What is the correct order of steps necessary in construction of a genomic library?
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Nearly Complete Genomic Libraries of Higher Organisms Can Be Prepared by λ Cloning\n\nWith the availability of λ phage cloning vectors, preparation of genomic libraries for higher organisms, including humans, is feasible. A genomic library is a set of λ (or plasmid) clones that collectively contain every DNA sequence in the genome of a particular organism. Figure 7-12 summarizes the general procedure for constructing a λ genomic library. The λ DNA first is treated with a restriction enzyme to produce fragments called λ vector arms, which have sticky ends and together contain all the genes necessary for lytic growth. This step frees the nonessential region in the middle of the λ genome; this region is separated from the λ arms and discarded. Genomic DNA then is extracted from a cell type that contains all the genetic information of the organism under study. Sperm cells or cells of an early embryo often are used as sources of mammalian DNA. The extracted DNA then is cleaved by a restriction enzyme to produce ≈20-kb fragments with sticky ends complementary to the sticky ends on the λ vector arms being used.\n\nThe λ arms and the collection of genomic DNA fragments are mixed in about equal amounts. The complementary sticky ends on the fragments and λ arms hybridize and then are joined covalently by DNA ligase. Each of the resulting recombinant DNA molecules contains a foreign DNA fragment located between the two arms of the λ vector DNA. The ligated recombinant DNAs then are packaged into λ virions in vitro as described above. Only DNA molecules of the correct size can be packaged to produce fully infectious recombinant λ virions.\n\nFinally, the recombinant λ virions are plated on a lawn of E. coli cells to generate a large number of recombinant λ plaques. Since each plaque arises from a single recombinant virion, all the progeny λ phages that develop are genetically identical and constitute a clone carrying a particular genomic DNA insert. The different plaques correspond to distinct phage clones, each carrying a different DNA insert, and collectively they constitute a λ genomic library. Multiple λ vectors have been constructed containing different restriction sites, so that restriction fragments generated by a variety of restriction enzymes can be cloned in λ vectors.\n\nIn constructing a library of genomic DNA, the DNA commonly is cleaved with a restriction enzyme that recognizes a 4-bp restriction site (e.g., Sau3A, as shown in Figure 7-12). A specific 4-bp sequence will occur on average once every 44 = 256 base pairs. Complete digestion of the human haploid genome, which contains ≈3 × 109 base pairs, would yield somewhat more than 107 nonoverlapping different fragments. However, to increase the probability that all regions of the genome are successfully cloned and represented in the λ genomic library, the genomic DNA usually is only partially digested to yield overlapping restriction fragments of ≈20 kb (Figure 7-13). In a large λ library constructed from such overlapping restriction fragments, a specific sequence of genomic DNA (e.g., the gene encoding β-globin) often is contained in or extends over several “overlapping” clones. By a technique called chromosome walking, described in the next chapter, overlapping genomic clones can be ordered.\n\nThe size of a genomic library for a given organism depends on the amount of DNA in that organism's haploid genome. If the human genome of about 3 × 109 base pairs is cleaved into 20-kb fragments for insertion into a λ vector, then roughly 1.5 × 105 different recombinant λ phage virions would be required to constitute a complete library. Because the restriction fragments of human DNA are incorporated into phages randomly, about 106 recombinant phages are necessary to assure that each region of human DNA has a 90 – 95 percent chance of being included.\n\nEach plaque produced by a recombinant bacteriophage λ contains large numbers of recombi
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Sequence profiling tools in bioinformatics refer to all those software tools (web-based/downloadable) that provide a brief overview on all related information about an input sequence.\n\nThe advent of post-genomics era has given rise to a range of web based tools and software to handle the deluge of biological information. A simple web-search returns any number of such services and software tools ranging from the popular public domains e.g. NCBI, ExPASy, Ensembl, PDB etc to private research group sites e.g. eF-site, Dipole moment server, SuperPose, REBASE. However, most of these remain obscure/under-explored to a bench-top molecular biologist who most often would like to quickly know which record in the BLAST report is useful for further analysis (given that the first few hits are already known) OR like to have a guess at what would a newly found ORF look like after translation.
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Header files that were written by you and are placed in the same directory as the cpp files must be included like this:\n\n# include "algorithm.h"\n\nThe new standard applies to header files located in the library. If his header is not in the library then he would have to do the above preprocessor directive.
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Your best bet is to google the topic. I have done this for C++ and found numerous sources that detail the language. Try C++ file extensions, and then search. This should bring up sources that will have the info you need.
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http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/130/17/4123?ck=nck
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Are you looking for all known orthologues of the individual genes in the operon (I assume) or for all occurences of these particular genes in an operon in other organisms (bacteria)?\n\n\n\n/////////\nI would try to look at "HomoloGENE", "Genome" and "UniGene" at the Entrez gateway at the US National Library of Medicine, Nat'l Ctr. for Biotechnology Info. (NCBI) \n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/gquery.fcgi?itool=toolbar
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http://biology.about.com/library/howto/htcandydna.htm\nThis is how to build a DNA model using candy.  I got it as the second rated site in a google search of "DNA model"  If you don't like their suggestions, you can use this search to find other models.
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the correct order:\n\n1) Chromosomes copy themselves (interphase).\n2) Chromosome copies fasten together as the nuclear... (prophase).\n3) Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell (metaphase).\n4) Chromosome copies separate (anaphase & telophase).\n5) Cell splits (cytokinesis).\n\nThis is correct. Disregard the former answers.
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1)  In your code you must #include the headers you need.\n#include <stdio.h>\n\n2)In your IDE and/or the cmd line environment, you must have the directory path to the system header files in the INCLUDE path.  Do a SET command and it should have that directory in there in the INCLUDE environment variable.\n\n3) you must pass all of the correct libraries in to the linker.\n4) you must include the path to the system libraries in your LIB path.  Do a SET command and it should have that directory in the LIB environment variable.
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Any included files must be in your include path.  If not the system will not be able to find them at compile time.\n\nYou might try to write your question with some punctuation so it is easier to understand. It is not really clear what you are trying to ask.
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dna and genetic coding of chromosomes.
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i did this, i used a ball of styrofome( er however you spell that) for the whole cell, and a smaller ball for the nucleus. then i just found a buncha little things for everything else. i used toothpicks with little tags on the end to label the parts
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First of all make sure your template is good quality. Did you extract genomic DNA, do you have a library in plasmids...(?).\nTry re-purifying your template.\n\nMaybe your template is GC-rich or has some secondary structure.\nIs your template very long?If so make sure you let the polymerase is working at the elongating temperature for enough time (1min/kb)\n\nIf you are using plasmid template try not to use too much. Don't put more than 30-40ng DNA in a reaction. \n\nCheck your primers:\n-can they form a dimer?\n-can they anneal at more than one site on the template DNA with a only few mismatches?\n-is the difference in the Tm of the two primers more than 6 C (it shouldn't;ideally they should be the same and I try not to exceed a difference of 4)?\n-do your primers end in more than 3  c or g in a row?\n-what's their Tm and GC content?Tm should not be very low (I design my primers at 56-61) and GC 40-60%.\n\nThe most strigent conditions are using as annealing temperature 2 C below the lowest Tm of the two primers. Try lower temperatures.\n\nYou can try different enzymes Taq, Pfu, Pwo, etc, even mixtures. Not all enzymes have the same processivity.\n\nYou can try different Mg+2 concentrations.\n\nThere are a lot of control experiments you can do depending on your template and primers. Eg if you have a library in a  plasmid that has sites for universal primers you can use one such primer and the other respective primer you designed in order to check if there is something wrong with the quality of your primers. \n\nIf everything is perfectly designed and you've tried evreything but still get a very faint (but of correct size) band, gel purify it and use it as a template for a new PCR. In this case you'll have a very high chance of getting mutations so you'll need to use a high fidelity enzyme like Pwo or Pfu turbo and of course sequence a lot till you get a correct clone.
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GO 2 ENCARTA.COM, MAYB 21 OR 13 CHROMOSOMES EACH
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Erase, cancel out all the introns, promoter and tata box, and you are left with those sequence you want. Then use the dna translation table to figure out the amino acid sequence. Then use those amino acid sequence to figure out what phenotype they correspond to via doll codes.
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getting ready to reproduce
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I would call them "gene sequences" or even "coding sequences", rather than just "genes."\n\nIt depends how much you want to get into the molecular genetics. You could discuss which part of the sequence was composed of "introns" and which were "exons".\n\nIf you give a really technical answer to a teacher who is marking tests "by the (simple) book", they might mark it wrong; it has happened to me!