the surface of europa is most like the earth's?
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Easy, the arctic ocean is most like the surface of europa.  This is because europa is a moon that is entirely covered with a liquid water ocean, which is caped with ice.  You can see the water in the crevaces created by tectonic and tidal forces.  Who knows, might be a good place to get something to drink for our astronauts should we begin to venture out into our solar system more.  I say fill a few thousand tankers and dump them on Mars.  While we are at it, pull a large asteriod to Mars and place it in orbit, to stablize it's axial tilt.
555013
the most abundant substance in the earths crust is silicon dioxide (sand) and the most abundant on the planet is iron (the core is essentially all iron)
1172550
About 87% of Jupiter's atmosphere is molecular hydrogen, about 13% helium.  It is believed that towards the core of the planet temperature and pressure become so extreme the hydrogen first liquefies, then assumes a metallic, earthlike material...or so we 'calculate'.  \n\nRegardless though, with cyclonic storms blowing over 400mph and temperatures of -193F, it would be a flight I'd not be willing to take!
1176379
any one of those answers, but heres another, "Terrestrial life forms".  sence earth was called tarre by the ancients.  any life on any other world like IO, mooon of jupiter, would be called IOnians
62444
With no solid surface for either of these planets, an 'earth'quake would not happen in the traditional sense.  I am sure that there must be some incredible turbulence throughout the entire fluidic interior of the planets, and especial with Jupiter, the core may be solid and made up of metallic hydrogen.  I expect when comet Schumaker-Levy 9 slammed in to Jupiter, it must have set of some tremendous shock waves, but the planet aborbed it with barely a flinch.
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I know what you're thinking. Is the solar system a molecule in a vastly larger scaled uber-universe. The answer is no. The physical characteristics of planets ect are different than the physical characteristics of protons ect.
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what is the coldest planet
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Not really.  There is a mass at the center, and smaller things 'orbiting', but the similarities are beaten out by the differences.  Unlike planets, the electrons are all the same mass, and much larger compared to the central mass than planets are to the sun.  Also they do not really orbit all in the same plane in the same way that planets do, some of the orbits are ring- shaped, some are like figure 8's and others are sort a 4-lobed pyramid deal.  Plus they are not really solid objects like planets.  The present thinking, for the past 100 years or so, has the electron's orbit as more like a sort of charged cloud with the actual 'presence' of the electron itself at any one place described by a probability rather than being able to say it has a definite location.\n\nAlso, the forces in play are quite different.  The planets whirl around in the grip of gravity, and it is pretty strong but it is still by far the weakest of the forces that can interact with matter.  The forces that act only upon subatomic particles are very different in nature and far more powerful than gravity.\n\nI'd say the similarities are there, like the similarity between certain small dogs and a cat.  But the differences are fundamental.
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Well... There is some interesting surface facts than can be proof of water under the ice. \n\nAnd chemo-Genesis (the "evolution" of life from it's raw chemicals) and chemo-synthesis (life based on chemical energy) are know proven facts. So....\n\nIf there is water on Europa, we know the planet is geological active, so if there are "black smokers" and fissures of that sort on the ocean floor, and if they produced enough energy for the raw chemicals of life to form amino acids, then yes there is life on Europa. \n\nDepending on how long ago this happened would determine
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I have read that the gaseous planets don't have a rocky core like the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars. What scientists theorize is that they have a slushy sphere of ammonia, iron, and a number of elements that may be larger than our planet. But as the first answer correctly states is that there is no known boundary or crust to make an accurate measurement from for now.
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Jupiter is composed of a relatively small rocky core, surrounded by metallic hydrogen, surrounded by liquid hydrogen, which is surrounded by gaseous hydrogen. There is no clear boundary or surface between these different phases of hydrogen; the conditions blend smoothly from gas to liquid as one descends.
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>>>What are all the planets and moons besides earth and Europa that have liquid H20 water on them? \n\n\nAs you point out the three gas giants are all believed to have layers of liquid water. Added t that there are trace droplets of liquid water in the atmosphere of Venus but they don’t last long individually.\n\n>>>>>My astronomy book says Uranus has water on it underneath a massive layer of liquid hydrogen but this can't be right. It says the temperature there is -360 degrees F and water freezes at 32.\n\nThe ‘surface’ temperature is –360oF. Just as the surface temperature of Earth is 80oF. But as you get deeper into the Earth the temperature increases until it is hot enough to melt rock and iron. And in exactly the same way as you get deeper into the centre of a gas giant the temperature increases until you can melt ice. \n\n>>>>>>. Could life exist with the h20 but virtually no solar radiation? Primitive simple life forms I mean.\n\nIf conditions are relatively stable then where primitive simple lifeforms exist, advanced complex lifeforms can exist even more easily.\n\nCould life exist under such conditions? Sure. It wouldn’t be life as we are normally used to it, but it is perfectly plausible. Life on the surface of the Earth today is almost entirely dependent on solar energy only because that is the most efficiently harvested energy source. It allows those organism that use it to outcompete any rivals using alternative energy sources.  But life didn’t start out relying on solar energy, and the vast majority of all life on Earth today doesn’t rely on solar energy.\n\nLife started out harvesting energy directly from the rocks. Those first lifeforms used iron and sulfur for energy, not sunlight. And even today the weight of the bacteria deep underground that  rely exclusively on energy form rocks is far greater than the weight of those organisms that cling to the surface and rely on sunlight.\n\n\nThere is no reason why life on other planets couldn’t survive perfectly well using similar systems of energy harvesting. And the only reason mineral consuming lifeforms never got very complex on earth is because the Earth is volcanically active, which make sit hard for big complex creatures to survive.  On a gas giant at the interface between the atmosphere and the oceans that wouldn’t be a problem, and life could evolve to become as complex as it liked.
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Most of the earth is made of iron and nickel.  This might not appear to be true at first because we see that the ground does not feel like metal, but the earth's inner and outer cores consist primarily of molten iron and nickel.  The earth's crust is only a few miles thick (at the thickest) and floats on top of the molten layers.
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http://home.case.edu/~sjr16/jupiter_moons.html These are the four Galilean satellites. They are named so because they were the only four moons that Galileo was able to see. They are also the largest of Jupiter's moons. From top-left in a clock-wise direction, they are Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, and Io.\n\nIf Ganymede were not bound to Jupiter, it would be considered a planet in its own right. It is actually bigger than Mercury, being 390 km (234 miles) larger in diameter. It has heavily cratered dark regions, with lighter expanses in-between. Geologists think that it used to have plates, like the Earth, but they froze together soon after Ganymede's birth.\n\nCallisto, the outermost of the Galilean moons, is almost an exact twin of Mercury in size and appearance. Every square mile is covered with craters or other signs of bombardment. Other than that, there are no distinct characteristics\n\nEuropa, closer to Jupiter than Ganymede, is the smoothest natural body in the solar system. It resembles a billiard ball until seen very close-up. At that distance you can start to see dark, deep, and narrow cracks. In scale, though, the relief is no bigger than a line on a billiard ball made with a felt-tipped marker. Geologists think that Europa has liquid water underneath the icy surface - and possibly life.\n\nIo, closer yet, is commonly compared to a pizza. Its volcanoes make it the most active world in the solar system. They spew out the sulfuric acid that gives Io its many colors. They also make Io one of the only three moons with an atmosphere in the solar system. Saturn's Titan and Neptune's Triton are the other two moons. Io is similar in size and composition to our moon. Io is caught in the middle of a tug-of-war between Jupiter and the other moons. Tension has melted the interior and raised the surface temperatures so high that scientists calculated that it generates the most heat for its size of any body in the solar system, except for the sun.\n\nOther Moons\n\nThere are 57 other moons that have been discovered around Jupiter. There are four closer than Io. Their names, in order from Jupiter are Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. Still in order after the Galilean Satellites are recently discovered Themisto, Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara. Then there are four more recently discovered moons, Ananke, and three more moons, of which scientists know little about. After these seven come Ananke, Carme, Pasiphaë, and Sinope, with two more moons in-between Pasiphaë and Sinope. After Sinope, 12 more moons are found.\n\nThe outer 33 moons all orbit Jupiter in a direction opposite (except for J/2003 J20) to that which Jupiter spins, which leads scientists to believe they are captured asteroids.\n\nThe largest non-Galilean moon is Amalthea, being 262 km (163 miles) at its widest diameter.\n\nThe innermost two moons, Metis and Adrastea, patrol the outer edge of the rings, their small gravity being enough to keep the particles from flying out.\n\nNearly all of the moons that have been discovered in the last few years orbit retrograde to the direction of Jupiter's rotation , indicating that they are most likely not native to the system. They are also very small. Those that have not yet been given names will eventually be given names by the International Astronomical Union, the only official naming group.
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In the first place, we're not entirely sure we've discovered the whole solar system. We just discovered a new planet further out than Pluto. Its name is Sedna, and now we think there may be another planet in our solar system even further out than Sedna. \n     In the second place, it is possible but unlikely that life, intelligent or otherwise, exists on any body in our solar system besides Earth, but scientists think that Europa probably has the greatest chance of supporting life of any body in our solar system besides Earth. That does not mean it is very probably that Europa has life--many scientists think that the probability of that is low. But it is still the most probable.
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is the largest one in the solar system. If Jupiter were hollow, more than one thousand Earths could fit inside. It also contains more matter than all of the other planets combined. It has a mass of 1.9 x 1027 kg and is 142,800 kilometers (88,736 miles) across the equator. Jupiter possesses 28 known satellites, four of which - Callisto, Europa, Ganymede and Io - were observed by Galileo as long ago as 1610. Another 12 satellites have been recently discovered and given provisional designators until they are officially confirmed and named. There is a ring system, but it is very faint and is totally invisible from the Earth. (The rings were discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1.) The atmosphere is very deep, perhaps comprising the whole planet, and is somewhat like the Sun. It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of methane, ammonia, water vapor and other compounds. At great depths within Jupiter, the pressure is so great that the hydrogen atoms are broken up and the electrons are freed so that the resulting atoms consist of bare protons. This produces a state in which the hydrogen becomes metallic. \nColorful latitudinal bands, atmospheric clouds and storms illustrate Jupiter's dynamic weather systems. The cloud patterns change within hours or days. The Great Red Spot is a complex storm moving in a counter-clockwise direction. At the outer edge, material appears to rotate in four to six days; near the center, motions are small and nearly random in direction. An array of other smaller storms and eddies can be found through out the banded clouds. \n\nAuroral emissions, similar to Earth's northern lights, were observed in the polar regions of Jupiter. The auroral emissions appear to be related to material from Io that spirals along magnetic field lines to fall into Jupiter's atmosphere. Cloud-top lightning bolts, similar to superbolts in Earth's high atmosphere, were also observed. \n\nJupiter's Ring\nUnlike Saturn's intricate and complex ring patterns, Jupiter has a simple ring system that is composed of an inner halo, a main ring and a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager spacecraft, the Gossamer ring appeared to be a single ring, but Galileo imagery provided the unexpected discovery that Gossamer is really two rings. One ring is embedded within the other. The rings are very tenuous and are composed of dust particles kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into Jupiter's four small inner moons Metis, Adrastea, Thebe, and Amalthea. Many of the particles are microscopic in size. \n\nThe innermost halo ring is toroidal in shape and extends radially from about 92,000 kilometers (57,000 miles) to about 122,500 kilometers (76,000 miles) from Jupiter's center. It is formed as fine particles of dust from the main ring's inner boundary 'bloom' outward as they fall toward the planet. The main and brightest ring extends from the halo boundary out to about 128,940 kilometers (80,000 miles) or just inside the orbit of Adrastea. Close to the orbit of Metis, the main ring's brightness decreases. \n\nThe two faint Gossamer rings are fairly uniform in nature. The innermost Amalthea Gossamer ring extends from the orbit of Adrastea out to the orbit of Amalthea at 181,000 kilometers (112,000 miles) from Jupiter's center. The fainter Thebe Gossamer ring extends from Amalthea's orbit out to about Thebe's orbit at 221,000 kilometers (136,000 miles). \n\nJupiter's rings and moons exist within an intense radiation belt of electrons and ions trapped in the planet's magnetic field. These particles and fields comprise the jovian magnetosphere or magnetic environment, which extends 3 to 7 million kilometers (1.9 to 4.3 million miles) toward the Sun, and stretches in a windsock shape at least as far as Saturn's orbit - a distance of 750 million kilometers (466 million miles). \n\nJupiter Statistics \nMass (kg) 1.900e+27 \nMass (
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is the largest one in the solar system. If Jupiter were hollow, more than one thousand Earths could fit inside. It also contains more matter than all of the other planets combined. It has a mass of 1.9 x 1027 kg and is 142,800 kilometers (88,736 miles) across the equator. Jupiter possesses 28 known satellites, four of which - Callisto, Europa, Ganymede and Io - were observed by Galileo as long ago as 1610. Another 12 satellites have been recently discovered and given provisional designators until they are officially confirmed and named. There is a ring system, but it is very faint and is totally invisible from the Earth. (The rings were discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1.) The atmosphere is very deep, perhaps comprising the whole planet, and is somewhat like the Sun. It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of methane, ammonia, water vapor and other compounds. At great depths within Jupiter, the pressure is so great that the hydrogen atoms are broken up and the electrons are freed so that the resulting atoms consist of bare protons. This produces a state in which the hydrogen becomes metallic. \nColorful latitudinal bands, atmospheric clouds and storms illustrate Jupiter's dynamic weather systems. The cloud patterns change within hours or days. The Great Red Spot is a complex storm moving in a counter-clockwise direction. At the outer edge, material appears to rotate in four to six days; near the center, motions are small and nearly random in direction. An array of other smaller storms and eddies can be found through out the banded clouds. \n\nAuroral emissions, similar to Earth's northern lights, were observed in the polar regions of Jupiter. The auroral emissions appear to be related to material from Io that spirals along magnetic field lines to fall into Jupiter's atmosphere. Cloud-top lightning bolts, similar to superbolts in Earth's high atmosphere, were also observed.