How does the specific immune system work?
918675
the main part of specific immune system is Tcell and Bcell...it's hard to explain in details but i try to sum up,when the antigen enters the bode Tcell works a APC and receives antigene parts by MHC on it,MHC stimulate the Tcell to produce IL and INF and these stimulate Bcells to produce specific antibodies against Ag...some of these antibodies destroy the Ag by stimulating the complements and other parts of immune system and some Bcells convert to memory cells for the next time
113273
T-cells are a part of the immune system.  They attack viruses and bacteria as a predator attacks prey.
679219
When you become sick, your body produces "antibodies". These antibodies fight off the individual pathogens. After these pathogens are destroyed, some of the antibodies remain in your body. If that particular pathogen ever returns, the antibodies will recognize it and attack it before it can manifest itself.
1003880
The lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system are closely related structures that are joined by a capillary system. The is important to the body's defense mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies. It is also important for the distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body, because it drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up. "Lymph" is a milky body fluid that contains a type of white blood cells, called "lymphocytes," along with proteins and fats. Lymph seeps outside the blood vessels in spaces of body tissues and is stored in the "lymphatic" system to flow back into the bloodstream. Through the flow of blood in and out of arteries, and into the veins, and through the lymph nodes and into the lymph, the body is able to eliminate the products of cellular breakdown and bacterial invasion. Two very large areas are of significance in this system - the right lymphatic duct which drains lymph fluid from the upper right quarter of the body above the diaphragm and down the midline, and the thoracic duct, a structure roughly sixteen inches long located in the mediastinum of the pleural cavity which drains the rest of the body. It is through the actions of this system including the spleen, the thymus, lymph nodes and lymph ducts that our body is able to fight infection and to ward off invasion from foreign invaders. Lymph plays an important role in the immune system and in absorbing fats from the intestines. The lymphatic vessels are present wherever there are blood vessels and transport excess fluid to the end vessels without the assistance of any "pumping" action. There are more than 100 tiny, oval structures (called lymph nodes). These are mainly in the neck, groin and armpits, but are scattered all along the lymph vessels. They act as barriers to infection by filtering out and destroying toxins and germs. The largest body of lymphoid tissue in the human body is the spleen. \n\nThe immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. The purpose of this article is to review the organs, cell types and interactions between cells of the immune system as a commentary on their importance and interdependence on the T helper subset. Such an understanding may help comprehend the root of immune deficiencies, and perceive potential avenues that the immune system can be modulated in the case of specific diseases.\n\n\n\n\nThe Organs of the Immune System\nBone Marrow -- All the cells of the immune system are initially derived from the bone marrow. They form through a process called hematopoiesis. During hematopoiesis, bone marrow-derived stem cells differentiate into either mature cells of the immune system or into precursors of cells that migrate out of the bone marrow to continue their maturation elsewhere. The bone marrow produces B cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and immature thymocytes, in addition to red blood cells and platelets. \n\nThymus -- The function of the thymus is to produce mature T cells. Immature thymocytes, also known as prothymocytes, leave the bone marrow and migrate into the thymus. Through a remarkable maturation process sometimes referred to as thymic education, T cells that are beneficial to the immune system are spared, while those T cells that might evoke a detrimental autoimmune response are eliminated. The mature T cells are then released into the bloodstream. \n\nSpleen -- The spleen is an immun
513098
Lymphocytes produce lots of proteins!\nThere are antibodies, antitoxins, cytokines which include interlukin and lots more signal proteins to control and regulate the immune response. Check out this site - it has a lot of accurate and easy to understand information on it about lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)\nhttp://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/
351623
Primary response is the killer T cells. When you get a sore throat, it is these crude cells that basically obliterate all the cells that are sick and the surrounding cells as well. It's kind of like "collateral damage". In the meantime, B cells are figuring out the exact antigen on the surface of the virus or bacteria and then multiply the appropriate antibodies to fight the particular foe. They are kind of like surgeon cells where the T cells are kind of like bazooka cells. The T cells are the primary and the B cells are the secondary immune responses, respectively.
188307
1) It replicates quickly\n2) it becomes part of your body, killing the virus will kill your immune system in effect\n3) It is a retrovirus and mutates extremely quickly. It is based on RNA and not DNA and does not have a second strand like in DNA viruses so it mutates very very quickly. A cure today will not work in a couple of years. Like the flu virus, the vaccioine changes every year because the flu virus constantly changes\n4) it is hard to determine where exactly the virus is located\n5) It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, only get iut to small amounts
576814
The cell-mediated response involves cells that are specific to the antigens on the invading pathogens. These cells are called T cells. The T-cells develop surface receptors called T-cell receptors where they become programmed for the antigen of a specific pathogen.  Some of the T cells recognize and destroy foreign cells.  Hope this helps. I just had an exam on it and passed!!
593138
immunoglobulins are the basis of the immune system and that isn't just fighting infection but more importantly self-recognition.\nimmunoglobilins must be able to bind to surface antigens to confirm whether the cell carrying the antigen is foreign or not, human immunoglobulins are most definately different to other animals'. For example if you needed a liver transplant and introduced a sheep's liver into your body your immunoglobulins whould identify it as foreign and reject it.\nAlso diseases that afect livestock do not affect humans so our immune systems are quite different.\nI am in no doudt that the milk contains immunoglobulins since it is the way the young animal builds its immune system. However they would be completely incompatible with the human body and they would just be broken down, also if you think about it immunoglobulins are large protein molecules which cannot be absorbed by the digestive system without being broken down, in which case they would be useless anyway.\nThe fundamental reason for this incompatibility is the fact that human DNA is different to cows DNA ect. so the immunoglobulins coded for by the cow's DNA are useless to humans.
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T cells are one of the variety of white blood cells which are part of the immune system. The immune system as a whole learns very early to distinguish between 'self' and 'non-self' sorts of things. The test is largely like this: "is this thing I see something acceptable (ie, self)? If not, kill it." Although the question is posed and answered in a biochemical sort of way. Self is flagged, most fundamentally as near as we can tell, by the presence of Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) on the surface of cells. These are highly variable things, so variable that no other person anywhere is more than a tiny bit likely to have the same bunch of them on their cells. Except, of course, for identical twins. \n\nSo T-cells transplanted into you from someone else with fail the 'is this self?' test and will be attacked as 'foreign' by your immune system. They will not survive and will provide very little beneficial effect. It's called the transplant reaction and various aspects of it have earned several Nobel Prizes. \n\nMore speculatively, it may be that immune system tissues have learned to work together, and that, in each person, the exact details of just how to do so may vary. So how my T-cells work might be just enough different than yours that, even if they could survive inside you, they might not be able to interact with the rest of your immune system so as to help much. For instance, one of the things T-cells do is to talk to other immune system cells and direct their operations; if your immune system won't listen to my T-cells, much of what they'd be trying to do would be futile.  \n\nThere is quite a bit more to learn about the detailed workings of the immune system.\n\nBlood type differences (Types A, B, O are the major gropus, but there are many subgroups such as Rh (+/-), S, ...) are a simpler version of this self / non-self business, this time involving rather fewer genes and markers on blood cells. Nevertheless, there are some antibodies (yet another immune system mechanism) which use them to recognize self v non-self, and a transfusion of the wrong blood type will cause a very severe reaction, so severe as to be life-threatening.
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one that is constantly mutating, such that its protein coat is always slightly different and so the body's immune system is unable to recognize it quickly as a pathogen to get rid of it.\n\nalso, superviruses may attack the immune system, as in HIV, such that the immune system breaks down.\n\nin the case of flu, there are thousands of different flu viruses with their unique protein coats. hence the immune system may not have encountered the virus before and is thus slow in recognizing the pathogen
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The lymphatic system acts as a secondary circulatory system, except that it collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria.\n\n some organs & the spleen comprise the lymphoid organs. These organs contain a scaffolding that support circulating B- and T-lymphocytes and other immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.
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There are different kinds of WBC's (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, etc) and they each do something specific however their major role is to mount an attack on invading microorganisms to limit the spread of an infection.
910641
all viruses work by taking over the reproductive mechanism of cells and making them manufacture copies of themselves.  Frequently the viral cells put out toxins that cause various illnesses.  "Stomach" viruses do this in the GI tract.
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The type of cells known as WBCs(White Blood Cells) protect the body against infections by either producing antibodies or by engulfing the foreign materials like toxins, bacteria, fungal spores etc. They can also trigger antibody- antigen reaction leading to inflammation. They are of three types:-\n 1. Neutrophills\n 2. Basophills\n 3. Eosinophills\nThey are therefore known as 'soldiers of body'.
218624
No we don't. The human immune system is an extraordinary thing much like the rest of it's systems. The more it's exercised the stronger it gets. Avoiding germs and bacteria only makes people weaker.
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Part of the cell mediated antigen-antibody defense system.