How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are used in a single turn of the Calvin Cycle?
914156
6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ + 18 ATP → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi
884730
Okay... basically photosynthesis has two different components, the light reaction and the dark reaction. The light reaction takes place in sunlight and involves the P680 and P700 photosystems. The light reaction also has two parts: cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces energy needed for the reaction. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH and ATP for the dark reaction. In the dark reaction (or Calvin cycle) the reaction goes through a cycle and forms glucose with NADP+ and ADP being recycled back to the light reaction.
708807
Most simply, energy is stored in and carried by ATP and NADPH. \n\nIn detail:\n\nLight first excites P680, the reaction center of photosystem II. P680 gives off an electron, which is then transferred to plastoquinone, then cytochrome b6f, then plastocyanin, then to P700, which is the reaction center of photosystem I. Light then excites P700, the reaction center of photosystem I. P700 gives off an electron, which is then transferred to ferredoxin. Ferredoxin donates the electron to NADP, which produces NADPH.\n\nAt different steps of the electron transport chain described above, protons (hydrogen ions) are pumped from the stroma of the chloroplast to the lumen of the thylakoid. This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase embedded in the thylakoid membrane.\n\nATP and NADPH can then be utilized by the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates.
1175145
photophosphorylation, the light reactions, where the sunlight is exciting all the electrons. it's literally the electron transport chain plus some other stuff. electrons travel down a chain of proteins, releasing energy and creating ATP from ADP. however, in photosynthesis the electrons can go through it multiple times b/c they may be renergized by sunlight at the end. the electrons which aren't reenergized go on to the Calvin-Benson cycle. in respiration, at the end of the ETC electrons are used to form water.
1174755
One mole of glucose produces approximately 7.6 moles of ATP and one mole of ATP releases approximately 25 calories.
768016
Photosynthesis , basically occurs in two distinct phases. 1) Light reaction & 2) Dark reaction\n            Both are part of photosynthesis\n6CO2 + 12H2 O -> LIGHT &   CHLOROPLAST> = C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O + 6O2\nThe above is the often quoted equation of the process\n            1) Light reaction or the Hill’s reaction occurs in the grana of a chloroplast.\n  Sun’s light energy is used to convert ADP in to ATP …………. (i)\n   NADP is converted in to NADP. H2…………………………… (ii)\n It can occur only in the presence of light, hence the name.\n2) Dark reaction or Calvin’s cycle occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast.\n   Light plays no role in it. Hence  called dark reaction.\n  With the help of the two products of light reaction, i.e. ATP & NADP.H2 glucose is manufactured from CO2 and H2 O  i. e. carbon dioxide gas and water.\nThe CO2   in the above equation comes from the atmosphere and enters through the stomata on the leaves.\nThe H2 O  in above equation comes from the soil through the roots, stem and xylem elements.\n A single molecule of Glucose (C6 H12 O6) requires all the six molecules of carbon dioxide gas but only 50% of water ( Only 6 out of 12 H2 O molecules entering the reaction (see the equation)\nRemaining 50% water ( The water you are talking about, I presume) and the O2 gas is released back in the atmosphere as a byproduct ( and not waste product) . There is no room for waste in the nature.\nIt is wholly man made and he is paying for that and will continue to pay dearly  for his tampering with the Nature!\n\n\nEdit---> The 50% water that is released in the atmosphere through the stomata comes from the soil...................(1)\n\n              This is recombined water, after spltting of the orginal water molecules in to hydrogen and oxygen to extract electrons \nfor the manufacture of ATP and NADP.H2...................(2)\n\nIn short, all the molecules out of the 12 original are utilised \none way or the other..................(3)
49213
Photosynthesis\n\n6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
147120
Aerobic glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate, requires two equivalents of ATP to activate the process, with the subsequent production of four equivalents of ATP and two equivalents of NADH. Thus, conversion of one mole of glucose to two moles of pyruvate is accompanied by the net production of two moles each of ATP and NADH. \n\nGlucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi -----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+\n\nThe NADH generated during glycolysis is used to fuel mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation, producing either two or three equivalents of ATP depending upon whether the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate-aspartate shuttle is used to transport the electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. The net yield from the oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of pyruvate is, therefore, either 6 or 8 moles of ATP. Complete oxidation of the 2 moles of pyruvate, through the TCA cycle, yeilds an additional 30 moles of ATP; the total yield, therefore being either 36 or 38 moles of ATP from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O. Got it?
935185
Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows...\n\n      6 CO2 + 12 H2O  light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O\nCarbon Dioxide+Water+Light energy → Glucose+Oxygen+Water\n\nPhotosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose.\n\nIn the light-dependent reactions the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light and loses an electron that travels down an electron transport chain producing the high energy molecules NADPH and ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains its electron by taking one from water, a process that releases oxygen gas.\n\nIn the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a complex process called the Calvin-Benson cycle releases 3-carbon sugars which are later combined to form glucose.\n\nLight to chemical energy---\nThe light energy is converted to chemical energy using the light-dependent reactions. The products of the light dependent reactions are ATP from photophosphorylation and NADPH from photoreduction. Both are then utilized as an energy source for the Light independent reactions.\n\nZ scheme---\nIn plants, light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and use light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH. The light dependent reaction has two forms; cyclic and non-cyclic reaction. In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (see diagram at right). When a chlorophyll molecule at the core of the photosystem II reaction center obtains sufficient excitation energy from the adjacent antenna pigments, an electron is transferred to the primary electron-acceptor molecule, Pheophytin, through a process called Photoinduced charge separation. These electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain, the so called Z-scheme shown in the diagram, that initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential across the membrane. An ATP synthase enzyme uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation while NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z-scheme. The electron enters the Photosystem I molecule. The electron is emitted due to the light absorbed by the photosystem. A second electron carrier accepts the electron, which again is passed down lowering energies of electron acceptors. The energy created by the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The electron is used to reduce the co-enzyme NADH, which has functions in the light-independent reaction. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in the form that it only generates ATP and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns back to photosystem I, from where si was emitted; hence the name cyclic reaction.\n\nWater photolysis---\nThe NADPH is the main reducing agent in chloroplasts, providing a source of energetic electrons to other reactions. Its production leaves chlorophyll with a deficit of electrons (oxidized), which must be obtained from some other reducing agent. The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll in photosystem I are replaced from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin. However, since photosystem II includes the first steps of the Z-scheme, an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlor
963289
Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows.\n\n6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O\nCarbon Dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen + Water\nPhotosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose.\n\nIn the light-dependent reactions the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light and loses an electron that travels down an electron transport chain producing the high energy molecules NADPH and ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains its electron by taking one from water, a process that releases oxygen gas.\n\nIn the Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a complex process called the Calvin-Benson cycle releases 3-carbon sugars which are later combined to form glucose.\n\nPhotosynthesis may simply be defined as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. It is affected by its surroundings and the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and the temperature.
735699
Oxidative phosphorylation is the terminal process of cellular respiration in eukaryotes. During oxidative phosphorylation electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 — created in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and the Krebs cycle — to molecular oxygen, via a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as a result of this flow of electrons. This generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane electrical potential across the membrane. This is a form of potential energy which is referred to as a proton-motive force. The protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix via a large protein complex, ATP synthase. This is how most of the ATP is created in a eukaryotic cell. This is the reaction that ATP synthase catalyses:\n\n\n\n\nADP3- + H+ + Pi ↔ ATP4- + H2O \n\nThe synthase functions almost as a mechanical motor, with each NADH molecule contributing enough proton motive force to generate 2.5 ATP. Each FADH2 molecule is worth 1.5 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose (glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle) account for 23 of the 30 total ATP energy carrier molecules. It is worth noting that these ATP values are maximum values and in reality protons leak across the membrane causing somewhat lower values.\n\nPhotophosphorylation, which occurs when plants synthesize glucose during photosynthesis, also uses ATP synthase and a proton gradient to generate ATP. The process occurs across the thylakoid membrane when chlorophyll is energized by light and donates an excited electron to an electron transport chain.\n\nContents [hide]\n1 Inhibitors \n2 See also \n3 External links \n4 References \n \n\n\n[edit] Inhibitors\nThere are a few well-known toxins that affect the process of oxidative phosphorylation and can lead to breakdown of the chain:\n\nCyanide interrupts the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion because it binds more strongly than oxygen to the Fe3+ (ferric iron ion) in cytochrome a3, preventing this cytochrome from combining electrons with oxygen. \nOligomycin functions by inhibiting the ATP synthase protein and preventing it from generating ATP from the proton gradient. \nCCCP (m-chloro-carbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazine) destroys the proton gradient by allowing the protons to flow out of the membrane. Without the gradient, the ATP synthase cannot function and ATP synthesis breaks down. \nA detergent, or substance that destroys cellular membranes by breaking apart their lipid bilayers, will destroy the membrane used in the process and prevent a proton gradient. \nRotenone prevents the transfer of electrons from Fe-S centers in Complex I (most notably) to ubiquinone. The electrons entering into Complex I are those derived from NADH, and provide the bulk of the reducing potential to the electron transport chain. \nFor each of these toxins, a backup will cause everything before it to break down as well. For example, if oligomycin is added, protons cannot pass through. As a result, the H+ pumps are unable to pass protons through because the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome. NADH and FADH2 are then not oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because there are no NAD+ and FAD coenzymes to be reduced.
294234
* The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO2, and one acetyl-CoA.\n    * Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate.\n    * Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. This cycle produces 2 CO2 and consumes 3 NAD+, producing 3NADH and 3H+.\n    * It consumes 3 H2O and consumes one FAD, producing one FADH+.\n    * 1st turn end= 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2\n    * Since there are two molecules of Pyruvic acid to deal with, the cycle turns once more.\n    * The complete end result= 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
737389
For each molecule of glucose you use 2 ATP (coverting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) but you produce a total of 4 (your inital glucose is split into two GAP molecules and you get 2ATP per GAP for a total of 4). Overall you get a net gain of 2ATP, so if you have 5 glucose you would have a net gain of 10.
108848
Adenosine Triphosphate, of course... or ATP for short.  All cells use ATP to generate energy, which the cells accomplish by breaking off one phosphate ion, which triggers a release of energy and turns the ATP molecule into an ADP molecule.
789131
ATP, NADH, FADH2, AND CO2\nGlycolsis start with glucose synthesis and goes through the Krebb Cycle with beginning of oxidation of Pyruvate,the end result is in the Transport Chain system with C02.
731579
Cyclic photophosphorylation exists to provide energy for the Calvin Cycle. It involves only the P680 in photosystem II. The product of the cyclic photophosphorylation is ATP and there is no electron source because all electrons return to the system.\n\nNon-cyclic photophosphorylation is carried out using both P700 in photosystem I and P680 in photosystem II. The primary electron source to replace the electron from photosystem I that has lost its electron is water. Oxygen is released from the water. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces both NADPH and ATP. Unlike cyclic photophosphorylation, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+.
162623
anaerobic respiration produces two ATP(adenosine triphosphate) and then aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP.