what is the operation of MOSFET?
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That would be a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor.\n\nThree terminals are source, drain and gate.  The presence or absence of electric charge at the gate modulates the flow of current between source and drain.
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Hi,\n\nIt stands for metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors. In the pass, people use metal material (aluminum) as the gate and oxide as insulator. That's why it is called metal-oxide. And it uses semiconductor to achieve the on/off function or amplification operations through the electric field. That's use it is called field effect transistors. Transistors means "trans-resistors (means changing resistance)". \n\n\nIn summary, by applying voltage to the metal gate, through the oxide insulator, we can achieve "trans-resistor" effect in the semiconductor due to the electric field. That's why we have MOSFET - Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors.\n\nBut today, people are using poly-silicon as the gate material. But we continue to name it as MOSFET.\n\nLet us know if you have more questions.\n\nKodKodKod Learning Consulting\nhttp://www.kodkodkod.com
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A transistor is a semiconductor device that uses a small amount of voltage or electrical current to control a larger change in voltage or current. Because of its fast response and accuracy, it may be used in a wide variety of applications, including amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation, and as an oscillator. The transistor is the fundamental building block of both digital and analog circuits — the circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics. Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very small area.
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To reset the CMOS on a laptop, you will need to remove the internal CMOS battery. THis is no easy task on a laptop. Try to find a diagram of the model. Laptop batteries look a lot different than Desktop CMOS batteries and they vary in appearance.
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OP Amp is basically a differential voltage amplifier. You supply it with two voltages as inputs and it substracts one from another, then amplifies the result, which you get as an output voltage. \n\nYou can build many useful electronic cirquits using OP Amp as a basic element (Voltage Amplifier, Inverting Voltage Amplifier, Differentiator, Integrator, Voltage Stabilizer... etc), hence the name - Operational :) . \n\nIts widely used as an IC Chip (for example LM741) in many cirquits because of it's low cost, ease of use, small size and good performance.
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the development of the transistor --  Bell Laboratories --  1947
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Read this page. I hope it will help you.\nhttp://www.powerdesigners.com/InfoWeb/design_center/articles/MOSFETs/mosfets.shtm
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CMOS - There is a small battery in your computer which acts as a watch. - similar to those small batteries we have on watches.
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A CMOS inverter consists of one N-channel transistor connected to ground, and one P channel transistor connected to Vdd. Their gate pins are tied together and used as the input, and their third pins are tied together and used as the output (See the picture below for details). These transistors act like switches, controlled by the input.\n\nWhen the input is high (Vdd), it turns on the N-channel transistor and turns off the P-channel transistor. This causes the voltage at the output to be low, because the N-channel transistor is switched on, connecting the output to the ground.\n\nWhen the input is low, just the opposite happens.
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Logic gates are referred to as such because they are "gates" (devices which stop or allow the flow of electricity) which operate according to the rules of Boolean logic.
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A transistor is a semiconductor device made out of materials like silicon. The word is a contraction of 'transfer resistor' and it is used to control electrical currents passing through it.\n\nTo understand how a transistor works, imagine the crystal structure of silicon. Each atom can link to six other atoms (up, down, left, right, forward and back) by sharing their electrons. So they form a regular crystal like balls stacked up in a box.\n\nNow, imagine that some of those atoms are replaced (in one layer) with atoms that are short one electron. And other atoms are replaced in another layer very close to it with atoms that have an extra electron.\n\nThe extra electrons just naturally want to fill the spaces in those atoms that are short one electron. But because those atoms are naturally supposed to have one extra and one less (compared to the silicon), the crystal has an interesting property now.\n\nIf you put wires to either side of the layers, and apply a voltage with a battery (electrical pressure), as long as the negative terminal (where the electrons come out of the battery) goes toward the side with the extra electrons, they will flow across the junction between the layers. To visualize this, imagine men standing in rows and passing buckets of water, like to put out a fire in the old days if pumps and hoses were not available. \n\nIf the battery is reversed, the electrons are attracted AWAY from the junction, and no current flows. So, what we have is a device which will only let current flow in one direction, a one-way valve. This is called a diode.\n\nWhen a device is made with three layers, it is a transistor. The space between the two layers is called the base. By injecting tiny amounts of electrons into the base, a much larger current can be controlled. This controlled current flows through the entire crystal, starting from one end, through one junctiob between the layers, through the other junction betweenthe layers, and then out. (The other two regions are called the emitter and the collector, because of the direction in which the current travels.)\n\nThat is a Bipolar Junction Transistor, or BJT. They come in two basic types, with the two extra-electron layers inside, or outside. (PNP and NPN types, but don't worry about that. There won't be a quiz later.)\n\nThe other major kind of transistor is the Field-effect transistor (FET). It works a little differently. There is a single junction, and it is shaped in a sort of tunnel. As the voltage to the junction is changed, the electrons still repel each other and are attracted to the positive regions. What this does is to change the area through which the current can flow, kind of like squeezing a rubber garden hose with a pair of vise-grip pliers. You can apply a low voltage to let the curent flow, a high voltage to pinch the current off, or any voltage in between to control the flow. So it does the same job as the BJT's.\n\nTransistors  can be used to do all the things that vacuum tubes used to be used for. They can be used as switches (like in computers) or to make small voltages and curents larger (like in amplifiers) and to detect radio waves (like in radios and tv sets.) Transitors can be made singly in little packages (plastic buttons or metal cans) with wires coming out of them, or used in groups and arrays and combinations by the million in devices called integrated circuits (IC's). A microprocessor or memory chip in your computer is an IC. You can search on these terms and see pictures of them and find articles describing more about them.\n\nThis is a very simple overview of what transistors are like. I have said almost nothing about how they are made or how they can be connected together to do these things, but that is a subject called electrical engineering that would take years to study. I hope this helps you to understand what a transistor is and gives you a little glimpse of how they can be used.
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Well the answer is AND gate.\n\nthe output of an AND gate is 0 or low unless all its inputs are 1 or high.\n\ni.e for AND gate:\n\n0 and 0 gives 0\n0 and 1 gives 0\n1 ans 0 gives 0\n1 and 1 gives 1\n\ncheers
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I don't follow... AND gate means that ALL inputs must be HI to get a HI.  NAND inverts that, so...\n\nA (1)\nB (0).....0\nD (1)\n\nplus      ................... 1\n\nA (1)\nB (0).....0\nC (1)
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An operational amplyfier has a gain of one.Thetrefore it is very ussefull in logic circuitry.
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Using a hybrid model or a simplified model of a transistor allows one to easily analyze circuits containing transistors.\n\nThe hybrid model (using h-parameters) is a very good example of this. The transistor's base-emitter and collector-emitter junctions are replaced by equivalent circuits which actually display the transistor's behavior.\n\nThese models are usually based upon two-port networks. Each port (input port and output port) has well defined set of parameters such as input impedance, and input current etc. The output port has parameters like output resistance/impedance, output voltage (open circuit) etc.\n\nA lot of times a simplified model is used instead of a full hybrid model because certain parameters can be ignored for practical purposes. For example the transistor's output admittance is extremely large and for all practical purposes can be assumed to be an open circuit and neglected. After all these removals a hybrid model becomes a much simpler model which can be easily analyzed using common circuit laws such as ohm's law, kirchoff's current and voltage laws, Thevenin's laws etc.
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A flip flop is a circuit that can "flip" to one state and then later "flop" to another. So when a flip flop is "set" it has an output of 1 and "reset" it has an output of 0. Unlike other kinds of logic gates, the flip flop "remembers" its state (not after the power goes out though).\n\nSo there are lots of ways to make these. Common practice is to use two NOR gates or two NAND gates cross coupled. However, there are other kinds of flip flops that require more kinds of gates. You can also get ICs that have a flip flop function already built in and that's the easy way.\n\nSee the link below for a light-hearted discussion
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depends on the retantion mechanism that it has. use a screwdriver it's simple. . be sure when replacing it u have the exact voltage .size..  of the cmos battery. ur pc can run without the battery although ull get ur bios cleared at every boot