How are messages transfered wit packet switchings?
961106
It's hard to know where to start on this one. this is a broad and complex topic that depends on knowledge of things like the OSI model, TCP/IP model, switching, routing, routing protocols, among others. \n\nI'll try to tackle this from a high level:\n\nThe information being transmitted includes the actual file/message, plus "headers." Headers are like instructions telling the network who is sending the file and where it needs to go. There are different types of headers for different layers of the network. \n\nThe information starts at the source computer, then goes from device to device until it finally reaches the destination computer. Along the way switches are using the Layer 2 headers to determine where to send the file, and routers are using Layer 3 headers to determine where to send the file. Once the destination computer receives the file, it strips away the headers and the computer uses the appropriate application to open the file for the intended recipient.\n\nMetaphorically speaking, it's like a letter and the post office. Someone writes a letter. They put the letter in an envelope, then put their return address on it. Then they put the destination address on it. The post office takes the letter, and they stamp all sorts of weird bar codes and lines all over the envelope, and these things tell the post office where to send the letter. Finally a postal worker at the tail end takes the letter around on his route and puts it in the right mailbox. The recipient opens the envelope and reads the letter. Neither sender nor recipient cares about the envelope or the route used, all they care about is whether the intended recipient got the letter intact.
686377
I assume you don't actually want a technical explanation of how they actually work, right (I couldn't tell you if you did, I'm afraid) But what I can tell you is:\n\n1) A switch is a device that sits at the middle of a small network of computers, it allows any one computer attached to the switch to commnicate with any other\n\n2) A hub is like a switch, only cheaper and worse (in a hub only two computers can be communicating at any given time, whereas in a switch many compuetrs can talk simultaneously)\n\n3) A router is a switch that has extra hardware in it that allows it to be connected directly to the internet as a Gateway, so any computer connected to it can access the internet.\n\nIf you have a switch, then you need to get one computer to be the gateway, it connects to the internet, and the other computer connects to it via teh switch. Essentially one of the computers is acting like a router. If you have Windows this is a fairly simple thing to set up, you don't even need extra software. (Send me a mail via my profile if you want detailed info, since I really don't want to go thorugh step by step instructions when for all I know you're using Linux or something)\n\nIf you have a router, it's much easier. Make sure the router can connect to the internet connection type you've got (i.e. You may need a different type of router for an ADSL connection than for a Cable connection), then you connect both computers to the router, connect the router to the internet, and that's pretty much it, apart form actually configuring the router...
1109730
well if you are able to choose the transport protocol TCP will resend packets if one is dropped it also makes a connection where udp does neither of these mostly used for DNS lookups and streaming video and stuff
193454
A web packet is a very small packet of information sent through the internet. All data you send and recieve is transferred through many thousands of packets a second.
655341
The data travels in packets, Computer networks transfer data from each other by packets of data. A packet is a unit of data at any layer of the OSI protocol stack. One way hackers gain access to computer networks is by intercepting packets of data that contain information like usernames and passwords (programs that preform this are known as a packet sniffer).\nMore information on packets including how you can see the packets you send and receive from the Internet go to this site.\nhttp://www.ethereal.com/
236605
When you address a message and send it, the server recieving your "email" decides whether it is a SMS (cell to cell message) or an email message.  Without getting too technical, the message is routed according to the recipient address, much like your regular email is routed......Same thing happens in reverse as messages are recieved for you.
635504
Yeah, it depends on internet traffic and the hop counts.  If  you want to goof around to see how a packet is routed from one destination to another open a command prompt (Start-->Run-->Type cmd-->click ok) type tracert <destination>, for example, do a tracert yahoo.com and see how many hop counts you get.  Have fun!
280931
Alright then, the above is mostly right but, a hub takes a signal and retransmits it to all available stations. It is a dumb device basically a repeater. \n\nA bridge allows data to cross if it is destined for the machine on the other end ie (and this is an important distinction) if a packet is destined for the mac address on the other side of the bridge it is allowed to pass.\n\nA switch is a device that has a bridge to every port. So data flows into the switch and will only go out the port with the mac address that the packet is destined for.\n\nBefore I explain a router, I need to lay down some groundwork about networks.\n\nA Mac address is a hardcoded serial number built into every network device.  This is ultimately used for your address on a network.  Unfortunately it is 12 characters long and can be a mix of numbers and letters.  This makes it too hard to remember and is cumbersome to work with so an alternative addressing scheme called an IP address was created. You have seen them 192.168.1.122 etc.  The IP address is a shorthand for the more cumbersome MAC address.  \n\nWell as the networks grew larger even the numbering scheme became cumbersome. So DNS or domain name service was implemented. It converts an IP address to a name and vice versa. So www.yahoo.com points to 68.142.226.44 which intern points to the servers network card MAC address.  \n\nIf you remember networks started small and grew up over time.  One of the basic  rules of TCP/IP is that the devices on a network only listen for packets addressed to their own network.  A netmask tells the computer how to figure out if an IP address is part of the local network or not. If it is not bound for a local device it is sent to a gateway device that is connected out to other networks. \n\nA router is one device (the most common now a days) that acts as a gateway.I n a lot of respects it is a super inteligent switch. It howerver doen't operate in the same layer of the OSI model that a switch does.  I am going to leave this here because to explain more about a router would take a lot more space. If you are curious enough you could investigate the OSI model and take a look at the Wikipedia link below.
15386
In a basic rundown, it uses packets.  Each packet is made of bits of information.  The packet has a header and trailer used to notate what the packet contains and also some error correction information to ensure that it did not get corrupted in transit.  It is also important to note that while it is still in the "network" it is called a frame, and when it is outside of the netowork its a packet.  A packet travels from yahoo.com into your companys network where it becomes a frame, then to your computer.
424208
Ok... First lets explain how mail work.\n\nWhen you send an email your message is send from your computer to a server on the internet (that's your email server, depending on which mail server you use) then this server will seek the recipient's server using the email adress you've provided. Once he found that server he will send the mail to that server through the internet. Once the mail arrived on the other server the recipient will retrieve his mail from that server. That's quite easy in theory, no ?\n\nIn reality when messages are exchanged from one server to another there may be many problems.\nSmall problems like overloaded networks (in this case your server can't send the mail to the other server so he will try again later) or the other server has crashed. Or there may be bigger problems : when I say your server sends the message to the other server in fact your message will go through a lot of servers before reaching the final server, if one of those servers bugs or crashs then your mail will be lost...\n\nIn fact I've read that 10% to 20% of email is lost... Due to bugs mainly.
252949
It's basically one way to encapsulate data.  If you send a 1 MB transmission it is chopped into smaller bits so that it can be sent efficiently.  One way to do this is frame relay, another way is ATM.
823169
Kindly go through Tennanbaum Networking book, they ask most questions from it.\n\nSome of the ques i know are:\n1.7 layers of the network\n2.TCPIP protocol\n3.cables,fibres,etc\n4.encryption and cryptography\nand other topics in the above book
409089
tcp has guearanteed delivery service and error correction so if the packets do not reach their destination you should receive an icmp internet control message protocol such as a ttl expiration or a host unreachable error message a method known as packet switching will break the data down into segments and travel the best path available they may all go a different route or they make take some of the same routes--there may be a problem with the receiving node dude
32674
A standard form of communication between multiple objects.
1109496
Assuming you mean pinging: \n\nOn a unix machine type "man ping" \nOn a windows machine type "ping /?" \n\nUseless facts about ping:\nPing uses ICMP packets that are only designed to go to an IP address and elicit a reply. \n\nICMP is usually the lowest priority on a router and will be the first protocol dropped when a router gets busy. \n\nMany firewalls and sysadmins prevent ICMP traffic as a security measure making it unreliable alone in diagnosing a problem.
104995
1. Gbps Nbps Mbps kbps\n2. Application Physical Presentation \n3. encapsulation \n4. transport\n5. A header and trailer are added.  Packets are packaged into frames. \n\nI guess some more CCNA questions..  I hope my memory is working well..\n\n-KOZ\nComputer Service Phoenix\nhttp://www.affirmtech.net
384081
Well, all Messneger applications do the following:\nthey use\n- TCP Protocol for authentication (LOGIN), etc\n- UDP Protocol for chatting\n\nThe difference between the 2 is that TCP guarantees the delivery of data while UDP doesn't, and thats why, in some cases, while text messaging or Voice chatting, some text &/or portions of voice conversation is omitted...\n\nHope this answers your question...