How does cyanide affect the electron transport chain?
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Not sure but it is the triple bonded nitrogen that is so reactive I think.
175956
C, remember that the electron loses and gets energy several times through the chain.
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E.  Your not going to hit the citric acid cycle or electron transport chain in an anaerobic environment so its not a or d.  B is impossible you can't just make more ATP during glycolysis.  I'm pretty sure when you oxidize pyruvate and NADH you just make Lactate and NAD.  The replenishing of NAD allows glycolysis to occur more quickly.
888479
Cyanide and acrylic acid.
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A person would be fatigued because the mitochondria makes most of the energy from the metabolic pathway.  The long and complete answer is below.\n\nThe mitochondria is critical for the function of cellular metabolism.  The mitochondria has two membranes and inner membrane and an outer membrane.  The outer membrane is permeable to pretty much everything in the cell as it possesses large porous proteins, such as porin.\n\nThe inner mitochondrial membrane however is the membrane that separates the internal environment of the mitochondria from the environment present in the cell's cytoplasm.  The internal portion of the mitochondria is known as the matrix.  Inside the matrix the TCA cycle (Kreb's cycle) occurs and the proteins used for the electron transport chain is in the inner membrance of the mitochondria. \n\nAfter glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose or other sugars) the products are brought into the matrix.  Then the TCA cycle occurs in the matrix.  The main product of the TCA cycle is reducing power.  The reducing power of the TCA cycle is used in the electron transport chain.  The main effect of the electron transport chain is to pump protons out of the matrix to the cells cytoplasm.  This causes a lower proton concentration in the matrix.  Then the protons pumped out of the matrix move back into the matrix by passing through an ATPase pump.  The ATPase pump creates ATP (energy for the cell) for every four protons that move through the pump.  \n\nSo if the inner membrane of the mitochondria is made porous the protons pumped out of the matrix by the electron transport chain would just flow back into the matrix without going through the ATPase pump.  This would create an energy deficiency in the cell because much less ATP would be made.  Only three ATP would be made per glucose atom as opposed to about 34 that would be made using the ATPase pump.\n\nAdditionally a virus that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane porous will almost always kill the cell in humans.
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This depends on what you do to the concentrations.  If you increase the concentration of the solution that contains the ion that gets reduced, you will increase the voltage based on LeChatelier's principle and collision theory.  If you increase the other solution, containing the ion that gets oxidized, you will decrease the voltage, by increasing the reate of the reverse reaction (again according to LeChatelier and collision theory).
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Oxygen (as O2) enters the lungs and diffuses through the thin layer of epithelial cells into the blood stream, where it binds one of four sites on hemoglobin.  The hemoglobin carries the oxygen to the heart, where it is then pumped out to the tissues of the body.  Tissues uptake oxgen as needed, and give CO2 in return to the blood stream.  The CO2 is then carried back to the lungs, where more oxygen is taken up.\n\nOxygen serves as an oxidizer, while fuels (such as sugar and fats) serve as reducers.  The oxygen acts in what are called "Oxidation/reduction" reactions (aka Redox--defined by a transfer of electrons) which release an excess of energy.  That energy is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which acts as the energy carrying molecule of choice by the body.  The systems used to make ATP are primarily glycolysis and the electron transport chain.
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The power house of a cell is the mitochondria.  ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which starts out with glycolysis, and goes into the Kreb cycle, ending with the electron transport chain.  Glycolysis requires an input of 2 ATP to obtain a net product of 4 ATP.  The end product is acetyl CoA, which enters the Kreb cycle.  The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.  The products of the Kreb cycle are 2 GTP, NADH, FADH2, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2).  NADH from the Kreb cycle then enters the electron transport chain (ETC).  At the end of ETC, you gain 34 ATP.  The result of the entire process results in a net product of 36 to 38 ATP.
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The short answer is yes. The longer one is that NAD, nicotinamide dinucleotide, and its phosphorylated form are involved in electron transfer reactions in processes such as that of the citric acid cycle.
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Cyanides can be produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae, and are found in a number of foods and plants. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in the form of cyanogenic glycosides and serve the plant as defense against herbivores. Cassava roots (aka manioc), an important potato-like food grown in tropical countries, contain cyanogenic glycosides and must be processed prior to consumption (usually by extended boiling). [citation needed]Fruits that have a pit, such as cherries and apricots, often contain either cyanides or cyanogenic glycosides in the pit, which can cause poisoning in people who eat crushed kernels. Apple seeds do as well. Bitter almonds, from which almond oil and flavoring is made, also contain a cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin.\n\nHydrogen cyanide is a product of combustion, including the exhaust of internal combustion engines, tobacco smoke, and especially some plastics derived from acrylonitrile (because of the latter effect, house fires can result in poisonings of the inhabitants.)\n\nPotassium ferrocyanide is used to achieve a blue colour on cast bronze sculptures during the final finishing stage of the sculpture. On its own, it will produce a very dark shade of blue and is often mixed with other chemicals to achieve the desired tint and hue. It is applied using a torch and paint brush while wearing the standard safety equipment used for any patina application; rubber gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator. The actual amount of cyanide in the mixture varies according to the recipes used by each foundry.\n\nSince cyanide is very poisonous, there as far as I know there is no way to buy it without a license.
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B.  Donating electrons to photosystem II.\n\nSee discussion of water photolysis in the first source given below.\n\nAnswer A is wrong because NADPH is already reduced, and doesn't "want" any more electrons.  NADP+ is the oxidized form, which reacts with the electrons and hydrogen ions produced by the photolysis of water to form NADPH.\n\nAnswers C and D are wrong because water is an electron donor (not an electron acceptor)  in photosynthesis.  Water is photolysed, producing molecular oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons:\n\nH2O -> 2H+ + 2e- + 0.5O2
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The complete mechanism of catalase is not yet known; however, the reaction occurs in two stages:\n\nH2O2 + Fe(III)-E → H2O + O=Fe(IV)-E \nH2O2 + O=Fe(IV)-E → H2O + Fe(III)-E + O2 \n(Where Fe-E represents the iron centre of the heme group attached to the enzyme.)\n\nAs hydrogen peroxide enters the active site it is forced to interact with the amino acids His74 and Asn174. This causes a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer from the first oxygen to the second, polarizing and stretching the O-O bond, which breaks heterolytically. The free oxygen atom coordinates with the iron centre of the active site, displacing the newly formed water molecule and forming Fe(IV)=O. In the second stage, the Fe(IV)=O reacts with another hydrogen peroxide to reform Fe(III)-E plus water and oxygen molecules.\n\nCatalase can also oxidize different toxins, such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and alcohols. In doing so, it uses hydrogen peroxide according to the following reaction:\n\nH2O2 + H2R → 2H2O + R\n\nAgain, the exact mechanism of this reaction is not known.\n\nAny heavy metal ion (such as Copper cations in Copper(II) sulfate) will act as a noncompetitive inhibitor on catalase. Also, the poison cyanide is a competitive inhibitors of catalase, strongly binding to the haem of catalase and stopping the enzyme's action.
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Hydrogen cyanide acts as a cellular asphyxiant. By binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, it prevents the utilization of oxygen in cellular metabolism. \n\nAn asphyxiant is a substance that deprives the body of oxygen.\n\nAs for its mode of action, text is probably not the best way to describe it.  Due to the mechanism by which CN binds to cytochrome oxidase.  Nevertheless, it is a bind affect that deactivates the cytochrome oxidase.
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Electrons transferred to the electron carriers  NADH and FADH2 in the TCA cycle are used to reduce Oxygen to water in the electron transport chain. While doing so, the ATP synthase produces 2.5 ATP for each NADH and 1.5 ATP for each FADH2 molecule. Therefore, the only linkage there is the electron carriers or just the electrons, no other molecules such as acetyl CoA or anything.
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Dont you mean how a molecule of glucose releases energy in a cell....any which way you look at it...refer to Kreb's Cycle in your Biology textbook!
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The significance of the TCA cycle is that it takes the left-over carbon from glycolysis and breaks it down in such a way as to yield a large amount of useable energy.\n\nThe energy is first transferred to NAD+ through a highly charged hydrogen atom, and the result is shown as NADH + H+. This molecule carries the energy to the respiratory chain system, where three ATP molecules are energized from each one.
90129
Usually by adding copper, transferring the sample into a special reactor which makes it possible to capture resultant gas, and adding acid in order to move the cyanide from a large volume of sample to a small volume of analyte. Depending on your lab, you can determine the cleansed analyte by gravimetry, photometry or titration.\n\nNeedless to say that the process of driving out the cyanide needs to be placed in a suction board and supervized...