How can i produce mutations in bacteria?
931578
If you didn't have to physically show it, the best way would be introducing a virus into the bacteria and force it to transplant some of its own genetic material into the bacteria. (Cancer Cells)
677350
Wow, this answer is gonna be a long one...   There are numerous studies of the charting of the positions of genes on a DNA molecule or chromosome and the distance between genes of Escherisia Coli. It basically comes down to good old conjugation and transduction.  Having sequenced the E. coli K-12 genome, scienctists are creating a knockout of every gene, a clone of every ORF, and an extensive gene expression data set under a variety of physiological conditions. These clones and data sets are made available freely to the community.  Scienctists have also sequenced six additional enterobacterial strains which are pathogens closely related to E. coli K-12, and many plasmids. The comparative genomics aim of this effort is to characterize the gene pool of horizontally transferred elements and virulence determinants known as the pathosphere.\n\nI put a reference on it so be sure to check it out yourself. \n\nA mutator gene, mutD5, whose phenotype is conditional, has been identified in Escherichia coli. By P1 transduction it has been shown to lie at about 5.7 min on the chromosome, being co-transduced with proA and argF. In rich medium, streptomycin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutation frequencies are 50 to 100 times higher than those in minimal medium. In minimal medium, the mutD5-induced mutation frequencies are still 50 to 100 times above co-isogenic wild-type (mut+) levels. Similar results were obtained with all markers tested. Mutant frequencies can be raised by thymidine in the medium at concentrations as low as 0.04 μM, or by the endogenous generation of thymidine from thymine plus a deoxyribosyl donor. Deoxyadenosine, various ribonucleosides, thymine, and 2-deoxyribose do not stimulate mutation. None of these effects are related to growth rate, since growth rate and mutation rate can be decoupled completely.\n\nThe gntP gene, located between the fim and uxu loci in Escherichia coli K-12, has been cloned and characterized. Nucleotide sequencing of a region encompassing the gntP gene revealed an open reading frame of 447 codons with significant homology to the Bacillus subtilis gluconate permease. Northern (RNA) blotting indicated that the gntP gene was monocistronic and was transcribed as an mRNA with an apparent molecular size of 1.54 kb. The transcriptional start point was determined by primer extension analysis. The gntP gene was found to be under catabolite repression and was not induced by gluconate. Also, expression seemed to be stringently controlled. Several observations indicated that the GntP protein is an inner membrane protein; it contains characteristic membrane-spanning regions and was isolated predominantly from the inner-membrane fraction of fractionated host cells. A topology analysis predicted a protein with 14 membrane-spanning segments. The inability of a mutant strain to grow on gluconate minimal medium could be relieved by introduction of a plasmid encoding the gntP gene. Finally, the kinetics of GntP-mediated gluconate uptake were investigated, indicating an apparent Km for gluconate of 25 microM.
55258
maybe through receint genetic mutations that would enable them to produce enzymes that digest lactose in milk
532249
D radiodurans has a megaplasmid that is used to transform the bacterium to work as a bioremediator of heavily polluted sites.  You might want to extract and replicate the megaplasmid and then input in the plasmid whatever sequence you want the bacterium to express.\n\nThere's a few studies on drug resistance transformation as well where plasmids were inserted and genome transformation ensued, read up on Battista's research and Smith et al's papers.\n\nhttp://www.biology.lsu.edu/faculty_listings/fac_pages/jbattista.html\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2834326&dopt=Abstract
207392
In organisms that reproduce only sexually, the mutations in somatic cells normally don't go beyond the individual. But in the case of organisms that can reproduce asexually, by means of divisions of those somatic cells, a mutation in those cells could be passed to the descendants and thus be under the influence of evolutionary forces. \nThat's a common event in plants, especially a type of mutation called polyploidy (multiplication of the entire chromosome set). These types of mutations are also induced by man to obtain new varieties.
848383
Not as of yet, the problem is that it has been mutating to quickly for an effective vaccine to be developed.  It is a virus, so it can't be killed with antibiotics.  It has to be prevented with vaccination and since it has shown a high mutation capacity it may be some time before anything is discovered to inhibit its mutation capabilities and then kill it.
212376
Conjugation \nModern bacteria reproduce by splitting in two - that is, they have asexual reproduction. But a bacteria can join temporarily with another bacteria to swap genetic fragments. This conjugation process is why so many bacteria have recently become antibiotic resistant. The process permits bacteria to form a sort of community.\n\nBiological reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction by an antecedent. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual reproduction.\n\n\nso by this v can see that asexual reproduction is conjugation
45901
making someting with the same genetic makeup as the original
686786
It's possible to have mutations in the DNA that won't change the amino acid sequence. Usually only 2 of the 3 bases of a given codon are necessary to specificy the particular amino acid.\n\nAs a result, a mutation could occur in the DNA which would not change the protein. However, it's still a heritable mutation, and could be used to establish relationships between individuals and species.
116048
same number but one is just mutated
1132832
i suggest that you talk about genetic engineering.\nto produce insulin for patients suffering from diabetes a bacteria is obtained and the plasmid DNA is extracted from it in addition to the insulin DNA which is extracted from a human the insulin DNA  is made part of the plasmid DNA and the plasmid is put back again into the bacteria. eventually the bacteria will produce insulin which is given to diabetes patients.
656214
I would like to see a computer program that simulates evolution. It can mutate anything it wants a million times a second. Bring it on baby, or shut up until you do. (not speaking to you Tom but to evolutionists who can't reproduce evolution even in a computer without cheating).
345849
OK, this can be pretty complicated, but basically, what researchers do is that they take genes that code for insulin production in the human body and insert them into a plasmid. a plasmid is a piece of DNA that will be inserted into bacteria (or sometiimes viruses) but will remain independent from the bacteria's own genetic code. when the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, the bacteria start producing insulin because they now have the gene for it. because bacteria have no use for insulin, they secrete it off as waste product, and this is collected and used for the benefit of humanity.
565076
you could make antibiotic/antiviral resistant strains of viruses or bacterea. change the genetics of plants to create more of a certain toxin so you can get a greater yield of toxin per plant. The most efficient way to distribute the toxin would be through the water supply. many places either do not check their water or do not check it well enough.
1034747
c. transformation, in which a unicellular organism takes in DNA from outside and tries it on for size, is a way to get a new gene which may make the difference between survival or extinction.
432204
I can tell you for a fact that, at least in bacterial translation systems, this phenomenon is possible, but it would require a sequence mutation to happen.\n\nIn bacteria there are ribosomal recognition sequences on the 5-prime end of the mRNA called leaders. Ribosomes use rRNA-mRNA complement sequence homology to recognize and bind, and initiate translation. If you were to mutate the upstream leader so that it was better recognized by the ribosome (in other words it would initiate translation more often) you could, in fact, decrease the amount of transcription and still get higher levels of the protein being produced.\n\nI'll admit, this is an area I haven't personally studied for about a decade, so I'm a bit out of date on the recent litterature, but as far as I remember the mechanisms for ribosomal-mRNA recognition in eukaryotes isn't as well understood as the bacterial system. I don't know if a comparable event would be possible in eukaryotic cells.
302054
If your aim is to obtain just plasmid DNA (for example, recombinant cloning vectors) from bacterial cells Then a way would be adding Sodium Hydroxide until the pH of the cell extract reaches 12.012.5, which causes the base pairs in non-supercoiled DNA to break.