Which of the following is generally needed for decarboxylases?
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A. TPP is an important cofactor generally needed for decarboxylases
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The importance of ATP centers on the storage of about 7 kcal/mole of energy in the phosphorus-oxygen bond between the first and second phosphate group. The relationship of energy and the formation and hydrolysis of ATP is illustrated in the following equations: P = PO4-3; ADP = adenine diphosphate.\n\na) Hydrolysis: ATP + H2O --> ADP + P + energy \n\nb) Formation: ADP + P + energy --> ATP + H2O \n\n\nUnder certain conditions ATP may be hydrolyzed directly to AMP (adenine monophosphate).\n\nATP + H2O --> AMP + PP + energy\n\nThere are other metabolic phosphate molecules which store or give off energy as needed. One further example is the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate in muscle cells which also releases energy.
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Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid.
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It is more of a regulator enzyme than a catalyst. When there is a high concentration of ATP, the production of pyruvate is low, hence the slowing down of glycolysis (no more energy is needed).
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The Krebs Cycle which involves also protein metabolism. From the protein the Body extracts L-Glutamine which is technically how the body creates Glucose when one's diet is proper. Glucose is also needed for Neurotransmission which also requires B-Vitamins especially Niacin which becomes NADH which is essential for proper cellular energy production which in turn also requires the Mevalonate Highway which is the Amino Acid Grouping which creates CoEnzyme Q-10. The brain needs a little more than Glucose it also needs all the things I mentioned plus Essential Fatty Acids  like DHA  and Phosphatidylserine which all work together to optimize Brain function. Incidentally NADH stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrate one example of Coenzyme B-Vitamins one of about 13 different ones each one important for Optimum Brain Function.
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B, its specific shape allows specific substrates to bind to the enzyme, thus catalyzing the reaction. If the enzyme DIDN'T have the specific shape, then the substrate would have to take a longer time to break their own bonds themselves.
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Proteins:  Many and diverse.  Insulin regulates lipid and glucose stores.  Various hormones control a thousand and one functions.  Muscle protein provide locomotion and the ability to do physical work. Too many things to name here.\n\nCarbohydrates(CHO) :  Supply energy for cellular processes.  This is the gas for organisms.  Carbohydrates are broken down to make ATP from ADP and AMP.  \n\nNucleic acid:  DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid directs RNA to make proteins.  And, or course, proteins do a multitude of things.\n\nLipids:  Another energy source:  This is a storage compounds for energy.  Also, lipid compounds are useful for cushioning organs and insulation against the elements.
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1. periodic table (?), 2. nucleotides, bases,  3. fatty acids,  6. saturated fatty acid, trans fat,  8. energy (?), 12. adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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ODC is ornithine decarboxylase a enzime\nSee in\nhttp://www.jhc.org/cgi/content/full/50/9/1143\nAnd I believe its not what you want.\nTry searching in\nhttp://www.pathguy.com/lectures/muscles.htm
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The thyronines act on the body to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline). Hypothyroidism is an insufficient production of the thyroid hormone.  The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis.  Because the body's metabolic rate is slowed the rate of absorption of energy-releasing compounds is decreased, and the susception to energy increasing hormones like adrenaline declines.  In order to compensate with this, one of the ways the body reacts is by requiring more sleep. Physical fatigue is a common symptom of the condition, so don't worry too much.  As long as you've seen your GP and are taking the prescribed medication, the body's balance should eventually correct itself.
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b)carboxylic acid and an amine
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You do not need 2 BaCO3's.\n\n2HCl + Ag2NO3 --> H2NO3 + 2AgCl
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The 3-hydroxypropionate cycle has been proposed to operate as the autotrophic CO2 fixation pathway in the phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. In this pathway, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and two bicarbonate molecules are converted to malate. Acetyl-CoA is regenerated from malyl-CoA by l-malyl-CoA lyase. The enzyme forming malyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA:l-malate coenzyme A transferase, was purified. Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of its two subunits, the corresponding genes were identified on a gene cluster which also contains the gene for l-malyl-CoA lyase, the subsequent enzyme in the pathway. Both enzymes were severalfold up-regulated under autotrophic conditions, which is in line with their proposed function in CO2 fixation. The two CoA transferase genes were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and studied. Succinyl-CoA:l-malate CoA transferase forms a large (αβ)n complex consisting of 46- and 44-kDa subunits and catalyzes the reversible reaction succinyl-CoA + l-malate → succinate + l-malyl-CoA. It is specific for succinyl-CoA as the CoA donor but accepts l-citramalate instead of l-malate as the CoA acceptor; the corresponding d-stereoisomers are not accepted. The enzyme is a member of the class III of the CoA transferase family. The demonstration of the missing CoA transferase closes the last gap in the proposed 3-hydroxypropionate cycle.
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Mg is neseccary for the catalytic reaction. A lot of enzymes have an ion in their catalyitic center which usually co-ordinate the reacting groups.
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I would say d because they are antioxidants.  see article below for more info:\nhttp://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa082101a.htm
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FATTY ACIDS\n\n\nCarboxylic acids occur in many molecular forms. At first It must be recalled that if the majority of the fatty acids found in lipids are monocarboxylic acids, some of them are dicarboxylic and constitute important metabolic or oxidation products of the previous ones. \n   \nSeveral hundreds of forms have been identified but the number occurring frequently in the common lipids is much fewer (from 10 in plants to about 20 in animal tissues). Several fatty acids, free or esterified (methyl butyrate, ethyl octanoate, dodecanoic acid...), belong to aroma compounds which are found in environmental or food systems (see the website: Flavornet). Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters are known to be present in the plasma of patient with liver dysfunction following ethanol ingestion (Aleryani SL et al., Clin Chim Acta 2005, 359, 141).\n\n\nFatty acid classification\n\n\nTriglycerides from various vegetable oils give through transesterification a mix of fatty acid esters which is now used increasingly as a substitute of diesel fuel and is named Biodiesel.\n\nThe world production of fatty acids from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils totaled about 4 million metric tons per year. Fatty acids are ultimately consumed in a wide variety of end-use industries (rubber, plastics, detergents...). As it is a good indication of the overall economic performance of a region, the consumption of fatty acids has tended to approximate the growth in the GNP of the region of their consumption.\n\n\n\n\n\nTo describe precisely the structure of a fatty acid molecule, one must give the length of the carbon chain (number of carbon), the number of double bonds and also the exact position of these double bonds, this will define the biological reactivity of the fatty acid molecule and even of the lipid containing the fatty acids studied.\n\nMost fatty acids are straight-chain compounds with the most frequently an even number of carbon atoms. Chain-lengths range is from 2 to 80 but commonly from 12 up to 24. With a chain length from 2 to 6 (or 4) they are called short-chain, from 8 (or 6) to 10 they are called medium-chain and 12 up to 24 they are called long-chain fatty acids. Their physical and biological properties are related to this partition in 3 classes.\nAn extensive review on the biochemical mechanisms of fatty acid elongation may be consulted for further information (Leonard AE et al., Prog Lipid Res 2004, 43, 36).  \n\nFatty acids are simple in structure and even with their derivatives can be subdivided into well-defined families:\n\nAmong straight-chain fatty acids, the simplest are referred to as saturated fatty acids. They have no unsaturated linkages and cannot be altered by hydrogenation or halogenation. When double bonds are present, fatty acids are said unsaturated, monounsaturated (MUFA) if only one double bond is present and polyenoic (or polyunsaturated fatty acids =  PUFA) if they have two or more double bonds generally separated by a single methylene group (methylene-interrupted unsaturation). In recent physiological works, the last class is used only for fatty acids with three up to six double bonds as those found in fish oil or in brain tissue. Some uncommon polyunsaturated fatty acids have two adjacent double bonds separated by more than one methylene group, they are named polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids.\n\nIn some animals, but mainly in plants and bacteria, fatty acids may be more complex since they can have an odd number of carbon atoms, branched chains or contain a variety of other functional groups, including acetylenic bonds, epoxy-, hydroxy- or keto groups and even ring structures (cyclopropane, cyclopropene, cyclopentene, furan, and cyclohexyl) or a coenzyme A moiety (acyl CoA).\n\nExcept fatty acyl-CoA, we have based our classification of fatty acids first on the type of carbon chain : either straight (or normal), or branched, or containing a carbon ring. In each category, subdivisions are created according
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generally glucose is the intial substrate in glycolysis .......