If there is no light coming into the chloroplast, how will this affect the Calvin Cycle?
921727
the calvin cycle wont start up because there will be no atp energy to begin the process\n\n\n============================================\nHope this helps, and If you get the chance, please leave comments or sign my \nguestmap...thanx :) \n\nhttp://www.RealityIsAutomatic.com
1123557
PART of photosynthesis can be done without cell mbns-nucleus, but it won't be able to make starch, which is an anabolic dehydration synthesis reaction requiring many enzymes, organelles.....take some plant like spinach and put it in a blender, strain and extract the chlorophyll with the necessary solvents, which are toxic! Put the test tube of chlorophyll extract in the sun or some artificial light and watch the FLOURESCENCE (glows red color) which is the first step of photosynthesis "light reaction", which gives an excited energetic charge to get first stages of photosythesis going.  The laboratory production of polymer starch from many monomer glucose molecules is not possible as far as I know.
781601
Photosystems (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) are protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. They are made of several protein subunits, as well as hundreds of cofactors, and act as large complex. In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem to begin an energy-producing reaction. The photosytems are contained within the chloroplasts in the leaves of plants. Two types of photosystems exist: photosystem I (P700) and photosystem II (P680). Each photosystem is differentiated by the wavelength of light to which it is most reactive (700 and 680 nanometers, respectively), and the type of terminal electron acceptor. Type I photosystems use ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors, while type II photosystems ultimately shuffle electrons to a quinone terminal electron acceptor.\nStructure\n\nA photosystem is made up of a reaction center pigment of chlorophyll a and numerous antenna pigments and proteins. Because chlorophyll a can only absorb light of a narrow wavelength, it works with the antenna pigments to gain energy from a larger part of the spectrum. The pigments absorb light of various wavelengths and pass along their gained energy to the reaction center chlorophyll. When the energy reaches the chlorophyll a, it releases two electrons into an electron transport chain.\n\nThough chlorophyll a normally has an optimal absorption wavelength of 660 nanometers, it associates with different proteins in each type of photosytem to slightly shift its optimal wavelength, producing two distinct photosystem types. Other proteins serve to support the structure and electron pathways in the photosystem.\n\n Relationship between Photosystems I and II\n\nHistorically photosystem I was named one since it was discovered before photosystem II but this does not represent the order of the electron flow.\n\nWhen photosystem II absorbs light, electrons in the reaction-centre chlorophyll are excited to a higher energy level and are trapped by the primary electron acceptors. To replenish the deficit of electrons, electrons are extracted from water (either through photolysis or enzymatic means) and supplied to the chlorophyll.\n\nPhotoexcited electrons travel to photosystem I through an electron transport chain set in the thylakoid membrane. This energy fall is harnessed, (the whole process termed chemiosmosis), to transport H+ ions through the membrane to provide a proton-motive force to generate ATP. If electrons only pass through once, the process is termed noncyclic photophosphorylation.\n\nWhen the electron reaches photosystem I it fills the electron deficit of the reaction-centre chlorophyll of photosystem I. The deficit is due to photo-excitation of electrons which are again trapped in an electron acceptor molecule, this time that of photosystem I.\n\nThese electrons may either go through the aforementioned electron transport chain again in which case it is termed cyclic photophosphorylation. Otherwise the electrons pass down another electron transport chain which ends at an enzyme, NADP+ reductase. Electrons and hydrogen ions are added to NADP+ to form NADPH. This reducing agent is transported to the Calvin cycle to react with glycerate 3-phosphate, along with ATP to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the basic building block from which plants can make a variety of substances.
176467
The light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must, therefore, take place in the light. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction. Each of these differently-colored pigments can absorb a slightly different color of light and pass its energy to the central chlorphyll molecule to do photosynthesis. The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center.
153622
Photosynthesis consists of two stages: a series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature-independent and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light-independent. The rate of the first series, called the light reaction, can be increased by increasing light intensity (within certain limits) but not by increasing temperature. In the second series, called the dark reaction, the rate can be increased by increasing temperature (within certain limits) but not by increasing light intensity.\n\nThe first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by pigments. Chlorophyll is the most important of these because it is essential for the process. It captures light energy in the violet and red portions of the spectrum and transforms it into chemical energy through a series of reactions. Different forms of chlorophyll and other pigments known as carotenoids and phycobilins absorb slightly different wavelengths of light and pass the energy to a form of chlorophyll called chlorophyll A for the completion of the transformation process. These accessory pigments thus broaden the spectrum of light energy that can be fixed through photosynthesis.\n\nPhotosynthesis takes place within cells, in organelles called chloroplasts (in the leaves of plants) that contain the chlorophylls and other chemicals, especially enzymes, necessary for the various reactions. The chemicals involved are organized into units of the chloroplasts called thylakoids, and the pigments are embedded in the thylakoids in subunits called photosystems. Light is absorbed by the pigments, raising their electrons to higher energy levels. The energy is then transferred to a special form of chlorophyll A, called a reaction centre.\n\nTwo photosystems, numbered I and II, are recognized. Light energy is first trapped by photosystem II, and the energized electrons are boosted to an electron receptor. They are replaced in photosystem II by electrons from water molecules, and oxygen is released. The energized electrons are passed along an electron transport chain to photosystem I, and energy-rich adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is generated in the process. Light energy absorbed by photosystem I is then passed to its reaction centre, and energized electrons are boosted to its electron acceptor. They are passed by means of another transport chain to energize the coenzyme (see Enzyme) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, or NADP, resulting in its reduction to NADPH2. The electrons lost by photosystem I are replaced by those passed along the electron transport chain from photosystem II. The light reaction ends with the energy yield stored in the ATP and NADPH2
631159
The eyespot helps the organism find sunglight to power photosythesis and the chloroplast allows the organism to carry out photosthesis when light is available. \nThey work together because the eyespot finds sunlight which allows the cholorplast to allow the organism to carry out photosythesis. \nHope this helps!
392871
Photosynthesis is an important biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy with the help of Chilorophyll.Chlorophyll is a chlorin pigment, which is structurally similar to porphyrin pigments such as heme. At the center of the porphyrin ring is a magnesium ion. This has various side chains, usually including a long phytol chain. In plant photosynthesis, incoming light is absorbed by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments in the antenna complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II. The antenna pigments are predominantly chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids; their absorption spectra are non-overlapping, this serves to broaden the specific bandwidths of light these individual compounds absorb during the process of photosynthesis.Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules, and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll a at the reaction center of each photosystem. When either of the two chorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorb energy, an electron is excited and transferred to an electron-acceptor molecule, leaving an electron hole in the donor chlorophyll. In a poorly-understood reaction, electrons from water molecules participate in an oxidiation reaction, where the hole from the donor chlorophyll is filled (recombined with another electron), and diatomic oxygen is produced. Resulting chemical energy originating from the initial excited electron is eventually captured in the form of ATP and NADPH, and is then ultimately used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbohydrates. This CO2 fixation process results in the conversion (or an integrated external quantum efficiency) of 3% to 6% of the total incident solar radiation, with a theoretical maximum efficiency of 11%.
798825
They don't ALL release oxygen 24hrs a day guys! Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires sunlight. Is it bright and sunny in the middle of the night?! \nThat was a response to the previous answerers... I am sorry, I don't know the answer to your question! Perhaps it could relate to the photosynthetic pathway of the plant, eg C4 or CAM rather than just C3? That's just a random guess though. Good luck...
641796
Photophosphorylation is the process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by the Energy gathered from sunlight. The process of creating the Proton gradient resembles that of the electron transport chain of Respiration. But since formation of this proton gradient is light-dependent, the process is called Photophosphorylation. \nChemiosmosis - Chemiosmosis is the process of using Proton movement to join ADP and Pi. This is accomplished by enzymes called ATP synthases or ATPases. The CF1-ATPase of the Thylakoid membrane is shown on the left. As protons pass through this enzyme ADP and Pi are joined to make ATP. The movement of the Protons through this enzyme provides the Energy needed to make ATP.\n\nNoncyclic Photophosphorylation really refers to the ATP generated by Protons moved across the Thylakoid membranes during the Z-scheme. The Cytb6-f complex acts as an electron transport chain. As the electrons lose Energy (during a series of re/dox reactions) Protons are moved into the Thylakoid space. This Proton gradient can be used to generate ATP chemiosmotically.\n\nDuring Cyclic Photophosphorylation the electrons are recycled, hence the name cyclic photophosphorylation. The excited electrons resulting from the absorption of light in photosystem I are received by the primary electron acceptor and then transferred to the cytb6-f complex which acts as an electron transport chain. The electrons return back to the reaction center of Photosystem I, where the cycle is ready to start all over. The electrons are using to translocate Protons which the ATPase uses to synthesize ATP. No reduction of NADP+ occurs in Cyclic Photophosphorylation.\n\nNon-cyclic Photophosphorylation - During the movement of electrons shown in red, H+ moves across the membrane. The movement of electrons "drives" the reactions shown in blue.\nCyclic Photophosphorylation - During the movement of electrons shown in red, H+ moves across the membrane. These electrons don't generate NADPH, but the H+ transport can produce ATP.
785123
Inside the chroloplasts within the leaf.  This is where all of photosynthesis occurs, light dependent as well as independent.
814308
ok so packets of sunlight are called PHOTONS and those PHOTONS are absorbed in PHOTOSYSTEM 2 (PS2) which are proteins on the membrane of cytoplasm cells on plants (or any photosynthetic organisim)\n\nfollow so far? ok here is where it complicated...\n\nok so little electrons are floating around in PS2 and when the light comes in it energizes them and they zoom across into PS 1. and are now PHOTON ELECTRONS.\n\nmeanwhile....\n\nwater (h2o) is also being absorbed and the electrons are splitting them apart so it is just an h and an o. so the o goes away somewhere and the h floats into the PROTEIN SYNTHASE which is also a protein in the membrane of cytoplasm. it is shaped like a tube. when hydrogen goes in, it spins and produces ATP. \n\nBUT...\n\nremember the PHOTON ELECTRONS?? they left PS1 and now float arond inside the cytplasm. a PHOTON ELECTRON , NADP+ molecule and ATP combine to form NADPH AND ATP.\n\n\nTHE END!!
913059
The chloroplast -- it's called photosynthesis.
489914
Chlorophyll is a rather complex and most of all large molecule, which means that the pure substance will be a solid.   In a leaf the chlorophyll is in solution.\n\nLeaves turning brown most likely involves encymatic digestion of parts of the molecule. The core construction of chlorophyll is quite hardy - a flat system of five- or six-atom rings with a central magnesium ion held in place by nitrogen atoms pointing to it in a square. (Hemoglobine and one of the vitamins have a similar basic structure, hemoglobine with iron in the centre and the vitamin with cobalt.)\n\nYou can dry a leaf and keep the chlorophyll intact at temperatures up to 120°C without any browning effect. Such a dried leaf will remain green, unlike a wet leaf where encymatic digestion will destroy the pigment.\n\nThe leaf will turn brown at temperatures where paper also begins to turn brown - when the cellulosis of the plant cells begins to split off water. This may start around 451°F...
154530
What will happen is that the plant will die coz chlorophyll is a pigment in plants that enables the plant to produce it's own food for survival so without chlorophyll it won't be able to produce it's own food thus resulting to death of the plant.
821483
Chloroplasts contain structures called thylakoids.\n\nThe thylakoid membrane contains the two photosystems utilized by photosynthesis. Most simply, when light strikes the reaction centers of the photosystems, electrons are released into an electron transport chain. As electrons move through the chain,  protons are pumped from the stroma of the chloroplast to the lumen (inside) of the thylakoid. Since the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons, a gradient is eventually built up within the thylakoid. This gradient powers ATP synthesis.
261200
No photosynthesis. There is a time of course where plants do not photosynthesize. It is normal. But if you are talking prolonged states of no photosynthesis in all plant biomass, the amount of carbondioxide would go up and 1/since there will be a deficieny in oxygen life on earth would be at risk 2/since CO2 is a green house gas, global warming will be accelerated
963289
Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows.\n\n6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O\nCarbon Dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen + Water\nPhotosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose.\n\nIn the light-dependent reactions the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light and loses an electron that travels down an electron transport chain producing the high energy molecules NADPH and ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains its electron by taking one from water, a process that releases oxygen gas.\n\nIn the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a complex process called the Calvin-Benson cycle releases 3-carbon sugars which are later combined to form glucose.\n\nPhotosynthesis may simply be defined as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. It is affected by its surroundings and the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and the temperature.