What is the distinction between an X-ray undulator and an x-ray "wiggler"?
923065
As I understand it there is no difference. When talking to the general public the word wiggler is often used, but the technical name is undulator.
380286
Anode rays differ from cathode rays in several aspects and their specific charge(charge/mass or e/m ratio) is an important feature.\n\nThe reason lies in how anode rays are produced. Anode rays are produced when a gas at low pressure is subjected to a high voltage(10,000 Volts). Under these conditions, the atoms of the gas get ionized, i.e. they lose some electrons and thus become cations(positive ions). It is a stream of these positive ions that become 'anode rays'.\n\nHowever, the atomic masses of different gases are different and hence, the mass of anode ray particles varies when you use different gases in the discharge tube and hence, the charge/mass ratio also varies.\n\nWhereas, in the case of cathode rays, the cathode ray particles are nothing but electrons. Their charge and mass is constant no matter what gas you use in the discharge tube. So, their charge/mass ratio remains constant.
79139
I didn't know the answer to this one myself, so I looked it up, wow, I can't write it all down here sorry.  But here are some sights I was able to pull up, hopefully you can find the info you would like here.  :)  Basically from what I have gathered though, they are broken down into four groups, compound, dissection, scanning electron, and transmission electron.  The last source I listed, has a guide to help you pick the right microscope for you if you are looking to buy one.  I'm not sure if any of this will help, but I hope it will.
706257
Diode (Cathode > Plate or Anode), \nTriode (Cathode > Grid > Anode). Also:\nIgnitron (high voltages rectifiers, smelting aluminum).
50786
They are nearly identical.  Look at the technical data sheets for a AA Alkaline, for example. Pay particular attention to the "Constant Current Performance" graphs on each data sheet\nhttp://www.duracell.com/oem/Pdf/MN1500.pdf\nhttp://data.energizer.com/PDFs/E91.pdf\n\nThey show that both Duracell and Energizer last for 300 hours at 10 mA before dropping to 0.8 Volts
219292
X-ray is an electromagnetic wave.it means that its energy is proportional to its frequency. when an electromagnetic wave collides to a material several phenomena occur.one of them is absorption.the amount of absorption depend on mass absorption coefficient and thickness of material.as density increase , this coefficient will increase and energy of transmitted beam  decrease.  \nX-ray has very high frequency (very high energy) that is harmful for human tissue.consequently lead outfit or barriers is used to absorb high fraction energy of x-ray beam. lead density=11  mean mass absorption=340\ncompare with Aluminum density=2.7   mean mass absorption=77
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the anodes targets are made of tungsten, copper or molybdenum.\n\nytterbium can be used as a portable x-ray source.\n\nlead is used for shielding them
248818
Function generator creates the signal of varying potential difference based upon the input. This signal is being applied to control the vertical movement of the electron beam. Vertical control is used to magnify or diminish the vertical movement so that the pattern appears nicely on the screen.\n\nDifferent manufanacturer of oscilloscopes can have slightly different words for different parts and functions.
353533
If you could find a transition between an inverted state and a ground state of 1 joule, you could probably make a laser of that frequency. At this point, hard gamma rays are the limit we have done.
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please (2 pdf documents)\nhttp://physics.angelo.edu/~dbixler/phys3444lab4new.pdf\nhttp://physics.angelo.edu/~dbixler/phys3444lab8.pdf
217437
Not in the same way that light reflects. This is an important topic in X-Ray telescopes. See below!
50619
well, a couple i can think of:\n\n- NMR (which, from looking at your gyromagnetic ratio question, i suspect is your thing, so i wont explain it)\n- hyperfine structure of spectral lines (comes from the coupling of nuclear to electronic spins)\n- you can also stick 'em in the path of a highly accelerated particle beam and measure the scattering as a function of azimuthal angle.  when i worked at SLAC we ran an experiment that did just this.\n\nthat's all i can come up with off the top of my head!
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Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy on the electromagnetic spectrum. There isn't much physical difference between gamma rays and x-rays besides the fact that the gamma rays vibrate faster. They measure 10 to the negative power of 11 all the way to 10 to the negative power of 14 (meters). I hope I've answered your question. My knowledge of the electromagnetic spectrum only extends so far.
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Go here: http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/230/235/appxc/appxc.htm#2
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The usual unit is REMs or Sieverts. Both REMs and Sieverts are based on how human bodies absorb radiation and have a fairly complex definition involving absorption of different types of radiation by specific tissue types.  Other units, used for describing radioactive materials themselves, like Curies, are based on how much radioactive material is present, or what the rate of production of different types of radiation is.  \n\nHere's a good link on Sieverts:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert
662482
both terms are interchangeable.  But dictionary term is listed under dekameter.
28214
Regular light. It is not a lazer or any special kind of light, just "light". It is probably generated by a specialized piece of equipment, but it is just light - photons. It probably doesn't contain ultra violet light like sunlight, it is probably closer to artificially created light like that from a lightbulb.