Please give me links to the theory of electropneumatic converters or I to P Converter?
951860
It's difficult to explain without diagrams.\n\nFirst you have an air supply at about 20 psi that flows through a restrictor and a small nozzle the same size as the restrictor. There is a flapper, a small piece of metal that covers the nozzle and controls the backpressure between the nozzle and the restrictor. The pressure between the restrictor and the nozzle is controlled between 20 and 100KPa (3 to 15psi) by the position of the flapper. The position of the flapper is controlled by the input current (usuall y 4 to 20mA of 1 to 5V). Thus the input signal varies the pressure out. I havent seen any links but I will look
845804
http://polymer.bu.edu/pins/pins96.11.html\n\nhttp://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/electrochemical_tutorials.htm
294471
http://www.processassociates.com/process/convert/cf_mtc.htm\n\nPerfect converter... hope its what you meant!
3848
Check out these sites. They've a lot of links to electronics tutorial websites.\n\nhttp://www.epanorama.net/links/basics.html\nhttp://dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Electronics/Tutorials/
285769
http://www.howstuffworks.com\n\nA great site:\nhttp://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/
939879
Thanks for the question, now i know as well.\n\nhttp://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~heister/liqjet.html\n\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/links/030109/030109-8.html
688170
Not sure. I use to be an electronics Tech but that was before SMPS existed. I'm guessing you might find something on the link below:
471780
I prefer you buying one.  But there are always schematics out there that show you how to create your own inverters.  \n\nhttp://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/inverter.htm
504905
http://www.amasci.com/emotor/statelec.html\n\nhttp://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYS1169/beilby/electric_fields.html\n\nhttp://users.pandora.be/educypedia/electronics/electrostatics.htm
323052
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:9QF1BJnolbUJ:media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/63/35273124/3527312463.pdf+%22Process+intensification%22+:journal+on+electrofiltration&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2
960408
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/ece201/kvl.html
317272
Try this book, it's invaluable.\n\nCooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment\nISBN 0-471-52451-4
611013
Oh good grief.  If it's anything like what I've just done it'll include velocity, centrepetal forces, magnetic fields, friction, gravity, forces generally, working out the mass of something and the speed at which it will fall, balances with pivot points, static electricity, AC & DC electricity, transformers, vectors and so on and so on.  It's quite hard but it's maths based so if you like maths, you should be ok.  I wish you luck.
87578
P = EI (Power equals voltage E times current I)\n\nMany electrical properties can be explained as analogous to water flow.  For example, a transformer "transforms" high voltage and low current into low voltage and high current, keeping the power constant (except for minor losses) at full load.\n\nThis would be equivalent to a high pressure water pump supplying low water flow to the primary winding and taking out high water flow at low pressure from the secondary winding to drive a low pressure water turbine.\n\nYou could represent the transformer core as a hollow square of wood or even thick cardboard.  On one side wrap say ten turns of thin clear plastic tube around the core to represent the primary (first) winding.  On the other side wrap say five turns of larger diameter plastic tube around the core to represent the secondary (second) winding.  Fill the primary tubing with water and red food coloring to represent "hot" high voltage and the secondary tubing with water and blue food coloring to represent "cooler" low voltage.\n\nThe explanation of course is that the high voltage primary winding will have more windings of thin tube (similar to more thinner copper wire windings) because the current will be less than in the secondary winding.\n\nThere will be less windings for the secondary coil using larger tubing because the current will be higher at low pressure.\n\nSupply the secondary tube with a shut off valve (or clip) to represent the fact that there will be no current unless the circuit is open.  In the formula, if current is zero power is also zero (on both sides of the transformer).\n\nYou can represent the pump and turbine with pictures (or drawings) of same but it would not be impossible to rig an actual pump and turbine, just not necessary to "see" what is happening.\n\nThe turbine can use up more and more power until the maximum power of the primary winding is reached but not more.  The magnet of the core will be "saturated at full power."\n\nThe rest is explaining magnetic flux in the core and how it is produced by the primary winding and cuts through the wires of the secondary to produce voltage and current if there is a load.  Each winding of a coil adds to the effect.  A transformer with equal primary and secondary windings would have the same voltage and current under load.  I believe that the phase would shift 180 degrees because of lead/lag.   Good luck.
567883
Quite well, although today it's been replaced with integrated circuits.  (It's basically a switch, and either off or on, which comes in handy when you are working with base 2 binary numbers, as in a computer.)\n\nThere are two types, NPN and PNP, depending of which way current flows through them.  They are devices which allow, or limit current flow.\n\nThe difference between PNP and NPN transistors is that NPN use electrons as carriers of current and PNP use a lack of electrons (known as "holes"). Basically, nothing moves very far at a time. One atom simply robs an electron from an adjacent atom so you get the impression of "flow". It's a bit like "light pipes". In the case of "N" material, there are lots of spare electrons. In the case of "P" there aren't. In fact "P" is gasping for electrons. Clear as mud isn't it?\n\nOK, bear in mind that the Base is only a few atoms in thickness - almost a membrane - so any electrons allowed into the base "membrane" act as a catalyst to allow other electrons to break through from emitter to collector.\n\nImagine a pool of water near the edge of a table. It rests there with surface tension holding it in place. Now put one tiny drop of water on the table edge and let it touch the pool of water. Suddenly, the pool drains onto the floor as gravity takes over! Your tiny drop provided the catalyst to get it moving. So the base electrons do a similar job for the "pool" of electrons in the emitter - helped by the "gravity suction" of the power supply voltage on the collector.\n\nA transistor doesn't "increase" current. It simply allows power supply current to pass from collector to emitter* - the actual amount depends on the (small) current allowed to flow into its base. The more electrons you allow into the base, the more (x 100) that flow from collector to emitter . I put "x 100" because that is the typical gain (amplification factor) of a transistor. For example, one electron put into the base could allow 100 to escape from collector to emitter.\n\n* The purist might argue that current flows from emitter to collector - dependent on whether we are discussing electron flow or "hole" flow. I don't want to get involved in the physics of current flow. You don't need to know this to design a circuit.\n\n* This discussion relates to Bipolar transistors. Other types of transistor such as "FETs" (Field Effect Transistors) are in common use and work in a slightly different way in that the voltage applied to the "gate" terminal controls the current flowing from "cathode" terminal to "anode" terminal. In effect, a FET is simply a semiconducting (one-way) resistor whose value is controlled by the voltage applied to its "gate".\n\n* OK, having told you all that, I now have to point out that the above description is basically WRONG! What I've described is based on what is called "the beta model" of a transistor. A transistor actually relies on base voltage input - the current input is incidental. If you are at college, your teacher will explain this fully with lots of mathematical equations that will let you design anything at all. However, my description will let you design simple circuits with a minimum of effort and they will almost certainly work. Unless you are going to take up design as a profession, this is all you need to know.
1069046
this is very simple. p controller just multiplies the input by some factor. i controller adds the previous control action with the present control action(integration). d controller produces the difference of previous and present control action. a combination of p controller and i controller is a PI controller. similarly for the PD and PID controller.
748213
Try Edmund Scientific on the web..but if you want to make your own try the link provided.\n\nGood luck!