during cellular respiration the potential energy of electrons is increased or decreased?
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Decreased....your using energy not storing it
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The concentration differences between K+ and Na+ across cell membranes create an electrochemical gradient known as the membrane potential. ATP provides the energy to pump Na+ ions out of the cell in exchange for K+ ions. This is done to correct cellular concentration.
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...valence, the number of electrons it can donate or accept.\n\nhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/guttman/student/olc2/chap03outline.html
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There are potassium ion channel pumps on the cell membrane. This pump pumps out CL ions and bring in K+ ions. It  goes against the flow of diffusion, so energy is needed. When an action potential is created, it oppens Cl- gated channels which, due to the differnt concentrations (more on the outside) the CL rushes back in, creating a change in cell voltage.
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ATP, which is energy, to be used by cells as needed by breaking chemical bonds. Oxygen is merely a byproduct of photosynthesis' chemical reaction.\n\n-Wied
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Ans. 4. Higher electric potential.\n\nA positive charge will go from a region of higher to lower electric potential.\n\nA negative charge will go from a region of lower to higher electric potential. Since electron is a negative charge, it should go to a higher electric potential.
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Cellular respiration : carbon dioxide
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They are just one electron away from achieving an octet.  So they require lower energy to lose this electron in a reaction.
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i assume "respiration" in your context refer to cellular respiration..\n\ncellular respiration in simple terms breaks down glucose and produce energy in forms of adenosine triphosphates.(ATPs). ATPs are the energy currency in the body and the breakdown of ATPs provide the energy needed for other metabolic processes, including digestion. Looking at it another way, digestion of complex nutrients like carbohydrates produces glucose, which is the respiratory substrate..\n\nDiffusion - oxygen required for aerobic respiration enters individual cells by diffusion. Waste products of aerobic respiration such as co2 leave the cells by diffusion into the bloodstream.  in general, diffusion is a passive process which does not require energy from ATPs, be it facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion, both are exergonic processes.\n\nthe circulatory system would carry the materials needed for aerobic respiration, eg oxygen and glucose to the individual cells, oxygen in form of oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells. The circulatory system also carries the waste products, eg co2 away for excretion. \nThe circulatory system requires the pump, i.e. the heart to work, and the cardiac muscles require ATPs from respiration for contraction.\n\nhope u can see that they are all interrelated now..=)
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While a cell is in it's resting membrane potential, the amount of K+ inside the cell is greater than extracellular potassium; at the same time, Na+ is in higher concentration outside of the cell than inside. While in this "resting" state, the cell is more negative inside the cell due to the mechanism of the Na+/K+ pump. 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell while 2 K+ are pumped into the cell. Since both Na+ and K+ have plus 1 charges, the cell inside will be more negative than outside because of the difference in charge. \n\nWhen the cell is "excited", something called sodium gated channels open and Na+ shoots into the cell, making it more positive. This increase of positive charge shoots past the threshold potential (the amount of energy required for the action potential to be initiated), and the action potential is passed. Once it reaches a peak, potassium channels open, causing the cell to become more negative once again inside the cell. As soon as the potential goes back to it's resting potential, the cell is ready for another response.
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When an electron goes from lower energy orbital to higher energy orbital it absorbs energy and when an electron drops from a higher energy orbital to a lower energy orbitaltehn it emits energy.\n\n(a) Emission (read the reason above)\n(b) Absorption (Read reason above)\n(c) Emission (read reason above)\n(d) Absorption (read reason above)
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AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:\nRespiration is a chemical process, occurring in the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of all living cells, which breaks down sugar to provide energy for the cell\n\n-Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen \n-Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen \n-Glucose is a source of energy in the cell \n-The chemical that transports and transfers energy in the cell is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). \nD-uring respiration sugar is broken down into CO2 and water \n-During Respiration the energy compund ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules (Pi) \n-ADP + Pi + energy from respiration  ATP \n-Where energy is required within the cell the reverse reaction takes place \n-ATP  ADP + Pi + energy· \n-Some heat is lost as waste during respiration. \n+Stages of respiration:         \n\nGlycolysis· \n-requires glucose as an energy source \n-Broken down aerobically into pyruvic acid \n-The pyruvic acid is broken down aerobically or anaerobically \n-two molecules of ATP are generated in this stage.         \nAerobic Breakdown\n-Only happens in the presence of oxygen: \n-Pyruvic acid enters the aerobic respiration system \n-CO2 is generated as waste \n-Hydrogen is given energy \n-It is passed on to a hydrogen acceptor molecule \n-It is then called a reduced hydrogen acceptor \n-Hydrogen is passed into another chemical system \n-The waste hydrogen is reacted with the oxygen to make water \n-The energy from the hydrogen is used to turn 36 molecules of ADP into 36 molecules of ATP \n-Giving a total of 38 molecules of ATP for aerobic respiration \n  \nAnaerobic Breakdown\n-In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is changed to: \nLactic acid in mammals \n-Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in plants and fungi (such as yeast) \n-No further energy is produced \n-Giving a total of 2 molecules of ATP for anaerobic respiration. \n-Lactic acid in muscles leads to fatigue: \n-The reaction in animals is reversible – once oxygen is available the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid. \n-The reaction in plants leading to alcohol is not reversible.
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The change of energy  between energy levels.\n\nEnergy of electron in it's higher state  - energy of electron in it's lower state = h*f\n\nI forgot how to calculate the electron's energy at a specific energy state, but it should be easy to find.
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The difference in voltage potential ionizes the gas (air) to a sufficient extent that it works as a charge carrier. It then leaps through the air on this ionized channel. What you see as light and feel as heat is the energy being dissapated into the air as the electrons moves through it.
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Cause cells need oxygen.
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&^&^&^\nCellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell.\n\nThe process occurs in two phases: \n1. glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid \n2. the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water (Krebs citric acid cycle)
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Mitochondria and cytosol\nIn cellular respiration