biomechanics of human injury?
928301
first of all is the mechanism of injury e.g. fallin on an out stretched hand, flexed knee etc, \nsecond is the imapct surface\nthird is the consequence e.g. sparin or fracture etc\nfourth is the intervention e.g. internal fixation or external fixation\n\ngood luck
195624
here is a great website with lots of info \ngood luck\nAfter a third of a century of federal standards mandating the safety performance of everything from bumpers to dashboard controls, it might be reasonable to conclude that occupants are walking away from low-speed crashes without significant injury.  The opposite is happening:  a General Motors study found that many injuries are occurring in crashes at speeds below 8 miles per hour.  Indeed, "whiplash" injuries, the soft tissue damage commonly suffered in these low-speed collisions, now account for more than half (53 percent) of all motor vehicle crash-related injuries.\n\nAlthough these injuries are typically classified as minor (AIS 1, the least severe rating), 27 percent of the 2.9 million persons who sustain low-speed injuries each year still have neck pain three years later.  The injuries often lead to permanent disability, and as one Swedish study concluded, "This could be the case even when the neck injuries are primarily assessed as minor."  A New England Journal of Medicine editorial noted in 1994 that 20 to 40 percent of people with whiplash have symptoms that last for years, and some never recover.\n\nAlthough rear end collisions account for only 5 percent of all automobile fatalities, whiplash is both most likely to occur in such collisions and, when it does, more likely to cause permanent damage:  one study found that almost one in 10 whiplash victims in rear end collisions are permanently disabled, compared to fewer than 4 in 10 in non-rear end impacts. \n\n\n\nThe 'How' Debate\n\nIn whiplash, the cervical spine apparently suffers soft tissue damage when the head snaps backward at the same time as the shoulders rebound forward off the seat back during the collision, but the sequence of events is in dispute.  Partly this is because the dynamics of low-speed collisions have not been studied as thoroughly as high-speed collisions.  A complicating factor is that human head and neck actions are more complex than those of  Hybrid III crash test dummies.\n\nThe traditional view - that whiplash occurs when crash forces first flex the neck and then hyperextend it backward - is "both incomplete and inaccurate," according to Biodynamics Research Corp., which reports that its low-speed tests "suggest a compression-tension injury causation mechanism."  Still other researchers say "the opposite (of flexion-hyperextension) is true,…that flexion sometimes follows the initial extension of the cervical spine."\n\n\n\n\nSeveral factors appear to affect the severity of whiplash:\n\n\n\n• Ramping.When the occupant slides up the seatback during the collision, it adds to the whiplash motion. \n   \n• Gender, Age, Height.Women (probably because their necks tend to be less muscular than men's) and older and taller people are more likely to sustain the injury. \n   \n• Turning. An occupant whose head is turned to the side may suffer greater injury because the whiplash motion turns the head even more.  \n   \n• Awareness. Occupants who were aware of the impending crash suffered fewer neck injuries in one study. \n   \n• Small Cars. Occupants of smaller cars are more likely to suffer whiplash than those in larger cars. \n   \n• Vehicle Stiffness. "Stiff" vehicles that do not absorb sufficient crash forces in low-speed impacts may reduce vehicular damages, but they transmit more crash forces to occupants, increasing the risk of injuries, including whiplash. \n   \n• Seat and Head Restraint Design. Seat and head restraint stiffness and height can aggravate whiplash injuries.  \n\nWhiplash: Faked or Real?\n\nAuto insurers tend to blame increased whiplash injury claims on fraud.  They say up to half of all fraudulent claims are for whiplash, noting that such claims are rising while vehicle damage claims are decreasing.  The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, while acknowledging that some neck sprains
111044
I'm just doing all your work aren't I?  Its ok I like physics, and its good practice.  I am studying for the MCAT coming up this April (Med School).  This problem unlike the other ones that I did is a little more tricky to me.. Mostly because I don't have my physics textbooks with me.  But it would appear that you need to calculate the acceleration that is exhibited on the foot when it hits the ground.  The way I approached this problem is by using vf^2 = vi^2 + 2ad  and I solved for acceleration.  Knowing that the final velocity is zero I isolated acceleration to get and acceleration of -1024 m/s^2!!! thats huge isn't it.  that is why I'm uncertain about this problem... anyways, multiplying that using the F =ma equation I got a total force of 9216N.  But after inspecting the inital velocity its got to be right because if you convert 6.4 m/s into km/hr you get 23.04 km/hr!!! This person must be falling of a building or something!  So there it is.  Afterall didn't the question start out saying that injury can happen!?
450091
http://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/safety/pdf/bltn188.pdf#search='ergonomics%20in%20garment%20industry'\n\nThey are two pages, but very iformative.
91362
It's tranferred to heat/friction from the impact
29030
when i was in college, the basketball cheerleading squad did many elaborate routines with high positions.\n\none time, a guy was standing on another guys lap, while he was holding up a girl standing on his hand (way up high). i'd say she was about 15 feet in the air (at least). she slipped and came straight down, head first. she slammed her face right onto the floor. it was horrible there was blood everywhere. she was in the hospital for two weeks.
836799
Viscous humerus, blood, water, nerves, blood vessels, etc.
13351
http://www.abastaff.com/presentations/ergonomics/\nhttp://www.championseating.com/cgi-bin/champion.cgi/ergo_stretch.html
557153
The R  I  C  E treatement:\n   (REST, ICE, COMPRESSION, ELEVATION)
417516
there isn't a useful average on something that varies.\n\n...  some can be much more severe than others so it would be hard to give you a number without knowing more about the actual degree of injury
625744
I obtained my worst injury at the age of four, when a hot iron fell on me.  I moved out of the way in time to escape a concussion but my my right foot's pinkie toe got burned and the nail got broken off.  I haven't had any worse injuries than that so far and I really hope I don't get any either.  The injury scars might be cool but the pain aint worth it, that goes for all I care about also.
200232
depends on the kind of fall and the trajectory
527047
Cardiovascular, Muscular Endurance, Muscular strength, flexibility, and Body Composition.
615328
Physiological changes that occur in the human body in motion as a result of rapid increase of speed. Rapid acceleration and surges in acceleration are felt more critically than are gradual shifts.\n\nRiders of roller coasters are especially subject to the effects of acceleration because of the high-speed drops, turns, and inversions of the coaster. Acceleration forces are measured in units of gravitational acceleration, or g. One g is a force equivalent to the weight of the coaster on the surface of the earth. A force of 3 g, for example, is equivalent to an acceleration three times that of a body falling near the Earth.\n\nThree kinds of acceleration stress are distinguished--positive, negative, and transverse--according to the position of the body with relation to the direction of acceleration.\n\nPositive acceleration stress occurs when the direction of acceleration is along the long axis of the body from head to foot, experienced, at 1 to 2 g, by a general feeling of heaviness in the seat, hands, and feet.\n\nNegative acceleration stress occurs when the direction of acceleration is from feet to head, causing a slight displacement of the internal organs in the abdomen and chest and a rush of blood to the face accompanied by the feeling of congestion. The average endurable times for negative stress are a few seconds at 5 g, 15 seconds for 4.5 g, and around 30 seconds for 3 g.\n\nTransverse acceleration stress occurs when the direction of acceleration is sideways with relation to the long axis of the body. Accelerations up to 6 g directed across the body produce sensations of increased pressure on the part of the body that supports the weight.\n\nAT THIS POINT IN THE RIDE . . . the coaster approaches the vertical loop, entering at a high rate of speed. Entry may create a heavy force on the riders as high as 5 g, but only for a few seconds--any longer and riders may blackout from acceleration stress. Modern vertical loops are tear-shaped, clothoid loops that have a tighter curve at the top, where the velocity is smaller, than at the exit and entry points at the bottom. The larger radius at the bottom of the loop reduces centripetal acceleration, thereby lowering the overall g-forces, which naturally increase by 1 g owing to gravitation. Often the designer will adjust the radius at the top of the loop to create a centripetal force of 2 g, allowing the riders, after subtracting the value of gravitation (1 g), to experience normal weight levels while upside down. The queasiness associated with looping rides is owing to some internal organs floating upward, counter to their natural hanging position.
447382
I am assuming you mean bruised.\nBut it in a splint to avoid further movement and injury.
857582
See  the Lerner Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering,  at the Cleveland Clinic system in Cleveland, OH\nhttp://www.lerner.ccf.org/bme/\n\nSee NASA's Anthropometry and Biomechanics Lab in Houston, TX:\nhttp://shfe.jsc.nasa.gov/docs/workshop/13abf.pdf\n\nHope this helps!
1005063
Something lower impact. Knees are once in a lifetime.