What is the importance of glycolysis?
917473
It is the initial process of most carbohydrate catabolism, and it serves three principal functions:\nThe generation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources as part of anaerobic respiration.\nProduction of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration.\nThe production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.\nAs the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is one of the most universal metabolic processes known and occurs (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms. Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells devoid of mitochondria (e.g. mature erythrocytes) and eukaryotic cells under low oxygen conditions (e.g. heavily exercising muscle or fermenting yeast).
109521
I remember learning about this very complex process, its called Gluconeogenesis and if you do a simple search you can find the step by step processes!
617444
It is a metabolic product which ultimately derives from glucose. You may have had some high sugar food stuffs. Then again there is the occasional error.
786178
In glycolysis, glucose eventually becomes pyruvate. Glucose and pyruvate are small molecules. The production of pyruvate does not happen at once: glucose first has a phosphate molecule attached to it, then it's oxygen bonds get tweaked a bit, then another phosphate gets attached... After ten small alterations, we have two pyruvates (glucose gets split in half along the line). The pathway starts with glucose and ends with pyruvate, but after the first step, it is not just glucose anymore, it is glucose-6-phosphate. After the second step it is fructose-6-phosphate. These molecules that are not the start or the finish of a pathway are called intermediates.\n\nAll the intermediates are small molecules. Enzymes are not small molecules (relatively speaking). Enzymes are proteins, the smallest of which are still hundreds of times more massive than glucose, pyruvate, and the glycolysis intermediates. Enzymes serve very specific functions and the transformation of glucose into the first intermediate of glycolysis is controlled by an enzyme. The transformation of the first intermediate into the second is also controlled by an enzyme (a different one). Just about every molecular transformation occuring in any organism is controlled by an enzyme. The enzymes do not change. They just cause the molecular transformation of other molecules to occur much faster than they would naturally.
985705
E is the answer.   i think its about 2 produced during glycolysis,  30 or 32 from TCA cycle and another 2 from going from glycolysis to TCA
711970
A) Aerobic respiration\n\nNeurons use an enormous amount of ATP to operate the Na+/K+ pump. Aerobic respiration produces an enormous amount of ATP (36 ATP per 1 glucose). Neurons therefore utilize aerobic respiration.\n\nThe other answers do not make sense. \n\nAnaerobic glycolysis provides very little ATP (2 ATP per 1 glucose). Creatine phosphate provides little ATP and is localized in the muscle. Stored glycogen only directly provides glucose for glycolysis. Catabolism of DNA would lead to the death of the organism, or at least mutagenesis.
288380
i assume "respiration" in your context refer to cellular respiration..\n\ncellular respiration in simple terms breaks down glucose and produce energy in forms of adenosine triphosphates.(ATPs). ATPs are the energy currency in the body and the breakdown of ATPs provide the energy needed for other metabolic processes, including digestion. Looking at it another way, digestion of complex nutrients like carbohydrates produces glucose, which is the respiratory substrate..\n\nDiffusion - oxygen required for aerobic respiration enters individual cells by diffusion. Waste products of aerobic respiration such as co2 leave the cells by diffusion into the bloodstream.  in general, diffusion is a passive process which does not require energy from ATPs, be it facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion, both are exergonic processes.\n\nthe circulatory system would carry the materials needed for aerobic respiration, eg oxygen and glucose to the individual cells, oxygen in form of oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells. The circulatory system also carries the waste products, eg co2 away for excretion. \nThe circulatory system requires the pump, i.e. the heart to work, and the cardiac muscles require ATPs from respiration for contraction.\n\nhope u can see that they are all interrelated now..=)
1080628
The Krebs Cycle which involves also protein metabolism. From the protein the Body extracts L-Glutamine which is technically how the body creates Glucose when one's diet is proper. Glucose is also needed for Neurotransmission which also requires B-Vitamins especially Niacin which becomes NADH which is essential for proper cellular energy production which in turn also requires the Mevalonate Highway which is the Amino Acid Grouping which creates CoEnzyme Q-10. The brain needs a little more than Glucose it also needs all the things I mentioned plus Essential Fatty Acids  like DHA  and Phosphatidylserine which all work together to optimize Brain function. Incidentally NADH stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrate one example of Coenzyme B-Vitamins one of about 13 different ones each one important for Optimum Brain Function.
794614
glycolysis is the process by which the glucose made in photosynthesis is broken down.\n\nIt takes place in the cells cytoplasm.\n\nUses glucose(sugar) and oxygen\n\nMakes carbon dioxide and water
819007
go to this website   http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/summary.html
1021234
&^&^&^\nCellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell.\n\nThe process occurs in two phases: \n1. glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid \n2. the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water (Krebs citric acid cycle)
337759
Kreb cycle and glycolysis - is what I initially answered\n\nHowever, if it is a standard test/textbook question the questioner is asking, then the answer is probably going to be 2 different mechanisms/pathways. It probably is going to be AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC metabolism.
335741
This is basic biochemistry.  All cells (really, all bacteria, all fungi, all plants, all animals) use glucose or other simple sugars as a main source of fuel for energy generation.  (Some will argue that plants actually produce glucose, they both produce and consume it).  The process of glucose breakdown is glycolysis, and it generates energy in the form of ATP, and converts molecules such as NADH to NAD+.  This electron loss gets passed through the electron transport chain  in the mitocondria to generate more ATP.  \n\nCarbohydrates include complex and simple sugars.  Simple sugars can be broken down directly in cells, there are specific receptors that bring in the sugar.  Complex carbs such sucrose (a disaccryide, or a molecule containing two simple sugars) just contain more than one simple sugar in a chain.  They are broken down in the gut by specific enzymes that break the chain and release simple sugars.  Starch is a form of a carbohydrate, but not digestable to mammals, because we lack the enzyme to break it down.  Some bacteria don't though, and they live inside the gut of some mammals such as cows, and when cows eat grass, the starch is broken down by the bacteria and some of it is released into the gut.  So thats why mammalian herbavours exist.  \n\nFat metabolism.  Fats are long carbon chain connected at one end, usually three are connected to glycerol, this is called a triglyceride, and is a perferred form of storage.  Fats are broken down by chopping the carbon chain and generating energy.  Fat burning is slow and fat is a backup fuel source; the primary being simple sugars. \n\nProtein metabolism.  Proteins are digested by proteases in the gut, and the free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream, where they can enter cells.  Cells can utilize amino acids for energy, but it's not that efficient.  Instead cells utilized amino acids for building new proteins; including the 'essential' amino acids, those that can't be generated by mammalian cells (we lack the enzymes).  So some amino acids are absolutely critical for our well-being.  \n\nLow carb diets simply don't have much carbs, and force the body to switch to fat to burn (in theory).  In reality it doesn't work too well.  During initial exercise, muscles use glycogen, a stored form of glucose, for energy. Also fat is utilized, and a bit of protein.  After 2 hours of exercise (or so, depending on the person), muscle glycogen is depleted, and body must use fat and glucose and protein.  If you do not intake glucose during this exertion, your performance will rapidly drop off; you can only burn so much fat at a time.  So the best advice for fat burning is exercise (at 60-70% max heart rate) for an hour or two, 3, 4x a week, and keep hydrated with water or gatoraid.  \n\nHigh carb diets make it easier for long term exercise by increasing the amount of muscle glycogen.
1049317
If this is for your GCSE next week I think it's high time you got hold of a textbook and read through the section on cellular respiration as if your very life depended on it, and started regretting all the messing about you did in class when you should have at least been making some bare essential notes on this stuff. Perhaps see if your local library opens sundays if you already lost / burnt your school textbook.\n\nTo be more helpful, in brief:\n\nBreathing DOES NOT = "respiration". That's an old, outdated and confusing term for it that no-one should use any more (we now use "ventilation") .... yeah, i recognise this as something i had on my own GCSE years ago by the way :-)\n\nActual respiration is the act of metabolism, and in a vague sense, "living life" by the cell itself - the using up of raw materials ("food" e.g. glucose, and oxygen) to produce usable or storable energy (e.g. for movement, carrying out chemical reactions) and releasing less energetic waste materials (carbon dioxide, water).\n\nAerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy for each unit (eg molecule) of glucose supplied, as it uses oxygen (for what, don't worry for now, as that's degree-level stuff i still can't properly grasp... it accepts electrons, there you go :-) and allows the byproducts of early glycolysis to undergo conversion to pyruvate and enter the krebs cycle. You get... what was it... 18 molecules of energy-storing ATP out of each glucose molecule when it's involved this way.\n\nAnaerobic respiration is a more basic, primitive form of getting energy from glucose (or similar molecules), where the reaction is pretty much that you take the glucose and split it into two fructose molecules, gaining 2 ATP in the process. That's it. No oxygen required, but some less friendly waste materials e.g. lactic acid are produced. This is mainly used in bacteria, which tend to find themselves in food-rich environments, have very little energy requirement for vigourous life, and few worries about buildup of waste materials .... it is also the reason you die if suffocated, and get pains in your legs if you overexert yourself - the body cells can't make enough energy from their limited glucose supplies to survive without using the krebs cycle, and the mass build up of lactic acid in oxygen-starved muscles is very damaging.\n\nThere you go hows that for a textbook answer. That'll be a bag of fizzy cola bottles please. Mmmmmm.\n(That all came off the top of my head, but ONLY because i've been through that particular bloody mill four times so far - GCSE, A-Level, Biology degree and clinical training)\n\ngood luck
523190
Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 10 reactions that convert glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate. The first stage is priming of glucose. Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate using a molecule of ATP, a process called phosphorylation. Then the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate through the process of isomerization. This is further phosphorylated to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (phosphorylation). This fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. The two G3P undergo substrate level phosphorylation, a sequence of 5 reactions, involving dehydrogenation where NAD+ is reduced, dephosphorylation where two molecule of ATP is formed, isomerization where the phosphate group moves, dehydration where the molecule lose water and dephosphorylation where 2 molecules of ATP are generated and two molecule of pyruvate is formed. \n\nThe fact that glycolysis produces ATP fulfills a minor energy requirement of the cell, since ATP is the energy currency required for cellular functions to work. Another minor energy requirement is the formation of NADH, because the proton in NADH is required to activate the proton pump at the electron transport chain, which, in turn, activates the enzyme ATP synthase responsible for the synthesis of many ATP molecules (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nThe major relation of glycolysis to the energy requirements of the cell is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to coenzyme-A to form acetyl-coA, which then goes through krebs cycle. Both these processes form NADH (and ATP in the case of the krebs cycle), which can then provide many protons to activate ATP synthase. (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nMoreover, pyruvate can also be used in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic respiration. Through this process, ATP can be formed without oxygen and can thus fulfill energy requirements of the cell.\n\nVery long but hope this helps =)
464037
The power house of a cell is the mitochondria.  ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which starts out with glycolysis, and goes into the Kreb cycle, ending with the electron transport chain.  Glycolysis requires an input of 2 ATP to obtain a net product of 4 ATP.  The end product is acetyl CoA, which enters the Kreb cycle.  The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.  The products of the Kreb cycle are 2 GTP, NADH, FADH2, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2).  NADH from the Kreb cycle then enters the electron transport chain (ETC).  At the end of ETC, you gain 34 ATP.  The result of the entire process results in a net product of 36 to 38 ATP.
870113
Glucose is broken down into pyravate with a net gain of 2 ATP during glyclolysis, pryravate is broken down into CO2 and acetyl CoA.   acetyl CoA is oxidized in the kerbs cycle or citric acid cycle to for NADH, CO2, FADH2.  NADH passes electrons to the electron transport chain where the electron is passed along a chain of electron acceptors lossing energy each time.  The electron transport chain drives the H+ ions across the membrane of the mitochondria which ends up producing ATP.  Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.  I know thats a lot of info but its not close to all of it. I hope this helps