Which cell division process are the cells going through for karyotyping? Include the specific stage involved.?
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It is called mitosis and the stage where you could see pairs of doublestranded chromos. would be in Prophase.
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half a chromosome, a chromatid.
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cytokinesis is the process of splitting of cell in two by forming a cleavage on its cytoplasm while karyokinesis is forming of cleavage in the nucleus...?? oh!not sure..hehe..
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remember the phases in meiosis (in order) :Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telephase (pmat)\nMitosis\nI  INTRODUCTION \n\nMitosis, process in which a cell’s nucleus replicates and divides in preparation for division of the cell. Mitosis results in two cells that are genetically identical, a necessary condition for the normal functioning of virtually all cells. Mitosis is vital for growth; for repair and replacement of damaged or worn out cells; and for asexual reproduction, or reproduction without eggs and sperm.\n\nAll multicellular animals, plants, fungi, and protists, which begin life as single cells, carry out mitosis to develop into complex organisms containing billions of cells. Mitosis continues in full-grown organisms as a means of maintaining the organism—replacing dying skin cells, for example, or repairing damaged muscle cells. In the cells of the adult human body, mitosis occurs about 25 million times per second. Multicellular organisms such as sea stars, sea anemones, fungi, and certain plants rely on mitosis for asexual reproduction at particular stages in their life cycles, and mitosis is the sole mode of reproduction for many single-celled organisms.\n\nII  INTERPHASE \n\nThe life cycle of eukaryotic cells, or cells containing a nucleus, is a continuous process typically divided into three phases for ease of understanding: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes three stages, referred to as G1, S and G2. In G1, a newly formed cell synthesizes materials needed for cell growth. In the S stage, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell, is replicated. At this stage, DNA consists of long, thin strands called chromatin. As each strand is replicated, it is linked to its duplicate by a structure known as a centromere. When the S stage is complete, the cell enters a brief stage known as G2, when specialized enzymes correct any errors in the newly synthesized DNA, and proteins involved with the next phase, mitosis, are synthesized. \n\nIII  MITOSIS \n\nMitosis occurs in four steps. In prophase the replicated, linked DNA strands slowly wrap around proteins that in turn coil and condense into two short, thick, rodlike structures called chromatids, attached by the centromere. Two structures called centrioles, both located on one side of the nucleus, separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. As the centrioles move apart, they begin to radiate thin, hollow, proteins called microtubules. The microtubules arrange themselves in the shape of a football, or spindle, that spans the cell, with the widest part at the center of the cell and the narrower ends at opposite poles. As the spindle forms, the nuclear membrane breaks down into tiny sacs or vesicles that are dispersed in the cytoplasm. Final disintegration of the membrane marks the beginning of metaphase. \n\nIn metaphase, the spindle fibers attach to the chromatids near the centromeres, and tug and push the chromatids so that they line up in the equatorial plane of the cell halfway between the poles. Like two individuals standing back to back at the equator, one chromatid faces one pole of the cell, and its linked partner faces the opposite pole. This precise orientation is necessary in order for the next step, anaphase, to occur. Anaphase begins when the centromeres split, separating the identical chromatids into single chromosomes, which then move along the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. \n\nAs these two identical groups of single chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell, telophase begins. A new nuclear membrane forms around each new group of chromosomes. The spindle fibers break down and the newly formed chromosomes begin to unwind. If viewed under a light microscope, the chromosomes appear to fade away. They exist, however, in the form of chromatin, the extended, thin strands of DNA too fine to be seen except with electron microscopes. Mitosis accomplishes replication and division of the nucleus,
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Most of what constitutes the interphase is just normal cell activity like protein synthesis and cellular respiration. The first stage of interphase, G1, is all about growth and has little to do with replication (what early scientists referred to as the "resting" phase). Toward the end of G1, the centrioles, responsible for guiding chromosomes to opposite poles of a dividing cell, begin to replicate themselves. Then the S phase occurs, and DNA begins to be replicated, though this goes on undetected. The final, shortest phase of interphase is G2. By this point, DNA and all proteins associated with mitosis and cytokinesis are in place, the centrioles are completely replicated, and prophase is just around the corner.
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The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle (CDC), is the series of events in a eukaryotic cell between one cell division and the next. Thus, it is the process by which a single-cell fertilized egg develops into a mature organism and the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. A specialized form of cell division is responsible for cellular differentiation during embryogenesis and morphogenesis, as well as for the maintenance of stem cells during adult life.\n\nThe cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase. M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm physically divides. Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G0 phase, while cells that have permanently stopped dividing due to age or accumulated DNA damage are said to be senescent. Some cell types in mature organisms, such as parenchymal cells of the liver and kidney, enter the G0 phase semi-permanently and can only be induced to begin dividing again under very specific circumstances; other types, such as epithelial cells, continue to divide throughout an organism's life.\n\nThe molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional; that is, each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to "reverse" the cycle. There are two key classes of regulatory molecules that determine a cell's progress through the cell cycle: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle.\n\nPhases of the cell cycle\n\n Schematic of the cell cycle. I=Interphase, M=Mitosis. The duration of mitosis in relation to the other phases has\nbeen exaggerated in this diagramAlthough the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for entry into the next stage. It should be remembered that, throughout interphase, the cell carries out its normal metabolic activities and is actively engaging in transcription and translation of its genome.\n\nIn G1 phase, the cell carries on its usual metabolic activities while preparing to duplicate its DNA. These preparations often include growing by increasing the amount of cytoplasm and the number of important organelles such as mitochondria. (This is particularly important in organisms and cell types that divide their cytoplasm unevenly, as in budding yeast.) In G1 a diploid cell (such as a human cell) has a complement of 2N chromosomes, where N is the gene copy number; in sexually reproducing organisms this amounts to one chromosome inherited from each parent. The actual quantity of DNA is described as 2c, where the "c" value is measured in picograms and 1c is equal to the quantity of DNA in a single haploid genome. The end of G1 is demarcated by a "point of no return" beyond which the cell is committed to dividing; in yeast this is called START and in multicellular eukaryotes it is termed the restriction point. \nIn S phase, the cell duplicates its DNA. \nIn G2 phase, the cell continues with growth and metabolism in preparation for undergoing mitosis. In this quantity of DNA within the cell has increased to 4c, but the cell is still considered diploid. \nIn M phase the cell segregates its chromosomes so that both daughter cells receive a total complement of 2N. The four stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - also progress in a sequential and directional fashion, like the cell cycle as a whole. Telophase, the final stage of mi
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes\n\nthey go through a process of mitotic division that basically replicates each chromosome, the original and replicated chromosomes then migrate to opposite ends of the cells, and a cell membrane is formed, thus producing two progeny cells, division and the cycle of the cell is complete.\n\n\nmeotic division is a more complex process, but basically, the daughter cells contain 23 chromosomes, that is 1 of each pair of the 46 chromosomes is present in the daughter cell, where, whether it is a sperm or egg cell, when fused together, provide the fused cell with 46 chromosomes\n\n\n\n\nhope it helped you understand it a little better\n\nthere are however, different phases to the division process and if you like I can send you a link, depends on how much you want to know at present?
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Phases of mitosis\n \nThe cell cycle.The mitotic phase is a relatively short action-packed period of the cell cycle. It alternates with the much longer interphase, where the cell prepares itself for division. Interphase is divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. Thus, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its chromosomes (S), grows more and prepares for mitosis (G2), and divides (M).\n\nMitosis is a continual and dynamic process. For purposes of description, however, mitosis is conventionally broken down into five subphases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.\n\n[edit]\nProphase\n \nProphase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin.Main article: Prophase \nNormally, the genetic material in the nucleus is in a loosely bundled coil called chromatin. At the onset of prophase, chromatin condenses together into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome. Since the genetic material has already been duplicated earlier in S phase, the chromosomes have two sister chromatids, bound together at the centromere by the protein cohesin. Chromosomes are visible at high magnification through a light microscope.\n\nJust outside the nucleus are two centrosomes. Each centrosome, which was replicated earlier independent of mitosis, acts as a coordinating center for the cell's microtubules. The two centrosomes sprout microtubules (which may be thought of as cellular ropes or poles) by polymerizing free-floating tubulin protein. By repulsive interaction of these microtubules with each other, the centrosomes push themselves to opposite ends of the cell (although new research has shown that there might be a mechanism inside the centromeres that also grab the microtubules and pull the chromatids apart). The network of microtubules is the beginning of the mitotic spindle.\n\nSome centrosomes contain a pair of centrioles that may help organize microtubule assembly, but they are not essential to formation of the mitotic spindle. Plant cells that lack centrioles have no trouble undergoing mitosis.\n\n[edit]\nPrometaphase\n \nPrometaphase: The nuclear membrane has degraded, and microtubules have invaded the nuclear space. These microtubules can attach to kinetochores or they can interact with opposing microtubules.Main article: Prometaphase \nThe nuclear envelope dissolves and microtubules invade the nuclear space. This is called open mitosis, and it occurs in most multicellular organisms. Some protists, such as algae, undergo a variation called closed mitosis where the microtubules are able to penetrate an intact nuclear envelope.\n\nEach chromosome forms two kinetochores at the centromere, one attached at each chromatid. A kinetochore is a complex protein structure that is analogous to a ring for the microtubule hook; it is the point where microtubules attach themselves to the chromosome. Although the kinetochore is not fully understood, it is known that it contains a molecular motor. When a microtubule connects with the kinetochore, the motor activates, using energy from ATP to "crawl" up the tube toward the originating centrosome. The kinetochore provides the pulling force necessary to later separate the chromosome's two chromatids.\n\nWhen the spindle grows to sufficient length, kinetochore microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to. A number of nonkinetochore microtubules find and interact with corresponding nonkinetochore microtubules from the opposite centrosome to form the mitotic spindle.CXV\n\nPrometaphase is sometimes considered part of prophase.\n\n[edit]\nMetaphase\n \nMetaphase: The chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.Main article: Metaphase \nAs microtubules find and attach to kinetochores in prometaphase, the centro
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This is simple. The interphase is a stage of the cell cycle.\nHere is the article in Wikipedia:\n"Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle, defined only by the absence of cell division. During interphase, the cell obtains nutrients, and duplicates its chromosomes. Most eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase. For example, human skin cells, which divide about once a day, spend roughly 22 hours in interphase. Cells during interphase may or may not be growing. At any given time, even in an area of rapid cell division such as the tip of a plant root, 90 percent of cells are in interphase. Some cells, such as nerve cells, can stay in interphase for decades. The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles. There are 3 parts of interphase: G1 (growth 1 in which the cell creates organelles and begins metabolism), S phase (DNA synthesis in which the chromosomes of the cell are copied) and G2 (growth 2 in which the cell grows in preparation for cell division). Sometimes the cells exit the cell cycles (usually from G1 phase) and enter the G0 phase. In the G0 phase, cells are alive and metabolically active, but do not divide. In this phase cells do not copy their DNA and do not prepare for cell division. Many cells in the human body, including those in heart muscle, eyes, and brain are in the G0 phase. If these cells are damaged they cannot be replaced. Interphase is the step before the mitotic phase, though it is frequently erroneously thought to be part of mitosis. The mitotic phase follows interphase, and begins with prophase.\n\nDuring interphase, the chromosomes are found arranged in the nucleus and appear as a network of long, thin threads, called the chromatin. At some point before prophase begins, the chromosomes begin to replicate themselves to form pairs of identical chromosomes. The deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) of the chromosomes is in use only during interphase, when the cell is in a stable and self reliant phase. In prophase the two chromatids are still connected by something called the centromere. The sister chromosomes contract tightly. Meanwhile, the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope break down and disappear, since their components have been sufficiently altered. Outside the nucleus are two centrosomes which sprout microtubules by polymerizing free-floating proteins. The centrosomes push themselves to opposite ends of the cell. The network of microtubules forms the beginning of the mitotic spindle. These spindle fibers become visible. The centrioles separate starting to radiate bundles of fibers, called asters. The spindle fibers run from one centriole to the other, at both poles of the cell. At the onset of prophase, chromatin condenses together into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome."\n---- End of citation ---\n\n\nRegarding the staining of the onion specimen - you do this in order to see the inner parts of the cell at the microscope. There are diferent types of colorations and you use one or other dependeg on what do you want to see (for example some coloration could be used for seing the chromosomes, while other coloration might be better for examining the cell wall).
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The centromere is the region where the condensed sister chromatids are joined and constricted. The Spindle fibers (formed from microtubules of the cytoskeleton that are temporarily broken up and reassembled) attach to the kinetochore (a protein) that is around the centromere. The bringing du part i don't understand.\n\nHope this helps and best of luck.
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Human cells have 46 chromosomes. To ensure that each daughter cell receives one and only one of each chromosome, eukaryotic cells undergo a complex, multistep process called mitosis. Before mitosis can begin, eukaryotes must first replicate their DNA. This process is similar to but takes much longer than DNA replication in prokaryotes. Then, during mitosis, the replicated chromosomes line up along the center line of the cell. Tiny fibers, called spindle fibers, attach to the individual chromosomes and pull them apart, toward opposite poles of the cell, where they remain until the cell divides.\n\nLong story short, the new skin cell will still have 46 chromosomes.
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Mitosis\n\nThe beginning of mitosis is called prophase. In early prophase, the centrosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell, organizing the spindle microtubules between them. The sister chromatids become visible in the nucleus as they condense. \n\nIn late prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down and some of the spindle microtubules attach to the sister chromatids. The microtubules pull the chromatid pairs to the midline of the cell, or metaphase plate.\n\n•••\n\nThe chromatids remain lined up between the poles of the cell during metaphase.\n\n•••\n\nAnaphase begins when the pairs of sister chromatids separate. The separated chromatids are now called chromosomes, and move toward the poles of the cell.\n\n•••\n\nThe chromosomes arrive at the poles in telophase, and new nuclear membranes form around them.\n\n•••\n\nDivision of the cytoplasmic components is called cytokinesis. \n\nIn animal cells, cytokinesis occurs when a ring of actin and myosin filaments constricts the plasma membrane at the equator. Eventually, the parent cell is divided into two cells.\n\nAnimal Cytokinesis Movie (500K)\n\n\n\nIn plant cells, a number of small vesicles fuse at the metaphase plate to form the cell plate. Over time, the cell plate reaches across the cell and joins with the plasma membrane.\n\n•••\n\nThe process of mitosis and cytokinesis creates two separate cells, each with an identical set of chromosomes. After cytokinesis, the daughter cells will enter interphase.
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the chromosomes group together.
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When a cell divides you get a new cell. There are actually four main stages of cell division. They are:\nProphase\nMetaphase\nAnaphase\nTelophase.\n\nIf you want more information, I would suggest trying Wikipedia, or your local library.
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the correct order:\n\n1) Chromosomes copy themselves (interphase).\n2) Chromosome copies fasten together as the nuclear... (prophase).\n3) Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell (metaphase).\n4) Chromosome copies separate (anaphase & telophase).\n5) Cell splits (cytokinesis).\n\nThis is correct. Disregard the former answers.
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S phase is the period of synthesis.  Mitosis is the nuclear division phase. If mitosis occur before DNA duplication during  anaphase or nuclear division results imbalance chromosome number. There is also some regulatory mechanism that copletion of DNA synthesis stimulates the mitosis to occur.
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"karyo" refers to the nucleus and "cyto" refers to the rest of the cell (as in cytoplasm). kinesis=motion