what is L1O  STRUCTURE in solid state physics and  i would be so glad if youe could send me a picture of it?
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here is the picture\nhttp://www.chiots-france.com/Trouver-votre-chiot/Cao%20Fila%20de%20Sao%20Miguel-1.jpg
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Try it out in the lewis-dot diagram\n      ..        ..\nH-O-Ca-O-H\n      ..        ..
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This is an subject area where vocabulary is vital for clear understanding, to a degree I am not capable of, however the stuff that you ask about are so small that the only way to attempt to prove their existence is through mathematical formulae based on what we suspect to be true. Our lack of understanding on this subject, which is still very voung, means the answers available are sketchy at best compared to our understanding of molecular structure or atomic structure.\nWhat is known so far can be found in places like the noetic sciences knowledge centre, or wikipedia.
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There is a LIST of them in the link below:\nhttp://www.alltheinternet.com/texis/open/all?q=lewis+structure+of+ions
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This isn't the final answer, but it is a clue:\n\nhttp://www.thesheetmetalshop.com/pdf_manual/Problem1.pdf
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Try,\n\nhttp://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/x/dxh40/MBLemma.pdf
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Yes it is possible. BUT are you sure its a single crystal. Was the growth or cooling rate the same? Are there other impurities, compounds, molecules etc in the crystal to cause it to change its structure?
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Here you go...\nhttp://www.mathsisfun.com/platonic_solids.html
887107
B.the electron subshell
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Try doing a Google search under the Hall or the Hall-Heroult process.    That or check out a General or an Inorganic Chemistry book from the library.  That's a good launch point.
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Physics.\nhttp://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl
702197
1) Coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond that both electrons are donated by the same atom. In the case of CO, C has 4 valence electrons and needs another 4 to reach 8. For O, it has 6 valence electrons and needs another 2. In order to make both atom happy (which both have to have 8 electrons), the only way is to have the following structure\n\n. .\nO\n:::\nC\n. .\n\nIn this case, both C and O has one lone pair. In between them, there are three bond pairs, however, one of this bond pair is made up using both electrons from O. You can easily count the number of electrons for C and O to see this.\n\n\n2) Water molecules can form hydrogen bond because every H atom can have a small attraction towards the O atom from another water molecule and vice versa. This H-bond in water increases the attraction between adjacent water molecules, and make it harder to break them, thus, leads to a higher water tension (think of it all the water molecules are sort of connecting between each other, and is not easy to break it). \n\nWhen water turns to ice, this H-bond force the water molecule to freeze at a position that every water molecule are connected to the adjacent molecule through H-bonding structure. If you draw out this V-shape water molecule and start connecting them with the another water molecule, you can see how the water molecules are bonded when they are in ice form. This structure is not a very good way to pack molecules, and leads to lots of open space in between molecules. As a result, for the same amount of water, when it turns to ice, it takes up more space. As a result, leads to a lower density, so ice floats on water.
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a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way; which is periodically repeated in three dimensions on a lattice. The spacing between unit cells in various directions is called its lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are embodied in its space group. A crystal's structure and symmetry play a role in determining many of its properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical properties.\n\n\nThe crystal structure of a material is often discussed in terms of its unit cell. The unit cell is a spatial arrangement of atoms which is tiled in three-dimensional space to describe the crystal. The unit cell is given by its lattice parameters, the length of the cell edges and the angles between them, while the positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions (xi,yi,zi) measured from a lattice point.\n\nFor each crystal structure there is a conventional unit cell, which is the smallest unit that has the full symmetry of the crystal (see below). However, the conventional unit cell is not always the smallest possible choice. A primitive unit cell of a particular crystal structure is the smallest possible unit cell one can construct such that, when tiled, it completely fills space. This primitive unit cell does not, however, display all the symmetries inherent in the crystal. A Wigner-Seitz cell is a particular kind of primitive cell which has the same symmetry as the lattice.\n\n\nfor further clarifications go to the site listed
512575
We review theoretical interpretations of Schottky barriers and Fermi-level pinning, which result when metals and other chemical species are deposited on semiconductor surfaces. Experiments indicate that these two phenomena are closely connected, so a theory of Schottky barriers must also explain Fermi-level pinning for submonolayer coverages of both metallic and nonmetallic species. Proposed mechanisms include the following: (a) Intrinsic surface states. For GaAs and several other materials, there are no intrinsic surface states within the band gap; GaP, e.g., does have surface states in the gap, but they are not at the correct energy to explain Schottky barrier formation. (b)Metal-induced gap states. These states, which require a thick metal overlayer, cannot explain Fermi-level pinning at submonolayer metallic coverages. They also cannot explain why a single semiconductor (n-type InP) exhibits two distinct Schottky barrier heights. Furthermore, they cannot explain why the Schottky barrier persists when there is an oxide layer between semiconductor and metal. Metal-induced states can in principle give rise to Schottky barriers at defect-free interfaces, but they fail to explain much of the existing experimental data for III–V semiconductors and Si. (c) The classic Schottky model. This model is not in agreement with experiment for III–V and Group IV semiconductors, but does appear to account for the measurements involving nonreactive metals on GaSe–a layered material expected to be relatively free of defects. (d) The Spicer defect model. This phenomenological model, now supported by microscopic theoretical studies, appears to account for many of the observations regarding Schottky barrier and Fermi-level pinning. We review our theoretical investigations within the framework of the defect model, which provide a satisfactory explanation of the principal observations for both III–V and Group IV semiconductors. We conclude that the levels responsible for Schottky barriers and Fermi-level pinning arise from two sources: (1) bulk-derived deep levels (e.g., the deep donor level for the antisite defect AsGa, which persists when this defect is present at the surface, but which is shifted in energy), and (2) dangling-bond deep levels (which are also shifted in energy according to the environment of the dangling bond). Most of the observed Schottky barriers—for both III–V and Group IV semiconductors—are attributed to dangling bon
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/posfe.html#c3\n\nThe link above may be of some help. Input the values you want or need.
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Lanthanum(III)Oxide is used as an ingredient in non-silica, rare element optical glass with oxides of tungsten,tantalum & thorium. Also used in X-Ray image intensifying screens, phosphors, dielectric ceramics,conductive ceramics and barium titanate capacitors.\nIt's formula is: La2O2\nIt's slightly soluble in water (as an oxide of this rare earth element)\nit comes in pellets, targets and powder down to 45 microns.\nIt's molecular weight is 325.82 (g/mol.)\nIt's theoretical density is 6.51 (g/cm3)\nIt' melting point is between 2250 C and 2307 C\nThat's all I can recall off hand, google search it for more info!\n(When you do be sure to spell it correctly!)
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(m)\n\nFor many years scientists have tried to understand the unique properties of ice in terms of the behavior of the molecules in the topmost layer. However, despite extensive studies the exact structure and dynamical motion of the individual water molecules at the ice surface have remained elusive. An international team of physicists (J. Braun, A. Glebov, A. P. Graham, A. Menzel) in the group of Peter Toennies at the Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Göttingen have used the scattering of very low-energy He atoms for the successful analysis of the structural arrangement of water molecules on the ice surface and have also gained direct information on their vibrational motion. The results of these experiments, published in the March 23 issue of the Physical Review Letters [80, 2638 (1998)], indicate that the molecules are surprisingly mobile which explains many peculiarities in the interactions of ice with its environment. \n\nWhy do solid ice crystals have a melted surface-layer at temperatures far below the bulk melting point 0°C, that allows us to ski, skate and slide so easily; Why do two pieces of ice, when put together, adhere and become one; Why are different molecules in the earth stratosphere easily trapped on the surface of ice particles, where they can react, with consequences such as depletion of the ozone layer? This wide variety of intriguing questions have made ice one of the most frequently studied materials. However, until now, no definite answers to these and many other questions have been forthcoming since all of the attempts to gain information on the microscopic structure of a single crystal ice surface have failed. Very recently, even the powerful method of electron diffraction, routinely used in surface structure analysis, failed to provide any clear evidence on the structural arrangement of the topmost layer of ice. The group of scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Free University in Amsterdam, and the University of Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris [Surface Science 381, 190 (1997); also see report of Charles Seife in Science 274, 2012 (1996)] have suggested, on the basis of theoretical simulations, that the uppermost water molecules vibrate so strongly that a coherent diffraction pattern cannot be observed.\n\nIn the attempt to resolve this problem the researchers in Göttingen have employed low-energy helium atom scattering. This technique has the advantage of being completely nondestructive and exclusively sensitive to the topmost layer of crystals. Since the (111) surface of platinum has nearly the same lattice spacing as ice, it was used as a template on which single crystal ice films of 10-100 nm thickness were grown. Only after cooling the surface to 30 K was it possible to observe a sharp intense series of diffraction peaks. These not only provide information on the lattice spacing and arrangement of the first layer molecules but also indicate at least a partial alignment of the hydrogen atoms (ferroelectric ordering) at the surface.\n\nA further advantage of the He atom scattering technique is that with the same equipment high-resolution time-of-flight energy loss and gain spectra can be measured. These spectra provide information on the frequencies and wave-lengths of the collective vibrations (phonons) at the surface. As the crystal was again cooled down to 30 K, a very intense inelastic peak emerged from a strong multiphonon background. This intense inelastic peak was simulated with a theoretical model which allowed its assignment to a special very large amplitude in-plane shearing motion of the surface molecules. At higher temperatures, this motion becomes increasingly enhanced leading to a high density "phonon bath" and ultimately individual molecules will break away from their original sites. This explains the liquid-like topmost layer as well as the difficulties experienced in the electron diffraction experiments.