what is anti freeze made out of?
925972
Antifreeze is usually ethylene glycol, however a non-toxic version of antifreeze is available, and the chemical composition of that is propylene glycol.\n\nEach of these is made of 50% water and 50% glycol to make the freezing point approx. -40 degrees celcius (also -40 F).\n\nI hope this helps!
1003569
Dry ice is produced by compressing carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form, removing the heat produced by the compression and then letting the liquid carbon dioxide expand quickly. This expansion causes a drop in temperature so that some of the CO2 freezes into "snow", which is then compressed into pellets or blocks.
582707
Ice takes up more volume than water, so the pressure is higher when you have the water in the freezer.  Crystals form at lower energies where entropy is lower, and higher pressure is equivalent to higher energy, so water remains a liquid.\n\nWhen you open it the pressure is released.  Gas expanding cools the air (entropy again) thus making the surface of the water lower in energy and promoting crystalization.  Poke a hole in the bottle and try this and the crystals will form in the freezer before you open it.
1026360
in theory, when the temp reaches absolute zero everything freezes and is -459.67 degrees F.  temps within a few billionths of a degree have been reached but the materials used in the experiment took on nontraditional states.  at the temp all molecular motion would cease so it would be impossible to reach the temp exactly.
589389
This is going to sound ridiculous, but I have seen methanol (wood alcohol) used to wash the windows of light aircraft here in Alaska in winter. Fairbanks is easily as cold as your freezer. Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) might work as well if the water content were low enough.\n\nVentilation would be a BIG concern though. Don't know how to accomplish ventilating the freezer without defrosting it.\n\nHope this helps\n\nOuzinki
115550
around -50 celsius like in siberia the threads of your boots snap and spit freezes before it hits the ground like a pellet
684151
The freezing point of pure water is 0°C, but that melting point can be lowered by the adding any solvent such as a salt. Depending on the amount of salt the freezing temperature of a saline solution can range from below 0°C to -21.1°C. The frozen solution is a mixture of separate NaCl·2H2O crystals and ice crystals, not a homogeneous mixture of salt and water. This heterogeneous mixture is called a eutectic mixture. \nThe use of ordinary salt on sidewalks is effective because it requires a colder temperature to freeze water and it is a cheaper alternative to other solvents or methods of ice removal.
676026
Wild guess here... a dihydrate of copper chloride.\n\nSecond guess would be copper sulfate, possibly from the manufacturing process.
417075
Air. It's made out of air and plastic.
654238
A solution cannot have a structure unless it is frozen solid. Starch will be present in the hemiacetal form in it.
1036867
Of course ice and water are chemically identical consisting of H2O.  The two hydrogen atoms attach to the oxygen atom other than in a straight line (not like beads on a string).  The electron field surrounding the water molecule is uneven providing it with a "polarity" that makes it much easier to pack many molecules together in a given (rather than arbitrary) arrangement.  When water is a vapor (or steam) there is so much vibrational energy that the molecules bounce off each other maintaining a "pressure" depending on their energy (temperature).  When the molecules are a liquid, they are very closely packed and are nearly incompressible (even seven miles below the surface of the ocean!).  The bulk water expands and contracts only a little with temperature changes.  When heat is removed from the water (in a freezer?) the molecules are attracted to each other in a preferred array due to polarity and form long chains of molecules that use up space far less efficiently.  The "ice" is less dense and floats on water because the space between chains is filled with a vacuum or gases that weigh very little.  When the water is allowed to freeze in open space (a cloud?) the polarity is free to align water molecules in the most preferred orientation; a six sided snow flake.  When hoar frost forms on a cold window pane the ice forms in dendrites, like growing Christmas trees.  Hope that helps a little.
638067
Nitrogen\nAcetone chilled with dry ice (CO2)
18716
Water ice. \nhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&Display=Moons\n\nIn some places it is strewn with ice boulders and ice blocks between 10 and 100 meters across. Other areas are covered with fine homogenous particulates.\nhttp://www.solarviews.com/eng/enceladu.htm
196823
The fact that ice always floats on water should give you a clue!  The ice is obviously not as dense.  So you can infer from this something has happened during the freezing process.\n\nThe structure of a water molecule is One atom of hydrogen to two if oxygen.  As the water freezes hydrogen bonds form between the various water molecules and these stop the molecules packing as effectively so the ice is less dense.\n\nTry the source below.
670061
Things that freeze at temps lower than about 75K.\nOxygen\nMethane\nhydogen\nhelium\netc
162986
We typed "how does salt melt ice" into the Yahoo! Search box and were soon traveling the well-worn path to How Stuff Works. \nThere we learned that the answer has to do with melting points. Most people know that water freezes at a temperature of 32°Fahrenheit (0°Celsius). Salt dissolves fairly rapidly in ice, lowering its freezing point in an effect known as freezing point depression, and melting it in the process. \n\nBut what's going on at the molecular level? Basically, salt molecules are bonding with water molecules, making it more difficult for ice to form. The result is a solution with a lower freezing temperature. For example, a 10% salt solution freezes at 20°F (-6°C), while a 20% salt solution freezes at 2°F (-16°C). \n\nYou've also probably noticed the effect of salt water on freezing points if you've tried to make ice cream or if you've wondered why the ocean doesn't freeze at the same time as bodies of fresh water, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds.
1174904
There appear to be several materials present in Arctic grade clothing.\n\nMy experience has been with outer garments made by Carhartts, and I can attest that they will keep you alive, although not particulatly comfortable at minus 50 degrees f.\n\nI have used their products over the past 15 years at Prudhoe Bay, on Alaskas "North Slope"\n\nThe particular parka I use features a layer of  "Gortex" next to the nylon outer layer. I've found this useful for staying dry, as moisture vapor can penetrate, but liquid water can't.\n\nCarharrts website is listed below.\n\nHope this helps.\n\nOuzinki