Microscopes and the Principle of E?
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http://www.highlanderfilm.com/Principles%20Behind%20Lenses%20and%20Visual%20Optics.htm
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Try a Yahoo search for parts of a microscope\n\nFound several sites that look useful:\n\nAn online "flashcard" quiz to practice naming the parts:\n\nhttp://biologycorner.com/microquiz/\nhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.html\n\n\nDiagrams with labels:\n\nhttp://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/cells/sciber/micrpart.htm\nhttp://www.middleschoolscience.com/scope.htm
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electron microscopes can get pretty close to atomic scale, but to measure atoms and electrons fully you need a partical accelerator such as those at Stamford University or CERN in Switzerland. These fire atoms at each other, forcing them to break apart and measure the component parts.\n\nHowever, these cost millions of dollars to set up and are not known to have model or serial numbers!
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It is actually not possible to photograph, or "see" an atom. This is because they are to small for light to bounce off of, making them impossible to "see".\nThere are electron microscope pictures of atoms, but they are made by running electricity through something, feeding the data into a computer, then the computer shows an image of what the atoms would look like. (it's a little more complicated than that, but very hard to explain)
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If you mean the electron microscope (and I think you do, since optical microscopes can't magnify to that, er, magnitude):\n\n"The first electron microscope was built by the German physicist Ernst Ruska, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986 for its invention. He knew that electrons possess a wave aspect, so he believed he could treat them in a fashion similar to light waves. Ruska was also aware that magnetic fields could manipulate electrons, possibly focusing them as optical lenses do to light. After confirming these principles through research, he set out to design an electron microscope. Ruska had deduced that an electron microscope would be much more powerful than an ordinary optical microscope, because he knew that magnification increased with shorter wavelengths. Since electron waves were shorter than ordinary light waves, it followed that they would allow for greater magnification. In 1932 Ruska and a collaborator, German physicist Max Knoll, under whom he obtained his doctorate, built the first crude electron microscope. Despite the fact that it was primitive and not fit for practical use, the instrument was still capable of magnifying objects 400 times.\n\nThe first practical electron microscope was built by Eli Franklin Burton and students at the University of Toronto, Canada in 1938.\n\nAlthough modern electron microscopes can magnify an object 2 million times, they are still based upon Ruska's prototype and his correlation between wavelength and magnification. The electron microscope is an integral part of many laboratories. Researchers use it to examine biological materials (such as microorganisms and cells), a variety of large molecules, medical biopsy samples, metals and crystalline structures, and the characteristics of various surfaces."
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1Simple optical microscope\n\n2Compound optical microscope\n\n3 stereo or dissecting microscope \n\n4Electron microscopes\n\n5Scanning probe microscope\n\n6Acoustic microscopes\n\nhistory:\n\nIt is impossible to say who invented the compound microscope. Dutch spectacle-makers Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen are often said to have invented the first compound microscope in 1590, but this was a declaration by Zacharias Janssen himself halfway through the 17th century. The date is certainly not likely, as it has been shown that Zacharias Janssen actually was born around 1590. Another favorite for the title of 'inventor of the microscope' was Galileo Galilei. He developed an occhiolino or compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens in 1609. Galilei´s microscope was celebrated in the ´Lynx academy´ founded by Federico Cesi in 1603. Francesco Stelluti´s drawing of three bees were part of pope Urban VIII´s seal, and count as the first microscopic figure published (see Stephen Jay Gould, The Lying stones of Marrakech, 2000). Christiaan Huygens, another Dutchman, developed a simple 2-lens ocular system in the late 1600's that was achromatically corrected and therefore a huge step forward in microscope development. The Huygens ocular is still being produced to this day, but suffers from a small field size, and the eye relief is uncomfortably close compared to modern widefield oculars.\n\nAnton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is generally credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 1500's, and the magnifying principle of water-filled glass bowls had been described by the Romans (Seneca). Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were actually very small simple instruments with a single very strong lens. They were awkard in use but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see highly detailed images, mainly because a single lens does not suffer the lens faults that are doubled or even multiplied when using several lenses in combination as in a compound microscope. It actually took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes. So although he was certainly a great microscopist, van Leeuwenhoek is, contrary to widespread claims, certainly not the inventor of the microscope.
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The parts of the microscope\nAt the top of the microscope is the eyepiece or ocular - a cylinder containing two or more lenses to bring the image to focus for the eye. The eyepiece is inserted into the top end of the body tube. This design allows for different eyepieces to be inserted to give different magnifications. Typical values for eyepieces include X5, X10 and X20. At the lower end of the microscope tube are one or more objective lenses mounted on a circular nose piece. Each objective lens is cylindrical and is screwed into to the nose piece. Typical values of objectives are x5, x10,x20, x40, x80 and x100. Below the objectives is the stage which supports the specimen being viewed. In the centre of the stage is a circular hole through which light shines to illuminate the specimen. Below the stage, the light is provided and controlled in a variety of ways. At its simplest, daylight is directed via a mirror. Most microscopes, however, have their own controllable light source that is focused through an optical device called a condenser with diaphragms and filters available to manage the quality and intensity of the light.\n\nThe whole of the optical assembly is attached to a rigid arm which in turn is attached to a robust U shaped foot to provide the necessary rigidity. The arm is usually able to pivot on its joint with the foot to allow the viewing angle to be adjusted. Mounted on the arm controls for focusing are usually placed, typically a large knurled wheel to control coarse focusing together with a smaller knurled wheel to control fine focusing.\n\nCompound optical microscopes can produce a magnified image of a specimen up to 1000× and, at high magnifications, are used to study thin specimens as they have a very limited depth of field. Typically they are used to examine a smear, a squash preparation, or a thinly sectioned slice of some material. With a few exceptions, they utilize light passing through the sample from below and special techniques are usually necessary to increase the contrast in the image to useful levels (see contrast methods). Typically, on a standard compound optical microscope, there are three objective lenses: a scanning lens (5×), low power lens (10×) or sometimes medium power lens (20x), and high power lens (40×). Advanced microscopes often have a fourth objective lens, called an oil immersion lens. To use this lens, a drop of oil is placed on top of the cover slip, and the lens moved into place where it is immersed in the oil. An oil immersion lens usually has a power of 100×. The actual power or magnification is the product of the powers of the ocular (eyepiece), usually about 10×, and the objective lens being used.
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http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscope.htm
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electron microscope works by passing a beam of electrons through specimen, it's much powerful than a light microscope that passes a beam of light through the specimen. with the light microscope you can even study live specimen, which is impossible with the electron microscope.
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Well, I don't think it was discovered, but rather developed (or invented)... here's a quote:\n\nPrior to 1930, all microscopes were optical. In 1931, German physicist Ernst Ruska developed the electron microscope that used a beam of moving electronics to illuminate an object instead of light. Magnetic lenses or electric coils produce magnetic fields to deflect the electrons in the same manner that glass lenses bend light rays. The specimen has to be in a vacuum, however, because electrons cannot travel through air. Electron microscopes give point-to-point resolutions of less than 0.2 nanometers. This high resolution permits the direct visualization of many molecules and some atoms.
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microscope\nsalt is pyramid shaped.
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A type of scanning probe microscope. It is a microscope that scans the probe and measures the electrostatic force which works between the probe and the specimen, and draws images based on the measurements.
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Because (most) cell organelles are too little. Light microscope uses light (obviously, i know), which means it uses photons. You can see photons as corpuscules or as wavelengths, in either case they're too big for an organelle. Light pases them through not beeing modified by them, making them undetectable.\nElectronic microscope, on the other hand, uses a beam of electrons instead of light. Electrons are little enough (or have a wavelenght small enogh) to "bounce" on oganelles so it's flow can be modified by them to a detectable degree. \n\nIt's like taking a picture of a person that stands 5 meters from you. If you take it at 1,2 Megapixel you will be able to see his facial features clearly when you zoom in the image on your computer. But if you wanted to see a little mole under his nose, the camara will probably not have noted that and you won´t find it when zooming.\nIf you switch to 10 MegPIXEL, when you zoom in on your computer, you'll probably see the mole clearly.\n\nIt's esentially the same process: You need more resolution. The difference is that to see structures so litlle as organelles you need to change the physical nature of the "light" you´re using, because normal light just won´t give enough resolution.
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Hello?! You see people every day who are walking around with examples of Snell's law at work -- eyeglasses!\n\nSnell's law applies to optics including the lenses in eyeglasses, telescope lenses, overhead projectors, video projectors.  Then there are prisms such in mobiles.  And the sparkle in diamond rings.  And why when you see a fish in a pond, the fish isn't actually where it appears to be.
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Use of a fresnel lens, a lens made up of circular rings that focus the light to the small area of reflecting mirror. This in turn projects the image to the screen. \n\nTake the optic workings of a telescope or microscope:\n\nOptics - microscopes and telescopes all invert the image because if they didnt, it would mean that another lens had to be added, increasing money cost. A lens is convex on both sides. That means the middle is thicker than the edges. A microscope or telescope has two lenses (basically).\nThe objective lens (usually larger and closer to the specimen or object) which allows the image of the object to be reduced to a smaller workable image inside the scope. \nThis image is inverted inside the scope. It is also too small to see with the eye, so you need another lens, the eyepiece. The eyepiece focus's your eye on the image and magnifies \nit so you can see it. Every lens has a focal length, the point at which the image is formed away from the surface of the lens. \n\nOk now we take this to the overhead:\n\nSame principle but in different Direction. You manipulate the object, transparency, over the light source after the light is passed thru the fresnel. The fresnel forms the smaller inverted image on the mirror. It is then reflected to the screen where the focal length is adjusted (moved closer or farther away from the screen )
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Yes, we have already seen atoms!\n\nIt takes a special kind of microscope, called an electron microscope, but it definitely IS possible and scientists have done it!\n\nThe reason we need to use an electron microscope is because light is too "big" to use to actually see atoms (that's not technically correct, but its a good way to think about it. If you want the real story, with the physics - including the equations - just e-mail me and I'll send it to you.) Electrons, on the other hand, are small enough so that they allow us to resolve (see) the individual atoms.\n\nHere's some web sites that show "pictures" of atoms:\n\nLithium Atoms: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html\n\nGallium Arsenide: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html\n\nIn fact, scientists at IBM even having the ability to not only photograph atoms, but also move them around one by one and "draw" pictures with them! Here's a link to a gallery of their atom "photos":\n\nhttp://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html
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If you mean the three types of microscopes then it is optical, light and electron.