Why does aerobic respiration sometimes produce 32 ATPs and other times produce 34 ATP's?
969121
Complete oxidation of a glucose molecule produces 38 ATPs but 2 ATPs are used early in the cycle, so there is a net yield of 36 ATPs.
879820
no only ADP is involved\n\nAccording to the definition of chemiosmosis"it is the phosphorylation of ADP INTO ATP in the presence f enzyme ATP synthetase>"\nIn this process proton  follow concentration gradation to release energy, which gets traped in the conversion of ADP to ATP\n\nBy the way AMP IS  very weak to withstand or store the energy  compared to ADP.That is the main reason we do not come across AMP  that frequently in energy releasing reactions
907444
I think (only think) it's because pyruvate (a product of glycolysis) is able to cross the internal membrane thus allowing ATP production with carbon dioxide as a by-product, whilst glucose is unable to do so.\nI would read my two references to check.\nGood luck.
948184
they are two totally different molecules and therefore will have different yeilds. FADH2 yields two ATP and NADH yields 3 ATP.
860434
aerobic respiration requires oxygen, but oxidizes glucose completely to CO2 and water. Different text books have different values for the amount of ATP you get from a single molecule of glucose but it'll be somewhere in the 30-36 range.\n\nWithout oxygen available, the glucose can only be fermented. Yeast ferment glucose to ethanol and CO2.  In the process, a cell can produce only a net of 2 ATP  per moleucle of glucose used.
735053
You can have anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration. The ultimate result is ATP. Anaerobic is done without oxygen (fermentation) and aerobic is done with oxygen,\n\nit starts with glycolosis which takes place in the cytoplasm. Glucose is turned into two pyruvates through a 10 reaction process meditated my enzymes. you produce one ATP and one NADH\n\nthen the pyruvates go into Krebs Cycle or the TriCarboxylic Acid Cycle and goes into the mitochondria. The pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A. then the acetyl Co A enters Krebs and continuously generates Oxaloacetate among other enery-rich compounds such as ATP, NADH and FADH2 with CO2\n\nthen final process is in the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner membrane if the mitochondria. In this process lots of H+ is pumped out of the membrane, which means that H+ is accumalated outside the inner matrix. then the concentration gradient causes a sudden influx of H+ back into the inner membrane which creates "proton-motive force" which zaps ADP+Pi= ATP. \n\nthe end result is 38 ATP for regular cells or 36 ATP for muscles and brain cells.\n\nOXYGEN IS REQUIRED!!! \n\nhope that helps\n\n*oh and ATP is a form of energy for the cell...
703810
In the "second phase" of glycolysis are the reactions that will result in a net production of ATP for the overall glycolysis pathway:\n\n2 ATPs are consumed in Phase I (1 glucose à 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)\n4 ATPs are produced in Phase II (2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate à 2 pyruvate)\nNet production of ATP for glycolysis: (4 - 2) = 2 ATP molecules per glucose
132983
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:\nRespiration is a chemical process, occurring in the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of all living cells, which breaks down sugar to provide energy for the cell\n\n-Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen \n-Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen \n-Glucose is a source of energy in the cell \n-The chemical that transports and transfers energy in the cell is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). \nD-uring respiration sugar is broken down into CO2 and water \n-During Respiration the energy compund ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules (Pi) \n-ADP + Pi + energy from respiration  ATP \n-Where energy is required within the cell the reverse reaction takes place \n-ATP  ADP + Pi + energy· \n-Some heat is lost as waste during respiration. \n+Stages of respiration:         \n\nGlycolysis· \n-requires glucose as an energy source \n-Broken down aerobically into pyruvic acid \n-The pyruvic acid is broken down aerobically or anaerobically \n-two molecules of ATP are generated in this stage.         \nAerobic Breakdown\n-Only happens in the presence of oxygen: \n-Pyruvic acid enters the aerobic respiration system \n-CO2 is generated as waste \n-Hydrogen is given energy \n-It is passed on to a hydrogen acceptor molecule \n-It is then called a reduced hydrogen acceptor \n-Hydrogen is passed into another chemical system \n-The waste hydrogen is reacted with the oxygen to make water \n-The energy from the hydrogen is used to turn 36 molecules of ADP into 36 molecules of ATP \n-Giving a total of 38 molecules of ATP for aerobic respiration \n  \nAnaerobic Breakdown\n-In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is changed to: \nLactic acid in mammals \n-Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in plants and fungi (such as yeast) \n-No further energy is produced \n-Giving a total of 2 molecules of ATP for anaerobic respiration. \n-Lactic acid in muscles leads to fatigue: \n-The reaction in animals is reversible – once oxygen is available the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid. \n-The reaction in plants leading to alcohol is not reversible.
735699
Oxidative phosphorylation is the terminal process of cellular respiration in eukaryotes. During oxidative phosphorylation electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 — created in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and the Krebs cycle — to molecular oxygen, via a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as a result of this flow of electrons. This generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane electrical potential across the membrane. This is a form of potential energy which is referred to as a proton-motive force. The protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix via a large protein complex, ATP synthase. This is how most of the ATP is created in a eukaryotic cell. This is the reaction that ATP synthase catalyses:\n\n\n\n\nADP3- + H+ + Pi ↔ ATP4- + H2O \n\nThe synthase functions almost as a mechanical motor, with each NADH molecule contributing enough proton motive force to generate 2.5 ATP. Each FADH2 molecule is worth 1.5 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose (glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle) account for 23 of the 30 total ATP energy carrier molecules. It is worth noting that these ATP values are maximum values and in reality protons leak across the membrane causing somewhat lower values.\n\nPhotophosphorylation, which occurs when plants synthesize glucose during photosynthesis, also uses ATP synthase and a proton gradient to generate ATP. The process occurs across the thylakoid membrane when chlorophyll is energized by light and donates an excited electron to an electron transport chain.\n\nContents [hide]\n1 Inhibitors \n2 See also \n3 External links \n4 References \n \n\n\n[edit] Inhibitors\nThere are a few well-known toxins that affect the process of oxidative phosphorylation and can lead to breakdown of the chain:\n\nCyanide interrupts the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion because it binds more strongly than oxygen to the Fe3+ (ferric iron ion) in cytochrome a3, preventing this cytochrome from combining electrons with oxygen. \nOligomycin functions by inhibiting the ATP synthase protein and preventing it from generating ATP from the proton gradient. \nCCCP (m-chloro-carbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazine) destroys the proton gradient by allowing the protons to flow out of the membrane. Without the gradient, the ATP synthase cannot function and ATP synthesis breaks down. \nA detergent, or substance that destroys cellular membranes by breaking apart their lipid bilayers, will destroy the membrane used in the process and prevent a proton gradient. \nRotenone prevents the transfer of electrons from Fe-S centers in Complex I (most notably) to ubiquinone. The electrons entering into Complex I are those derived from NADH, and provide the bulk of the reducing potential to the electron transport chain. \nFor each of these toxins, a backup will cause everything before it to break down as well. For example, if oligomycin is added, protons cannot pass through. As a result, the H+ pumps are unable to pass protons through because the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome. NADH and FADH2 are then not oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because there are no NAD+ and FAD coenzymes to be reduced.
319118
All living organisms require energy to function. This energy may be obtained from the consumed foods. The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a high-energy molecule and it is expended by working cells. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. \n\nThere are actually two general types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis, after which the two diverge. \n\n\nAerobic respiration is more efficient and more complicated than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:\n6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)\n\nAerobic respiration requires oxygen. However, some organisms live in places where oxygen is not always present. Similarly, under extreme exertion, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that can function without oxygen.\n\nIn the absence of O2, organisms continue to carry out glycolysis, since glycolysis does not use oxygen in its chemical process. But glycolysis does require NAD+. In aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain turns NADH back to NAD+ with the aid of oxygen, thereby averting any NAD+ shortage and allowing glycolysis to take place. In anaerobic respiration, cells must find another way to turn NADH back to NAD+. \n\nThis “other way” is called fermentation. Fermentation’s goal is not to produce additional energy, but merely to replenish NAD+ supplies so that glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. Because pyruvates are not needed in anaerobic respiration, fermentation uses them to help regenerate NAD+. While employing the pyruvates in this way does allow glycolysis to continue, it also results in the loss of the considerable energy contained in the pyruvate sugars. \n\nThere are two principle forms of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. \n\nIn lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon compound called lactic acid: \npyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+\n\nIn this reaction, the hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule. \n\nLactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages. Since lactic acid is a toxic substance, its buildup in the muscles produces fatigue and soreness. \n\nAnother route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product:\n\npyruvate + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2\n\nAlcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise. \n\nLike lactic acid, the ethanol produced by alcoholic fermentation is toxic. When ethanol levels rise to about 12 percent, the yeast dies.
127499
There are LOTS of reactions that occur in the mitochondria. We probably don't know them all yet. The Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarbonic acid cycle is just the most 'famous'.\n\nAs for chemical stuff... one molecule of glucose creates 6 molecules of C02, 6 molecules of H20 and ~35 molecules of ATP (it can vary).
943600
Both are created by anerobic metabolism. Usually, it's by a cell that can use oxygen or not, and when it runs out of oxygen then it turns to anerobic metabolism. This often creates byproducts such as lactic acid, carbon dioxide, etc. \n\nFor example, you are excercising for a long time and all of your ATP has been used up. Due to a lack of oxygen, anerobic respiration produces lactic acid...which is the burn you feel when you've been excercising heavily. \n\nThe importance is that they are done without oxygen, AND that they produce energy for when you run low on ATP.
693262
ATP is formed by adding a phosphate group to ADP along with some energy. The process by which ATP is generated from ADP is called phosphorylation.  There are three types of phosphorylations: substrate-level, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosporylation. \n\nEnergy stored in ATP is used in nearly all of the endergonic reactions in cells. ATP is often reffered to as the energy currency of the cell.
1166624
False. One glucose enters glycolysis. That glucose is then converted to 2 pyruvate which then go onto become Acetyl CoA to enter the Kreb cycle. The Kreb cycle then spins twice creating CO2, 2-ATP, and 6-NADH & 2 FADH. These protons are then sent to the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
732894
I'd have to go with 'C.' Many unicellular organisms can get their ATP through anaerobic pathways like fermentation. Some multicellular organisms, such as humans, can generate ATP anaerobically if we had to - like sports involving short powerful bursts of activity. But eventually we'd need areobic pathways for more ATP.
734283
There are multiple methods of ATP generation.\n\nGlycolisis in which carbohydrates are converted to pyruvate and generate a small amount of ATP.\n\nAerobic respiration, which starts with the pyrvuate, uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and generates large amounts of ATP.\n\nAnerobic respiratin WHICH IS NOT FERMENTATION I SAY THIS IN ALL CAPS BECAUSE PEOPLE FREQUENTLY SAY THAT IT IS.  Anaerobic respiration uses the pyruvate as the initial energy source, and instead of oxygen uses alternative terminal electron acceptors such as DMSO or Nitrate or a number of other things.  Anaerobic respiration generates less energy than aerobic respiration generates.\n\nFermentation starts with carbohydrates and ends with the production of various acids and solvents (lactic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, butanol, acetone etc).   Fermentation produces ATP, but less than respiration does.
1118469
18. D. Oxygen and energy (ATP) are products of aerobic respiration, whcih takes place in the mitocondria.\n\n19. B. The cell membrane is called a LIPID BILAYER. which has 2 layers of phospholipds. the hydrphobic tails in the center. and the 2 heads facing out side the cell and inside the cell. the inner layer would have the head facing the inside of the cell.\n\n20. A. the bactera (monerans) were one of the earliest forms of life. The had the earliest form of sexual reproduction by exchanging DNA with another bacterium through their membranes. They were also mobile (getting around from place to place). For example, some bacteria have flagela, which whip around for them to move. an getting energy from the sun... hmm. well. im not sure if bacteria can photosynthesize. but im 100% sure they can get energy from the sun INDIRECTLY through cellular respiration.