What is Chromatography?
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Chromatography is the name of the science that studies the separation of mixtures as they pass through various media.\nAn easy experiment you can do at home is a paper chromatograph.  Cut a coffee filter into a strip and make a dark ink spot about a third from an end.  Put that end into a full glass of water and drape the rest of the strip down the outside of the glass.  Water will wick out of the glass and down the strip.  The water will push the ink mixture through the paper and you can see different colors separate out into bands.\nYou are seeing an example of chromatography whenever you see a DNA analysis.  Those bands are created by the seperation of different dna molecules as electricity pushes them through stuff that resembles jello.\nEssentially, different molecules in a mixture have different shapes and sizes.  Some can move through a medium very easily while others move slowly.  Imagine a situation where you and 3 of your buddies are pushing things across a flooded road and it's a race.  You are pushing an empty grocery cart and your buds are pushing a wheel barrow, a car and a bus.  When you cross the finish line, you are in front with the wheel barrow close behind.  The car is a few meters out and the bus is barely off the line.  In this scenario, the stationary medium is the flooded road, and the mixture is the variety of things on wheels.\nChromatography studies how different media, different "pushing forces", and different mixtures affect a separation.
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In short, no.\n\nAs a science, chemistry is usually separated into four main categories: organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical.  Analytical chemistry deals with detection, structural elucidation of chemical compounds, and instrumentation.  \n\nA chemical analysis is used to refer to a battery of tests that are performed on a given sample.
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Chromatography is a method of separating chemical mixtures into their components.\n\nOriginally the process was developed for use on colored mixtures whose progress during separation could be followed by observing bands or spots of different colors during the process.\n\nThe major features of chromatography are an absorbent medium and a solvent (called an eluent).  The simplest version of chromatography can be demonstrated on a white napkin by making a spot with an ink pen near an edge of the napkin, then putting the napkin's edge (but not the spot) into a saucer of water.  The napkin will wick up the water and it will spread to the spot and past it.  As it goes past the spot, different colors will come out at different rates, revealing the differing dyes used to make the pen ink.  A ballpoint pen may work also.\n\nChromatography may be carried out using paper, silica gel, diatomaceous earth and many other absorbent materials, and they may be made into sheets on a backing, or used to fill columns ("column chromatography") or tubing.  There are literally hundreds of available packing materials.  The solvent or eluent is chosen to be not too good, meaning it will not simply dissolve all of the test material and sweep it through the medium, but will allow the competition between mobile phase (where the chemicals can move) and stationary phase (where the chemicals are held by the medium), as the competition is crucial for separation to occur.\n\nThere are additional types of chromatography, such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, that have been developed since the earlier color-based processes, but they share the need for a mobile phase and a stationary phase to enable the separations, and a detection system.\n\nHope this helps.  As you can imagine, I've just scratched the surface of this interesting and useful process.
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Biochemical involves extracting quantities of something. Since extraction processes are not always that great (resulting in very little product for lots of input) you have to start out with greater quantities of unextracted material.
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Green pigments travel faster because the molecules are smaller than those of other colours. When you use chromatography paper, you are dissolving the dried pigments of colour -- as the water travels up the paper, it pulls the colour pigments with it. The smaller the pigments, the faster they travel.
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The test that I'm familiar with is thin layer chromatography.  This process uses the polarizability chararacteristics of each pigment in a plant sample.  In my experiment, spinach leaves are grounded and mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate and sand.
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Affinity chromotography is a powerful and generally applicable means of purifying proteins. It takes advantage of the high affinity of many proteins for specific chemical groups.\n\nThats the textbook definition\nEssentially, it's a way of purifying proteins or transcription factors (aka hGH) from a mixture by filling up a column up with a specific chemical group that will exclusively bind to the target protein or TF. As the mixture is moved down the column, it is known as the mobile phase because it's moving. The stationary phase is the packing of the column (or in this case the specific chemical group that will interact with the mixture).\n\nSo how does it purify the target compound?\n\nAs the mobile phase flows down the column, the target molecule binds to specific receptors of the stationary phase while the rest of the impurities flow through the column. Realize that the receptor site is only a small part of the chemical group of the stationary phase and is the only part of the phase that binds to the target molecule. After all the impurities of the mixture has flowed through the column, the target molecule can be released by adding a concentrated solution of the receptor for the target molecule. The high concentration of the receptor solution causes the target molecule to release from the stationary phase receptor and bind to the mobile phase receptor. The compound is thus eluted in this concentrated mobile phase and has been purified.\n\nhGH binds with hGHR (human growth hormone receptor) so in order to purify an impure mixture of hGH, a chemical group containing a site with hGHR should be selected as the stationary phase. Run the mixture through and elute out the impurities (hGH binds to hGHR on stationary phase). Add concentrated hGHR into the column and elute out the purified hGH (hGH is released from hGHR of stationary phase and binds to hGHR of mobile phase).\n\nHopefully this helps
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Metabolism is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways. The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell.
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The two should be separable by HPLC
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well, i took up analytical chemistry a year ago.as far as i can remember from class, analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry which deals with the quantitative and qualitative analyses of substances or solutions.mostly, we did titrimetric method of analysis in the laboratory.but there is also the gravimetric, volumetric, etc. methods of analysis. **hope this helped!**
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a chromotagraphy is intended to split up artificial color into its subparts. if you use a ball point pen, the ink will also be separated. that is why you use a pencil instead. lead cannot be broken up into further pigments.
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Two substances must flow through the medium at different rates. High performance liquid chromatography operates by running a liquid through a solid column. The molecules with the same chemical properties as the solid will take longer to go through the column. If the solid is polar and the liquid is non-polar, then non-polar molecules will move through faster because they do not get stuck in the solid. Bead chromatography involves running a liquid through a column loaded with gel beads that contain some holes. Smaller molecules spend some time in the holes, but molecules too large to enter the holes go straight past the beads and exit the column first. There are different ways to separate substances and there are a ton of different chromatography methods.
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HPLC user’s guide: http://kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/ASRG/HPLC/hplcmytry.html\n\nGas Chromatography (GS) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Chromatography . Here you may also find (at the bottom of the article), external links to the other analytical methods.
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Chromatography is used mainly to quantify or measure purity and the concentrations of impurities present in a sample.\n\nTLC is used to used in many Quality Laboratories to measure the impurities present in raw materials.  Most amino acids, along with some other active pharmaceutical ingredients, used in the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry require impurity testing by TLC.
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Alcohol-Petroleum ether solution\nAcetone\nDimethylsulfoxide\nBenzene are widely used solvents in the chromatography.
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Chromatography is a family of analytical chemistry techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing the sample, a mixture which contains the analyte, in the "mobile phase", often in a stream of solvent, through the "stationary phase." The stationary phase retards the passage of the components of the sample. When components pass through the system at different rates they become separated in time, like runners in a mass-start foot race. Each component has a characteristic time of passage through the system, called a "retention time." Chromatographic separation is achieved when the retention time of the analyte differs from that of other components in the sample.\n\nA chromatograph takes a chemical mixture carried by liquid or gas and separates it into its component parts as a result of differential distributions of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase. Various techniques for the separation of complex mixtures rely on the differential affinities of substances for a gas or liquid mobile medium and for a stationary absorbing medium through which they pass; such as paper, gelatin, alumina or silica.\n\nAnalytical chromatography is used to determine the identity and concentration of molecules in a mixture. Preparative chromatography is used to purify larger quantities of a molecular species. Most of the following refers to analytical chromatography. This is a method used to divide/separate mixtures.
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What is Electrophoresis ?\nElectrophoresis is an analytical method frequently used in molecular biology and medicine. It is applied for the separation and characterization of proteins, nucleic acids and subcellular-sized particles like viruses and small organelles. Its principle is that the charged particles of a sample migrate in an applied electrical field. If conducted in solution, samples are separated according to their surface net charge density. The most frequent applications, however, use gels (polyacrylamide, agarose) as a support medium. The presence of such a matrix adds a sieving effect so that particles can be characterized by both charge and size. Protein electrophoresis is often performed in the presence of a charged detergent like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which usually equalizes the surface charge and, therefore, allows for the determination of protein sizes on a single gel. Additives are not necessary for nucleic acids which have a similar surface charge irrespective of their size. \nCharacterizing samples by exploiting both differences in charge and size can yield much more information. It requires that the same sample is analyzed not only in one, but several gels. This technique is further explained in the chapter on Ferguson plots. The procedure is more laborious, however the use of an automated electrophoresis apparatus can make this a fast, routine procedure (Gombocz, Cortez: Appl. Theor. Electrophoresis 1995, 4, 197-209).