Find three examples of fallacies of thought.Identify the fallacy and describe why it relates to the situation.
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Here are three of the seven listed on a website with their reasons.\n\n\n (7) I am entitled to my opinion (used to support the truth of the opinion).\n\n    A quite common outcome in arguments between science and pseudoscience is when the person holding the failing position resorts to saying “…well, that is my view and I am entitled to my opinion.” This is often recruited in support of the argument being made, thus implying that ones entitlement is somehow important for the truth of the argument itself. Indeed they are entitled to their opinion, but their entitlements were never in question. We are all entitled to our opinions – but this has no consequence for the scientific truth of them and does not establish or justify the validity of them. So the problem here arises when one recruits the mere ‘entitlement’ (and no evidence) to a view, as some form of evidential support for the truth of the view. It is often used as a final defence mechanism when faced with quite strong counter-arguments and evidence.\n\n    The crucial point with this error in argumentation is that your individual entitlement to hold a view is no indication at all as to its validity or truth – indeed, it is completely irrelevant (a form of the non-sequitur fallacy). When having a scientific debate, discussing evidence and theory, it makes no sense to recruit your human rights and ‘entitlements’ in defence of any view. It shifts the focus from one of science, evidence, and reason to one of human rights (see Whyte, 2005). This is an irrelevant and unhelpful tangent. You are of course entitled to hold any view you please, but it becomes a fallacy of reason to recruit that mere entitlement as some form of evidence in support of the truth of that view.\n\n    Recruiting the ‘I’m entitled to my opinion’ stance in any debate is functionally equivalent to saying, ‘I am entitled to be wrong!’ Entitlements do not establish truth. Human entitlements and rights are irrelevant to a scientific debate based on facts, evidence and reason. A scientist may be entitled to his / her opinion of the facts, but their entitlements do not make them correct, their data and evidence makes them correct. A scientist is entitled to believe that the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius, but the entitlement to that view does not make the scientist correct – the facts gained from scientific study provide evidence – which actually exists independent of anyone’s view of it. Therefore, it is sound reasoning, logic, and the recruitment of supportive empirical evidence of quality that makes an argument more likely to be correct.\n\n\n6) Argumentum Ad-hominem: Shoot the messenger fallacy.\n\n    This is a common logical fallacy. Argumentum ad hominem basically means that the argument becomes directed towards the individual as opposed towards the crucial issues being discussed. It is succinctly described as, attack the messenger not the message (hence – shoot the messenger). It is often seen in both politics and pseudoscience. Its aim is to undermine the position of ones opponent, by undermining the opponent personally (in a manner that is actually completely irrelevant to the debate). The hope here is that if one can discredit the individual, this by default, discredits his / her argument. It does not. The fallacy here relates to the irrelevance of the attack. It is not viable to argue against a position and then justify that argument by criticising the individual who holds it. Arguing that the proposals from the Educational minister are unlikely to work because he / she have no children of their own is hardly convincing. Furthermore, saying that Einstein or Darwin were selfish men does nothing to discredit the theories of Relativity and Evolution. They may have been the most selfish or the most unselfish of men, but this is an irrelevance as to the ‘truth’ of their scientific claims. Similarly, a cognitive neuroscientific account of strange expe
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Do you need footnotes to write this argument?  Is it a paper assignment or debate? Your own mind is a great place to begin thinking outside of the box. Madison Ave. applauds this in advertising.Science applauds this in new discoveries. Point is, we all have a contribution.  make yours.
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1) Think of what you are thinking\n2) Think of what is wrong with what you are thinking\n3) Think of what is wrong with what you think is wrong with your thinking\n4) Think of what you are thinking with all the things that are wrong with what you are thinking and what you think is wrong with what you think is wrong with what you are thinking\n5) Think of the perfect answer that will address all the things you have been thinking\n6) Think of all that could be wrong with your perfect answer
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This means that the person decided that something was a fact but they were making incorrect assumptions about the situation.  This caused them to draw conclusions that were incorrect.  They "built" their ideas on a poor foundation of knowledge.\n\nAn example: \nLet's say you visited the mall and it is completely packed with people.  You would think that this was a busy thriving mall that many people liked and offered a good variety of products which has led to its success. You are "building" your opinion on the "premise(idea)" that malls that are filled with people are doing well financially.\n\nHowever, if someone told you a missing piece of information: that the mall was having a closing sale where everything in the mall was 65% off.  You would realize that the mall wasn't doing well financially and that it was doing so badly that it must be shut down.  You "built (formed)" your opinions/thoughts on the "false (incorrect) premise (idea)" that all busy malls are malls that are successful.
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State what you are going to prove.  List 5 ideas that prove your statement.  Conclude by saying what you just proved.  (e,g, BEGINNING: It's not good for kids under the age of ___ to walk to and home from school alone. FIVE SUPPORTING POINTS:  1. it subjects children to victimization by criminals; 2. it subjects kids to physical injury while crossing the street; 3. kids who are victims of crime are subject to grow up with deep traumas and sometimes have lasting phobias; 4. parents whose children are kidnapped, murdered, molested, etc. are sometimes more likely to be less productive members of society due to life-long grief and related emotional problems; 5(a). parents who fail to adequately provide for the safety of their children increase the burden on law enforcement agencies who have to incur time and resources in locating children, or 5(b) all society is hurt when children are hurt because everyone loves children. CONCLUSION:  Therefore, due to the fact that -------, ----, -----, -----, and ----, parents should not allow children under the age of ___ to walk to and from school unchaparoned by an adult or responsible older child.\n\nThat's just an example.\n\nYour essay is something you want to prove.  It has a beginning, a middle and an end.  It can be anything from "Why it's tough to make it in the world today," to "Why I've chosen to be a ____" when I graduate.  Have fun with it - and goodluck.  \n\nBe sure to choose a NARROW topic - it gets crazy when you choose a broad topic. Then brainstorm only stopping to make rough notes of what comes out of your mind.  Just let all your thoughts about the subject flow out uninhibited. Don't interrupt the flow. Then look closely at all the rough ideas and select the best ones.  Hopefully, you'll have 10 or more. Next, pick the top five-your very best-points.  Now you have your topic and 5 excellent points to support your topic.\n\nP.S.  It's a good idea to deal with ideas that are the extreme position of yours, but discuss them in your essay to dispel them or break them down.  Whenever you write anything, assume that the reader already knows the other side.  So deal with it, acknowledging it, BUT topple it with your points. For example:  for point 1 above, which reads: subjects children to victimization by criminals.  Some parents will say, "we live in a safe neighborhood and no children have ever been harmed in our neighborhood" -- you might want to write:  Some parents believe their neighborhoods are safe and permit their children to walk to and from school.  Other parents allow their children to walk to and from school because the school is onely a couple of blocks down the street.  The reason neither of these ideas are good ones is because statistics have shown that child molesters are subject to pick up kids from affluent neighborhoods as they are from other ones.  [sometime like that - gotta run - hope it helps]
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No, not at all, although reason is an important part of the way people think. We tend to conflate reason with thinking because of Western civilization's philosophical traditions.\n\nHowever other kinds of thought certainly exist. An interesting one is the use of similitude - drawing conclusions because one sentence phonetically resembles another, or evokes similar imagery. Just like logic, those thoughts then chain together, in a way similar to logic, but not strictly speaking based on it. \n\nThis tends to be most apparent in religious systems, where symbolic numbers might repeat in various scenarios so that new situations can be tied to old ones, because of the presence of the symbolic number in both.
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1 thinking\n2 logic\n3 commonsense\n4 rational thought\n5 facts\n6 proof\n7 tolerance
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An argument is a passage that contains a conclusion, at least one reason to support that conclusion and it must represent an attempt to persuade the audience to accept the truth of the conclusion.\n\nA good argument will have a logical chain of reasoning leading to the conclusion.  The author will be consistent.  Supporting evidence will be relevant.  The author will reason his way to the conclusion rather than relying on irrelevant or emotional appeals or other fallacies.
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Think of argumentative writing as going hand-in-hand with debates. If a person is going to debate something they need to be informed of the subject. What's the best way to be informed of the subject--finding EVIDENCE to back up your claims and opinions. Your thoughts, feelings, ideas, and opinions are great because it's what makes a debate/argumentative writing. (They're what make you take a side.) But in order to write and effective argumentative paper or have a good debate you need to hit it with more than just your opinions.
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It's how you organize a composition or theme paper.\n\nIntroduction: Introduce your topic. This is where you present the idea you intend to prove.\n\nBody: Provide details, information, evidence supporting your point of view. Traditionally, this requires at least three paragraphs, each with a supporting point.\n\nConclusion: Summarize what you have proven and draw a conclusion. This is where you restate how you have proven your thesis/point.\n\nAnother way to look at it is: (1) Say what you're going to say, (2) Say it, and (3) Say what you said.\n\nHere are a few links to get you started:
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i can give you a simplified explanation....\n\nif you and your friend go out to have dinner for example, then you start arguing....\nif you are arguing ,say, about who ate what and who should pay how much, you are talking about quantifiable things , things you can count, feel , eat, etc like the food, the money, your hunger , etc\n\nbut\nif you argue about whether its the right thing to pay the money or just go out and run away \nthen you are talking about non quantifiable IDEAS that you cant weigh or hold in your hand or give to someone or count.......whether you pay or not maybe right for some people and wrong for other people, its not a thing that you can measure ,whether you pay or not the fact remains that the food is the same food, and your body will benefit from it just as well if it is payed for or (right)  and not payed for  (wrong)\n\nanother example \n\na good paradigm or comparison is that of the computer..........\n\nthe main problem scientists have inmaking a computer talk like a human is the abstract things we talk about every day\n\na computer can tell you for example\nyou are overweight (because we can store the normal weight range into the computer, and it can measure you or you give your weight), if it is more than normal , it gives a result.\n\nbut try explaining to the computer why you are upset about ,lets say, the war in iraq.\nyou would say that you feel that the risk to the lives of many citizens is too high, and morally it doesnt seem right to endanger the lives of all those people without there being a direct threat to the country......\n\nin this statement you made a lot of JUDGEMENTS \nthese judgements are all in the area of what you see is right,,,\nbecause most ideas humans have (like fairness, morality, courage,kindness etc)are based on standards that depend on each situation, on our background , on our FEELING \nthese ideas cannot be comprehended by a computer or processed , because they cannot be measured in any physical way , (unless you measure the electric currents going in the brain while you have an idea ,or a physical outcome of an idea like when you are afraid enough you jump 2 meters high), otherwise these QUANTITIES really do not exist except in our brains \n\n\nso essentially \nanything you cannot touch , smell, see(with your eyes) , feel(with your hand) or hear  is an abstract that depends on what we make of it.\n\nsomethings can be both abstract and tangible\n\nlike beauty\n\nif you talk about the way children look when they play or a loved ones face , then its an abstract quantity that has no actual value...\nie\nactual values for these people would be their height , weight, blood pressure etc\nbut beauty, as they say, is in the eye of the beholder, so anyone can be beautiful as long as enough people believe it.\n\nON THE OTHER HAND\n\nif you mean by beautiful\n1 a certain tone of the skin\n2 a certain curvature of the hips\n3 a certain acceptable length for the nose\n4 a certain width of the eyes\n5 straight versus curly hair\n\nthen beauty is no longer ABSTRACT , because there are physical criteria that dictate what beauty is regardless of what any number of people might think or feel.\n\nanother example\n\nwe previously used the concept of (right) and (wrong) as being abstracts.\n\nactually here we might say that there are 2 types of abstracts\ntangible abstracts and\nabstract abstracts\nhow is that?\n\nlets take the example of a politician who lives and deals in another abstract (as far as humans are concerned) which is POLITICAL POWER\n\nnow lets say this politician discovers that a very important member of his party is doing any bad/wrong activity , here he can do one of two things\n\n1 denounce this member inspite of the risk of losing power and influence and creating controversy\n\n2 go along with this member and with his help gain more power and maintain stability\n\nthese actions are based on what our friend the politician sees as being the RIGHT thing to do\n\nwe said t
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Your argument is of the form\n\n1) All As are Bs,\n2) If C is B, then...\n\nNo valid conclusion follows from this form.
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My suggestion is to begin the essay with the opposite point of view (from yours).  Use the additional paragraphs to discredit that argument.
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Logic\nCritical thinking\nQuantatative reasoning\n\nyou can't live without these tools for life. Without them one is lost and will not be productive.
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introduction- sound engaging. convince your reader that your topic is an issue thats worth considering. clearly and strongly state your opinion. and try not to use a passive voice when doing this.\n\nbody paragraphs- give reasons to support your opinion. try to appeal to your audience. you can appeal to common sense, logic, emotion, ethics, etc. giving evidence is also a good idea. statistics work great. and if you can show that you did soe good research, im sure your teacher will love it.\n\nconclusion- if you like, give a quick summary of your reasons. state you opinion statement. and... a "call to action" where you are calling to the reader to take action and act on your opinion. when doing this, assume your reader strongly believes and agrees with your opinion and view on the issue.
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Having the ring of truth or plausibility but actually fallacious: a specious argument.
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My views ar based on logic and the data that I can find. If I discover new data that contradicts a view I've had, then I change my view. If I find a mistake, then I change my view.\n\nMany do not, and continue to ardently support what they believe in even if all the data show that the belief is wrong. This is the main reason why I feel belief is a dangerous thing to have.\n\nWhen you use belief as a basis for judgement, it doesn't matter if your belief is true or not. It makes it "right". From there, anything goes. For an example, see terrorists and Iraq.\n\nThe key here should be that people should use critical thinking skills to formulate a logical conclusion based on available facts.\n\nBut it's just too easy to use belief and emotion.\n\n~X~