What is the Definition of Smallholder Agriculture in context with the African continent?
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In an age of globalization and transnationalism, broad economic, political, and social forces are pushing societies towards homogenization on the model of the West and North. In the West and North itself, globalization is widely seen as unwelcome Americanization. Some observers contend that these global processes have marginalized nation-states.  Others have noted how local societies, social groups, and even individuals throughout the world have tenaciously resisted these pressures. The phrase “the local and the global” has appeared in recent years as a trope for these contested interpretations of global trends in the programs of disciplinary conferences in the humanities and social sciences, and at area studies meetings. The terms globalization and transnationalism have been so often used and so frequently reinterpreted as to border on cliché. The occasion of a joint annual meeting of the African Studies Association (ASA) and the Canadian Association of African Studies/Association canadienne des études africaines (CAAS/ACEA) in New Orleans provides an appropriate context and venue to take analysis of these contested processes one step further by looking at three of the major arenas of contestation: identity, language, and memory. Hence the Annual Meeting invites papers and panels that deal with these issues in Africa and the diaspora today and in the past.  \nIn recent years, cultural studies in Africa have privileged the study of memory and identity—and by implication, language—in efforts to understand the renewal of civil society, and the horrendous outbreaks of inter-ethnic, civil, and military violence on the continent. Efforts at healing the hostility between ethnic and racial groups, such as theTruth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and the local and regional truth commissions in Burundi, have also stimulated much thought about the creation, re-creation, and maintenance of national communities. Political studies—which traditionally eschewed examination of these topics as the stuff of humanities or  “soft” social science—have of late also begun to acknowledge the importance of identity politics and popular memory in analyses of contemporary African politics, and more notably, in studies of democracy, revolution, and genocide. It is abundantly clear, for example, that understanding identity politics in Côte d’Ivoire is essential to comprehending the conflict between Ivoirians of coastal origin and those whose forefathers and foremothers came from Burkina Faso, Mali, and other regions of the West African interior in the twentieth centutry.  And well before that, Mobutu’s use of the language of « authenticité, » which was invoked by politicians elsewhere on the continent, served to legitimize his government as a nationalist rather than a neo-colonial regime. \n\nHistorical studies in Africa have for a long time directed attention to the roles of language (and shared culture) in the development of community and difference—whether it be the sense of a “Mande world” among speakers of the Mande languages, or the consolidation of new “worlds” with the spread of languages such as Swahili, Hausa, Arabic, Mossi, and Lingala among peoples and groups across significant stretches of the continent. More recently, Africanist historians have taken a page from the French scholar Nora to explore the significance of “lieux de mémoire,” or “places of memory,” to understand how contemporary understandings of sites of purported historical significance for groups and societies (and countries) affect interpretations of the past, as well as how they sometimes act as touchstones for the revival of past identities or the coalescence of new ones. Obviously identities change through time. A new awareness of the popular use of history has also made it apparent that ordinary people order and identify with historical experiences and events in ways quite different from the ways that professional h
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Le meilleur moyen est de développer le football en Afrique. Il faut mettre en place de solides infrastructures et permettre aux jeunes de d'abord jouer dans leur pays un petit moment puis éventuellement de venir tenter l'aventure en Europe. Donc rendre plus compétitifs les équipes nationales africaines et dynamiser leur économie.
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Europe, Asia and Africa
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Africa, same as the rest of us
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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ?
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Searching your specific area will help, but you need to be more specific- are you talking about animal production and husbandry, farming (broadacre/ cereal crops, irrigation, horticulture, viticulture,etc, etc) and agricultural machanics and production or the human resources aspect. Perhaps Department of Primary Industries (DPI) and other government departments  often offer "fact sheets' that can give good overviews in a variety of areas.
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go to www.africa.upenn.edu/org_Institutes/African_12088.html
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Well in ref. to AFrica, smaller states such as kenya and Malawi, so ofrth all did a bit of both, they were exploited for their natural resources and then once released, they flourished. In General i would say that were exploited. A country like Ethiopia, was heavily exploited and has still not recoverd
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There are 54 countries in Africa
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The Republic of Mauritius is a part of the African continent.
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Banana republic is a pejorative term for a small, often Latin American or Caribbean country, which is politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique. Coined by O. Henry, American humorist and short story writer in reference to Honduras. "Republic" in his time was often a euphemism for a dictatorship (as it sometimes still is), while "banana" implied an easy reliance on basic agriculture and backwardness in the development of modern industrial technology. Frequently the subject of mockery and humour, and usually presided over by a dictatorial military junta that exaggerates its own power and importance. "The epaulettes of a banana republic generalissimo" are proverbially of considerable size, usually portrayed in satire with a pair of mops.
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Good explanation by 'Cybele' from another perspective.\n\nThe pastoralist need the land for grazing.\nThe farmers need the land for growing crops.\n\nIt has been proved time and again that if a piece of land is used for growing crops it will support more humans than if it's used for rearing cattle for the meat.
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Africa near the middle east.
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Poaching.\nHabitat loss and fragmentation, encroaching human populations.
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technically Africa should be one of the richest continent of the world it has all the ores the basis of all the industries and a suitable climate for agricultural growth. but this is not the present scenario why? the reason lies in the highly volatile nature of the political environment which has not caused any industry to grow and has not supported any sustained development in the region.
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Cash crop is one crop which farmer grow not for consumation but purely with intention of selling the same to get cash and hence the name cash crop. Cash crop can different form area to area. For example in one area Rice can be cash crop (as people in that do not consume but only sell/export) where other crops are one which farmer raise crop for self consumation.\n\nDefinitions of CASH CROP on the Web:\n\n    * Crop grown for export, not for local consumption. Coffee plantations owned by multinationals are overtaking the small farmer in Central America. It is displacing properties planted in maize, rice, beans, and fruit. "It goes in the manner of the conquistador, spreading hunger and misery, reducing the former proprietors to the worst conditions - woe to those who sell out." - Patria.\n      www.embassy.org.nz/encycl/c1aencyc.htm\n\n    * growing crops for commercial sale instead of for local consumption - usually refers to crops grown for export ie. cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco etc.\n      home.ica.net/~drw/glossc-d.htm\n\n    * a crop grown to be sold and exported.\n      www.bridgemary.hants.sch.uk/folders/gcse_revision_guide/glossary/page_1.htm\n\n    * a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)\n      wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn\n\n    * In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is sold for money. The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family. In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small (but vital) part of a farm's total yield, while today, especially in the developed countries, almost all crops are mainly grown for cash. ...\n      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop
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Farming.\n\nSmall farms: everything.  The work literally never ends.  Tilling, planting, fertilizing, watering, harvesting, selling, repeat as many times per season as the climate and crops permit. \n\nIn rural Utah, watering is the critical factor, as everything is run on irrigation systems.  People move pipe or repair pipe quite a bit.  For really small farms, they'll usually grow a few acres of alfalfa for their own animals and to share.  So, there are three or so crops a year of that, which includes bailing and stacking the hay.  \n\nIf the farm has animals, they come first.  Always.  My first job was working on a small horse ranch in Utah, where we'd first attend to the animals needs, then go paint a barn, repair a machine, cut thistle in the pasture, burn weeds in the irrigation ditches, or whatever else was pressing.\n\nLarge farms: they're more like corporations than old-style farming.  People would have jobs broken down, computers run and manage everything, planes do the fertilizing, the tractors automate much of the work.