How do steroid hormones regulate transcription of eukaryotic genes?    In terms of how genes are regulated, ho
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Steroids bind to proteins which then bind to specific regions of DNA utilizing zinc fingers. The protein can then regulate transcription of genes, either by promoting transcription or preventing it.\n\nLactose binds to the LacI protein, allowing the protein to bind to the promoter site on the DNA. This regulates transcription by preventing it from occurring.\n\nTherefore, steroids and lactose are similar because they bind to proteins which then bind directly to DNA to regulate transcription.\n\nHope this helps!
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell. mRNA runs through several steps during its usually brief existence: During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. In prokaryotes, no further processing of mRNA occurs (except in rare cases), and often translation of the mRNA into protein occurs even while transcription is going on. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different parts of the cell (transcription in the nucleus, where DNA is kept, and translation in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside). Also in eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes several processing steps before it is ready to be translated:\n\nThe addition of a 5' cap. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the "front" of the message. This is critical for recognition and proper attachment of the ribosome. \nsplicing - The pre-mRNA (unprocessed or partially-processed messenger RNA is called "pre-mRNA" or "hnRNA" for heterogeneous nuclear RNA) is modified to remove certain stretches of non-coding sequences called introns; the stretches that remain include protein-coding sequences and are called exons. Sometimes one pre-mRNA message may be spliced in several different ways, allowing a single gene to encode multiple proteins. This process is called alternative splicing. Most RNA splicing is performed by enzymes, but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing (see ribozymes). \npolyadenylation - A sequence (often several hundred) of adenine nucleotides is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA through the action of an enzyme, polyA polymerase (this modification does not occur in prokaryotic mRNA). The polyadenylated tail is added on to the transcripts that contain a specific sequence, the AAUAAA signal. The importance of the AAUAAA signal is demonstrated by a mutation in the coding DNA sequence (AATAAA) which can lead to some hemoglobin deficiencies (see Higgins et al. Nature. 1983 Nov 24-30;306(5941):398-400) \nPolyadenylation helps increase the half-life of the transcript, so that the transcript lasts longer in the cell and consequently is translated more and produces more protein.\n\nAfter the mRNA has been processed, it is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into protein. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides, usually with the assistance of RNases.\n\nMessenger RNA that has been processed and is ready for translation is called a "mature transcript" or "mature mRNA" or sometimes simply "mRNA".\n\n--\nI think you should start Voting for the answers now.
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Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA sequence into an RNA sequence by creating a single stranded RNA molecule, which is later processed to become mRNA.  The mRNA is then translated into proteins, which are the functional product of an organism.
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They work through signal transduction.
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The endocrine system is a collection of glands and organs that produce and regulate hormones in the bloodstream to control many functions of the body. This system overlaps with the nervous and exocrine system, and its responsibilities include metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Most animals with advanced physiology, such as vertebrates and crustaceans, house an endocrine system.
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Both steroid and thyroid hormone families of receptors can be used to regulate protein functions.
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It's actually very simple.  Just know what the letters before "RNA" code for.  tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers correct amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.  snRNA (small nucleolar RNA) guide chemical modifications of rRnA's.  mRNA (messenger RNA), as the name implies, encodes and "carries" information from DNA during transcription to whatever sites are undergoing protein synthesis. rRNA basically makes the proteins.  Sorry, that's the shortest I could make it.  It's a rather difficult topic.
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steroid hormone receptor.  or any receptor that is inside the cell in the cytoplasm, and not imbedded in the cell membrane.\n\nthese receptors influence gene transcription and protein translation.  these effects can last days to weeks to years.  cell-membrane receptors usually have short lived effects like phosphorylation of proteins that will only last for seconds or minutes.
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Transcription is when the nucleus of a cell wants to send a "message" for a protein (polypeptide chain) to be made. It copies this "message" from part of the DNA onto an m(essenger)RNA strand, in which the Thymine of the DNA is now the Uracil of the RNA.\n\nex) DNA message: TAC CGG TAA\n           mRNA: AUG GCC AUU\n\nAfter that is translation, where the message from mRNA gets read by the ribosome to build a polypeptide chain that will eventually become a protein!
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the genes that are present in a chromosome codes for a protein which  are usually known as enzymes.these enzymes r produced from gene by transcription and translation .transcription is the process in which the dna is transcribed into rna by rna polymerase enzyme .this rna then undergoes translation in the cytoplasm of the cell and produces the enzymes .these enzyme acts in a sequence on the substrate and produces the final product\neg: catabolism of glucose(glycolysis)-glucose breakdown occurs by nearly ten steps involes the participation of nearly 10 enzymes to produce the   final product pyruvic acid
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Increasing evidence suggests nonrandom localization of DNA sequences in the cell nucleus. Changes in intranuclear gene location as a function of transcriptional activity has been established in several experimental systems
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I'm guessing, you are talking a gene whose expression levels are controled by other proteins, and the "local regulator" is the bit of DNA close to the gene that those other proteins bind to, to upregulate, or down regulate the gene in question.
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This is dependent on the type of organism, the stage in the lifecycle of the organism, and a wide variety of environmental factors such as temperature, availability of nutrients, presence of toxic compounds, and organism-specific biological signalling compounds which play a role in regulating gene expression.\n\nTo take a simple organism such as a bacterium, it is a reasonable assertion that levels of gene expression are highest under conditions that are optimal for reproduction (optimal temperature and moisture conditions, high availability of nutrients, low concentrations of toxic compounds).  This is because during asexual reproduction, proteins are required both as building materials for replication (e.g. cell wall constituents, structural proteins, enzymes required for metabolism etc.) and for the actual process of replication (proteins involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis etc.).\n\nOf course, without knowing the specific organism you are referring to it is not possible to answer your question except in broad terms.  You might try looking at a text book such "Biological Science" by R.Soper (Cambridge University Press).
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"Growth is triggered in both boys and girls by increased levels of the sex hormone testosterone. This chemical also triggers the sexual organs to develop. In fact, the relationship between growth of the skeleton and puberty is so strong that a teenager's developmental age can be measured by looking at the maturity of the bones in their hand and wrist."\n\n"Control of Growth\n\nHormones are chemicals produced by special cells in glands and other organs of the body; most hormones are produced by cells in the endocrine glands. These hormones, which are produced in very small amounts, are released into the bloodstream and travel to the "target organ" or tissue where they exert their effect.\n\nSeveral hormones are involved in regulating growth. Some act directly on target organs, while others act by triggering the production of other hormones, which activate specific organ functions necessary for growth. This finely tuned system can malfunction in several ways, causing abnormal growth.\n\nThe pituitary gland is often called the master gland because it produces several hormones that control the functions of other glands. It is located in the middle of the skull below the part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland has two distinct parts: An anterior (front) lobe and a posterior (rear) lobe. The pituitary gland secretes its hormones in response to chemical messages from the hypothalamus, the part of the brain to which it is connected. \n\nGrowth hormone is an anterior pituitary hormone whose main effect is to promote growth of body tissues. Other anterior pituitary hormones affect growth indirectly by working through other glands. These other hormones include: \n\nThyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - causes the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone, which regulates body metabolism and is essential for normal growth. \nAdrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - causes the adrenal glands to produce cortisol (stress hormone) and other hormones that enable the body to respond to stress. Too much cortisol will cause growth failure in a child. \nLuteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - cause the sex glands (ovaries or testes) to produce sex hormones, which are necessary for adolescent sexual development and the growth spurt that accompanies puberty. \nThe major hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland -is called vasopressin, or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). It controls water output through the kidneys."\n\nhope this helps a little
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a. Selective gene expression.\nAll diploid cells in an organism have the same genome. Specific genes are turned on or off by environmental conditions, such as hormone levels, chemicals introduced, the action and metabolites of surrounding cells. A stem cell will differentiate into a specific cell based on specific conditions. \nRemember that a human baby with many different cells is made from on cell, the fertilized egg.
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It is called Phosphorylation\n\nIn eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation is probably the most important regulatory event. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by various specific protein kinases, whereas phosphatases dephosphorylate.\n\nA protein kinase is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). This usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. Up to 30% of all proteins may be modified by kinase activity, and kinases are known to regulate the majority of cellular pathways, especially those involved in signal transduction, the transmission of signals within the cell. The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes; they constitute about 2% of all eukaryotic genes.\n\nAdding a phosphoryl (PO3) to a polar R group of an amino acid might not seem like it would do much to a protein, but it can actually turn a nonpolar hydrophobic protein into a polar and extremely hydrophilic molecule. Phosphorylation is observed on serine, threonine, tyrosine and histidine residues.\n\nAn example of the important role that phosphorylation plays is the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which—when active—stimulates transcription of genes that suppress the cell cycle, even to the extent that it undergoes apoptosis. However, this activity should be limited to situations where the cell is damaged or physiology is disturbed. To this end, the p53 protein is extensively regulated. In fact, p53 contains more than 18 different phosphorylation sites.
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The menstrual cycle is regulated by luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen and progesterone.  Since all of these are hormones, we can say the menstrual cycle is regulated by the endocrine system.