title: Osteochondritis dissecans

abstract: Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint that catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement. OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Non-surgical treatment is successful in 50% of the cases. If in late stages the lesion is unstable and the cartilage is damaged, surgical intervention is an option as the ability for articular cartilage to heal is limited. When possible, non-operative forms of management such as protected reduced or non-weight bearing and immobilization are used. Surgical treatment includes arthroscopic drilling of intact lesions, securing of cartilage flap lesions with pins or screws, drilling and replacement of cartilage plugs, stem cell transplantation, and in very difficult situation in adults joint replacement. After surgery rehabilitation is usually a two-stage process of unloading and physical therapy. Most rehabilitation programs combine efforts to protect the joint with muscle strengthening and range of motion. During an immobilization period, isometric exercises, such as straight leg raises, are commonly used to restore muscle loss without disturbing the cartilage of the affected joint. Once the immobilization period has ended, physical therapy involves continuous passive motion (CPM) and/or low impact activities, such as walking or swimming. OCD occurs in 15 to 30 people per 100,000 in the general population each year. Although rare, it is an important cause of joint pain in physically active children and adolescents. Because their bones are still growing, adolescents are more likely than adults to recover from OCD; recovery in adolescents can be attributed to the bone's ability to repair damaged or dead bone tissue and cartilage in a process called bone remodeling. While OCD may affect any joint, the knee tends to be the most commonly affected, and constitutes 75% of all cases. Franz König coined the term osteochondritis dissecans in 1887, describing it as an inflammation of the bone–cartilage interface. Many other conditions were once confused with OCD when attempting to describe how the disease affected the joint, including osteochondral fracture, osteonecrosis, accessory ossification center, osteochondrosis, and hereditary epiphyseal dysplasia. Some authors have used the terms osteochondrosis dissecans and osteochondral fragments as synonyms for OCD.

text:
# Osteochondritis dissecans

**Osteochondritis dissecans** (**OCD** or **OD**) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint that catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.

OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Non-surgical treatment is successful in 50% of the cases. If in late stages the lesion is unstable and the cartilage is damaged, surgical intervention is an option as the ability for articular cartilage to heal is limited. When possible, non-operative forms of management such as protected reduced or non-weight bearing and immobilization are used. Surgical treatment includes arthroscopic drilling of intact lesions, securing of cartilage flap lesions with pins or screws, drilling and replacement of cartilage plugs, stem cell transplantation, and in very difficult situation in adults joint replacement. After surgery rehabilitation is usually a two-stage process of unloading and physical therapy. Most rehabilitation programs combine efforts to protect the joint with muscle strengthening and range of motion. During an immobilization period, isometric exercises, such as straight leg raises, are commonly used to restore muscle loss without disturbing the cartilage of the affected joint. Once the immobilization period has ended, physical therapy involves continuous passive motion (CPM) and/or low impact activities, such as walking or swimming.

OCD occurs in 15 to 30 people per 100,000 in the general population each year. Although rare, it is an important cause of joint pain in physically active children and adolescents. Because their bones are still growing, adolescents are more likely than adults to recover from OCD; recovery in adolescents can be attributed to the bone's ability to repair damaged or dead bone tissue and cartilage in a process called bone remodeling. While OCD may affect any joint, the knee tends to be the most commonly affected, and constitutes 75% of all cases. Franz König coined the term osteochondritis dissecans in 1887, describing it as an inflammation of the bone–cartilage interface. Many other conditions were once confused with OCD when attempting to describe how the disease affected the joint, including osteochondral fracture, osteonecrosis, accessory ossification center, osteochondrosis, and hereditary epiphyseal dysplasia. Some authors have used the terms *osteochondrosis dissecans* and *osteochondral fragments* as synonyms for OCD.

## Signs and symptoms

In osteochondritis dissecans, fragments of cartilage or bone become loose within a joint, leading to pain and inflammation. These fragments are sometimes referred to as joint mice. OCD is a type of osteochondrosis in which a lesion has formed within the cartilage layer itself, giving rise to secondary inflammation. OCD most commonly affects the knee, although it can affect other joints such as the ankle or the elbow.

People with OCD report activity-related pain that develops gradually. Individual complaints usually consist of mechanical symptoms including pain, swelling, catching, locking, popping noises, and buckling / giving way; the primary presenting symptom may be a restriction in the range of movement. Symptoms typically present within the initial weeks of stage I. The onset of stage II occurs within months and offers little time for diagnosis. The disease progresses rapidly beyond stage II, as OCD lesions quickly move from stable cysts or fissures to unstable fragments. Non-specific symptoms, caused by similar injuries such as sprains and strains, can delay a definitive diagnosis.

Physical examination typically reveals fluid in the joint, tenderness, and crepitus. The tenderness may initially spread, but often reverts to a well-defined focal point as the lesion progresses. Just as OCD shares symptoms with common maladies, acute osteochondral fracture has a similar presentation with tenderness in the affected joint, but is usually associated with a fatty hemarthrosis. Although there is no significant pathologic gait or characteristic alignment abnormality associated with OCD, the patient may walk with the involved leg externally rotated in an attempt to avoid tibial spine impingement on the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur.

## Causes

Despite much research, the causes remain unclear but include repetitive physical trauma, ischemia (restriction of blood flow), hereditary and endocrine factors, avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow), rapid growth, deficiencies and imbalances in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, and problems of bone formation. Although the name "osteochondritis" implies inflammation, the lack of inflammatory cells in histological examination suggests a non-inflammatory cause. It is thought that repetitive microtrauma, which leads to microfractures and sometimes an interruption of blood supply to the subchondral bone, may cause subsequent localized loss of blood supply or alteration of growth.

Trauma, rather than avascular necrosis, is thought to cause osteochondritis dissecans in juveniles. In adults, trauma is thought to be the main or perhaps the sole cause, and may be endogenous, exogenous or both. The incidence of repetitive strain injury in young athletes is on the rise and accounts for a significant number of visits to primary care; this reinforces the theory that OCD may be associated with increased participation in sports and subsequent trauma. High-impact sports such as gymnastics, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, football, tennis, squash, baseball and weight lifting may put participants at a higher risk of OCD in stressed joints (knees, ankles and elbows).

Recent case reports suggest that some people may be genetically predisposed to OCD. Families with OCD may have mutations in the aggrecan gene. Studies in horses have implicated specific genetic defects.

## Pathophysiology

Osteochondritis dissecans differs from "wear and tear" degenerative arthritis, which is primarily an articular surface problem. Instead, OCD is a problem of the bone underlying the cartilage, which may secondarily affect the articular cartilage. Left untreated, OCD can lead to the development of degenerative arthritis secondary to joint incongruity and abnormal wear patterns.

OCD occurs when a loose piece of bone or cartilage partially (or fully) separates from the end of the bone, often because of a loss of blood supply (osteonecrosis) and decalcification of the trabecular bone matrix. The loose piece may stay in place or slide around, making the joint stiff and unstable. OCD in humans most commonly affects the knees, ankles, and elbow but can affect any joint.

In skeletally immature individuals, the blood supply to the epiphyseal bone is good, supporting both osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. With disruption of the epiphyseal plate vessels, varying degrees and depth of necrosis occur, resulting in a cessation of growth to both osteocytes and chondrocytes. In turn, this pattern leads to disordered ossification of cartilage, resulting in subchondral avascular necrosis and consequently OCD.

Four minor stages of OCD have been identified after trauma. These include revascularization and formation of granulation (scar) tissue, absorption of necrotic fragments, intertrabecular osteoid deposition, and remodeling of new bone. With delay in the revascularization stage, an OCD lesion develops. A lesion can lead to articular-surface irregularities, which in turn may cause progressive arthritic deterioration.

## Diagnosis

To diagnose osteochondritis dissecans, an X-ray, CT scan or MRI scan can be performed to show necrosis of subchondral bone, formation of loose fragments, or both. Occasionally a nuclear medicine bone scan is used to assess the degree of loosening within the joint.

### Physical examination

Physical examination often begins with examination of the patient's gait. In OCD of the knee, people may walk with the involved leg externally rotated in an attempt to avoid tibial spine impingement on the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur.

Next, the examining physician may check for weakness of the quadriceps. This examination may reveal fluid in the joint, tenderness, and crepitus. The Wilson test is also useful in locating OCD lesions of the femoral condyle. The test is performed by slowly extending the knee from 90 degrees, maintaining internal rotation. Pain at 30 degrees of flexion and relief with tibial external rotation is indicative of OCD.

Physical examination of a patient with ankle OCD often returns symptoms of joint effusion, crepitus, and diffuse or localized tenderness. Examination often reveals symptoms of generalized joint pain, swelling, and times with limited range of motion. Some with loose body lesions may report catching, locking, or both. The possibility of microtrauma emphasizes a need for evaluation of biomechanical forces at the knee in a physical examination. As a result, the alignment and rotation of all major joints in the affected extremity is common, as are extrinsic and intrinsic abnormalities concerning the affected joint, including laxity.

### Diagnostic imaging

X-rays show lucency of the ossification on the anterior aspect of the knee in juvenile patients. In older people, the lesion typically appears as an area of osteosclerotic bone with a radiolucent line between the osteochondral defect and the epiphysis. The visibility of the lesion depends on its location and on the amount of knee flexion used. Harding described the lateral X-ray as a method to identify the site of an OCD lesion.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for staging OCD lesions, evaluating the integrity of the joint surface, and distinguishing normal variants of bone formation from OCD by showing bone and cartilage edema in the area of the irregularity. MRI provides information regarding features of the articular cartilage and bone under the cartilage, including edema, fractures, fluid interfaces, articular surface integrity, and fragment displacement. A low T1 and high T2 signal at the fragment interface is seen in active lesions. This indicates an unstable lesion or recent microfractures. While MRI and arthroscopy have a close correlation, X-ray films tend to be less inductive of similar MRI results.

Computed tomography (CT) scans and Technetium-99m bone scans are also sometimes used to monitor the progress of treatment. Unlike plain radiographs (X-rays), CT scans and MRI scans can show the exact location and extent of the lesion. Technetium bone scans can detect regional blood flow and the amount of osseous uptake. Both of these seem to be closely correlated to the potential for healing in the fragment.

### Classification

OCD is classified by the progression of the disease in stages. There are two main staging classifications used; one is determined by MRI diagnostic imaging while the other is determined arthroscopically. Both stagings represent the pathological conditions associated with OCD's natural progression.

While the arthroscopic classification of bone and cartilage lesions is considered standard, the Anderson MRI staging is the main form of staging used in this article. Stages I and II are stable lesions. Stages III and IV describe unstable lesions in which a lesion of the cartilage has allowed synovial fluid between the fragment and bone.

**MRI staging of osteochondritis dissecans**
| Stage | Evaluation | Findings |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | Stable | Articular cartilage thickening |
| II | Stable | The articular cartilage is breached; low signal behind the fragment indicates fibrous attachment |
| III | Unstable | The articular cartilage is breached; high signal behind the fragment indicates loss of attachment |
| IV | Unstable | Formation of loose bodies |

**Cheng arthroscopic staging of osteochondritis dissecans**
| Grade | Findings |
| --- | --- |
| A | Articular cartilage is smooth and intact but may be soft or ballottable |
| B | Articular cartilage has a rough surface |
| C | Articular cartilage has fibrillations or fissures |
| D | Articular cartilage with a flap or exposed bone |
| E | Loose, nondisplaced osteochondral fragment |
| F | Displaced osteochondral fragment |

## Treatment

Treatment options include modified activity with or without weight bearing; immobilization; cryotherapy; anti-inflammatory medication; drilling of subchondral bone; microfracture; removal or reattachment of loose bodies; mosaicplasty and osteoarticular transfer system (OATS) procedures. The primary goals of treatment are:

1. Enhance the healing potential of subchondral bone;
2. Fix unstable fragments while maintaining joint congruity; and
3. Replace damaged bone and cartilage with implanted tissues or cells that can grow cartilage.

The articular cartilage's capacity for repair is limited: partial-thickness defects in the articular cartilage do not heal spontaneously, and injuries of the articular cartilage that fail to penetrate subchondral bone tend to lead to deterioration of the articular surface. As a result, surgery is often required in even moderate cases where the osteochondral fragment has not detached from the bone (Anderson Stage II, III).

### Non-surgical

Candidates for non-operative treatment are limited to skeletally immature teenagers with a relatively small, intact lesion and the absence of loose bodies. Non-operative management may include activity modification, protected weight bearing (partial or non-weight bearing), and immobilization. The goal of non-operative intervention is to promote healing in the subchondral bone and prevent potential chondral collapse, subsequent fracture, and crater formation.

Once candidates for treatment have been screened, treatment proceeds according to the lesion's location. For example, those with OCD of the knee are immobilized for four to six weeks or even up to six months in extension to remove shear stress from the involved area. They are permitted to walk with weight bearing as tolerated. X-rays are usually taken three months after the start of non-operative therapy; if they reveal that the lesion has healed, a gradual return to activities is instituted. Those demonstrating healing by increased radiodensity in the subchondral region, or those whose lesions are unchanged, are candidates to repeat the above described three-month protocol until healing is noted.

### Surgery

The choice of surgical versus non-surgical treatments for osteochondritis dissecans is controversial. Consequently, the type and extent of surgery necessary varies based on patient age, severity of the lesion, and personal bias of the treating surgeon—entailing an exhaustive list of suggested treatments. A variety of surgical options exist for the treatment of persistently symptomatic, intact, partially detached, and completely detached OCD lesions. Post-surgery reparative cartilage is inferior to healthy hyaline cartilage in glycosaminoglycan concentration, histological, and immunohistochemical appearance. As a result, surgery is often avoided if non-operative treatment is viable.

#### Intact lesions

If non-surgical measures are unsuccessful, drilling may be considered to stimulate healing of the subchondral bone. Arthroscopic drilling may be performed by using an antegrade (from the front) approach from the joint space through the articular cartilage, or by using a retrograde (from behind) approach through the bone outside of the joint to avoid penetration of the articular cartilage. This has proven successful with positive results at one-year follow-up with antegrade drilling in nine out of eleven teenagers with the juvenile form of OCD, and in 18 of 20 skeletally immature people (follow-up of five years) who had failed prior conservative programs.

#### Hinged lesions

Pins and screws can be used to secure flap (sometimes referred to as hinged) lesions. Bone pegs, metallic pins and screws, and other bioresorbable screws may be used to secure these types of lesions.

#### Full thickness lesions

Morselization of the articular cartilage lesionHarvesting of the articular cartilage and boneManual crushing used to make a paste graftImpacting the paste graft into the morselized defect

The three methods most commonly used in treating full thickness lesions are arthroscopic drilling, abrasion, and microfracturing.

In 1946, Magnusson established the use of stem cells from bone marrow with the first surgical debridement of an OCD lesion. These cells typically differentiate into fibrocartilage and rarely form hyaline cartilage. While small lesions can be resurfaced using this form of surgery, the repair tissue tends to have less strength than normal hyaline cartilage and must be protected for 6 to 12 months. Results for large lesions tend to diminish over time; this can be attributed to the decreased resilience and poor wear characteristics of the fibrocartilage.

In attempts to address the weaker structure of the reparative fibrocartilage, new techniques have been designed to fill the defect with tissue that more closely simulates normal hyaline articular cartilage. One such technique is autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), which is useful for large, isolated femoral defects in younger people. In this surgery, chondrocytes are arthroscopically extracted from the intercondylar notch of the articular surface. The chondrocytes are grown and injected into the defect under a periosteal patch. ACI surgery has reported good to excellent results for reduced swelling, pain and locking in clinical follow-up examinations. Some physicians preferred to use undifferentiated pluripotential cells, such as periosteal cells and bone marrow stem cells, as opposed to chondrocytes. These too have demonstrated the ability to regenerate both the cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.

Similar to OATS, arthroscopic articular cartilage paste grafting is a surgical procedure offering cost-effective, long-lasting results for stage IV lesions. A bone and cartilage paste derived from crushed plugs of the non-weight-bearing intercondylar notch can achieve pain relief, repair damaged tissue, and restore function.

#### Unstable lesions

Some methods of fixation for unstable lesions include countersunk compression screws and Herbert screws or pins made of stainless steel or materials that can be absorbed by the body. If loose bodies are found, they are removed. Although each case is unique and treatment is chosen on an individual basis, ACI is generally performed on large defects in skeletally mature people.

#### Rehabilitation

Continuous passive motion (CPM) has been used to improve healing of the articular surface during the postoperative period for people with full-thickness lesions. It has been shown to promote articular cartilage healing for small (\< 3 mm in diameter) lesions in rabbits. Similarly, Rodrigo and Steadman reported that CPM for six hours per day for eight weeks produced an improved clinical outcome in humans.

A rehabilitation program often involves protection of the compromised articular surface and underlying subchondral bone combined with maintenance of strength and range of motion. Post-operative analgesics, namely a mix of opioids and NSAIDs, are usually required to control pain, inflammation and swelling. Straight leg raising and other isometric exercises are encouraged during the post-operative or immobilization period. A six to eight-week home or formal physical therapy program is usually instituted once the immobilization period has ended, incorporating range of motion, stretching, progressive strengthening, and functional or sport-specific training. During this time, patients are advised to avoid running and jumping, but are permitted to perform low impact activities, such as walking or swimming. If patients return to activity before the cartilage has become firm, they will typically complain of pain during maneuvers such as squatting or jumping.

## Prognosis

The prognosis after different treatments varies and is based on several factors that include the age of the patient, the affected joint, the stage of the lesion and, most importantly, the state of the growth plate. It follows that the two main forms of osteochondritis dissecans are defined by skeletal maturity. The juvenile form of the disease occurs in open growth plates, usually affecting children between the ages of 5 and 15 years. The adult form commonly occurs between ages 16 to 50, although it is unclear whether these adults developed the disease after skeletal maturity or were undiagnosed as children.

The prognosis is good for stable lesions (stage I and II) in juveniles with open growth plates; treated conservatively—typically without surgery—50% of cases will heal. Recovery in juveniles can be attributed to the bone's ability to repair damaged or dead bone tissue and cartilage in a process called bone remodeling. Open growth plates are characterized by increased numbers of undifferentiated chondrocytes (stem cells), which are precursors to both bone and cartilaginous tissue. As a result, open growth plates allow for more of the stem cells necessary for repair in the affected joint. Unstable, large, full-thickness lesions (stage III and IV) or lesions of any stage found in the skeletally mature are more likely to fail non-operative treatment. These lesions offer a worse prognosis and surgery is required in most cases.

## Epidemiology

OCD is a relatively rare disorder, with an estimated incidence of 15 to 30 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Widuchowski W *et al.* found OCD to be the cause of articular cartilage defects in 2% of cases in a study of 25,124 knee arthroscopies. Although rare, OCD is noted as an important cause of joint pain in active adolescents. The juvenile form of the disease occurs in children with open growth plates, usually between the ages 5 and 15 years and occurs more commonly in males than females, with a ratio between 2:1 and 3:1. OCD has become more common among adolescent females as they become more active in sports. The adult form, which occurs in those who have reached skeletal maturity, is most commonly found in people 16 to 50 years old.

While OCD may affect any joint, the knee—specifically the medial femoral condyle in 75–85% of knee cases—tends to be the most commonly affected, and constitutes 75% of all cases. The elbow (specifically the capitulum of the humerus) is the second most affected joint with 6% of cases; the talar dome of the ankle represents 4% of cases. Less frequent locations include the patella, vertebrae, the femoral head, and the glenoid of the scapula.

The oldest case of OCD was identified on the temporo-mandibular joint of the Qafzeh 9 fossil.

## History

The condition was initially described by Alexander Monro (primus) in 1738. In 1870, James Paget described the disease process for the first time, but it was not until 1887 that Franz König published a paper on the cause of loose bodies in the joint. In his paper, König concluded that:

1. Trauma had to be very severe to break off parts of the joint surface.
2. Less severe trauma might contuse the bone to cause an area of necrosis that might then separate.
3. In some cases, the absence of notable trauma made it likely that there existed some spontaneous cause of separation.

König named the disease "osteochondritis dissecans", describing it as a subchondral inflammatory process of the knee, resulting in a loose fragment of cartilage from the femoral condyle. In 1922, Kappis described this process in the ankle joint. On review of all literature describing transchondral fractures of the talus, Berndt and Harty developed a classification system for staging of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). The term osteochondritis dissecans has persisted, and has since been broadened to describe a similar process occurring in many other joints, including the knee, hip, elbow, and metatarsophalangeal joints.

## Notable cases

## Veterinary aspects

OCD also is found in animals, and is of particular concern in horses, as there may be a hereditary component in some horse breeds. Feeding for forced growth and selective breeding for increased size are also factors. OCD has also been studied in other animals—mainly dogs, especially the German Shepherd—where it is a common primary cause of elbow dysplasia in medium-large breeds.

In animals, OCD is considered a developmental and metabolic disorder related to cartilage growth and endochondral ossification. Osteochondritis itself signifies the disturbance of the usual growth process of cartilage, and OCD is the term used when this affects joint cartilage causing a fragment to become loose.

According to the Columbia Animal Hospital the frequency of affected animals is dogs, humans, pigs, horses, cattle, chickens, and turkeys, and in dogs the most commonly affected breeds include the German Shepherd, Golden and Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler, Great Dane, Bernese Mountain Dog, and Saint Bernard. Although any joint may be affected, those commonly affected by OCD in the dog are: shoulder (often bilaterally), elbow, knee and tarsus.

The problem develops in puppyhood although often subclinically, and there may be pain or stiffness, discomfort on extension, or other compensating characteristics. Diagnosis generally depends on X-rays, arthroscopy, or MRI scans. While cases of OCD of the stifle go undetected and heal spontaneously, others are exhibited in acute lameness. Surgery is recommended once the animal has been deemed lame.

Osteochondritis dissecans is difficult to diagnose clinically as the animal may only exhibit an unusual gait. Consequently, OCD may be masked by, or misdiagnosed as, other skeletal and joint conditions such as hip dysplasia.

## InfoBox

| Osteochondritis dissecans | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A large flap lesion in the femur head typical of late stage Osteochondritis dissecans. In this case, the lesion was caused by avascular necrosis of the bone just under the cartilage. | |
| Pronunciation |  |
| Specialty | Orthopedic surgery |


title: Niko Koutouvides

abstract: Niko Stelios Koutouvides is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football at Purdue. He also played for the Denver Broncos, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots.

text:
# Niko Koutouvides

**Niko Stelios Koutouvides** (born March 25, 1981) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football at Purdue.

He also played for the Denver Broncos, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots.

## Early life

Koutouvides was born in New Britain, Connecticut, to Stelios and Niki Koutouvides. His paternal grandfather's side of the family were Greeks who fled Asia Minor during the Greek-Turkish War, early in the 20th century, and settled in Tanzania, Africa. Subsequently, Niko's father moved to the United States. His mother's side of the family is from the Greek island of Kefalonia in the Ionian Sea. Growing up, Niko and his two brothers used to work as busboys or in the kitchen of the family-owned restaurant, The Stonewell, in Farmington, Connecticut.

Koutouvides attended Plainville High School, where he was a letterman in football. He topped the team in sacks and ranked second in tackles in 1999. He was named the team's Most Valuable Player, was an All-Conference selection, and an All-State Honorable Mention selection. Niko's older brother, Daki, was a senior defensive back at Merrimack College.

## College career

At Purdue, Koutouvides started in 32 of 50 games from 2000 to 2003. His career stats include 296 tackles (180 solo), 21½ tackles for a loss, five interceptions, four sacks, four fumble recoveries, and four forced fumbles. He majored in Organizational Leadership and Supervision.

As a junior, Koutouvides started all 13 games and notched a career-high of 121 tackles (80 of them solo) to lead the team to their 6th straight bowl game appearance. He had a team-high of 11.5 tackles for loss, including 4 sacks. He knocked down 3 passes and intercepted 3; posted at least 11 tackles in six games. Koutouvides saw action in every game during his first two seasons in a reserve role with 74 tackles, 4 fumble recoveries, and 3 forced fumbles.

His senior year began with him winning the Hammer Award as Purdue's best tackler. After anchoring a great Boilermaker defense that played in the 2004 Capital One Bowl, Koutouvides was named first-team All-Big Ten by the media and second-team by the coaches after starting every game as middle linebacker. Koutouvides finished second on the team with 101 tackles (57 of them solo), including 5.5 stops for losses, 2 pass interceptions and 4 passes knocked down, and causing & recovering 1 fumble.

## Professional career

### Seattle Seahawks

Koutouvides was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played four seasons for the team, from 2004 to 2007. He was a member of the 2005 team that played in Super Bowl XL.

### Denver Broncos

On March 3, 2008, Koutouvides signed a three-year, $7.5 million contract with the Denver Broncos. After one season with the team, he was released on February 16, 2009.

### Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Koutouvides on March 2, 2009. He became one of the Buccaneers' top special teams performers in his first season with the team in 2009

### New England Patriots

Koutouvides signed with the New England Patriots on August 14, 2011. He was cut on September 3 but re-signed on November 9, 2011, and went on to appear as a member of the special teams at the 2012 Super Bowl. He was released by the Patriots on August 31, 2012, during final cuts. Koutouvides was re-signed by the Patriots on September 19, 2012. On August 26, 2013, he was cut by the Patriots.

## NFL career statistics

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
| **Bold** | Career high |

### Regular season

| Year | Team | Games | | Tackles | | | | | Interceptions | | | | | Fumbles | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Cmb | Solo | Ast | Sck | TFL | Int | Yds | TD | Lng | PD | FF | FR | Yds | TD |
| 2004 | SEA | **16** | **2** | **62** | **49** | **13** | **1.0** | **4** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | SEA | 12 | 0 | 13 | 10 | 3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | SEA | **16** | 0 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | SEA | 15 | 0 | 27 | 22 | 5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **1** | **1** | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | DEN | 14 | 0 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2009 | TAM | **16** | 0 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | TAM | 14 | 0 | 12 | 11 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | NWE | 8 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **1** | 0 | 0 |
| 2012 | NWE | 14 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | | 125 | 3 | 168 | 134 | 34 | 1.0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | Games | | Tackles | | | | | Interceptions | | | | | Fumbles | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Cmb | Solo | Ast | Sck | TFL | Int | Yds | TD | Lng | PD | FF | FR | Yds | TD |
| 2004 | SEA | 1 | **1** | **8** | **7** | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | SEA | **3** | 0 | 7 | 5 | **2** | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | SEA | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | SEA | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | NWE | **3** | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2012 | NWE | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | | 13 | 1 | 18 | 13 | 5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Niko Koutouvides
| Koutouvides with the New England Patriots in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 53, 90 | |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1981-03-25) March 25, 1981<br>New Britain, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 245 lb (111 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Plainville (CT) |
| College: | Purdue |
| NFL draft: | 2004 / round: 4 / pick: 116 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 168  Sacks: 1.0  Forced fumbles: 1  Fumble recoveries: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


# List of ambassadors of Albania to France

Albania established diplomatic ties with France in the years following the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. France had played an important role in the survival of the Albanian State. In 1916, it established a military protectorate in the region of Korçë. After World War II, it was the first Western country to reinstate its diplomatic mission in Tirana, doing so in 1945. France also participated in the successful ALBA operation led by Italy in the spring of 1997, which helped restore public order and organize legislative elections in the summer of that year.

## List of diplomatic representatives of Albania to France (1922–present)

During communism, an ambassador was known as *"Envoy extraordinary and Minister plenipotentary"*.


title: Onoba improcera

abstract: Onoba improcera is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Onoba improcera

***Onoba improcera*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Onoba improcera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Onoba* |
| Species: | ***O. improcera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onoba improcera***<br>(Warén, 1996) | |
|


title: 1977 Japan Series

abstract: The 1977 Japan Series was the 28th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants against the Pacific League champion Hankyu Braves. This was a rematch of the previous year's Japan Series, which the Braves won in seven games. The Braves would again defeat the Giants, this time in five games, to capture their third consecutive championship.

text:
# 1977 Japan Series

The **1977 Japan Series** was the 28th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants against the Pacific League champion Hankyu Braves. This was a rematch of the previous year's Japan Series, which the Braves won in seven games. The Braves would again defeat the Giants, this time in five games, to capture their third consecutive championship.

## Summary

| Game | Score | Date | Location | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | **Braves** – 7, Giants – 2 | October 22 | Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium | 27,971 |
| 2 | **Braves** – 3, Giants – 0 | October 23 | Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium | 31,070 |
| 3 | **Giants** – 5, Braves – 2 | October 25 | Korakuen Stadium | 37,914 |
| 4 | Giants – 2, **Braves** – 5 | October 26 | Korakuen Stadium | 42,433 |
| 5 | Giants – 3, **Braves** – 6 | October 27 | Korakuen Stadium | 41,006 |

1. 1977年日本シリーズ試合結果 (in Japanese). Nippon Professional Baseball. Retrieved November 19, 2017.

## InfoBox

| 1977 Japan Series | |
| --- | --- |
| Team (Wins)  Manager(s) Season  Hankyu Braves (4) Toshiharu Ueda  69-51-10  Yomiuri Giants (1) Shigeo Nagashima  80-46-4 | |
| Dates | October 22–27 |
| MVP | Hisashi Yamada (Hankyu) |
| FSA | Kazumasa Kono (Yomiuri) |
|  | |


abstract: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/136 was a resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 December 1976. The resolution adopted the period from 1976 to 1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace.

text:
# United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/136

**United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/136** was a resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 December 1976. The resolution adopted the period from 1976 to 1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace.

## Text

*The General Assembly,*

*Considering* that in its resolution 3520 (XXX) of 15 December 1975 it proclaimed the period from 1976 to 1985 United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, to be devoted to effective and sustained national, regional and international action to implement the World Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Objectives of the International Women's Year,/69 and related resolutions/70 adopted by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975,

*Aware* of the importance of developing and implementing without delay a programme of concrete action for the Decade,

*Considering* further its decision to convene in 1980 a world conference to review and evaluate progress made and, where necessary, readjust existing programmes in the light of new data and research available,

*Noting* with satisfaction the Programme for the United Nations Decade for Women as adopted by the Commission on the Status of Women at its twenty-sixth session and transmitted to the General Assembly by the Economic and Social Council at its resumed sixty-first session,/71

1. *Approves* the Programme for the United Nations Decade for Women, which focuses on the first half of the Decade, 1976 to 1980;

2. *Urges* Governments and United Nations bodies to take all necessary steps to give effect to the Programme for the Decade and to give it priority in view of the real need to attain the goals of the Decade;

3. *Calls upon* Governments to take measures to ensure equal and effective participation of women in political, economic, social and cultural life and in policy-making at local, national, regional and international levels, thereby increasing their role in international co-operation and in the strengthening of peace;

4. *Recommends* that Governments should establish machinery, where appropriate, which could include governmental and non-governmental agencies, bureaux and commissions, in order to ensure the effective implementation and evaluation of the World Plan of Action and of the Programme for the Decade within the framework of national development plans and regional policies;

5. *Recommends* further that Governments, in co-operation with the Secretary-General, the specialized agencies, the regional commissions, appropriate regional and international research centres and institutes as well as appropriate intergovernmental bodies, should undertake the organization of training courses and seminars whereby officials responsible for the formulation and implementation of national development plans would study multidisciplinary techniques and methods which can be utilized in effectively integrating women in development;

6. *Invites,* as a matter of priority, Governments and organizations and bodies of the United Nations system as well as all governmental and non-governmental organizations concerned and the mass media to undertake massive public information programmes with a view to making all sectors of the population aware of the need to implement fully the Programme for the Decade;

7. *Requests* the Secretary-General to take fully into account the financial and staff needs required to implement effectively the World Plan of Action and the Programme for the Decade;

8. *Requests* the Secretary-General to prepare, for the consideration of the General Assembly at its thirty-second session, a report on the measures taken to implement the present resolution, in particular paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 above, as well as a progress report on other measures taken to implement the World Plan of Action and the Programme for the Decade.

## InfoBox

| UN General Assembly<br>Resolution 31/136 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 16 December 1976 |
| Meeting no. | 102 |
| Code | A/RES/31/136 (\[ Document\]) |
| Subject | **Adopting the period from 1976 to 1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace.** |
| Result | Approved |


title: 1967 Brabantse Pijl

abstract: The 1967 Brabantse Pijl was the seventh edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 27 March 1967. The race started and finished in Sint-Genesius-Rode. The race was won by Roger Rosiers.

text:
# 1967 Brabantse Pijl

The **1967 Brabantse Pijl** was the seventh edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 27 March 1967. The race started and finished in Sint-Genesius-Rode. The race was won by Roger Rosiers.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Roger Rosiers (BEL) 5h 16' 00"  2  Jan Lauwers (BEL) \+ 1' 10"  3  Emiel Coppens (BEL) \+ 2' 45"  4  Bruno Janssens (BEL) \+ 2' 45"  5  Robert Lelangue (BEL) \+ 3' 40"  6  Flaviano Vicentini (ITA) \+ 4' 00"  7  Jan Nolmans (BEL) \+ 4' 00"  8  Frans Brands (BEL) \+ 4' 00"  9  Willy Monty (BEL) \+ 5' 15"  10  Jean Monteyne (BEL) \+ 9' 27" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1967 Brabantse Pijl
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 27 March 1967 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 196 km (121.8 mi) |
| Winning time | 5h 16' 00" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Roger Rosiers (BEL)  Second  Jan Lauwers (BEL)  Third  Emiel Coppens (BEL) | |
|


title: Storm Dragon

abstract: Storm Dragon is the first novel of The Draconic Prophecies series, by James Wyatt. It takes place in the Eberron campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

text:
# Storm Dragon

***Storm Dragon*** is the first novel of *The Draconic Prophecies* series, by James Wyatt. It takes place in the Eberron campaign setting for the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.

## Publication history

*Storm Dragon* was written by James Wyatt and published in May 2008. This is the first novel of *The Draconic Prophecies*.

## Plot

Gaven d'Lyrandar, his mind broken by the ancient Prophecy of the Dragons, has been rotting in Dreadhold for over twenty years. He is rescued by a band of adventurers loyal to Haldren, his only companion in his time at the terrible prison, but he begins to get the feeling that he is just a tool. A dragon named Vaskar has hired them to help him fulfill a prophecy and become the Storm Dragon. In exchange, he promises to grant Haldren the throne of a reunited Galifar. Gaven escapes and continues to run from the Sentinel Marshals, but along the way he discovers that he has the power of the Storm Dragon. Just as Haldren is gathering an army to stage a battle and fulfill another part of the prophecy, thus signaling "The sundering of the Soul Reaver's gates", Gaven begins heading towards the Soul Reaver, where he faces Vaskar and defeats him in battle, creating a spear from the Eye of Siberys (a dragonshard). Ultimately, Gaven faces the Soul Reaver in battle and destroys it by destroying the Heart of Khyber (another dragonshard).

## Reception

A reviewer from *Publishers Weekly* commented that "While the setting may be rather confusing for readers unfamiliar with the Eberron milieu, Wyatt (*In the Claws of the Tiger*) effectively mixes political intrigue with action. This high-stakes adventure, full of violence, magic and suspense, should entertain gamers and epic fantasy fans."

## Sources

* Wyatt, James. *Storm Dragon*. 1st ed. 1 vols. Newport: Wizards of the Coast, 2007. 1-371. Print.

## InfoBox

Storm Dragon
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy novel |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |


title: William B. Scott (magazine editor)

abstract: William B. Scott is an American magazine editor. He was a former Rocky Mountain Bureau Chief for Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine. During his 22 years with the publication, he also served as Senior National Editor, Avionics Editor and Senior Engineering Editor. He is a co-author of three books: "Counterspace: The Next Hours of World War III"; "Space Wars: The First Six Hours of World War III", and "Inside the Stealth Bomber: The B-2 Story". He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from California State University, Sacramento, and is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. In 12 years of military and civilian flight testing, plus evaluating aircraft for Aviation Week, he has logged approximately 2,000 flight hours on 80 aircraft types.

text:
# William B. Scott (magazine editor)

**William B. Scott** is an American magazine editor. He was a former Rocky Mountain Bureau Chief for *Aviation Week & Space Technology* magazine. During his 22 years with the publication, he also served as Senior National Editor, Avionics Editor and Senior Engineering Editor. He is a co-author of three books: "*Counterspace: The Next Hours of World War III*"; "*Space Wars: The First Six Hours of World War III*", and "*Inside the Stealth Bomber: The B-2 Story*".

He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from California State University, Sacramento, and is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. In 12 years of military and civilian flight testing, plus evaluating aircraft for Aviation Week, he has logged approximately 2,000 flight hours on 80 aircraft types.


title: Oryx (journal)

abstract: Oryx—The International Journal of Conservation is a peer-reviewed academic journal of conservation science and practice, published bimonthly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International. The journal publishes material on biodiversity conservation, conservation policy and sustainable use, and the interaction of these subjects with social, economic and political issues. It is interdisciplinary and has a particular interest in material that has the potential to improve conservation management and practice, supports the publishing and communication aspirations of conservation researchers and practitioners worldwide and helps build capacity for conservation. Besides research Articles and Short Communications, Oryx regularly publishes Reviews, Forum Articles, Book Reviews and Letters, and every issue includes a selection of international conservation news. The journal provides a free Writing for Conservation guide to help researchers communicate their message through well-crafted text and graphics. The journal was established in 1904 as Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire, and is currently edited by Martin Fisher. The name changed to Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire, and the publication acquired its current name in 1950.

text:
# Oryx (journal)

***Oryx—The International Journal of Conservation*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal of conservation science and practice, published bimonthly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International.

The journal publishes material on biodiversity conservation, conservation policy and sustainable use, and the interaction of these subjects with social, economic and political issues. It is interdisciplinary and has a particular interest in material that has the potential to improve conservation management and practice, supports the publishing and communication aspirations of conservation researchers and practitioners worldwide and helps build capacity for conservation. Besides research Articles and Short Communications, *Oryx* regularly publishes Reviews, Forum Articles, Book Reviews and Letters, and every issue includes a selection of international conservation news.

The journal provides a free *Writing for Conservation* guide to help researchers communicate their message through well-crafted text and graphics.

The journal was established in 1904 as *Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire*, and is currently edited by Martin Fisher. The name changed to *Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire*, and the publication acquired its current name in 1950.

## InfoBox

*Oryx*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Conservation |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Martin Fisher |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1903present |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press, on behalf of Fauna & Flora International |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Oryx* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | ORYXAM |
| ISSN | 0030-6053 (print)
1365-3008 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 85650563 |
| OCLC no. | 476155896 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Nigerian British University

abstract: Nigerian British University is a private co-educational Nigerian university owned and operated by the Adorable Foundation for Educational Development in Nigeria. The university is located in Asa, Abia State, Nigeria.

text:
# Nigerian British University

**Nigerian British University** is a private co-educational Nigerian university owned and operated by the Adorable Foundation for Educational Development in Nigeria. The university is located in Asa, Abia State, Nigeria.

## History

Nigerian British University was established by the Adorable Foundation for Educational Development to deliver global methods in education through the development of technology in teaching and learning experiences.

The university was approved by the National Universities Commission to operate as a Private University in Nigeria in April 2022 under the President Muhammadu Buhari administration.

The university was commissioned by Okezie Ikpeazu, the governor of Abia state in February, 2023. The governor further awarded scholarships to the first twenty students of the university.

The Pro-Chancellor/Chairman, Board of Trustees and Governing Council of Nigerian British University is Dr. Chukwuemeka Umeoji.

## Programmes

* Faculty of Law
* Faculty of Computing and Information technology

The faculty houses the following departments, Department of Computer Science, Department of Information System, Department of Software Engineering, Department of Cyber Security, and Department of Data Science.

* Faculty of Management and Social Sciences.

The faculty houses the following departments, Department of Business Administration, Department of Accounting, Department of Economics, Department of Finance and Banking, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Department of Hospitality, Department of Peace and Conflict Resolution, Department of Mass Communication, Department of Management and Tourism, Department of Entrepreneurship.

## Vice Chancellor

Prof. Hakeem Fawehinmi was appointed the first substantive vice chancellor of the university. His five-year term began on April 3, 2023.

## InfoBox

Nigerian British University
| Motto | **Developing Potentials, We Trust** |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 2022 |
| Affiliation | Adorable Foundation for Educational Development |
| Vice-Chancellor | Professor Hakeem Fawehinmi |
| Location | Asa, Ukwa West, Abia State, Nigeria |
| Government Approved | 2022 |
| Website | nbu.edu.ng |


title: List of airlines of Alberta

abstract: This is a list of airlines of Alberta which have an air operator's certificate issued by Transport Canada, the country's civil aviation authority. These are airlines that are based in Alberta.

text:
# List of airlines of Alberta

This is a **list of airlines of Alberta** which have an air operator's certificate issued by Transport Canada, the country's civil aviation authority. These are airlines that are based in Alberta.

## Current airlines

| Airline | Image | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Hub airport(s) or
headquarters | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air Spray |  |  | ASB |  | Red Deer | Aerial firefighting |
| AirSprint |  |  | ASP | AIRSPRINT | Calgary | Fractional ownership of aircraft |
| Lynx Air |  | EG | ENJ | Lynx Air | Calgary | Charter airline |
| Kenn Borek Air |  | 4K | KBA | BOREK AIR | Calgary | Charters, aircraft leasing |
| LR Helicopters |  |  |  |  | Calgary/Springbank | Charters, flight training |
| McMurray Aviation |  |  |  |  | Fort McMurray | Charters, flight training |
| Morningstar Air Express |  |  | MAL | MORNINGSTAR | Edmonton | Cargo airline that operates a FedEx Canada contract. Example colours only; aircraft now registered to WestJet. |
| Nor-Alta Aviation |  | LT |  | CANWEST | Fort Vermilion,
High Level | Charters and MEDIVAC (air ambulance) |
| Northern Air |  |  |  |  | Peace River | Charters, scheduled flights and air ambulance |
| R1 Airlines |  |  | TSH | TRANSCANADA | Calgary | Charter airline, aircraft leasing |
| Sunwest Aviation |  |  | CNK | CHINOOK | Calgary | Charters, MEDIVAC (air ambulance) |
| WestJet |  | WS | WJA | WESTJET | Calgary,
Vancouver,
Toronto Pearson | Low-cost carrier, scheduled passenger service. Canada's second largest airline after Air Canada. |
| WestJet Encore |  |  | WEN | ENCORE | Calgary |  |

## Defunct airlines

| Airline | Image | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Hub airport(s) or
headquarters | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air Mikisew |  | V8 |  | AURORA | Fort McMurray | 1961 (as Contact Air) - 2011
Grounded in 2010 and permanently closed by 2011 |
| Alberta Citylink |  |  | ABK | ALBERTA CITYLINK | Medicine Hat | 1996 - 2004
Owned by Bar XH Air |
| Alta Flights |  |  | ALZ |  | Edmonton International | 1986 - 2014
To Sunwest Aviation |
| Bar XH Air |  |  | BXH | PALLISER | Medicine Hat | 1974 - 2010
To Integra Air |
| Canada West Airlines |  |  |  |  | Edmonton International | 2002 - 2004 |
| Canadian Airlines |  | CP | CDN | CANADIAN | Calgary | 1987 - 2001
To Air Canada |
| Canadian Regional Airlines |  | KI | CDR | CANADIAN REGIONAL | Calgary | 1993 - 2000
To Air Canada Jazz |
| Corporate Express |  |  | CPB | PENTA | Calgary | 1975 - 2009 |
| Eldorado Radium Silver Express |  |  |  |  | Edmonton/Blatchford Field,
Port Radium | 1935 - 1970s?
To Eldorado Aviation |
| Globemaster Air Cargo |  |  |  |  | Edmonton/St. Albert | 2003 - 2004 |
| Holidair |  |  | STP |  | Edmonton | 1998 - 1999 |
| Integra Air |  |  | BXH | PALLISER | Lethbridge | 1998 - 2018
Former provider of scheduled passenger service, charters |
| Knighthawk Air Express |  | 4I | KNX | KNIGHT FLIGHT | Calgary | 1993 - 2005 |
| MacKenzie Air Services |  |  |  |  | Edmonton/Blatchford Field | 1932 - 1942
to Canadian Pacific Airlines |
| Peace Air |  |  |  |  | Peace River |  |
| QuikAir |  | Q9 |  |  | Calgary | 2001 - 2006 |
| Skyxpress Airline |  |  | KLO | KLONDIKE | Calgary | 2001 - 2008 |
| Southern Frontier Airlines |  |  |  |  | Calgary | 1978 - 1978
To Time Air |
| Swanberg Air |  |  |  |  | Grande Prairie | 2000 - 2011
Ceased due to death of founder Sylvan Swanberg |
| Time Air |  | KI | TAF | TIME AIR | Lethbridge | 1966 - 1993
To Canadian Regional Airlines |
| Wardair |  | WD | WDA | WARDAIR | Edmonton International | 1952 - 1990
Started as Polaris Charter Company at Yellowknife in 1946, acquired by Canadian Airlines) |
| Zip |  | 3J | WZP | ZIPPER | Calgary | 2002 - 2004
Operations return to regular Air Canada routes |


title: One-repetition maximum

abstract: One-repetition maximum in weight training is the maximum amount of weight that a person can possibly lift for one repetition. It may also be considered as the maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maximal contraction.

text:
# One-repetition maximum

**One-repetition maximum** (**one-rep max** or **1RM**) in weight training is the maximum amount of weight that a person can possibly lift for one repetition. It may also be considered as the maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maximal contraction.

## Usage

One repetition maximum can be used for determining an individual's maximum strength and is the method for determining the winner in events such as powerlifting and weightlifting competitions.

One repetition maximum can also be used as an upper limit, in order to determine the desired "load" for an exercise (as a percentage of the 1RM). Weight training protocols often use 1RM when programming to ensure the exerciser reaches resistance overload, especially when the exercise objective is muscular strength, endurance or hypertrophy. By understanding the maximal potential of the muscle, it is possible to reach resistance overload by increasing the number of repetitions for an exercise.

## Measuring 1RM

Most commonly, 1RM is determined directly using trial and error testing. The participant lifts progressively heavier free weights, resting for several minutes between each attempt, until the maximum weight for which the participant can complete one full repetition is determined. The 1RM then lies between this weight and the next highest attempted weight. This type of assessment is considered the most accurate way to determine 1RM, and is considered safe when performed correctly. However, as adequate rest must be given between attempts, proper 1RM assessment may be very time-consuming if the initial weight is far from the 1RM.

Novices may find the procedure intimidating and unnerving, and be reluctant to add weight. There is also a risk of injury if a participant is unfamiliar with the proper form. A spotter can alleviate these concerns.

## Estimating 1RM

The 1RM can also be estimated indirectly using repetition testing on submaximal loads, as popularized by the use of 1RM calculators. Although in many cases the estimate is reasonable, in other cases the estimate may vary by 10% or more from the actual 1RM. Using a specialized formula for the specific exercise improves accuracy. The use of anthropometric variables such as gender, age, height, weight, body fat percentage, and girth does not improve accuracy. Also, most formulas are for experienced weightlifters, and novices may find their actual one rep maximum is much lower because their nervous system cannot handle the stress of a high weight.

There are many formulas used to estimate 1RM using the submaximal method. In the formulas below, $r$ is the number of repetitions performed and $w$ is the amount of weight used (note that $w$ is a factor of each formula, so the unit of measurement doesn't matter).

Formulas for estimating 1RM
| Name | 1RM Formula |
| --- | --- |
| Epley | $w\left(1+r/{30}\right),$ assuming $r\>1.$ |
| Brzycki | $w\cdot {\frac {36}{37-r}={\frac {w}{{\frac {37}{36}-{\frac {1}{36}r}\approx {\frac {w}{1.0278-0.0278r}}}}}}$ |
| Adams | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{1-0.02r}}$ |
| Baechle | $w\cdot (1+0.033r)$ |
| Berger | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{1.0261e^{-0.0262r}}}$ |
| Brown | $w(0.9849+0.0328r)$ |
| Kemmler et al. | $w(0.988+0.0104r+0.00190r^{2}-0.0000584r^{3})$ |
| Landers | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{1.013-0.0267123r}}$ |
| Lombardi | $wr^{0.10}$ |
| Mayhew et al. | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{0.522+0.419e^{-0.055r}}}$ |
| Naclerio et al. | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{0.951e^{-0.021r}}}$ |
| O'Conner et al. | $w\cdot \left(1+0.025r\right)$ |
| Wathen | $w\cdot {\frac {1}{0.4880+0.538e^{-0.075r}}}$ |

Of the formulas, the Epley and the Brzycki formulas are most commonly used. Epley and Brzycki return identical results for 10 repetitions. However, for fewer than 10 reps, Epley returns a slightly higher estimated maximum. For example, if a person can lift 100 pounds on a given exercise for 10 reps, the estimated one rep max would be 133 pounds for both formulae. However, if the person were to complete only 6 reps, then Epley would estimate a one rep maximum of approximately 120 pounds, while Brzycki would return an estimate of approximately 116 pounds.

Several more complex formulae have been proposed which use different coefficients for different rep numbers and sometimes even for different exercises.

Compared to a formal 1RM test, the submaximal estimation method is safer and quicker. The estimate may not be accurate, but can be used as the starting point for a 1RM test. The formulas can also be used the other way, to calculate what weight is needed for a given repetition maximum, as a percent of the estimated or actual 1RM.

1. Marchese, Rosemary; Hill, Andrew (2011). *The essential guide to fitness: for the fitness instructor*. Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. p. 135. ISBN 9781442510203.
2. Mayhew, Jerry L; Johnson, Blair D; LaMonte, Michael J; Lauber, Dirk; Kemmler, Wolfgang (September 2008). "Accuracy of Prediction Equations for Determining One Repetition Maximum Bench Press in Women Before and After Resistance Training". *Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research*. **22** (5): 1570–1577. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817b02ad. PMID 18714230. S2CID 22631870.
3. Knutzen, Kathleen; Brilla, Lorraine; Caine, Dennis (August 1999). "Validity of 1RM Prediction Equations for Older Adults". *The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research*. **13** (3): Vol 13, Issue 3, Page 242–246. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
4. Chapman, Paul P.; Whitehead, James R.; Binkert, Ronald H. (November 1998). "The 225–1b Reps-to-Fatigue Test as a Submaximal Estimate of 1-RM Bench Press Performance in College Football Players". *Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research*. **12** (4): 258–261. doi:10.1519/00124278-199811000-00010. S2CID 220562559.
5. Reynolds, JM; Gordon, TJ; Robergs, RA (August 2006). "Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry" (PDF). *Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research*. **20** (3): 584–92. doi:10.1519/R-15304.1. PMID 16937972. S2CID 17050039.
6. Epley, Boyd (1985). "Poundage Chart". *Boyd Epley Workout*. Lincoln, NE: Body Enterprises. p. 86.
7. Brzycki, Matt (1998). *A Practical Approach To Strength Training*. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-57028-018-4.
8. Kemmler, Wolfgang K.; Lauber, Dirk; Wassermann, Alfred; Mayhew, Jerry L. (2006-11-01). "Predicting maximal strength in trained postmenopausal woman". *Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research*. **20** (4): 838–842. doi:10.1519/R-18905.1. ISSN 1064-8011. PMID 17194251. S2CID 12769411.
9. Naclerio Ayllón, Fernando; Jiménez Gutiérrez, Alfonso; Alvar, Brent A.; Peterson, Mark D. (2009). "Assessing strength and power in resistance training". *Journal of Human Sport and Exercise*. **4** (2): 100–113. doi:10.4100/jhse.2009.42.04.
10. LeSuer, Dale A.; McCormick, James H.; Mayhew, Jerry L.; Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Arnold, Michael D. (November 1997). "The Accuracy of Prediction Equations for Estimating 1-RM Performance in the Bench Press, Squat, and Deadlift". *Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research*. **11** (4): 211–213. doi:10.1519/00124278-199711000-00001. S2CID 144001941.
11. Earle; Baechle, eds. (2000). *Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 2nd edition*. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 395-425.
12. McNair, P.J.; Colvin, M.; Reid, D. (February 2011). "Predicting maximal strength of quadriceps from submaximal performance in individuals with knee joint osteoarthritis". *Arthritis Care & Research*. **63** (2): 216–222. doi:10.1002/acr.20368. PMID 20890972. S2CID 205221382.
13. Marchese, Rosemary; Hill, Andrew (2011). *The essential guide to fitness: for the fitness instructor*. Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9781442510203.

## Further reading


title: Mao Chaofeng

abstract:
Mao Chaofeng is a Chinese politician, serving since 2015 as the executive vice governor of Hainan province. He was born in Zhecheng County, Henan province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1986. He graduated from the Beijing Meteorological Institute, where he studied weather forecasting. He worked in his earlier career for the Civil Aviation Authority of China. Then he served as mayor of Jiaozuo, then party chief of Zhoukou. In October 2011 he was named a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee of Henan province, entering sub-provincial ranks at age 45; in February 2012 Mao assumed the office of the director of the provincial Political and Legal Affairs commission.
In January 2013, he was transferred to become head of the Political and Legal Affairs commission in Hainan province. In January 2015, he was named executive vice governor of Hainan. Mao is an alternate member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

text:
# Mao Chaofeng

**Mao Chaofeng** (Chinese: 毛超峰; born December 1965) is a Chinese politician, serving since 2015 as the executive vice governor of Hainan province. He was born in Zhecheng County, Henan province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1986. He graduated from the Beijing Meteorological Institute (later merged into Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology), where he studied weather forecasting.

He worked in his earlier career for the Civil Aviation Authority of China. Then he served as mayor of Jiaozuo, then party chief of Zhoukou. In October 2011 he was named a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee of Henan province, entering sub-provincial ranks at age 45; in February 2012 Mao assumed the office of the director of the provincial Political and Legal Affairs commission. In January 2013, he was transferred to become head of the Political and Legal Affairs commission in Hainan province. In January 2015, he was named executive vice governor of Hainan.

Mao is an alternate member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.


title: 1969 Chichester by-election

abstract: The 1969 Chichester by-election of 22 May 1969 was held following the death of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Walter Loveys. The seat was retained for the Conservatives by Christopher Chataway, who had previously been MP for Lewisham North from 1959 to 1966.

text:
# 1969 Chichester by-election

The **1969 Chichester by-election** of 22 May 1969 was held following the death of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Walter Loveys. The seat was retained for the Conservatives by Christopher Chataway, who had previously been MP for Lewisham North from 1959 to 1966.

## Results

Chichester by-Election 1969
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Christopher Chataway** | **31,966** | **74.16** | **+17.00** |
|  | Liberal | Denys Kinsella | 5,879 | 13.64 | −4.07 |
|  | Labour | John White | 5,257 | 12.20 | −12.93 |
| Majority | | | 26,087 | 60.52 | +28.49 |
| Turnout | | | 43,102 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1966: Chichester
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Walter Loveys** | **31,358** | **57.16** |  |
|  | Labour | DJ Burnett | 13,784 | 25.13 |  |
|  | Liberal | PJ Collins | 9,714 | 17.71 |  |
| Majority | | | 17,574 | 32.03 |  |
| Turnout | | | 54,856 | 73.19 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +3.15 |  |


title: Story of My Life (Smash Mouth song)

abstract: "Story of My Life" is the first promo single from Smash Mouth's 2006 album Summer Girl. The "Story Of My Life" music video was filmed in an episode in Season 6 of the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life, featuring all the housemates from that season, like Florence Henderson, Alexis Arquette, Tawny Kitaen, C.C. DeVille and others. The song has been used in promotion of Shrek the Third. This is the third instance of a Smash Mouth song being used in some fashion for the Shrek film series. "All Star" and a cover of The Monkees song "I'm a Believer" were both used in the first Shrek film.

text:
# Story of My Life (Smash Mouth song)

**"Story of My Life"** is the first promo single from Smash Mouth's 2006 album *Summer Girl*.

The "Story Of My Life" music video was filmed in an episode in Season 6 of the VH1 reality show *The Surreal Life*, featuring all the housemates from that season, like Florence Henderson, Alexis Arquette, Tawny Kitaen, C.C. DeVille and others.

The song has been used in promotion of *Shrek the Third*. This is the third instance of a Smash Mouth song being used in some fashion for the *Shrek* film series. "All Star" and a cover of The Monkees song "I'm a Believer" were both used in the first *Shrek* film.

## InfoBox

| "Story of My Life" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Smash Mouth | |
| from the album  *Summer Girl* | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Genre | Pop punk |
| Length | 3:21 |
| Label | Beautiful Bomb Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Steve Harwell, Matthew Gerrard, Robbie Nevil |
| Smash Mouth singles chronology | |
| "You Are My Number One"
(2003) "**Story of My Life**"
(2006) "So Insane"
(2006) | |


title: Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom

abstract: Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom is a British documentary television series that first broadcast on BBC Two on 29 November 2013. The three-part series explores Myanmar's forests. The filmmakers are Gordon Buchanan, Ross Piper and Justine Evans. The scientists for the series are Chris Wemmer, Darrin Lunde, Khyne U Mar, Kristofer Helgen and Nicole Edmison.

text:
# Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom

***Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom*** is a British documentary television series that first broadcast on BBC Two on 29 November 2013. The three-part series explores Myanmar's forests. The filmmakers are Gordon Buchanan, Ross Piper and Justine Evans. The scientists for the series are Chris Wemmer, Darrin Lunde, Khyne U Mar, Kristofer Helgen and Nicole Edmison.

## Production

The series was produced by Susanna Handslip and executive produced by Tim Scoones and Tim Martin. The BBC Natural History Unit and the Smithsonian Institution scientists worked together to explore the jungle.

## Episode list

| # | Title | Original air date | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | "Episode 1" | 29 November 2013 (2013-11-29) | 2.05 |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | 6 December 2013 (2013-12-06) | 2.08 |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | 13 December 2013 (2013-12-13) | 1.88 |

## Reception

### Ratings

According to overnight viewing figures, the first episode had an 8.3% audience share, with 1.91 million viewers. The second and third episodes had audience shares of 8%.

## InfoBox

| *Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Factual |
| Presented by |  |
| Narrated by | Paterson Joseph |
| Composer | Jonathan Gunton |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 3 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Tim Scoones * Tim Martin |
| Producer | Susanna Handslip |
| Production location | Myanmar |
| Editor | Mark Fox |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | 29 November (2013-11-29)
13 December 2013 (2013-12-13) |


title: Three Popes and the Jews

abstract: Three Popes and the Jews is a 1967 book by Pinchas Lapide, a former Israeli Consul to Milan, who at the time of publication was a deputy editor in the Israeli Prime Minister's press office. The "three popes" are Pope Pius XII (1939–1958), Pope John XXIII (1958–1963), and Pope Paul VI (1963–1978).

text:
# Three Popes and the Jews

***Three Popes and the Jews*** is a 1967 book by Pinchas Lapide, a former Israeli Consul to Milan, who at the time of publication was a deputy editor in the Israeli Prime Minister's press office. The "three popes" are Pope Pius XII (1939–1958), Pope John XXIII (1958–1963), and Pope Paul VI (1963–1978).

## Reviews

*The Catholic Herald* in its review of the book observed, *"The intentions of Mr. Lapide, deputy editor of the Prime Minister's press office in Israel and a pioneer of inter-faith relations, are so excellent that the reviewer finds it embarrassing to point out mistakes. These cast some doubt on the accuracy of the facts and figures of the rescue operations given later in great detail.*" The Roman Catholic periodical *The Tablet* observed *"Embarrassed enquirers into the alleged "guilty silence" of the papacy over the Nazi extermination of the Jews have had to wait rather long for a comprehensive, well-documented and almost unreserved vindication.*"

Rabbi David G. Dalin in *The Myth of Hitler's Pope* calls the book "meticulously researched and comprehensive" as well as "the definitive work by a Jewish scholar on the subject".

Holocaust historian Dr. Susan Zuccotti calls the work "consistently erroneous" as well as "replete with egregious mistakes and distortions". Lapide's work makes many claims to which he himself claims to have been the witness, but also makes other claims, generally without citing sources. One of Lapide's main goals as Consul to Milan was Vatican recognition of the State of Israel, and Zuccotti assesses that "memories of past commissions and omissions were readily sacrificed to the goal of constructing a better future".

John Cornwell states that *Three Popes* is a "formidable and scholarly riposte to those who would paint Pius XII and the Holy See as villains but it carried the taint of diplomatic self-interest". For example, the book ends with an alleged quotation from "Papa Roncalli" to Maurice Fisher, the Israeli ambassador in Rome, that "I would recognize the State of Israel here and now".

## Use by defenders of Pius XII

The book is the source of many claims made by defenders of Pope Pius XII about his attempts to save Jews during The Holocaust. In *Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy*, Zuccotti traces a variety of claims by Pius XII's defenders (cited or uncited) back to Lapide. Roth and Ritner criticize defenders of Pius XII such as Rychlak, Dalin, and William Doino, for drawing on "problematic sources such as Pinchas Lapide"; they note that the book is "filled with errors" and "cited endlessly by papal defenders".

The most famous and widely quoted (and misquoted) claim of Lapide is that "The Catholic Church, under the pontificate of Pius XII was instrumental in saving at least 700,000 but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands" (pp. 214–215). Lapide claimed to have reached this number by subtracting "all reasonable claims of rescue made by the Protestant Churches \[...\] as well as those saved by Communists, self-described agnostics and other non-Christian Gentiles" from his estimate of 1,300,000 European Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. Lapide gives no calculation or documentation for this figure. Even José M. Sánchez, himself a defender of Pius XII, states that "the undocumented calculation and suggestive wording have been ignored by Pius's defenders. Their uncritical acceptance of Lapide's statistics and statements has weakened their arguments".

The book also contains a quotation allegedly from Pope John XXIII (well known for his own efforts to save Jews) that "In all these painful matters I have referred to the Holy See and simply carried out the Pope's orders: first and foremost to save human lives" (p. 181). Lapide claims that Roncalli personally made this statement to him in 1957 in Venice, although there are no other witnesses. This quote is repeatedly uncritically by Ronald J. Rychlak among others, although Rychlak alters it to say "Jewish lives" instead of "human lives".

Lapide also claims a similar quotation by Pope Paul VI (again repeated by Rychlak), allegedly refusing an award from an Italian Jewish delegation because "All I did was my duty. And besides I only acted upon orders from the Holy Father. Nobody deserves a medal for that." The source for this quote is again only Lapide (p. 137), but this time he does not claim to be an eyewitness. Zuccotti regards this anecdote as unconvincing because "there is little evidence that \[Paul VI\] ever did much for the Jews" and the ADSS even contains examples of his refusing requests for assistance. The quote is also inconsistent with his 1963 article in *The Tablet* defending Pius XII which claims not that he directed others to save Jews, but that he refrained because it would have been "not only futile but harmful".


title: Oryx GTL

abstract: ORYX GTL is a synthetic fuel plant based in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar, owned by QatarEnergy (51%) and Sasol (49%). It uses gas to liquids (GTL) technology for converting natural gas into liquid petroleum products. The capacity of Oryx GTL in 2007 was 34 thousand barrels per day of oil.

text:
# Oryx GTL

**ORYX GTL** (Arabic: أوريكس جي تي إل) is a synthetic fuel plant based in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar, owned by QatarEnergy (51%) and Sasol (49%). It uses gas to liquids (GTL) technology for converting natural gas into liquid petroleum products. The capacity of Oryx GTL in 2007 was 34 thousand barrels per day (5.4×10~~^~~3 m3/d) of oil.

## History

Construction of the plant started in 2003. The plant began production in 2007.

## InfoBox

ORYX GTL Limited
| Founder | QatarEnergy
Sasol Middle East & India |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Doha, Qatar |
| Key people | Sh. Thani T Al Thani
(CEO) |
| Website | www.oryxgtl.qa |


title: Night (hieroglyph)

abstract: The ancient Egyptian Night hieroglyph, Gardiner sign listed nos. N3 is a portrayal of the sky with the 'was' scepter hanging from it; it is in the Gardiner subset for "sky, earth, and water". In the Egyptian language, the night hieroglyph is used as a determinative for words relating to 'obscurity'. In the language it is used for grh-(grḥ), and w(kh)-(uḫ) for night, and kkw-(kku) for dark, and a determinative for other related words.

text:
# Night (hieroglyph)

|  |
| --- |
| Night
Nightfall
in hieroglyphs |
|  |
|  |
|  |

The ancient Egyptian **Night hieroglyph**, Gardiner sign listed nos. N3 is a portrayal of the *sky with the 'was' scepter hanging from it*; it is in the Gardiner subset for "sky, earth, and water".

In the Egyptian language, the *night hieroglyph* is used as a determinative for words relating to 'obscurity'. In the language it is used for *grh*-(grḥ), and *w(kh)*-(uḫ) for **night**, and *kkw*-(kku) for **dark**, and a determinative for other related words.

* Betrò, 1995. *Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt,* Betrò, Maria Carmela, c. 1995, 1996-(English), Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, London, Paris (hardcover, ISBN 0-7892-0232-8)


abstract: This is a list of Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players in the NFL Draft.hhh

text:
# List of Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas in the NFL draft

This is a **list of Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players in the NFL Draft.**hhh

## Key

| B | Back | K | Kicker | NT | Nose tackle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Center | LB | Linebacker | FB | Fullback |
| DB | Defensive back | P | Punter | HB | Halfback |
| DE | Defensive end | QB | Quarterback | WR | Wide receiver |
| DT | Defensive tackle | RB | Running back | G | Guard |
| E | End | T | Offensive tackle | TE | Tight end |
|

## Selections

| Year | Round | Pick | Overall | Player | Team | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1942 | 22 | 5 | 200 | Stu Clarkson | Chicago Bears | C |
| 1949 | 24 | 5 | 236 | Ivan Snowden | Pittsburgh Steelers | T |
| 1957 | 15 | 4 | 173 | Hall Whitley | Baltimore Colts | C |
| 1963 | 12 | 13 | 167 | Tom Janik | Detroit Lions | DB |
| 1964 | 3 | 14 | 42 | Sid Blanks | Chicago Bears | RB |
| 1966 | 1 | 16 | 16 | Randy Johnson | Atlanta Falcons | QB |
| 1967 | 1 | 17 | 17 | Gene Upshaw | Oakland Raiders | G |
| 1968 | 1 | 18 | 18 | Jim Hill | San Diego Chargers | DB |
| 1969 | 9 | 15 | 223 | Ray Hickl | New York Giants | LB |
| | 12 | 24 | 310 | Butch Riley | Baltimore Colts | LB |
| 1970 | 2 | 15 | 41 | Al Matthews | Green Bay Packers | DB |
| 1971 | 2 | 9 | 35 | Dwight Harrison | Denver Broncos | WR |
| | 3 | 26 | 78 | Karl Douglas | Baltimore Colts | QB |
| | 11 | 3 | 263 | Andy Browder | Buffalo Bills | T |
| 1972 | 1 | 17 | 17 | Eldridge Small | New York Giants | DB |
| | 5 | 17 | 121 | Larry Edwards | New York Giants | LB |
| 1973 | 1 | 17 | 17 | Ernie Price | Detroit Lions | DE |
| | 3 | 23 | 75 | Levi Johnson | Detroit Lions | DB |
| | 10 | 13 | 247 | James Krempin | New York Jets | T |
| 1975 | 1 | 15 | 15 | Don Hardeman | Houston Oilers | RB |
| 1976 | 2 | 18 | 46 | David Hill | Detroit Lions | TE |
| | 4 | 2 | 94 | Gerald Taylor | Los Angeles Rams | WR |
| 1977 | 2 | 19 | 47 | George Franklin | St. Louis Cardinals | RB |
| 1978 | 2 | 14 | 42 | John Barefield | St. Louis Cardinals | LB |
| | 3 | 11 | 67 | Larry Collins | Cleveland Browns | RB |
| | 3 | 13 | 69 | Doug Greene | St. Louis Cardinals | DB |
| | 6 | 8 | 146 | Glenn Starks | Seattle Seahawks | WR |
| | 7 | 22 | 188 | Mike Hawkins | New England Patriots | LB |
| | 10 | 22 | 272 | Hughie Shaw | Minnesota Vikings | RB |
| 1979 | 12 | 23 | 326 | Brian Sweeney | Detroit Lions | WR |
| 1980<br> | 10 | 4 | 253 | Jafus White | Green Bay Packers | DB |
| | 10 | 18 | 267 | Andy Hawkins | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | LB |
| 1981 | 7 | 27 | 193 | Don Washington | Houston Oilers | DB |
| 1982 | 6 | 18 | 157 | Durwood Roquemore | Kansas City Chiefs | DB |
| 1983 | 1 | 28 | 28 | Darrell Green | Washington Redskins | DB |
| 1984 | 7 | 28 | 196 | Lloyd Lewis | Minnesota Vikings | G |
| 1989 | 6 | 23 | 162 | Heath Sherman | Philadelphia Eagles | RB |
| | 11 | 5 | 284 | Rod Mounts | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | G |
| 1990 | 9 | 8 | 228 | Johnny Bailey | Chicago Bears | RB |
| | 12 | 19 | 323 | Kerry Simien | Cleveland Browns | WR |
| 1991 | 10 | 5 | 255 | Herbie Anderson | Phoenix Cardinals | DB |
| 1993 | 3 | 25 | 81 | Earl Dotson | Green Bay Packers | T |
| 1994 | 3 | 7 | 72 | Anthony Phillips | Atlanta Falcons | DB |
| 1995 | 7 | 19 | 227 | Jeffrey Rodgers | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | DE |
| 1996 | 1 | 25 | 25 | Jermane Mayberry | Philadelphia Eagles | G |
| 1997 | 6 | 6 | 169 | Al Harris | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | DB |
| 2000 | 7 | 38 | 244 | Giles Cole | Minnesota Vikings | TE |
| 2001 | 4 | 4 | 99 | Roberto Garza | Atlanta Falcons | C |
|


title: One-room jail

abstract: In the United States, a one-room jail is a type of jail with only one room, or cell.

text:
# One-room jail

In the United States, a **one-room jail** is a type of jail with only one room, or cell.

## One-room jail

Examples

## Calaboose

In some areas of the United States, a small, free-standing, one or two room jail building is known as a **calaboose**, meaning "dungeon" in Spanish. Calaboose were mainly used to incarcerate prisoners for minor crimes, such as drunkenness in public or fighting, or as a temporary holding cell for when a prisoner awaited transportation to a county jail.

Use of the calaboose was common throughout much of the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and today surviving examples can be found in several states. Texas, with its large number of counties, has the highest concentration of historic calaboose jail buildings with over 100 known structures. Many calaboose have only a single cell, feature a curved or vaulted ceiling, and were constructed of solid concrete, although brick, stone and wooden examples also survive.

Examples * Arrow Rock Calaboose: Stone structure with vaulted ceiling in Arrow Rock, Missouri. Built in 1873 to replace the original log jail building that was burned by an arsonist in 1872. Fully restored by the city of Arrow Rock and open to the public.
* Bronwood Calaboose: Wooden-frame building with a gabled roof and two cells. Built around 1900 in Bronwood, Georgia, and in use until 1954. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
* Delmar Calaboose: Located in Delmar, Iowa. Built of limestone block in 1878 and used well into the 20th century. Currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
* Elsberry Calaboose: Limestone block structure built c.1896 to replace the original wooden calaboose, which burned. Located in Elsberry, Missouri, the calaboose has been fully restored by the city and is open to the public.
* Holliday Calaboose: Concrete structure in Holliday, Texas, with two cells. Built in the 1920s and now privately owned. Located in a vacant lot near the Holliday Post Office.
* Ruby Jail: Small concrete structure with vaulted ceiling in the ghost town of Ruby, Arizona. Built in 1936 to replace the mesquite jail tree. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1975.
* Texola Jail: Concrete and cinder block structure in Texola, Oklahoma. Built in 1908 and in use until 1910. Now open to the public.
* Wingate Calaboose: Red brick building built in 1897 and in use until 1945. Located behind the town hall in Wingate, Indiana.

## Strap-iron jail

A **strap-iron jail** is a type of open air jail made of strap iron bars. Basically a large metal cage with either one or two cells, strap-iron jails were commonly used in the United States in the mid to late 19th century. Several surviving examples exist in Texas.

Examples


title: 1972 Moroccan constitutional referendum

abstract: A constitutional referendum was held in Morocco on 1 March 1972. The new constitution replaced that approved by referendum in 1970, and was drawn up after an attempted coup in July 1971 forced King Hassan II to accept the need for a broader government. The constitution was approved by 98.8% of voters with a 93% turnout, and was promulgated on 10 March. Elections were scheduled for May. However, they were then indefinitely postponed, and did not take place until 1977.

text:
# 1972 Moroccan constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Morocco on 1 March 1972. The new constitution replaced that approved by referendum in 1970, and was drawn up after an attempted coup in July 1971 forced King Hassan II to accept the need for a broader government (the previous constitution had limited directly elected seats to only 90 of the 240 in Parliament).

The constitution was approved by 98.8% of voters with a 93% turnout, and was promulgated on 10 March. Elections were scheduled for May. However, they were then indefinitely postponed, and did not take place until 1977.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 4,434,859 | 98.8 |
| Against | 55,737 | 1.2 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 29,276 |  |
| **Total** | **4,519,923** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 4,862,009 | 93.0 |
| Source: Nohlen *et al.* | | |

## InfoBox

1972 Moroccan constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **4,434,850** **98.76%**  **No** 55,737 1.24%  Valid votes 4,490,587 99.35%  Invalid or blank votes 29,336 0.65%  **Total votes** **4,519,923** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 4,862,009 92.96% | |


title: William A. Lake

abstract: William Augustus Lake was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Mississippi from 1855 to 1857.

text:
# William A. Lake

**William Augustus Lake** (January 6, 1808 – October 15, 1861) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Mississippi from 1855 to 1857.

## Biography

Born near Cambridge, Maryland on January 6, 1808, Lake pursued classical studies and was graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1827. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1831, after which he moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1834 and started practicing in Vicksburg. He served as member of the Mississippi State Senate in 1848.

### Congress

Lake was elected as an American Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1856 to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1859 to 1861, and was its Speaker in the January 1861 session.

### Later career and death

He then resumed the practice of law. He was a candidate for the Confederate Congress in 1861 and, during the canvass was killed in a duel by his opponent, Colonel Chambers, of Mississippi, October 15, 1861, at Hopefield, Arkansas, opposite Memphis, Tennessee. He was interred in the City Cemetery, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| William Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Mississippi's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1855  March 3, 1857 | |
| Preceded by | Wiley P. Harris |
| Succeeded by | Otho R. Singleton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Augustus Lake
(1808-01-06)January 6, 1808
near Cambridge, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | October 15, 1861(1861-10-15) (aged 53)
Hopefield, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Political party | Know Nothing |
| Education | Washington and Jefferson College (BA) |
|  | |


abstract: William Thomas George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 10th Earl Fitzwilliam JP, known as Tom, of Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, Yorkshire and of Milton Hall, Peterborough, was a British peer. He was the patron of 33 livings. When he died without issue the earldom became extinct.

text:
# Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 10th Earl Fitzwilliam

**William Thomas George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 10th Earl Fitzwilliam** JP (28 May 1904 – 21 September 1979), known as **Tom**, of Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, Yorkshire (the largest private residence in England) and of Milton Hall, Peterborough (the largest house in Cambridgeshire), was a British peer. He was the patron of 33 livings. When he died without issue the earldom became extinct.

## Origins

He was the son and heir of George Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, son of Hon. George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, MP, 3rd son of the 5th Earl Fitzwilliam (1786–1857). His mother was Evelyn Lyster, daughter of Charles Stephen Lyster.

## Career

He was educated at Eton College in houses run by Reginald Saumarez de Havilland and Clement James Mellish Adie. In 1923 he went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge. He was appointed Justice of the Peace (JP) for the Liberty of Peterborough.

## Marriage

On 3 April 1956, he married Joyce Elizabeth Mary Langdale (25 April 1898 – 7 June 1995) of Houghton Hall, Yorkshire. She had previously been married to the 2nd Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent (1883–1962), from whom she was divorced in 1955. She died in 1995 at her home in Peterborough.

## Death

He died in 1979 at Wentworth Woodhouse. He left no issue from his marriage. He left £11,776,401 gross (£11,584,880 net), thus paying virtually no death duties.

## Ancestry

Black Diamonds by Catherine Bailey, (the rise and fall of an English Dynasty

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Earl FitzwilliamJP | |
| --- | --- |
| The 10th Earl Fitzwilliam | |
| Born | William Thomas George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam
(1904-05-28)28 May 1904 |
| Died | 21 September 1979(1979-09-21) (aged 75)
Wentworth Woodhouse, South Yorkshire, England |
| Spouse(s) | Joyce FitzAlan-Howard, Viscountess FitzAlan of Derwent  (m. 1956) |
| Parent(s) | George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam
Evelyn Lyster |


title: Osadniki

abstract: Osadniki is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Gardeja, 10 km (6 mi) south of Kwidzyn, and 82 km (51 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Osadniki

**Osadniki** \[ɔsadˈniki\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Gardeja, 10 km (6 mi) south of Kwidzyn, and 82 km (51 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Osadniki | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Osadniki | |
| Coordinates: 53°39′11″N 18°56′20″E / 53.65306°N 18.93889°E / 53.65306; 18.93889 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kwidzyn |
| Gmina | Gardeja |