What effect would potassium efflux have on bacterial cells?
912330
Loss of potassium has to be balanced by some other ion, in order to maintian ionic charge balance.  If there were efflux of K with no corresponding change in anything else, then the loss of the + ion (K+) would mean the inside of the bacteria would become quite negatively charged.  However, what would tend to happen is an increase in influx of the other major + ion, sodium (Na+) and perhaps Calcium (Ca+2).  Though this would restore the electrical balance, you would now have a chemical imbalance- processes in the bacteria do not proceed exactly the same in the presence of different chemicals-so, there would be biochemical disruption.
491134
More than likely to help undermine the growth of bacteria.
598126
The distribution of ions across a cell membrane produces a concentration gradient that can be used by the cell to do various kinds of work (i.e. power non-spontaneous reactions).  \n\nFor example, in mitochondria and certain aerobic bacteria, the gradient of H+ ions powers ATP synthase, and allows it to make ATP (an extremely important energy storage molecule).  \n\nIn other cells, the concentration gradients of ions can be used to facilitate active transport across the membrane by coupling an ion moving along it's concentration gradient with another molecule moving against it.\n\nIn neurons, the difference in the concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell creates a membrane polarity that allows the action potential (i.e. the nerve firing) to occur.  When the nerve is activated by a neurotransmitter or a direct external stimulus, sodium channels open, allowing Na+ to rush into the cell, making it positive relative to the external environment.  This change in polarity moves along the cell, and causes the cell to release specific neurotransmitters at the other end.\n\nIf the ions were distributed equally, none of the processes I just mentioned would work!
320958
Potassium is an electrolyte (a substance that maintains your body's fluid levels), this mineral helps regulate blood pressure and heart function. Research shows that increasing your potassium intake can lower your blood pressure. Those individuals with existing hypertension, as well as those just looking to keep their blood pressure in check, can benefit from potassium.\n\nA Harvard study showed that men who took a potassium supplement with a diuretic decreased their incidence of stroke by 60 percent, compared to men who did not. Potassium neutralizes acids and restores alkaline salts to the bloodstream. Potassium works with sodium in all cells including at nerve synapses to maintain or restore membrane potentials and to assist in metabolic processes. Potassium is critical to our cardiovascular and nerve functioning, regulating the transfer of nutrients into cells and facilitating muscle energy.\n\nPotassium also regulates water balance and assists recuperative powers. Potassium aids rheumatic or arthritic conditions (causing acids to leave the joints and ease stiffness). Potassium is crucial for the elimination of wastes. Potassium is a natural pain desensitizer. Potassium helps control convulsions, headaches and migraines, promotes faster healing of cuts, bruises and other injuries and generally contributes to a sense of well being. Potassium is stored in the muscles.
556442
Watch out!  Potassium is a very potent electrolyte.  To much potassium or too little potassium (K+) can cause your heart to beat irregularly!  It can be lethal!  You need to talk with your Dr.  They might want to have lab work drawn, you may also be throwing the other electrolytes off balance by taking too much K+. (In order to maintain the cell potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell (intracellular). Outside cells (extracellular), there are high concentrations of sodium and low concentrations of potassium, so diffusion occurs through ion channels in the plasma membrane. In order to keep the appropriate concentrations, the sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium out and potassium in through active transport.) Taking supllements without close monitoring can lead to trouble.  \n As a nurse potassium is dilueted for IV infusion and must be given very slowly.  \nPlease get this checked out by a professional!  It could be dangerous!
112910
The kidneys normally excrete excess potassium from the body. Therefore, most cases of hyperkalemia are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to excrete potassium.\n\nThere are no at-home treatments I could find... you should really talk to your doctor about it.
506618
If I´m not wrong, they return the membrane potential to basal, by allowing a strong K+ outward current that tends to overcome the diminishing inward Na+ current due to Na-channels being inactivated. K-channels become activated by the positive membrane potential caused by Na+ influx, and the eflux of K+ restores the membrane potential to negative levels, preparing the membrane for a new action potential.
153770
There are potassium ion channel pumps on the cell membrane. This pump pumps out CL ions and bring in K+ ions. It  goes against the flow of diffusion, so energy is needed. When an action potential is created, it oppens Cl- gated channels which, due to the differnt concentrations (more on the outside) the CL rushes back in, creating a change in cell voltage.
613122
Bleach\nBleach is also known by its formal chemical name as sodium \nhypochlorite.In solution, the sodium hypochlorite dissociates, or dissolves, to produce atomic oxygen and \nchlorine. The chlorine and oxygen are very reactive, negatively-charged elements that oxidize components of the bacterial cell.  This oxidation prevents effective operation of the cell's machinery, and the bacterium \ndies.\n\nDetergents\n  Detergents are comprised of long molecules with \nvery different ends. In some types of detergents, one end of the molecule \nis positively charged (insoluble in water), and the other is negatively \ncharged (soluble in water).  These molecules wiggle their way in between \nthe lipids of the bacterium's membrane and cause the cell to spill its \ncontents into the environment, killing the cell.\n\nIodine\nDilute solutions (as little as 1%) of iodine work in much the same way as \nthe chlorine described above.  Looking at a periodic chart, you'll even \nnotice that chlorine and iodine are in the same halogen family, hence their \ncommon mode of action.  Negatively charged iodine combines with proteins \nand disrupts their ability to function normally.\n\nPhenolics\n  There are a variety of phenolics used as disinfectants.  Lysol is perhaps the most famous.  This class of disinfectants works by disrupting proteins, \na common theme as we have seen, but also by disrupting the lipid membrane.  A leaky or broken membrane in addition to faulty proteins are problems too severe for the bacterium to fix in time, and it dies.  Phenolics are also \nbacteriostatic.\n\n  All the disinfectants described above work in an indiscriminate \nmanner.  For example, the chlorine ions bind to many kinds of proteins, not \njust one.  Phenolics cause many types of bacterial species to have leaky \nmembranes.  it is highly unlikely that every protein in a cell will evolve \nan ability to resist the effects of chlorine. \n\nTriclosan \nHere is a disinfectant that does discriminate, or is picky about its \ntarget in a bacterial cell.  You have probably noticed quite a lot of \n"antibacterial" products on the store shelves in recent years.  The active \ningredient in these soaps and detergents is an antibiotic known as \nTriclosan.  Triclosan, however, kills bacteria by acting on a single \nspecific protein that is necessary for the bacterium to make an effective \nlipid membrane.  If this one protein evolves to resist the action of \nTriclosan, Triclosan will no longer be able to kill those bacteria with the \nnew version of the protein.  Scientists are debating the effects of \nbacterial resistance to Triclosan, and the following article will give you \nmore details on a hot topic in the scientific world.\n\nAlcohol \nEthanol (an ingredient in table \nwine) and Isopropanol (also known as rubbing alcohol and poisonous to \nhumans) are very commonly used.  These disinfectants disrupt the structure \nof proteins in the bacteria.  If the proteins are disrupted, or denatured, \nthey cannot perform their highly specific tasks, and the bacterium dies.
701112
If Br water ismixed with KI the Br will replace the I in KI and make Kbr and free I2(diatomic) It is not terribly soluble in water. It could buble out as a violet gas if the temp were high enough. \n\nIf KF is mixed with Cl water no reaction because Cl will not replace F. They will replace each oter from bottom up. Nothing replaces F.
809126
If the dissolving is endothermic, then increasing the temperature will increase its solubility, so the K+ concentration will increase.
19928
From Wikipedia:\n"Potassium is vital in the human body and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given intravenously. It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is usually mixed with regular salt, sodium chloride, for this purpose to improve the taste. Medically it is used in the treatment of hypokalemia and associated conditions, for digitalis poisoning, and as an electrolyte replenisher. Brand names include K-Dur®, Klor-Con®, Micro-K®, and Kaon Cl®. Side effects can include gastrointestinal discomfort including nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding of the gut. Overdoses cause hyperkalemia which can lead to paresthesia, cardiac conduction blocks, fibrillation and arrhythmias, also sclerotic effects."
598653
To try and answer the question, rather than tell you all about bacterial cell walls again... I think that yes, the wall is an integral part of the bacterial cell membrane. If it was a generic question on the "functions of carbohydrates in cell membranes", then I'd expect an overview of how different carbohydrates are used in different ways, in different cell membranes, including the bacterial ones.\nIt's a bit unfair of your teacher to fail everyone, however - if no one mentioned it, it sounds as if the question wasn't asked clearly. \nIs anyone in the class thinking of challenging him/her on it? Good luck!
189989
Well, it's a little more complicated than it looks.\n\nFluid retention can occur for a broad number of reasons--renal insufficiency is one, as is congestive heart failure, but there's a numbe of endocrine/metabolic things, like SIADH, that can drive it.\n\nSerum potassium can be driven down by:\n\n*Diuretics, most of which cause loss of potassium (Check Lasix and HCTZ, but exceptions would be spironolactone and triamterine and amiloride, which can cause potassium to rise)\n\n*Dilution, which involves either failure to excrete water adequately, or ingestion of massive amounts of water--I've handled both, actually\n\n*Shifts of potassium from the bloodstream into the cells; one of the commonest (although by no means the only) things that will drive that is a good sized dose of insulin dropping a high blood sugar rapidly enough; I've had to handle that mess, too\n\nThere are others, but that's a good start.
50014
Some bacteria cells are naturally more or less resistant to bacteria - it's genetic variation just like some people are more resistant to the effects of alcohol.  When a population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic, some will die right away, while more naturally resistant bacteria will stay alive.  If there is not enough antibiotic to kill all the bacteria (like if someone doesn't take all the antibiotics prescribed to them), only the bacteria that were naturally more resistant will be left.  With little competition to keep them from replicating (because all those less resistant bacteria died), the remaining cells will reproduce to form an entire population of resistant bacteria.
476381
Actually, your teacher is wrong.  It all depends on the growth phase of the bacterial culture.   There are 3 phases in the growth of a bacterial culture; the lag phase, the log phase, and the stationary phase.  The lag phase is exactly what it describes...the bacteria divide veeeeerrrryyy slowly.  In simple terms, this is mainly due to low amounts of certain "growth signals".  It usually takes bacteria several hours to get out of lag phase and into log phase.  \n\nLog phase is the stage where the bacteria are dividing at a constant rate.  This is when you're going to take measurements for the growth rate.  Say, for example, that your cells have a doubling time of 1hr.  So if your beginning OD is 0.8 your end OD after an hour would be 1.6.  In this case B is twice b.  However using the same example, if we grow for 2 hours instead of 1, you've gone thorugh 2 doubling times and the final OD would be 3.2 verses 0.8 (B is 4x b).  So the relation between b and B is strictly dependant on the time (which is why "t" is a component of the equation) and growth rate of the cells.\n\nThe final phase of bacterial growth is the stationary phase.  This is where the number of bacteria increases to such a high density that further division is inhibited (by physical limitations such as nutrients, pH, cell/cell inhibition, etc) and the growth substatially slows.\n\nI hope this clearly answers your question.
829520
Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to diffuse through the lipid bilayer and are too big to diffuse through membrane channels can cross the plasma membrane by facilated difussion.In this process, a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a changhe in shape.\n\nLike diffusion, facilitated diffusion is a passive process.The net result of facilitated diffusion is movement down a concentration gradient.The solute binds more often to the transporter on the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of solute.Once the concentration is the same on the both sides of the membrane,solute molecules bind to the transporter on the cystolic side and move out the extracellular side and move into the cytosol.The rate of facilitated diffusion(how quickly it occurs) is determined by the stepness of the concentration gradient across the membrane.\n\nThe number of transporters available in a plasma membrane places an upper limit,called the transport maximum,on the rate at which facilitated diffusion can occur.Once all the transporters are occupied, the transport maximum is reached, and further increase in the concentration gradient does not increase the rate of facilitated diffusion.Thus,much like a completely saturated sponge can absorb no more water,the process of facilitated diffusion exhibits saturation.\n\nHope this helps you.Please check my spelling too.I may misspelled some words.So many too typed.No time to check it.\n(^^o)/