Who Introduced the idea of a stored program and use of Developed abacus?
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This will answer the first part
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i suppose it depends on what you are looking for as a definition of computer.\n\nYou could say the abacus.\nOr if you're looking for something programmable then in 1801 Joseph Jacquard developed a weaving loom whose weaving process was based on holes punched in a card.\nHerman Hollerith used a hole punch card to speed up census tabulation for the 1890 US census - which led to the creation of IBM\n\nBut these wer all based on inventions that used gears to represent data invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)  Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) and Charles Babbage (1792-1871)\n\nAugusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace is accredited as being the first programmer in regards to charles babbage's analytical engine during the mid to late 1830's.\n\nHope this information helps
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C is designed by Dennis Ritchie and developed by Dennis Ritchie & Bell Labs\nC++ was designed and developed by Bjarne Stroustrup\nC# was designed and developed by Microsoft Corporation
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The standard abacus can be used to perform addition, subtraction, division and multiplication; the abacus can also be used to extract square-roots and cubic roots.\n\nThe abacus is typically constructed of various types of hardwoods and comes in varying sizes. The frame of the abacus has a series of vertical rods on which a number of wooden beads are allowed to slide freely. A horizontal beam separates the frame into two sections, known as the upper deck and the lower deck.\n\nBasics\nThe abacus is prepared for use by placing it flat on a table or one's lap and pushing all the beads on both the upper and lower decks away from the beam. The beads are manipulated with either the index finger or the thumb of one hand. \n\nBead Values\nEach bead in the upper deck has a value of 5; each bead in the lower deck has a value of 1. Beads are considered counted, when moved towards the beam that separates the two decks.\n\nCounting\nAfter 5 beads are counted in the lower deck, the result is "carried" to the upper deck; after both beads in the upper deck are counted, the result (10) is then carried to the left-most adjacent column.\nThe right-most column is the ones column; the next adjacent to the left is the tens column; the next adjacent to the left is the hundreds column, and so on. Floating point calculations are performed by designating a space between 2 columns as the decimal-point and all the rows to the right of that space represent fractional portions while all the rows to the left represent whole number digits.\n\nFor more info go to: www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/intro.html
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I learned it from Peter Norton while I did not know too much English - it's that easy.\n\nThe book is from 1986, but the basic assembly is the same even today. What's new in protected mode it will be handled by the OS anyway.
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refrigerated storage see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Drew#Advanced_study\n\nGood Luck!!!
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Popular computer lore gives this credit to Admiral Grace Hopper, an early computing pioneer:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper\n\nCheck out the picture here:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:H96566k.jpg\n\nIt may or may not be true, but it is usally attributed as the first "bug".
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Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and naval officer. A pioneer in the field, she was the first programmer of the Mark I Calculator and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper
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I  INTRODUCTION \nComputer, machine that performs tasks, such as calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program. Programs usually reside within the computer and are retrieved and processed by the computer’s electronics. The program results are stored or routed to output devices, such as video display monitors or printers. Computers perform a wide variety of activities reliably, accurately, and quickly.\n\nHISTORY\nA. Beginnings\nThe history of computing began with an analog machine. In 1623 German scientist Wilhelm Schikard invented a machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that could add, and with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.\n\nFrench philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal invented a machine in 1642 that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to column. Pascal built 50 copies of his machine, but most served as curiosities in parlors of the wealthy. Seventeenth-century German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a special gearing system to enable multiplication on Pascal’s machine.\n\nB  First Punch Cards \nIn the early 19th century French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a specialized type of computer: a silk loom. Jacquard’s loom used punched cards to program patterns that helped the loom create woven fabrics. Although Jacquard was rewarded and admired by French emperor Napoleon I for his work, he fled for his life from the city of Lyon pursued by weavers who feared their jobs were in jeopardy due to Jacquard’s invention. The loom prevailed, however: When Jacquard died, more than 30,000 of his looms existed in Lyon. The looms are still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture fabrics.\n\nC  Precursor to Modern Computer \nAnother early mechanical computer was the Difference Engine, designed in the early 1820s by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage. Although never completed by Babbage, the Difference Engine was intended to be a machine with a 20-decimal capacity that could solve mathematical problems. Babbage also made plans for another machine, the Analytical Engine, considered the mechanical precursor of the modern computer. The Analytical Engine was designed to perform all arithmetic operations efficiently; however, Babbage’s lack of political skills kept him from obtaining the approval and funds to build it. \n\nAugusta Ada Byron, countess of Lovelace, was a personal friend and student of Babbage. She was the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron and one of only a few woman mathematicians of her time. She prepared extensive notes concerning Babbage’s ideas and the Analytical Engine. Lovelace’s conceptual programs for the machine led to the naming of a programming language (Ada) in her honor. Although the Analytical Engine was never built, its key concepts, such as the capacity to store instructions, the use of punched cards as a primitive memory, and the ability to print, can be found in many modern computers.\n\nXII  DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20TH CENTURY \n\nA  Early Electronic Calculators \n\nHerman Hollerith, an American inventor, used an idea similar to Jacquard’s loom when he combined the use of punched cards with devices that created and electronically read the cards. Hollerith’s tabulator was used for the 1890 U.S. census, and it made the computational time three to four times shorter than the time previously needed for hand counts. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company eventually merged with two companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. In 1924 the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM).\n\nIn 1936 British mathematician Alan Turing proposed the idea of a machine that could process equations without human direction. The machine (now known as a Turing machine) resembled an automatic typewriter that used symbols for math and logic instead of letters. Turin
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who invented computer
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If you don't count the abacus, which is ancient, then Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical computation machine in France in 1642. Check it yo!\n\nhttp://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm
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Computer software (or simply software) is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information as opposed to the physical computer equipment (hardware) which is used to store and process this information. The term is roughly synonymous with computer program but is more generic in scope.\n\nThe term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of software was first proposed by Alan Turing in an essay.\n\nIn strict layman terms, the part of the computer which is not touch and feel is software. \n\n[In retailing, software refers to clothing. \nIn mechanical engineering, software refers to rubber gaskets and seals.]
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search on www.computerhistory.org\nhttp://www.hitmill.com/computers/compute...\nhttp://inventors.about.com/library/blcoi...\n\nplease use the above links . i think they might me useful for ur research
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Unix:\nPronounced yoo-niks, a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Created by just a handful of programmers, UNIX was designed to be a small, flexible system used exclusively by programmers. \n\nUNIX was one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level programming language, namely C. This meant that it could be installed on virtually any computer for which a C compiler existed. This natural portability combined with its low price made it a popular choice among universities. (It was inexpensive because antitrust regulations prohibited Bell Labs from marketing it as a full-scale product.) \n\nBell Labs distributed the operating system in its source language form, so anyone who obtained a copy could modify and customize it for his own purposes. By the end of the 1970s, dozens of different versions of UNIX were running at various sites. \n\nAfter its breakup in 1982, AT&T began to market UNIX in earnest. It also began the long and difficult process of defining a standard version of UNIX. \n\nDue to its portability, flexibility, and power, UNIX has become a leading operating system for workstations. Historically, it has been less popular in the personal computer market. \n\nToday, the trademarked "Unix" and the "Single UNIX Specification" interface are owned by The Open Group. An operating system that is certified by The Open Group to use the UNIX trademark conforms to the Single UNIX Specification. \n\nAccording to The Open Group's Web site, "As the owner of the UNIX trademark, The Open Group has separated the UNIX trademark from any actual code stream itself, thus allowing multiple implementations. Since the introduction of the Single UNIX Specification, there has been a single, open, consensus specification that defines the requirements for a conformant UNIX system. There is also a mark, or brand, that is used to identify those products that have been certified as conforming to the Single UNIX Specification, initially UNIX 93, followed subsequently by UNIX 95, UNIX 98 and now UNIX 03. Both the specification and the UNIX trade mark are managed and held in trust for the industry by The Open Group." \n\n\nLinux:\nPronounced lee-nucks or lih-nucks. A freely-distributable open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds. Because it's free, and because it runs on many platforms, including PCs and Macintoshes, Linux has become an extremely popular alternative to proprietary operating systems.\n\n\n\nFor futher info on each go to:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINUX
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John Vincent Atanasoff.\n\nIn 1939 Atanasoff recruited a graduate student to assist him with his computing project and was introduced to Clifford Berry, a gifted electrical engineer with a similar background to himself. A few months later, in December they presented the first prototype of the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC).\n\nAlthough the ABC utilized a mechanical clock system, the computing was electronic and for the first time in computing, vacuum tubes were used. Data was entered via punch cards and the ABC used two rotating drums containing capacitors to hold the electrical charge for the dynamic memory.
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Hello,\n\nPlease see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing for a great article with many links to learning about the history of computing on my favorite site Wikipedia.org. \n\nIf you feel that I've answered your question please close your question so I can receive points for my answer. \n\nThanks,\n\nV
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For the keyboard question, click on the link below:\n\nhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltypewriter.htm\n\nAs for the weight of the first generation of computers...they varied.  ENIAC (an acronym for Electronic Numerator, Integrator, Analyser and Computer) was a leviathan in the computing world and weighed in at over 30,000kg (the average small car is 1000kg). This beast occupied over 90 sq/m (1,000 square feet) of floor space.  It has over 17,000 thermionic valves and needed thousands of kilowatts of electricity to operate.  It has 20, 10 digit accumulators, clocked at 100Hz and could do 5,000 additions and over 300 multiplications per second.  ENIAC was built for the US Army's Ballistics Research Labs but came in too late for major use in World War 2 (1945) and was way over budget.\n\nI did an assignment for this in 2001 and it was a fascinating subject.  Incidentally, the abacus is considered by many to be the worlds first computing device...invented over 4000 years ago.