Can someone explain how the Calvin Cycle works?
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Calvin cycle'''' (or Calvin-Benson cycle or carbon fixation) is a series of biochemical reactions that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley. James Bassham also made important contributions to elucidating this pathway. It is one of the light-independent reactions or dark reactions.
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Cyclic photophosphorylation exists to provide energy for the Calvin Cycle. It involves only the P680 in photosystem II. The product of the cyclic photophosphorylation is ATP and there is no electron source because all electrons return to the system.\n\nNon-cyclic photophosphorylation is carried out using both P700 in photosystem I and P680 in photosystem II. The primary electron source to replace the electron from photosystem I that has lost its electron is water. Oxygen is released from the water. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces both NADPH and ATP. Unlike cyclic photophosphorylation, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+.
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NADP is the electron carrier... which comes out after Photosystem 1... and combines with a Hydrogen ion to produce NADPH. NADPH now goes to the calvin cycle....
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Hooooo.OK U want all explanation in yahoo answers?I Will try\n\nIN photosynthesis the sunlight energy is used by green plants to prepare food materials.\nn light reaction the sun light activates chlorophyll molecules so that they make NADDP2 and NADH2.These two in Calvin cycle reduce the co2+h2o in to glucose molecule\n\nIN respiration the reverse happens Of course in different steps\nGlucose molecule in respiration (it is a 6 carbon molecule6H12O6) passes through 3 phases to release the energy in the form of ATP(remember solar energy is taken in p.s to make glucose molecule)\n\nIn GLYCOLYSIS of respiration g;ucose divides in to two pyruvic acids which is aC3co,mpound (2X3=6CARBON glucose)\n\nIn KREBSCYCLE THE pyruvic acik(c3)com pound splits in to 3 co2 and while doing so , it producesNADPH2 nd NADH2\n\nINthe last phase the ELECTRON TRANSPORT  the reduced powers or NADH2 AND NADPH2  are oxidised  (at this stage it takes in oxygen_) in to energy(ATP)and co2\nso the end product in respiration is carbondioxide and energ y in the form of ATP
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Thylakoid membrane is located inside the chloroplasts. There occurs energy releasing reactions, photo respiration, and light dependent reactions. Sugar producing reactions and carbon fixation reactions occur during the Calvin cycle in the stroma during light independent reactions.\nI know all of this because we just had a test on this in AP biology. ha ha\nHope this helps/ is correct!
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glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which has three carbons. two of them can make a glucose molecule after calvin benson cycle.
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Check out "mitosis" in a suitable source (Wikipedia, for example).  The process is a bit long to describe here.
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Using the Michaelis-Menten equation.\n\nMore details on teh attached link\n\nhttp://www.le.ac.uk/by/teach/biochemweb/tutorials/michment2print.html\n\nGood luck
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A CAM plant stores carbon as organic acids for use when it closes its stomata to prevent water loss. C3 and C4 plants use 3 carbon and 4 carbon molecules respectively for use in the calvin cycle.
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photophosphorylation, the light reactions, where the sunlight is exciting all the electrons. it's literally the electron transport chain plus some other stuff. electrons travel down a chain of proteins, releasing energy and creating ATP from ADP. however, in photosynthesis the electrons can go through it multiple times b/c they may be renergized by sunlight at the end. the electrons which aren't reenergized go on to the Calvin-Benson cycle. in respiration, at the end of the ETC electrons are used to form water.
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The significance of the TCA cycle is that it takes the left-over carbon from glycolysis and breaks it down in such a way as to yield a large amount of useable energy.\n\nThe energy is first transferred to NAD+ through a highly charged hydrogen atom, and the result is shown as NADH + H+. This molecule carries the energy to the respiratory chain system, where three ATP molecules are energized from each one.
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Hopefully this diagram can answer your questions:\nhttp://fachschaft.cup.uni-muenchen.de/~schleifi/reaktion/reaction/stobbe.html
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. \n\n Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. \n\nChlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. \n\nThe overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2. This is the source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in the concerns about deforestation.\n\n  \n\n\nThere are two parts to photosynthesis: \n\nThe light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must, therefore, take place in the light. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction. Each of these differently-colored pigments can absorb a slightly different color of light and pass its energy to the central chlorphyll molecule to do photosynthesis. The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center. \n The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a compound used by cells for energy storage. This chemical is made of the nucleotide adenine bonded to a ribose sugar, and that is bonded to three phosphate groups. This molecule is very similar to the building blocks for our DNA. \nThe dark reaction takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar. This reaction doesn't directly need light in order to occur, but it does need the products of the light reaction (ATP and another chemical called NADPH). The dark reaction involves a cycle called the Calvin cycle in which CO2 and energy from ATP are used to form sugar. Actually, notice that the first product of photosynthesis is a three-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Almost immediately, two of these join to form a glucose molecule. \n\nMost plants put CO2 directly into the Calvin cycle. Thus the first stable organic compound formed is the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Since that molecule contains three carbon atoms, these plants are called C3 plants. For all plants, hot summer weather increases the amount of water that evaporates from the plant. Plants lessen the amount of water that evaporates
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* The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO2, and one acetyl-CoA.\n    * Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate.\n    * Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. This cycle produces 2 CO2 and consumes 3 NAD+, producing 3NADH and 3H+.\n    * It consumes 3 H2O and consumes one FAD, producing one FADH+.\n    * 1st turn end= 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2\n    * Since there are two molecules of Pyruvic acid to deal with, the cycle turns once more.\n    * The complete end result= 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
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Chlorophyll molecules located within the thylakoid membrane first absorb photons. The light energy from the photons excites the reaction centers in both Photosystem II and I. This causes electrons to be released, which then enter an electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma of the chloroplasts to the lumen of the thylakoid. This creates a proton gradient. The gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. ATP can then be used to synthesize energetic molecules during the Calvin cycle.
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Photosynthesis , basically occurs in two distinct phases. 1) Light reaction & 2) Dark reaction\n            Both are part of photosynthesis\n6CO2 + 12H2 O -> LIGHT &   CHLOROPLAST> = C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O + 6O2\nThe above is the often quoted equation of the process\n            1) Light reaction or the Hill’s reaction occurs in the grana of a chloroplast.\n  Sun’s light energy is used to convert ADP in to ATP …………. (i)\n   NADP is converted in to NADP. H2…………………………… (ii)\n It can occur only in the presence of light, hence the name.\n2) Dark reaction or Calvin’s cycle occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast.\n   Light plays no role in it. Hence  called dark reaction.\n  With the help of the two products of light reaction, i.e. ATP & NADP.H2 glucose is manufactured from CO2 and H2 O  i. e. carbon dioxide gas and water.\nThe CO2   in the above equation comes from the atmosphere and enters through the stomata on the leaves.\nThe H2 O  in above equation comes from the soil through the roots, stem and xylem elements.\n A single molecule of Glucose (C6 H12 O6) requires all the six molecules of carbon dioxide gas but only 50% of water ( Only 6 out of 12 H2 O molecules entering the reaction (see the equation)\nRemaining 50% water ( The water you are talking about, I presume) and the O2 gas is released back in the atmosphere as a byproduct ( and not waste product) . There is no room for waste in the nature.\nIt is wholly man made and he is paying for that and will continue to pay dearly  for his tampering with the Nature!\n\n\nEdit---> The 50% water that is released in the atmosphere through the stomata comes from the soil...................(1)\n\n              This is recombined water, after spltting of the orginal water molecules in to hydrogen and oxygen to extract electrons \nfor the manufacture of ATP and NADP.H2...................(2)\n\nIn short, all the molecules out of the 12 original are utilised \none way or the other..................(3)
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If you want me to use those specific terms it sounds like you're going to just copy what I write for your assignment.  I'd be happy to explain the process to you, by I'm not going to write your homework paper.\n\nThe idea is that plants produce food using energy from the sun, and all other life either directly eats plants or eats things that eat plants.  So all life (except some protists, that, like plants, can make their own food) lives on energy that the plants have harvested from the sun.\n\nI hope you already know what the laws of thermodynamics, photosynthesis, and respiration are.  If not, pay more attention in class or look them up on Wikipedia.  You should be able to figure out how to phrase the explaination in a way that uses those terms on your own.