The synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis is a theory first proposed by?
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Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. The theory suggests essentially that most ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed from the breaking down of energy rich molecules such as glucose.\n\nChemiosmosis in a MitochondrionMolecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as NAD and FAD. The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which in turn pass them to other proteins in the ETC. The energy available in the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane, storing energy in the form of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. The protons move back across the inner membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase. The flow of protons back into the matrix of the mitochondrion via ATP synthase provides enough energy for ADP to combine with inorganic phosphate to form ATP. The electrons and protons at the last pump in the ETC are taken up by oxygen to form water.\n\nThis was a radical proposal at the time, and was not well accepted. The prevailing view was that the energy of electron transfer was stored as a stable high potential intermediate, a chemically more conservative concept.\n\nThe problem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored. Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and in 1978, Peter Mitchell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\n\nChemiosmotic coupling is important for ATP production in chloroplasts and many bacteria.\n\nChemiosmosis in Mitochondria---\nThe complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in the mitochondria. High energy molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Kreb's cycle. These molecules dump electrons onto an electron transport chain to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase is then used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.\n\nChemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third, and final, biological pathway responsible for the production of ATP from an inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule via oxidative phosphorylation.\n\nOccurring in the mitochondria of cells, the chemical energy of NADH, produced in the Krebs Cycle is used to build up a gradient of hydrogen ions (protons), with a higher concentration present in the mitochondrial cristae and a lower concentration in the mitochondrial matrix. This is the only step of oxidative phosphorylation for which oxygen is required: oxygen is used as an electron acceptor, combining with free electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.\n\nChemiosmosis in Plants---\nThe Light reactions of photosynthesis generate energy by chemiosmosis. Chlorophyll loses an electron when energized by light. This electron travels down a photosynthetic electron transport chain ending on the high energy molecule NADPH. The electrochemical gradient generated across the thylakoid membrane drives the production of ATP by ATP Synthase. This process is known as photophosphorylation.\n\nChemiosmosis in Bacteria---\nBacteria also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria create energy by a process called photophosphorylation. These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain. Some nonphotosynthetic bacteria including E. coli also contains ATP
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Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 10 reactions that convert glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate. The first stage is priming of glucose. Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate using a molecule of ATP, a process called phosphorylation. Then the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate through the process of isomerization. This is further phosphorylated to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (phosphorylation). This fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. The two G3P undergo substrate level phosphorylation, a sequence of 5 reactions, involving dehydrogenation where NAD+ is reduced, dephosphorylation where two molecule of ATP is formed, isomerization where the phosphate group moves, dehydration where the molecule lose water and dephosphorylation where 2 molecules of ATP are generated and two molecule of pyruvate is formed. \n\nThe fact that glycolysis produces ATP fulfills a minor energy requirement of the cell, since ATP is the energy currency required for cellular functions to work. Another minor energy requirement is the formation of NADH, because the proton in NADH is required to activate the proton pump at the electron transport chain, which, in turn, activates the enzyme ATP synthase responsible for the synthesis of many ATP molecules (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nThe major relation of glycolysis to the energy requirements of the cell is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to coenzyme-A to form acetyl-coA, which then goes through krebs cycle. Both these processes form NADH (and ATP in the case of the krebs cycle), which can then provide many protons to activate ATP synthase. (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nMoreover, pyruvate can also be used in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic respiration. Through this process, ATP can be formed without oxygen and can thus fulfill energy requirements of the cell.\n\nVery long but hope this helps =)
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when we take in the food during the process of respiration the glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid CH3COC0OH BY THE process of glycolysis , initially by taking oxygen by cytoplasm . when it gets more oxygen the pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and is converted to CO2 AND H20 . This cycle is called KREB's cyle . the synthesis of ATP molecule takes place in the F1 particle of mitochondria . \nthe equaton is \nC6H12O6+O2---->CH3C0COOH + O2--->CO2 + H20 \nthis process is called aerobic trespiration \nrespiration involves oxidation of food ....\nthus kreb cycle is aerobic respiration and increase in oxygen increases it !!!!!\nPLEASE VOTE IT AS THE BEST ANSWER IF YOU LIKE IT ..PLEASE......\nI THINK I HAVE ANSWERED YOUR MANY QUERIES
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ATP is formed by adding a phosphate group to ADP along with some energy. The process by which ATP is generated from ADP is called phosphorylation.  There are three types of phosphorylations: substrate-level, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosporylation. \n\nEnergy stored in ATP is used in nearly all of the endergonic reactions in cells. ATP is often reffered to as the energy currency of the cell.
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YES that is true . when we take in the food  during the process of respiration the glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid CH3COC0OH BY THE process of glycolysis , initially by taking oxygen by cytoplasm . when it gets more oxygen the pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and is converted to CO2 AND H20 . This cycle is called KREB's cyle . the synthesis of ATP molecule takes place in the F1 particle of mitochondria . \nthe equaton is \nC6H12O6+O2---->CH3C0COOH + O2--->CO2 + H20 \nthis process is called aerobic trespiration \nrespiration invoves oxidation of food ....\nPLEASE VOTE IT AS THE BEST ANSWER IF YOU LIKE IT ..PLEASE......\nI THINK I HAVE ANSWERED YOUR MANY QUERIES
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Cell Respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved.
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consumtion of energy in the form of ATP, activation or mitochondria and reticular endothilium for supporting production of ATP, good luck
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The proton pump represents the flow of protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.  This flow of protons (driven by the electron transport chain) creates an electrochemical gradient with increased numbers of protons in the intermembrane space.  This gradient of protons provides the force to drive Complex V which produces ATP from ADP.
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H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space in the mitochondria to set up a concentration gradient - they will leak down through ATPase (the transfer of 3 H+ allows the formation of one ATP molecule from ADP and Pi).  The process is called chemiosmosis.\n\nThe hydrogen ions come from reduced FAD and reduced NAD, produced in the Krebs cycle.  Losing the hydrogen means that they can return to accept more hydrogen inthe Krebs cycle, and the entire thing starts again.  Try http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitoverview.html
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the phenomenon involved is Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis.\nThe mode of nutrition involving  synthesis of organic substances mainly in the form of carbohydrates from inorganic substances  utilizing sunlight or any other source of light as energy source and CO2 as the carbon source and  H2O or H2S as teh Hydrogen and electron source is called the Photoautotrophic mode of nutrition.. examples  include all plants , algae, and cyanobacteria.\nChemoheterotrophs are those organisms that obtain energy from inorganic compounds but carbon is organic to form organic  substances like sulphur bacteria and hydrogen bacteria
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis\n\nJust scroll down and look at reaction number 8 for the mechanism.
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DNA has phosphate sugars so no. ATP stands for adenotriphosphate so no. membranes consists of phospholipids. rna is the same as DNA in constituents with uracil base change and more oxygen.\n\nso none.\n\nin return for the answer can you let me know what you think of my essay...\n\nEvolutionary scientific discoveries unwittingly make the human creation in the book of Genesis feasible to the point of affirmation.\n\nIntroduction\n\nIn the beginning “male and female He created them.” (Genesis 1, 27) This statement has been contested ever since the Age of Enlightenment when human beings with their development of knowledge set about challenging God’s authority in the world around them. Immanuel Kant’s motto “Dare to know” really symbolises the dominant modernistic attitude that was and continues to be embraced by humanity. God has no problem with us gaining knowledge- he invented science and has got it to a perfect art seeing as he spoke all the necessary components into being. Indeed knowledge is God-given to the point that it is one of the fruits of the spirit. Besides, if God really wanted us to remain ignorant of the world he wouldn’t have given us the Word. I therefore want to emphasise that it is only when we think we got here on our own, without God that we come into dispute with God and the truth. But rejection is nothing new to God, who is neither surprised nor shocked by our choices or actions. Before God even created the world he had sent his son to die “it was the Lord’s good plan to crush him” (Isaiah 53, 10) and before he created the universe God knew we would “turn our backs on him and look(ed) the other way.” (Isaiah 53, 3). The fact that Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species caused some controversy and drove people to reject Jesus as the truth was not a ‘heavy blow’ for Him. For one thing, and I say this tongue-in-cheek, if God is anything like me he had probably gotten ‘bored’ of waiting. After all there’s quite a bit of waiting between before the Planck epoch (for those who are interested the Planck epoch is the time between zero and 10-43 seconds of the beginning of the universe) and 1859! Regardless of this publication and the later The Descent of Man (1871) His plan would still prevail over all His creation. The plan had already succeeded before we emerged on day six. Everything else had already been put in place: Jesus’ death and resurrection and all the animals and plants. EVERYTHING! God did NOT need our help or our approval and if he didn’t need it then, he certainly doesn’t need it NOW. What is interesting is that as God allows our knowledge to deepen and technology to improve evidence, particularly genetic and fossilised, appears to be pointing towards the feasibility if not the affirmation of the ‘story’ of Adam and Eve foretold in Genesis.\n\nAssumptions of the Author\n\nBefore I go any further I am making the following interpretations and/or assumptions:\n\n•Evolution (at least in humans) does occur but only within species. I believe that whilst other animals may evolve we wouldn’t as we are God’s chosen creation made in His image. He never changes and thus nor have (or will) we. Within our species implies that if women suddenly found blue-eyed men to be a turn-off generation after generation so that blue-eyed men could not pass on their seed, humans as a species would have less and eventually no blue eyed alleles but they would not in becoming predominately brown or green-eyed become a new species.\n•Evolution in definition is always ‘survival of the fittest’ where the most advantageous traits are passed on to the next generation. By dramatically becoming less hairy- so from having fur (ape) to being bare (Homo sapien)- the human race would have a severe disadvantage in that fur keeps you warm in a cold climate and cool in a hot one. Loss of fur is of course risky in a glacial-inter glacial planet cycle. The only reason for the fact we have no fu
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Adenosine TriPhospahte (ATP) and NADH2\n\nIn response to answer above: GTP is only created from tyrosine-kinase reactors and is not part of the krebs cycle
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Theory? I mean, I can think of the endosymbiotic theory, but that's eukaryotes. Perhaps you mean the organelle that carries out photosynthesis in prokaryotes?
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Substrate-level: production of ATP molecules via transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate high-energy substrate directly to ADP.\n\nOxidative: production of ATP molecules from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain\n\nGylcolysis and Krebs cycle use substrate-level phosphorylation.  Electron transport chain uses oxidative phosphorylation.\n\nAlso, check out the link for a complete explanation: http://www.csun.edu/~hcbio029/BIOL315/Substrate_vs_oxidative.pdf#search='substrate%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20difference'
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Electrons transferred to the electron carriers  NADH and FADH2 in the TCA cycle are used to reduce Oxygen to water in the electron transport chain. While doing so, the ATP synthase produces 2.5 ATP for each NADH and 1.5 ATP for each FADH2 molecule. Therefore, the only linkage there is the electron carriers or just the electrons, no other molecules such as acetyl CoA or anything.
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Mitochondria were first observed by Altmann (1894).