title: Napoleon III's Louvre expansion

abstract: The expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the Nouveau Louvre or Louvre de Napoléon III, was an iconic project of the Second French Empire and a centerpiece of its ambitious transformation of Paris. Its design was initially produced by Louis Visconti and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by Hector-Martin Lefuel. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the grand dessein, to connect the old Louvre Palace around the Cour Carrée with the Tuileries Palace to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871 and demolition a decade later, Napoleon III's nouveau Louvre became the eastern end of Paris's axe historique centered on the Champs-Élysées. The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the ministère d’Etat and ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur which after 1871 were attributed to the Finance Ministry. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the Louvre Museum.

text:
# Napoleon III's Louvre expansion

The **expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III** in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the **Nouveau Louvre** or **Louvre de Napoléon III**, was an iconic project of the Second French Empire and a centerpiece of its ambitious transformation of Paris. Its design was initially produced by Louis Visconti and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by Hector-Martin Lefuel. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the *grand dessein* ("grand design"), to connect the old Louvre Palace around the Cour Carrée with the Tuileries Palace to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871 and demolition a decade later, Napoleon III's *nouveau Louvre* became the eastern end of Paris's *axe historique* centered on the Champs-Élysées.

The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the *ministère d’Etat* and *ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur* which after 1871 were attributed to the Finance Ministry. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the Louvre Museum.

## Project development

Following the French Revolution of 1848, the provisional government adopted a decree on the continuation of the rue de Rivoli toward the east and the completion of the Louvre Palace's north wing, building on the steps taken to that effect under Napoleon. Architect Louis Visconti and his disciple Émile Trélat produced a draft design for completing the entire palace and presented it to the Legislative Assembly in 1849. These plans were not implemented, however, until President Louis-Napoleon was in a position to prioritize them following his successful coup d'état on 2 December 1851, even before he would formally rebrand himself as Emperor Napoleon III. On Napoleon III's order, Minister François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca commissioned Visconti to design the new Louvre's plans on 30 January 1852, and the first stone was laid on 25 July 1852.

After Visconti died of a heart attack on 29 December 1853, Hector-Martin Lefuel, by then the architect of the Palace of Fontainebleau, was appointed to replace him. Lefuel modified Visconti's project, keeping its broad architectural outlines but opting for a considerably more exuberant decoration program that came to define the *nouveau Louvre* in the eyes of many observers. Old houses and other buildings that still encroached on the central space of the Louvre-Tuileries complex, between the Cour Carrée and the place du Carrousel, were swept clear. The project was swiftly executed, under the close attention of Napoleon III who visited the works on multiple occasions. The new buildings were substantially completed at the time of their inauguration by the emperor on 14 August 1857. The next day, which was the National Day as the date of "Saint-Napoléon", the public was invited to roam the new buildings.

The young American architect Richard Morris Hunt, who had studied under Lefuel at the École des Beaux-Arts, worked on the Louvre as a junior architect between April 1854 and September 1855, as also did Italian architect Marco Treves from May 1854 to September 1857. Following Hunt's graduation, Lefuel made him inspector of the Louvre work and allowed him to design the façade of the *Pavillon de la Bibliothèque* facing the rue de Rivoli.

## Description

The Nouveau Louvre mostly consists of two sets of buildings or wings, on the northern and southern sides of the central space that is now called the Cour Napoléon. The new buildings were structured around a sequence of pavilions that were given names of French statesmen from the Ancien Régime (North Wing) and the Napoleonic era (South Wing), still used to this day: from the northwest to the southwest, *pavillon Turgot*, *pavillon Richelieu*, *pavillon Colbert*, *pavillon Sully* (the project's new name for the pre-existing pavillon de l'Horloge), *pavillon Daru* topping the eponymous staircase, *pavillon Denon*, and *pavillon Mollien* also featuring a monumental staircase. (From 1989, the names of the three central pavilions have also been given to the entire respective wings of the Louvre museum complex. Thus, the Louvre's North Wing is now known as *aile Richelieu*, its eastern square of buildings around the Cour Carrée is the *aile Sully*, and the South Wing is the *aile Denon*.)

Lefuel created two octagonal gardens at the center of the Cour Napoléon (now replaced by the Louvre Pyramid). In multiple parts of the project, Napoleon III emphasized his role as continuator of the great French monarchs of the past, and as the one who completed their unfinished work. On both sides of the Pavillon Sully, black marble plaques bear gilded inscriptions that read, respectively: "1541. François Ier commence le Louvre. 1564. Catherine de Médicis commence les Tuileries," and "1852-1857. Napoléon III réunit les Tuileries au Louvre." Separately, Napoleon III created a Musée des Souverains in the Louvre's Colonnade Wing to similarly emphasize the continuity of his rule with the long legacy of French monarchy and thus bolster his legitimacy.

The Louvre expansion shortly after its completion, photographed by Édouard Baldus (late 1850s)

On the eastern side of the Cour Napoléon, the project entailed no new building but rather the exterior refacing of the pre-existing palace whose interior rooms were left unchanged. For the central pavillon de l'Horloge's new western façade, Visconti took inspiration from both its eastern side designed by Jacques Lemercier in the 1620s and from the central pavilion of the Tuileries Palace, itself influenced by Lemercier's. The same inspiration shaped the pavilions named after Richelieu and Denon on the Cour Napoléon's northern and southern sides. Lefuel transformed Visconti's understated original design and added a profusion of elaborate sculptural detail. Despite being criticized by a number of observers, e.g. by Ludovic Vitet, Prosper Mérimée and Horace de Viel-Castel, Lefuel's treatment of the square-dome-roofed pavilions became a seminal model for Second Empire architecture in France and elsewhere.

Inside the North Wing were prestige apartments for some of the regime's principal figures, including those of the Minister of State (long mistakenly attributed to the Duke of Morny and now known as the *appartements Napoléon III*), served by a monumental staircase later known as the *escalier du ministre*; administrative offices for the *ministère d'Etat*, the short-lived *ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies* (1858-1860), the *ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur* (separated from the *ministère d'Etat* in 1860), and (briefly) the *ministère des Beaux-Arts* created in early 1870; the Directorate of Telegraphs; barracks for the Imperial Guard; and the *Bibliothèque du Louvre* (formerly *bibliothèque impériale* under Napoleon and *bibliothèque du Cabinet du Roi* under the Restoration), personal property of the emperor but open to the public, on the upper floor between the Pavillon Richelieu and the rue de Rivoli. The latter was acceded by the monumental *escalier de la Bibliothèque* (known since the late 19th century as *escalier Lefuel*), with sculpted decoration by Lefuel's friend Marie-Noémi Cadiot. Initial plans to locate the Minister of the Interior in the North Wing's eastern half were abandoned in the late 1850s.

The South Wing was largely devoted to a series of new spaces for the Louvre Museum that were dubbed the *Nouveau Musée Impérial*. These included, on the upper ground floor, a new entrance lobby flanked by two long stone-clad galleries, respectively named after Napoleon's ministers Pierre Daru (*Galerie Daru*) and Nicolas François, Count Mollien (*Galerie Mollien*), with the monumental staircases bearing those same names at both ends; and on the first floor, high-ceilinged exhibition rooms for large paintings, the *Salle Daru* and *salle Mollien*, with the *Pavillon Denon* in the middle, whose lavish interior decoration was completed in 1866. On the same floor, between the Pavillon Denon and the Grande Galerie, Lefuel created a large Estates Hall (*Salle des États*) for state events and ceremonies.

Below these prestige spaces was an extensive complex of stables for up to 149 horses and 34 carriages. At the center of it is the brick-and-stone *salle du Manège*, a monumental indoor space for horse-riding under the Salle des États, between two interior courts named after Caulaincourt (west) and Visconti (east). (The *cour Caulaincourt* was renamed after Lefuel following the architect's death in 1880.) The stables were nominally supervised by Great Equerry (*grand écuyer*) Émile Félix Fleury, whose spacious apartment was on the western side of the Cour Lefuel and adorned with a porticoed balcony. The South wing also included barracks for the Cent-gardes Squadron and lodgings for the palace's service personnel.

## Statuary

Initially, Visconti's plan was to erect equestrian statues of Louis XIV and Napoleon I at the center of the Cour Napoléon's two octagonal gardens, and another one of Francis I in the Cour Carrée. This was ostensibly intended to emphasize his claim to legitimacy as the inheritor of France's two (royal and imperial) strands of monarchical development. This program, however, was not realized.

Nevertheless, sculptural profusion was one of the defining features of Lefuel's approach. Arguably the most salient component is the series of 86 statues of celebrated figures (*hommes illustres*) from French history and culture, selected by Napoleon III himself, each one labelled with their name. These include, following the order of the wings from northwest to southwest:

. * Eastern side of the *Cour Napoléon*: François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, by Aimé Millet; Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, by Pierre Hébert; Jean de Joinville, by Jean Marcellin; Esprit Fléchier, by François Lanno; Philippe de Commines, by Eugène-Louis Lequesne; Jacques Amyot, by Pierre Travaux; Pierre Mignard, by Debay fils; Jean Baptiste Massillon, by François Jouffroy; Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau, by Georges Diebolt; Jean Goujon, by Bernard Seurre; Claude Lorrain, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay; André Grétry, by Victor Vilain; Jean-François Regnard, by Théodore-Charles Gruyère; Jacques Cœur, by Élias Robert; Enguerrand de Marigny, by Nicolas Raggi; André Chénier, by Antoine-Augustin Préault; Jean-Balthazar Keller, by Pierre Robinet; and Antoine Coysevox, by Jules-Antoine Droz.

Among the abundant architectural sculpture of the Nouveau Louvre, the pediments of the three main pavilions stand out:

The latter group includes the depiction of a steam locomotive, then representing cutting-edge technological progress, and the only surviving public portrayal of Napoleon III in Paris.

The South Wing's *salle du Manège* was another opportunity for Lefuel to foster a rich structural program, which was executed in 1861 after the Nouveau Louvre's inauguration. Outside in the Cour Lefuel, four bronze groups of wild animals by Pierre Louis Rouillard stand at the start of the two horse ramps : *Chienne et ses petits*, *Loup et petit chien*, *Chien combattant un loup*, and *Chien combattant un sanglier*. At the top of the ramps above the entrance to the manège, a monumental group, also by Rouillard, features three surging horses that echo Robert Le Lorrain's *chevaux du soleil* at the Hôtel de Rohan (Paris). Inside, the idiosyncratic hunting-themed capitals feature heads of horses and other animals, by Emmanuel Frémiet, Pierre Louis Rouillard, Henri Alfred Jacquemart, Germain Demay, and Houguenade.

## Later history

The pavillon de Flore photographed by Baldus in 1861 just before demolition (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right) The *Guichets du Carrousel*, Baldus photography c.1857 (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right) Barye's lions and Cain's lionesses, *porte des Lions*

In 1861, the Pavillon de Flore was in serious disrepair. Following the successful completion of the Louvre expansion, Napoleon III endorsed Lefuel's plan to entirely demolish and rebuild both the Pavillon and the wing that connects it to the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. The project involved the creation of a new ceremonial *salle des Etats*, closer to the Tuileries than Lefuel's previous Salle des États, in a protruding wing now referred to as the *Pavillon des Sessions*, with covered space for 16 carriages and 32 horse teams known as the *cour de l'en-cas*. As this structure took the full width of the building, the Grande Galerie was correspondingly cut short by about a third. The Southern façade was completely changed, as Lefuel disliked Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau's colossal order and replacing it with a replica of the earlier design attributed to Louis Métezeau further east. Between the Pavillon de Flore and the Pavillon des Sessions, Lefuel created a monumental passageway (then called the *Guichet de l'Empereur*, now Porte des Lions) between 1864 and 1869, adorned with two pairs of monumental lions by Antoine-Louis Barye to the south and lionesses by Auguste Cain to the north, with two additional lionesses by Cain in front of the nearby *porte Jaujard*. At the eastern end of the new project, Lefuel created three monumental archways for the thoroughfare connecting the Pont du Carrousel to the south with the rue de Rohan to the north, known as the *guichets du Carrousel* or *grands guichets du Louvre*. The project was completed in 1869 as an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Barye was placed above the arches of the Grands Guichets.

That setting, however, did not last long, as the Second Empire came to its abrupt end. On 6 September 1870, days after the Emperor's capture at the Battle of Sedan, Barye's equestrian statue was topped and destroyed. At the end of the Paris Commune on 23 May 1871, the Tuileries Palace was burned down, as was the Bibliothèque du Louvre. Lefuel, together with Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, defended the option of repairing the ruins, but shortly after both died the French parliament decided to tear them down in 1882, largely for political motives associated with the termination of the monarchy. After the remains of the Tuileries were razed in 1883, the layout that had been created by Napoleon III and Lefuel was fundamentally altered.

In the context of the Grand Louvre project initiated by President François Mitterrand in the 1980s, the Ministry of the Economy and Finance was compelled to leave the Louvre's North Wing, in which it had been headquartered since 1871, to specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area. While most of the interior spaces were gutted and rebuilt, the more artistically and historically significant ones were preserved and renovated. These included three monumental staircases, the *escalier Lefuel*, *escalier du ministre* and *escalier Colbert*; the former ministerial office, rebranded as *Café Richelieu*; and the palatial suite of rooms created by Lefuel and his team for the Minister of State, rebranded as *appartements Napoléon III*. The *Café Marly*, located outside of the Louvre Museum in the same wing and opened in 1994, has been designed by Olivier Gagnère in a reinterpretation of the Second Empire style. Meanwhile, the Cour Napoléon was radically transformed with the erection of the Louvre Pyramid.

## Influence

The *nouveau Louvre* was highly influential and became the exemplar of the Second Empire style architecture, subsequently adopted in numerous buildings in France as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the world. Prominent examples include the Crédit Lyonnais headquarters in Paris, the Saigon Governor's Palace in French Indochina, and in the United States, the Old City Hall in Boston (built 1862-1865), the State, War, and Navy Building in Washington DC (built 1871-1888), and the Philadelphia City Hall (built 1871-1901).


title: Nakajima Kotobuki

abstract: The Nakajima Ha1 Kotobuki was an aero-engine developed by Nakajima. It was a radial piston developed under licence from the Bristol Jupiter.

text:
# Nakajima Kotobuki

The **Nakajima Ha1 Kotobuki** (寿, "Longevity") was an aero-engine developed by Nakajima. It was a radial piston developed under licence from the Bristol Jupiter.

## Design and development

In 1917, Chikuhei Nakajima set up the "Airplane Institute" at Ojima Town in Gunma Prefecture. In 1918 they built their first airplane; the "Nakajima Type 1" with a U.S.A. made engine. In 1920 the company sent Kimihei Nakajima to France to study European advances, and in 1922 started their own engine factory in Tokyo. This led to production of engines based on the Lawrance A-3 two-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed engine.

At the time the Lawrence was an oddity. Most air-cooled engines at that time were rotary engines using cylinders that rotated together with the propeller, but Kimihei overheard that an engine with good cooling capability with fixed cylinders was being developed in England. He observed the English Gloster Gamecock fighter with its Bristol Jupiter engine, which was an advanced design for the era with an automatic adjustment device for tappet clearance, spiral piping for even intake distribution, and a four-valve intake and exhaust system. He acquired a manufacturing license for the Jupiter in 1925. In 1927, after inviting two production engineer instructors from the Bristol company, the Jupiter Type 6 of 420 PS and Type 7 of 450 PS with a supercharger were put into production at the Nakajima factory.

After studying the Pratt & Whitney Wasp 9-cylinder radial, Nakajima tried to combine the good points found in Jupiter design with the rational design of the Wasp. Nakajima then produced a series of engine types, named "AA", "AB", "AC", and "AD", as engineering exercises. The next engine design, the "AE", was innovative, with a bore of 160 mm and a stroke of 170 mm.

Prototypes were made and performance tests were done, but this engine was not adopted due to its very complex engineering. Nakajima continued testing different cylinder designs. In 1929, the "AH" design, with bore and stroke of 146 × 160 mm and a total displacement of 24.1 L, was completed. This was to be the final version of this basic engine design.

In June 1930 the first prototype of was completed and it passed the durability test for the type approval in the summer. Then flight tests were started using a Nakajima A2N carrier plane. Nakajima had designed the first Japanese originally designed air-cooled 9-cylinder engine, the 450 PS "Kotobuki". In December 1931, this engine was approved and adopted by the Navy as the Ha-1 Ko for the Type 97 carrier fighter. The engine was named, in connection with the Jupiter engine, "Kotobuki".

The "Kotobuki" engine was improved and developed into the "Hikari (light)" engine with the bore and stroke expanded to the limit of the cylinder (160 × 180 mm for a displacement of 32.6 L), with the power was increased to 720 PS. The "Hikari" was used in Type 95 carrier fighters and Type 96 Carrier Attack Plane.

In search of more power the basic design was extended into a 14-cylinder 2-row engine, the "Ha-5 Ha-41 Ha-109" series.

## Variants

2-Kai-1585 hp (436 kW) 2-Kai-3610 hp (455 kW) 3-Kai710 hp (529 kW) Ha1 Ha1a Ha1b

## Applications

## Specifications

*Data from* *Gunston*.

### General characteristics

* **Type:** 9-cylinder radial piston engine
* **Bore:** 146 mm (5.75 in)
* **Stroke:** 160 mm (6.3 in)
* **Displacement:** 24.1 L (1,471.1 cu in)
* **Length:** 1.021 mm
* **Diameter:** 1,280 mm
* **Dry weight:** 350 kg (772 lb)

### Components

* **Cooling system:** Air-cooled

### Performance

* **Power output:** 550–780 hp (410–580 kW)

## Bibliography

* Goodwin, Mike & Starkings, Peter (2017). *Japanese Aero-Engines 1910-1945*. Sandomierz, Poland: MMPBooks. ISBN 978-83-65281-32-6.

## InfoBox

| Kotobuki | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Piston aircraft engine |
| Manufacturer | Nakajima Aircraft Company |
| Major applications | Mitsubishi A5M |


title: Nakajima Ki-62

abstract: The Nakajima Ki-62 was a Japanese World War II fighter aircraft proposed by the Nakajima Aircraft Company for use by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. Neither the Ki-62 project or its Ki-63 variant proceeded beyond the design stage.

text:
# Nakajima Ki-62

The **Nakajima Ki-62** was a Japanese World War II fighter aircraft proposed by the Nakajima Aircraft Company for use by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. Neither the Ki-62 project or its **Ki-63** variant proceeded beyond the design stage.

## Design and development

To compete with the Kawasaki Ki-61 as a possible new light fighter for the Imperial Japanese Army, Nakajima designer T. Koyama developed the Ki-62. The design  a low-wing, single-seat monoplane with a bubble canopy powered by an 877-kilowatt (1,175-hp) Kawasaki Ha-40 liquid-cooled engine  showed promise, but Nakajima discontinued development of the Ki-62 in order to focus on production of its Ki-43 and Ki-44 fighters. The Ki-62 design was not wasted effort, however, as Nakajima later incorporated Ki-62 design features and data into its Ki-84 fighter.

## Variants

Nakajima also planned the **Ki-63**, a version of the Ki-62 powered by a 784 kW (1,051 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 radial engine, but did not pursue the design.

## Specifications

*Data from* Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 8.75 m (28 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Kawasaki Ha-40 V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine, 877 kW (1,176 hp)

**Performance**

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

**Related lists**

### Notes

## InfoBox

| Ki-62 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Fighter aircraft |
| National origin | Japan |
| Manufacturer | Nakajima Aircraft Company |
| Designer | T. Koyama |
| Primary user | Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (intended) |
| Number built | None |
| Developed into | Nakajima Ki-84 |


title: Nanny Rutt

abstract: Nanny Rutt is a character in a cautionary tale associated with Nanny Rutt's well, an artesian spring in Math Wood, near Northorpe, in the parish of Thurlby, Lincolnshire. The story goes that a named girl went into the wood, to the well and disappeared having been taken off by Nanny Rutt.

text:
# Nanny Rutt

**Nanny Rutt** is a character in a cautionary tale associated with Nanny Rutt's well, an artesian spring in Math Wood, near Northorpe, in the parish of Thurlby, Lincolnshire. The story goes that a named girl went into the wood, to the well and disappeared having been taken off by Nanny Rutt.

## The story

The story of Nanny Rutt, being an oral tradition, varies depending on who is telling the story. There are, however, some features that are common to all versions of the tale. The following is the central parts of the story, supplemented by additional details that may or may not be included, depending on the individual story teller.

The story begins with a young girl, given different names in versions, who had arranged to meet with a lover at the well in Math wood. The girl sets off into the wood in the early evening, but on her way, meets an old woman wrapped in a shawl that casts a deep shadow on her face in the evening light. A conversation between the old woman and the girl ensues, and she is warned about the dangers of the wood at night, as well as those of eloping without the permission of her parents.

Ignoring these warnings, the girl continues on her way, and finds her way to the source of the well, deep inside the wood, where she had arranged to meet her lover. Here she waits for a long time, to no result. By the time she realises that her lover is not coming, it is very dark. Tears from the rejection form in her eyes, clouding her vision. Her vision was already poor due to the darkness of the woods, and the girl soon becomes hopelessly lost. Eventually, she stumbles upon a clearing in the woods, which holds an overgrown stone building, little bigger than a small shack. In the doorway stands the old woman, her shawl now pulled back to reveal a hideous face lit by the ghostly moonlight. As she turns to run she stumbles and falls. The old woman’s shadow falls on her as she advances, freezing her body with a paralysing chill, and her throat goes dry as she tries to scream. The girl is never seen again.

## Assessment of the story

The date of origin of the story is obscure but it was current in the 1920s and is likely to be earlier. Parents used to use it to warn their children against wandering in the wood. In this respect, Nanny Rutt was a form of the Bogeyman. It is probably not coincidental that *le rut* is a French word derived from the Latin *rugitus* meaning 'sexual drive'. The word occurs too, in English but is there used for male non-human mammals, especially of the deer group and goats. The males are said to be 'in rut' while female mammals are 'on heat'. The French word applies to either sex and may include people. Rodin included it among the sins scattered on a version of his 'Gates of Hell'. Nanny Rutt's first name is perhaps a little less explicit. Goats are sometimes used as a byword for male sexuality but a nanny goat is a female one. The word 'Nanny' is also used both as a colloquial term for a grandmother, and can also mean childminder.

It may be possible to suggest an explanation for the story of the disappearance. Perhaps at some date a girl took her developing sexuality into Math wood, met someone who complemented it and was soon taken off to a home for un-married mothers never to return to Northorpe. An explanation was required for the other young people and at a time of reticence about sexuality, Nanny Rutt was invented. If this happened when the use of the French language in England was remembered, the story is medieval. Nanny Rutt could also be based on a real woman who once lived in the woods.

52°44′55″N 0°22′45″W / 52.748536°N 0.379198°W / 52.748536; -0.379198


title: Nanny Town

abstract: Old Nanny Town was a village in the Blue Mountains of Portland Parish, northeastern Jamaica, used as a stronghold of Jamaican Maroons. During the early 18th century, the region was led by an Ashanti escapee slave known as Queen Nanny, or Granny Nanny, who gave the town its namesake. The town was steadfast, and held-out against repeated attacks from the colonial militia before being abandoned in 1734.

text:
# Nanny Town

**Old Nanny Town** was a village in the Blue Mountains of Portland Parish, northeastern Jamaica, used as a stronghold of Jamaican Maroons (escapee slaves). During the early 18th century, the region was led by an Ashanti escapee slave known as Queen Nanny, or Granny Nanny, who gave the town its namesake. The town was steadfast, and held-out against repeated attacks from the colonial militia before being abandoned in 1734.

## Origins

One story is that Nanny of the Maroons (also known as Queen Nanny and Granny Nanny) was born in what is now Ghana, West Africa, as a member of the Ashanti nation, part of the Akan people. Allegedly, she was enslaved, along with her five "brothers-in-arms", and brought to eastern Jamaica. She and her five "brothers", Cudjoe, Accompong, Johnny, Cuffy and Quao, quickly decided to flee the oppressive conditions of the sugar cane plantations to join the autonomous African communities of Maroons which had developed in the mountains.

These communities of Free black people in Jamaica originated from people formerly enslaved by the Spanish, who had refused to submit to British control. The Maroons of Nanny Town claim descent from escaped African slaves and Taino men and women.

The Maroon communities grew as many more slaves escaped the plantations and joined them. Angered by continued raiding of plantations and armed confrontations, the colonial government mounted the First Maroon War of the 1730s in an effort to defeat and capture the runaway slaves.

One story is that Nanny and her "brothers" split up in order to continue the resistance to the plantation slave economy across Jamaica. Cudjoe went to Clarendon, where he was soon joined by about a hundred Maroons from Cottawood; while Accompong went to St. Elizabeth, where a Maroon community was later named for him. Nanny and Quao made their way to Portland and the Blue Mountains.

A more likely origin for the Leeward Maroons occurred in 1690, when there was a Coromantee rebellion on Sutton's estate in western Jamaica, and most of these slaves ran away to form the Leeward Maroons. Cudjoe is probably the son of one of the leaders of this revolt. While Cudjoe emerged as the leader of the Leeward Maroons of the west, Nanny came to prominence as one of the main leaders of the Windward Maroons of the east.

## First Maroon War

By 1720, Nanny and Quao had organized and were leading the settlement of Windward Maroons; it was known as Nanny Town. Nanny Town was organized similarly to a typical Ashanti tribe in Africa. After the First Maroon War, a deed from the colonial government granted Nanny more than 500 acres (2.4 km2) of land where the Maroons could live and raise animals and grow crops.

In addition to what they raised and produced, the Maroons sent traders to the coastal towns to exchange food for weapons and cloth. During the First Maroon War, the Maroons of Nanny Town raided plantations for weapons and food, burnt plantations, and led liberated slaves to join them at Nanny Town.

Nanny Town was an excellent location for a stronghold, as it overlooked Stony River via a 900-foot ridge, making a surprise attack by the British very difficult. The Maroons organized look-outs for such attacks, and warriors could be summoned by the sound of a horn called an *abeng*.

Granny Nanny allegedly freed more than 800 slaves over the span of 50 years. She also had a vast knowledge of herbs due to her role as a spiritual leader. However, during the First Maroon War, and especially between 1728 and 1734, the British attacked Nanny Town time and time again, but each time the colonial militias captured and occupied Nanny Town, the Windward Maroons regained it shortly afterwards. This was accomplished due to the skill of the Maroons skilled in fighting in an area of high rainfall as well as disguising themselves as bushes and trees. The Maroons also used decoys to trick the British into a surprise attack. This was done by having non-camouflaged Maroons run out into view of the British and then run in the direction of the fellow Maroons who were disguised, leading the British into ambushes time and time again.

After another Windward Maroon leader, Quao, signed the treaty of 1740 with the British, the Windward Maroons split up. Quao's supporters moved to what later became known as Crawford's Town, while the Maroons of Nanny Town relocated to Moore Town.

## Leaders of Nanny Town

1720s – 1750s Queen Nanny

1720s – 1750s Captain Welcome

## InfoBox

| Nanny Town | |
| --- | --- |
| Abandoned Maroon Village | |
| Nanny Town | |
| Coordinates: 18°04′06″N 76°31′27″W / 18.0683°N 76.5242°W / 18.0683; -76.5242 | |
| Country | Jamaica |
| Parish | Saint Thomas |
| Founded | c1700 |
| Destroyed | 1734 |
| Founded by | Nanny |


title: Zacharzyn

abstract: Zacharzyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodzież, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Chodzież and 70 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Zacharzyn

**Zacharzyn** \[zaˈxaʐɨn\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodzież, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Chodzież and 70 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Zacharzyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zacharzyn | |
| Coordinates: 53°1′25″N 17°0′28″E / 53.02361°N 17.00778°E / 53.02361; 17.00778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Chodzież |
| Gmina | Chodzież |
| Population | 704 |


title: Nara Prefectural University

abstract: Nara Prefectural University is a public university in Nara, Nara, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1953, and it was chartered as a university in 1990.

text:
# Nara Prefectural University

**Nara Prefectural University** (奈良県立大学, *Nara kenritsu daigaku*) is a public university in Nara, Nara, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1953, and it was chartered as a university in 1990.

## InfoBox

Nara Prefectural University
| 奈良県立大学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nara Prefectural University | |
| Type | public |
| Established | 1953 (1953) |
| Address | 10, Funahashi-chō, Nara, Nara Prefecture, 630-8258, Japan<br>34°41′15″N 135°49′16″E / 34.68750°N 135.82111°E / 34.68750; 135.82111 |
| Colors | Blue and yellow |
| Website | www.narapu.ac.jp |
| Japan | |


abstract: William Gaines (1824–1865) was a freed slave, minister, and community representative in Savannah, Georgia. He was one of the 20 Black church leaders—alongside Garrison Frazier, Ulysses L. Houston, and James D. Lynch—who met with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in Savannah on January 12, 1865 about 3 months before the end of the American Civil War. This meeting took place at the Green–Meldrim House, and their discussion directly led to Sherman's Special Field Orders No. 15, which included the famous Forty acres and a mule land allotment. Gaines was born into slavery in Wilkes County, Georgia. He was owned by Robert Toombs, who served in the United States Senate, and his brother Gabriel Toombs. Gaines was freed by the Union Army during Sherman's March to the Sea. Gaines was a preacher at the Methodist Episcopal (M.E.) Church. He later moved to the A.M.E. church with split off over the issue of slavery. As of 1865, he had ministered for 16 years and was 41 years old. Fellow A.M.E. church leader and bishop Wesley John Gaines was his brother. He was involved in the foundation of Jackson Chapel, and family members have continued to live in the area.

text:
# William Gaines (minister and community leader)

**William Gaines** (1824–1865) was a freed slave, minister, and community representative in Savannah, Georgia. He was one of the 20 Black church leaders—alongside Garrison Frazier, Ulysses L. Houston, and James D. Lynch—who met with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in Savannah on January 12, 1865 about 3 months before the end of the American Civil War. This meeting (what would later be called the "Savannah Colloquy") took place at the Green–Meldrim House, and their discussion directly led to Sherman's Special Field Orders No. 15, which included the famous Forty acres and a mule land allotment.

Gaines was born into slavery in Wilkes County, Georgia. He was owned by Robert Toombs, who served in the United States Senate, and his brother Gabriel Toombs. Gaines was freed by the Union Army during Sherman's March to the Sea.

Gaines was a preacher at the Methodist Episcopal (M.E.) Church (Andrew's Chapel). He later moved to the A.M.E. church with split off over the issue of slavery. As of 1865, he had ministered for 16 years and was 41 years old. Fellow A.M.E. church leader and bishop Wesley John Gaines was his brother. He was involved in the foundation of Jackson Chapel, and family members have continued to live in the area.


title: Église Saint-Georges de Lyon

abstract: The Église Saint-Georges is a Roman Catholic church located on the Place François-Bertras, in the Vieux Lyon quarter, in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It is under the direction of the Primatiale parish and was named in honor of Saint George. The cathedral is near the Place Benoît-Crépu, between the quarter of the Quarantaine and Saint-Jean quarters.

text:
# Église Saint-Georges de Lyon

The **Église Saint-Georges** (Church of St. George) is a Roman Catholic church located on the Place François-Bertras, in the Vieux Lyon quarter, in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It is under the direction of the Primatiale parish and was named in honor of Saint George. The cathedral is near the Place Benoît-Crépu, between the quarter of the *Quarantaine* and Saint-Jean quarters.

## History

A church located on this place was built in 550, but was destroyed around 732 during a raid of the Saracens, but was restored in 802 by Leidrade. In the fourteenth century, it remained a parish church, but was used by the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, or Order of Malta, and in 1315, the Commandery was located just next and had several windows and two cylindrical towers overlooking the Saône. Lange's family paid for the repairs of the church which were conducted by the commander Humbert de Beauvoir. In 1793, it became a hay barn and became a national property, in 1892, was restored by the architect Pollet.

The current church was rebuilt in 1845 and completed in 1848, after plans by the architect Pierre Bossan who also made plans for the basilica of Fourviere. Abandoned between the late 1970s and 1989, the church was later assigned by Cardinal Albert Decourtray to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter under the Motu proprio Ecclesia Dei, which granted the practice of liturgical books of 1962 in Latin.

The community was given by Cardinal Philippe Barbarin to three priests from the Fraternity of St. Peter, who joined the diocese. On 25 August 2007, Cardinal Barbarin signed the incardination of three of the five priests who served the church. Also in 2007, after repairs to the exterior of the church and adjoining spaces, the inauguration took place in the presence of Cardinal Barbarin and Senator-Mayor of Lyon Gérard Collomb.

## Architecture

The church was rebuilt in neogothic style. Architect Pierre Bossan, who also made the furniture, later deemed his work on this church as a "youthful mistake". The sculpture on the facade was made by Charles Dufraine and stained glasses are the artwork of Maréchal de Metz. The building is classified as monument historique.

The tower has a height of 67 meters. A polychrome wooden altarpiece of the sixteenth century shows the coronation of the Virgin.

## InfoBox

| Église Saint-Georges | |
| --- | --- |
| The church viewed from the left bank of the Saône | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Roman Catholic |
| District | 5th arrondissement of Lyon |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Cathedral |
| Leadership | Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter |
| Location | |
| Location | Lyon, France |
| Geographic coordinates | 45°45′28″N 4°49′32″E / 45.757672°N 4.825471°E / 45.757672; 4.825471 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Pierre Bossan |
| Type | Church |
| Style | Gothic Revival architecture |
| Completed | 1848 |
| Monument historique | |
| *Official name: Église Saint-Georges* | |
| Website | |
| eglisesaintgeorges.com | |


title: Seowonju station

abstract: Seowonju station, is a railway station in Jijeong-myeon, Wonju, South Korea. It is served by the Gangneung Line and Jungang Line. The station belongs to Jungang Line opened on 25 September 2012. The Gangneung Line opened on December 22, 2017, ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.

text:
# Seowonju station

**Seowonju station**, is a railway station in Jijeong-myeon, Wonju, South Korea. It is served by the Gangneung Line and Jungang Line. The station belongs to Jungang Line opened on 25 September 2012. The Gangneung Line opened on December 22, 2017, ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.

## InfoBox

| **서원주**
Seowonju | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 서원주역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Seowonju-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sŏwŏnju-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Jijeong-myeon
Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea |
| Coordinates | 37°20′59″N 127°50′13″E / 37.34972°N 127.83694°E / 37.34972; 127.83694 |
| Operated by | Korail |
| Line(s) | Gangneung Line
Jungang Line |
| Key dates | |
| September 25, 2012 | Jungang Line opened |
| December 22, 2017 | Gangneung Line opened
(ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Following station  Yangpyeongtowards Haengsin
Gyeonggang KTX  Manjongtowards Gangneung   Preceding station  Following station  Yangpyeongtowards Seoul
Jungang KTX  Wonjutowards Andong | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Toyonaka

abstract: Toyonaka is a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 399,263 in 179651 households and a population density of 5700 persons per km⁲. The total area of the city is 36.39 square kilometres (14.05 sq mi). It is a suburban city of Osaka City and a part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.

text:
# Toyonaka

**Toyonaka** (豊中市, *Toyonaka-shi*) is a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 399,263 in 179651 households and a population density of 5700 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 36.39 square kilometres (14.05 sq mi). It is a suburban city of Osaka City and a part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.

## Geography

Toyonaka is located in northern Osaka Prefecture. Topographically, the northern part is high (facing the Senri Hills), and the southern part is low (facing the Osaka Plain). A gently sloping terrace of 20 to 50 meters above sea level distributed on the western edge of the city is called the Toyonaka Plateau, which forms the center of the urban area. With the exception of the buffered green zone around Osaka International Airport, the area of Toyonaka is almost urbanized.

### Neighboring municipalities

Hyōgo Prefecture

Osaka Prefecture

### Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 102,304 |  |
| 1955 | 127,678 | +24.8% |
| 1960 | 199,065 | +55.9% |
| 1965 | 291,936 | +46.7% |
| 1970 | 368,498 | +26.2% |
| 1975 | 398,384 | +8.1% |
| 1980 | 403,174 | +1.2% |
| 1985 | 413,213 | +2.5% |
| 1990 | 409,837 | −0.8% |
| 1995 | 398,908 | −2.7% |
| 2000 | 391,726 | −1.8% |
| 2005 | 386,623 | −1.3% |
| 2010 | 389,359 | +0.7% |
| 2015 | 395,479 | +1.6% |
| 2020 | 401,558 | +1.5% |
| Toyonaka population statistics | | |

## Climate

Toyonaka has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Toyonaka is 16.4 °C (61.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,326.3 mm (52.22 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.7 °C (83.7 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.1 °C (41.2 °F).

| Climate data for Toyonaka (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1977−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.8
(65.8) | 22.2
(72.0) | 23.4
(74.1) | 30.8
(87.4) | 33.2
(91.8) | 37.9
(100.2) | 39.5
(103.1) | 39.9
(103.8) | 37.3
(99.1) | 33.9
(93.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 23.7
(74.7) | 39.9
(103.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6
(49.3) | 10.4
(50.7) | 14.1
(57.4) | 19.9
(67.8) | 25.0
(77.0) | 28.1
(82.6) | 31.8
(89.2) | 33.8
(92.8) | 29.6
(85.3) | 23.8
(74.8) | 17.8
(64.0) | 12.1
(53.8) | 21.3
(70.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1
(41.2) | 5.7
(42.3) | 9.1
(48.4) | 14.5
(58.1) | 19.5
(67.1) | 23.3
(73.9) | 27.4
(81.3) | 28.7
(83.7) | 24.7
(76.5) | 18.7
(65.7) | 12.7
(54.9) | 7.4
(45.3) | 16.4
(61.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.7
(33.3) | 1.0
(33.8) | 4.0
(39.2) | 9.1
(48.4) | 14.3
(57.7) | 19.3
(66.7) | 23.8
(74.8) | 24.8
(76.6) | 20.7
(69.3) | 14.2
(57.6) | 7.8
(46.0) | 2.8
(37.0) | 11.9
(53.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.8
(21.6) | −6.3
(20.7) | −3.7
(25.3) | −0.4
(31.3) | 4.6
(40.3) | 9.9
(49.8) | 15.7
(60.3) | 17.3
(63.1) | 10.8
(51.4) | 3.9
(39.0) | 0.0
(32.0) | −4.5
(23.9) | −6.3
(20.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.4
(1.75) | 59.3
(2.33) | 97.1
(3.82) | 98.2
(3.87) | 137.4
(5.41) | 180.1
(7.09) | 182.6
(7.19) | 122.8
(4.83) | 159.2
(6.27) | 127.1
(5.00) | 68.5
(2.70) | 49.6
(1.95) | 1,326.3
(52.22) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.4 | 6.2 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 98.4 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

The area of Toyonaka was part of ancient Settsu Province. The village of Toyonaka was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on April 1, 1927, and to city status on October 15, 1936. On April 1, 2001, Toyonaka was designated a Special city with increased local autonomy. It was further promoted to a core city on April 1, 2012.

## Government

Toyonaka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 34 members. Toyonaka contributes four members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Osaka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Toyonaka is a regional commercial center and distribution hub for Osaka. Due to its proximity to the Osaka metropolitan area, it is also a commuter town, and includes Senri New Town and other large-scale housing developments. Manufacturing industry is concentrated in the south. Economically, the city has a long-standing relationship with Hankyu Corporation. Therefore, many of the core companies of the Hankyu and Hanshin group are headquartered in Toyonaka.

## Education

Toyonaka has 41 public elementary schools and 17 public middle schools operated by the city government and five public high school operated by the Osaka Prefectural Department of Education. There are also one private elementary school, one private middle school and four private high schools. The prefecture also operates two special education schools for the handicapped. The Osaka College of Music is located in Toyonaka.

## Transportation

### Airports

Osaka International Airport is partially located in Toyonaka including its terminal, although it is more commonly associated with the city of Itami.

### Railway

Kita-Osaka Kyūkō Railway

Hankyu Railway Hankyu Takarazuka Line

Osaka Monorail \- Main Line

### Highway

## Sister cities

The Consulate-General of Russia in Osaka is located in Toyonaka.

## Local attractions

* Harada Shrine. Founded during the reign of the Emperor Tenmu (672–686), the wooden shrine was rebuilt in 1652 and again in 1781. An important cultural property, it is known for its copse of camphor trees and it is the site of the popular Lion Festival each October.
* Hattori Ryokuchi Arboretum
* Hattori Ryokuchi Park
* Open-Air Museum of Old Japanese Farm Houses
* Osaka University

## Notable people from Toyonaka

## InfoBox

| Toyonaka 豊中市 | |
| --- | --- |
| Core city | |
| Toyonaka City Hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Toyonaka in Osaka Prefecture | |
|  | |
| ToyonakaLocation in Japan | |
| Coordinates: 34°47′N 135°28′E / 34.783°N 135.467°E / 34.783; 135.467 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture | Osaka |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Shigeki Osanai (from May 2018) |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.39 km2 (14.05 sq mi) |
| Population (May 1, 2023) | |
| Total | 399,263 |
| Density | 11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| City hall address | 3-1-1 Nakasakurazuka, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka-fu 561-8501 |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Flower | Rose |
| Tree | Sweet Osmanthus |
|  | |


title: Michel Sainte-Marie

abstract: Michel Sainte-Marie was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the Gironde department, and was a member of the Socialist, radical, citizen and miscellaneous left (SRC) party.

text:
# Michel Sainte-Marie

**Michel Sainte-Marie** (18 August 1938 – 27 February 2019) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the Gironde department, and was a member of the Socialist, radical, citizen and miscellaneous left (SRC) party.

## Biography

Before entering politics, Sainte-Marie was a high school teacher of mathematics, physics and chemistry.

From 1974 to 2014 he was mayor of Mérignac, a commune in the Gironde. Concurrently, from 1977 to 1983 he was president of Bordeaux Métropole, a grouping of communes centred on the city of Bordeaux.

From 1973 to 2012, he was a member of the National Assembly for Gironde's 6th constituency, sitting as a member of the SRC group. He was a member of the Commission de la Défense nationale et des Forces armées (National Defense and Armed Forces Commission) and was President of the France – Oman friendship group.

## InfoBox

| Michel Sainte-Marie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Parliamentary group | Socialist |
| Deputy for Gironde's 6th constituency in the National Assembly of France | |
| **In office**
2 April 1973  1 April 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Brettes |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Favre |
| **In office**
1 June 1997  19 June 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Pierre Favre |
| Succeeded by | Marie Récalde |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 18 August 1938
Bayonne (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) |
| Died | 27 February 2019 |
|  | |


title: Willie Wardrope

abstract: William Loudon Wardrope was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Middlesbrough and Newcastle United, mainly as an outside left.

text:
# Willie Wardrope

**William Loudon Wardrope** (9 September 1874 – 1911) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Middlesbrough and Newcastle United, mainly as an outside left.

## Career

Wishaw-born winger Wardrope began his football career at Dalziel Rovers, being selected for Scotland at Junior level before playing for Scottish League Motherwell as an amateur in 1893, and Linthouse in 1894. In August 1895 he joined Football League Second Division side Newcastle United, making his Football League debut and scoring against Loughbrough in September of that year, in a 3–0 win at St James' Park. He finished the season as both an ever-present and as Newcastle's top scorer, scoring 20 goals in 36 games including a hat-trick against Darwen in November. Wardrope scored a further 14 goals in the 1897–98 campaign as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division for the first time in their history as Second Division runners-up, qualifying by beating Stoke and Blackburn Rovers in two-legged 'test matches'. He spent two further seasons with the *Toon* in the top flight before joining Middlesbrough in April 1900 after 51 goals in 145 appearances for the *Magpies*.

Wardrope had two full seasons at *Boro*, helping them win promotion to the First Division in 1901–02, scoring 10 goals as they finished Second Division runners-up. But at the end of the season, having scored 24 goals in 73 appearances, he returned to Scotland and joined Third Lanark, winning the Scottish Football League championship in 1903–04 plus two Glasgow Cups; while with the *Warriors* he was selected to represent the Scottish League team in a 1–0 defeat to the Irish League at Grosvenor Park, Belfast in February 1903.

After two seasons at Cathkin Park he then joined Southern League club Fulham in 1904, scoring 32 goals in 68 appearances for the *Cottagers* and helping them to win the Southern League championship in 1905–06. He transferred to Swindon Town in the 1906 close season and scored nine times for the *Robins* in 39 appearances, before returning to Scotland again to join Hamilton Academical in 1907, subsequently joining Raith Rovers in 1908 before his eventual retirement. He emigrated to the United States in 1910, but within a year had died from cholera.

## Career statistics

Source:

| Club | Season | League | | | FA Cup | | Test Matches | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Newcastle United | 1895–96 | Second Division | 30 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 20 |
| | 1896–97 | Second Division | 29 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 11 |
| | 1897–98 | Second Division | 26 | 13 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 35 | 15 |
| | 1898–99 | First Division | 24 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| | 1899–1900 | First Division | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 4 |
| | Total | | 127 | 44 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 145 | 52 |
| Middlesbrough | 1899–1900 | Second Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | 1900–01 | Second Division | 33 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 14 |
| | 1901–02 | Second Division | 27 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 10 |
| | Total | | 62 | 21 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 73 | 24 |
| Career Total | | | 189 | 65 | 25 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 218 | 76 |

## InfoBox

Willie Wardrope
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | William Loudon Wardrope | | |
| Date of birth | 9 September 1874 | | |
| Place of birth | Wishaw, Scotland | | |
| Date of death | 1911 (aged 3637) | | |
| Place of death | United States | | |
| Position(s) | Outside forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1892–1893 | Dalziel Rovers |  |  |
| 1893–1894 | Motherwell |  |  |
| 1894–1895 | Linthouse |  |  |
| 1895 | Motherwell (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 1895–1900 | Newcastle United | 127 | (44) |
| 1900–1902 | Middlesbrough | 62 | (21) |
| 1902–1904 | Third Lanark | 42 | (14) |
| 1904–1906 | Fulham | 58 | (29) |
| 1906–1907 | Swindon Town | 38 | (8) |
| 1907–1908 | Hamilton Academical | 31 | (6) |
| 1908–1909 | Raith Rovers | 32 | (11) |
| Total |  | **391** | **(133)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1903 | Scottish League XI | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michel-Ange–Auteuil station

abstract: Michel-Ange–Auteuil is a station of the Paris Métro in the 16th arrondissement, serving as an interchange between line 9 and line 10. It is named after the nearby rue Michel-Ange, which was in turn named after Michelangelo as well as the nearby rue Auteuil, which was named after the former village of Auteuil. The Embassy of the Central African Republic is located nearby.

text:
# Michel-Ange–Auteuil station

**Michel-Ange–Auteuil** (French pronunciation: \[mikɛlɑ̃ʒ otœj\]) is a station of the Paris Métro in the 16th arrondissement, serving as an interchange between line 9 and line 10 (westbound only). It is named after the nearby rue Michel-Ange, which was in turn named after Michelangelo (the nearby Michel-Ange—Molitor station was also named after him) as well as the nearby rue Auteuil, which was named after the former village of Auteuil (it used to be its main street). The Embassy of the Central African Republic is located nearby.

## History

The station opened on 30 September 1913 when line 8 was extended from *Beaugrenelle* (now Charles Michels) to Porte d'Auteuil. Line 9's platforms opened on 8 November 1922 with the opening of the initial section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans. On 27 July 1937, the section of line 8 between La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle and Porte d'Auteuil, including Michel-Ange–Auteuil was transferred to line 10 during the reconfiguration of lines 8, 10, and the old line 14. However, service between Porte d'Auteuil and Jussieu was not provided until two days later on July 29, with service initially limited to La Motte-Picquet-Grenelle.

As part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and lights were renovated and modernised on 6 December 2002.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,042,174 passengers, making it the 243rd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,131,814 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 230th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,512,050 passengers, making it the 233rd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

## Passenger services

### Access

The station has 2 accesses:

* Access 1: place Jean-Lorrain (with a rare *Val d'Osne* totem)
* Access 2: rue d'Auteuil (with an ascending escalator)

### Station layout

| **Street Level** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Mezzanine | |
| **Line 10 platform** | Westbound | No regular service
(No service northbound: Jasmin) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the right | |
| | Westbound | toward Boulogne–Pont de Saint-Cloud (Porte d'Auteuil)
(No service eastbound: Église d'Auteuil) |
| **Line 9 platforms** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| | Westbound | toward Pont de Sèvres (Michel-Ange–Molitor) |
| | Eastbound | toward Mairie de Montreuil (Jasmin) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

### Platforms

The platforms of line 9, with a conventional length of seventy-five metres, are of standard configuration. Two of them, separated by the metro tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the *Andreu-Motte* style with two orange light rails, benches and corridor openings treated in flat brown tiles and orange *Motte* seats. These fittings are combined with the bevelled white ceramic tiles that cover the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware with plant motifs and the name of the station is also incorporated into the wall tiles, in the interwar decorative style of the original CMP.

It is one of the few stations to still present the *Andreu-Motte* style in its entirety, except for the tunnel exits (which were not systematically treated with flat coloured tiles).

The station of line 10 has a particular configuration due to its location on the section of the Auteuil loop. It has two tracks framing an island platform, also of a classic length of seventy-five meters, which is only served in the direction of Boulogne - Pont de Saint-Cloud, all under an elliptical vault. Only the south track is dedicated to passenger service, the other being a service connection with line 9, isolated behind a gate running along the entire length of the platform. The decoration is a variant of the style used for most metro stations. The traditional bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exits, while the lighting is provided by a suspended tube, off-centre on the side of the main track. The advertising frames are metal, and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques, attached to the jambs or suspended above the platform. The *Akiko* style seats are burgundy in colour (replacing red *Motte* seats).

This decoration is almost identical to that of the neighbouring station of line 10, Michel-Ange - Molitor, located on the other section of the loop.

### Other connections

The station also served by lines 52 and 62 (only in the direction of Porte de France) of the RATP bus network.

* Roland, Gérard (2003). *Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram.* Éditions Bonneton.

## InfoBox

| Michel-Ange–Auteuil | |
| --- | --- |
| Paris Métro station | |
| Line 10 platform at Michel-Ange–Auteuil | |
| General information | |
| Location | 16th arrondissement of Paris
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°50′51″N 2°15′49″E / 48.847500°N 2.263611°E / 48.847500; 2.263611 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 3 (1 island platform, 2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | no |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 07-09 |
| Fare zone | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 30 September 1913 (1913-09-30) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 1,512,050 (2021) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Michel-Ange–Molitortowards Pont de Sèvres  Line 9  Jasmintowards Mairie de Montreuil  Porte d'Auteuiltowards Boulogne–Pont de Saint-Cloud  Line 10Westbound only  Église d'AuteuilOne-way operation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Michel-Ange–AuteuilLocation within Paris | |


title: Willie Ware

abstract: Willie Lee Ware, nicknamed "Spider", was an American Negro league baseball player. He played for the Chicago American Giants from 1924 to 1926.

text:
# Willie Ware

**Willie Lee Ware** (August 16, 1899  death unknown), nicknamed **"Spider"**, was an American Negro league baseball player. He played for the Chicago American Giants from 1924 to 1926.

## InfoBox

| Willie Ware | |
| --- | --- |
| **Born:** (1899-08-16)August 16, 1899<br>Terrell, Texas | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| debut | |
| 1924, for the Chicago American Giants | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1926, for the Chicago American Giants | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Willie Watson (English cricketer)

abstract: Willie Watson was an English cricketer, who played for Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England. He was a double international, as Watson was also a footballer who played for England's national team. He was the son of Billy Watson, and brother of Albert Watson, also footballers.

text:
# Willie Watson (English cricketer)

**Willie Watson** (7 March 1920 – 24 April 2004) was an English cricketer, who played for Yorkshire, Leicestershire and England. He was a double international, as Watson was also a footballer who played for England's national team. He was the son of Billy Watson, and brother of Albert Watson, also footballers.

## Cricket career

Born in Bolton on Dearne, Yorkshire, England, Watson, a left-handed batsman, made his debut for Yorkshire in 1939, and was a regular in the side for a dozen years after World War II. He made his Test match debut against the South Africans in 1951, and did well. But at a time when England was rich in batting talent, Watson rarely commanded a regular place and his twenty three Test matches were spread across eight years. His most famous innings was one of 109, in almost six hours, which with Trevor Bailey contributing to a partnership of 163, enabled England to save the second Test at Lord's in 1953 against the Australians, when the game appeared to be lost.

Despite being a stylish left-hander, his Test career was a series of stops and starts. He even found himself dropped after his efforts at Lord's for the final Ashes series clinching victory. Nevertheless, he was one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1954.

Watson toured in the West Indies in 1953–54, and scored his second Test century in Jamaica. His final Test appearance was in New Zealand in March 1959. Watson's highest first-class score was 257, for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against British Guiana at Georgetown.

Watson's cricket career received a late boost when, in 1958, he left Yorkshire and joined Leicestershire as assistant secretary and captain. A popular if quiet skipper, he temporarily regained his England place, and was also instrumental in a limited revival of the Leicestershire's fortunes. He played his last first-class match for Leicestershire in 1964.

He wrote his memoirs, *Double International*, in 1956.

Watson emigrated to South Africa in 1968, to coach the Wanderers. He died in Johannesburg in April 2004, at the age of 84.

## Football career

Willie Watson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1938–1939 | Huddersfield Town | 11 | (0) |
| 1946–1954 | Sunderland | 211 | (16) |
| 1954–1956 | Halifax Town | 33 | (1) |
| Total |  | **255** | **(17)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1949–1950 | England | 4 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1954–1956 | Halifax Town | | |
| 1964–1966 | Halifax Town | | |
| 1966–1968 | Bradford City | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |

As a footballer, Watson was a cultured wing-half for Huddersfield Town, Sunderland and Halifax Town. He made 211 league appearances for Sunderland, in his seven seasons at the club. He played for England four times, gaining his first cap in England's 9–2 victory over Northern Ireland in November 1949. He was a member of the squad for the 1950 FIFA World Cup, though he did not appear in any of the games in the tournament in Brazil. He had two spells in charge of Halifax, from 1954 to 1956 and later from 1964 to 1966, and also managed Bradford City from 1966 to 1968, where he laid the foundations of a promotion-winning team, but his biggest successes were in cricket.

## InfoBox

Willie Watson
| Willie Watson in 1951 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Willie Watson |
| Born | (1920-03-07)7 March 1920
Bolton upon Dearne, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 24 April 2004(2004-04-24) (aged 84)
Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut | 7 June 1951 v South Africa |
| Last Test | 14 March 1959 v New Zealand |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 23 468  Runs scored 879 25,670  Batting average 25.85 39.86  100s/50s 2/3 55/132  Top score 116 257  Balls bowled  194  Wickets  0  Bowling average    5 wickets in innings    10 wickets in match    Best bowling    Catches/stumpings 8/– 295/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 9 September 2022 | |


title: William Pester

abstract: William Frederick Pester was a German-born American pioneer of hippie lifestyles in California in the first half of the twentieth century, known as "the Hermit of Palm Springs". He was described as epitomizing "the strong link between the 19th century German reformers and the flower children of the 1960s", and inspired the eden ahbez song "Nature Boy", recorded by Nat King Cole and others.

text:
# William Pester

**William Frederick Pester** (born **Friedrich Wilhelm Pester**, July 18, 1885 – August 12, 1963) was a German-born American pioneer of hippie lifestyles in California in the first half of the twentieth century, known as "the Hermit of Palm Springs". He was described as epitomizing "the strong link between the 19th century German reformers and the flower children of the 1960s", and inspired the eden ahbez song "Nature Boy", recorded by Nat King Cole and others.

## Biography

Pester was born in Borna, Saxony, Germany, the third son of Hermann Friedrich Pester and his wife Maria. After his mother's death, he was apprenticed as a stonemason. In 1906 he left Germany to avoid military service and went to the United States. A follower of the philosophy of *Lebensreform*, he was also influenced by popular novels written by Karl May about Native Americans, writer Gordon Kennedy suggesting that "in the hearts and minds of every young German immigrant were dreams of some magic lands in the far west of America, where cactus grew and massive mountains emptied their streams into some palm oasis in the sandy deserts, along with the obligatory wild Indians still in residence."

Pester traveled west and, after a year in Hawaii, settled, in about 1916, in Tahquitz Canyon, near Palm Springs, California, part of the ancestral home of the Cahuilla people. His presence was accepted by local people, and he built himself a palm hut beside a stream and palm grove. Pester was a vegetarian. He spent much of his time exploring the local area, as well as reading and writing. According to writer Gordon Kennedy,

> He earned some of his living making walking sticks from palm blossom stalks, selling postcards with *Lebensreform* health tips, and charging people 10 cents to look through his telescope while he gave lectures on astronomy. He made his own sandals, had a wonderful collection of Indian pottery and artifacts, played slide guitar, lived on raw fruits and vegetables and managed to spend most of his time naked under the California sunshine.

He became a well-known figure of curiosity, and was occasionally visited by celebrities such as writer Zane Grey and, around 1920, by film actor Rudolph Valentino. According to his biographer Peter Wild, "tourists by the hundreds parked their tin lizzies along the sandy road into Palm Canyon" to visit the "hermit turned showman." Wild described Pester as "a short, slim man ... with long hair, almost naked, and with blue eyes full of distance ... gentle and even likeable in his mild way ... " From 1927, Pester established his own plot of land in Indio, California, returning to Palm Canyon at weekends.

In 1940, he was arrested under California Penal Code 288a, for "oral copulation with a minor". He was also suspected by some of being a German spy and sending radio messages to Germany from the top of the San Jacinto Mountains. It is thought that he pleaded guilty to ten charges of "sexual perversion", and was imprisoned at San Quentin Prison and later Folsom Prison, before being released on parole in 1946.

Authorities differ over whether Pester and songwriter and fellow natural lifestyle adherent eden ahbez ever met. Some sources date ahbez's arrival in California to 1941, when Pester was already imprisoned, while others state that ahbez arrived several years earlier and, knowing of Pester, would certainly have met him then. Gordon Kennedy says: "Pester was one of the most photographed people in the desert ... and he made frequent trips to Palm Springs all through the 1930s to connect with friends and get food. How could ahbez have lived with the Richters off and on for several years and not known about Pester? Pester was one of their customers and may have stayed there too." Whether or not he was wholly or partly inspired by Pester, ahbez wrote the lyrics of "Nature Boy" and gave the song to Nat King Cole in 1947; it became a popular success when his recording was released in 1948.

Pester lived in Los Angeles in 1948, and the following year was reported as saying that Palm Springs was becoming overdeveloped and that he intended to buy a boat and sail to a remote and thinly populated island. He later married, and died in Arizona in 1963, at the age of 78. He was buried at Yavapai County Cemetery in Prescott, Arizona.

The site of Pester's original cabin in Palm Canyon was later developed as an Indian trading post, and is now known as "Hermit's Bench". In 1985 Millie Fischer published a booklet about Palm Canyon that included a chapter on Pester, and a biography, *William Pester: the Hermit of Palm Springs*, was written by Peter Wild and published in 2008.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| William Pester | |
| --- | --- |
| Friedrich Wilhelm Pester | |
| Pester in front of his cabin in Palm Springs, California, 1917 | |
| Born | (1885-07-18)July 18, 1885
Borna, Saxony, German Empire |
| Died | August 12, 1963(1963-08-12) (aged 78)
Arizona, United States |
| Occupation | Philosopher of *lebensreform* |
| Criminal charge(s) | California Penal Code 288a, for "oral copulation with a minor" |
| Criminal penalty | Sent to prison in 1940 |
| Criminal status | Released on parole in 1946 |


title: William Peter Randall

abstract: William Peter Randall is a Canadian musician and municipal politician. While studying recorded music production and general arts and science at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario, he hinted at a later political career by serving as General Arts and Sciences Member At Large. He then moved to Toronto to pursue acting and a music career. His first release with his band Timeline was entitled Living on the Timeline and released on Random Records in 1986. Two solo albums followed, Better Times in 1988 and Slapped in the Face by a Rainbow in 1990. Some of these tracks were featured on New Stuff new artist samplers. With a new band in tow, Peter Randall and the Raindogs, he travelled and made multiple appearances on shows such as Citytv Toronto's Breakfast Television and Lunch Television. Their debut self-titled release was produced by Ken Greer of Red Rider fame at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga and released in 1994. Randall's travels and humanitarian work have led him from Israeli Kibbutz to Goa, India seniors homes, animal shelters and kindergartens and Nicaraguan schools outside Managua, where he worked as a volunteer with The Canadian Light Brigade. Settling down in wine country in Lincoln, Ontario, Randall was first elected as a town Alderman in 2000. He was then elected as Councillor for Ward Four in 2006. In 2004 he co-wrote the track "Love Crime" with fellow Fanshawe College alumna Emm Gryner for CBC Radio's All for a Song CD. In 2017 he wrote "All The Same" for Momentum Special Needs Choir who performed it at their year-end gala.

text:
# William Peter Randall

**William Peter Randall** (born November 27, 1964, in Barrie, Ontario) is a Canadian musician and municipal politician.

While studying recorded music production and general arts and science at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario, he hinted at a later political career by serving as General Arts and Sciences Member At Large. He then moved to Toronto to pursue acting and a music career.

His first release with his band Timeline was entitled *Living on the Timeline* and released on Random Records in 1986. Two solo albums followed, *Better Times* in 1988 and *Slapped in the Face by a Rainbow* in 1990. Some of these tracks were featured on *New Stuff* new artist samplers.

With a new band in tow, Peter Randall and the Raindogs, he travelled and made multiple appearances on shows such as Citytv Toronto's *Breakfast Television* and *Lunch Television*. Their debut self-titled release was produced by Ken Greer of Red Rider fame at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga and released in 1994.

Randall's travels and humanitarian work have led him from Israeli Kibbutz to Goa, India seniors homes, animal shelters and kindergartens and Nicaraguan schools outside Managua, where he worked as a volunteer with *The Canadian Light Brigade*.

Settling down in wine country in Lincoln, Ontario, Randall was first elected as a town Alderman in 2000. He was then elected as Councillor for Ward Four in 2006.

In 2004 he co-wrote the track "Love Crime" with fellow Fanshawe College alumna Emm Gryner for CBC Radio's *All for a Song* CD.

In 2017 he wrote "All The Same" for Momentum Special Needs Choir who performed it at their year-end gala.

## Discography

* 1986 – *Timeline – Living on the Timeline*
* 1988 – *Peter Randall – Slapped in the Face by a Rainbow*
* 1989 – *Various – Horizons '89*
* 1990 – *Peter Randall – Better Times*
* 1994 – *The Raindogs – The Raindogs*

## Video singles

* 1990 – *Grow Old With Me*
* 1990 – *What Do You Want*
* 1995 – *Pity?*

## InfoBox

| Peter Randall | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | William Peter Randall |
| Born | (1964-11-27) November 27, 1964 |
| Origin | Barrie, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Rock, Pop |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, politician |
| Instrument(s) | voice, guitar, trumpet, piano |
| Years active | 1985–1995 |


abstract: William Wingfield was a Welsh-born clergyman and a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, Cambridgeshire and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) between 1855 and 1862. He was born at Llanllwchaiarn, Newtown, Powys and died at Coton Hill, Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Wingfield was educated at Rossall School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. As a cricketer, Wingfield was a right-handed middle-order batsman and, in his early career at least, a wicketkeeper. He cemented his place in the 1855 University team with an innings of 69 in only his second first-class game, the match against the MCC, and this remained his highest score. He played in the University Match against Oxford University in each of his three seasons at Cambridge, but only in his last year did he make much impact, though his 54 in Cambridge's second innings was insufficient to prevent a defeat. Cricket was not his only sport at Cambridge: he won a Blue as cox of the Cambridge rowing eight at Henley in 1855 and was then cox of the successful Cambridge boat in the Boat Race 1856. Wingfield also played for the Gentlemen of the South team and was a county cricketer for Cambridgeshire, and, from 1855 to 1879, Shropshire. For the latter he appeared in 86 matches, made a total 2,317 runs with a best match score of 89 runs, and took 15 wickets. Within Shropshire he played club cricket for Shrewsbury and Ludlow. Wingfield graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1857, and this converted to a Master of Arts in 1861. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in 1859 and as a priest the following year. From 1860 to 1863, he was vicar of Ford, Shropshire; from 1863 to his retirement in 1901, he was vicar of Leighton, Shropshire. Wingfield married in April 1864 Selina Rachel, daughter of Colonel Frederick Hill.

text:
# William Wingfield (cricketer, born 1834)

**William Wingfield** (30 September 1834 – 18 April 1913) was a Welsh-born clergyman and a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, Cambridgeshire and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) between 1855 and 1862. He was born at Llanllwchaiarn, Newtown, Powys and died at Coton Hill, Shrewsbury, Shropshire.

Wingfield was educated at Rossall School and at Trinity College, Cambridge.

As a cricketer, Wingfield was a right-handed middle-order batsman and, in his early career at least, a wicketkeeper. He cemented his place in the 1855 University team with an innings of 69 in only his second first-class game, the match against the MCC, and this remained his highest score. He played in the University Match against Oxford University in each of his three seasons at Cambridge, but only in his last year did he make much impact, though his 54 in Cambridge's second innings was insufficient to prevent a defeat. Cricket was not his only sport at Cambridge: he won a Blue as cox of the Cambridge rowing eight at Henley in 1855 and was then cox of the successful Cambridge boat in the Boat Race 1856.

Wingfield also played for the Gentlemen of the South team and was a county cricketer for Cambridgeshire, and, from 1855 to 1879, Shropshire. For the latter he appeared in 86 matches, made a total 2,317 runs with a best match score of 89 runs, and took 15 wickets. Within Shropshire he played club cricket for Shrewsbury and Ludlow.

Wingfield graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1857, and this converted to a Master of Arts in 1861. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in 1859 and as a priest the following year. From 1860 to 1863, he was vicar of Ford, Shropshire; from 1863 to his retirement in 1901, he was vicar of Leighton, Shropshire.

Wingfield married in April 1864 Selina Rachel, daughter of Colonel Frederick Hill.


title: Wilson Collison

abstract: Wilson Collison was a writer and playwright.

text:
# Wilson Collison

**Wilson Collison** (November 5, 1893  May 25, 1941) was a writer and playwright.

## Early years

Wilson Collison was the son of John B. Collison, a clerk in the City Engineer's Office, and Mary E. Gardner. Wilson Collison abandoned plans to become a scientist when he found he preferred writing. Showing signs of early talent he was nine when a Columbus newspaper accepted one of his stories. His writing was largely self-developed, as he completed only one year of high school. He worked as a printer, a stenographer, an advertising writer, and as a clerk in the wholesale and retail drug business.

## Actor

At 18 Collison became an actor with a repertory company that toured small towns in Michigan. He also was a vaudeville performer.

## Playwright and novelist

Collison's fame as a playwright came in 1919, when *Up in Mabel's Room* became a Broadway hit. Collison was an $18-a-week clerk in a Columbus, Ohio drugstore when he turned out this first success, in collaboration with Otto Harbach, about the pursuit of an incriminating undergarment which a shy bridegroom in a single bold moment had presented to a young woman whom he had temporarily fancied. Collison also co-wrote two successful farces with Avery Hopwood: *The Girl in the Limousine* (1919), about a man who is robbed and left in a woman's bedroom, and *Getting Gertie's Garter* (1921), about a lawyer who doesn't understand the difference between a bracelet and a garter.

Collison's play *Red Dust*, which closed after eight performances in New York, became the 1932 Clark Gable film by the same name and the 1953 Clark Gable film *Mogambo*. The hit movie had been a flop on stage: "Red Dust, a turgid play," was "a repetitious melodrama ... Another of those plays of the tropics, or anyway the near tropics, where passions are primitive and men wear their shirts open in the front," wrote *The New York Times*. His 1932 novel *Red-Haired Alibi* was turned into a feature-length film of the same name by Tower Productions. Directed by Christy Cabanne, it was the first feature-length film to include Shirley Temple in the credits.

The Maisie series of motion pictures, with the first in 1939, was from Collison's novel *Dark Dame*. MGM cast Ann Sothern as Maisie Ravier, a brash American working woman. Sothern played the same role in a half-hour weekly radio series.

One of Collison's works was adapted as 1933 film *Sing Sinner Sing*.

## Works

### Plays

### Novels

* 1929 *Murder in the Brownstone House*
* 1930 *Diary of Death*
* 1931 *Blonde Baby*
* 1931 *Expensive Women*
* 1931 *The Woman in Purple Pajamas*
* 1932 *Farewell to Women* also called *Dishonable Darling*
* 1932 *Red-haired Alibi*
* 1932 *Shy Cinderella*
* 1933 *Millstones*
* 1933 *One night with Nancy*
* 1933 *Sexational Eve*
* 1934 *Congo Landing*
* 1935 *Save a Lady*
* 1935 *The Second Mrs. Lynton*
* 1936 *Glittering Isle*

## Filmography

## Death

Collison died at home of a heart attack. He had no funeral, at his request, and his remains were cremated.

His wife remarried in 1942. Her next husband, Edwin Atherton died two years later.

## InfoBox

| Wilson Collison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1893-11-05)November 5, 1893
Glouster, Ohio, United States |
| Died | May 25, 1941(1941-05-25) (aged 47)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Clyde Wilson Collison |
| Occupation(s) | Novelist, playwright |
| Years active | 19241941 |
| Known for | plays, novels |
| Spouse | Anzonetta Moore (19201941, his death) Anzonetta Atherton (1942+) |


title: Willie Collazo

abstract: William Collazo [koy-yah'-zo] is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball pitcher. During the 2007 season, he appeared in six games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since 2016, Collazo has worked as a minor league pitching coach in the Toronto Blue Jays organization. Collazo graduated from Florida International University, where he went 13–1 as a senior and helped his team to the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship tournament. He was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 10th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Collazo played for the Braves, Los Angeles Angels, and New York Mets organizations. He was called up to the Mets on September 1, 2007, and made his major league debut on September 5, 2007, against the Cincinnati Reds. He became a free agent at the end of the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins. He last played in the Toronto Blue Jays organization from 2010 to 2012. Collazo was the pitching coach for the Short Season-A Vancouver Canadians in 2016. On January 19, 2017, he was promoted to be the pitching coach for the Class-A Lansing Lugnuts. In July 2019, Collazo was named the pitching coach at FIU. He was let go by FIU after the 2022 season.

text:
# Willie Collazo

**William Collazo** \[koy-yah'-zo\] (born November 7, 1979) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball pitcher. During the 2007 season, he appeared in six games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since 2016, Collazo has worked as a minor league pitching coach in the Toronto Blue Jays organization.

Collazo graduated from Florida International University, where he went 13–1 as a senior and helped his team to the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship tournament. He was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 10th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Collazo played for the Braves, Los Angeles Angels, and New York Mets organizations. He was called up to the Mets on September 1, 2007, and made his major league debut on September 5, 2007, against the Cincinnati Reds. He became a free agent at the end of the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins.

He last played in the Toronto Blue Jays organization from 2010 to 2012. Collazo was the pitching coach for the Short Season-A Vancouver Canadians in 2016. On January 19, 2017, he was promoted to be the pitching coach for the Class-A Lansing Lugnuts.

In July 2019, Collazo was named the pitching coach at FIU.

He was let go by FIU after the 2022 season.

## InfoBox

| Willie Collazo | |
| --- | --- |
| Collazo with the Lansing Lugnuts in 2017 | |
| **Pitcher / Coach** | |
| **Born:**  (1979-11-07) November 7, 1979<br>Carolina, Puerto Rico | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 5, 2007, for the New York Mets | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 29, 2007, for the New York Mets | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0-0 |
| Earned run average | 6.35 |
| Strikeouts | 0 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: William Seabrook House

abstract: The William Seabrook House, also known as the Seabrook is a plantation house built about 1810 on Edisto Island, South Carolina, United States, southwest of Charleston. It is located off Steamboat Landing Road Extension close to Steamboat Creek about 0.7 mi (1.1 km) from Steam Boat Landing. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971.

text:
# William Seabrook House

The **William Seabrook House**, also known as the **Seabrook** is a plantation house built about 1810 on Edisto Island, South Carolina, United States, southwest of Charleston. It is located off Steamboat Landing Road Extension (South Carolina State Highway 10-768) close to Steamboat Creek about 0.7 mi (1.1 km) from Steam Boat Landing. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971.

## History

William Seabrook was a Sea Island cotton planter and part-owner of the Edisto Island Ferry, which had a steamboat named the *W. Seabrook*. The house was built around 1810. His initials are on the ironwork of the front stairs. Tradition indicates that James Hoban, the architect of the White House, was the designer.

William Seabrook died in about 1837. His widow lived in the house until 1854 or 1855. The house was purchased by J. Evans Eddings.

At the end of the Civil War, the Sea Islands below Charleston were abandoned to the Union Army forces. The house was used for staff headquarters and provost. After the war ended, freed slaves temporarily took refuge in the house.

Around 1875 it was sold. At some point, Judge Smith purchased the house. Later, the house was bought and restored by Donald D. Dodge.

## Architecture

This house has been described as a classic plan for houses on Edisto. It is an Early Republic or Federal style, 2+12-story frame house on a raised basement. It has a gabled roof with dormers. It has a double portico with pediment with a semielliptical fanlight, columns, and arched entablature. Double stairways rise to the first floor portico. The main door has sidelights and a semielliptical fanlight. The windows on the main and second floors are nine over nine lights. The house originally had four rooms on the main floor divided by a central hall that extends to the smaller garden portico. Double stairways to the second floor go up a landing over the garden portico door.

Additional pictures are available. A floor plan and photographs taken before its restoration are also available.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William Seabrook House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| William Seabrook House in 1978 | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Edisto Island, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 32°36′6″N 80°16′53″W / 32.60167°N 80.28139°W / 32.60167; -80.28139 |
| Built | 1810 |
| Architect | Hoban, James |
| Architectural style | Early Republic |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000758 |
| Added to NRHP | May 6, 1971 |


title: Wilson Parker

abstract: Wilson Parker was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

text:
# Wilson Parker

**Wilson Parker** (born 1909) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Born in Ryton, Parker played for Carlisle United and Bradford City. For Bradford City, he made 125 appearances in the Football League; he also made 11 FA Cup appearances.

## Sources

* Frost, Terry (1988). *Bradford City A Complete Record 1903–1988*. Breedon Books Sport. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.

## InfoBox

Wilson Parker
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 1909 | | |
| Place of birth | Ryton, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Carlisle United |  |  |
| 1932–1936 | Bradford City | 125 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Wilson Packing Plant

abstract: The Wilson Packing Plant was a division of the Wilson and Company meatpacking company located near South 27th and Y Streets in South Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in the 1890s, it closed in 1976. It occupied the area bounded by Washington Street, South 27th Street, W Street and South 30th Street. Located on the South Omaha Terminal Railway and next to the Omaha Stockyards, Wilson was regarded as one of the "Big Four" packing companies in Omaha.

text:
# Wilson Packing Plant

The **Wilson Packing Plant** was a division of the Wilson and Company meatpacking company located near South 27th and Y Streets in South Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in the 1890s, it closed in 1976. It occupied the area bounded by Washington Street, South 27th Street, W Street and South 30th Street. Located on the South Omaha Terminal Railway and next to the Omaha Stockyards, Wilson was regarded as one of the "Big Four" packing companies in Omaha.

## History

The South Omaha Neighborhood Alliance, formed in 1965, was apparently instrumental in the "closing and clean-up" of the Wilson plant. The former plant and its site was redeveloped to be turned into an industrial park in 2003. Instead, the city's new Kroc Center was built on the site.

There were a number of large riots and civil unrest that originated or included events at the Wilson Packing Plant.

The building was initially constructed to house the Skinner Packing Company, patriarchs of the current Skinner Pasta brands.

41°11′50″N 95°57′20″W / 41.19722°N 95.95556°W / 41.19722; -95.95556


title: William Thomson (silversmith)

abstract: William Thomson (1777–1833) was an American silversmith active in New York City. He had shops at 399 Broadway and William Street, and was commissioned by the City to make a silver service for Captain Samuel Chester Reid for gallant bravery at the Battle of Fayal. His work is collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of the City of New York, and Winterthur Museum.

text:
# William Thomson (silversmith)

**William Thomson** (1777–1833) was an American silversmith active in New York City. He had shops at 399 Broadway and William Street, and was commissioned by the City to make a silver service for Captain Samuel Chester Reid for gallant bravery at the Battle of Fayal. His work is collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of the City of New York, and Winterthur Museum.

* *American Silversmiths and Their Marks*, Volume 3, Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko, Robert Ensko, Incorporated, 1948, page 129.
* *American silver at Winterthur*, Ian M. G. Quimby, Dianne Johnson, Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1995, page 298.
* *Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861*, Kevin J. Avery, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Carrie Rebora Barratt, Dell Upton, Elliot Bostwick Davis, Morrison H. Heckscher, Thayer Tolles, Amelia Peck, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Caroline Rennolds Milbank, Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen, Deborah Dependahl Waters, page 369.
* *The New York City Directory ...*, Volume 2, C.R. Rode, late Doggett & Rode., 1843, page 335.


title: William St Clair, 13th Baron of Roslin

abstract: William St Clair was a Scottish noble and the 13th Baron of Roslin.

text:
# William St Clair, 13th Baron of Roslin

**William St Clair** (died c. 1554) was a Scottish noble and the 13th Baron of Roslin.

## Early life

He was the eldest surviving son of Oliver St Clair, 12th Baron of Roslin who died before 1523 when William is found in possession of Roslin. That year William gave some land to the Prebendars of the College of Roslin.

## Baron of Roslin

William St Clair, Baron of Roslin was given the right to patronage the Collegiate Chapel of Roslin and Chapel of St. Mathew. In 1533, James V of Scotland gave him a charter renewing some of the older ones that had been granted to his ancestor, Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney. He executed an entail of Roslin and Herbertshire to his sons William, Gilbert, Patrick, Alexander, John, Oliver, Mathew and Edward successively, upon whom failing to his brothers Oliver, Alexander, Arthur and James.

William St Clair, Baron of Roslin received an annual pension of 300 merks from Mary of Guise for his allegiance to the Crown. He was in high favor with James V of Scotland who by his special writ of summons frequently called him to sit in Parliament.

He died before 1554.

## Family

William Sinclair, Baron of Roslin married Alison, daughter of George Home, 4th Lord Home and had the following children:

1. William St Clair, 14th Baron of Roslin, heir and successor.
2. Gilbert St Clair.
3. Patrick St Clair.
4. Alexander St Clair, of Cuthilton and Little Denny, who in turn had a son, Hercules who was possibly the reverend iconoclast of Shetland.
5. John St Clair.
6. Oliver St Clair of Westravensneuk.
7. Mathew St Clair.
8. Edward St Clair of Dryden and Ethay in Orkney.

## InfoBox

| William St Clair | |
| --- | --- |
| Baron of Roslin | |
| Baron of Roslin coat of arms | |
| Predecessor | Oliver St Clair, 12th Baron of Roslin |
| Successor | William St Clair, 14th Baron of Roslin |
| Died | 1554 |
| Noble family | Clan Sinclair |
| Father | Oliver St Clair |