How does a a double bond in 2-phosphoglycerate  yield PEP in glycolysis?
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis\n\nJust scroll down and look at reaction number 8 for the mechanism.
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The answer is C.  Six molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is produced per turn of the Calvin cycle (in the first step).  One full turn of the Calvin cycle requires the fixation of three CO2 molecules.  Also ATP and NADPH is used in the Calvin cycle and both are oxidized to lower energy forms.  Only 1 RuBP is produced per cycle.
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Adenosine TriPhospahte (ATP) and NADH2\n\nIn response to answer above: GTP is only created from tyrosine-kinase reactors and is not part of the krebs cycle
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Sp2 non-polar covalent bond
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Step 1 - ATP is invested by adding a P to glucose\n          Step 2 - Glucose-6-P is convertedinto Fructose-6-P\nStep 3 - A second ATP is invested \nStep 4 - The 6 carbon molecule issplit into two three carbon molecules.\nStep 4.5 - Dihydroxyacetone -P is converted into 3-P-glyceraldehyde\nStep 6 - every subsequent step occurs 2xNADH is produced as another P is added\nStep 7 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 8 - The P is moved from the 3-carbon to the 2-carbon\nStep 9 - A structural change is made\nStep 10 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 11 - NADH is produced anda CO2 is produced\n2 pyruvate are made from the process
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Dont you mean how a molecule of glucose releases energy in a cell....any which way you look at it...refer to Kreb's Cycle in your Biology textbook!
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http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/glycolysis/glycohome.html
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Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP via an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is by oxidative phosphorylation, ATP molecules are made due to the chemiosmotic potential driving ATP synthase. Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy when oxygen is present in the cell.\n\nTheoretically, 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose during cellular respiration, however, such conditions are generally not realized due to such losses as the cost of moving pyruvate into mitochondria. Aerobic metabolism is rather more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and at the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells.\n\nGlycolysis\nMain article: Glycolysis \nGlycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in all living organisms and does not require oxygen. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, and makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced but two are consumed for the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destablise the molecule for cleavage into two triose sugars. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis four phosphate groups are transfered to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP and two NADH are produced when the triose sugars are oxidised. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:\n\nGlucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 4 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 H2O + 4 H+ \n\nOxidative decarboxylation\nMain article: Oxidative decarboxylation \nProduces acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. This oxidation reaction also releases carbon dioxide as a product.\n\nKrebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle\nMain article: Citric acid cycle \nWhen oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, and gets oxidised to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidise the equivalent of one glucose molecule two acetyl-CoA must be metabolised by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2 are created during this cycle, .\n\nOxidative phosphorylation\nMain articles: Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient, and ATP synthase\n\nIn eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. It comprises of the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the inner membrane by oxidising the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesised by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.\n\nTheoretical yields\nThe yields in the table below are for one glucose and molecule being fully oxidised to carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidised by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.
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In the cytosol/cytoplasm. This occurs in glycolysis
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Glucose 6 phosphate is only immobilised by the attachment of the phophate group so that it cannot escape from the cell. Cells do not have the trasport machinery to export phosphorylated sugars. Further more, gluocse-6-phosphate formation does not guarantee glycolysis will continue, neither does the formation of F-6-P for that matter. This is because these intermediates can join pathways other than glycolysis. G-6-P for instance can join the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. So The G-6-P has to be oxidized to F-6-P and the F-6-P has to be reduced to F-1,6-bisphosphate. The F-1,6-BP formation is the committing step in glycolysis and hence naturally one of the regulation steps. It definitely will go into glycolysis. So oxidation of the intermediate G-6-P to F-6-P is needed and this has to be further oxidized to F-1,6-BP.
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The molecular formula is C6H5NO5P\n\nStructure (if in case you want it too) is as follows:\n\nDraw a benzene ring (phenyl group) minus 1 hydrogen (C6H5). To the Carbon without the hydrogen, attach a Hydroxyl group (-OH). \n\nOn the other Carbon positions, whether it is the ortho positions, meta positions, or para position, erase the hydrogen and attach a nitrate group (-NO2). \n\nOn the Oxygen with the double bond to Nitrogen on the Nitrate group, erase one of the bonds and attach this bond to the phosphate group (-PO3).\n\n4-nitrophenol phosphate is used in a substrate for a timed test for alkaline phosphatase turning colors for 4-nitrophenol
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I assume you are talking about the formula and not the structure.\n\nThe molecular formula is C6H5NO5P\n\nStructure (if in case you want it too) is as follows:\n\nDraw a benzene ring (phenyl group) minus 1 hydrogen (C6H5). To the Carbon without the hydrogen, attach a Hydroxyl group (-OH). On the other Carbon positions, whether it is the ortho positions, meta positions, or para position, erase the hydrogen and attach a nitrate group (-NO2). On the Oxygen with the double bond to Nitrogen on the Nitrate group, erase one of the bonds and attach this bond to the phosphate group (-PO3).\n\nI'm not sure if you are talking about a nitro-phospho bond or a hydroxy-phosphate bond, but the difference is only 1 hydrogen.
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It's a molecule of PO4.  These can link to an -OH moiety on a sugar or nucleotide molecule, or they can link to another phosphate group.  When they link to another phostphate group, the bond is a high-energy bond.  Hence AMP, ADP, and ATP are all adensine with either 1, 2, or 3 linked phosphate groups.  ATP has the most energy, and the act of removing either one or two phosphates from the ATP can be coupled with some other process taht isn't energetically favorable, in order to power important changes.  That's why ATP is used as the primary power source of the cell.\n\nThe shape of the phosphate ion is a phosphorus atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms.  One oxygen is double-bonded, and the other four oxygens have a negative charge (ie, H3PO4 usually loses its hydrogen in solution, and hence phosphoric acid is highly acidic).\n\nPhosphate in solution is usually denoted as Pi (P with an I subscript) meaning "inorganic phosphate."  There is a lot of this floating around in biological systems.  You'll usually see something like\n\nATP --> ADP + Pi\n\nto denote the loss of a phosphate group by adensine.
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Biological systems have enzymes (and a handful of other reagents) which will use O2 and sugar to make energy--specifically, hexokinase (HK), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), endolase, and pyruvate kinase (PK).  The process undergone is called glycolysis.  The result is that glucose is consumed, making two pyruvate molecules (which in some systems can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle aka Kreb's Cycle) and ADP is turned into ATP, which is an energy source.\n\nAnd after memorizing this and subsequently forgeting all this useless detail some years ago, I nearly ralphed on my book reading this just now.  Bad memories.
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CH3CH2C(CH3)3.\nI guess you forgot to type the C before the parenthesis. If you didn't forget, then none of the answers is correct (you would be missing a carbon atom).\n\nChem-man I would have contacted you in private about this but you do not give us the option to e-mail you. I have seen several of your answers prompting askers to verify your answer through echemistryhelp. I checked the website and it is not a free one; you post a question and pay for the answer. I'd say that this is a form of indirect advertisement  which is against the community guidelines. Please refrain from doing that or I will have to report you.
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Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 10 reactions that convert glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate. The first stage is priming of glucose. Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate using a molecule of ATP, a process called phosphorylation. Then the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate through the process of isomerization. This is further phosphorylated to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (phosphorylation). This fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. The two G3P undergo substrate level phosphorylation, a sequence of 5 reactions, involving dehydrogenation where NAD+ is reduced, dephosphorylation where two molecule of ATP is formed, isomerization where the phosphate group moves, dehydration where the molecule lose water and dephosphorylation where 2 molecules of ATP are generated and two molecule of pyruvate is formed. \n\nThe fact that glycolysis produces ATP fulfills a minor energy requirement of the cell, since ATP is the energy currency required for cellular functions to work. Another minor energy requirement is the formation of NADH, because the proton in NADH is required to activate the proton pump at the electron transport chain, which, in turn, activates the enzyme ATP synthase responsible for the synthesis of many ATP molecules (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nThe major relation of glycolysis to the energy requirements of the cell is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to coenzyme-A to form acetyl-coA, which then goes through krebs cycle. Both these processes form NADH (and ATP in the case of the krebs cycle), which can then provide many protons to activate ATP synthase. (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nMoreover, pyruvate can also be used in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic respiration. Through this process, ATP can be formed without oxygen and can thus fulfill energy requirements of the cell.\n\nVery long but hope this helps =)
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The carbonyl double bond is between atoms of different electronegativity, resulting in an electron deficite at the weaker atom (C) and a surplus at the stronger atom (O) along the bond.\n\nStill, the carbon-carbon double bond also does create a dipol (or rather quadrupol) moment:\n\nThe carbon and all other bonded atoms lie in a plane. The double bond electrons are distributed: 2 to the direct bond between the atoms, 2 to the overlapping P-orbitals. This creates a slight electron deficite in the plane of the bond and a slight electron surplus above and below, which is what makes double bonds more reactive than single bonds.