Explain at the molecular level using metabolic pathways .?
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the genes that are present in a chromosome codes for a protein which  are usually known as enzymes.these enzymes r produced from gene by transcription and translation .transcription is the process in which the dna is transcribed into rna by rna polymerase enzyme .this rna then undergoes translation in the cytoplasm of the cell and produces the enzymes .these enzyme acts in a sequence on the substrate and produces the final product\neg: catabolism of glucose(glycolysis)-glucose breakdown occurs by nearly ten steps involes the participation of nearly 10 enzymes to produce the   final product pyruvic acid
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emm...is this your homework??well..it seems that the question is not from you (individually). Hmm..for more understanding, check out this website:\n\nhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Biochemistry/biochemi.htm\n\nI hope it solves your dillema, good luck :)
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* The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO2, and one acetyl-CoA.\n    * Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate.\n    * Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. This cycle produces 2 CO2 and consumes 3 NAD+, producing 3NADH and 3H+.\n    * It consumes 3 H2O and consumes one FAD, producing one FADH+.\n    * 1st turn end= 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2\n    * Since there are two molecules of Pyruvic acid to deal with, the cycle turns once more.\n    * The complete end result= 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
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study of the substances found in living organisms, and of the chemical reactions underlying life processes. This science is a branch of both chemistry and biology; the prefix bio- comes from bios, the Greek word for “life.” The chief goal of biochemistry is to understand the structure and behavior of biomolecules. These are the carbon-containing compounds that make up the various parts of the living cell and carry out the chemical reactions that enable it to grow, maintain and reproduce itself, and use and store energy.\n\nA vast array of biomolecules is present in the cell. The structure of each biomolecule determines in what chemical reactions it is able to participate, and hence what role it plays in the cell's life processes. Among the most important classes of biomolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\n\nNucleic acids are responsible for storing and transferring genetic information. They are enormous molecules made up of long strands of subunits, called bases, that are arranged in a precise sequence. These are “read” by other components of the cell and used as a guide in making proteins.\n\nProteins (see Protein) are large molecules built up of small subunits called amino acids. Using only 20 different amino acids, a cell constructs thousands of different proteins, each of which has a highly specialized role in the cell. The proteins of greatest interest to biochemists are the enzymes (see Enzyme), which are the “worker” molecules of the cell. These enzymes serve as promoters, or catalysts, of chemical reactions.\n\nCarbohydrates (see Carbohydrate) are the basic fuel molecules of the cell. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately equal amounts. Green plants and some bacteria use a process known as photosynthesis to make simple carbohydrates (sugars) from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Animals, however, obtain their carbohydrates from foods. Once a cell possesses carbohydrates, it may break them down to yield chemical energy or use them as raw material to produce other biomolecules.\n\nLipids are fatty substances that play a variety of roles in the cell. Some are held in storage for use as high-energy fuel; others serve as essential components of the cell membrane.\n\nBiomolecules of many other types are also found in cells. These compounds perform such diverse duties as transporting energy from one location in the cell to another, harnessing the energy of sunlight to drive chemical reactions, and serving as helper molecules (cofactors) for enzyme action. All these biomolecules, and the cell itself, are in a state of constant change. In fact, a cell cannot maintain its health unless it is continually forming and breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; repairing damaged nucleic acids; and using and storing energy. These active, energy-linked processes of change are collectively called metabolism. One major aim of biochemistry is to understand metabolism well enough to predict and control changes that occur in cells. Biochemical studies have yielded such benefits as treatments for many metabolic diseases, antibiotics to combat bacteria, and methods to boost industrial and agricultural productivity. These advances have been augmented in recent years by the use of genetic engineering techniques.
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The power house of a cell is the mitochondria.  ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which starts out with glycolysis, and goes into the Kreb cycle, ending with the electron transport chain.  Glycolysis requires an input of 2 ATP to obtain a net product of 4 ATP.  The end product is acetyl CoA, which enters the Kreb cycle.  The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.  The products of the Kreb cycle are 2 GTP, NADH, FADH2, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2).  NADH from the Kreb cycle then enters the electron transport chain (ETC).  At the end of ETC, you gain 34 ATP.  The result of the entire process results in a net product of 36 to 38 ATP.
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This brings back dreadful memories! Glucose is the principal sugar in the biological world. Breakdown of glucose happens in two stages. The first stage is glycolosis, which consists of 10 successive steps in which the glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, is converted into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate) and two ATP molecules are synthesized from two ADP molecules and two P i. The second stage of glucose breakdown is called celular respiration, converts the pyruvate molecules into CO2 and H2O through 15 steps, some of which are coupled to the synthesis of many molecules of ATP from ADP +Pi. When pure glucose is ignited and burned, it is completely converted to CO2 and H2O with the release of heat. C6 H12 6O2---->6CO2 + 6H20. The breakdown of glucose in a cell leads to the same result. Six O2 molecules are needed to catabolize each molecule of glucose, and 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules of H2O are the end products. For one mole (180 grams) 686 kilocalories are released. In a cell, the breakdown occurs stepwise, with some energy released at each step. By coupling certain of the steps to synthesis of ATP from ADP, energy is captured. Glycolysis carries the breakdown to pyruvate, during which some energy is transferred into a net gain of two ATP molecules. Glycolysis, however, taps very little of the free energy in glucose; about 93% of this energy is still present in the two pyruvate molecules left after glycolysis. This energy is released in stepwise fashion by conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration, with the generation of 36 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in two stages. In the first stage, the pyruvate is oxidized in a sequence of reactions to CO2 and H2O, and electrons are transferred to coenzymes. In the second stage, the passage of the electrons along an electron transport chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi in a manner similar to the transfer of electrons and generation of ATP that occurs in phase 1 reactions of photosynthesis. Then you go on to the citric acid or Krebs cycle. I hope this helps. I remember drawing it out over and over to memorize it. The main thing is to remember as the process goes on what the byproducts are-ATP, etc.
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The starting substances in respiration are a sugar (usually glucose) and oxygen.  The sugar first goes through glycolysis , which breaks it down into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, and  2 NADH. Then the 2 pyruvates go into the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and more NADH are made, plus 2 GTP.  Then all of the reducing power enters the electron transport chain where electron are transferred to oxygen to make H2O and ATP at the end of the respiration pathway.  The carbons in the glucose are converted into CO2.
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Oxidative phosphorylation is a biochemical process in cells. It is the final metabolic pathway of cellular respiration, after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.\n\nPlease see the wikipedia article below for a detailed explanation:
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If this is for your GCSE next week I think it's high time you got hold of a textbook and read through the section on cellular respiration as if your very life depended on it, and started regretting all the messing about you did in class when you should have at least been making some bare essential notes on this stuff. Perhaps see if your local library opens sundays if you already lost / burnt your school textbook.\n\nTo be more helpful, in brief:\n\nBreathing DOES NOT = "respiration". That's an old, outdated and confusing term for it that no-one should use any more (we now use "ventilation") .... yeah, i recognise this as something i had on my own GCSE years ago by the way :-)\n\nActual respiration is the act of metabolism, and in a vague sense, "living life" by the cell itself - the using up of raw materials ("food" e.g. glucose, and oxygen) to produce usable or storable energy (e.g. for movement, carrying out chemical reactions) and releasing less energetic waste materials (carbon dioxide, water).\n\nAerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy for each unit (eg molecule) of glucose supplied, as it uses oxygen (for what, don't worry for now, as that's degree-level stuff i still can't properly grasp... it accepts electrons, there you go :-) and allows the byproducts of early glycolysis to undergo conversion to pyruvate and enter the krebs cycle. You get... what was it... 18 molecules of energy-storing ATP out of each glucose molecule when it's involved this way.\n\nAnaerobic respiration is a more basic, primitive form of getting energy from glucose (or similar molecules), where the reaction is pretty much that you take the glucose and split it into two fructose molecules, gaining 2 ATP in the process. That's it. No oxygen required, but some less friendly waste materials e.g. lactic acid are produced. This is mainly used in bacteria, which tend to find themselves in food-rich environments, have very little energy requirement for vigourous life, and few worries about buildup of waste materials .... it is also the reason you die if suffocated, and get pains in your legs if you overexert yourself - the body cells can't make enough energy from their limited glucose supplies to survive without using the krebs cycle, and the mass build up of lactic acid in oxygen-starved muscles is very damaging.\n\nThere you go hows that for a textbook answer. That'll be a bag of fizzy cola bottles please. Mmmmmm.\n(That all came off the top of my head, but ONLY because i've been through that particular bloody mill four times so far - GCSE, A-Level, Biology degree and clinical training)\n\ngood luck
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The pathway of glycolysis can be seen as consisting of 2 separate phases. The first is the chemical priming phase requiring energy in the form of ATP, and the second is considered the energy-yielding phase. In the first phase, 2 equivalents of ATP are used to convert glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). In the second phase F1,6BP is degraded to pyruvate, with the production of 4 equivalents of ATP and 2 equivalents of NADH.
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Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group from some compound onto ADP to make ATP.  \n\nIn the glycolytic pathway, there are two specific steps where substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.  If you're counting ATPs produced from a single glucose molecule, then 4 ATPs are produced by the substrate level phosphorylation reactions during glycolysis. \n\nIn the citric acid cycle, there is another point where substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.  Again, if you're counting ATPs from a single glucose molecule, this accounts for 2 more ATPs.\n\nSo, adding those up, you have 6 ATPs produced from the metabolism of one glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation reactions...
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http://ca.expasy.org/tools/\nhttp://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/biocomp/
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try to appreciate the process at molecular level\nits rational,\nunderstand and imagine the things that is going on...\nbut I dun think it will work\nI am having mol. bio. exam thid week and next week\nand I am still hanging around in answer.yahoo.com
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hope this helps!\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis
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6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ + 18 ATP → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi
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http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html
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It is metabolism of the glucose energy by Reduction-Oxidisation (RedOx) reactions to be used in the electron transfer chain to produce Adeonsie Triphosphate (ATP) which is the basic energy unit that is used in cells.