What is Grand Unified Theory (GUF) and Theory of Everything(TOE)?
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This is what everybody in science thinks is their ultimate goal.\n\nIt would be a theory of how the entire universe works where all the other ideas and theories about everythign all agree with each other and all fit together perfectly. This would range from the creation of the universe, how stars are formed, all the way down to sub-atomic physics. And chemistry, biology etc. \n\nSurely everythign in the whole universe is working according to the same rules?
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This one by Alfred Einstein:\n\n"There are only two infinite things; The Universe and the human stupidity. But I´m not sure about the first one..."\n\nI just think in the concept of "absolute" very concise.
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Quantum theory accurately describes the way things in the universe behave on small scales.  General relativity does the same for large scales.  However, combining the two theories to find equations that work for things like black holes doesn't really work.\n\nString theory is an attempt to find something that accurately describes interactions on both large and small scales.  Another idea is loop quantum gravity.  Neither idea has really been proven yet, although useful insights have been gleaned from both.\n\nThe hope is that future research at places like the Large Hadron Collider that is scheduled to begin operation soon in Europe will eventually prove string theory correct.  Even if that does happen though, the equations for string theory are actually still too complex for mathematicians to accurately solve them.  Currently, physicists use estimates instead of the true equations.  There will need to be a lot of work done in that area as well before string theory will really replace quantum theory.
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Heim theory is a term used to describe a non-mainstream 'theory of everything', proposed by Burkhard Heim and further developed by Walter Dröscher and Jochem Häuser. Neither most of their original work nor theories based on it have been peer reviewed. Heim attempted to resolve incompatibilities between quantum theory and general relativity. To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach based on quantizing spacetime itself, and proposed the metron as a (two-dimensional) quantum of (multidimensional) space. The mathematics behind Heim's theory requires extending spacetime with extra dimensions; various formulations by Heim and his successors involve 6, 8, or 12 dimensions. Within the quantum spacetime of Heim theory, elementary particles are represented as "hermetry forms" or multidimensional structures of space. In his lifetime, Heim has attempted to use his method to calculate elementary particle masses directly from fundamental physical constants. Most of the resulting masses are in remarkable agreement with experiment. After his death, others have continued with his multi-dimensional "quantum hyperspace" framework. Most notable are the theoretical generalizations put forth by Walter Dröscher, who worked in collaboration with Heim at some length. Their combined theories are also known as "Heim-Droescher" theories. There are some discrepancies between the original "Heim Theory" and the extended versions proposed by his successors. For example, in its original version Heim theory used 6 dimensions, which was sufficient to derive the masses of elementary particles. Droescher first extended this to 8, in order to demonstrate that the quantum electrodynamics and QCD structures of the standard model could be found within this expanded version of the original Heim theory. Later, 4 more dimensions were used in the 12 dimensional version that involves extra gravitational forces one of which corresponds to quintessence. All these theories are often known as "Heim theories". The various dimensional extensions allow one to interpret that branches of established physics can be found in Heim theory, including Maxwell's equations. The extended Heim-Dröscher theory also claims to account for the "dark matter" problem of astrophysics.
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String theory.  Two parallel universives touched briefly - creating the big bang.
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The theory of everything is the Holy Grail of physics, which would be a scientifically verifiable and verified theory to reconcile the contradictions between relativity and quantum mechanics.  Currently, QM is used for the very small (particle physics) and relativity is used for the very large (astronomy and cosmology), but somewhere in between they become inconsistent.
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The product of space and time is not so much an abstraction as much as an aberrated perception. ( Why, In GR theory, is everyone always going deductively DOWNWARDS into the collapse rather than inductively tracking the event back to original precipitating events?  The answers are THERE.)
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There are a number of interesting areas that are in development:\n\nThese are in no particulkar order:\n\n1. Supersymmetric String Theory. Mathematicians are trying to pull together a cohesive set of equations that prove the existence of up to 26 alternate dimensions. It is considered one of the most promising candidate theories of quantum gravity. Unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.  The deepest problem in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures (stars, galaxies, super clusters), with quantum mechanics which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the microscopic scale.\n\n2. Collabroative Filtering. This has been on the rise in recent years. It's basically a set of equations that determine group behavior. The most common application is an attempt to predict an individual buyers tastes based on what they buy and other people that purchase the same material. Amazon.com are already using a version of Collaborative Filtering. More recently, collaborative filtering has been used in e-learning to promote and benefit from students' collaboration.\n\n3. Genetics, Bioinformatics, Biostatistics. There is a lot of emphasis on mathematical prediction analysis, particurly in the field of genetics: the statistical analysis of the effects of germs, viruses on immune cell diversity; developing methods to predict the structure and/or function of newly discovered proteins and structural RNA sequences; clustering protein sequences into families of related sequences and the development of protein models; aligning similar proteins and generating phylogenetic trees to examine evolutionary relationships. Biostatistics is the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health-related fields, including medicine, biology, and public health, and the development of new tools to study these areas.\n\n4. Number Theory. This is always a strong area as there never seems to be a shortage of research candidates: prime number theory, probabilistic number theory, elliptic curves, Galois module structure, deformations of Galois representations, Iwasawa theory, Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, Ramanujan's Notebooks, modular forms, partition theory, special functions, elliptic functions (elliptic integrals), geometry of numbers, Diophantine approximation, arithmetic functions, sieves, transcendence and irrationality, continued fractions, q-series, and coding theory.\n\n5. Logic: Axiomatic Systems and Set Theory. Set Theory is the mathematical science of the infinite. It studies properties of sets, abstract objects that pervade the whole of modern mathematics. The language of set theory, in its simplicity, is sufficiently universal to formalize all mathematical concepts and thus set theory, along with Predicate Calculus, constitutes the true Foundations of Mathematics. As a mathematical theory, Set Theory possesses a rich internal structure, and its methods serve as a powerful tool for applications in many other fields of mathematics. Set Theory, with its emphasis on consistency and independence proofs, provides a gauge for measuring the consistency strength of various mathematical statements. There are four main directions of current research in set theory, all intertwined and all aiming at the ultimate goal of the theory: to describe the structure of the mathematical universe. They are: inner models, independence proofs, large cardinals, and descriptive set theory.
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Big Bang is the only acceptable theory for now.\nSteady State isn't really accepted anymore.\n\nBig Crunch is a variation of the Big Bang theory that is becoming less and less accepted.\n\nFrom what we've gathered there's not enough matter in the universe to bring it back together (the Big Crunch) so therefore it will keep expanding forever.
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http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/
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Natural theory is just that, a theory based on natural premises. \n\nPopular theory is a theory based on a premise of popular belief(s).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity
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No one really knows. However, one should not discount the creativity of humans, and the power of the scientific method. However, it might take another 5 years to come to fruition, or another 500. \n\nIt should be noted that the brane theory is not really a grand unified theory or GUT, but an even more ambitious type of theory called  a Theory of Everything, or TOE, that tries to explain all four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, weak force and strong force) as aspects of the same thing. A GUT only tries to explain 3 of the four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak force and the strong force). \n\n\nThe weak and electromagnetic forces have been effectively combined so far. The rest of the effort is still fairly speculative.
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The Grand Unified Field Theory. GUTs would be the foundation to all physics and would see the answer to many cosmological and quantum questions. With it you may be able to move faster than light, manipulate gravity fields, create elements and structures from scratch (think Star Trek Replicators), and work wonders as yet unthought of.\n\nYou know Einstein (my uncle Albert) and Stephen Hawking, the discovery of GUTs would put you above them both.
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Actually string theory is a special case of M-theory (M for membrane). It's not a question of "give everything about it," it's more "how much can you understand." Not all of us are capable of understanding this stuff. This page will give you a non-mathematical taste but if you really want everything, you'll need an advanced degree in mathematics.\nhttp://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3015388/
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Kurt Gödel, famous for his incompleteness theorems has shown that for any consistent formal theory that proves basic arithmetical truths, it is possible to construct an arithmetical statement that is true but not provable in the theory. That is, any consistent theory of a certain expressive strength is incomplete.\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goedel\n\nThere are other limits to knowledge most of which do not lend themselves to short answers.\nAlonzo Church's undecidability theorem - there exists no one procedure for deciding the validity of any argument in the system.\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Church\nChaos theory (well never have accurate weather forecasts more than 2 weeks out)\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory\n\nThese limits affect not just science but all human learning. Beyond all of this, humans are simply not capable of knowing all there is to know. There will always be aspects of the universe unknown to us and inaccessible to science or religion because we’re not smart enough to ask the right question and incapable of understanding the answer.
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No, I would not say that.\n\n"The development during the present century is characterized by two theoretical systems essentially independent of each other: the theory of relativity and the quantum theory. The two systems do not directly contradict each other; but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory." \n- Albert Einstein, On Quantum Mechanics, 1940\n\nString theory is an attempt to reconcile both of these theories into one unifying theory.