what is the fatal mg dose of polonium 210?
958680
The Daily Mail in the UK says:\n\nPolonium 210 is one of the most toxic substances known to man, with a particle the size of a speck of dust enough to cause the sort of slow, agonising death suffered by Alexander Litvinenko. \n\nWeight for weight, the rare radioactive isotope is 250billion times more toxic than cyanide, and more than a billion times more radioactive than uranium
127062
195.09 g\n\nhttp://www.noblemind.com/search.exe?keyword=Platinum+Molar+Mass&var=2
542908
(m)\n\nON THE 6th August 1945, exactly 56 years ago, an atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima. Nagasaki faced devastation three days later. The Imperial Headquarters requested Dr. Y.Nishina (famous for Klein-Nishina formula for Compton scattering of photons) to go to Hiroshima. He concluded that the damage was due to an atomic bomb. \n\nWhen the bombs were dropped, these cities had an estimated population of 310,000 and 250,000 respectively. About 90,000- 140,000 in Hiroshima and 60,000- 80,000 people in Nagasaki died immediately or within two to four months after bombing, resulting from collapse of houses caused by the blast and from heat rays and fires and radiation exposure. In the 1950 Japanese national census, nearly 280,000 persons stated that they "had been exposed" in the two cities. \n\nRadiation fogged X-ray films stored at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital. Exposed material became radioactive. Kimura and Tajima of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research determined that the Hiroshima bomb exploded at a height of 577 m. They used an electric furnace and a carbon arc furnace to simulate charring observed on the surface of a wooden board of Japanese cypress and estimated that the bomb had a radiant energy of 4.6 million million calories. \n\nScientists could enter the bombed area only after 3 to 4 weeks because of frequent typhoons. They measured higher radiation levels due to induced radioactivity near the epicentre. Additional radiation levels were 10-15 per cent of the natural background. \n\nOn November 18, 1946 Harry Truman authorised the National Research Council to establish an agency "to undertake a long range, continuing study of the biological and medical effects of the atomic bomb on man". This organisation grew into the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). ABCC continued to work till 1975 when Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) was set up as a bi-national endeavour. \n\nMany believe in the myth that birth defects are more common among the children of the survivors of the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In my interaction with general physicians and other professional groups the one topic, which elicits maximum queries, is " genetic effects of radiation". Radiation can cause mutations in genes. Mouse and in fruit flies exposed to radiation suffer genetic mutations. The changes may show up in the offspring as colour of the coat, shape of the wings, etc. But such markers are not available in the human species. We require very sophisticated laboratory methods to demonstrate subtle changes in exposed individuals. \n\n\nPhysicians appointed by ABCC examined 76,626 infants conceived and born in Hiroshima and Nagasaki over a period of six years starting from the late spring of 1948. The researchers did not see statistically demonstrable increase in major birth defects in these infants. While the survey started, certain dietary staples were rationed in Japan. Pregnant women had special provisions. Because of this, the surveyors of new-borns could identify 90 per cent of the pregnancies that persisted for at least 20 weeks of gestation. \n\nPhysical examination of the new born and autopsies on as many stillborn infants revealed that neither the frequency of major birth defects nor the frequency of the most common birth defects differ significantly with radiation exposure of parents. The researchers examined some 21,788 infants shortly after birth and re-examined them eight to ten months later. The study covered 65,431 registered pregnancy terminations and appropriate control populations. \n\nIn a brief review, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation cautioned, "The absence of a statistically significant effect of ionising radiation on the frequency of major birth defects should not be construed as evidence that mutations were not induced by parental exposure to atomic radiation". The researchers saw mutations in every animal and plant species studied. \n
125558
Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie in 1898 and was later named after Marie's home land of Poland. Poland at the time was under Russian, Prussian and Austrian domination, and not recognized as an independent country. It was Marie's hope that naming the element after her home land would add notoriety to its plight. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy.\n\nRadium (Latin radius, ray) was discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898 in pitchblende/uraninite from North Bohemia. While studying pitchblende the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They then separated out a radioactive mixture mostly consisting of barium which gave a brilliant red flame color and spectral lines which had never been documented before. In 1902 radium was isolated into its pure metal by Curie and Andre Debierne through the electrolysis of a pure radium chloride solution by using a mercury cathode and distilling in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas.
957987
When taken in by mouth, plutonium is less poisonous (except for risk of causing cancer) than several common substances including caffeine, acetaminophen, some vitamins, pseudoephedrine, and any number of plants and fungi. It is perhaps somewhat more poisonous than pure ethanol, but less so than tobacco; and many illegal drugs. From a purely chemical standpoint, it is about as poisonous as lead and other heavy metals. Not surprisingly, it has a metallic taste.\n\n(view more by following the link below...)
1068949
a mixture of barium-133 and cesium-137\n\nhttp://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/nuclearmedicine/mockiodinekit.htm
781203
2H3PO4(aq) + 3Mn(OH)2(s)  --> Mn3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
850082
It depends on the type of radioactive decay.  \n\nAlpha particles are sufficiently shielded by a piece of paper.  Of course, a piece of paper is rather flimsy to work with, so you will probably want to use something stiffer.  A typical alpha-emiter would be tritium (H-3). \n\nYou absolutely under NO CIRCUMSTANCES want to use lead to shield against beta emitters such as P-32.  High atomic-weight materials will often absorb the beta emission, but then emit high-energy electromagnetic radiation (X-rays).  In other words, you put the lead between you and your sample so you don't get a dose of beta particles, and you wind up being bombarded with even WORSE radiation.  Not a good idea.  If you're using a beta-emitter, go with the polymer.\n\nTypically gamma-emitters are shielded with lead, steel, or tungsten.  Working with gamma-emitters is nontrivial.\n\nYou should consult in detail with your radiation safety office before beginning any program of work with radiation.  If your location does not have one, contact an affiliated program at another university or industry because the health hazards are considerable and legal requirements in most nations reflect that hazard.
906027
Simply isolate it from pitchblende, the same way that Marie Curie and Pierre did long ago. First contact authorities in Austria, where they mined a lot of pitchblende then. The Austrians may still be willing to donate tons of uranium mining tailings, as they did to the Curies. Next there is a lot of chemical digestion, fractionation, and crystallization. The origin of most of the polonium-210 in the world comes from the world's original supply of U-238. In uranium-bearing ores, there is a long sequence of decay until one gets to polonium-210, also called radium F, which decays to stable lead-206 with a half-life of 138.4 days. (That's hot!) But because of the steady-state kinetics, if the ore has been around for awhile, there is appreciable polonium-210 in it.
714932
An isotope of the element Plutonium.  An isotope means that an electron has been removed from or added to the element's valence shell configuration.  Plutonium-210 is radioactive and emits particles (alpha particles, beta particles) and gamma radiation.  Alpha particles can be dangerous to a human if they come in contact with soft tissues (ie. swallowed, absorbed into wounds.)
484098
I GOT THIS FROM WIKIPEDIA\n\nPlutonium is a radioactive, metallic, chemical element. It has the symbol Pu and the atomic number 94. It is the element used in most modern nuclear weapons. The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu, with a half-life of 24,110 years. It can be made from natural uranium and is fissile. The most stable isotope is 244Pu, with a half-life of about 80 million years, long enough to be found in extremely small quantities in nature. Nuclear materials workers sometimes call it "plute".\n\nThe isotope 239Pu is a key fissile component in modern nuclear weapons, due to its ease of fissioning and availability. The critical mass for an unreflected sphere of plutonium is 16 kg, but through the use of a neutron reflecting tamper the pit of plutonium in a fission bomb is reduced to 10 kg, which is a sphere with a diameter of 10 cm. Complete detonation of plutonium will produce an explosion of 20 kilotons of trinitrotoluene (TNT) per kilogram. (See also nuclear weapon design.)\n\nPlutonium could also be used to manufacture radiological weapons or as a (not particularly deadly) poison.\n\nAll isotopes and compounds of plutonium are toxic and radioactive. While plutonium is sometimes described in media reports as "the most toxic substance known to man", there is general agreement among experts in the field that this is incorrect. As of 2006, there has yet to be a single human death officially attributed to exposure to plutonium itself (with the exception of plutonium-related criticality accidents). Naturally-occurring radium is about 200 times more radiotoxic than plutonium, and some organic toxins like Botulin toxin are still more toxic. Botulin toxin, in particular, has a lethal dose of 300pg/kg, far less than the quantity of plutonium that poses a significant cancer risk. In addition, beta and gamma emitters (including the C-14 and K-40 in nearly all food) can cause cancer on casual contact, which alpha emitters cannot.\n\nWhen taken in by mouth, plutonium is less poisonous (except for risk of causing cancer) than several common substances including caffeine, acetaminophen, some vitamins, pseudoephedrine, and any number of plants and fungi. It is perhaps somewhat more poisonous than pure ethanol, but less so than tobacco; and many illegal drugs (some such as marijuana are negligibly poisonous). From a purely chemical standpoint, it is about as poisonous as lead and other heavy metals. Not surprisingly, it has a metalic taste. [3]\n\nThat said, there is no doubt that plutonium may be extremely dangerous when handled incorrectly. The alpha radiation it emits does not penetrate the skin, but can irradiate internal organs when plutonium is inhaled or ingested. Particularly at risk are the skeleton, whose surface it is likely to be absorbed on, and the liver, where it will collect and become concentrated. Approximately 0.008 microcuries absorbed in bone marrow is the maximum withstandable dose. Anything more is considered toxic. Extremely fine particles of plutonium (on the order of micrograms) can cause lung cancer if inhaled.\n\nOther substances including ricin, botulinum toxin, and tetanus toxin are fatal in doses of (sometimes far) under one milligram, and others (the nerve agents, the amanita toxin, the fugu toxin) are in the range of a few milligrams. As such, plutonium is not unusual in terms of toxicity, even by inhalation. In addition, those substances are fatal in hours to days, whereas plutonium (and other cancer-causing radioactives) give an increased chance of illness decades in the future. Considerably larger amounts may cause acute radiation poisoning and death if ingested or inhaled; however, so far, no human is known to have immediately died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium and many people have measurable amounts of plutonium in their bodies.\n\nIt must be noted, however, that in contrast to naturally occurring radioisotopes such as radium or C-14, plutonium was man
23146
If you know the compounds you tested you could always try a MSDS (Material saftey data sheet). This will tell you the lethal dose of the chemicals but you must be more specific than oil and grease. There are many different forms of petroleum and hydrocarbons.
768486
Keep in mind, I'm not a nuclear Engineer or a nuclear specialist.  I haven't studied nuclear physics since college 10 years ago.\n\nRadiation in any form is dangerous.  It is just whether the benfits outweigh the potential ill side effects.\n\nRadiation is actually caused by the decay of a radiactive subtance.  Radiation takes three forms, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.\n\nAlpha radiation consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.  Alpha particles are slow and can not penetrate much.  This type of radiation can be stopped by something as thin as a sheet of paper or clothing.\n\nBeta radiation is actually an electron.  While beta radiation penetrates more than alpha radiation, it is still weak.  It can be stopped by thin metals, such as a sheet of foil.\nGamma radiation is the radiation that is very deadly.  Gamma radiation is actually a wave and not a particle.  It can only be stopped by thick layers of dirt, concrete, or lead.\n\nDuring nuclear fallout, a person doesn’t become radioactive per se.  What happens is the dust and particles collected on their clothing emits radiation.  You may have heard of radiation suits.  Radiation suits do not stop radiation, rather their purpose is to prevent radioactive particles from becoming embedded in hair, skin, or clothing.  Once the person gets away from the contaminated area, they wash the suit, disrobe, and (my guess) run like hell.\n\nRadiation sickness is caused by an overdose of radiation.  The danger of radiation is that it kills the cells of any living thing that it strikes.  This can be beneficial in a medical setting like when a radiation beam is used to kill cancer cells in a patient.  However, when a person is exposed to uncontrolled radiation over a prolonged period of time, many of the cells in their body are killed.  Just like anything else, dead things begin to decay and rot.  Radiation sickness is essentially the body becoming poisoned and weak from the loss of cells and decaying cells in their body.\n\nWithout adequate protection during radiation fallout, radioactive particles become ingested, inhaled, and embedded on the skin.  \n\nI hope this helps a little
803826
Very very dangerous. Potentially fatal.
46246
its a heavy metal and all heavy metals, in large doses are lethal to humans
29724
Scandium (Scandinavia), Germanium (Germany), Polonium (Poland)
773500
Pu 239 is mostly manmade. It is highly toxic and its half-life is 24,000 years.\nExposure to the reaction of a critical mass is not so good either.