what are the architectures of Abbeys? What is an Abbey of Cluny?
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Cluny is a town in east central France, it's abbey was the center of an influential religious order and was founded in 910 AD.
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hello Penny. try these links, they should help.\n\nWEBSITES ON THE MIDDLE AGES/MEDIEVAL LIFE\n\nhttp://www.cumbavac.org/Middle_Ages.htm\n\nhttp://www.kyrene.k12.az.us/schools/brisas/sunda/ma/mahome.htm\n\nhttp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/contents.html\n\nA P European History Topics and Web Links Page.\n\nhttp://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/EHAPTOpics_WebLinksPage.htm\n\nClick on the blue star ( ) to get the detailed assignment sheet and a list of topics to be covered for each unit of study.  Click on the gold star ( ) to go to a page filled with extensive web links to sites and many primary source documents for that unit of study.\n\nhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/\n\nGood luck.\n\nKevin, Liverpool, England.
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The Peruvian Andes are stunning: folds of steep mountains draped in tropical foliage and dotted with surprisingly intact remains of the Inca world. I was on the Inca Trail, an ancient footpath, a necklace studded with jewels known as “the Hanging Cities.” It culminates with the most famous, if not the most precious, of these cities, Machu Picchu. Each ruin, or marca, is unique—the siting, the apparent function, the formal and spatial organization—yet they are all of the same family, held together by common architectural language, materials, and craft. And each is absolutely extraordinary. Hobbling along the trail, I pondered the parade of visual wonders. Everyone knows the Incas were expert stonemasons; the revelation is that they were such masterful designers. There is much to learn here.\n\nThe Incas were the Romans of South America. Their orderly empire extended from Ecuador to Chile, from the Andes to the Pacific, over mountains and forests and desert. In this vast area they assimilated a collection of disparate cultures. As lands were absorbed into the domain, architects and engineers were dispatched to unify the empire with roads and water, urbanism and architecture. The significant work was completed in an unbelievably short time, about 80 years. In 1532, Pizarro swiftly conquered, razing much of the Incan architecture. However, the Inca Trail and Machu Picchu were unknown to the Spanish and thus were virtually untouched when discovered early this century.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis journey is a pilgrimage for an architect. For me it was dreamy: breathtaking vistas, terraces, and public rooms carved into the landscape, buildings perched and nested in impossible places, sculptural stonework. Often, most memorably at Machu Picchu, clouds danced about teasingly, veiling the whole yet revealing glimpses of details. And so I saw a way to frame my thoughts. By focusing on the pieces, the architectural principles, I would analyze and describe the power of this place.\n\nSketchbook in hand, I looked for the elements of composition we teach beginning architecture students: line, point, solid and void, rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, repetition, hierarchy, transition. I found the Incas applied these design basics in the development of a simple formal language and a set of patterns or rules. From there, they deferred to the particularities of the topography, taking every advantage of aesthetic and ritualistic opportunities. In form and in space, the built environment poetically merged with the landscape. Perhaps most significantly, they systematically applied the basic elements of design and language in the creation of complex urban interventions. Suddenly the essence of the whole, so mystifying at first, became coherent through the understanding of elemental ideas.\n\n\n\n\n"Machu Picchu not only epitomizes the piercing excitement of architectural experience, but also in the interaction of man and his environment provides a fleeting glimpse of some elemental reality."
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Well, I don't know of any sites for learning to read architectural plans but there are many books available on the subject.  One good one is called "Reading Architectural Plans: For Residential and Commercial Construction/Exercises to Accompany Reading Architectural Plans (3rd edition) and the author's name is Ernest R. Weidhaas.   \n\n\nIf you are interested in buying this book, just go to Amazon.com
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You could make a comparative analysis of a few architects, say from three different eras and prove how relevant they are today and why.  Your summary might include that the architects that you have chosen can be seen in much of the architecture that is built today.  Cite examples of those new works of architecture and state how the influence can be seen - like in the details, spatial relationships, and the articulation of the facade.
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http://www.yourcareertraining.com/architecture-colleges.htm click on the link to find what u r looking for.
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The ashes of Henry Laurens, as well as the graves of John Laurens and Claire Boothe Luce are located here.\n\nFor more information about the abbey visit the links below.
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I think you might be looking for Westminster Abbey. \n\nBurials and Memorials\nHenry III rebuilt the Abbey in honour of the Royal Saint Edward the Confessor whose memorial and relics were placed in the Sanctuary. Henry III was buried nearby as were the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and relatives. Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here. Although Henry VIII and Charles I are buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, as are all monarchs and royals since George II.\n\nAristocrats were buried in side chapels and monks and people associated with the Abbey were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey as he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other poets were buried around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work. Subsequently it became an honour to be buried or memorialised here. The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to generals, admirals, politicians, scientists, doctors, etc., etc. These include:\n\nBuried\n\nNave\n*Clement Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee\n*Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts\n*Charles Darwin\n*Paul Dirac\n*James Clerk Maxwell\n*J.J. Thompson\n*Ben Jonson\n*David Livingstone\n*Sir Isaac Newton\n*Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford\n*William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin\n*The Unknown Warrior\nNorth Transept\n*William Ewart Gladstone\n*William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham\n*William Pitt the Younger\nSouth Transept\n\nPoets' Corner\n* Robert Adam\n* Robert Browning\n* William Camden\n* Thomas Campbell\n* Geoffrey Chaucer\n* William Congreve\n* Abraham Cowley\n* William Davenant\n* Charles Dickens\n* John Dryden\n* David Garrick\n* John Gay\n* George Frederick Handel\n* Thomas Hardy\n* Dr Samuel Johnson\n* Rudyard Kipling\n* Thomas Macaulay\n* John Masefield\n* Laurence Olivier, Baron Olivier\n* Thomas Parr\n\n* Richard Brinsley Sheridan\n* Edmund Spenser\n* Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson\nCloisters\n*Aphra Behn\nNorth Choir Aisle\n*Henry Purcell\n*Ralph Vaughan Williams\n\nCommemorated\n*William Shakespeare, buried Stratford-upon-Avon\n*Sir Winston Churchill, buried Bladon, Oxfordshire\n*Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, buried Beaconsfield\n*Adam Lindsay Gordon, buried Australia\n*Ten 20-century Christian martyrs from across the world are depicted in statues above the Great West Door. Unveiled in 1998, these are, from left to right:\n** Maximilian Kolbe \n** Manche Masemola \n** Janani Luwum \n** Elizabeth of Russia \n** Martin Luther King, Jr. \n** Óscar Romero \n** Dietrich Bonhoeffer \n** Esther John \n** Lucian Tapiedi \n** Wang Zhiming\n\n\nRemoved\n\nThe following were buried in the abbey but later removed on the orders of Charles II\n*Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector\n*Admiral Robert Blake
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Probably the Cistine Chapel. The Anglican Cathedral in Liverpool is a masterpiece, too.
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Hi, I found this site, about half way down the page is a heading reading "How the Romans Changed Britain".  It's a small section, but should house alot of information.  There's also information on the architecture brought north by the Romans.  This page should be pretty helpful.  Good luck.
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Actually it is the Regularis Concordia, and it was a set of monastic rules and canon set down in 972 and used throughout England after that time. It is commonly associated with the story of St Dunstan who, it is said, took part in the conference that created it.
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A cathedral is a Christian church building, specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Anglican, Catholic and some Lutheran churches, which serves as the central church of a diocese, and thus as a bishop's seat. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive edifices, the term is sometimes also used wrongly as a designation for any large church. The term "Gothic" is nothing more than high medieval northern European art, especially architecture.\nIt was early decreed that the cathedral of a bishop was not to be placed in the church of a village, but only in that of a city. This was not difficult on the continent of Europe, where towns were numerous and cities were the natural centers from which Christianity was diffused among the surrounding districts. In the British Isles, however, towns were few, and, instead of exercising jurisdiction over definite areas, many of the bishops were bishops of tribes or peoples, as the bishops of the south Saxons, the West Saxons, the Somersætas, etc. The cathedral of such a bishop was often migratory.\nThe history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and as in each case local considerations affected its development, all that can be attempted is to give a general outline of the main features which were more or less common to all. Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, in no true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a monasterium. The word did not have the restricted meaning which it afterwards acquired. Hence the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married. In the 8th century, however, Chrodegang, bishop of Metz (743-766), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in Germany and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in England.
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The best site about the subject is\nInternet Medieval Sourcebook located at the \nFordham University Center for Medieval Studies\nhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html\nIt has everything one wants to know on this period.\nOthers sites are\nhttp://www.medtimes.org/\nhttp://www.medievaltimes.com/
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Art an architecture is so vast. Here goes try these links. \n\nhttp://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/\n\nhttp://www.pitt.edu/~medart/\n\nhttp://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/\n\nhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0858789.html\n\nhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/AncientArchitectural/Mesopotamian/mainpage.htm
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http://www.builderspace.com/directories/architects.html?OVRAW=addressess%20of%20large%20architecture%20companies.%3F&OVKEY=architecture%20company&OVMTC=advanced
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* Arrow Slit: A vertical 'window', very narrow on the outside, spreading to a larger size one could stand in on the inside, out of which one shot, guess what, arrows. Later ones had a horizontal slot in the middle to give a wider angle of fire for crossbows.\n    * Bailey: The courtyard of a castle, the word normally being used in conjunction with a Motte, which was the inner keep of a Norman castle. Larger castles had more than one bailey -- e.g., outer bailey, middle bailey, inner bailey. (Also called a Ward.)\n    * Barbican: Additional defenses in front of a gatehouse whose purpose was to restrict access to the main gate. Often contained drawbridges and parapets from which defenders could shoot down into the roadway.\n    * Bartizan: A projecting circular turret placed on top of a wall, usually at a corner (mainly Scots).\n    * Battered Plinth: Lovely jargon. This refers to the base of a wall being provided with a widening slope, both to strengthen the bottom of the wall against undermining and to provide a ricochet surface for objects such as rocks being dropped down from machicolations that would bounce off horizontally and zap the attackers.\n    * Battlements: The working defenses atop a castle wall, consisting of a Wall Walk fronted by a Parapet (crenelated), often corbelled out to allow for machicolations, or in earlier castles protected by a Hoarding.\n    * Buttery: The "Butler's" room off the Great Hall. Wine cellar, serving room, silverware, etc. See also Pantry (I'm not sure how the allocation of functions between the buttery and the pantry were differentiated -- in Norman French/English buttery means 'bottle room' and pantry means 'bread room').\n    * Chemin de ronde: Rare in England, very characteristic of French castles, this is the 'crown' at the top of a round tower, a machicolated gallery below or replacing the parapet. French castle towers also had conical roofs, but this was never common in England where they usually had flat tops.\n    * Concentric Castle: Developed in the Crusades, this was the provision of a castle with rings of defense, walls within walls, with flanking towers.\n    * Curtain Wall: The defending wall of a castle.\n    * Donjon: The French word for the Keep tower. Not a dungeon in the sense we know. Most castles had a miserable little place that was used as a prison, but they were for the most part punishment pits for one or two recalcitrants. After castles had lost their original purpose in the 17th Century, quite a few gatehouses were converted into prisons (why gatehouses, I'm not too sure).\n    * Drawbridge: Everyone knows what a drawbridge is. There were basically three types: (1) a simple sliding platform over the ditch that could be pulled back, (2) a raising bridge pulled up by chains attached to the outer corners, and (3) a bridge with posts reaching out over the top, with the chains hanging vertically from the posts (this had 'leverage' advantages).\n    * Enfilade: Describing the arrangement of Arrow Loops or Gun Ports whereby one could achieve a cross-fire and hit the enemy from the side.\n    * Forebuilding: A sort of 'Barbican' for a Keep, it protected the entrance, which was usually on the second story, and contained a grand stair and additional chambers (often a chapel).\n    * Garderobe: A privy or loo. Usually hollowed out of the wall in a tower. Some garderobes had a chute that went down into a sewer pit; others just dumped into the moat.\n    * Gatehouse: The most important part of a castle as far as its defense was concerned, the entry being the weakest point. Older ones were little more than a strong arch with heavy iron-bound wooden gates and drawbars and a guard chamber on top or to the side. Later on, flanking towers were added to the gateway, and Portcullises and Drawbridges. Whereas the Keep was a passive defense, the gatehouse was right up in front, and became the most elaborate buildi
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Eiffel Tower\nThe Louvre\nArc de Triomphe  \nNotre Dame de Paris Cathedral\nMusée Jacquemart-André \nLa Sainte Chapelle\nMusée d'Orsay