What is the procedure to clone Human Growth Hormone?
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You're right, the information under Wikipedia's Growth Hormone Treatment section is very vague. However, it does tell you that the gene for the growth hormone is inserted into bacteria, which mass produce the protein.\n\nFrom that, we can surmise what you could potentially do to mass produce growth hormone.\n\nFirst, of all, you need the gene. That's simple. You get a bunch of pituitary cells and then create some primers that bind upstream and downstream of the actual gene.\n\nThese primers should consist of approximately 25 base nucleotides, and should bind before the gene and after the stop codon.\n\nYou then use PCR to amplify it up. That technique can be found in any old Molecular Biology textbook, though the Maniatis book (referenced below) is very good and detailed on this.\n\nNow the best thing to do next is to put your gene of choice into a plasmid (a circular piece of DNA) that expresses an antibiotic resistance gene, and right in front of a gene promoter that is always switched on (and obviously, one that forces the bacteria to produce vast quantities of the hormone).\n\nThat's very simple. Use a nuclease to cut your plasmid. (It's best to use two nucleases, to cut out a small section of the plasmid DNA out). Use the same nucleases to cut the ends of your extract gene (making sure the nuclease that cuts upstream of your extract DNA is also the same nuclease that cuts at the "upstream" part of your plasmid and vice versa). That means you have to find a nuclease that cuts at the right places, which may require a bit of searching.\n\nBecause both have been cut by the same enzyme, they'll have sticky ends that match. They'll anneal naturally and because you used the same enzyme to cut upstream of both plasmid and extract gene, the gene will anneal the right way round instead of backwards. (If it anneals backwards, the gene won't work). Use a DNA ligase to join up the backbone and voila, you've got a plasmid that should express antibiotic resistance and your hormone gene.\n\nTransform it into bacteria, possibly using heat shock. Select for the bacteria that express the antibiotic gene (as it should also express the growth hormone), by putting it on to an agar plate with the antibiotic in and lots of goodies and nutrients for the bacteria.\n\nOnly the ones with the plasmid will survive and they'll form little colonies on a plate. Now you've got to check that your plasmid contains the gene. After all, the insertion of your gene into the plasmid could have failed.\n\nThat's simple. All you have to do is take a little bit from a colony, break it open and use a pair of primers that bind at the 5' end and the 3' end of the gene, and do a PCR. If the gene is there, you'll get a product. If not, you won't.\n\nThen, you do a Western blot, to make sure the protein is actually being made. You could have skipped the above PCR step, but there was the chance that some rogue growth hormone could have infected your samples. Doing the PCR, shows you that any protein is there because the bacteria is making it from the gene you put into it, and not because it just happened to be on some of your apparatus.\n\nI'll refer you to the sources below, as a Western blot is a long detailed procedure that'll make this answer insanely long.\n\nAfter you've done that and proved to yourself that the bacteria has your gene and is making your protein, you grow it up in a huge vat full of nutrients. Siphon some off every now and then, and extract the protein.\n\nYou need do nothing more, except keep growing the bacteria, making sure it's always there and that the antibiotic selection is always on. If it isn't, the bacteria will eventually reject the plasmid, as it won't be of any use to it.\n\nThere you have it. It may not be the exact same protocol as what industry uses, but it will get you similar results.
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Bob Langer and his colleague Joseph Vacanti pioneered this process- growing human tissues in the lab. Back in 1987\n\nit was done at the laboratory of University of Massachusetts .
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cloning\nstem cells\ngenetic manipulation
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Human cloning is practically possible. That is ,it can be done. But the actual human cloning is at present; illegal.\nAt the same time animal cloning has not even been perfected. Only 1 or 2 offsprings are gotten from about 100 experiments.
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how can you clone what cant be seen ?
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Introduction\nThe possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. \n\n\nWhat is cloning? Are there different types of cloning?\nWhen the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. \n\n\nRecombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning \n\nThe terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. \n\nScientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. \n\nTo "clone a gene," a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a "recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. \n\nPlasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA. Besides bacterial plasmids, some other cloning vectors include viruses, bacteria artificial chromosomes (BACs), and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). Cosmids are artificially constructed cloning vectors that carry up to 45 kb of foreign DNA and can be packaged in lambda phage particles for infection into E. coli cells. BACs utilize the naturally occurring F-factor plasmid found in E. coli to carry 100 to 300 kb DNA inserts. A YAC is a functional chromosome derived from yeast that can carry up to 1 MB of foreign DNA. Bacteria are most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used.\n\n\nReproductive Cloning\n\nCelebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6\n\nDolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashion
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No its impossible. The DNA is completely different, and plus cloning was banned by the Geneva Convention a couple of years ago I believe. But if your like the other groups and you want to try it, have at it. But if you do clone it together, dont tell the press or you might just end up going to prison.
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Actually the answer for cloning is also no. If we were to clone a human the baby would not grow in a lab. The embryo would still be implanted in to a women just like baby's being born via in vitro fertilization.
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Human growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland is secreted throughout a person's lifetime. It promotes growth in children and plays an important role in adult metabolism. It was first isolated in 1956 and its structure was identified in 1972. Until the mid-1980s the only source of HGH was from pituitary glands collected post mortem. Today HGH is available in larger quantities through the technique of genetic engineering and a number of conditions apart from the classical growth hormone insufficiency can be treated. Human growth hormone is the master hormone produced by the master gland, the pituitary, which rests just behind our eyes. HGH acts as a catalyst for many glandular secretions and life functions critical to maintaining youth. It's the stuff that makes nearly every cell in our bodies grow and repair over the course of our lives.\n\nAthletes use it for the following:\nExcessive hGH levels increase muscle mass by stimulating protein synthesis, strengthen bones by stimulating bone growth and reduce body fat by stimulating the breakdown of fat cells. Use of hGH has become increasingly popular because it is difficult to detect. Side effects include: \n\nOvergrowth of hands, feet, and face (acromegaly) because of the increased muscle and bone development in these parts \nEnlarged internal organs, especially heart, kidneys, tongue and liver \nHeart problems
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There is nothing for it in alternative medicine. You may qualify for human growth hormone in the judgement of your endocrinologist.
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Human growth hormone makes you grow...I don't think it's actually located in your back exclusively.
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STH\nsomatotropic hormone\n\nGrowth hormone\nGrowth hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other vertebrate animals.\nThis article describes human growth hormone physiology, with brief mentions of the diseases of GH deficiency, GH excess (acromegaly and pituitary gigantism), as well as GH treatment, and HGH quackery. Each of these topics is treated more fully in separate articles.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nSth\n■  abbreviation south. \n\n----------------------------------------------------------
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I have growth hormone deficiency. I take growth hormone shots and I am growing strong. You should see an endocrinologist ASAP. Your son will need some blood tests and then a growth hormone stimulation test to diagnose his growth hormone deficiency. Then, you can prescribe injections.
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I am 100% for cloning! I think that cloning could hold the key to accelerating stem cell research, and therefore help to cure many many diseases. I also believe it could be used to clone organs and help those who await a transplant. More lives could be saved with it than any one can possibly imagine. I would not be alive right now if it were not for cloning. I am diabetic. Human recombinate DNA is cloned into ecoli bacteria. That ecoli then utilizes the DNA and produces human insulin. Get the picture?
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Its a genuine question; I suggest you to post ur question in google answers; u can get researched answers; remeber it is paid service. What I know about is it is produced by recombinant technique which word itself is self explanatory; meaning a complicated genetic process GH like proteins are made with the knowledge of its DNA structure. It has been used successfully in several conditions which can produce short stature. They are genetic short stature, Turners syndrome, Prader willi syndrome, Chronica renal failure. The subjects are shown to be better in height velocity and has achieved a target height height 50 th percentile in a significant number of cases. It is an injection through subcutaneous route; intermittent ie once in few weeks; and requires monitoring of height BP and some blood tests to look for side effects. No significant harm has been reported till now. You can get these details in medical text books like; Harrison's internal medicine; Nelson's text book of paediatrics and various books of endocrinology. For the website you can do a google search with key words Human Growth Hormone, Treatment with growth hormone, adverse effects Human growth hormones etc and select appropriate articles according to ur knowledge level..Look for emedicine article; if u r a medical professional u can look for pubmed article..
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It depends on what kind of cloning. In any case, the first five steps are the same.\n\n1. retrieve an egg cell\n2. remove the nucleus of the egg cell\n3. retrieve a somatic cell of the individual whom you would like to clone (a somatic cell is any cell in your body that isnt an egg/sperm, since those are haploid. you need a diploid cell).\n4. insert the nucleus of the somatic cell into the enucleated egg cell (the egg cell will now "be tricked into thinking" it's fertilized and will begin to form an embryo).\n5. Provide growth factors needed to facilitate growth--allow embryo to grow to a blastocyst.\n\nAs for the 6th step, this is where it can differ. \n\nFor reproductive cloning: cloning through which a cloned individual is formed, the blastocyst which is formed is implanted into a surrogate womb of whatever animal/species you are trying to clone. Within the womb it continues to develop and the surrogate eventually gives birth to the cloned individual.\n\nIn therapeutic cloning, the next step involves the destruction of the embryo be removing the cells within the blastocyst. These cells are called stem cells and are very important for current research. These stem cells will have the same genetic information as the individual from which the somatic cell was taken. I wont really go into stem cell research, because that's a topic in and of itself.
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Depends on what kind of cloning you are talking about.\n\nThe term "cloning" can be used to describe inserting a foreign gene into a bacteria... or creating a genetically identical copy of organism.\n\nTo create an identical copy... you would require an oocyte (an egg) and a somatic cell.  You'd need to remove all the DNA from the egg and the somatic cell... then inject the DNA into the egg.  Along with other factors and after growing... you will have an organism gentically identical to the orriginal.\n\nCloning genes into bacteria involves a plasmid (circular piece of non-chromosomal DNA).  You would need to open up the plasmid using restriction enzymes (DNA scissors basically) and cut the gene of interest out with the same enzyme.  Mix them then insert into your bacteria by your favorite method (electroporation, chemical method, heat/cold shock, micro-injection).  Let the bacteria grow (all bacteria in a colony are gentically identical to the parent... for the most part)