A three point testcross was made in corn. The alleles C and c result in colored versus colorless seeds, Wx and
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I remember something like this in biology\n\nI am not going to do your homework for you, but you start by finding the percentages of phenotypes
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A dominate mutation arose when the Early Chinese began to raise carp, for ponds. They then began to breed true for this color.
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Genetic dominance is the tendency for offspring to have one characteristic over another. This is due to the way alleles work. Alleles are alternative forms of a gene.\n\nThere are recessive alleles, and dominant alleles, and at times two alleles might be codominant. At such times, neither allele dominates over the other, and an intermediate characteristic is expressed in the phenotype (the physical expression of the characteristic).\n\nExample : Blood Group\nThere are three types of alleles : A, B, and O. O is recessive, but A and B are equally dominant. So A with O becomes A, B with O becomes B, but A with B is AB.\n\nExample : Antirrhinum flower\nThere are two colour types : Red and white. But the alleles for both types are codominant, and the result is pink.
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a group of lines that are genetically identical except at one or a few loci.
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Trihybrid cross, 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio\nbut what are the recessive traits
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When Mendal observed that his 7 traits assorted independantly of each other in peas, he assumed that all traits assorted independantly of all other traits, and made that a law of inheritance.\n\nWell, we know know that's wrong.  We observe that while many pairs of traits assort independantly, many other pairs do not.  Thomas Hunt Morgan's lab first observed that fuit fly eye color was linked to fly sex.  Other people observed that other pairs of traits were not totally completely linked, but that they were not totally independant either.  When two traits were found to not assort completely independantly, the term used to describe that situation was "linkage".\n\nWe now know that linkage happens because genes aren't floating around as perfect little gene spheres, bobbing around the nucleus.  They are arranged "like pearls on a string" on chromosomes.  So genes that are on the same string will not assort independently.  Meiosis will sometimes split them, sometimes not, depending on how close the genes are to each other.  They are physically linked, and we call the dependant assortment linkage too.
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i'm pretty sure crossing over occurs during meiosis which during synapsis of homologous pairs during prophase I. i think its C
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to solve this, the easiest way is to find which two distances, when added together, equals the distance between another two loci (sounds confusing? wait till you see my example)\n\nfor example, 35 + 13 = 48, right? ok, now find the common locus in these two distances--> 35 = dp to b, 13 = al to dp --> common locus = dp --> plus 48 = al to b ==> dp MUST be between loci al and b\n\nsame logic applies when you look at 35 + 6 = 41, from which you can determine that locus b must be between loci dp and pr\n\n==> putting the two findings together, you then can draw out the linkage map:\n\nal <--13mu--> dp <-----35mu-----> b <-6mu-> pr
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Offspring that are not exactly like either parent are produced by intermeadiate inheritance or incomplete inheritance.  for example, if we cross a red flower (PP) with a white flower (pp), the off spring has the genotype (Pp).  Sometimes the phenotype(physical feature) of the offspring will be neither white nor red, instead they will be pink or a lighter shade of red. (not exactly like either parent), this phenomenon is called intermediate inheritance. (That is how we get a brown child from a black and white parents.)
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2. A monohybrid cross looks like this Rr (where R is dominant and r is recessive). The products are RR (1 allele) Rr (two alleles) and rr (1 allele). There are Two alleles R and r in the products and three genotypes and 2 phenotypes.
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Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait.  It is carried on the X chromosome and is recessive.  Females have two X chromosomes, which means that even if they inherit a recessive allele for colorblindness it will usually be "covered up" or masked by a dominant allele on the other X chromosome.  \nMales on the other hand only have one X chromosome so if they inherit a recessive allele for colorblindness, they will be colorblind.\nHope this is helpful :-)
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To start with, You need more information as to the Parental genotype for each question, \nFor example in question (a) since you have only mentioned full dominance, we can either assume both parents will be A/A x A/A. However this cross is useless because you know there will not be variation in the F1 progeny because both are dominant. thus the ratio is 100% all dominant A/A.\nThe second assumption is to cross a dominant parent A/A with a recessive parent a/a. If that's the case then you choose one gamete from each parent to form the F1 as follow\n\nParental Genotype        A/A    x    a/a\nGametes                          A     x    a\n\nF1                                         A/a\n\nfrom here, if you need to get genotype and phenotype ratio for your F2, you need information as to what kind of cross you want do. You can self the F1 or you can testcross with a recessive parent. In either case the ratio is different\n\nSelf-cross                  A/a    x      A/a\nGametes              1/2 A , 1/2 a    x   1/2 A , 1/2 a\n\nF2  punnet square\n..............1/2  A..........1/2 a\n\n1/2 A......1/4 A/A........1/4 A/a\n\n1/2 a.......1/4 A/a........1/4 a/a\n\nPhenotypic ratio of F2:  1/4 A/A; 2/4 A/a; 1/4 a/a = 1:2:1\nGenotypic ratio of F2:  (1/4 A/A + 2/4 A/a); 1/4 a/a = 3:1\n\n\n\nTest-cross                  A/a    x      a/a\nGametes              1/2 A , 1/2 a    x   1/2 a , 1/2 a\n\nF2  punnet square\n..............1/2  A..........1/2 a\n\n1/2 a......1/4 A/a........1/4 a/a\n\n1/2 a.......1/4 A/a.......1/4 a/a\n\nPhenotypic ratio of F2:  1/2 A/a; 1/2 a/a = 1:1\nGenotypic ratio of F2: same as genotypic ratio\n\nquestion (a) is not formulated in a clear way. for example. question (a) should have mentioned something like this:\n\na) The F2 of monohybrid cross with both parents full dominance, or 1 parent full dominance, 1 parent recessive.\n\nIs hard to work in genetics problems when the problem lacks crucial information. let me know if there is more information that you did not write down on your question.
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It may be that the mutations are on different genes, so selving red would give that outcome, suggesting that the red is Rr genotype.  However, if the orange mutation is in a different gene locus, all mutations are hidden when you cross with white, as you would have Rr with OO or Oo.  This process is called complementation, where the crossing of two mutants of diffrent genes leads to normal offspring, if the mutation is recessive.
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Color Blindness is recessive and only found on the X chromosome.\nMales have XY, females have XX.\nSo, for a person to be color blind, they must have both alleles for color blindness. But, since it is only carried on the X chromosome, if a male's X chromosome has the allele for color blidness on it, he has it, since there is no other allele in the Y chromosome to cancel it out. However, on a female, she can have a color blind allele on one X chromosome and a normal vision allele on the other, which overpowers the recessive color blindness.\n\nIn this problem, for two people (a male and female) to have normal vision, but one of the sons is color blind, that means the father has a normal allele on his X, but the mother has one color blind allele on one of her X chromosomes. Since males only need one allele, this leaves the possibility that the mother gives her color blind allele to one son, but not to the other, with the father giving a Y to both. But for a girl, they would need two color blind alleles. The mother can give one, but the father's X chromosome holds the normal allele. This means every daughter in the family will have normal vision.
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Incomplete dominance\nIn incomplete dominance (sometimes called partial dominance), a heterozygous genotype creates an intermediate phenotype. In this case, only one allele (usually the wild type) at the single locus is expressed, creating an intermediate phenotype. A cross of two intermediate phenotypes (= monohybrid heterozygotes)will result in the reappearance of both parent phenotypes and the intermediate phenotype.\nThe classic example of this is the colors of carnations.\n       R   R'\nR RR RR' \nR' RR' R'R' \nR is the allele for red pigment. R' is the allele for no pigment.\nThus, RR offspring make a lot of red pigment and appear red. R'R' offspring make no red pigment and appear white. RR' and R'R offspring make a little bit of red pigment and therefore appear pink.\nRecombinant\nThe term recombinant DNA refers to a new combination of DNA molecules that are not found together naturally. Although processes such as crossing over technically produce recombinant DNA, the term is generally reserved for DNA produced by joining molecules derived from different biological sources.
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Genetic variation or differences would be the primary factor to give this question an explanation.  The same explanation that tells why there are different eye colors, different hair, different skin colors, etc. We inherit our blood type from our parents. Genes on our chromosomes tell the body what type of blood to make.\n\nThe types of proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids found (or expressed) on the surface of red blood cells define blood types. In addition, blood types, or at least the genes responsible for them, are inherited. Karl Landsteiner described the original blood types - A, B and O - in 1900 and doctors now recognize 23 blood group systems with hundreds of different "types." Many of the blood type antigens (and the antibodies that react with them) have been discovered as a result of transfusion incompatibilities. Some of these molecules have additional functions that are at least as important as conferring compatibility (of lack of compatibility) on transfusion recipients. \n\nThere are four popularly known blood types: A, B, AB and O. These designations refer to the types of sugars (A, B and O) found on the surface of red blood cells. Everyone on the planet has an O sugar, and those who have no other type are known as blood group O. The other group names arise from the fact that some people have A, B or both A and B sugars attached to the O sugar.\n\nThe genetics is unusual in that there are two equally dominant alleles. If the gene from your mother is the recessive allele for producing O cell surface markers, and the gene from your father is for A cell surface markers, then your overall blood type is A. Why? Since everyone has O we only look at the second sugar present to determine blood type. If the gene from your mother was for B and the gene from your father was A, then your blood type would be AB. If both parents donated A alleles, then you would be A. And if both gave you recessive alleles then your blood type would be O.\n\n>> If we have the genes for the A antigen, we will make red blood cells that have A on them.\n>> If we inherit A antigen from both parents or A from one and neither A or B from the other we will have group A blood. \n>>If we inherit B antigen from both parents or B from one and neither A or B from the other we will have group B blood. \n>>If we inherit A antigen from one parent and B from the other we will have group AB blood. \n>>If we inherit neither antigen from both parents we will have group O blood. There is no O antigen. O is the result of not having any A or B. \n>>In addition to our blood group (A,B,AB,O) we can inherit the D antigen. D is more commonly know as the Rh type. This is what is called the positive or negative. Either we have it or we don't. \n>>If we inherit Rh antigen from both parents or Rh from one and not from the other we will have type positive blood. \n>>If we do not inherit the Rh antigen from either parent we will have type negative blood.\n\nThere is no much elaboration on non - ABO blood type as there is only a few who got any of the rare identified blood types.☺
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the portion of genes that determines traits are called alleles (sp).  If you want to find out which ones I am sure they are mapped out if you use a search engine\n\nAt one time scientists thought that a single gene pair, in a dominant/recessive inheritance pattern, controlled human eye color. The allele for brown eyes was considered dominant over the allele for blue eyes. The genetic basis for eye color is actually far more complex. At the present, three gene pairs controlling human eye color are known. Two of the gene pairs occur on chromosome pair 15 and one occurs on chromosome pair 19. The bey 2 gene, on chromosome 15, has a brown and a blue allele. A second gene, located on chromosome 19 (the gey gene) has a blue and a green allele. A third gene, bey 1, located on chromosome 15, is a central brown eye color gene. \n\nsaved you the trouble