing the movement of the PSO particles, another approach to deal with premature convergence is the use of multiple swarms (multi-swarm optimization). The multi-swarm approach can also be used to implement multi-objective optimization. Finally, there are developments in adapting the behavioural parameters of PSO during optimization.

### Simplifications

Another school of thought is that PSO should be simplified as much as possible without impairing its performance; a general concept often referred to as Occam's razor. Simplifying PSO was originally suggested by Kennedy and has been studied more extensively, where it appeared that optimization performance was improved, and the parameters were easier to tune and they performed more consistently across different optimization problems.

Another argument in favour of simplifying PSO is that metaheuristics can only have their efficacy demonstrated empirically by doing computational experiments on a finite number of optimization problems. This means a metaheuristic such as PSO cannot be proven correct and this increases the risk of making errors in its description and implementation. A good example of this presented a promising variant of a genetic algorithm (another popular metaheuristic) but it was later found to be defective as it was strongly biased in its optimization search towards similar values for different dimensions in the search space, which happened to be the optimum of the benchmark problems considered. This bias was because of a programming error, and has now been fixed.

#### Bare Bones PSO

Initialization of velocities may require extra inputs. The Bare Bones PSO variant has been proposed in 2003 by James Kennedy, and does not need to use velocity at all.

In this variant of PSO one dispences with the velocity of the particles and instead updates the positions of the particles using the following simple rule,

$$\vec {x}\_{i}=G\left({\frac {{\vec {p}\_{i}+{\vec {g}{2},||{\vec {p}\_{i}-{\vec {g}||\right)\\,,}}}}}}$$

where $\vec {x}\_{i}$, $\vec {p}\_{i}$ are the position and the best position of the particle $i$; $\vec {g}$ is the global best position; $G({\vec {x},\sigma )}$ is the normal distribution with the mean $\vec {x}$ and standard deviation $\sigma $; and where $||\dots ||$ signifies the norm of a vector.

#### Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization

Another simpler variant is the accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO), which also does not need to use velocity and can speed up the convergence in many applications. A simple demo code of APSO is available.

In this variant of PSO one dispences with both the particle's velocity and the particle's best position. The particle position is updated according to the following rule,

$$\vec {x}\_{i}\leftarrow (1-\beta ){\vec {x}\_{i}+\beta {\vec {g}+\alpha L{\vec {u}\\,,}}}$$

where $\vec {u}$ is a random uniformly distributed vector, $L$ is the typical length of the problem at hand, and $\beta \sim 0.1-0.7$ and $\alpha \sim 0.1-0.5$ are the parameters of the method. As a refinement of the method one can decrease $\alpha $ with each iteration, $\alpha \_{n}=\alpha \_{0}\gamma ^{n}$, where $n$ is the number of the iteration and $0\<\gamma \<1$ is the decrease control parameter.

### Multi-objective optimization

PSO has also been applied to multi-objective problems, in which the objective function comparison takes Pareto dominance into account when moving the PSO particles and non-dominated solutions are stored so as to approximate the pareto front.

### Binary, discrete, and combinatorial

As the PSO equations given above work on real numbers, a commonly used method to solve discrete problems is to map the discrete search space to a continuous domain, to apply a classical PSO, and then to demap the result. Such a mapping can be very simple (for example by just using rounded values) or more sophisticated.

However, it can be noted that the equations of movement make use of operators that perform four actions:

* computing the difference of two positions. The result is a velocity (more precisely a displacement)
* multiplying a velocity by a numerical coefficient
* adding two velocities
* applying a velocity to a position

Usually a position and a velocity are represented by *n* real numbers, and these operators are simply -, \*, +, and again +. But all these mathematical objects can be defined in a completely different way, in order to cope with binary problems (or more generally discrete ones), or even combinatorial ones. One approach is to redefine the operators based on sets.


title: Parken Arena

abstract: A new arena built next to Parken Stadium in Copenhagen was expected to be completed by December 2010. Due to the financial crisis and a bad annual result in 2009, Parken Sport & Entertainment chose to abolish the project. The arena was designed by Hou + Partnere Arkitekter. The arena was first named after the financial group Capinordic, but the company withdrew their sponsorship in January 2010. It would have had a capacity of 4,500 at sport events and 8,500 for concerts and other cultural events. The total area would be about 13,000 square metres. The arena was supposed to be home ground of the FCK Handball professional handball teams, but on 26 February 2010 the project was officially abolished.

text:
# Parken Arena

A **new arena** built next to Parken Stadium in Copenhagen was expected to be completed by December 2010. Due to the financial crisis and a bad annual result in 2009, Parken Sport & Entertainment chose to abolish the project.

The arena was designed by Hou + Partnere Arkitekter.

The arena was first named after the financial group Capinordic, but the company withdrew their sponsorship in January 2010.

It would have had a capacity of 4,500 at sport events and 8,500 for concerts and other cultural events. The total area would be about 13,000 square metres.

The arena was supposed to be home ground of the FCK Handball professional handball teams, but on 26 February 2010 the project was officially abolished.

55°42′12″N 12°34′24″E / 55.70333°N 12.57333°E / 55.70333; 12.57333


title: Parken Zoo

abstract: Parken Zoo is a combined amusement park and zoo in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden. The amusement park was founded in 1898, and there was a display of animals from the beginning of the fifties. In 1954 Parken Zoo started to charge visitors an entrance fee. In 1956 the zoo displayed around 200 animals. During the eighties the zoo started to specialize in feline carnivores. In 2013 a clouded leopard escaped from its enclosure and killed three deer.

text:
# Parken Zoo

**Parken Zoo** is a combined amusement park and zoo in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden.

The amusement park was founded in 1898, and there was a display of animals from the beginning of the fifties. In 1954 Parken Zoo started to charge visitors an entrance fee. In 1956 the zoo displayed around 200 animals.

During the eighties the zoo started to specialize in feline carnivores.

In 2013 a clouded leopard escaped from its enclosure and killed three deer.

## The history of Parken zoo

Parken zoo opened the third of July 1898. And during the 1950s the zoo became a part of Parken Zoo. The prize of an entry ticket was 50 öre which is half of a Swedish krona. The zoo grew a little each day and by the year 1956, the zoo had 200 animals of different species.

On the 24th of march the zoo was sold to the company Mimir Capital AB for the sum of one Swedish krona, although Eskilstuna county kept ownership of the territory.

## InfoBox

| Parken Zoo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Main entrance with sculptures of famous actors. | |
|  | |
| 59°22′24″N 16°28′56″E / 59.3733°N 16.4822°E / 59.3733; 16.4822 | |
| Date opened | July 1898 (1898-07) |
| Location | Eskilstuna<br>Sweden |
| Land area | Near Tuna Park shopping mall |
| No. of animals | 200 |
| Memberships | Mats Ericson (CEO) |
| Owner | Eskilstuna Municipality |
| Website | http://www.parkenzoo.se |


title: Pasiphilodes isophrica

abstract: Pasiphilodes isophrica is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on New Guinea.

text:
# Pasiphilodes isophrica

***Pasiphilodes isophrica*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Pasiphilodes isophrica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pasiphilodes* |
| Species: | ***P. isophrica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pasiphilodes isophrica***<br>(Prout, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chloroclystis isophrica* Prout, 1926 * *Pasiphila isophrica* | |


title: Pasiphilodes subpalpata

abstract: Pasiphilodes subpalpata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

text:
# Pasiphilodes subpalpata

***Pasiphilodes subpalpata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Pasiphilodes subpalpata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pasiphilodes* |
| Species: | ***P. subpalpata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pasiphilodes subpalpata***<br>(Prout, 1958) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chloroclystis subpalpata* Prout, 1958 * *Pasiphila subpalpata* | |


title: Pasaje Olaya

abstract: Pasaje José Olaya is a pedestrian alleyway located in the Damero de Pizarro, next to the Plaza Mayor of Lima, Peru. It is the location of a statue of the same name, which was declared part of the Cultural heritage of Peru alongside the other statues located within the historic centre of Lima in 2018.

text:
# Pasaje Olaya

**Pasaje José Olaya** is a pedestrian alleyway located in the Damero de Pizarro, next to the Plaza Mayor of Lima, Peru. It is the location of a statue of the same name, which was declared part of the Cultural heritage of Peru alongside the other statues located within the historic centre of Lima in 2018.

## History

The alleyway dates back to the foundation of the city, taking several names throughout its history. It was originally called the *Cajellón de la Cruz* due to it being the location of a cross used to punish criminals in its exit towards the Plaza Mayor. By 1613, it took the name *Callejón de los Sombrereros* due to the number of hat-selling businesses there, alternatively called the *Callejón de los Mercaderes*. One of its merchants, Juan Fernández de la Higuera, was the namesake for block 2 of nearby Jirón Cuzco. It also took the name *Callejón de los Clérigos* at one point.

Its last name after independence, *Callejón de Petateros*, had existed since the late 18th century. It was then renamed *Pasaje 28 de Julio* in the 20th century, in honour of the Peruvian War of Independence. It was ultimately renamed with its current name after José Olaya, who was executed by firing squad there on June 29, 1823, by the royalists during the aforementioned conflict.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Pasaje Olaya
| The street's statue | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of | Damero de Pizarro |
| Namesake | José Olaya |
| From | Jirón Huallaga |
| To | Jirón Ucayali |
| Construction | |
| Completion | 1535 |


title: Pasaje al amanecer

abstract: Pasaje al amanecer is a 2016 Spanish drama film directed by Andreu Castro and starred by Nicolás Coronado, Iria Calero and Annette Duran. It is the film debut of Andreu Castro. It is based on the Christmas Eve before the Second Battle of Fallujah in the Iraq War.

text:
# Pasaje al amanecer

***Pasaje al amanecer*** is a 2016 Spanish drama film directed by Andreu Castro and starred by Nicolás Coronado, Iria Calero and Annette Duran. It is the film debut of Andreu Castro.

It is based on the Christmas Eve before the Second Battle of Fallujah in the Iraq War.

## Cast

## Release

The film was presented at the Valladolid International Film Festival in 2016. Distributed by VerCine, it was released theatrically in Spain on 5 May 2017.

## InfoBox

| Pasaje al amanecer | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Andreu Castro |
| Screenplay by | Andreu Castro |
| Produced by | * Albert Bori * Óscar Cornejo * Adrián Madrid |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | * Jordi Luengo * Bernardo Rossetti |
| Edited by | Julia Juaniz |
| Music by | Diego Navarro |
| Production<br>companies | * Art Media Producciones * La Fabrica de la tele |
| Distributed by | VerCine |
| Release dates | * 24 October 2016 (2016-10-24) (Seminci) * 5 May 2017 (2017-05-05) (Spain) |
| Running time | 100 min |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |